text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Your cart is empty
Situated between the Hottentots Holland Mountains and the Breede River, the Overberg is an important agricultural region and a popular holiday destination for tourists and nature lovers who delight in the beauty of its mountainous landscape, abundant plant species and long sandy beaches.
But this area also has a rich history going back thousands of years, when the indigenous Khoi people originally thrived there, before the first European settlers arrived to leave their own indelible imprint on the culture, architecture and character of the region. This book provides a detailed account of this past by pointing out the many places, buildings, events and personalities that have made the Overberg the diverse and unique place that it is today.
The Overberg has been a home or point of interest for explorers, innovators, artists and writers, for figures as varied as Bartholomew Diaz, Olof Bergh, Hendrik Verwoerd, Gregoire Boonzaier, Audrey Blignault and Breyten Breytenbach. Some of South Africa’s oldest towns, houses and missionary stations can be found here, and its treacherous coastline has been the cause of hundreds of shipwrecks for centuries.
Enlivened by historical and current photographs and informative side panels, this book is a collector’s item.
For many, Africa is regarded as a place of mystery and negative images, where reports of natural disasters and civil strife dominate media attention, with relatively little publicity given to any of the continent's more positive attributes. Africa has at last begun to receive the depth of interest it has long deserved, in the shape of debates about trade, aid and debt, the `Make Poverty History' campaign, and the UK's `Commission on Africa'. But, behind the superficial media facade, Africa is a diverse, complex and dynamic place, with a rich history and a colonial engagement that, although short-lived, was fundamental in determining the long-term future of the continent. At the start of the second decade of the twenty-first century, when the world is engulfed in a major financial crisis, Africa has the dubious distinction of being the world's poorest continent. This book introduces and de-mystifies Africa's diversity and dynamism, and considers how its peoples and environments have interacted through time and space. The background and diversity of Africa's social, cultural, economic, political and environmental systems is examined, as well as key development issues which have affected Africa in the past and are likely to be significant in shaping the future of the continent. These include: the impact of HIV/AIDS; sources of conflict and post-conflict reconstruction; the state and governance; the nature of African economies in a global context and future development trajectories. Africa: Diversity and Development is a refreshing interdisciplinary text which enhances understanding of the background to Africa's current position and clarifies possible future scenarios. It is richly illustrated throughout with diagrams and plates, and contains a wealth of detailed case studies and current data.
The Global Casino is an introduction to environmental issues which deals both with the workings of the physical environment and the political, economic and social frameworks in which the issues occur. Using examples from all over the world, the book highlights the underlying causes behind environmental problems, the human actions which have made them issues, and the hopes for solutions. It is a book about the human impact on the environment and the ways in which the natural environment impacts human society. The fifth edition has been fully revised and updated throughout, with new case studies, figures, and online resources such as downloadable figures and tables from the text and multiple choice questions for students, accessible at: www.routledge.com/cw/middleton. New topics covered in extended boxed case studies include payment for environmental services, ocean acidification, biofuels in Brazil, waste reduction through industrial symbiosis, and the long-term impact of natural disasters on vulnerable groups. Other approaches and concepts covered for the first time in this new edition include traditional ecological knowledge, environmental justice, the `resource curse', and urban biodiversity. Eighteen chapters on key issues follow three initial chapters which outline the background contexts of the physical and human environments and the concept of sustainable development. Each chapter provides historical context for key issues, outlines why they have arisen, and highlights areas of controversy and uncertainty to appraise how issues can be resolved both technically and in political and economic frameworks. Each chapter also contains an updated critical guide to further reading and websites, as well as discussion points and essay questions. The text can be read in its entirety or individual chapters adopted as standalone reading. The Global Casino is an essential resource for students of the environment, geography, earth sciences and development studies. It provides comprehensive and inspirational coverage of all the major global environmental issues of the day in a style that is clear and critical.
Introduction To Contemporary Geography is a compilation of all the core content required for UNISA students taking GGH1501 and XGH1501.
This book contains alphabetically listed names of South African cities and towns, as well as most villages and certain settlements and townships where information was available.
More than 900 places are included in what is an informative and educational look at place names, including the year they were established, origins, previous names and alternative names. Also included are interesting historical facts and reasons to visit, as well as contact details (website or phone number).
The book is a wonderful journey through South Africa. Ann Gadd particularly enjoyed researching the smaller villages and places. There is a wide variety of attractions across the places, covering sporting interests, places to eat, historical interest, scenic spots, the longest, the tallest, the coldest and much more. Ann connected with local inhabitants or officials to get their take on the naming of their town or historical interests. All this wonderful (and sometimes whacky) information is condensed to give you a book that sums up the very core of each place.
From the depths of the oceans to the highest reaches of the atmosphere, the human impact on the environment is significant and undeniable. These forms of global and local environmental change collectively appear to signal the arrival of a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene. This is a geological era defined not by natural environmental fluctuations or meteorite impacts, but by collective actions of humanity. Environmental Transformations offers a concise and accessible introduction to the human practices and systems that sustain the Anthropocene. It combines accounts of the carbon cycle, global heat balances, entropy, hydrology, forest ecology and pedology, with theories of demography, war, industrial capitalism, urban development, state theory and behavioural psychology. This book charts the particular role of geography and geographers in studying environmental change and its human drivers. It provides a review of critical theories that can help to uncover the socio-economic and political factors that influence environmental change. It also explores key issues in contemporary environmental studies, such as resource use, water scarcity, climate change, industrial pollution and deforestation. These issues are `mapped' through a series of geographical case studies to illustrate the particular value of geographical notions of space, place and scale, in uncovering the complex nature of environmental change in different socio-economic, political and cultural contexts. Finally, the book considers the different ways in which nations, communities and individuals around the world are adapting to environmental change in the twenty-first century. Particular attention is given throughout to the uneven geographical opportunities that different communities have to adapt to environmental change and to the questions of social justice this situation raises. This book encourages students to engage in the scientific uncertainties that surround the study of environmental change, while also discussing both pessimistic and more optimistic views on the ability of humanity to address the environmental challenges of our current era.
A humorous look at the place names of South Africa, written and illustrated by Ann Gadd.
Origins, mysteries & folklore surrounding the sometimes odd names that appear on the South African landscape.
Almost Human is the personal story of a charismatic and visionary palaeontologist, a rich and readable narrative about science, exploration, and what it means to be human.
In 2013, Wits University reasearch professor Lee Berger caught wind of a cache of bones in a hard-to-reach underground cave near Johannesburg. He put out a call around the world for collaborators – men and women small and adventurous enough to be able to squeeze through 8-inch tunnels to reach a sunless cave 40 feet underground. With this team of ‘underground astronauts’, Berger made the discovery of a lifetime: hundreds of prehistoric bones, including entire skeletons of at least 15 individuals, all perhaps two million years old. Their features combined those of known pre-hominids with those more human than anything ever before seen in prehistoric remains. Berger's team had discovered an all new species: Homo naledi.
The cave proved to be the richest pre-hominid site ever discovered, full of implications that challenge how we define ourselves as human. Did these ancestors of ours bury their dead? If so, they must have had an awareness of death, a level of self-knowledge: the very characteristic we used to define ourselves as human. Did an equally advanced species inhabit Earth with us, or before us?
Addressing these questions, Berger counters the arguments of those colleagues who have questioned his controversial interpretations and astounding finds.
A one-of-a-kind annual featuring surprising facts, stunning colour photos, arresting infographics, and illuminating maps that present the world in a whole new way. An almanac like you've never seen before, this arresting volume features key information on science, nature, history, and geography, spiked with cutting-edge ideas and spectacular visuals. Discover features that only National Geographic can deliver, including exquisite photography, explanatory infographics, illustrated timelines, and maps created by expert cartographers. Chapters include Exploration & Adventure, This Planet & Beyond, Life on Earth, and The Science of Us; featured topics range from the polar jet stream and how chameleons change colours to the world's biggest cities and the science of addiction. It includes top travel trends, new explorations, and recent discoveries, as well as fascinating trivia. Enlightening for young and old, exquisitely designed, each page of this special almanac reveals something new about today's world.
The story of the relationship between humankind and cattle, from the Sunday Times bestselling author of Counting Sheep. 'A vital, thorough and accessible history that everyone who cares about the past or the future should read.' Rosamund Young, Sunday Times bestselling author of The Secret Life of Cows To tell the story of the relationship between humankind and cattle is to tell the story of civilisation itself. Since the beginning, cattle have tilled our soils, borne our burdens, fed and clothed us and been our loyal and uncomplaining servants in the work of taming the wilderness and wresting a living from the land. There has never been a time when we have not depended on cattle. As human societies have migrated from the country to the city, the things they have needed from their cattle may have changed, but the fundamental human dependence remains. Blending personal experience, recollection, interviews with farmers, butchers and cattle breeders and studding the narrative with little-known nuggets of technical detail, Philip Walling entertainingly reveals the central importance of cattle to all our lives.
One word binds us all: geography. We are all geographers, human beings who care about the places we think of as 'home' - our habitat. And yet we have lost touch with the connection between our actions and the state of the planet that we all share. We need a new narrative that restores the connections between humanity and the Earth. We are being confronted by a daily barrage of geographical stories on climate change, geopolitics, population growth, migration, dwindling resources, polluted oceans and natural hazards. These are planetary concerns affecting all people and all places. They are challenges which can be addressed through geography. In this distillation of a lifetime's work, Nicholas Crane makes the compelling case that never has geography been so important. On this finite orb, with its battered habitat, sustained in dark space by a thin, life-giving atmosphere, we have reached a point in our collective geographical journey where knowledge is the best guarantor of the future.
The Map Tour is an exquisite collection of maps tracing the evolution of tourism from the late 1600s to the elite realms of the Grand Tour and then beyond the boundaries of the known world. Produced with the Royal Geographical Society, with access to their archives of rare maps, it charts a course across the globe on the first steam voyages, captures the romance of the golden age of train travel and navigates to the heart of why we travel. Arranged chronologically and including personal anecdotes, diary extracts and photographs of intrepid early travellers, The Map Tour looks at the ways in which maps facilitated and directed the travel industry. It reveals the progress in mapmaking techniques and shows how people used maps to navigate and understand the world. It considers the shape of global tourism today, reflecting on just how accessible the world has become.
____________________________________ HMS Erebus was one of the great exploring ships, a veteran of groundbreaking expeditions to the ends of the Earth. In 1848, it disappeared in the Arctic, its fate a mystery. In 2014, it was found. This is its story. ____________________________________ `Beyond terrific. I didn't want it to end.' - Bill Bryson ____________________________________ Michael Palin - Monty Python star and television globetrotter - brings the remarkable Erebus back to life, following it from its launch in 1826 to the epic voyages of discovery that led to glory in the Antarctic and to ultimate catastrophe in the Arctic. The ship was filled with fascinating people: the dashing and popular James Clark Ross, who charted much of the `Great Southern Barrier'; the troubled John Franklin, whose chequered career culminated in the Erebus's final, disastrous expedition; and the eager Joseph Dalton Hooker, a brilliant naturalist - when he wasn't shooting the local wildlife dead. Vividly recounting the experiences of the men who first set foot on Antarctica's Victoria Land, and those who, just a few years later, froze to death one by one in the Arctic ice, beyond the reach of desperate rescue missions, Erebus is a wonderfully evocative account of a truly extraordinary adventure, brought to life by a master explorer and storyteller. ____________________________________ `Thoroughly absorbs the reader. . . Carefully researched and well-crafted, it brings the story of a ship vividly to life.' - Sunday Times `This is an incredible book. I couldn't put it down. The Erebus story is the Arctic epic we've all been waiting for.' - Nicholas Crane `Palin is a superb stylist, low-key and conversational, who skillfully incorporates personal experience. He turns up obscure facts, reanimates essential moments, and never shies away from taking controversial positions. This beautifully produced volume - colour plates, outstanding maps - is a landmark achievement.' - Ken McGoogan, author of Fatal Passage `I absolutely loved it: I had to read it at one sitting . . . Fascinating.' - Lorraine Kelly, ITV Lorraine `Magisterial . . . Brings energy, wit and humanity to a story that has never ceased to tantalise people since the 1840s.' - The Times
See history as it happened - from the evolution of early humans to the space race - with 130 detailed maps that bring pivotal episodes of world history to life. Including a foreword by renowned broadcaster and historian Peter Snow, this history atlas shows you the history of the world in thrilling action. Follow Napoleon as he conquers Europe, explore the rise of the Roman Empire, or chart the progress of the Russian Revolution as each map presents an overview of the story then takes you, step by step, through how it developed, leaving its mark on land and ocean. With cutting-edge design and breathtaking scope, History of the World Map by Map charts ancient, medieval, and modern history in all corners of the world. Discover how patterns of global trade, exploration, conflict, and technological advances shaped key moments in human civilization, such as the success of ancient Egypt, the conquest of Peru, the decolonization of Africa and Asia, the American Civil War, and the energy and environmental challenges of the 21st century. Alongside the maps are overviews and timelines of important periods such as the age of ancient Greece, the Renaissance, and World War 2, while paintings and photographs introduce overarching themes and epoch-defining moments such as fascism and communism, and the invention of printing.
The Golden Atlas is a spectacular visual history of exploration and cartography, a treasure chest of adventures from the chronicles of global discovery, illustrated with a selection of the most beautiful maps ever created. The book reveals how the world came to be known, featuring a magnificent gallery of exceptionally rare hand-coloured antique maps, paintings and engravings, many of which can only be found in the author's collection. Arranged chronologically, the reader is taken on a breathtaking expedition through Ancient Babylonian geography and Marco Polo's journey to the Mongol Khan on to buccaneers ransacking the Caribbean and the voyages of seafarers such as Captain Cook and fearless African pathfinders. Their stories are told in an engaging and compelling style, bringing vividly to life a motley collection of heroic explorers, treasure-hunters and death-dealing villains - all of them accompanied by eye-grabbing illustrations from rare maps, charts and manuscripts. The Golden Atlas takes you back to a world of darkness and peril, placing you on storm-lashed ships, frozen wastelands and the shores of hostile territories to see how the lines were drawn to form the shape of the modern world. The author's previous book, The Phantom Atlas, was a critically acclaimed international bestseller, described by Jonathan Ross as 'a spectacular, enjoyable and eye-opening read' and this new book is sure to follow suit.
Now in its 7th Edition, Atlas is both appealing and affordable, providing a fascinating insight into the world in which we live. Featuring DK's outstanding cartography and design, this new edition has been updated to reflect recent geopolitical changes, such as the new nation of South Sudan, the annexation of Crimea, the Inuit place names in Canada and the populations of Chinese towns.
It might be small but with over 165 fully up-to-date maps and a reference section with profiles of each of the world's 196 nations, Atlas is the perfect companion for those wanting to know all the essential facts. With figures and insights, from geography and climate to population and economy, Atlas's handy pocket size is the ideal addition to your bag or desk.
More than 140 detailed maps tell the story of pivotal episodes in world history, from the first human migrations out of Africa to the space race.
Custom regional and global maps present the history of the world in action, charting how events traced patterns on land and ocean--patterns of exploration, discovery, or conquest that created empires, colonies, or theaters of war. Thoughtful organization of information will help you follow the story of civilizations through ancient, medieval, and modern times.
But not every page is full of maps. At key points in History Map by Map, broad, sweeping introductions provide a chance to step back and look at entire periods, such as World War II, or to explore overarching themes, such as the Industrial Revolution. Picture spreads, meanwhile, focus on epoch-defining moments or developments, such as fascism and communism, and the invention of printing.
World events demonstrate that equality for women isn't only a women's issue: when women fulfil their potential, everyone benefits. Completely updated and redesigned, this new edition of Joni Seager's award-winning classic illustrates how women live across continents and cultures, and charts the status of women worldwide - the advances they have made and the distances still to be travelled. With vivid graphics and pithy text, it is a comprehensive and accessible analysis of up-to-the-minute global data on the key issues facing women today.; Topics include:; Gender equality * Literacy and information technology * Feminism * Beauty * Work and the global economy * Changing households * Domestic violence * Refugees * LGBTQ rights * Government and power * Motherhood
Sloths are America's New 'It' Creature. --The Wall Street Journal Hang on tight for a year of friendly and sweet sloths doing their favorite activities--from dangling with their friends to napping peacefully to happily munching on hibiscus flowers. Meet Anakin, a baby Bradypus sloth from Costa Rica; Yogi, a skilled climber, hanging out in some branches; and Beyonc , known for her gorgeous honey-colored fur. With fun facts about these gentle creatures: Did you know that three-toed sloths can turn their heads around 270 degrees? And we humans could learn a thing or two from the laid-back ways of these perpetually chilled-out creatures--making this calendar the perfect reminder to let go and relax.
Become an Earth expert and find out all you need to know about our planet - from the tallest mountain to the deepest ocean trenches - in this brilliant mini-book.
With Earth facts at your fingertips, Pocket Eyewitness Earth makes learning about our blue-and-green planet fun. Bite-sized chunks of information and stunning images help you explore Earth's volcanoes, mountains, rivers, forests, and seas. There are chapters, too, on weather and climate.
Packed with profiles on more than 180 of Earth's major features you'll soon become a know-it-all on all things Earth. Get the facts and stats on the Nile, the world's longest river at 6,650 km (4,130 miles), see incredible pictures of giant crystals that weigh 55 tonnes each, and find out about the Mississippi tornado that tossed a train into the air.
All this and more can be discovered in Pocket Eyewitness Earth, the handy pocket-sized encyclopedia of everything you need to know about our world!
The AQA Geography for A Level & AS Human Geography Revision Guide is the most student-friendly resource for the 2016 AQA A Level and AS Level Geography specifications - written specially to target the demands of revising for these content-heavy linear geography courses. Accessible, clear and thorough, this revision guide engages all your students. Each Human Geography section is condensed into interesting, relevant single- or double-page examples. Clearly written objective open each section, setting out for students what they need to revise, using high-quality photos, maps and diagrams to aid retention of key geographical processes and information. Motivating revision activities and a focus on the exam requirements reinforce the rigorous approach.
This insightful book provides an astute analysis of how resilient multiple regional economies across Europe were to the global economic crisis of 2008-9. Assessing the impact and geography of the crisis, this book offers a cross-comparative study of how regional economies were affected, as well as an exploration of the role of local and regional policy in influencing economic resilience. The different experiences seen across Europe throughout the economic crisis raise a number of important questions: Why were some regions more resilient to the crisis than others? What is meant when discussing a resilient economy? How might local and regional policy-makers help support the resilience of their economies? The expert contributors take these crucial questions into account, presenting detailed case studies using quantitative and qualitative research data to analyse how the crisis affected various European regions. Economic Crisis and the Resilience of Regions will be an essential read for academics, researchers and policymakers interested in the concept of regional economic resilience, its measurement and the factors influencing it, as well as for analysts interested in the geographical impact of the 2008-9 global economic crisis.
You may like...
AQA Geography for A Level & AS Physical…
Tim Bayliss, Alice Griffiths Mixed media product R323 Discovery Miles 3 230
The Writer's Map - An Atlas of Imaginary…
Huw Lewis-Jones Hardcover
Oxford International AQA Examinations…
Simon Ross, Alice Griffiths, … Online resource R568 Discovery Miles 5 680
Systap Onder Die Juk
Dot Serfontein Paperback R158 Discovery Miles 1 580
Endeavour - The Ship and the Attitude…
Peter Moore Hardcover (1)
Rand McNally 2019 Road Atlas
Rand McNally Paperback
How to Give Up Plastic - A Guide to…
Will McCallum Hardcover (1)
IB Environmental Systems and Societies…
Jill Rutherford, Gillian Williams Online resource R962 Discovery Miles 9 620
Geography for Edexcel A Level Year 1…
Bob Digby, Lynn Adams, … Paperback R782 Discovery Miles 7 820
Wild Light - Scotland's Mountain…
Craig Aitchison Hardcover | <urn:uuid:1c2d991b-3639-44c5-a1de-0655f1d956fb> | {
"date": "2018-10-22T17:22:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515352.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022155502-20181022181002-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9245957136154175,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 5119,
"url": "https://www.loot.co.za/browse/geography?cat=tr"
} |
The Light in the Forest
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012)|
|Genre||Coming of age|
|Publisher||Alfred A. Knopf|
The Light in the Forest is a novel first published in 1953 by U.S. author Conrad Richter. Though it is a work of fiction and primarily features fictional characters, the novel incorporates historic figures and is based in historical fact related to the late eighteenth century and period of the American Revolutionary War.
The Light in the Forest is about the struggles of a White boy, John Butler, who was taken captive as a boy in Pennsylvania by the Lenni Lenape Indians and became assimilated.
The story opens in the autumn of 1764. John Butler, approximately fifteen years of age, has lived with the Lenni Lenape in Ohio since being taken captive eleven years earlier. His adoptive Lenape father, Cuyloga, renamed him True Son. He is assimilated and accepted as a full-blooded Lenape by that community. Along with other Native groups, the Lenape enter into a peace treaty with the British forces. The treaty required that the Indians had to return any White captives. True Son did not want to leave as he was fully assimilated and considered himself Lenape; he disdained White society. He tries to commit suicide in order to be free of the Whites, but is unsuccessful. Accompanied by a young soldier, Del Hardy, True Son is taken to Fort Pitt, where he is met by Harry Butler, his blood father. Hardy accompanies the Butlers to their home in Paxton Township, near present-day Harrisburg.
After returning to his father's home, True Son refuses to recognize his blood father, continues to wear his Indian clothes, and pretends that he no longer understands English. His younger brother Gordie is intrigued by his Indian ways and True Son becomes fond of him. Later, True Son gets into a heated argument with his Uncle Wilse. Wilse accuses the Indians of scalping children, which True Son denies. Wilse is so angered by what he perceives as the young man’s lack of respect that he slaps True Son.
That spring True Son develops an unidentified illness. His physical sickness is compounded by disappointment that none of his Lenape family has tried to contact him since he was forced to go to the Butlers. He is heartened by learning that two Indians were asking about him at Wilse’s shop. That evening he slips out of the Butlers’ house and discovers his Lenape cousin, Half Arrow, nearby. Their reunion is tempered by learning that men from Wilse’s shop shot and scalped their friend, Little Crane.
The boys confront Wilse, knocking him to the ground and scalping him. They escape the town into the forest and head west to return to the Lenape. Their people are angry over the murder of Little Crane, and eventually the tribe declares war on the Whites. They attack some small villages and scalp the settlers. True Son sees some children's scalps among the rest and is disturbed to learn that the Indians killed children as well as adults.
True Son is used as bait to lure a band of settlers into an ambush, but he gives away the plan when he sees a child among them who reminds him of Gordie. The Lenape are enraged and plan to burn True Son at the stake in ritual torture. His adoptive father Cuyloga convinces the other band members to banish his son. Cuyloga tells True Son that he is no longer Indian, that he would be considered as a White enemy if ever seen again in Indian territory, and that he (Cuyloga) is no longer True Son’s father. Cuyloga accompanies True Son to a White road, where they part.
True Son (John Cameron Butler) is the story's protagonist. He was kidnapped by the Lenape from his family's home in Pennsylvania. Adopted by a Lenape family, he became assimilated into their culture, undergoing years of traditional lessons of strength and patience, with fire and freezing water tactics, until he was fifteen. At that age, he was forced by a treaty between the Lenape and United States to go back to his birth family.
Cuyloga is True Son’s adoptive Indian father and believed that the boy had become culturally Lenape. His wife adopted the boy, who was then considered to be a member of her clan, as the Lenape had a matrilineal kinship system. Cuyloga is described as the wisest and the strongest father. He is the one who took the boy as captive in the raid.
Del Hardy is a young colonial soldier who is to ensure True Son returns to his birth family. He is also an interpreter who speaks Lenape. Like True Son, Del spent part of his youth living among the Lenape. While he is distrustful of Indians as a group, he is empathetic toward True Son. He allows his Lenape companions to accompany the youth on part of the journey to his white family.
Half Arrow is True Son's favorite Lenape cousin. He accompanies him to Fort Pitt. He later travels to Paxton in search of True Son. Together they return to the Lenape village in Ohio.
Uncle Wilse (Wilson Owens) is True Son's maternal White uncle. He is well known as a member of the Paxton Boys, a group notorious for having massacred a band of friendly Susquehannock Indians, also known as Conestoga or Conestogo, during frontier conflicts after settlers had been attacked by other Indians. True Son hates Wilse for having taken part in the massacre. Wilse believes that True Son has been brainwashed by the Lenape and can no longer be trusted as a white man.
While The Light in the Forest is historical fiction, it is based on several historical persons, places, situations and events. The Tuscarawas River, where True Son’s Lenape village was located, runs through northeastern Ohio. It meets the Walhonding River to form the Muskingum River near Coshocton. (“The Forks of the Muskingum” are mentioned frequently in the novel.) The Muskingum in turn meets the Ohio River near Marietta, Ohio. Fort Pitt, later developed as Pittsburgh, stood at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers. A British post, it replaced the French Fort Duquesne in 1758 during the French and Indian War, which the British won in 1763.
Harris’ Ferry was located in the area where True Son and his party crossed the Susquehanna. The city of Harrisburg developed at this site. Fort Hunter is now operated as a period museum north of the city. At one point, a Black slave tells True Son and Gordie about Kittatinny, Second, and Stony (or Short) mountains. These are modelled after Blue, Second and Third mountains north of present-day Harrisburg. The narrative provides an accurate description of the craggy crest of Third Mountain.
The Lenape place name, Peshtank or Paxton, is referred to in Dauphin County’s Upper, Middle, and Lower Paxton townships, as well as the borough of Paxtang. However, the “Paxton Township” referred to in the novel once included all but the southernmost portion of present-day Dauphin County, as well as part of present-day Lebanon County. When the narrative refers to “the two townships,” the second is likely meant to be Derry, south of Paxton.
John Elder (1706–1792), known as "the Fighting Parson," became the pastor of Paxton Presbyterian Church, located in present-day Paxtang, in 1738. The church was founded in 1732. The present structure, built in 1740, is the oldest Presbyterian church still in use in Pennsylvania. It had been built by the time of the events portrayed in The Light in the Forest. Elder’s Protestant Scots-Irish family was from County Antrim, Ireland, and he was a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. John followed his father Robert to North America in about 1735. The novel mentions Elder as being pastor of the “Derry Church.” While the unincorporated town of Hershey, in Derry Township, was previously known as Derry Church, Elder’s pastorate at the church in Paxtang is unquestioned.
Elder also a leader of the Paxton Boys, a vigilante frontier group formed to protect White settlers from Indian attack. The Paxton Boys are perhaps best known for having massacred a group of Conestoga Indians who had been placed in protective custody in a jail in Lancaster. The massacre was carried out as vengeance for an attack on White settlers by an entirely different group of Indians.
Henry Bouquet (1719–1765) was a prominent British Army officer in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War. In autumn 1764, following the French and Indian War, he became commander of Fort Pitt. In October of that year, his army reached the Tuscarawas, the site of True Son’s fictional village. Representatives of several Native groups came to him to sue for peace. The return of White captives described in The Light in the Forest was a traumatic experience for many, especially for those who had been adopted and assimilated when young. They knew no other families and way of life other than those of the Lenape. Many such former captives eventually returned to their Indian families, and many others were never exchanged at all. However, Bouquet returned approximately 200 former captives to European-American settlements in the East. Bouquet died suddenly, shortly after the events depicted in the novel. | <urn:uuid:43755e70-05b6-45fb-a788-d80018661bad> | {
"date": "2015-03-02T07:50:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462720.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00265-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9816862344741821,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 2045,
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Light_in_the_Forest"
} |
The World’s Largest Solar Powered Hospital Opens in Haiti
(3BL Media/Justmeans) â The introduction of solar energy to Haiti is bringing transformation to one of the poorest countries in the world, where electricity is a rare commodity and most of the population relies on kerosene oil for light. The worldâs largest solar powered hospital has recently opened its doors in Haiti, which is showing to the world how solar power can bring hope and change to the worldâs less privileged communities.
The hospital, equipped with an array of 1,800 solar panels, is not only saving lives in Haiti, but also saving the environment in this small, but very beautiful part of the world. Haitiâs dwindling forest cover, which became the only source for light and heat for many people, can be restored with solar power. The new solar powered hospital facility is demonstrating what miracles are possible with the power of the sun.
The hospital has been opened by the joint efforts of Partners in Health, an organization dedicated to bringing modern health care to the developing regions of the world, along with Haitiâs health ministry. In the first few months of its operation, the solar mounted panels on the hospitalâs rooftops have been able to produce enough electricity to make treatment possible for more than 60,000 patients. Nearly 1,000 births have been facilitated as well since the hospital opened.
Conventional power is beyond the affordable range of more than 80 percent of the Haitians, and is environmentally unsustainable. In this situation, the solar powered hospital is showing a new model of affordable and sustainable power for the citizens of Haiti. Solarpowered WakaWaka Lamps have been introduced in more than 1,000 homes in Haiti with the backing of Off-Grid Solutions and Clinton Global Initiative.
The popularity of solar powered lamps is making experts believe that the idea of bringing economic and social change in Haiti with solar power is not as far-fetched as it might seem. The Haitian government is also ready to recognize the potential of solar energy, and is already planning to build a large-scale manufacturing facility for solar lamps. Some social investors are also looking at the possibility of expansion of the test pre-pay micro grid with solar powered systems.
Source: Green Optimistic
Image Credit: Flickr via tomyjezura | <urn:uuid:0e09e14a-d669-453d-b63b-ea30d6d8b500> | {
"date": "2016-12-07T14:29:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542213.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00432-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.959683895111084,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 474,
"url": "http://www.justmeans.com/blogs/the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-solar-powered-hospital-opens-in-haiti"
} |
Exercise has always been important and plays an effective role in molding […]
Hay Fever is a form of Allergic rhinitis, an allergic inflammation of […]
Arthritis is a mechanical abnormality of the musculoskeletal system that is a […]
Exercise has always been important and plays an effective role in molding a person’s life. Being physically active should not only be a part of life but a necessity to lead a healthy life. However, with people busy in their busy life find it extremely tough to devote some time to go to gym and exercise. Some may even want to but going to the gym may kill lot of time(as it may be far from the work place or home) as well as some times it goes a bit off-budget.
Gyms are a confined place that is well equipped with workout tools to help you reduce and maintain a fit and well-toned body but it lacks large open space and fresh air. Whereas green exercising takes place in an open space that may or may not include all workout tools but is equally beneficial for toning your body. It not only keeps you physically fit but also, additionally, provides you with psychological benefits.
Green exercise, basically, is an exercise that is carried out in open, in a natural environment, like park, garden or green gyms. Physically exercising in a green environment not only helps you in making physically fit and reduces weight but also helps in psychological benefits. It helps in reducing stress, anxiety, sorrow, depression and helps in stimulating happiness, joy, confidence and mental stability.
Exercising early morning is always more beneficial than working at late hours plus if workout is done in an open and airy space it provides more benefit. Moreover, exercising in an open space offers ample fresh unpolluted air to breathe in, which is not available in gyms or during any part of the day. It is not important to carry out a proper, organized workout session but walking, jogging, gardening, horse riding, farming also counts as green exercise.
Research has shown working out in an open and green environment helps reducing weight easily than in a confined place. It is beneficial for all ages from kids to old aged people. It is a cost effective way to workout, can be done in your locality or near by ground, park or garden. It charges your mental batteries, boosts up your spirit and takes you a step closer to nature.
Why is Green Exercise more beneficial than gym?
Hay Fever is a form of Allergic rhinitis, an allergic inflammation of the nasal passage that shares its symptoms with common cold or flu and leads to other diseases. It is generally caused due to pollen grains being inhaled by a person with a sensitized or low immune system. The allergy does not actually resemble with its meaning, it neither is caused due to hay nor is a fever.
According to early theory (which is a myth), the symptoms occurred due to smell of new hay. The symptoms include sneezing, watery eyes, redness, inflammation of nasal passage, nasal congestion and itchy sensation. Besides, it also causes headaches, lack of concentration, tiredness and improper sleep. In severe case nose bleeding may also occur. Allergic rhinitis is one of the causes of asthma and sinusitis and may show effect on social and physical activities.
There are varieties of natural remedies that can treat hay fever that causes havoc during spring times. Some of them are:
Arthritis is a mechanical abnormality of the musculoskeletal system that is a cause of many problems. It includes many types of arthritis (affecting joints, bones, muscles, tissues) all of which are unbearably painful. At present, there is no known root cause of the disorder and no cure has been identified. It greatly affects an individual’s physical and everyday activities and causes inflammation with persistent pain.
The known treatment for arthritis, for now, is surgery. However, some alternative treatments and natural remedies might help in relieving the pain caused due to arthritis.
Arthritis is a disorder of bones and muscles structure that is painful. Hence, if normal body weight is not maintained it may put pressure on the joints that can cause further inflammation pain and worsen the situation. Although it is not easy to shed off weight once, you have arthritis but certain exercises, physical therapy and yoga, as prescribed by the physiologists, may help you reduce weight and ease the symptoms and pain.
Being physically inactive may lead to weaken your bones further and cause more inflammation. There are lots of other activities that can help you in weight loss and at the same time, keep you mentally and physically fit.
Acupuncture is an alternative medical treatment that involves insertion of needles in specific points on the skin to stimulate flow of energy through out the body and brain. Further heat, external pressure or electric current is applied on the needle. It is based on the traditional belief and holistic healing process. Known to be effective for treating rheumatoid arthritis, it relieves pain and inflammation for some of the arthritic condition. The session may depend upon the frequency, severity and duration of the disorder. It is important to have an experienced, qualified and well-trained practitioner who knows the correct specific points.
The therapy is not scientifically proven to cure arthritis or any of its other disorders. However, there are some cases that have shown positive results but still it may vary from person to person. Hence, it is advisable to consult the doctors and then proceed.
It is important to know what you should include in and exclude from your diet. Planning a proper diet according to your needs and following it may not only help you in reducing weight and staying healthy but also to some extent reduce pain, inflammation and other symptoms of arthritis. It is important to cut down calories count and include fresh and colorful fruits and vegetables in your diet.
Fish (like tuna, mackerel, herring) is known to be a good source of omega-3 fatty acid, inclusion of which may help in reducing inflammation and providing relief in case of arthritis especially rheumatoid arthritis.
Ginger is known to have a natural anti-inflammation compound called ginerols that is very helpful in easing the effects of arthritis, relieving pain as well as inflammation.
Including Green Tea in your diet regularly may help you combat with arthritis and its symptoms. The tea has antioxidant properties and contains epigenome that helps in inflammation and suppressing effects of arthritis.
Vitamin C and flavonoids prevents oxidative damage of the cell and ease inflammation. Grapes, blueberries, apples, pears, cabbage onions and black beans are some sources of Vitamin C or flavonoids inclusion of which in the diet may help in reducing swelling and pain of arthritis. | <urn:uuid:9fddf59e-805f-4e30-bd85-4e7a5db3bb49> | {
"date": "2015-03-01T06:48:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462232.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00213-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9588200449943542,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 1388,
"url": "http://greenmountaincenter.org/"
} |
By JENNY BARCHFIELD
RIO CLARO, Brazil (AP) - The cash cows on Carlos Marques' farm used to be nothing but that: herds of dairy cattle that grazed the grassy, rolling hills of his property, where most of the dense tropical forest was long ago cut down for pastures and cropland.
But now the trees are starting to put money in his pocket as well.
The 68-year-old farmer is part of a pilot project that aims to reverse the economics of environmental destruction by paying farmers to preserve the forests that protect a crucial watershed, using money from some of the millions of people who use that water.
It's the sort of initiative that is at the heart of the United Nations' Rio+20 earth summit, the three-day mega-conference that ends Friday and is aimed at pushing sustainable development to the top of the world's agenda.
"It used to be that the forest was worth nothing," said Fernando Veiga, water funds manager at The Nature Conservancy, the environmental organization that helped spearhead the Rio Claro-area project along with a Brazilian NGO and the state and municipal governments. "But we know how crucial living trees are to the planet, and now they have a monetary value."
Proponents insist that sustainable development _ which allows economic growth to meet people's current needs while preserving natural resources for the future _ is the only way to prevent an environmental meltdown that could prove catastrophic for the planet and humanity.
But critics contend that the idea often serves as a front that permits governments and companies to make noise about protecting the environment while permitting business to continue as usual.
Looking out onto rounded hills that surround Marques' farm near the tiny town of Rio Claro, 130 kilometers (80 miles) south of Rio de Janeiro, it's hard to believe this entire region was once swathed in dense vegetation. Devastated by centuries of deforestation _ first for coffee plantations, then for charcoal and now for cattle raising and urban sprawl _ Brazil's Atlantic Forest has been whittled down to just 12 percent of its original size, and scientists say it ranks among the world's most threatened ecosystems.
The hills around Rio Claro are now almost bald, with just a sparse covering of grass that's often chewed down to the root by the rangy cattle that graze here. With little to anchor the earth into place, erosion has cut vivid gashes of rusty red soil.
This desolate landscape is the source for the Guandu River, which provides 80 percent of Rio's water. Because of deforestation and erosion, water is less abundant than locals say it once was, and silt from the erosion and other pollutants seep into the tributaries of the Guandu, as well as the river itself. That forces water officials to heavily treat the water to make it usable, costing the city $500 million per year, according to environmentalists. And still, most Rio residents who can afford it drink bottled water.
On Marques' property, for example, the brook that once babbled its way across his land had dried up, as have many other other streams in the area, the farmer said.
The Nature Conservancy and partner organization Instituto Terra developed the Guandu Water Fund to protect Rio's water supply by investing in the forests that help generate the water itself.
Under the pilot project, inaugurated in 2009, $500,000 in fees paid by big water consumers are being doled out to small farmers around Rio Claro who pledge to conserve their forests or allow swaths of their land to be reforested.
Farmers sign a contract promising to keep their animals out of protected plots, and organizers send out teams of locally hired employees to fence in the areas and plant thousands of saplings from a potpourri of some 80 native plant species.
The payouts are mostly small _ Marques receives just $640 a year for his 62 protected acres _ but advocates say even symbolic amounts help change people's attitudes toward conservation.
"I used to think of the trees as mine, to use as I saw fit, but now I see things differently," said Marques, a father of five and grandfather of five. "The trees that grow here are mine, but lots of other people depend on them, too, so by saving even just one single tree, I'm performing a service for all of humanity."
Since he joined the project three years ago, the dried-up stream has been resuscitated. At first it was a mere trickle, he said, but now it's grown into a thick rope of water. | <urn:uuid:6c72d730-1566-4f15-9991-3fd6915b25a7> | {
"date": "2014-04-18T03:51:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532480.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00387-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.964532196521759,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 948,
"url": "http://wtop.com/884/2913139/Cash-cows-disputes-explain-UN-development-summit"
} |
Normal vision relies on healthy eyes, retinas, and their proper wiring of the brain structures that process visual information. Light which enters the eye is sensed by photoreceptors on the retina. The information is then transmitted via the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus and from there to the first stage of cortical visual processing, the primary visual cortex.
Amblyopia refers to the loss or reduction of vision from one eye because it is improperly wired to the brain structures that process visual information. Even an eye with normal optics and retina may be weakly or incorrectly connected to the brain, resulting in substantial vision loss from that eye.
What causes amblyopia? Frontal- eyed animals combine the images of the two eyes into a single image. The process also yields the percept of depth — estimates of the distance of objects from the observer. When then the two eyes receive very different scenes that cannot be fused into a single one, the brain opts to ignore information from one of the eyes. This can happen when the eyes are misaligned and pointing in different directions (strabismus), or when the one eye is much more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic compared to the other.
About 3% of children are affected by the condition and, unless it is treated during a period of high plasticity in the brain that may allow external factors to help the brain rewire, called the critical period, the loss of vision might be permanent as the adult visual system becomes hardwired. In other words, if we do not treat them amblyopic patients would be effectively blind from the input of the affected eye.
It is important to correct amblyopia for the simple reason that we are born with only two eyes. Starting your life with only one good eye means your likelihood of going blind during your lifetime is much higher. Thanks to advances in medical research, we are living 25 years more than our grandparents; thus it makes sense to ensure our children start their lives with a pair of healthy eyes.
Animal rights activists argue that because blindness is not a life-threatening disease using animals in this type of research is not justified. I concede blindness is not life threatening, but I ask you to participate in the following exercise — blindfold yourself for just one week and try to go about your daily activities — helping the kids to school, getting to and from work, shopping at the supermarket, doing the laundry, cooking, washing the dishes, assisting your children with homework, and so on. Please return to the comments section of this blog and share with us what you have learned about blindness and the suffering it can cause. This is the suffering the research is intended to prevent and alleviate.
Some of these points were well expressed by a Cardiff University statement in response to the Mirror’s negative coverage of these experiments which included an on-line poll asking readers to participate. The Mirror article elicited the response of scientific blogger PZ Myers who tried once more to explain the true reasons for such experiments and asked scientists to make their voices heard in the poll. The Mirror, apparently disliking the trends in the results, responded with a re-poll. Aside from the obvious scientific invalidity of such internet polls, it is evident from the comments in the article that those who voted against such experiments fail to understand the impact of severe vision loss on quality of life and the methods of the research. While they appear ready to rule out the use of animals in sight-saving research, the same population appears to think differently when it comes to ruling animals out of their dinner plates.
So let me explain again how animals are involved in these studies. To study the early wiring of the brain scientists have used frontal-eyed mammals that have an early visual cortex organized similarly to that of humans. Kittens have historically been used in many of these developmental experiments because they have frontal eyes and binocular vision, and their visual cortex expresses ocular dominance columns as other higher mammals and humans do. Such “columns” represent the amount of cortical territory that each eye takes during development which changes if one eye is weakened. Animal work has shown how different rearing conditions influence the balance the input of the eyes into the cortex, the timescales involved, and the effects of multiple reverse occlusion procedures on visual acuity. Mice also have a small area of binocular vision where the cortex receives inputs from the two eyes and exhibit similar plastic changes. The study of the molecular pathways and events that lead to the opening and closing of the critical period are now being studied almost entirely in mice.
Finally, studying the normal wiring of the brain during development has potential benefits for many other areas of medicine. Amblyopia serves as a general model of a developmental disorder of brain wiring. Understanding the factors that control the opening and closing of the critical is key not only for vision but other diseases. Specifically, if we understood the molecular events that open and close the critical period we could potentially learn how to open such a window of plasticity in the adult. This would allow us not only to treat amblyopia in the adult, but also to enhance neural repair in many conditions that involve damage to neural tissue, such as in stroke.
We do not currently have non-invasive methods that would allow us to study normal and abnormal brain wiring during development in humans. Animal models allow us to understand the molecular and cellular events that take place during development. The experiments involve artificial closure of one eye and recording form brain structures while animals are fully anesthetized. The anesthetic plane is monitored continuously by measuring the heart rate, electrocardiogram, end-tidal CO2, and core temperature. Such monitoring parallels and even exceeds what one may see in human surgeries. The animals are euthanized at the end of the procedure with an overdose of anesthetics — the same way your pet may be euthanized by your veterinarian.
It is outrageous, ignorant or simply deceptive for Nick Palmer of the BUAV to claim on the BBC during a debate with Tom Holder on the justification for this experiments that “you wake up the animal” during the electrophysiological recording procedures. This is flat wrong. Animals are anesthetized for both the surgical procedures, and continuously during the recordings. They never regain consciousness as they are euthanized at the end of the experiment.
We all benefit from the medical advances of the past. Animal research has undeniably contributed to such advances. Opting out of such research without a viable alternative would cause much human and animal suffering. Inaction needs a moral justification, one that our opponents have yet to spell out on moral and scientific grounds.
Addendum: It’s worth remembering that the Mirror – a British tabloid that is characterised by all the usual vices associated with such publications – has a history of making false allegations against scientists. Back in the 1980’s its Sunday edition was obliged to print a Press Council ruling that an earlier report on amblyopia research performed by the neuroscientist Professor Colin Blakemore was “exaggerated, unbalanced and unfair”. It seems that the Mirror is still living up to its “gutter press” reputation. | <urn:uuid:843bfad2-a291-44ff-a781-2c9396eaae11> | {
"date": "2017-07-23T16:48:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723162614-20170723182614-00696.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.955310046672821,
"score": 3.75,
"token_count": 1467,
"url": "https://speakingofresearch.com/2012/07/27/"
} |
California Governor Jerry Brown is contemplating the signing of a bill to remove the word ‘lynching’ from a decades-old state law, which makes use of the word to denote the act of wrestling a detainee from police custody. Since the arrest of a black activist during a Sacramento demonstration, lawmakers and supporters have been calling for a change, citing the irony of the activist having been charged under a law which was originally supposed to protect black detainees from lynch mobs. The bill was unanimously passed in California legislature following the uproar,
What Would the Bill do?
The bill would change the language of the law to remove any mention of the word ‘lynching’, while keeping the law and its penalties essentially unchanged. The usage of the word came under fire for being outdated and obsolete in today’s society, as lynching is a particularly sensitive issue in African-American circles. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the lynching of African-Americans was relatively commonplace, particularly in the Southern states, and the use of the word has become somewhat taboo so if you need an attorney in Boston to handle your criminal defense case. Supporters have also called for the word to be struck from the penal code, stating its application as inappropriate.
What Does This Mean?
In terms of the actual application of the law in question, not much will change. The crime of wresting a detainee will continue to be a felony – as will the killing of a person by mob action – and the punishment – between two and four years in state prison – will remain the same. The matter is more one of legal sensitivity and the updating of existing laws for modern times. The law in question was drafted in 1933, and has since become outdated in its language. For this reason, it is important for lawmakers to cast their eyes back over previous laws to remove sensitive and outdated language and make the laws applicable to today’s society. If the law falls behind the society which it was written to protect, it ceases to be an effective safeguard. The activist in question has had their charges reduced to resisting arrest, which is a misdemeanor. | <urn:uuid:b02e4a05-d0b7-471f-847d-9291501f1287> | {
"date": "2017-09-21T22:58:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687938.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921224617-20170922004617-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9768353700637817,
"score": 3.546875,
"token_count": 431,
"url": "http://www.arcoregon.org/california-looks-to-remove-sensitive-language-from-state-law/"
} |
By finely tuning the distance between nanoparticles in a single layer, researchers have made a filter that can change between a mirror and a window.
The development could help scientists create special materials whose optical properties can be changed in real time. These materials could then be used for applications from tuneable optical filters to miniature chemical sensors.
Creating a 'tuneable' material - one which can be accurately controlled - has been a challenge because of the tiny scales involved. In order to tune the optical properties of a single layer of nanoparticles - which are only tens of nanometres in size each - the space between them needs to be set precisely and uniformly.
To form the layer, the team of researchers from Imperial College London created conditions for gold nanoparticles to localise at the interface between two liquids that do not mix. By applying a small voltage across the interface, the team have been able to demonstrate a tuneable nanoparticle layer that can be dense or sparse, allowing for switching between a reflective mirror and a transparent surface. The research is published today in Nature Materials.
Study co-author Professor Joshua Edel, from the Department of Chemistry at Imperial, said: "It's a really fine balance - for a long time we could only get the nanoparticles to clump together when they assembled, rather than being accurately spaced out. But many models and experiments have brought us to the point where we can create a truly tuneable layer."
The distance between the nanoparticles determines whether the layer permits or reflects different wavelengths of light. At one extreme, all the wavelengths are reflected, and the layer acts as a mirror. At the other extreme, where the nanoparticles are dispersed, all wavelengths are permitted through the interface and it acts as a window.
In contrast to previous nanoscopic systems that used chemical means to change the optical properties, the team's electrical system is reversible.
Study co-author Professor Alexei Kornyshev, from the Department of Chemistry at Imperial, said: "Finding the correct conditions to achieve reversibility required fine theory; otherwise it would have been like searching for a needle in a haystack. It was remarkable how closely the theory matched experimental results."
Co-author Professor Anthony Kucernak, also from the Department of Chemistry, commented: "Putting theory into practice can be difficult, as one always has to be aware of material stability limits, so finding the correct electrochemical conditions under which the effect could occur was challenging."
Professor Kornyshev added: "The whole project was only made possible by the unique knowhow and abilities and enthusiasm of the young team members, including Dr Yunuen Montelongo and Dr Debarata Sikdar, amongst others who all have diverse expertise and backgrounds."
Explore further: Researchers improve technology to detect hazardous chemicals
Electrotuneable nanoplasmonic liquid mirror, Nature Materials (2017). DOI: 10.1038/nmat4969 | <urn:uuid:15edc251-35e9-4b30-80bd-7e48e0ce74da> | {
"date": "2018-06-22T09:28:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864387.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622084714-20180622104714-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9292991161346436,
"score": 3.546875,
"token_count": 598,
"url": "https://phys.org/news/2017-09-self-assembling-nanoparticle-arrays-mirror-window.html"
} |
This study examines the importance and relative impact of religious behaviors in the development of adolescents. The links among adolescents’ positive emotional and behavioral outcomes, religious practices in the home, and extracurricular activities at school are explored.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Schneider, B., Rice, H., & Hoogstra, L. (2004). The Importance of Religion in Adolescents’ Lives. Journal of Catholic Education, 7 (3). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ce/vol7/iss3/6 | <urn:uuid:dca5b112-66be-4ccf-8960-648a7f57f064> | {
"date": "2017-02-20T15:22:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170569.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00232-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7496232986450195,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 131,
"url": "http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ce/vol7/iss3/6/"
} |
Ableism is a form of discrimination or social prejudice against people with disabilities. It occurs when people/society gives preferential treatment to people who appear able-bodied.
Ableism takes many forms, from when people render environments inaccessible to people with disabilities (think of the people who said, “why would I need to build a ramp to my business, no people in wheelchairs have ever come here! when the ADA was enacted), to the use of terms such as “autistic”, “retarded” or “cripple” in language as an insult. Or, ableism can occur people treat anyone falling outside of the neurotypical-able bodied spectrum as someone who a priori needs fixing. It also happens when people harbor the attitude that people with disabilities can’t function as full members of society.
My friend The Nerd recently wrote about ableism on hir blog. Ze pointed out some ableist language said by atheists to other atheists:
“You are so literal as to be autistic. Are you really that stupid?”
If we really want atheism without barriers, we have to cut out the ableist language, now. This includes ending the crazy-bashing of Christians, because if an atheist with a mental disorder walks into a room where people are casually tossing around the words “crazy”, “retarded”, “idiotic”, etc, ze’s going to feel under attack.
I’ll be honest: I am unsure if I share The Nerd’s sentiment about the use of the word “crazy”. JT and I have both referred to ourselves as crazy, loons, and mentally ill (We’re both diagnosed, yo), but JT has also referred to certain religious behaviors as “crazy”. Was he being ableist? I’m not entirely sure, so I’d like to hear some discussion about that.
I usually don’t call people crazy or insane because doing so marginalizes people with mental illnesses, is unpersuasive (really, the last time someone called an atheist crazy, did you go, “oh crap, you’re right!” or did you go, “wow, this person is a jerk.”? I don’t think anyone has ever persuaded someone due to calling their opposition crazy.)
We’ve seen ableism on this blog: for example, a few commenters have claimed that no one should listen to JT because of his mental illness:
I’m an occupational therapist, so in my clinical practice, every one of my clients has at least one disabling condition. My biomechanics research also looks at the same population, and I have lots of friends with disabilities as well. About 1 in 5 people have a disability. The vast majority of those disabilities are the type found between the ears. Even if you don’t have a disability yourself – you might one day, and you surely know someone who does.
We’ve already advocated for taking up the cause of ending stigma against mental illness in the skeptic/atheist community, and I think we need to end ableism in the skeptic/atheist community in general. You can help:
Andy is looking to gather a little more information about ableism in atheism, so be a doll and go take this survey about ableism in atheism, will you? It’s not long, so will only take a few minutes of your time:
Ableism exists in part due to the notion that people with disabilities need to be fixed or molded into the environment, rather than the idea that the environment should be fixed or molded to include people with a wide range of differences.
As far as physical disabilities go, I’ve noticed that most large atheist events/gatherings are accessible, though smaller events might not. Some of our local events in St. Louis have been in basements, down flights of stairs. I’ve never seen a sign language interpreter at a large atheist event (hey Reason Rally… will you have one? You should, if it’s going to be the Woodstock of atheism.). Do bloggers format blog posts and websites so they are readable by screen readers? How about your pictures? Do you include alt-text or caption such that people with visual disabilities using screen readers have a description of your picture?
While we tend to be pretty inclusive on matters of neurodiversity, I think we can do more. | <urn:uuid:a6700771-ec03-4478-8487-5c35ea959c9f> | {
"date": "2015-10-10T04:36:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737940789.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221900-00052-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9613831043243408,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 947,
"url": "http://www.patheos.com/blogs/wwjtd/2012/02/ableism-in-atheism/"
} |
- Over 20,000 thoroughbred foals are born in the United States each year.
- “Foal crops are estimated against reports of mares bred… Foal registration is to be completed within 12 months after the birth of the foal.” – The Jockey Club guesses how many foals are born each year, but this number is confirmed with the number of registered horses.
- Not all of the horses that are born are registered, but most of them are registered with the Jockey Club by the time that they are two years old.
- The number of horses born in 1990 is almost twice the estimated number of horses born in 2014 and 2015, but there were an estimated 300 more horses born in 2016.
- This number was moving in a positive direction until 2008, when it began to decrease.
- Now, this number is beginning to move in a positive direction again.
The Jockey Club. “Annual North American Registered Foal Crop.” The Jockey Club, 2016, http://www.jockeyclub.com/. Accessed 2 September 2016. | <urn:uuid:78fbde55-9444-494a-8a61-725846fff3a3> | {
"date": "2018-06-20T00:13:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863259.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619232009-20180620012009-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9723589420318604,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 228,
"url": "https://renaissanceschoolseniorthesis2017.wordpress.com/2016/09/02/note-card-annual-north-american-registered-foal-crop/"
} |
Warning signs are low energy, decreased sex drive, irritability, poor concentration and depressed mood."
Washington, Aug 4 - If you are not sleeping well and enough, apart from health problems, you also run the risk of making bad financial decisions and even losing your job.
According to researchers, the effects of sleep loss on cognitive processing, concentration and memory are striking and acute.
Processing speed deteriorates dramatically with shortened sleep duration, and you cannot simply 'catch up' on the weekends, said Emerson Wickwire, director at Howard County Center for Lung and Sleep Medicine in Columbia, Maryland.
Professionals in their 40s to 50s often feel sleepy at work that worsens as the afternoon progresses.
They have a fear that some younger, more energetic person is going to take their job or their promotion, Nitun Verma from Washington Township Center for Sleep Disorders in Fremont, California, was quoted as saying in Huffington Post.
People in their 20s and 30s suffer from sleepless nights too.
They have a more active social and professional night life, advancing their lives and careers, and often only sleep four to five hours a night, Verma added.
According to researchers, there are many reasons we do not get enough sleep.
Some people are workaholics or night owls.
Others are kept up by chronic stress or insomnia and some have a disorder like sleep apnea.
We habituate to adenosine, a brain chemical that induces sleep. So even though judgment and performance are impaired, we think we are performing just fine, Wickwire added.
The reality is, they are depriving their brains of a nutrient just as vital as food or water, he cautioned.
Warning signs are low energy, decreased sex drive, irritability, poor concentration and depressed mood.
Get eight hours of sleep at any cost to avoid such signs, Wickwire concluded. | <urn:uuid:3605c0aa-b001-46b7-bd6c-ada48a98b969> | {
"date": "2015-03-01T19:20:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00257-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9665424823760986,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 389,
"url": "http://www.nerve.in/news:2535002393376"
} |
In part one of this three-part series, I discussed how to help your child learn to give you a picture as a way of requesting something that she wants. I talked about the first three steps I take to teach a child this skill:
1. Find a motivating object,
2. Take and print a picture of the object that represents that activity, and
3. Teach your child to use that picture to request the object.
So, what next?
This is where I often deviate from the PECS protocol set out by Frost and Bondy. At this point, they would recommend teaching a child to cross a distance to exchange a picture with you. They would also recommend teaching persistence; that is, teaching your child to continue attempting to give you the picture, even if you don’t acknowledge him the first time. I do understand why they include these steps, especially for children with autism, but I will admit that I often skip them and move on to picture discrimination instead. If I find that a child needs it, I will go back and teach crossing distances and persisting later. So, my step four is...
Step 4: Teach your little one to select the right picture. Up until now, you’ve only had one picture out at a time. The next step is to teach her to discriminate between two pictures and select the picture that actually represents what she wants to request. I usually do this in three smaller steps:
- Put out a picture of a desired object (e.g., bubbles) and a blank picture; see what she does. If she starts reaching for the blank picture, guide her hand toward the correct picture and help her hand it to you. Do this repeatedly until she starts selecting the desired object picture on her own, consistently.
- Put out a picture of a desired object (e.g., bubbles) and a picture of a undesired object (for example, a washcloth--assuming your little one doesn’t groove on washcloths). If she gives you the picture of the undesired object (the washcloth), hand that object (the actual washcloth) to her. This natural consequence may lead her to the understanding that she needs to hand you the picture of the desired object (bubbles). If not, physically guide her to choose the picture of the desired object and hand it to you. Repeat until she consistently hands you the picture of the desired object.
- Put out pictures of two desired objects (bubbles and ball) and give her whichever one she requests via picture exchange. If she begins to get frustrated, move back to helping her select the correct one.
Step 5: Add in new pictures, one at a time, making sure your child can discriminate among them and pick the one she really wants. If she starts having difficulty, move back to fewer pictures.
Step 6: Find a place to keep the pictures. Many people keep them in a three ring binder, using Velcro to secure the pictures to pages that are kept inside the binder. This is nice, of course, because the binder is easily portable, and for some people, this is essential. Other people keep the pictures on their fridge, since this is a central location that works well at home, where the pictures are used most often. There’s no magic place—do what works best for you and your family.
And that's it! Bondy and Frost recommend many mores steps, and, if you are planning to use pictures on a long term basis, you'll want to check out their recommendations here. But in the short term, pictures can be a great way to build a bridge to communication, easing frustration for everyone involved. Good luck!
Looking for more information on using pictures with children? Stay tuned until next week,
when I post my answers to Frequently Asked Questions about pictures and language. If you have a question now, leave it in the comment section, and I'll do my best to answer it next week! | <urn:uuid:1b760f72-804a-481f-8b36-d7afc6b9df58> | {
"date": "2017-02-26T16:45:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172018.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00504-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9583849906921387,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 824,
"url": "http://www.talkingkids.org/2011/09/using-pictures-to-help-with-beginning_13.html"
} |
Cardiologist, author, and heart health expert Dr. Sarah Samaan offers advice on how to live a heart smart life.See all posts »
Watching Your Sodium?
New study finds that salt lurks in some surprising places
High blood pressure, or hypertension, afflicts about one in every three American adults, yet only half have the problem under control. Although hypertension is often “silent,” causing no symptoms, it is a major contributor to heart disease, stroke, dementia, and kidney failure. Obesity, a high-salt, high-fat diet, and lack of regular exercise can all amp up the blood pressure. As a cardiologist, I have plenty of pharmaceutical options to offer my patients, but the average person with high blood pressure requires two or more medications to keep the numbers in a normal range. Although taking a pill can prevent the dire consequences of hypertension, it is always better to avoid the need for medications in the first place, or at least to limit the number of drugs required to keep the blood pressure down.
A recent report from the aptly named What We Eat in America survey, published by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), evaluated the amount of sodium, generally in the form of salt, consumed by a representative sample of 7,227 Americans ages 2 years and up. (You can learn more about the effects of salt on blood pressure by reading my recent post on the subject.) On average, daily sodium consumption was 3266 mg, or as much as twice the recommended maximum intake. In fact, more than 88 percent of the people studied ate too much salt.
About 90 percent of the daily salt load came from food purchased at a store (such as breads, processed foods or deli meats) or a restaurant. Not surprisingly, restaurant foods tended to be higher in salt. All in all, 10 categories accounted for nearly half of the sodium intake. These foods included breads and rolls, deli meats, pizza, poultry, soups, sandwiches, cheese, pasta dishes, meat dishes, and snack foods. While soups and pizza are noticeably salty, most of us probably don’t consider bakery products a particularly important source of sodium. This study suggests that we need to be more critical and less trusting of the ready-made foods marketed and sold to us.
For the sake of our heart, brain, and kidneys, it’s time to start weaning ourselves off of the salt. The CDC report cites estimates that suggest that if we were to reduce the average American’s salt intake by just 400 mg, 28,000 lives per year could be spared, at a savings of as much as $7 billion dollars. We can begin to take control of our health by choosing a diet that is closer to nature (try the Mediterranean diet), avoiding processed foods, and shopping for whole grain bread products that are lower in salt and other additives.
Recent Blog Posts
Nov 15, 2012
Heart Smart Living
Nov 07, 2012
Blood Pressure Medications may Thwart Alzheimer's Dementia
Nov 05, 2012
Should You Eat Organic? | <urn:uuid:a473725e-fe36-49e2-8030-201e36037cbf> | {
"date": "2017-08-17T13:34:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103316.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817131910-20170817151910-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9455211758613586,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 635,
"url": "http://www.healthline.com/health-blogs/heart-smart-living/sodium-intake"
} |
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs, also known as prion diseases) are a group of progressive conditions that affect the brain and nervous system of humans and animals and are transmitted by prions..
For more information about the topic Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles:
Editor's Note: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
Recommend this page on Facebook, Twitter,
and Google +1:
Other bookmarking and sharing tools: | <urn:uuid:526b12b7-0349-47f7-849f-bc5a4320647f> | {
"date": "2013-05-18T08:12:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8790869116783142,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 118,
"url": "http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/t/transmissible_spongiform_encephalopathy.htm"
} |
People mainly think of GPs over-prescribing antibiotics, but ubiquitous use in farming and other areas also contributes to resistance in bacteria.
We need a concentrated and coordinated effort by government and scientists if we're to stave off the threat of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
A hospital nurse checks the temperature of all visitors in Conakry (Guinea) in 2014, at the height of the Ebola epidemic.
One year after the end of the West African Ebola epidemic, a study of survivors in Guinea shows what has been learned about the deadly virus, and what remains unknown.
According to the World Health Organisation, antimicrobial resistance is now at crisis point.
The US Centers for Disease Control has reported a woman in her 70s has died of overwhelming sepsis caused by a bacterium that was resistant to all available antibiotics.
Easy to transport and store, skin patches could soon replace needles for vaccination.
Postage-stamp sized patches that target vaccines to the immune system are now in clinical trials.
Trachoma disappeared from most of Australia 100 years ago as individual and community hygiene improved.
Trachoma easily spreads from one child to another through infected eye and nose secretions. A person may have up to 40 episodes of reinfection during childhood.
Next time just work with your body clock.
Marcos Mesa Sam Wordley
Stay away from viruses in the early morning – and in winter.
A Finnish family, pictured around the late 19th century.
Study investigates whether a decrease in serious childhood disease could be extending human lifespan.
Advances in computing make it possible to model the spread of disease on an individual level, in a population of millions of people.
Millions of people die or suffer from infectious diseases each year. Computer modelling can now help simulate the impact of any spreading disease.
Virus spreading machines.
When it comes to preventing the spread of germs, how you dry your hands can be just as important as how you wash them.
People who have big weekends tend to take more sickies at work.
There's no doubt chronic alcohol abuse changes the body's infection-defence system. But here's what the research says on whether a binge-drinking weekend can make people more susceptible to illness.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a leading cause of hospital infections.
New research shows the best way to treat hospital infections caused by C. difficile may be with more of the bacteria.
We’re in a protracted war against superbugs because we’ve overused existing antibiotics: a key weapon against disease.
We’ve heard a lot lately about superbugs – bacteria that are resistant to current antibiotics. But as the threat of superbugs continues to rise, the number of new treatments available has flatlined. This…
Good teeth often correlates with good health. But one in five over-65s have lost all their teeth.
An Aussie smile is an instant indicator of socioeconomic status, employability and self-esteem. It’s also a predictor of physical health. So it’s shocking that Australians’ dental health has not improved…
Researchers have found that tiny toxic HIV fibres, called semen-derived enhancers of viral infection (SEVI), poison nerve…
One-fifth of UK primary school children who presented to primary care clinics in 2010-12 with persistent cough had pertussis… | <urn:uuid:687e1683-4bc8-448e-97e2-a72dc77f318f> | {
"date": "2017-03-30T12:57:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218194600.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212954-00211-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9187530875205994,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 701,
"url": "http://theconversation.com/uk/topics/infection-11149"
} |
Dice are familiar tools in most mathematics classrooms. Their use in primary school games allows students to build preliminary notions of number and autonomy. (see Kamii) As the grades progress, dice sums become too simple and the tool is pushed into the realm of probability and chance. There, alongside decks of cards and coloured spinners, it enjoys almost godly status; it seems that there is no better way to calculate odds than to role dice and spin spinners (in outrageous cases—simultaneously).
The greatest thing dice have going for them is familiarity. Teachers can use this to upset the thinking of students and encourage them to think mathematically to resolve their cognitive conflict. A great example of this is my Fair Dice Task. Here students encounter dice that act in—seemingly—strange ways. They grapple with the structure of the problem to restore a sense of homeostasis.
Here I want to explore how students use their number sense and logical thinking to piece together unfamiliar dice. I begin by introducing a chart that shows the sums of the faces when rolling two dice.
We discuss the possible patterns that emerge and any symmetry that exists. I then hand out a sheet of blank dice charts and reformulate the task.
What if I gave you the 36 possible sums? Could you then tell me what the dice look like?
I haven’t decided the best way to list out the 36 numbers. You could project them on the board, but then students may make counting errors that would derail the underlying focus of the task. I think each group should have a set of data, and mistakes should be erasable. I have settled on giving each group a plastic sheet cover and handing them a dry erase marker and a sheet of data. Each data sheet has a place for them to write their guiding rules. My goal is to compile these “rules” and have them fuel a class discussion. Each sheet also has a "final answer" grid.
I try and start with simple dice and move into more complex. The whole time I encourage them to write down any “advice” they have in the form of rules.
I visit each group and take note of any differing strategies. I pay special attention to those I would like to highlight. I am sure to discuss this example with the class to keep the task floor low. That is to say, I want every student to have a shot at achieving some sort of mathematical accomplishment.
I want to see if students can sense if the dice doubles. Maybe there is a rule that can be developed.
Here I am looking for logical partitioning of numbers. I want the students to see the number “eight” flexibly. Within this context, eight will have two parts. Each constituent represents a side of a dice. Can students use the structure of numbers to break down tasks?
Depending on the flow of the lesson, I like to throw out some other questions. These would also serve as great extensions.
What if every sum was even? What could you tell me about the sides of the dice?
What if every sum was odd? What could you tell me about the sides of the dice?
Can you design two dice (with numbers 1-6) that never sum to 8? to 1?
What if half of the sums were sixes? What could you tell me about the sides of the dice?
The task requires a large amount of logical thinking and numerical flexibility.
If you wanted to move into the topic of factors (or even greatest common factor), you could present the same structure but give them the product of the dice faces. Prime numbered faces would present an interesting twist under these parameters.
On the whole, the task takes a familiar object creates a cognitive conflict by skewing its attributes. I’m having trouble penciling it explicitly into a “unit” under a “topic”, but any suggestions are more than welcome. | <urn:uuid:cc24d795-f992-4989-96ba-2bc3e523f617> | {
"date": "2017-07-21T20:38:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423809.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721202430-20170721222430-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9551779627799988,
"score": 4.21875,
"token_count": 808,
"url": "http://musingmathematically.blogspot.com.cy/2013_06_01_archive.html"
} |
October 7 - 13 has been designated as Stormwater Awareness Week and Franklin Soil and Water Conservation District and communities across central Ohio are urging residents to “Be the Change for Clean Water” and to take action.
Common items that we use in our yards, homes and driveways such as fertilizer, oil, paint, etc. and even our trash can make their way to our streams and rivers by stormwater and pollute our environment and clean drinking water. Franklin County has over 2,940 miles of open drainage including our ditches, streams, and rivers. This open drainage collects water from over 543 square miles of land in Franklin County. Unfortunately, this water also includes pollutants from across the landscape.
During Stormwater Awareness Week, be the change for clean water by taking one or more of the following actions:
- Pick up trash in your neighborhood or a local park. It can be a family game to see who can fill up a bag first.
- Check the weather report before applying fertilizer to your lawn or any oil or chemicals to driveways and sidewalks. This will protect the environment and your pocketbook.
- Make sure lawns have 3-4 inches of topsoil under the grass. This will reduce runoff, as well as make lawns easier to maintain.
- Plant native plants that have deep roots, which will help break up clay soil and increase the amount of water remaining on a property while benefiting birds, butterflies and bees.
- Plant a tree in your yard or install a rain garden. Trees can soak up 900 gallons of rain a year and a well-designed rain garden almost entirely reduce stormwater from a property.
- Encourage local businesses to become a Water Quality Partner!
- Do not dump grease, trash, paint, concrete wash, or anything else that is not 100 percent clean water down a storm drain
- Educate, family, friends and co-workers about stormwater pollution
Credit: Franklin County Soil and Water Conservation District | <urn:uuid:2616aede-29f6-48da-8cdc-1b57f7f44cdf> | {
"date": "2019-05-21T11:46:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521102417-20190521124417-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9447110891342163,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 406,
"url": "https://myfcph.org/stormwaterawareness/"
} |
A website is a collection of pages representing your company, services/product, business on World Wide Web (www) files. This information includes text, audio, video, images, animation etc. Website is a presence of your company online. Websites are generally used in every type of business and even to provide information about their products/services, inquiries and orders. These websites share their links among each other to get target in different international locations and languages. Presently due to internet popularity and globalization, a website is a dynamic tool that proves to be beneficial in providing valuable information to your clients regarding your services and products globally. The search engine activities make the website more useful to achieve your business objective and targets. The website enables the company to sell their products and services online. It is one of the easier and useful way to spread out the information, to share the files, and for the identification of the companies intra and internationally. A website is the easiest way to create links with the widest audience to increase business popularity.
Website on the Internet is one of the excellent ways to promote your company or a product as well share your ideas, information and knowledge all over the world. Website is online representative and identity of your business. Your website works for you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, every day of the year. Try to update the contents of your website regularly as the visitors prefer to read the updated information on the website. Then your website would get more links and higher ranking position.
What is website designing? Explain few tips to improve it.
Website designing is a process of conceptualization, planning, building a collection of files that determines text style, color, layout, structure, graphics, images and other feature which helps to deliver the page on website. The content of website, way of working, way of looks, performance is determined by website designing. Professional websites tells the online presence of business. The incoming links represents the importance of website. Web designing plays more important role for getting these incoming links, which helps in page ranking. Good design creates more impact on your business. There are few main tips to be kept before designing a website:-
Template Designing: - The first and most important step of designing is template designing. These are pre made and available online also. Try to keep it simple and impressive, related with your company brand. It shows the main purpose of website. The complexity can make it unattractive and usually will be responsible for getting the avoidance. The designer must be aware of the offline and online tools to create layout, colors, text styles, structure, graphics and images.
Positioning: - The positioning of website should be central. It gives out honest impression and fantastic look to your product. It makes your website easy to move and show all contents smoothly all over.
Use less number of columns to increase more readability of the website.
Navigation: - navigation plays more important role in web designing. It improves the efficiency of the web pages by searching its content easily as it is used to access the web page to the site with direct clicking. It provides relevant result by getting their index quickly. With the help of navigation one can easily open any main link directly from home page instead of searching inside the whole website. It improves the efficiency of website by making it less time consuming
Text size: - Text size should be normal. Write every important element in bold format and it should be highlighted. This can be achieved by using colors also. Generally visitors avoid waiting for a long time to launching of website text so try to make it less heavy.
Differentiation:- Differentiation of sections gives effective looks to your website. Try to use natural bright color for custom web designing, which helps to demonstrate different section so that readers easily understand these parts. This effort is beneficial to get great attraction.
Avoid reflective shadows; it should be of better quality.
Logo & icons:- Try to use icon to represent highly valuable areas of the website. Logo creates more attention on your product. They help to explain the concept better than plain text.
Keep index page short. Don’t include all extra text into index it will make it confused.
Clean layout design: - align all the contents properly. You can use tables also to insert images and photos for safe designing. Font should be uniform and proper.
Placement: - all the web pages should be placed on proper position. Main Productive pages placed on strongest location so everybody can look it first.
Continuance:-continuance is a most common method to represent layout of the website. Move your all pages in same direction and continuous along the path. Keep in mind horizontal and vertical alignment before applying any style.
Isolation: – It creates unity in design & attraction in website. Suppose you have various flower vases on different pages of your web design. While on the main page you have just one beautiful flower different from others. The viewers automatically tend to notice this singular flower which stands out differently in the design.
Color contrast: - contrast can be created by using different colors in background, text, images & others graphic shapes.
Proportion: – This method provides standers for font text, html tags, CSS and other scalable objects.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO):- SEO is a technique used for getting your website visible to all global markets properly or effectively. It provides great opportunities to search relevant and effective strategy for your business in the whole world. Without SEO your website cannot get publicity and ranking and people would be unable to know about your services and product easily that’s why your business can suffer. To avoid this problem always use to promote your website on search engine optimization to bring great popularity through incoming links.
In order to provide professional look to your website you can opt for a reliable web development company company that offers seo friendly web design services. | <urn:uuid:17860ed1-0005-400b-9a99-30f79f650f1f> | {
"date": "2015-05-29T22:05:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930443.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00039-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9165655970573425,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1193,
"url": "http://www.softsolutionsindia.net/blog/"
} |
Last month the European Environment Agency (EEA) launched an on-line map showing levels of noise caused by air, rail and road traffic. Based on data collected under the 2002 EU environmental noise directive, the EEA estimates that half of all residents living in cities with more than 250 000 inhabitants suffer from noise above 55 decibels, the starting point for noise to impact on health.
T&E policy officer Nina Renshaw said, ‘This will be a useful tool which we hope as many people as possible will use. Local and national campaigners can indentify problem areas as well as regions which have failed to submit the information required by the EU noise directive. As the impact of noise is still underestimated, this map ought also to add urgency to the review of the noise directive, which is getting under way now.’ | <urn:uuid:b18eaa59-733a-422b-acbc-a73e1397cc15> | {
"date": "2016-12-10T01:20:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542932.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00096-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9529933929443359,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 169,
"url": "http://www.transportenvironment.org/news/click-noise"
} |
Children need a stable, predictable world in order to get their needs met. Unfortunately, children are not always able to differentiate between what they need and what they want.
When an infant cries to say it’s hungry, wet or tired that behavior is acceptable to get its needs met but not acceptable for a 10 year old.
It is the responsibility of parents to assist children in getting their needs met while developing a responsible way of getting some of their wants met as well. Self discipline is necessary for those occasions that parents have to say “No” to the wants of a child.
What is self discipline?
Parents are the early teachers of social behavior. They can be positive and assist children as young as 2-3 years old start to develop self discipline. Unlike punishment, discipline is self induced and rational. Punishment tends to be arbitrary and based on the emotions of the parent at the time of the behavior. Discipline and punishment are both based on rules established by the parents. “Mary, if you want to play outside with your friend you will need to put away your game first.”
With self discipline you present the consequence with the rule. “If you do not put away your game I will have to ask your friend to go home.” Now is also the time to ask your child “Which do you want to do?”
Seems like a strange question and to parents the answer is obvious and so is it to the child. Most of the time children chose to follow the rule and will be rewarded with a reward or a positive outcome. In this case to continue to keep playing.
If they do not follow the rule, a consequence is given. When the consequence is given the child is likely to be angry, hurt, or scared. They may plead not to get the consequence because in their mind this is the worst thing in the whole world and they will never get another chance.
Parents can honestly say to their child, “I am disappointed in your decision too,” “Don’t worry you will have another opportunity after supper or tomorrow.”
Children who have developed self discipline guide themselves through life making appropriate decision because they were encouraged to do so.
How Punishment is Different
Alternatively, with punishment parents wait until the violation occurs and expected the child to “have known better.” Children often contest this assumption and a battle ensues.
Parents also apply punishment based on their feelings. If the parent is in a good mood, they tend to let things slide until they are out of control and become frustrated. Once that occurs an arbitrary punishment is given, “Mary, you will never have a friend over again.”
Never is a pretty long time and your child will most likely know you will not carry out the punishment.
Yes, sometimes you may get compliance with these heavy handed tactics but your child will feel hurt and blame you for your choice of punishment. They will not accept responsibility for their decision to break the rule and then say you are unfair.
The truth is, you were unfair. The child did not have the opportunity to develop self discipline by making good or bad decision. Punishment was given to them by the parent. In the emotional context, parents use what they believe is the most valuable reward to hurt there child into compliance.
4 Simple Steps to Teach Self Discipline
Children who were punished believe that some one outside of themselves is responsible to control them. So when there is no one watching, the child believes it is OK to violate the rule. Not getting caught is now the new goal, not developing self discipline.
Parents would rather have compliance than give a consequence. Parents feel sad or guilty when they apply consequences to a child, even when self discipline is appropriately used. Knowing you were fair, emotionally neutral and that your child chose this outcome will ease the guilt of the parent applying consequences.
There is a simple four-step process that parents can follow that demonstrates fairness, gives an opportunity to change an outcome and assist the child in developing self discipline.
When teaching self discipline follow this format:
Establish a RULE: “When I am on the telephone I do not want to be disturbed” and a
Establish a Consequence: “If I am interrupted I will ask you to go to your room until I am done.”
Try these 4 steps to assist your child in making a good decision. Fret not if they make a bad one. They will learn the process and demonstrate to you they have self discipline.
Step 1: Give a cue.
A cue is non-verbal behavior that implies there is something wrong and to stop the behavior. That may be the burning eye look, staring, clearing your throat, crossing you arms or like a teacher does, tap your pencil until the children notice the rule violation.
Parents are giving the non-verbal behavior signal that you are not happy and there is something wrong. This is the least intrusive way to assist your child to make the right decision and change their behavior. Most of the time you get compliance of the rule without applying the consequence.
Step 2: Next provide a prompt.
A prompt is an indirect way to tell someone to stop doing something or change their behavior.
Examples would be saying your child’s name “Danny, Danny” or asking a rhetorical question like “Are you sure you want to continue doing that?” or “Are we going to have to go through this like we did this morning?” Obviously the answer is “No.” Once again you got compliance of the rule with out providing a consequence.
Step 3: Provide a Redirect.
A Redirect is the final chance to stop or change the behavior without getting a consequence. Some parents call it the “Or else.” It is a direct threat of action to be taken if the behavior does not stop immediately. An example would be “If I have to tell you one more time I’m going to…”
Parents need to watch the child to see if the behavior stops. Parents will know right away if the child understands or will be compliant. It is recommended not to get distracted by other behaviors like grumbling, making faces, kicking the ground, etc., right now. Focus on did the child stop and follow the rule.
Parents can work on attitude or additional behaviors next time, one battle at a time.
Step 4: Apply the Consequence.
“Repeat as necessary as determined by the child.”
The consequence is a temporary situation. There will be many more opportunities to try again. Children should be encouraged to make another attempt to follow the rule and be successful. Success will breed more compliance of rules.
Contributing factors to making this work
Must be fair, age appropriate, realistic and parallel societal rules. You must be on time for school, curfew or supper. If you have a job you are expected to be there on time or there will be a consequence. Similarly that applies to home too.
Consequences must relate to the rule. If your teen is late for curfew they do not lose their cell phone, car privileges, etc. A related consequence would be loss of privilege to stay out that late for a specific period of time. Parents often go for the jugular taking away a prized item because it will hurt the child more. A Latin phrase of the past says “Repetition is the mother of all learning.” Be patient, no one gets it right the first time all the time.
It is necessary at first to be exceptionally consistent. Reward compliance with “Thank you,” “That was a good decision” and apply consequences as necessary. Irregular reinforcement means the child doesn’t know the rules and cannot be successful. An example would be if a parent is too busy, inattentive, caught up in an activity or overwhelmed they wait until they become frustrated and act off that which again is punishment.
If you impulsively act out of loss of tolerance or current stresses in your life you will have poor results of what you are trying to teach your child. The severity of the punishment increases with heightened emotions. Parents often then conceded or give into the child. The message to the child is the parent is out of control and guilty. So they will take advantage of this chink in the armor next time. In this circumstance the child is unable to see how the consequence relates to making a good decision or see fairness in the application of the rule.
The younger the child the more immediate the consequence should be applied. A teenager knows that this weekend they will be grounded. A 5 year old will most likely forget about future consequences and connecting the deed with the consequence is lost. For a 5 year old consequences should be almost immediate. Ideally, behavior is rewarded or punished very soon after the behavior occurs to draw a relationship to the behavior, good or bad.
The Use of Encouragement
Children work for attention and look forward to recognition for positive behavior. Parents often encourage toddlers to dress themselves even despite having their shoes on the wrong feet. This assists the toddler in developing positive behavior. The same is true of self discipline. Encouragement builds self esteem, helps a person to cope, is a reward, and ideally, should occur more than punishment. | <urn:uuid:c0ed8fb8-2969-4bf9-be61-755624bcc450> | {
"date": "2019-12-09T06:58:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540518337.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209065626-20191209093626-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9621188640594482,
"score": 3.46875,
"token_count": 1926,
"url": "https://banyangroup.com/teaching-self-discipline-children/"
} |
Published in Vaccine Weekly, May 26th, 1997
Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) incidence generally remained static from 1990 to 1994 with an average of 2,868 cases annually and average infection rate of 10.3 cases per 100,000 annually.
According to the Canada Communicable Disease Report (Tepper, "Acute Hepatitis B Incidence in Canada." 23;7) cases in men occurred at a higher crude rate (12.2 per 100,000) than in women (8.8 per 100,000) during this time period, and infection rates were...
Want to see the full article?
Welcome to NewsRx!
Learn more about a six-week, no-risk free trial of Vaccine Weekly | <urn:uuid:ea4ab12d-16cf-4949-8751-ceb3210cf94f> | {
"date": "2013-05-19T09:56:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697380733/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094300-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9050464630126953,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 158,
"url": "http://www.newsrx.com/newsletters/Vaccine-Weekly/1997-05-26/1997052633311VW.html"
} |
Keep an eye out for power lines. Our beautiful weather allows us to play and work outside almost all year round - gardening, flying kites, picnicking and fixing up around the house. Duke Energy Progress offers a few safety tips to help you better enjoy these activities.
Electricity is always trying to go somewhere. It goes easily through materials like metal, water, trees, the ground and things with water in them, like animals and PEOPLE. It does not go easily through rubber, plastic, glass, dry wood or wax.
- Never move any large object without first looking up. Many things around you can be dangerous if they touch electric wires. Metal extension ladders present particular hazards because of their widespread use and because they are natural conductors of electricity. Always read and heed ladder-use safety labels.
- Fly kites, model planes and balloons safely. Only fly your kite, model plane or balloons in wide-open spaces like a field or beach. Never fly them around power lines. Never use metal, foil or wire in your kite or kite string.
- Distribution wires are "live" – full of electrical power that can hurt you. Never shoot or throw anything at wires, insulators or pole transformers.
- Guy wires keep poles standing. Don't climb or hang anything on guy wires.
- Never cut down trees toward power lines or climb trees near power lines. Tree limbs conduct electricity. When entangled, trees and wires are dangerous.
- Never climb utility poles, towers or substation fences. If you have lost something over a substation fence, Contact Us to retrieve it for you.
- Substations are not playgrounds. Substations are places in your neighborhood where high voltage electricity is reduced to be sent to homes. These substations are protected by fences or walls. Don't climb over or crawl under fences or gates. If a ball or toy goes over a fence and into a substation, call Duke Energy Progress. We will come and get it out.
- Look for power lines before climbing trees. Check first before you climb a tree to make sure there are no power lines there. If the tree has wires going through it, choose another tree. Even if wires aren't touching the tree, they could touch after your weight is added to the branch.
- Stay away from lightning. When there is lightning outdoors, get inside a building or car if possible. Keep away from windows and open doors.
- Obey warning signs. "DANGER: HIGH VOLTAGE" signs and other warning signs are posted in some places. But remember, all electrical equipment can be dangerous.
- Electricity and water don't mix. Keep electrical appliances and toys away from water, including rain, wet ground, swimming pools, sprinklers and hoses.
- Don't touch fallen wires. Don't touch or go near fallen wires, even if there are no sparks. Don't touch anything (cars, fences, people, etc.) that the wire touches. If you're in a vehicle on which a power line has fallen, wait inside for help and warn others to stay away. If you must get out, jump clear without touching the ground and the vehicle at the same time.
- Meters and other electrical equipment may be located on the outside of a home or building. The meter measures the amount of electricity used. Never tamper with this or any electrical equipment. It is illegal to tamper with the meter.
- Insulators and transformers are found on many poles. Insulators keep the electricity from leaving power lines. Transformers help reduce the power of electricity before it enters your home. Never shoot or throw anything at this equipment. | <urn:uuid:24514b5e-ec41-48cc-85e3-1aa6b8939133> | {
"date": "2016-09-29T06:39:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661779.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00082-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9318194389343262,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 754,
"url": "https://www.progress-energy.com/carolinas/home/safety-information/electrical-safety-tips/outdoor.page"
} |
While walking around the Isandlwana battlefield in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, I was in awe at how the Zulu were able to defeat the British at the height of the British Empire. This was the British Empire of Queen Victoria that had around 500 million inhabitants (25% of the world’s population) under the Union Jack by the late 19th century. This was arguably the largest and most powerful empire in world history. Remember, “the sun never set on the British Empire.” So when this empire went to war with the Zulu Kingdom in 1879 at Isandlwana, it seemed that the Zulu would be easily defeated. What the British did not know, or failed to appreciate, was how powerful the Zulu Kingdom was, both militarily and politically. This is a great story of the resistance that black Africans put up to the colonization of their land by both the Afrikaners and the British in the 19th century. Contrary to the popular belief that the British and Afrikaners easily took over present-day South Africa due to their superior weaponry and superior military training, the Zulu Kingdom’s victory in this battle shows us a positive story of people triumphantly and courageously fighting for their homeland and their freedom. This battle was utilized throughout the anti-apartheid movement as evidence of earlier movements where people took up arms to stand up to their oppressors.
It was while walking around the grounds of this historic battlefield that I started to see many comparisons between this battle in 1879 with the Battle of Little Bighorn in the U.S. in 1876. These two battles share many similarities despite occurring in two different nations, and serve as a historical comparison of colonialism and nationalism in the 19th century.
Just three years separate these two battles that saw the mighty nations of Britain and America defeated by indigenous populations.
In 1876 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors annihilated Custer’s Seventh Cavalry on the Little Bighorn. Three years later and half a world away, a British force was wiped out by Zulu warriors at Isandlwana in South Africa. In both cases the total defeat of regular army troops by forces regarded as undisciplined barbarian tribesmen stunned an imperial nation. Both were attempts at seizing land from indigenous populations, and both ended in humiliating defeats for the aggressor.
By the early 19th century, the Zulu had carved out an empire by political will and brute force and became both feared and respected by all ethnic groups in South Africa. The existence of a powerful, respected, feared, and independent black empire in South Africa was a matter of great concern to the British. The British argued that the existence of a strong independent Zulu nation could cause wider conflict, fearing that it would cause other natives to rise up against white civilization in all of South Africa and interfere with British plans to use the natives as a cheap labor pool for their mines in the colony.
The need for cheap labor or challenges to white supremacy did not figure into the United States’ plans to grab the Black Hills. For the Americans the reasons were much simpler; the railroad barons wanted to complete the Northern Pacific through Montana to the Pacific, and gold had been found in the Black Hills. Since the Sioux refused to cede the land through treaty, US President Ulysses Grant was persuaded to use military means. It was thought that this would open land to the railroads, settlers, and miners.
In 1876 Gen. Custer’s 7th Cavalry was savagely defeated during an unprovoked war to seize the Sioux hunting grounds. Three years later the redcoat troops of Queen Victoria launched an equally outrageous grab for Zulu lands in South Africa, and repeated Little Bighorn history at Isandlwana with their own humiliating destruction.
The comparison of the battles of the Little Bighorn and Isandlwana shows the advantages of the Western armies over indigenous people. The ability to manufacture weapons and maintain armies in the field were the decisive advantages that the British and Americans held over the Sioux and Zulu nations. This combined with the almost total determination by Britain and the United States to conquer and dominate the West and South Africa would provide them to overcome any advantage that modern guerrilla warfare could muster.
These battles occurred in the context of late nineteenth century imperialism, an era when the less technologically developed nations were subjected by the great global economic expansion of the time. They mark the high point for both Sioux and Zulu forces and the Western nations responded with brutal campaigns that led to the total defeat of both native nations.
The victories of the Sioux and Zulu at Little Bighorn and Isandlwana set the stage for the final defeat of these native people by the Western powers in the late nineteenth century. Despite achieving total victory over Western armies the battles marked the beginning of the end of independence for both of the native nations.
These victories proved costly to the native people as both created avenging armies that would destroy both peoples. Conducting a brutal winter war in 1876-77, the US army so devastated the Sioux and Cheyenne that by spring the majority had surrendered to the agencies and returned to the reservations. The British conducted an equally brutal march across Zululand that resulted in the Zulu capital of Ulundi being burned and their king imprisoned. After these wars neither nation would ever regain the power they processed before the battles.
During the reign of King Shaka (1816-1828), the Zulu beame the mightiest military force in southern Africa. Shaka initiated a series of military reforms that rendered the Zulu virtually unbeatable.
By the late 1800s, British colonial officials and the commander-in-chief in South Africa, Lord Chelmsford, considered the independent Zulu Kingdom ruled by Cetshwayo a threat to the British colony of Natal with which it shared a long border. Cetshwayo, who was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1872 to 1879, was a half-nephew of the Zulu king Shaka.
In December 1878, the British demanded that Cetshwayo should disband his army within thirty days. Cetshwayo’s response was to mobilize approximately 30,000 men. On January 11, 1879, a British force of 7,000 British regulars, about as many Natal African auxiliaries, and a thousand colonial volunteers invaded Zululand. One division of this force – 1,760 British soldiers and auxiliaries – spent the night of January 21 unprotected as the British failed to order entrenchments around their camps and reconnaissance ahead of the march. A Zulu force of 20,000 warriors swept into the camp at Isandlwana, annihilating this division of British forces. Only 55 whites and 350 African auxiliaries survived the onslaught.
A British army’s defeat at the hands of spear-carrying Zulus sent shock waves across southern Africa, and it left Britain humiliated in the eyes of rival European powers. Leonard Thompson in A History of South Africa wrote that Isandlwana was “the greatest disaster to British arms since the Crimean War.”
Martin Meredith, in Diamonds, Gold, and War, wrote that “The British army that day suffered one of the worst disasters in its history.” In fact, it was the first defeat by a tribal army on a British force.
Days later, the Zulu were eventually defeated at Rorke’s Drift by the British. The military campaign was not the end of the Zulu kingdom, though. Having defeated the army, the British set Zulu against Zulu, preventing a revival of Zulu power without cost to Britain. They abolished the monarchy, banished Cetshwayo to prison in Cape Town, and divided Zululand into 13 separate territories under 13 appointed chiefs in a ruthless display of divide-and-rule tactics.
Battle of Little Bighorn
Gen. Custer’s last battle was part of the United States government’s 1876-77 campaign to retake the Black Hills region of South Dakota, ceded in perpetuity by an 1868 treaty to the Lakota. But when gold was discovered in the area in 1874, the army was sent to push the American Indians to a reservation set up for them.
The Battle of Little Bighorn occurred in 1876 and is commonly referred to as “Custer’s Last Stand”. The battle took place between the U.S. Cavalry and northern Indians, including the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho. Prior to the Battle of Little Bighorn, the tribal armies, under the direction of Sitting Bull, had decided to wage war against the whites for their refusal to stay off of tribal lands in the Black Hills. In the spring of 1876, Sitting Bull and his tribal army had successfully battled the U.S. Cavalry twice. The U.S. Cavalry was attempting to force the Indians back to their reservations.
One of the U.S. Cavalry divisions, consisting of over 200 soldiers and warriors from the Arikara and Crow, was led by Lt. General George Custer, who spotted a Sioux camp and decided to attack it. However, Indian forces outnumbered his troops three to one.
The battle occurred June 25–26, 1876 near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana.
It took less than an hour for the arrows and bullets of the Indians to wipe out General Custer and his men. Custer and all his soldiers – more than 200 in number – were killed by over 3,000 Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors during their attempt to reclaim the Black Hills region from as part of a US government campaign. Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law.
It was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho.
Despite having won this battle, the Indians were not victorious. Outrage over the death of the popular Custer led the U.S. government to redraw the boundaries of the Black Hills so that the land would not be part of reservation property, which left it open for white men to settle.
There is still a Zulu nation today within South Africa, and its chief – Goodwill Zwelithini – has ruled this kingdom since 1968, although this is a largely ceremonial role under the country’s Constitution. The Zulu represents the largest ethnic group in South Africa today with up to 10-11 million people. And the Zulu language, the largest spoken language in the country, is one of South Africa’s official languages. The president of South Africa today, Jacob Zuma, is a Zulu, and is in fact the first Zulu to lead the country.
The Sioux and Cheyenne have no such power today as the Zulu. They still have reservation set aside for them by the US government. The Great Sioux Reservation mainly lies in South Dakota, but also stretches into North Dakota and Nebraska. The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation today lies in eastern Montana, while the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation lies in South Dakota today.
What is very telling of the classic statement that “history is written by the victors” is these battlefields today. I have been to both the battlefields of Little Bighorn and Isandlwana, and what stood out to me is the decidedly one-sided version of history portrayed at both sites. Both sites undertook attempts to provide memorials to the victorious indigenous nations only in the early 1990s.
Little Bighorn has dozens of markers and memorials to the fallen US soldiers with nothing dedicated to the Sioux who courageously fought for their land. In 1881 the War Department had erected a monument for the 7th Cavalry. The U.S. Army also took custody of the site, controlling access and historical interpretation for decades. It was only in 1991- 115 years later – that the U.S. Congress ordered construction of a privately funded memorial for the American Indians. “The public interest,” according to Public Law 102-210, ‘will best be served by establishing a memorial…to honor and recognize the Indians who fought to preserve their land and culture.” In 1991, President George Bush signed legislation to also change the battlefield’s name from “Custer” to “Little Bighorn” Battlefield National Monument and to create the Indian Memorial.
Isandlwana is scattered with memorials to the British soldiers who died during the battle, but no monuments or memorials to the victorious Zulu who fought for their land and freedom. In the early 1990s when Nelson Mandela was released and radical change was inevitable in South Africa, many were becoming aware of the indefensible bias of the history of the country in general and how this was reflected in monuments in particular. The Isandlwana battlefield was a telling example: the fact that memorials to British soldiers had been erected on the site, but nothing existed there to commemorate the Zulu warriors who won a decisive victory over the British in 1879 was embarrassing. It was only in 1999 that a memorial was erected at the site commemorating the valor of the fallen Zulu – unveiled on the 120th anniversary of the battle. | <urn:uuid:668e17d7-f7bc-479a-84a3-7c687e7d5843> | {
"date": "2014-10-25T14:30:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00196-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9741223454475403,
"score": 3.53125,
"token_count": 2782,
"url": "http://mrdivis.wordpress.com/"
} |
Indian path towards Neo-Imperialism.
Excalibur Stevens Biswas
Right after independence India chose a path towards neo-imperialism by sending troops to Kashmir and merging the independent terrain ruled by a hindu king as Pakistan tried to capture it.
Ultimately Kashir is divided and one part ,the Azad Kashir is captured by Pakistan.It is identical holocaust for the people of Kashmir across the political line.
It is greater tragedy than the parttion of India as the holocaust continues on the one hand and Indo Pak relations never normalised since than.
Oveseas players played on this getting hold of economy of this bleeding geopolitics injecting capital in arms race continuous.
The original military build up is the first inflow of foreign capital in India as well as in Pakistan.
During the regime of Indira Gandhi , India's relationship with Soviet Union fuelled India's ambition to become super power in the sub continent and it resulted in the continuity of war,tussles and tension between India and Pakistan.
Which further complicated the Kashmir dispute again and again. The bone of contention remains Kashmir which has translated Indian geopolitics into a intensified war playground and Indian economy as well as Indian people have to bear the burns.
It is the military alliance which introduced permanent agrarian crisis as the foreign money influx multiplied with green revolution. Further agrarian crisis continued and it created serious internal security problem threatening national integrity,unity and sovereignty and with the new set of formal neoliberal economic reforms complicated the problem so much so that India become the partner of US war against terrorism and it shifted the oilwar zone right into the heart of south asia.
Amidst green revolution and a violent Naxal insurrectio for land reforms which continues till this date,India intervened with its military might in the civil war for freedom of Bangladesh while the Indian army was fighting against Naxalites.US Naval presence in Indian oceaon could not stop tearing of pakistan apart into two sovereign contries.
It was a huge win for India just nine years later after losing war against China.But it put India on the map of globalisation, ironically as an emerging superpower,and India kept on empowering its military forces.
At present India has 2nd largest army after neighbouring China.But this Indian military exercise and continuous militarisation of the state in defence of private and foreign capital, eventually ended into a free hunting ground of foreign capital unabated which destroyed indigenous production system and killed Indian peasantry with its workers altogether.
Indira Gandhi enhanced neo-imperialistic ambition of superpower India as the people of Sikkim mandated annexation of the traditionally China linked nation with India.
Mind you,before merging into India , Sikkim was an independent nation without any democracy.It was under the china supported draconian rule by Chogyal, the king of Sikkim.
Even just after independence,during the post independence golden era, under the monopolistic regime of Jawahar Lal Nehru, Sikkim State Congress was formed by his interference,whose declared goal was the demise the regime of Chogyal(king of Sikkim).But Chogyal soon took control over the situation and crushed the movement.
The real problem started when Indira Gandhi came in power and after her huge success in tearing apart Pakistan,she fuelled the movement for democracy in Sikkim by helping Lendup Dorge, and India's secret agency RAW(research naturally tried to finish the China influence in the Himalayas .
In the book ' Inside RAW : India's Secret Service' written by Ashok Raina,the phenomenon is well described and the writer claimed that annexing of Sikkim with India was decided in New Delhi in 1971 and for two years RAW distilled situation in India's way. It is claimed that RAW used Hindu descendents from Nepal to provoke resistance against Buddhist king Chogyal, to fuel the democratic movement and the issue was caste based discrimination by buddhist king.
India from the beginning supported the movement by the rebels against the regime of Thongdup Nangyal. India did call the rebels several time in Darjeeling.
Even though Kaji Lendup Dorge did confessed in his recorded interview that ' People from India's Intelligence Bureau visited me thrice in a year'.
Mind you,he lead the movement by Sikkim State Congress from 1973. The issue created by the hindu nepali descendants , the statement was given that we must merge with India to escape discrimination by Buddhists.
On 27th March 1975, the Indian Parliament decided to wrap up the merging procedure and Sikkim's parliament gave the green signal too.Parliament's decision was to mobilise public opinion to bring democracy and within 4 days by taking votes from 57 areas decision was made to bring democracy.
After the decision Dorge suggested in sikkim parliament to merge Sikkim with India, and surprisingly 32 members boards of Sikkim Parliament had 31 members who came from Dorge's Sikkim National Congress.
On 6th April 1975 early morning Indian army took over Chogyal's palace and it nearly took half an hour to take over 243 guards.While guards were arrested, Sikkim's flag was removed from the palace and it was replaced by India's tri colour.
Dorge received the payment as becoming Sikkim's Chief Minister until 1979.
This made Indira Gandhi and India a very powerful nation, win over Pakistan in 1971 and forming Bangladesh, in 1974, successful nuclear test and in 1975 ,merging Sikkim into India which put India into the world's map as a new neo-imperialistic power.
This neo imperialism made wide open all the floodgates of neoliberalism in India as India has no option left to defend its political border against two hostile neighbours.
The Arms package included the interests of foreign companies.It was the beginning of the selling off the nation.
After this several incidents happened when India sent its troops outside India, and used RAW to meet its political and super power ambition. India's interference can be seen while playing with subsidy issues with Bangladesh.And the biggest interference of RAW in Nepal's election to change the political wave of Nepal's communist party, the way it helped Nepal's army, to rig the ballot boxes.
Now people of Bhutan are under the same threat as Sikkim under, when 2013 elections were held, India wasn't happy with Fensup Donga ,prime minister of Bhutan who was having friendly relations with China, and India took the responsibility to threw his party from power, first it removed subsidy from the cooking gases and kerosene which did put people in trouble, and surprisingly when India's then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh sent greetings to People's democratic party for its win and it was shown on media channels before the results were out.
This explained that the elections were held under India's surveillance. And which endangered the people of Bhutan from India and they are protesting it on net. A Bhutanese blogger writes,'We are so lucky that we took right decision if we didn't then instead of getting a prime minister we would have rather got a chief minister'.
Now the situation is very tight while India's approach as a powerful neo-imperialistic power,of whom the people of neighbouring countries are afraid how safe are the people in India? | <urn:uuid:7c00c909-8474-4e2b-bbb2-2cbc10cc4298> | {
"date": "2017-04-28T04:33:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122739.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00589-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9670202136039734,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 1509,
"url": "http://realindianews.blogspot.com/2014/08/indian-path-towards-neo-imperialism.html"
} |
Police Officers adopted the bicycle early in the 20th century, initially using their own. However, they eventually became a standard issue, particularly for police in rural areas. By 1904 129 rural police bicycle patrols were operating. The Ontario Police Department purchased 2 bicycles in 2007.
Some countries retained the police bicycle while others dispensed with them for a time. Late in the twentieth century, urban bicycle patrols became more common, as the mobility of car-borne officers was increasingly limited by traffic congestion.
Ontario’s Officers volunteer and are then selected to participate in the bicycle patrol program. Each of the officers are still required to perform regular police functions and have a standard patrol vehicle parked near by their patrol area with a bicycle mount on the back. This allows the officers the flexibility to respond to areas across town with their patrol vehicle when needed.
Ontario bicycle patrol officers enjoy the opportunity to get out of their patrol cars and meet with the citizens in which they serve. Additionally, the bicycle gives the officers a great chance to talk with children in the neighbors and compare bicycles. | <urn:uuid:91799453-c842-4125-9ae9-f6e425b6f2bb> | {
"date": "2014-07-24T04:12:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997885796.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025805-00136-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9823994636535645,
"score": 3.125,
"token_count": 216,
"url": "http://www.ontpd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13:bike-patrol&catid=4:deptartment-info&Itemid=18"
} |
Photograph courtesy NASA/Brad Hansen (UCLA)/Harvey Richer (UBC)/Steinn Sigurdsson (Penn State)/Ingrid Stairs (UBC)/Stephen Thorsett (UCSC)
The most popular theory of our universe's origin centers on a cosmic cataclysm unmatched in all of history—the big bang. This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed, in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by an ancient explosive force.
Before the big bang, scientists believe, the entire vastness of the observable universe, including all of its matter and radiation, was compressed into a hot, dense mass just a few millimeters across. This nearly incomprehensible state is theorized to have existed for just a fraction of the first second of time.
Big bang proponents suggest that some 10 billion to 20 billion years ago, a massive blast allowed all the universe's known matter and energy—even space and time themselves—to spring from some ancient and unknown type of energy.
The theory maintains that, in the instant—a trillion-trillionth of a second—after the big bang, the universe expanded with incomprehensible speed from its pebble-size origin to astronomical scope. Expansion has apparently continued, but much more slowly, over the ensuing billions of years.
Scientists can't be sure exactly how the universe evolved after the big bang. Many believe that as time passed and matter cooled, more diverse kinds of atoms began to form, and they eventually condensed into the stars and galaxies of our present universe.
Origins of the Theory
A Belgian priest named Georges Lemaître first suggested the big bang theory in the 1920s when he theorized that the universe began from a single primordial atom. The idea subsequently received major boosts by Edwin Hubble's observations that galaxies are speeding away from us in all directions, and from the discovery of cosmic microwave radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson.
The glow of cosmic microwave background radiation, which is found throughout the universe, is thought to be a tangible remnant of leftover light from the big bang. The radiation is akin to that used to transmit TV signals via antennas. But it is the oldest radiation known and may hold many secrets about the universe's earliest moments.
The big bang theory leaves several major questions unanswered. One is the original cause of the big bang itself. Several answers have been proposed to address this fundamental question, but none has been proven—and even adequately testing them has proven to be a formidable challenge.
The Innovators Project
Abdel Kader Haidara had made it his life's work to document Mali's illustrious past. When the jihadists came, he led the rescue operation to save 350,000 manuscripts.
'Live From Space' March 14
How to Feed Our Growing Planet
National Geographic explores how we can feed the growing population without overwhelming the planet in our food series.
They effectively "tape" their internal organs to their ribs and hips to prevent pressure on the lungs. By Ed Yong.
Mule deer overcome modern-day obstacles to make the migratory trek that they've likely been making for generations.
Shop Our Space Collection
The updated companion book to Carl Sagan's Cosmos, featuring a new forward by Neil deGrasse Tyson is now available. Proceeds support our mission programs, which protect species, habitats, and cultures. | <urn:uuid:131d3b41-1574-4540-b79b-9810327cf166> | {
"date": "2014-04-24T19:20:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00515-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9399915933609009,
"score": 3.828125,
"token_count": 696,
"url": "http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article/"
} |
The OrganoTex® technology has been developed according to the highest sustainability standards. The technology is readily biodegradable in accordance with OECD 301 and is free from fluorocarbons, also known as per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs).
Techniques to make fabric water repellent are today almost always based on fluorocarbons, also known as per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs). But what is PFOS and PFAS? And how are the substances harmful?
The OrganoTex® Technology is readily biodegradable and free from accumulative fluorocarbons (PFCs) that negatively affect ecosystems.
The bluesign® system is the solution for a sustainable textile production. It eliminates harmful substances right from the beginning of the manufacturing process and sets and controls standards for an environmentally friendly and safe production. | <urn:uuid:f67d42cb-f137-4cb9-a7de-63c2e847ca4f> | {
"date": "2017-06-23T10:07:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320049.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623100455-20170623120455-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9473201036453247,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 179,
"url": "http://organotex.com/environment/"
} |
The Grand Palace was begun in 1782 when King Rama I established the Chakri Dynasty in his new capital in Bangkok. He seized power from Thonburi, where the government had decamped after the Burmese sacked the old capital at Ayuttaya in 1767. The Chakri Dynasty still rules Thailand today, though the royal family lives at another palace in Bangkok now. The Grand Palace is still used for official receptions and other state requirements. The complex contains different buildings of different styles that reflect the various periods and preferences for monarchs since 1782.
No pictures are allowed inside the structures in the Grand Palace, but the interiors are elaborate. Each building demonstrates the symbols of royal power: thrones and rich furnishings.
Check back tomorrow for details of our visit to the Emerald Buddha Complex on the Grand Palace grounds.
Title quote: Anglicized Thai for “Grand Palace” so-named during the reign of Rama IV from “Royal Palace.” | <urn:uuid:449756e0-1a95-4496-a79c-5742a4ecb574> | {
"date": "2018-08-15T19:19:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210249.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815181003-20180815201003-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9301374554634094,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 202,
"url": "https://midwestmagellan.com/2016/03/14/phra-boromma-maha-ratcha-wang/"
} |
The Director of Athena Montessori Academy is a close friend, and when needed I have been thrilled to serve as a substitute teacher for her adorable students. Throughout the day toddlers learn that yelling, screaming, and making threats are not socially acceptable ways of dealing with conflict. Problem solving, conflict resolution, and critical thinking are at the core of Montessori teachings. On the surface it may seem simplistic, but it actually takes courage to initiate conflict resolution and see it through. Cambridge Police Officer Jim Crowley, Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates, activists, bloggers, and commentators could all learn from the problem solving lessons designed for three year-olds. It cannot be denied that the world would be a better place if adults learned to communicate more intentionally, instead of reacting out of emotion.
A person's ability to solve problems in the midst of a heated situation is directly related to the number of possible solutions he can think of in that moment. Both Sergeant Crowley, a leader and trainer on diversity issues for the Cambridge Police Department, and Professor Gates, an esteemed educator at Harvard had more than enough intellectual resources to identify alternatives in a heated confrontation -- both men chose not to use them. MLK, Mahatma Gandhi, Congressman John Lewis and many others have changed the world by understanding the words of Dorothy Thompson, "peace is not the absence of conflict but the presence of creative alternatives for responding to conflict." Through their activism, these leaders found alternatives to passive or aggressive responses, and ultimately alternatives to violence. We have come a long way with race relations in America, but explosive and emotional reactions are beginning to set us back.
In current and future racial flare-ups, it is incumbent upon the next generation of civil rights activists to challenge each other. Can we think critically and change the conversation from focusing solely on winners and losers to one of greater understanding and progress? Or will we simply use blogs, Facebook, and Twitter to compete in a name-calling diss-fest? Blindly calling someone a racist is as destructive as screaming fire in a movie theatre. Cheerleading the damaged reputation of the Cambridge Police Department does nothing to help heal the wounds of racism. Highlighting Sergeant JIM CROWley's name in a way that elicits comparisons to the contemptible de jure segregation of our nation's past is absolutely ineffectual. All one has to do is spend five minutes perusing commentary about Gates' arrest to find countless examples of useless commentary fueled by anger. The arrest has spurred an extremely charged exchange of views about race relations and police officers throughout the U.S. with only a small number of productive conversations about how to create a greater sense of community and co-responsibility, trust and mutual respect, and appreciation and acceptance of others. Without this dialogue -- after the wrath dissipates -- what are we left with? How can we learn, grow, and evolve coming out of this situation?
Name-calling, mandating immediate and punitive solutions, going on the attack, and ruining reputations are not effective tactics for progress. Rushing to judge comes with huge opportunity costs. Beyond being a teachable moment, Professor Gates' arrest was a perfect opportunity to build bridges with unlikely allies. The unique opportunity for Gates' supporters to engage with Libertarians and Conservatives -- usually staunch protectors of the concept that "a man's home is his castle" -- was lost the moment the racism rallying cry was prioritized over the constitutional issues that arose from the arrest.
In the heat of a tense moment it can be challenging to think clearly, but if we are truly committed to improving race relations we must actively create opportunities to resolve conflicts when they arise. Before Gates-gate, the dismissal of a group of African American and Latino children from the Creative Steps Camp by the Valley Swim Club, a private pool in the suburbs of Philadelphia had people up in arms and activated. The allegations, if true, are more than alarming and hurtful -- they are illegal. Unfortunately, in the midst of the outrage the daycare center and parents missed an opportunity to teach an important lesson about conflict resolution to the people most impacted by the situation -- the children. When the swim club's leadership offered to reinstate the contract and welcomed the children back, the daycare center and parents responded by announcing their intention to pursue legal action. Of course they have a right to sue, but thanks to the NAACP, Pennsylvania's Human Relations Commission launched an investigation that was already underway. The olive branch extended by the swim club -- if accepted -- could have empowered the children and helped them develop critical communication and social skills through a conflict resolution process. Instead of a life-changing lesson, the adults made a decision to be litigious -- a reaction that creates a new set of problems, puts both parties more on the defensive, and most likely strengthens the pre-existing negative convictions of the alleged perpetrators. After the conclusion of the lawsuit, how will race relations have gotten any better?
Racism stems from deep-seeded misinterpretations, misunderstandings, and assumptions, and there is no quick fix that will have us all holding hands and singing kumbaya. After a small, self-recognized stumble on the Gates incident, President Obama invited both Gates and Crowley to a happy hour at the White House. Clearly a resolution will not happen because of a few shared beers, but as David Axelrod said, "the president sees this as an opportunity to get dialogue going..." Tonight's meeting is a necessary step to help resolve the conflict between Gates and Crowley, but more importantly the White House Happy Hour could serve as an important lesson for the nation about cooperation, communication, accountability, empathy, and affirmation -- all must-haves for a conflict resolution process to be successful. When a conflict arises at a Montessori school, the children learn that they need a neutral place to go and talk it out. The children explain how they are feeling, listen to one another, and plan what will fix it. The last step is acknowledgment of conclusion in some way -- kids usually shake hands and hug. Tonight that will be replaced by throwing back a few cold ones. Though we may never hear apologies, hopefully both men can say what the toddlers know to say when a conflict has been resolved, "We declare peace."
A few days ago Glenn Beck called President Obama a racist. Can African Americans truly justify the uproar that resulted from his statement -- with the full backing of moral authority -- when there is a cacophony of voices shouting racism almost every time a black person feels wronged? A white person offending a black person, in and of it self is not the definition of racism. Sometimes bad behavior and bad judgment are just simply bad behavior and bad judgment.
It is a mistake to confuse a call for better problem solving with lack of understanding or denial that African Americans and other minority groups still face horrible injustices, inequality, and systemic racism. In order to reach our full potential as change-agents and combat racism more effectively -- with the specific goal of eradicating it from institutions and hearts -- we need a new way of responding. The leaders of the Civil Rights Movement boycotted and marched and it changed the world. Our generation has an opportunity to contribute new tactics to help move us even further along. It starts with critical thinking and when possible, ends with conflict resolution. This new direction may not appease some people's emotional need to immediately call out and punish potential offenders, but it will help us all become more productive and effective problem solvers. Ultimately, providing the opportunity for our nation to one day finally achieve that often talked about post racial-judged only by the content your character-can't we just all get along-colorblind-society. That is still the goal, right? | <urn:uuid:c7c93af6-2801-4134-8d95-b9b3a50c6afa> | {
"date": "2016-08-28T11:40:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982937576.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200857-00176-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9523041248321533,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 1565,
"url": "http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jehmu-greene/everything-professor-gate_b_247600.html"
} |
Good redirects here. For the general concept of good, see Good and evil.
In economics, a good is anything which is desirable, or which has positive utility, though these terms are hard to define. Not all goods can be traded (or even obtained). Goods which are tangible items capable of being sold are termed commodities, and those which are intangible but still capable of being sold are termed services. | <urn:uuid:a5dcb031-fb1a-4d0b-a8e7-359aae058f62> | {
"date": "2015-08-30T15:53:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065324.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00113-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9816842079162598,
"score": 3.0625,
"token_count": 82,
"url": "http://www.conservapedia.com/Goods"
} |
Flashcard Set Preview
Side ASide B
Four Purposes of Wrting
Expressive, Literary, Persuasive, Referential
Characteristics of Expressive Writing
Emontional responses, espression of values, self-definition, subjective language.
Characteristics of Literary Writing
Verisimilitutde, Tension, Artistic Unity (beginning, middle, end, theme, tone), Aesthetic Language
Characteristics of Persuasive Writing
Claim (assertion of writer's position), Support, Warrant (belief most people take for granted),...
Characteristics of Referential Writing
Thesis, Evidence, Validity, Topic-Oriented Language
Patterns of Writing
Classification/Cormarison and contrast, Description, Narration, Evaluation
puts large amounts of information into groups or categories, shows how they relate to each
Physical uses 5 senses, Division breaks things into parts and examines the parts, Analysis...
Organizes events into chronological sequence, narration of event, narration of process, cause...
Narration of event
potential, disturbance, conflict, crisis, and resolution
tells whether something is good or bad and explains the reasons why
Section 1 of paper structure
title, author, summary, interpretation of main point
Section 2 of paper structure
Purpose, characteristic of purpose, Patterns, examples from essay
Section 3 of paper structure
evaluates how well patterns were used, discusses if method was effective | <urn:uuid:4016a310-c4b4-4c79-848d-347ed02a4460> | {
"date": "2015-05-26T03:42:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928757.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00184-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8561923503875732,
"score": 3.6875,
"token_count": 304,
"url": "http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=purpose-pattern-process-comp-i"
} |
30 Years of Sustainable Farming at Shafer
Thirty years ago each of our vineyards looked as clean as a pool table: not a blade of grass, not a weed, no sign of bird or insect life, just knobby vines were sticking up out of the soil.
“The only way to achieve that super clean look was by using heavy duty chemicals,” says Doug Shafer. “We realized it was the wrong direction.”
It meant tainting the soil with rodent poison to kill gophers, spraying potent herbicides to kill unwanted foliage, applying powerful insecticides to vanquish pests such as the blue-green sharpshooter, and by relying on chemical fertilizers to feed stripped-down soil.
Today we are 100 percent solar powered, we reuse and recycle our water, make our own compost for fertilizer. We partner with owls, songbirds, hawks, bats and other wildlife to cultivate successful vineyards and rely on cover crops to help control insects that would otherwise blight our vines.
Uncorking Clean Kilowatts
Shafer Vineyards is proud to be a wine industry leader in the area of solar power. In 2004 we became the first winery in the U.S. to make the switch to 100 percent solar power. In 2008 we built a second array to power the vineyard system that we use to irrigate the 50 acres of vines that surround the winery.
On sunny days these two arrays produce, at peak, more than 200 kW of electrical power, or in other words, enough to meet the baseload needs of 160 average homes.
Going solar is our way of treating the air as well as we treat the land. The generation of electricity is the number one source of toxic air pollution in the US. Most generator plants burn coal and pump millions of tons of greenhouse gasses and toxins into the air.
Over the lifetime of Shafer’s system alone (30 years) the greenhouse gasses that won’t be produced on our behalf has the air-purifying effect of planting more than 30,000 trees.
In addition, of course, we have eliminated our electricity bill and we actually contribute power to the electrical grid.
In the late 1980s we started erecting nesting boxes for Barn Owls and perch poles, which attract birds of prey such as Red-shouldered Hawks, Red-tailed Hawks, and American Kestrels.
The reason we want to attract owls and hawks is simple – we wanted to stop putting rodent poisons in the soil to control the gopher and mole population. These creatures like to tunnel through the ground and eat young vine roots.
Between the hawks and owls, we have day and night rodent patrol (hawks feed during daylight, while owls are nocturnal hunters).
“The work of these raptors is so effective we named our Chardonnay vineyard ‘Red
Shoulder Ranch’ to honor them,” says Doug Shafer.
Vineyards attract lots of insect pests, among the most troublesome are blue-green sharpshooters and leafhoppers.
“You can spray powerful chemicals to rid your vines of these particular insects, but we prefer to rely on the natural eating habits of songbirds and bats,” says Doug Shafer.
To attract some of nature’s hungriest eating machines, we have erected songbird houses throughout our vineyards. These provide homes for cavity-dwelling species such as swallows and bluebirds, who tend to eat the flying bugs that blight our vines.
These birds raise their young on our property and feed their families on the bugs that would otherwise damage our vines.
After sunset, we benefit from the eating habits of bats, who consuming anywhere from 15 to 25 percent of their body weight per night. Given our location at the base of towering cliffs, called palisades, we enjoy some insect patrolling by bats.
To attract more, we’ve erected a 500-lbs bat roost, which is currently awaiting its first residents. The bat box is designed to house a maternity colony, meaning this will be a place where the bats can breed and raise their young.
Partnering with Bugs and Weeds
Another key part of farming sustainably is the use of cover crops. Today our vine rows grow wild with clover, vetch, oats, bell beans and other vegetation that creates a lively habitat for insects.
“The cover crops create a healthy environment where “good bugs” prey on “bad bugs,” says Doug Shafer. “More specifically, insects such as spiders and ladybugs naturally kill off or consume vine-damaging insects such as leafhoppers and blue-green sharpshooters.”
Cover crops do double and triple duty. They control erosion while also choking back weeds we don’t want. They control the vigor of the vine and at the end of their lifecycle they’re plowed under and enrich the soil with nitrogen and other macronutrients. This combined with our own compost allowed us to say good by to chemical fertilizers.
For 30 years we have reused and recycled all of our water – and continue to look for new ways of being better stewards of our water resources.
Our first step, in the late 1980s, was to abandon the old, wasteful system of overhead sprinklers (common in that era) and switch to a drip irrigation system, which cut overall water usage dramatically.
Next we engineered a waste-water system. This allows us to capture all winery water (used to clean tanks, floors, and equipment) and pipe it to a small reservoir, where it is aerated and naturally processed to eliminate impurities. The newly treated water is then reused for irrigation.
In the mid 1990s we made our biggest investment yet in sustainable water use by clearing four acres of prime Cabernet Sauvignon vines to dig a large pond that collects and stores winter rain runoff from the surrounding hillsides. The lake has a capacity of 30-acre-feet and supplies most of the winery’s irrigation needs throughout the summer.
In 2013 we embraced new technology from Fruition Sciences that allows us to dial down water use even further. We’ve placed Fruition sensors on several vines on the property that monitor water use and sap flow within the vines themselves. This gives us data on the actual needs of the plant and tells us when we truly need to irrigate. The first year we used this new system we saved more than 100,000 gallons of water. | <urn:uuid:aea91466-96f4-48dd-9ee9-06e344cfcbd4> | {
"date": "2018-04-24T20:29:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947328.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424202213-20180424222213-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9354429244995117,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 1372,
"url": "http://shafervineyards.com/about/sustainability.php"
} |
10/4/2012 8:49 AM
Environmental cues are a big part of encouraging behavior change. This is especially true when it comes to waste management. The flying public is an active participant in helping us effectively manage our waste streams at PDX. Most people have become accustomed to separating out recyclables and composting is becoming more commonplace, especially in Portland, but what about separating out liquids?
Imagine the last time you flew out of the airport – you were probably focusing on getting your documents in order, removing your shoes, taking your laptop out of your bag and then, “what am I going to do with this bottle of water I only drank half of?” In 2008, we introduced our first liquid collection stations at PDX to help remove liquids from our waste stream. The stations prevent liquid-filled containers from being sent to waste handlers, reduce costs in janitorial services and allow passengers to reuse their container post-security. Though the stations have diverted 100 tons of liquid from the landfill since their installation, we had a sense that they might be inconspicuous in this busy section of the airport.
With help from the Port of Portland Technical Assistance Project, we stood out at each security check-point for two hours and polled passengers coming through. Did they use the liquid collection station? Did they see it at all? What would make it more noticeable? What we discovered was that although the stations had collected 100 tons of liquid in the last four years, they actually had a fairly low rate of use and many people did not see them at all. Polled passengers recommended bigger stations, brighter colors and images that encourage people to stop and look. Earlier this summer, we rolled out redesigned stations, shown below. The redesign was based almost entirely on the public feedback we received. We are currently in the process of collecting six months of data to gauge the effectiveness of the new design.
Also, be sure to check out the station featured in Airport Magazine. | <urn:uuid:4d2f0bed-ff0e-42b1-ae0f-28692ace0693> | {
"date": "2015-04-21T02:54:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640001.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00225-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9702478647232056,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 400,
"url": "http://www.portofportland.com/publications/PortCurrents/?tag=/airport+magazine"
} |
RESEARCHERS in Leeds are looking for participants to help test walking programmes to see whether they boost brain power as well as health.
A team from the Institute of Psychological Sciences at the University of Leeds will work with people who are overweight, giving them a 12-week tailored plan to see how walking can fit into everyday life and the benefits it can bring.
Amy Weeks, a PhD student at the university who is leading the study, said: “My PhD is looking at the relationship between cardiovascular health and cognitive function, and the impact of physical activity and weight loss.
“Higher levels of physical activity have not only been linked to improved health status, but also to enhanced cognitive performance including memory, attention and problem solving.
“Increasing physical activity levels are important for populations where a sedentary lifestyle may be contributing to preventable health problems, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease.
“Our research study aims to see if increasing physical activity, by giving people easy manageable goals, can benefit health - such as blood pressure, body composition, blood glucose and insulin - and impact upon cognitive function.”
Participants in the research need to be aged between 30 and 60, have a Body Mass Index of over 25 and live a non-active lifestyle.
Those selected will go through assessments at the university, then given a device to monitor current activity. Then they will begin the walking programme, with specific targets, and the impact on their health regularly monitored.
For more details, email [email protected] or call 07789930023. | <urn:uuid:bf09b102-ff4e-4a5f-b5d6-e7f4abf5e9f5> | {
"date": "2014-10-25T16:47:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648706.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00227-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9367138147354126,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 323,
"url": "http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/top-stories/leeds-university-study-into-walking-and-brain-function-1-6399217"
} |
Question: "Does the Bible teach mortal and venial sin?"
Answer: The Roman Catholic Church divides sin into two categories, mortal sin and venial sin. The issue of sin as the Bible teaches it is one of the most fundamental aspects of understanding life with God and what it means to know Him. As we walk through this life, we must know how to respond biblically to our own sin and the manifestations of humankind’s sinfulness that we encounter moment by moment, day by day. The consequences of not having a biblical understanding of sin and, thus, not responding to sin accordingly, are devastating beyond words. An incorrect understanding of sin can result in an eternity separated from God in hell. But praise to the glorious name of our God and Savior Christ Jesus! In His Holy Word, God has shown plainly what sin is, how it affects us personally, and what the proper response to it is. Thus, as we try to understand the concepts of mortal and venial sin, let us look for final answers in God’s all-sufficient Word.
In order to know if the Bible teaches the concepts of mortal and venial sin, some basic descriptions will be helpful. The concepts of mortal and venial sin are essentially Roman Catholic. Evangelical Christians and Protestants may or may not be familiar with these terms. Working definitions of mortal and venial sins could be these: Mortal Sin is “sin causing spiritual death,” and Venial Sin is “sin that can be forgiven.” Venial sin is invariably used in contrast with mortal sin. Mortal sins are those sins that exclude people from the kingdom; venial sins are those sins that do not exclude people from it. Venial sin differs from mortal sin in the punishment it entails. Venial sin merits temporal punishment expiated by confession or by the fires of purgatory, while mortal sin merits eternal death.
In the Catechism of the Catholic Church is found this description of mortal sin: “For a sin to be mortal, three conditions must together be met: ‘Mortal sin is sin whose object is grave matter and which is also committed with full knowledge and deliberate consent.’” According to the Catechism, “Grave matter is specified by the Ten Commandments.” The Catechism further states that mortal sin “results in the loss of charity and the privation of sanctifying grace, that is, of the state of grace. If it is not redeemed by repentance and God’s forgiveness, it causes exclusion from Christ’s kingdom and the eternal death of hell.”
Regarding venial sin, the Catechism states the following: “One commits venial sin when, in a less serious matter, he does not observe the standard prescribed by the moral law, or when he disobeys the moral law in a grave matter, but without full knowledge or without complete consent. Venial sin weakens charity; it manifests a disordered affection for created goods; it impedes the soul’s progress in the exercise of virtues and practice of moral good; it merits temporal punishment. Deliberate and unrepented venial sin disposes us little by little to commit mortal sin. However venial sin does not set us in direct opposition to the will and friendship of God; it does not break the covenant with God. With God’s grace it is humanly reparable. ‘Venial sin does not deprive the sinner of sanctifying grace, friendship with God, charity, and consequently eternal happiness.’”
In summary, mortal sin is an intentional violation of the Ten Commandments (in thought, word or deed), committed in full knowledge of the gravity of the matter, and it results in the loss of salvation. Salvation may be regained through repentance and God’s forgiveness. Venial sin may be a violation of the Ten Commandments or a sin of a lesser nature, but it is committed unintentionally and/or without full consent. Although damaging to one’s relationship with God, venial sin does not result in loss of eternal life.
Biblically, the concepts of mortal and venial sin present several problems: first of all, these concepts present an unbiblical picture of how God views sin. The Bible states that God will be just and fair in His punishment of sin and that on the day of judgment some sin will merit greater punishment than others (Matthew 11:22, 24; Luke 10:12, 14). But the fact is that all sin will be punished by God. The Bible teaches that all of us sin (Romans 3:23) and that the just compensation for sin is eternal death (Romans 6:23). Over and against the concepts of mortal and venial sin, the Bible does not state that some sins are worthy of eternal death whereas others are not. All sins are mortal sins in that even one sin makes the offender worthy of eternal separation from God.
The Apostle James articulates this fact in his letter (James 2:10): “For whoever keeps the whole law and yet stumbles in one point, he has become guilty of all.” Notice his use of the word “stumbles.” It means to make a mistake or fall into error. James is painting a picture of a person who is trying to do the right thing and yet, perhaps unintentionally, commits a sin. What is the consequence? God, through His servant James, states when a person commits even unintentional sin, he is guilty of breaking the entire law. A good illustration of this fact is to picture a large window and understand that window to be God’s law. It doesn’t matter if a person throws a very small pebble through the window or several large boulders. The result is the same--the window is broken. In the same way, it doesn’t matter if a person commits one small sin or several huge ones. The result is the same--the person is guilty of breaking God’s law. And the Lord declares that He will not leave the guilty unpunished (Nahum 1:3).
Second, these concepts present an unbiblical picture of God’s payment for sin. In both cases of mortal and venial sin, forgiveness of the given transgression is dependent upon the offender making restitution of some type. In Roman Catholicism, this restitution may take the form of going to confession, praying a certain prayer, receiving the Eucharist, or another ritual of some type. The basic thought is that in order for Christ’s forgiveness to be applied to the offender, the offender must perform some work, and then the forgiveness is granted. The payment and forgiveness of the transgression is dependent upon the offender’s actions.
Is this what the Bible teaches regarding the payment for sin? The Bible clearly teaches that the payment for sin is not found in or based upon the actions of the sinner. Consider words of 1 Peter 3:18, “For Christ also died for sins once for all, the just for the unjust, so that He might bring us to God, having been put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit.” Take note of the wording, “Christ also died for sins once for all.” This passage teaches that for the person who is believing in Jesus Christ, all of his or her sins have been taken care of on the cross. Christ died for all of them. This includes the sins the believer committed before salvation and the ones he has committed and will commit after salvation.
Colossians 2:13 and 14 confirms this fact: “When you were dead in your transgressions and the uncircumcision of your flesh, He [God] made you alive together with Him [Christ], having forgiven us all our transgressions, having canceled out the certificate of debt consisting of decrees against us, which was hostile to us; and He has taken it out of the way, having nailed it to the cross.” God has “forgiven us all our transgressions.” Not just the sins of the past, but all of them. They have been nailed to the cross and taken out of the way. When Jesus, on the cross, stated, “It is finished” (John 19:30), He was stating that He had fulfilled all that was necessary to grant forgiveness and eternal life to those who would believe in Him. This is why Jesus says in John 3:18 that “he who believes in Him [Jesus] is not judged.” Paul states this fact in Romans 8:1: “Therefore there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus.” Why are believers not judged? Why is there no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus? It is because the death of Christ satisfied God’s righteous wrath against sin (1 John 4), and now those who trust in Christ will not bear the penalty of that sin.
Whereas the concepts of mortal and venial sin place responsibility to gain God’s forgiveness for a given transgression in the hands of the offender, the Bible teaches that all sins of the believer are forgiven at the cross of Christ. The Bible does teach by word (Galatians 6:7 and 8) and example (2 Samuel 11-20) that when a Christian gets involved in sin, he or she may reap temporal, physical, emotional, mental and/or spiritual consequences. But the believer never has to reacquire God’s forgiveness due to personal sin because God’s Word declares that God’s wrath toward the believer’s sin was satisfied completely at the cross.
Third, these concepts present an unbiblical picture of God’s dealings with His children. Clearly, according to Roman Catholicism, one of the consequences of committing a mortal sin is that it removes eternal life from the offender. Also, according to this concept, God will grant again eternal life through repentance and good works.
Does the Bible teach that a person who is truly saved by God through Christ can lose his salvation and regain it? It clearly does not teach this. Once a person has placed his faith in Christ for forgiveness of sins and eternal life, the Bible teaches that that person is eternally secure--he cannot be lost. Consider the words of Jesus in John 10:27-28: “My sheep hear My voice, and I know them, and they follow Me; and I give eternal life to them, and they will never perish; and no one will snatch them out of My hand.” Consider also the words of Paul in Romans 8:38-39: “For I am convinced that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor things present, nor things to come, nor powers, nor height, nor depth, nor any other created thing, will be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.”
Reflecting back upon the fact of the total satisfaction of God’s wrath toward our sin in the death of Christ, our sins cannot separate us from God’s love. In love, God chooses to take Christ’s death as payment for believers’ sins and doesn’t hold them against the believer. Thus, when the believer commits sin, the forgiveness of God in Christ is already present, and, although the believer may experience self-inflicted consequences of sin, God’s love and forgiveness are never in jeopardy. In Romans 7:14-25, Paul clearly states that the believer will struggle with sin throughout his earthly existence, but that Christ will save us from this body of death. And “therefore there is no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus” (Romans 8:1). Whereas the concept of mortal sin teaches that a person can lose his salvation through personal sin, the Bible teaches that God’s love and favor will never be removed from His children.
God’s grace not only redeems the believer from every lawless deed, but it also guides the believer into holy living and makes the believer zealous for good deeds. This doesn’t mean that the believer never sins, but that his passion will be to honor God because of God’s grace working in the believer’s life. Forgiveness and holiness are two sides of the same coin of God’s grace--they go together. Although a believer may stumble and fall into sin at times--maybe even in a big way--the general path and direction of his life will be one of holiness and passion for God and His glory. If one follows the concepts of mortal and venial sin, he or she may be deceived into viewing sin with a flippant attitude, thinking that he or she can sin at will and simply seek God’s forgiveness at a point of personal desire. The Bible instructs us that the true believer will never view sin flippantly and will strive, in the strength of God’s grace, to live a holy life.
Based on the above biblical truth, the concepts of mortal and venial sin are not biblical and should be rejected. In Christ’s death, burial and resurrection, the problem of our sin is completely taken care of, and we need look no further than that amazing demonstration of God’s love for us. Our forgiveness and right standing with God is not dependent upon us, our failings, or our faithfulness. The true believer is to fix his eyes on Jesus and live in light of all that He accomplished on our behalf. God’s love and grace are truly amazing! May we live in light of the life we have in Christ! Through the power of the Holy Spirit, may we be victorious over all sin, whether “mortal,” “venial,” intentional, or unintentional.
© Copyright 2002-2014 Got Questions Ministries. | <urn:uuid:738f1db4-9245-4ab9-b873-246623ac5c59> | {
"date": "2014-07-24T21:40:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892495.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00088-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9451680183410645,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 2889,
"url": "http://gotquestions.org/Printer/mortal-venial-sin-PF.html"
} |
Use of Animals in Research
Policy on the Use of Animals in Research
Imperial College London’s mission is to achieve enduring excellence in research and education in science, engineering, medicine and business for the benefit of society. Research and education are central to the College’s work but can raise ethical issues that need careful consideration. Imperial College is committed to ensuring that all its research and teaching activities are carried out within a rigorous ethical framework.
From antibiotics and insulin to blood transfusions and treatments for cancer or HIV, many medical achievements in the past century have depended directly or indirectly on research using animals. Only a small percentage of medical and biological research involves the use of animals. That part remains vital, however, to further the development of treatments or cures for medical conditions that blight or destroy the lives of humans - and animals.
Research in the United Kingdom involving scientific procedures that may cause living vertebrates (other than man) and cephalopods pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm must comply with the requirements of the European Directive 63/2010/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, and with the provisions of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA), as amended in 2012, and any guidance and codes of practice issued under the Act. No such work involving animals can be done at Imperial without the approval of Imperial College's Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (AWERB) and the Home Office. The AWERB Committee - which includes members who are vets, animal care staff, scientists, lay people - some of whom are independent of the College, scrutinize proposals for their scientific and ethical justification of animal use. The Committee will also provide information and advice about ethical analysis, best practice in animal welfare and new developments in techniques that avoid animal use. The UK law which governs the use of animals is widely viewed as the most rigorous piece of legislation of its type in the world and the Home Office Inspectors who administer it maintain a continuous inspections programme of facilities where work is carried out.
It is College policy that animals may only be used for scientific or educational purposes where there are no satisfactory or reasonably practical alternatives to their use. College is committed to ensuring that all staff and students involved in animal-based work treat animals with respect and consideration, and develop a culture of care in all aspects of their work. College is committed to the principles of replacement, reduction and refinement (the 3Rs) in animal research and all researchers are expected to implement, wherever possible, models that replace, reduce or refine the use of animals in their research. Animals held for scientific or educational purposes must be maintained under the highest standards of care and welfare. All those working with animals are expected to take a proactive interest in the welfare of animals in their charge, and to ensure that their work complies with the highest ethical standards.
College expects all its staff and students to comply with this policy whether working at the College, or otherwise with collaborators elsewhere. Work undertaken overseas must comply with relevant local legislative requirements, with funder T & Cs, and be conducted in accordance with College’s ethical standards. In order to ensure that all work is carried out in accordance with this policy, college staff and post-graduate students whose work involves the use of animals (including but not limited to the use of living animals, the use of animal derived materials and animal derive data) are required to consult the Animal Use guidance notes and register their studies (and gain any necessary approvals) accordingly.
Some examples of medical advances that have been achieved through the use of animals are detailed by Understanding Animal Research - see UAR. | <urn:uuid:183b44e1-1f8e-4661-982a-1ebc23573160> | {
"date": "2018-02-25T19:35:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816912.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225190023-20180225210023-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9470663070678711,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 736,
"url": "http://icwww.cc.ic.ac.uk/admin-services/secretariat/college-governance/charters/policies-regulations-and-codes-of-practice/use-of-animals-in-research/"
} |
Free mobile green apps
Incorporating sound environmental decisions in our daily lives has been made easier with the availability of several green apps for the mobile device. Below is a list of five useful environmental apps that are free and feature discussions and motivators for carbon footprint identification and reduction, climate change, global forest cover, product scoring based upon environmental impact, and environmental actions all aimed at making better choices for sustainable living.
Concerned about your carbon footprint? Commute Greener you track your personal CO2 emissions. Input the travel distance and mode of transportation, and Commute Greener will do the calculations. Improvement is the key: users set goals to reduce their transportation emissions over times. For those users who are motivated by competition, a game can be made out of who can reduce their carbon footprint the most through communication with other app users.
For those environmentalists that still come across others in their social circles that deny, dismiss or minimize climate change Skeptical Science becomes a useful tool for dismantling any argument to the contrary. This app offers relevant science and argumentative counterpoints to win over a skeptic -- or failing that, provide grounded science based information to establish a credible argument for deeper conversation and consideration.
Global Forest Watch
Though not currently available specifically as a phone app, Google has recently unveiled the Global Forest Watch website app for tracking deforestation around the globe. The website provides interactive maps of the world showing where trees have disappeared since the year 2000. Google hopes to bring awareness to deforestation as a result of this app.
Although avoiding consumerism is still the best environmental choice, buying some items is inevitable. When shopping is necessary, the GoodGuide app can help the consumer make environmentally informed purchases. Users scan an item’s barcode with their phones to see environmental ratings of the product. The app rates more than 170,000 products to help consumers with many of their purchases.
Rippl provides its members with helpful tips to pursue a more sustainable way of living. The app provides action focused environmental suggestions and practical solutions for following through. Awareness of these green actions becomes challenges the ways we live and conduct our business but this app motivates by tracking progress.
Phone apps make green living more convenient and accessible than ever.
Article inspired by Kevin Mathews from Care2.
Phone app user image via Shutterstock. | <urn:uuid:3c20b66b-158f-4be8-aaa6-022fba741c4f> | {
"date": "2016-05-27T23:15:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277091.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00031-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9290951490402222,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 471,
"url": "http://www.enn.com/regulatory/article/47085/print"
} |
What you do affects the oceans and entire planet.
This is a watershed.
A watershed, as defined by the United States Geological Survey, is: “the area of land where all of the water that falls in it and drains off of it goes to a common outlet.”
Essentially, a watershed is an area that drains to a common body of water — Rain, to runoff, to creeks and rivers, to lakes, and eventually the ocean. Everything within a watershed — industrial activities, farms and agriculture, roadways and trash — accumulates and drains into the ocean.
Watersheds can be big ~ enormous ~ meaning that even if you live hundreds of miles away from the ocean, your actions matter.
For example, here is a picture of the Mississippi Watershed.
The Mississippi Watershed is enormous. Including nearly half of the United States and even parts of Canada, water collected throughout this region eventually travels south to the Gulf of Mexico, where it drains into the ocean.
But it doesn’t stop there… From the Gulf of Mexico, waste/agricultural runoff/industrial byproducts are transported by currents throughout the rest of the ocean/world.
So… even if you are so landlocked, that you’re landlocked by landlocked states, your daily actions impact the ocean. It’s not immediate, and you may never see it ~ but watersheds serve as an important example of how we fit into a bigger world, & our responsibility to think consciously about our daily actions & decisions. | <urn:uuid:c6250752-2ea2-4004-ab37-195eae283332> | {
"date": "2018-08-15T15:36:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210133.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815141842-20180815161842-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9358880519866943,
"score": 3.515625,
"token_count": 320,
"url": "https://groundswell.blog/212-2/"
} |
A boat is a transportation device that moves along water either by raw man power, such as rowing or peddling, wind powered, or by motor, usually with a propeller. By naval definition, a boat is a watercraft that is small enough to be brought aboard another vessel. The largel vessel is known as a ship
. However this definition is not always strict as there are numerous sea
vessels that are considered to be boats.
These include: River
boats, ferry boats, even submarines
, despite the fact that it is large and travels under the surface of the water.
How Does It float?
Boats are able to float because the weight of the boat is roughly equal to the amount of water that it displaces when it rests on top of the water. This concept is known as buoyancy. Even if the materials that are used in the vessel's construction are heavier than the water the vessel will still float. This is because the heavy materials are only used in the construction of the outer edges of the craft. The interior is empty, and therefore is filled with air which contributes to the overall volume of the watercraft, but does not add to its total weight.
To sum up, in order for a boat to remain afloat the weight of the boat including all passengers and cargo must be so equal to the density of the water that is being displaced. If more cargo is added to the vessel, then the boat will sink slightly to compensate for the increase in density. It essentially is as if the boat is taking the place of the water, not merely resting on top of it.
Boats are an ancient method of transportation. Evidence suggests that the oldest boats used were originally crafted from a log or a tree. The oldest boats on record are believed to be somewhere between 7,000 and 9,000 years old. Since the start, boats have been used for economic trade and for military conquest or colonization.
Throughout history boats have been constructed mostly out of natural materials, wood in particular. However as technology has advanced, boat building technology has become vastly improved. Most small watercraft are now made out a steal or iron fram, but are often still covered in wood. Some boats are also made out of plastic or light weight metals such as aluminum.
There are three common types of propulsion used to move a boat:
- Used in row boats, paddle boats etc...
- Commonly used in sailing
- Diesel and gas
- Paddle Wheel
- Nuclear (submarines)
- Water Jet propulsion
- Air fans
Common Types of Boats | <urn:uuid:af42e1b8-370b-494d-9785-0f1d1d92a0aa> | {
"date": "2015-04-21T19:36:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246643088.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045723-00095-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.973885715007782,
"score": 3.703125,
"token_count": 528,
"url": "http://www.giantbomb.com/boat/3055-804/?page=34"
} |
A flock of geese flies gracefully overhead. You wish you could see the world as they see it. You wish you could fly and be as free as they are. You wonder where they are going in such a hurry!
Well, don't envy them too much, because they may be on a very long, tiring journey. Many geese and other birds migrate thousands of miles every year. Some travel over 7,000 miles one way! Some may travel up to 1000 miles without even a rest stop, crossing the Gulf of Mexico or the Sahara Desert.
These birds must follow their food supply and they must return to certain locations to breed.
They migrate to survive!
Besides birds, some other long-distance travelers are fish, sea turtles, bears, caribou, whales, and porpoises. Some of these kinds of animals are shrinking in population. Some are in danger of disappearing forever. Scientists want to know what is happening to them and why. As part of the answer, they want to know where the animals go, how they get there, and how long they stay.
A good way to learn about animals is to track them from space. Scientists pick individual animals and fit them with lightweight, comfortable radio transmitters. Signals from the transmitters are received by special instruments on certain satellites as they pass overhead. These satellites are operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The polar orbits of the satellites let them see nearly every part of Earth as it rotates below and receive signals from thousands of migrating animals. You can find out more about this kind of orbit.
After the satellite gets the signal from the animal's transmitter, it relays the information to a ground station. The ground station then sends the information to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. Goddard then sends the information about the animal to the scientists, wherever they may be.
Tracking migrating animals using satellites may help us figure out how to make their journeys as safe as possible and help them survive.
These are some of the animals now being tracked by satellite: (Click on picture to see a photo and read about the animal.) | <urn:uuid:44ceada4-fad4-4a7a-86c9-6a7eeb783ecf> | {
"date": "2014-04-20T06:46:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538022.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00107-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9583168625831604,
"score": 3.8125,
"token_count": 439,
"url": "http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/migration/en/"
} |
-oid, -oidal, -oidism, -odic
(Greek: a suffix; like, resembling, similar to, form)
2. Similar to or like hair.
2. Possessing three representatives of each chromosome.
2. Typhoid fever: a specific eruptive fever (formerly supposed to be a variety of typhus), characterized by intestinal inflammation and ulceration; more distinctively, and now more usually, called enteric fever.
3. Typhoid Mary, nickname of Mary Mallon (d. 1938), an Irish-born cook who transmitted typhoid fever in the U.S.A. Also figuratively, a transmitter of undesirable opinions, sentiments, etc.
See information about Typhoid Mary who was unaware of harm she was doing to others.
Vexilloids of the Roman Empire were sophisticated in design and usage. Animals were used on standards until 104 B.C. when the consul Marius ordered the eagle to become the sole standard of Roman legions. Names and wreaths of honor were included on some Roman vexilloids, while in later years the emperors insisted that their portraits be used.2. Etymology: from the word vexillum, the only cloth flag apparently carried by the Romans, which is derived the word vexillology, the study of flag history and symbolism.
2. The pointed process of cartilage, supported by a core of bone, connected with the lower end of the body of the sternum.
A pointed cartilage attached to the lower end of the breastbone or sternum, the smallest and lowest division of the sternum. Cartilaginous early in life, it may become ossified (bony) in adults. It is sometimes simply called the xiphoid. Also known as the ensiform cartilage or process.
The ancient Greeks thought the xiphoid looked like the tip of a sword. The word xiphoid is from the Greek xiphos, "straight sword" plus eidos, "like" resulting in "straight sword". Ensiform is from the Latin ensis, "sword" plus forma, "shape" equals "sword shape". | <urn:uuid:39a758a7-9169-42e2-873c-9c72767981f8> | {
"date": "2019-06-25T18:29:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999876.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625172832-20190625194832-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9382791519165039,
"score": 3.609375,
"token_count": 447,
"url": "https://wordinfo.info/units/view/1455/page:21/s:alkaloid"
} |
Emerging policy issues
IUCN should also address other crucial challenges at the Rio 2012 conference from which the following could be identified:
Water and the green economy
Water plays a crucial role in the green economy and there is a strong justification for including the issue of water in the IUCN package of positions for Rio. Many developing as well as developed countries expressed interest in discussing water at the conference. Access to water in the context of the Millenium Development Goals and in the context of ecosystem services and resilience is a subject where IUCN can play an important role in providing relevant technical information as well as in convening major countries and players to establish an effective process. Water is central to the issue of balancing natural and built infrastructure. At the same time, water is deeply related to governance and rights issues. Rio 2012 is also an opportunity to “validate” or adopt through an intergovernmental process the outcomes that will result from the 6th World Water Forum to be held in March 2012. IUCN’s Global Water Programme with other components of the Union is well placed to design this part of IUCN’s intervention.
Oceans issues at Rio:
There is great interest among some governments to include marine issues in the discussions leading to Rio, in particular the issue of Oceans governance. Some delegates are making reference to a Blue Economy. IUCN’s Global Marine and Polar Programme is working on various fronts to ensure that the Rio discussions help advance negotiations on marine issues.
|IUCN Position Paper on Oceans||PDF Document 64KB|
|Governance for Fisheries & Marine Conservation||PDF Document 117KB|
3. Forest issues at Rio
Forests are much more than just trees used for firewood or furniture. They play a vital role to protect our global environment, not only because they are our planet’s lungs but also because they have immense potential to lessen the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, they are essential for biodiversity because they are a source of food and clean water. The issue of forest will certainly be included in discussions leading up to the Rio conference. IUCN’s Global Forest Programme is working through the Collaborative Partnership on Forest (CPF) among other partnerships, to build a position for Rio. | <urn:uuid:f1c0e440-8841-4169-b515-0906a08a4c7a> | {
"date": "2015-03-06T02:28:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465456.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00110-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9393886923789978,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 467,
"url": "http://[email protected]/news_homepage/events/iucn___rio___20/iucn_position/emerging_policy_issues/"
} |
Posted on August 12th, 2008 by
The injection of stem cells collected from umbilical cords into the pelvic bone of patients with leukemia appears promising; however, longer follow-up is necessary to determine outcomes for these patients. These results were recently published in an early online publication of the Lancet Oncology.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates in the blood cells. There are several types of leukemia, some of which are much more aggressive than others and require more aggressive types of therapy. One therapeutic option for patients with acute types of leukemia is a stem cell transplant.
One type of stem cell transplant, an allogeneic stem cell transplant, involves the use of high-dose therapy to kill more cancer cells than standard doses. Unfortunately, the higher doses tend to destroy important hematopoietic stem cells (immature blood cells). These stem cells mature into red blood cells (which transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues in the body), white blood cells, (which help the body fight infection), and platelets (which aid the blood in clotting).
Low levels of hematopoietic stem cells caused by high-dose treatment can result in life-threatening conditions. In an effort to prevent this condition, hematopoietic stem cells from a donor are infused into the patient following therapy. Hematopoietic stem cells may be obtained from the following sources: umbilical cord blood immediately following the birth of a child (cells are then frozen and stored in a central facility), peripheral (circulating) blood, or bone marrow (spongy material inside large bones).
In addition to restoring low levels of a patient?s stem cells following therapy, donor stem cells also attack the patient?s cancer cells. Unfortunately, they may also attack a patient?s healthy tissues, a condition referred to as graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). Due to the potential severity of GVHD, researchers try to use stem cell donors who are related to the patient and have ?matched? proteins, a practice that reduces the risk of GVHD. Unfortunately, many patients will die from their disease while waiting for a matched donor. Researchers continue to investigate ways to reduce GVHD without compromising the effectiveness of donor stem cells.
Recent research has indicated that umbilical cord stem cells may reduce the rate of GVHD while providing similar outcomes among patients with leukemia; further assessment evaluating umbilical cord stem cells is ongoing.
Researchers from Italy recently conducted a clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of using umbilical cord stem cells that are injected directly into the bone marrow of patients with leukemia. This trial included 32 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 12 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a median age of 36 years. Overall, 14 patients had advanced-stage disease that did not respond to standard therapies, and no patient had a suitable donor for the stem cell transplant.
The researchers concluded that these results ?[lead] to the possibility of use of this technique in a large number of adult patients.?? Although this technique is still under investigation, it provides promise for the future of patients with leukemia.
Reference: Frassoni F, Gualandi F, Podesta M, et al. Direct intrabone transplant of unrelated cord-blood cells in acute leukaemia: a Phase I/II study. Lancet Oncology [early online publication]. August 9, 2008. DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70180-3.
Related News:? Umbilical Cord Transplants Provide Same Outcomes as Related Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplants (2/7/2007)
Copyright © 2010 CancerConsultants. All Rights Reserved.
You must be logged-in to the site to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:2f9bbfcc-ace9-4f1f-967a-d8a783fc664f> | {
"date": "2017-02-20T10:45:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170521.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00536-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9065725803375244,
"score": 3.34375,
"token_count": 793,
"url": "http://cancer.unm.edu/2008/08/12/injection-of-umbilical-cord-stem-cells-into-bone-appears-promising-for-leukemia/"
} |
Religious and Social Regulations1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 2 “Speak to the whole congregation of the Israelites and tell them, ‘You must be holy because I, the Lord your God, am holy. 3 Each of you must respect his mother and his father, ▼
▼ Heb “A man his mother and his father you [plural] shall fear.” The LXX, Syriac, Vulgate, and certain Targum mss reverse the order, “his father and his mother.” The term “fear” is subject to misunderstanding by the modern reader, so “respect” has been used in the translation. Cf. NAB, NRSV “revere”; NASB “reverence.”and you must keep my Sabbaths. I am the Lord your God. 4 Do not turn to idols, ▼
▼ Regarding the difficult etymology and meaning of the term for “idols” (אֱלִילִים, ’elilim), see B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 126; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 304; N. H. Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers (NBC), 89; and Judith M. Hadley, NIDOTTE 1:411. It appears to be a diminutive play on words with אֵל (’el, “god; God”) and, perhaps at the same time, recalls a common Semitic word for “worthless; weak; powerless; nothingness.” Snaith suggests a rendering of “worthless godlings.”and you must not make for yourselves gods of cast metal. I am the Lord your God.
Eating the Peace Offering5 “‘When you sacrifice a peace offering sacrifice to the Lord, you must sacrifice it so that it is accepted for you. ▼
▼ Heb “for your acceptance”; cf. NIV, NLT “it will be accepted on your behalf.”6 It must be eaten on the day of your sacrifice and on the following day, ▼
▼ Heb “from the following day” (HALOT 572 s.v. מָחֳרָת 2.b).but what is left over until the third day must be burned up. ▼
▼ Heb “shall be burned with fire”; KJV “shall be burnt in the fire.” Because “to burn with fire” is redundant in contemporary English the present translation simply has “must be burned up.”7 If, however, it is eaten ▼
▼ Heb “And if being eaten [infinitive absolute] it is eaten [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 #113.p.on the third day, it is spoiled, ▼ it will not be accepted, 8 and the one who eats it will bear his punishment for iniquity ▼ because he has profaned ▼ what is holy to the Lord. ▼
▼ Heb “the holiness of the Lord.”That person will be cut off from his people. ▼
Leaving the Gleanings9 “‘When you gather in the harvest ▼
▼ Heb “And in your harvesting the harvest.”of your land, you must not completely harvest the corner of your field, ▼
▼ Heb “you shall not complete the corner of your field to harvest.”and you must not gather up the gleanings of your harvest. 10 You must not pick your vineyard bare, ▼
▼ Heb “And you shall not deal severely with your vineyard.”and you must not gather up the fallen grapes of your vineyard. You must leave them for the poor and the foreigner. I am the Lord your God.
Dealing Honestly11 “‘You must not steal, you must not tell lies, and you must not deal falsely with your fellow citizen. ▼
▼ Heb “you shall not deal falsely a man with his fellow citizen.”12 You must not swear falsely ▼
▼ Heb “And you shall not swear to the falsehood.”in my name, so that you do not profane ▼
▼ Heb “and you shall not profane”; NAB “thus profaning.”the name of your God. I am the Lord. 13 You must not oppress your neighbor or commit robbery against him. ▼
▼ Heb “You shall not oppress your neighbor and you shall not rob.”You must not withhold ▼
▼ Heb “hold back with you”; perhaps “hold back for yourself” (cf. NRSV “keep for yourself”).the wages of the hired laborer overnight until morning. 14 You must not curse a deaf person or put a stumbling block in front of a blind person. ▼
▼ Heb “You shall not curse a deaf [person] and before a blind [person] you shall not put a stumbling block.”You must fear ▼
▼ Heb “And you shall fear.” Many English versions (e.g., KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV) regard the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) as adversative in force here (“but”).your God; I am the Lord.
Justice, Love, and Propriety15 “‘You ▼
▼ Smr has the singular rather than the plural “you” of the MT, which brings this verb form into line with the ones surrounding it.must not deal unjustly in judgment: ▼
▼ Heb “You shall not do injustice in judgment” (NASB similar); cf. NIV “do not pervert justice.”you must neither show partiality to the poor nor honor the rich. ▼
▼ Heb “You shall not lift up faces of poor [people] and you shall not honor faces of great.”You must judge your fellow citizen fairly. ▼
▼ Heb “In righteousness you shall judge your fellow citizen.”16 You must not go about as a slanderer among your people. ▼
▼ The term רָכִיל (rakhil) is traditionally rendered “slanderer” here (so NASB, NIV, NRSV; see also J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 304, 316), but the exact meaning is uncertain (see the discussion in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129). It is sometimes related to I רָכַל (“to go about as a trader [or “merchant”]”; BDB 940 s.v. רָכַל), and taken to refer to cutthroat business dealings, but there may be a II רָכַל, the meaning of which is dubious (HALOT 1237 s.v. II *רכל). Some would render it “to go about as a spy.”You must not stand idly by when your neighbor’s life is at stake. ▼
▼ Heb “You shall not stand on the blood of your neighbor.” This part of the verse is also difficult to interpret. The rendering here suggests that one will not allow a neighbor to be victimized, whether in court (cf. v. 15) or in any other situation (see the discussion in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129).I am the Lord. 17 You must not hate your brother in your heart. You must surely reprove your fellow citizen so that you do not incur sin on account of him. ▼
▼ Heb “and you will not lift up on him sin.” The meaning of the line is somewhat obscure. It means either (1) that one should rebuke one’s neighbor when he sins lest one also becomes guilty, which is the way it is rendered here (see NIV, NRSV, NEB, JB; see also B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129–30, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 303, and the discussion on pp. 316-17), or (2) one may rebuke one’s neighbor without incurring sin just as long as he does not hate him in his heart (see the first part of the verse; cf. NASB, NAB).18 You must not take vengeance or bear a grudge ▼ against the children of your people, but you must love your neighbor as yourself. ▼
▼ Some scholars make a distinction between the verb אָהַב (’ahav, “to love”) with the direct object and the more unusual construction with the preposition לְ (lamed) as it is here and in Lev 19:34 and 2 Chr 19:2 only. If there is a distinction, the construction here probably calls for direct and helpful action toward one’s neighbor (see the discussion in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 305, and esp. 317–18). Such love stands in contrast to taking vengeance or bearing a grudge against someone and, in NT terms, amounts to fulfilling the so-called “golden rule” (Matt 7:12).I am the Lord. 19 You must keep my statutes. You must not allow two different kinds of your animals to breed, ▼
▼ Heb “Your animals, you shall not cross-breed two different kinds.”you must not sow your field with two different kinds of seed, and you must not wear ▼
▼ Heb “you shall not cause to go up on you.”a garment made of two different kinds of fabric. ▼
Lying with a Slave Woman20 “‘When a man has sexual intercourse with a woman, ▼
▼ Heb “And a man when he lies with a woman the lying of seed.”although she is a slave woman designated for another man and she has not yet been ransomed, or freedom has not been granted to her, there will be an obligation to pay compensation. ▼
▼ That is, the woman had previously been assigned for marriage to another man but the marriage deal had not yet been consummated. In the meantime, the woman has lost her virginity and has, therefore, lost part of her value to the master in the sale to the man for whom she had been designated. Compensation was, therefore, required (see the explanation in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 130–31).They must not be put to death, because she was not free. 21 He must bring his guilt offering to the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, a guilt offering ram, ▼ 22 and the priest is to make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt offering before the Lord for his sin that he has committed, ▼
▼ Heb “on his sin which he has sinned.”and he will be forgiven ▼
▼ Heb “there shall be forgiveness to him” or “it shall be forgiven to him.”of his sin ▼
▼ Heb “from his sin.”that he has committed.
The Produce of Fruit Trees23 “‘When you enter the land and plant any fruit tree, ▼
▼ Heb “tree of food”; KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV “trees for food.”you must consider its fruit to be forbidden. ▼
▼ Heb “you shall circumcise its fruit [as] its foreskin,” taking the fruit to be that which is to be removed and, therefore, forbidden. Since the fruit is uncircumcised it is forbidden (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 306, and esp. B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 131–32).Three years it will be forbidden to you; ▼
▼ Heb “it shall be to you uncircumcised.”it must not be eaten. 24 In the fourth year all its fruit will be holy, praise offerings ▼
▼ See B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 132, where the translation reads “set aside for jubilation”; a special celebration before the Lord.to the Lord. 25 Then in the fifth year you may eat its fruit to add its produce to your harvest. ▼
▼ Heb “to add to you its produce.” The rendering here assumes that the point of this clause is simply that finally being allowed to eat the fruit in the fifth year adds the fruit of the tree to their harvest. Some take the verb to be from אָסַף (’asaf, “to gather”) rather than יָסַף (yasaf, “to add; to increase”), rendering the verse, “to gather to you the produce” (E. S. Gerstenberger, Leviticus [OTL], 260, and see the versions referenced in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 306). Others take it to mean that by following the regulations given previously they will honor the Lord so that the Lord will cause the trees to increase the amount of fruit they would normally produce (Hartley, 303, 306; cf. NASB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).I am the Lord your God.
Blood, Hair, and Body26 “‘You must not eat anything with the blood still in it. ▼
▼ Heb “You shall not eat on the blood.” See the extensive remarks in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 319-20, and B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 132–33. The LXX has “on the mountains,” suggesting that this is a prohibition against illegitimate places and occasions of worship, not the eating of blood.You must not practice either divination or soothsaying. ▼
▼ Heb “You shall not practice divination and you shall not practice soothsaying”; cf. NRSV “practice augury or witchcraft.” For suggestions regarding the practices involved see B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 133, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 320.27 You must not round off the corners of the hair on your head or ruin the corners of your beard. ▼
▼ Heb “and you [singular] shall not ruin the corner of your [singular] beard.” Smr, LXX, Syriac, and Tg. Ps.-J. have the plural pronouns (i.e., “you” and “your” plural) rather than the singular of the MT.28 You must not slash your body for a dead person ▼ or incise a tattoo on yourself. ▼
▼ Heb “and a writing of incision you shall not give in you.”I am the Lord. 29 Do not profane your daughter by making her a prostitute, ▼
▼ Heb “to make her practice harlotry.” Some recent English versions regard this as religious or temple prostitution (cf. TEV, CEV).so that the land does not practice prostitution and become full of lewdness. ▼
Purity, Honor, Respect, and Honesty30 “‘You must keep my Sabbaths and fear my sanctuary. I am the Lord. 31 Do not turn to the spirits of the dead and do not seek familiar spirits ▼ to become unclean by them. I am the Lord your God. 32 You must stand up in the presence of the aged, honor the presence of an elder, and fear your God. I am the Lord. 33 When a foreigner resides ▼
▼ Heb “And when a sojourner sojourns.”with you in your land, you must not oppress him. 34 The foreigner who resides with you must be to you like a native citizen among you; so ▼
▼ Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.you must love him as yourself, because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God. 35 You must not do injustice in the regulation of measures, whether of length, weight, or volume. ▼
▼ That is, liquid capacity (HALOT 640 s.v. מְשׂוּרָה). Cf. ASV, NIV, NRSV, TEV “quantity”; NAB, NASB “capacity.”36 You must have honest balances, ▼
▼ Heb “balances of righteousness,” and so throughout this sentence.honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin. ▼
▼ An ephah is a dry measure which measures about four gallons, or perhaps one third of a bushel, while a hin is a liquid measure of about 3.6 liters (= approximately 1 quart).I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt. 37 You must be sure to obey all my statutes and regulations. ▼ I am the Lord.’”
Copyright information for NETfull
Welcome to STEP Bible
From Tyndale House, Cambridge UK
Use the search box to find Bibles, commentaries, passages, search terms, etc. Here are some examples:
This shows how to quickly lookup a passage.
Looking up a passage in three different translations is also easy.
This asks STEP to search for the Greek word for 'brother' and show the results in the ESV.
This example runs both a 'Hebrew word search' and a 'Text' search and shows the results in both the NIV and ESV.
You can mix most searches. This finds any word translated as 'throne' in the Prophets and the New Testament, but only in verses concerning the topic 'David'. This excludes verses which refer to a 'throne' in other contexts.
Interlinear Hebrew & Greek is available for some translations with grammar (and more soon). To reverse the interlinear order, click on a version abbreviation under the verse number.
© Tyndale House, Cambridge, UK - 2018 | <urn:uuid:cba4915b-ef53-4141-9b96-0a2690ecd09f> | {
"date": "2018-03-24T16:13:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650730.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324151847-20180324171847-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9353358149528503,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 4090,
"url": "https://www.stepbible.org/?q=version=NETfull%7Creference=Lev.19"
} |
KAPPA International High School
Who we are
KAPPA is made up of students are outgoing self-advocates - they embody our school’s ideals of inquiry, compassion, integrity and commitment with the goal of becoming compassionate global citizens.
Our English Language Learner and Students with Learning Differences populations are higher than the city average. This is our third year implementing a school-wide mastery-based learning model.
Hallmarks of KAPPA's approach to mastery
- Departments have between 10 and 25 shared standards, and a number of learning targets in “I can” form that lead up to mastery of a standard.
- Skills are school wide and developed across departments (most cross between multiple content areas ie: use of evidence, creating thesis and claim).
- Content is specific to individual subject areas.
- There is a clear structure for how students demonstrate mastery through a combination through a combination of summative assessments including performance tasks, presentations and socratic seminars, and tests.
- Formative assessment is identified separately from summative assessment and does not factor into students’ overall grades.
What makes KAPPA unique?
Focus on student ownership and ‘whole-child approach’. Mastery has helped make this possible by creating clear and transparent targets for students to reach.
What can other schools learn from you?
Creating the staff environment to facilitate mastery-based instruction. Reflecting, modifying, goal setting, and creating concrete next steps to improve the system
How do you give feedback to student on progress and mastery?
Going into second year using Jumprope - students are able to access their progress on all standards. Teachers give progress reports once every three weeks. Students have advisory once a day where they explicitly focus on reflecting on progress in classes and working to improve. | <urn:uuid:0ad1351b-9258-44bf-9331-ea53187908fe> | {
"date": "2017-06-25T08:39:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320476.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625083108-20170625103108-00137.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9365062713623047,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 373,
"url": "http://www.masterycollaborative.org/kappa-international"
} |
Dithering on Drinking Puts Youth at Risk
By Stephen Wallace, M.S. Ed.
The start of a new year often brings with it a resolve to try something new, fix something old, or tackle a problem too long left unsolved. Imagine what the start of a new decade could offer.
A specific problem that has long suffered from vast national equivocation has been one that involves the health and safety of young people: underage drinking.
Curious given a concerted federal effort to curb underage drinking. The Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Prevention of Underage Drinking (ICCPUD), which is chaired by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, supports a range of programs.
That effort, among others, seems to have made some progress. But progress may be slowing – meaning it’s time to revisit the issue and the role all adults play (or don’t play) in realizing the goals set out in a report from the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility) – a critical research-based book and call to action that got the ball rolling.
According to new Monitoring the Future data from the University of Michigan, a long-term gradual decline in alcohol use among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders has leveled off, with the trend continuing for only the 8th graders.
Similar results were found for binge drinking, defined as the consumption of five (for men, four for women) or more drinks in a row at least once in the previous two weeks.
Not encouraging news given what we know about youth and alcohol.
For example, the Academies estimate the annual cost of underage drinking at $53 billion in losses from traffic deaths, violent crime and other destructive behavior. When it comes to older adolescents, Teens Today research from SADD (Students Against Destructive Decisions) reveals that by 12th grade more than 3 in 4 teens are drinking.
The Center for Substance Abuse Research (CESAR) notes that 85 percent of 17-year-old drinkers get drunk at least once in a typical month.
And then there’s college.
In February 2009, a survey of 6,608 students at the University of Wisconsin revealed:
So pervasive is college drinking that teens in SADD-related focus groups cite preparing for it as a primary reason for drinking in high school.
Ralph Hingson of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism points out some of the same as well as other alcohol-related consequences for college students:
Death: 1,700 die each year from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes.
Injury: 599,000 are unintentionally injured under the influence of alcohol.
Assault: More than 696,000 are assaulted by another student who has been drinking.
Sexual Abuse: More than 97,000 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape.
Unsafe Sex: 400,000 have unprotected sex and more than 100,000 report having been too intoxicated to know if they consented to having sex.
Academic Problems: About 25 percent of students report academic consequences of their drinking, including missing class, falling behind, doing poorly on exams or papers, and receiving lower grades overall.
Drunk Driving: 2.1 million drive under the influence of alcohol each year.
And yet the problem of alcohol use on or around college campuses continues to be a polarizing issue, with some in higher education advocating for lowering the minimum legal drinking age (poof … the “problem” then disappears) while prevention experts insist that the law saves lives and serves as an effective deterrent (SADD research points to the 21-year-old minimum legal drinking age as the number one reason those younger don’t drink).
Similarly, researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine credit the current law for a decline in binge drinking among 12- to 20-year-old males (females are not doing as well), although they found that college students of both genders are binge drinking more.
Knowing the scale and the cost of the problem, all Americans can begin the new decade with a renewed sense of urgency to pursue proven effective strategies to reduce underage drinking at college … and before. A good start, as with other problems, is acknowledging that one exists. Many colleges that have cite declines in underage and high-risk drinking among students.The time to equivocate ran out when the ball dropped at midnight on December 31.
Stephen Wallace, author of Reality Gap: Alcohol, Drugs, and Sex—What Parents Don’t Know and Teens Aren’t Telling, serves as national chairman and chief executive officer of SADD, Inc. (Students Against Destructive Decisions) and has broad experience as a school psychologist and adolescent counselor. For more information about SADD, visit sadd.org. For more information about Stephen, visit stephengraywallace.com.
© Summit Communications Management Corporation
2010 All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:e15f6cfa-22a2-42eb-a8d8-9c07a3ff0a1f> | {
"date": "2014-03-08T23:07:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999666921/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060746-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9410669207572937,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 1038,
"url": "http://www.sadd.org/oped/equivocation.htm"
} |
Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) is an invasive edge shrub species that is currently invading and dominating stream and pond banks throughout the eastern parts of the US and Canada. Our previous studies suggest that litter of this shrub decomposes much faster in water than native riparian litter, and that leaf teas from L. maackii measured tannin concentrations nearly twice (1.8x) the level of those found in native leaf teas. Wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) are found in many areas invaded by L. maackii, and their aquatic tadpoles may be negatively impacted by this shrub’s allochthonous litter. Our experiments found decreased digestive assimilation and survival of tadpoles and reduced fitness in metamorphs when raised in L. maackii vs. native plant leaf teas. We hypothesized similar deleterious impacts on digestive efficiencies in tadpoles of a common congener (Lithobates clamitans) raised on diets that included L. maackii leaf matter vs. diets with native plant leaf matter. The results of each replicate diet test were compared to sets of control tadpole replicates that were fed only an algae diet. Feeding experiments were carried out over four weeks, and nutritional analyses were performed on dried food and fecal output material.
Assimilation efficiencies were calculated from laboratory-based tests of caloric content, from bomb calorimetry. Consumption rates varied among diets; tadpoles consumed 57% and 64% of the energetic value consumed in the control diet from L. maackii and native leaf diets, respectively. Assimilation efficiencies of calories consumed also varied based on the diet type. Control diets of algae alone were assimilated at 76.9% of their caloric content, whereas tadpoles consumed 56.2% and 68.4% of the calories in the native plant and L. maackii diets, respectively. The significantly lower energy processing by tadpoles on both leaf diets suggests that leaf matter is digested less easily by tadpoles than non-fibrous algae. The lack of significant differences between the energy processing of L. maackii and native plant leaves suggests that it is not the allochthonous litter type but the chemicals released into the water from honeysuckle that have the greatest impact on larval anuran development. | <urn:uuid:273ec426-003e-41ce-bd99-9118478e5932> | {
"date": "2014-07-31T05:22:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272584.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00384-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9580393433570862,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 493,
"url": "http://eco.confex.com/eco/2010/techprogram/P26171.HTM"
} |
When we talk about transportation, we tend to talk about things in motion. What is often left unremarked upon, in conversations about crowded highways, is something without which those crowds would not exist: parking. That humble 9-by-18-foot space (the standard size of a spot) is where traffic begins and ends. It is the fuel to traffic's fire.
Why is it overlooked? One possibility is that parking is more typically treated as real estate, the subject of arcane building codes and zoning regulations, rather than as a part of transportation networks; given that cars spend 95 percent of their time parked, this makes some sense. Another reason may simply be that, in most of America, parking is taken as a given. Donald Shoup, author of The High Cost of Free Parking, has estimated that 99 percent of car trips in the United States terminate in a free parking space, which means the nation's drivers don't have much incentive to think about parking—or not driving. In many American places, there are more parking spaces than people.
If car parking is often overshadowed in traffic talk, bicycle parking is even more obscure. For many people in the United States it might be hard to imagine what there is to talk about. Why don't you just stick it in the garage? Or: Isn't that what street signs and trees are for? But as the share of trips made by bicycle has grown in recent years—in Portland, Ore., for example, bicycle use has grown nearly 150 percent since 1990, and an estimated 5 percent of people bike to work—new attention is being paid to what happens to those bicycles when they are not in motion.
The most high-profile instance of this is the so-called "Bicycle Access Bill," recently signed into law after a New York City Council vote of 46-1.The measure will require the owners of commercial buildings with a freight elevator to allow people to enter the building with a bicycle—though what happens from there depends on the building. (See this useful summary of the bill.)
While the right to enter a building with a bicycle may seem minor, the bill potentially represents a huge de facto increase in the city's supply of bicycle parking, which is currently estimated at 6,100 racks, many of these outdoors. What's more, New York's City Council also passed a bill mandating that commercial parking garages provide spaces for bicycles—one bike space for every 10 cars, up to 200 cars.
Why do these measures matter? Because parking helps make commuters—a lesson long ago learned with cars. Studies in New York found that a surprisingly large percentage of vehicles coming into lower Manhattan were government employees or others who had an assured parking spot. Other studies have shown the presence of a guaranteed parking spot at home—required in new residential developments—is what turns a New Yorker into a car commuter.
On the flip side, people would be much less likely to drive into Manhattan if they knew their expensive car was likely to be stolen, vandalized, or taken away by police. And yet this is what was being asked of bicycle commuters, save those lucky few who work in a handful of buildings that provide indoor bicycle parking. Surveys have shown that the leading deterrent to potential bicycle commuters is lack of a safe, secure parking spot on the other end. (In England, for example, it's been estimated that a bicycle is stolen every 71 seconds.)
A number of American cities are now waking up to the fact that providing bicycle parking makes sense. Philadelphia, for example, recently amended its zoning requirements to mandate that certain new developments provide bicycle parking; Pittsburgh's planning department is weighing requiring one bicycle parking space for every 20,000 square feet of development * (admittedly modest compared with the not-uncommon car equation of one parking space per 250 square feet); even the car-centric enclave of Orange County, Calif., is getting in on the act, with Santa Ana's City Council unanimously passing a bill requiring proportional bicycle parking when car parking is provided. In Chicago, Los Angeles, and other cities, pilot projects are investigating turning car-parking meters—once semireliable bike-parking spots, now rendered obsolete by "smart meter" payment systems—into bike parking infrastructure.
Few cities are doing more than Portland—which has been experiencing a particular boom in bicycle commuting—to increase bicycle parking. In September, for example, the City Council will vote on code changes that would require residential buildings to have the same bicycle parking requirements as commercial buildings. Granted, Portland, Ore., is an unusual place for the United States: a place where business owners actually petition the city to build "bike corrals," or collections of racks that tend to swap one or two car parking spaces for a dozen bike spaces, in front of their establishments, and where residents casually drop lingo like staple, meaning the type of bicycle parking structure that looks like a staple stuck into the concrete. And in a move that is sure to give John McCain fits, the city is spending $1 million of federal stimulus funds on bicycle parking at transit hubs.
Of course, even Portland's efforts would look rather quaint in a country like the Netherlands, where an estimated 27 percent of daily trips are made on bicycle. Outside of, or underneath, Dutch railway stations in the major cities sit vast bicycle parking structures. In fact, parking is so readily available that many riders keep a bike at their origin and destination stations. The three-story parking-garage-style facility outside Amsterdam's Central Station holds some 9,000 bikes, while Groningen has a massive, covered and guarded facility that holds 4,500 bikes. And yet even these structures do not seem to meet demand.
The spatial and aesthetic challenges of having too many parked bikes attached to every last lamppost and historic building has prompted some wonderfully innovative design and market responses. The underground "Bicycle Parking Tower"—actually a series of 36 towers—at the Kasai Station in Edogawa, Tokyo, holds more than 9,000 bicycles, any of which can be retrieved within 23 seconds via an automated mechanism. In Zaragoza and a few other Spanish cities, meanwhile, the Biceberg, a small kiosk beneath which sits a storage bay, creates spots for 92 bicycles in the same space that four cars would occupy. Another approach is to combine guarded bicycle parking in a one-stop facility with mechanics, bike stores, education, and other services, as with Brazil's ASCOBIKE. Muenster's "Radstation" comes complete with a bicycle wash—for $4. In the United States, the for-profit Bikestation sells secure parking ("valet and controlled access") and provides air for tires as well as showers and Wi-Fi in its "bike-transit centers," in cities ranging from Santa Barbara, Calif., to Seattle. At Washington, D.C.'s Union Station, a similar concept — with everything from rentals to repairs — is scheduled to open in August, a swooping shell of glass and tubes, designed by KPG and at least partially inspired by the arc of a bicycle wheel.
Of course, even in a bicycling paradise like Copenhagen, bicycle parking is hardly ideal. "Parking is the last great challenge in a bike culture," as Mikael Colville-Andersen, who writes the Copenhagenize blog, told me. In its 2004 "Traffic and Environment Plan," the city of Copenhagen, noting that bike parking wasn't even assessed until 2001 (when it was found there were 2,900 spaces in the historic center), declared: "Only one third of cyclists are satisfied with their options for parking their bicycles and other road users, particularly walkers, are increasingly annoyed by parked cycles."
This last point brings up another problem: So-called "bicycle pollution," or the clutter of masses of bikes chained to every last railing.In a city where bikes outnumber people, this is perhaps inevitable, but it's also a function of the inherent appeal of bikes—literal door-to-door transportation. As Colville-Andersen put it, "people prefer to park on the street, leaning the bikes up against the building. It's all about ease-of-use. If you can't walk out your door and get on your bike in under 30 seconds, it's irritating." Still, space has its limits, and in a design competition to upgrade Vartov Square, next to Copenhagen's City Hall—which the mayor's office notes "mainly looks like a cluttered and worn parking area"—there is a call for underground bicycle parking.
Meanwhile, back in Portland, Ore., as bicycle parking gets more respect, another bastion of the automobile landscape is getting a makeover: access, and perhaps even special lanes, for bicycles at the drive-throughs of fast-food joints.
Correction, Aug. 19, 2009: This article originally stated that Pittsburgh might require one bike parking space for every 20,000 feet of development. The unit in this figure should have been square feet. ( Return to the corrected sentence.) | <urn:uuid:d2e4adf3-79bd-4e7c-947d-71ecfb62abb3> | {
"date": "2014-11-25T23:32:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931004246.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155644-00000-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9715612530708313,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 1852,
"url": "http://www.slate.com/articles/life/transport/2009/08/what_would_get_americans_biking_to_work.html"
} |
Nowadays, tourism is developing flourishingly and more and more people travel abroad. When people visit others countries, facing the local customs and behaviors, should imitate it or not, there is a hot debate. Some people hold that we should imitate the local customs and behaviors of the foreign country. First of all, respect is one of the most important factors while we visit others countries. Understanding and following their way of life shows our respect for the local people and thus makes it easier to establish good relationship with them. Secondly, many embarrassments and conflicts are results of differences in custom and traditions between the tourists and the locals, the solution to which would be for the visitors to appreciated and imitate local culture and behaviors. If we don’t experience their customs and behaviors by ourselves, it is hard to understand the local people and culture. By doing things according to their custom, we can better understand them and become more tolerant toward differences, the very quality that enable us to live in harmony.
Thirdly,the foreign custom and traditional always seems fascinating to visitors from other parts of the world, the imitating of which makes the travelers life more colorful. On the other side, however, those who oppose the above viewpoint believe that the host country should welcome culture different. In the first place, as a kind of unofficial ambassadors, travelers bring different culture to the destination country, which not only enriches their lives but promote mutual-understanding as well. Besides, imitating is not the best or the only way to understand the local customs and behaviors well. The understanding of the foreign culture also can be through careful observing and intently perceiving. What’s more, for any nation to preserve its unique culture heritages, she has to first embrace cultural difference in order to increase the awareness of its own culture for its citizens.
In addition, it is unrealistic to expect visitors coming after to readily pick up the local custom for their own culture and deep-tooted and dearest to them. And we are experiencing a kind of cultural integration, whose advantages far outweigh its disadvantages.People of both sides have their own sound reason to support their opinions. Taking all the above into consideration, to be honest, it is difficult for me to make a decision and I have to hold a balance point of view. It is need not to imitate the foreign customs and behaviors completely, and at the same time, understanding the local culture through this kind of way is not a bad way.
价格 : ￥1
价格 : ￥1 | <urn:uuid:bac2d7c5-e8f9-44d5-8d6b-b2b19e3d9c73> | {
"date": "2019-03-24T07:11:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203378.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324063449-20190324085449-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8176313042640686,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 521,
"url": "http://ielts.koolearn.com/20180802/820475.html"
} |
Source: Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
MARQUIS, CALIXTE (baptized Joseph-Calixte Canac, dit Marquis), Roman Catholic priest, colonizing missionary, and protonotary apostolic; b. 14 Oct. 1821 at Quebec, son of David Marquis (Canac, dit Marquis), a merchant, and Euphrosine Goulet; d. 19 Dec. 1904 in Saint-Célestin, Que.
After completing his classical studies at the Petit Séminaire de Québec (1831–39) and his theological education at the Grand Séminaire de Québec (1840–44), Calixte Marquis was ordained priest on 21 Dec. 1844. In the autumn of 1845 he became curate at Saint-Grégoire (Bécancour), where he distinguished himself by his zeal. In 1847 he set about finding homes for 33 Irish orphans in Saint-Grégoire and Bécancour, and he helped pay for the schooling of four of them, two boys and two girls. Along with his parish priest Jean Harper, he grappled with educational problems; as secretary-treasurer of the school board he had to face a large group of people who would not contribute financially to the schools and who even burned down a barn and poisoned his mare. From 1849 to 1853, in close collaboration with his superior, he laid the foundations for a community of teaching nuns, the Sisters of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin; he claimed the title of founder, but it was disputed by those supporting Harper [see Edwige Buisson].
From his earliest days in Saint-Grégoire Abbé Marquis had taken an interest in the colonization of the Eastern Townships. He became more actively involved in the issue when in 1852 he was made parish priest of Saint-Célestin, with responsibility for “all the faithful . . . in Aston Township.” Despite delicate health, which frequently confined him to his residence, he went about the missions – serving as many as eight at one time – and he helped found 12 parishes. In these emerging settlements he added to his pastoral tasks those of local leadership, in order, he said, “to supervise the building of religious edifices [and] the opening of roads, to intervene between the settlers and the Department of Lands or the big landowners if necessary, to be notary, doctor, postmaster, justice of the peace, etc.” He participated regularly in municipal and school affairs, and he was not afraid to support certain Liberal candidates openly; he even thought of running in the federal election of 1877, but Bishop Louis-François Laflèche* of Trois-Rivières demurred. Acting unofficially as land agent, he bought a great many properties, among the most fertile and best located, and then sold them to settlers at a good profit, a procedure that gave rise to accusations of speculation and even dishonesty.
In this period Abbé Marquis showed himself one of the keenest of those theorizing about colonization: he denounced obstacles such as the absence of roads, the speculation of large landowners, and the lack of religious succour, and in 1857 and 1867 he put forth overall plans to correct the situation. His key idea was to make the clergy “the vehicle for colonization” and to ensure its leadership in the Eastern Townships by creating a diocese at Nicolet.
He was to pursue this project for more than 30 years. In 1852, along with a group of priests from the south shore of the St Lawrence, he asked that Nicolet, rather than Trois-Rivières, be chosen for the residence of the new bishop being sought by the Canadian episcopate. In 1867 he returned to the attack with a proposal that a diocese be carved out of those of Quebec and Trois-Rivières, to consist of the region south of the St Lawrence minus the old parishes along the river’s edge. For the episcopal town it was possible to find “a central place,” with “a church and residence suitable for receiving a bishop,” and even a college: none other than Nicolet. The creation of the diocese of Sherbrooke in 1874 did not fit with the colonizing missionary’s plans.
Abbé Marquis then teamed up with the priests of the Séminaire de Nicolet; these priests, anxious about the survival of their institution ever since Bishop Laflèche had raised the Collège de Trois-Rivières to a diocesan seminary in 1874, were asking Rome to split the diocese of Trois-Rivières and create a diocese of Nicolet. His support, given discreetly at first, changed into a full-blown campaign upon the arrival of an apostolic delegate, Bishop George Conroy*, in 1877. Laflèche denounced Marquis as “the heart and soul of all this agitation,” and Conroy described him as a “base schemer.” In the summer of that year Laflèche seized upon a complaint by some parishioners in Saint-Célestin to remove Marquis from “the theatre of his intrigues and the main communication routes . . . and from a population afraid of him, many of whom doubt his honesty.” Marquis refused to be transferred to Sainte-Ursule and withdrew from active ministry; from then on he lived in a small house opposite the church of Saint-Célestin. The announcement in April 1878 that no new diocese would be established at Nicolet forced him to ask Laflèche for some means of subsistence, which became a bone of contention between the two men for some years. In 1883 the former curé was licensed as a priest to serve in the diocese of Chicoutimi, whose bishop was his friend Dominique Racine*; he continued to reside in Saint-Célestin.
Taking advantage of his newly acquired “spare time,” Abbé Marquis had begun work on another petition to the Holy See pleading the cause of Nicolet; it was completed in August 1881 but was not presented to the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda until December 1882. He himself went to live in Rome in 1882 and steered the case through the help of a network of friends within the Roman congregations; he sent information back to his supporters in Canada, and he provided the Holy See with a mass of documents and commentaries. Skilfully demolishing the principal arguments of those who opposed Nicolet, he systematically denigrated Bishop Laflèche and his agent Luc Desilets*. Despite the objections of apostolic delegate Joseph-Gauthier-Henri Smeulders, he succeeded in getting Nicolet made into a diocese in 1885, thanks to the support of a majority of the Quebec bishops and the powerful intervention of Archbishop Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau*. Canon Elphège Gravel, of Saint-Hyacinthe became the first bishop.
Marquis then returned to Saint-Célestin, crowned with titles: founder of the new diocese, protonotary apostolic ad instar participantium, and even honorary canon of the basilicas of Loreto and Verona in Italy. He also brought back many relics that he is believed to have taken from the catacombs of Rome and the chapel of the Odeschalchi family. He distributed many of them among the parishes that requested some, but also kept many in his home. Later brought together in 226 reliquaries, 6,200 relics formed the ornamentation of the first Tour des Martyrs, a chapel built in Saint-Célestin by Monsignor Marquis in 1895–96 that became the site of parish pilgrimages and in the 1930s the “national sanctuary for devotion to saints’ relics.”
This foundation added further lustre to the career of Calixte Marquis, who was an enterprising man, blunt and colourful in his language, and who would leave his mark on religion, education, politics, and colonization. In 1889 Honoré Mercier*’s government recognized him when it invited him to collaborate with assistant commissioner François-Xavier-Antoine Labelle* in promoting colonization in the northern part of the Lac Saint-Jean region; the two priests worked especially at establishing some Trappists at Mistassini who were to teach agriculture [see Antoine Oger*]. This was the last mission Marquis undertook. He lived more and more in isolation, as his many friendships with bishops came to an end through death or quarrels; he retained the affection and veneration of his former parishioners, however. This mixed regard was apparent at his funeral in December 1904, at which no titular member of the episcopate was to be seen in the large crowd, not even the new bishop of Nicolet, Hermann Brunault.
Calixte Marquis is the author of Mémoire sur la colonisation des terres incultes du Bas-Canada: pour être présenté à Nosseigneurs les évêques de la province ecclésiastique du Canada, réunis à Québec, à l’occasion de la consécration de Sa Grandeur Mgr. J. L. Langevin, évêque de Rimouski ([Québec], 1867) and Petit recueil de cantiques, à l’usage des missions, retraites, neuvaines et cathéchismes ([Trois-Rivières, (Qué.)], 1845; 2e éd., [Québec], 1863; 3e éd., [Trois-Rivières], 1889).
ANQ-Q, CE1-1, 14 oct. 1821. Arch. de l’Évêché de Trois-Rivières, Doc. relatifs à Mgr Calixte Marquis (en cours de classement). Arch. du Séminaire de Nicolet, Qué., C133 (Div. du diocèse de Trois-Rivières); F163 (Calixte Marquis). Archivio della Propaganda Fide (Rome), Scritture originali riferite nelle Congregazioni generali, vol.1021; Scritture riferite nei Congressi, America settentrionale, 15 (1877); 16 (1877a: Mgr Conroy); 17 (1877b: Mgr Conroy); 18 (1877c); 26 (1875–86). Can., Prov. of, Legislative Assembly, App. to the journals, 1857, app.47; Select committee on the colonization of wild lands in Lower Canada, Report ([Quebec], 1862); Special committee appointed to inquire into the causes which retard the settlement of the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada, Report (Toronto, 1851); Special committee on colonization, Report (Quebec, 1860). Georges Désilets, Le guide du pèlerin à la Tour des martyrs de Saint-Célestin, comté de Nicolet, P. Qué., Canada ([Annaville?, Qué.], 1932). Arthur Girard, La “Tour des martyrs” de Saint-Célestin, comté de Nicolet (Arthabaska, Qué., 1924). J.-E. Laforce, “Monseigneur Calixte Marquis, colonisateur . . . ,” CCHA Rapport, 11 (1943–44): 113–35. André Laganière, “Le missionnaire, un membre de la société,” Les Cahiers nicolétains (Nicolet), 4 (1982): 90–110; “Les missionnaires colonisateurs dans les Bois-Francs: 1840–1870” (thèse de ma, univ. du Québec à Montréal, 1979). Germain Lesage, Les origines des Sœurs de l’Assomption de la Sainte Vierge (Nicolet, 1957). Sœur Marie-Immaculée, “Monseigneur Joseph-Calixte Marquis et les Sœurs de l’Assomption de la Sainte Vierge,” CCHA Rapport, 11: 89–111. Michel Morin, “Calixte Marquis, 1821–1904” and “Calixte Marquis, missionnaire colonisateur du canton d’Aston (1850–1867),” Les Cahiers nicolétains, 3 (1981): 5–19 and 42–51; “Calixte Marquis, colonisateur des Cantons de l’Est, 1850–1870” (thèse de ma, univ. de Sherbrooke, Qué., 1980). Alphonse Roux, “Monseigneur Calixte Marquis et l’érection du diocèse de Nicolet,” CCHA Rapport, 11: 33–87. Jean Roy, “L’invention du pèlerinage de la Tour des martyrs de Saint-Célestin (1898–1930),” RHAF, 43 (1989–90): 487–507. Nive Voisine, “La création du diocèse de Nicolet (1885),” Les Cahiers nicolétains, 5 (1983): 3–41 and 6 (1984): 147–214; Louis-François Laflèche, deuxième évêque de Trois-Rivières (1 vol. paru, Saint-Hyacinthe, Qué., 1980– ). | <urn:uuid:1583b4f6-815b-4d34-b974-69b6b92e254e> | {
"date": "2014-08-29T22:24:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500833461.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021353-00418-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9096575975418091,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 2995,
"url": "http://biographi.ca/en/bio/marquis_calixte_13E.html"
} |
As shown in Fig., there are four types of welding positions, which are given as:
1. Flat or down hand position
2. Horizontal position
3. Vertical position
4. Overhead position
1. Flat or Downhand Welding Position
The flat position or down hand position is one in which the welding is performed from the upper side of the joint and the face of the weld is approximately horizontal. This is the simplest and the most convenient position for welding. Using this technique, excellent welded joints at a fast speed with minimum risk of fatigue to the welders can be obtained.
2. Horizontal Welding Position
In horizontal position, the plane of the workpiece is vertical and the deposited weld head is horizontal. The metal deposition rate in horizontal welding is next to that achieved in flat or downhand welding position. This position of welding is most commonly used in welding vessels and reservoirs.
3. Veritical Welding Position
In vertical position, the plane of the workpiece is vertical and the weld is deposited upon a vertical surface. It is difficult to produce satisfactory welds in this position due to the effect of the force of gravity on the molten metal. The welder must constantly control the metal so that it does not run or drop from the weld. Vertical welding may be of two types viz., vertical-up and vertical-down. Vertical-up welding is preferred when strength is the major consideration. The vertical-down welding is used for a sealing operation and for welding sheet metal.
4. Overhead Welding Position
The overhead position is probably even more difficult to weld than the vertical position. Here the pull of gravity against the molten metal is much greater. The force of the flame against the weld serves to counteract the pull of gravity. In overhead position, the plane of the workpiece is horizontal. But the welding is carried out from the underside. The electrode is held with its welding end upward. It is a good practice to use very short arc and basic coated electrodes for overhead welding. Source A Textbook of Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology by Rajender Songh. | <urn:uuid:f4134a9a-109e-4de8-93ea-8dc10d861e3d> | {
"date": "2017-05-26T13:07:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608665.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526124958-20170526144958-00380.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.918269693851471,
"score": 3.546875,
"token_count": 432,
"url": "http://www.engineersgallery.com/welding-positions/"
} |
Pecan shells, microorganisms help 'quell the smell' at city wastewater treatment facility
There’s no easy way around a simple fact: What goes down our drains does not have the most pleasant smell. It’s a challenge that Las Cruces Utilities manages daily at the Jacob Hands Wastewater Treatment Facility.
That’s where three billion gallons of the community’s wastewater — flowing from every sink, shower, washing machine, tub, and toilet in our community — is transformed into clear, clean effluent that is released back into the Rio Grande.
One of the most effective tools in pulling the smell out of wastewater is a natural biofilter, a green and cost-effective system in place at JHWWTF since 2009. LCU uses organic materials recycled from area industries: pecan shells, mulched wood chips and Class A+ biosolid compost produced at the facility. They work together to “quell the smell.”
“We want to make sure that the nearby community doesn’t work and live in an area with waste smells,” said Lorenzo Martinez, JHWWTF Plant manager. The smell technically is hydrogen sulfide, a gaseous byproduct of wastewater.
The facility has an intricate process to suck up the smells that could hit noses in the area. Raw influent (everything that flows through the city’s sewage lines) arrives at the facility and goes through mechanical bar screens, a grit washer, and a grit remover to remove both large and small debris. Then, biofilters come into play.
Three biofilters of various sizes and depths are located strategically in different areas on the JHWWTF campus. When the wastewater reaches the equalization basin, atmospheric gases are removed by large fans and forced through large pipes for underground injection and filtration through the mix of mulch, shells and compost.
The organic material of the biofilter is filled to the brim with naturally occurring microorganisms. These microscopic, helpful critters absorb and dissipate the hydrogen sulfide; but they need to be cared for, kind of like houseplants. Here it’s on a very large scale; maintaining a 50 to 60 percent moisture level is critical. And, it’s another green opportunity! The water used to keep the biofilter moist is not fresh water, it’s JHWWTF plant process water. The plant’s treated effluent is used throughout the facility for operation and maintenance purposes.
“In the sewers, the industry standard for controlling odors is by adding chemicals. But at JHWWTF the biofilters absorb smells without chemicals,” Martinez explained. “Here we can work with nature, tend to the biofilters, quell the smells and in the long run save our customers money.”
You can reach Las Cruces Utilities at 528-3500 from 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. Las Cruces Utilities provides GAS – WATER – WASTEWATER – SOLID WASTE services to approximately 100,000 Las Cruces residents and businesses.
More from Las Cruces Utilities:
- New meters better able to detect leaks
- Passion for welding benefits gas customers
- Spring/summer water restrictions in effect | <urn:uuid:bbadde1a-96bb-499c-9b67-173757b3aa52> | {
"date": "2019-08-21T18:43:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316150.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821174152-20190821200152-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9211562871932983,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 688,
"url": "https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/news/local/2019/04/13/pecan-shells-microorganisms-help-quell-smell-city-sewer-facility/3453048002/"
} |
Quality Pet Care in Jasper Georgia
According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (ACAAI), nearly half of all households in the U.S. include at least one dog or cat.
However, the ACAAI has also found that many pet owners -- 10 million, to be exact -- are actually allergic to the animals they own and love. Some of allergy-prone animal lovers address the issue by opting for so-called hypoallergenic pets, or breeds that tend to shed less, even though no cat or dog breed is truly 100 percent hypoallergenic. Others try to minimize reactions through grooming. Though it won't completely eliminate pet allergy problems, this approach can prove to be helpful, says Dr. Karen Halligan, director of veterinary services at the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Los Angeles (spcaLA). The key is in knowing what you're up against and how proper grooming techniques can help.
Root of the Problem
First, it's important to understand what causes pet allergy symptoms. Halligan, who is also the author of "What Every Pet Owner Should Know: Prescriptions for Happy, Healthy Cats and Dogs," puts it this way: "People who are allergic are reacting to proteins that are produced by the pet's skin or saliva, which are also found in the hair, hair root, mucous, urine and dander of both cats and dogs."
The protein acts as an allergen -- a substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies -- to allergy-prone people. These allergens become airborne during the animal's natural shedding process, and end up everywhere: on carpet, drapes, blinds, furniture -- even on clothes. For someone who has pet allergies, coming into contact with these allergen-dusted items can trigger everything from sneezing, watery eyes and rashes to difficulty breathing and, in severe cases, an asthma attack.
The goal of grooming is to keep your pet from shedding as much, so that the allergens don't make their way onto all of your belongings. "With regular brushing and bathing, you decrease the amount of dander/hair present, which will in turn lessen allergic reactions to these highly antigenic proteins," Halligan says.
Brushing (and Washing and Wiping) Your Cares Away
The specific grooming practices you should follow may depend on the type of pet you have, since some breeds are more high maintenance than others. In general, though, a good rule of thumb is to implement a weekly routine that starts with brushing. This will not only benefit the people in your household who have allergies, it will help the animal as well.
"The skin is the largest organ on a dog or cat's body, so it's important to keep it clean and healthy," Halligan says. "Brushing your pets regularly helps spread their natural oils in the skin, gets rid of dirt, loose dead hair, and dander, and it prevents matting, which can lead to skin infections. Plus, it makes them feel good." There are a number of different brushing tools on the market; some made specifically to handle coarse or fine hair. Ask your veterinarian for a recommendation on which one would work best for your pet.
Weekly grooming should also include bathing your pet or even just wiping him down with wet paper towels. There are some bathing products, such as anti-dander pet shampoos, which claim to help fight pet allergens, but the effectiveness of these options is still in question. However, even if you don't use a specialty product on your pet, the washing process itself can be helpful.
One final note: While regular grooming can provide some relief for people who have animal allergies, it's best to leave the actual task to someone who is allergy-free, whether that's another person in your household or a professional. The grooming process will kick up the very same allergens you're trying to avoid, so if you have pet allergies, keep yourself -- and your eyes, nose and lungs -- out of harm's way by surrendering brushing and bathing duties to someone else. Then just sit back and enjoy the results: some sneeze-free time in the company of your favorite pet. | <urn:uuid:fdcd7cf9-b167-4d89-b5a6-4d92d6899b9e> | {
"date": "2019-04-18T20:37:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526807.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418201429-20190418223429-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9603574872016907,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 877,
"url": "https://www.simons-petsitting.com/visit-my-blog-for-pet-tricks-and-tips/pet-allergies-grooming-and-allergies"
} |
Greenville County Genealogy
Greenville County was formed in 1798 from the old Washington District. The district of Greenville itself had been created as eary as 1786, but was part of the Washington District for several years. The area had been territory of the Cherokee Indians until around 1777. The origin of the name is unsure, but it’s speculated that it was named for either an early resident Isaac Green, or the Revolutionary War General Nathaniel Greene. The town of Greenville was originally named Pleasantburg before an 1831 name change. The area was a popular summer getaway for low country planters in the 1800s.
Among the notable persons that came from Greenville County are baseball great “Shoeless Joe” Jackson and Political and Civil Rights Activist Jesse Jackson.
The Poinsett Bridge is located in Greenville County, SC. It is the oldest existing bridge in the state. (Built around 1820.) This was a vital connection between the mountains of North Carolina to the Charleston and coastal areas of South Carolina. The area surrounding the bridge is now a Heritage Preserve. Picture available here.
More photos of Greenville County, SC Historical locations avialable here.
Chick Springs became a mineral spring resort in the mid 19th century. There is currently little left to note it’s existence but a bath house and gazebo.
There’s a bimonthly (I should say semi-monthly because the come out every OTHER month) magazine targeting Greenville called G – The Greenville Magazine – from their tagline “Showcasing the style, character and beauty of Greenville and Upstate SC.”
Greenville County Courthouse
301 University Ridge, Suite 100
Greenville, SC 29601
1800 Federal Census transcription PDF format
1810 Federal Census transcription PDF format
1820 Federal Census Transcription – indexed by last name “A” – “Fincher” missing
1820 Federal Census Transcription PDF format
1830 Federal Census transcription PDF format
Greenville County, SC Marriage License Lookup Wonderful search of Greenville County marriage license’s. There seem to be a few gaps. The county’s site has a form you can request a copy of the marriage license as well.
Family Genealogy Pages
Latest South Carolina Genealogy Query posts for Greenville County from the Forum:
South Carolina Genealogy Forum: Forum: Greenville Co., SC Queries – Recent Topics
Can anyone point me to information on the family of William Edward Lee, who was born in Greenville County, S.C., in 1843 (I believe in September)? William Edward moved to Cherokee County, Ga., and married there after the Civil War in 1866. He served in the 36th Ga. Infantry, if that’s of any help. Thank you very much for any assistance!!
From Duluth GA to Athens GA. 1930 Census shows him in Greenwood Co SC. Does anyone have a contact, etc with this family? Please advise.
Cities and towns of Greenville County:
Greenville (County Seat)
News Related to Greenville County, SC
“greenville county” sc – Google News
Greenville County prostitution sting leads to arrests
Officers made more than a dozen arrests in a one-day prostitution sting this month, the Greenville County Sheriff's Office announced Tuesday. The Sheriff's Office alleges the individuals contacted undercover deputies through the internet and arranged a …
Mugshots released of 15 arrested in Internet prostitution sting
Live 5 News
Greenville County deputies investigate robbery at gas station
Live 5 News
Greenville County deputies investigate robbery at gas station … Greenville County deputies responded Wednesday to a robbery at Pump N Munch on White Horse Road. … Greenville County deputies responded to Pump N Munch after the armed robbery.
Deputies surround Upstate home; searching for armed robbery suspect
Deputies need help identifying Greenville Co. armed robbery susp – WMBFNews …
United Way raises $16.7 million in Greenville County
âGreenville County is a great community for a lot of reasons,â said 2015 Campaign Chairman David Lominack, who is also S.C. market president for TD Bank. âBut what I've always known since growing up here is that the best thing about Greenville County …
Greenville County Council objects to refugee resettlement
Greenville County Council members unanimously voted in favor of a resolution opposing the relocation of refugees to the county Tuesday evening. The resolution also … On Monday, more than a dozen governors, including S.C. Gov. Nikki Haley, objected to …
Greenville County Council Unanimously Votes Against Allowing Refugees to …
Council members approve resolution to ban refugees from Greenville County
Live 5 News
Lockdown lifted at 2 Greenville County schools
GREENVILLE COUNTY, S.C. âThe modified lockdown at Blue Ridge Middle and Blue Ridge High School has been lifted. Greenville County Schools spokesman Oby Lyles said "a family situation" with a possible threat caused the two schools to go into …
Lockdown lifted at two Greenville Co. schools
Live 5 News
Greenville County council members consider resettlement of refugees
Live 5 News
World Relief says people from around the world have resettled in South Carolina since the 1970s, after passing an intensive screening process. Councilman Willis Meadows asked about welfare and education requirements, and what happens to refugees …
Editorial: Syrian refugees not a threat to Upstate | <urn:uuid:7a73831b-1866-47a1-a78d-e034b09d200a> | {
"date": "2015-11-30T02:34:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460942.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00066-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9206409454345703,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 1146,
"url": "http://www.southcarolinagenealogy.org/south-carolina-counties/greenville/"
} |
Condoms can reduce your risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, but just how effective are they? On “Today’s Woman,” we take a look at condoms. Dr. Judith Reichman, a “Today” contributor and gynecologist, was invited on the show to share the latest information on STDs and tips on how to prevent getting one.
Condoms have a fascinating history. In 1000 B.C., Egyptian men used a linen sheath for protection against disease. By the 1700s, condoms were made from animal intestines and described as “a cobweb against infection.” In the 1800s, rubber became the condom material of choice. Natural rubber latex was introduced in the early 1900s, and by the 1950s lubricated condoms were widely marketed. Since then, we have seen the advent of polyurethane condoms. Currently, condoms have become thinner and strongerm and they come in various sizes, shapes, colors and, yes, even flavors. Clearly, we’ve come a long way from using Egyptian linen penis wraps for disease protection. But do modern condoms prevent the transmission of STDs? Here are a few common questions about them and the latest information on them.
Do condoms reduce the risk of STDs, including HIV?
Not always. Even though it makes sense that preventing direct skin-to-skin (or vaginal mucosa) contact during intercourse would prevent viruses, bacteria and sperm from passing between partners, warnings about condom effectiveness prevail. Condoms are certainly not foolproof when it comes to contraception. If 100 women and their partners use condoms for a year in what is described as “perfect use,” two will become pregnant. With “typical use” (not used consistently or correctly) 15 women will become pregnant. This “typical use” failure rate is rarely due to a faulty condom, but rather to faulty application or no application. (Note, condoms in the U.S. are electronically tested for holes and defects and serial lots are tested for strength.)
When it comes to STD information and labeling, condoms have come under social, religious, political and medical scrutiny. Absolute standards for STD protection have been strongly advocated and, of course, are correct: The best way to ensure 100 percent protection against STDs is for both partners to abstain from sexual intercourse until marriage and then to refrain from extramarital sex. But as we know, this has not been applicable or practical for many (if not a majority) of individuals both in the U.S. and the developing world. In 2001, a law was passed that required the Food and Drug Administration to reexamine condom labels to determine the “medical accuracy” of their description of condoms’ effectiveness in preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infections as well as other STDs. Since then, there has subsequently been considerable effort to pressure the FDA to add a warning to condoms about their lack of protection.
But in the past six years, further studies have supplied evidence that should set the condom issue straight. Medical evidence now shows that consistent use of condoms reduces the risk of transmission in men and women of
- HIV (by 80 percent)
- Herpes simplex virus
(Note: The prevention of the last three STDs has not been absolutely quantified, because no one is suggesting that a person known to have one of these treatable infections have regular intercourse with an unaffected partner, unless they use condoms and/or are appropriately treated. Condom protection against HIV has been studied, especially in countries where therapies are often unavailable or unaffordable.)
We now have a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine that convincingly demonstrates that condom use also reduces the risk of HPV infection in women.
What was novel or important about this HPV study?
HPV transmission is extraordinarily common. Genital HPV has now been shown to occur at some point in up to 80 percent of sexually active young women within five years of becoming sexually active. If the virus is not killed by a woman’s immune system (which is what usually happens), it goes on to cause pre-cancers and cancers in the cervix, vagina, vulva skin and anus, as well as benign but physically disturbing warts.
This three-year study followed 82 female university students who had previously never had intercourse with a male partner. For three years, they answered simple questions on their computer every two weeks about their sexual behavior (whether they used condoms, how often they had intercourse, whether their partners had had previous partners, and if there was skin-to-skin contact without condom use). They were also tested every four months for HPV and had a Pap test. The women whose partners always wore a condom during sex were 70 percent less likely to become infected with HPV than those whose partners used protection less than 5 percent of the time. And even women whose partners used condoms just more than half of the time had a 50 percent reduction in their development of HPV.
None of the women whose partners always used condoms developed pre-cancerous lesions (called cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions) during the three-year period. But 14 women whose partners did not use condoms or used them inconsistently developed these lesions, which were detected on their Pap smears. The FDA is currently revising rules for claims that manufacturers can make on how well condoms prevent STDs and HPV, and this study may influence their final recommendations.
Does promoting condom use lead to an increase in promiscuous sex?
Let me first point out that according to data published by the Guttmacher Institute (as well as the Youth Risk Surveillance Survey of 2003), over 50 percent of high school girls have begun having intercourse between the ages of 15 and 18. The Institute has also published well accepted data that shows that contraceptive education does not encourage sexual activity. Of interest is the fact that only 15 percent of Americans want abstinence-only education taught in classrooms, but four in 10 sex education teachers don’t teach about contraceptive methods or teach that it is ineffective. We still have the highest rate of teen pregnancy in the developed world! Lack of contraceptive education is certainly not helping.
Moreover, analysis on the use of condoms to reduce the risk of HIV in 174 studies (with over 100,000 participants) did not show that condom use increased unsafe sexual behavior. Most major health institutions now support an ABC approach for prevention of HIV and other STDs. ABC stands for
- Be faithful
- Use Condoms
For those who choose to be sexually active, there is medically sound reassurance that condom use can reduce the risk of STDs, but only when used consistently and correctly. Condoms, the “c” in this all important acronym can help attain safer sex.
Will the new HPV vaccine make condom use less important?
No. The vaccine that was recently approved by the FDA for HPV and cervical cancer protection (Gardasil, manufactured by Merck & Co.) specifically targets four types of HPV viruses, which cause 70 percent of cervical cancers and 90 percent of genital warts as well as pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix and vagina. This vaccine is effective in preventing cancers and active infections from these four types of HPV in women who have not yet been infected. It doesn’t protect those who have already been infected with these viruses. Gardasil is therefore slated for use in adolescent girls and young women between the ages of 9 and 26. The vaccine is given through three injections over a course of six months. Each shot costs $120. Within one month of finishing the last injection, immunity is present. In essence, this is a “before you have sex” or “before you are infected” vaccine. It will probably be given (like the hepatitis vaccine) by pediatricians or by gynecologists who see adolescent girls and young women.
(Note: The new recommendation by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists is that 13- to 15-year old girls have an initial ob-gyn visit to discuss their development, periods and future reproductive health issues. A pelvic exam is not felt to be necessary at this time ... but it certainly would be an appropriate time to discuss and provide immunization.)
Clearly a lot of issues need to be resolved about this new vaccine. How long is it protective? (So far data has shown efficacy continues for at least five years.) Will booster shots be necessary? Who will pay? Should we immunize young women who have already had sex but whose previous HPV status is unknown ? And let’s not forget that as good as this vaccine may be in preventing cervical cancer, there are other types of HPV infections that can potentially cause cancer. The vaccine will not protect against all the other STDs and, of course, is not a contraceptive.
Condoms remain an important tool in our ongoing efforts to achieve sexual and reproductive health. We now have additional evidence that when it comes to the horrifically prevalent and transmittable HPV, condom protection is effective.
Dr. Judith Reichman, the “Today” show's medical contributor on women's health, has practiced obstetrics and gynecology for more than 20 years. You will find many answers to your questions in her latest book, "Slow Your Clock Down: The Complete Guide to a Healthy, Younger You," which is now available in paperback. It is published by William Morrow, a division of HarperCollins.
© 2013 MSNBC Interactive. Reprints | <urn:uuid:2729226c-7b23-4ad0-a118-9d8813a431f7> | {
"date": "2015-11-25T08:13:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445033.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00271-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9670194387435913,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 1950,
"url": "http://www.today.com/id/13999099/ns/today-today_health/t/do-condoms-really-protect-against-stds/"
} |
What is a vector-borne disease?
Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses that are transmitted by animals and pests, such as mosquitoes, ticks and rodents. These diseases can pose serious threats to the public's health. Summit County Public Health conducts surveillance, control efforts, and community outreach to prevent them from spreading.
summit county public health can help.
The trained professionals at Summit County Public Health can help you protect yourself and your loved ones. Whether you need guidance on identifying pests, removing them from your home, or have questions about the diseases they spread, a SCPH sanitarian is here to help.
Browse the menu above or call 330-926-5600 for more information. | <urn:uuid:c5343f8e-de89-4b51-a681-679d3835fde7> | {
"date": "2019-12-12T01:41:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540534443.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212000437-20191212024437-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9392797350883484,
"score": 3.375,
"token_count": 143,
"url": "https://www.scph.org/pest-control"
} |
Mars Rover Scientists Say They're Sitting On A Discovery For The 'History Books'
Dina Spector|Nov. 20, 2012, 2:03 PM|14,903|43
The scientists in charge of NASA's Curiosity rover are sitting on some exciting, but not-yet-confirmed news, NPR's Joe Palca reports.
The major discovery involves the biggest instrument on the Mars rover called the Sample Analysis at Mars, or SAM.
The purpose of SAM is to determine what minerals and chemicals are in the sand, rocks and atmosphere of Mars by collecting and processing samples.
SAM ingested its first soil sample from a wind-blown patch of sand known as "Rocknest" on Nov. 9. Apparently, the results are very cool, and we guess, might provide some indication as to whether Mars was ever able to support life (SAM previously examined samples of the Martian air, and to much dismay, found no methane, which would be essential to finding life on the Red Planet).
John Grotzinger, the lead project scientist for the Mars mission, tells Palca, "this data is gonna be one for the history books. It's looking really good."
NASA is waiting to announce the "big news" because they want to be sure that their analysis is correct before feeding it to the mainstream media.
Palca captures the type of clandestine operation going on here:
Grotzinger says it will take several weeks before he and his team are ready to talk about their latest finding. In the meantime he'll fend off requests from pesky reporters, and probably from NASA brass as well.
Yep, we too were rebuffed in our attempt to pry some answers out of the rover team. The "science team is analyzing data from SAM's soil inspection, but is not ready to discuss it yet," Guy Webster, a spokesman for the Curiosity crew, wrote us in an email. "Scientists want to gain confidence in the findings before taking them outside of the science team," Webster added.
Meanwhile, the instrument that detects radiation on Mars recently presented data suggesting it would be possible for an astronaut to live on Mars, for a limited period of time, without being burnt to a crisp or getting severely ill from radiation poisoning.
Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/mars-rover-curiosity-major-discovery-2012-11#ixzz2CoEUARBn
Maybe they found Obama's records and birth certificate on Mars?
Maybe they found the missing part of your brain or your self respect or maybe even your sense of shame | <urn:uuid:16eb9d1b-541e-4169-855b-29d9d3a84ce6> | {
"date": "2017-03-25T00:25:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188717.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00431-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9532365798950195,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 530,
"url": "http://www.getbig.com/boards/index.php?topic=448883.0"
} |
Furnishings are artifacts created to provide for the physical needs of people by offering comfort, convenience, or protection. Categories of furnishings includes Bedding, Floor Coverings, Furniture, Household Accessories, Light Devices, Plumbing Fixtures, Temperature Control Devices, and Window and Door Coverings.
Example of some furnishings in the Mayborn Museum collection are:
- A quilt from the Miller-Young Collection, which was made by ten year-old Frances Johanna Miller in 1895, and a white, fringed bedspread reportedly made and used by Mother Neff, mother of Texas Governor and Baylor President Pat Neff,
- A chair, an ottoman, and the four-poster bed that belonged to Judge R.E.B. Baylor, one of the founders of Baylor University, and a chair used by Dr. Henry Lee Graves, who was President of Baylor University at Independence, Texas, from 1846 to 1851,
- A needlework sofa cushion cover in red, green, black, yellow, and purple made by Sarah Allen Huckins Davis in 1866,
- Brass kerosene lamps used to light the Providence Baptist Church in Bastrop County, the first organized Baptist Church in Texas, founded on March 29, 1835.
- A bathtub made in 1875 from a rough sketch drawn by Mr. Daniel A. Kelley (Baylor Law 1871) of a tub he saw in Mt. Vernon and wished to have in his own home,
- A metal match holder that belonged to the donor's grandfather; Josiah F. Brightwell, who settled near Lorena, Texas in the 1880s and worked as a peace officer, cattle trader and farmer. | <urn:uuid:e35a9d74-c875-4e1d-9779-6a4a98a47622> | {
"date": "2018-04-22T15:59:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945624.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422154522-20180422174522-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9579927921295166,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 352,
"url": "https://www.baylor.edu/mayborn/index.php?id=933710"
} |
Scientific Explorer Turbo Sky Rocket Kit
Please check your favorite toy retailer for availability. Prices may vary.
Build and launch a Sky Turbo Rocket.
Scientific Explorer Turbo Sky Rocket Kit lets you become a rocket scientist! Mix materials from your kitchen to make rocket fuel that will power your missile up to 100 feet in the air each time you launch. Your child will see chemistry and physics in a new light, while exploring chemical reactions, matter, energy, aerodynamics and more. Adult supervision required. Recommended for children 9 years of age and older.
- Includes: his kit includes plastic bottle, 3 pieces balsa wood, sheet fin template, precut clear tubing, nose cone, 10 inches of foam tape, 2 pieces of red plastic film, silver duralar, fueling module, fin holder and instructions.
- Assembled rocket is 17″ tall
- Become a rocket scientist
- Powered by backing soda and vinegar (not included)
- Mix materials from your kitchen to make rocket fuel
- Power your Turbo Sky Rocket up to 100 feet in the air | <urn:uuid:5fe5092a-9805-4ca4-be41-965294443214> | {
"date": "2017-05-23T20:58:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607702.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523202350-20170523222350-00471.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8406777381896973,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 218,
"url": "http://www.alexbrands.com/product/science-learning/turbo-sky-rocket/?pcat_id=352&add-to-cart=273"
} |
Overcoming Barriers to Healthy Living
From Information to Action
Healthy living starts with good information. What constitutes a healthy diet? What's the best way to exercise? How to handle stress?
And today people know the difference between an apple and a piece of apple pie, between going out dancing or watching Dancing with the Stars! But knowing the information isn't acting on the information. Why this chasm between information and action? Because information alone is not enough. If it were, we'd be a nation of non-smokers.
In this dynamic and inspirational program, Joe Piscatella provides practical solutions to overcoming barriers and making healthy changes that last a lifetime. Audiences learn how to get started and stay the course.
In this seminar, participants will learn:
- How barriers keep us from living a healthy lifestyle
- What are the most common barriers to healthy living
- How the Mind-Body connection can overcome barriers | <urn:uuid:f93585ed-8b81-431f-9d45-e1b61fadc4dd> | {
"date": "2016-02-05T21:51:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145519.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00056-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9090005159378052,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 192,
"url": "http://joepiscatella.com/presentations/overcoming-barriers/"
} |
"An admirable introduction to the rigorous theory of the continuum." — Science Progress "Extremely readable . . . a clear axiomatically constructed introduction." — Elemente der Mathematik This classic of mathematics presents the best systematic elementary account of the modern theory of the continuum as a type of serial order. Based on the Dedekind-Cantor ordinal theory, this text is suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics and requires no knowledge of higher mathematics. The treatment begins with a historical introduction, followed by chapters on classes in general; simply ordered classes, or series; discrete series, especially the type of the natural numbers; and dense series, especially the type of the rational numbers. Subsequent chapters explore continuous series, especially the type of the real numbers; continuous series of more than one dimension, with a note on multiply ordered classes; and well-ordered series, with an introduction to Cantor's transfinite numbers. An Index of Technical Terms concludes the text. | <urn:uuid:c29d612d-016e-47ca-8629-686fb1d98b43> | {
"date": "2017-10-22T11:40:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825227.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022113105-20171022133105-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8712574243545532,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 197,
"url": "http://m.doverpublications.com/0486815668.html"
} |
- slide 1 of 5
A panic attack can be very scary. Your heart pounds and you may feel dizzy or nauseated. You could even feel like you are dying or going crazy. Sometimes these attacks come out of nowhere; leaving you wondering what has brought them on. In many instances, panic attacks continue on a regular basis and are then called panic disorder. If you have frequent, unexpected panic attacks that are not tied to a specific situation, or you worry a lot about when the next attack might occur, and begin to avoid places where you have previously had attacks, you may have panic disorder. These attacks can definitely take a toll on your nerves, but the good news is that there are several treatments for panic disorders, and the sooner they are started the better.
- slide 2 of 5
Conventional Panic Disorders Treatments
The most effective type of treatment for panic disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy. CBT helps you think about the behaviors and patterns that are triggering the attacks and you learn to look at irrational fears in a more realistic way. The cognitive part of the treatment explores the thinking patterns and the behavioral part teaches people to change how they react to situations that bring on the panic attacks. Often people imagine the worst, and once they realize nothing terrible is going to happen, the fear abates somewhat. For example, people with panic disorder are taught that what they are experiencing with a panic attack is not cardiac arrest.
Exposure therapy exposes you to the physical sensations of panic in a safe place, allowing you to learn healthier ways of coping. Patients are encouraged to duplicate the sensations of panic by hyperventilating or holding their breath. The more you are exposed to these feelings, the less afraid you become of the bodily sensations that accompany panic. Exposure therapy also increases your feelings of being in control.
Medication, such as antidepressants or benzodiazepines, can be used to reduce symptoms of panic, but they do not cure the problem and are best used as an adjunct to therapy that addresses the causes.
- slide 3 of 5
Complementary and Alternative Panic Disorders Treatments
- The herb Kava is considered one of the best alternative treatments for panic disorder, because it has been used to effectively treat anxiety and improve mood. It has enjoyed success in reducing depression, which sometimes occurs along with anxiety.
- Acupuncture, the use of needles inserted into specific trigger points which changes the body's energy flow, has also been used to treat anxiety.
- Yoga, which combines physical postures, breathing and meditation, is very calming and can reduce anxiety.
- Homeopathy, massage, art, music or dance therapy, meditation or prayer and dietary supplements have all been used to treat anxiety.
- slide 4 of 5
Lifestyle and Self-Help Techniques
Knowing more about panic can really help to reduce your negative reactions to it. Read everything you can about anxiety, panic disorder, the fight-or-flight response and panic disorder treatments to realize you are not going crazy. Support groups are often helpful because you find out you are not the only one with this problem. Even internet chat rooms can be helpful, if you receive advice cautiously. Eliminate or cut down on smoking and caffeine, because they can cause panic attacks in susceptible people. Learn how to be in control of your breathing by practicing deep breathing to calm you down when you begin to notice the first signs of anxious feelings. Practice relaxation techniques on a regular basis. Yoga, meditation and progressive relaxation promote relaxed feelings, so find a way to perform them daily. Have faith that you will overcome this, because you can. | <urn:uuid:da5cb178-896f-47cb-85e8-6cd62e3bd07c> | {
"date": "2018-03-20T05:57:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647299.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320052712-20180320072712-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.954352617263794,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 732,
"url": "https://www.healthguideinfo.com/panic-disorder/p105452/"
} |
An extralogical feature of Prolog and other logic programming languages in which failure of unification is treated as establishing the negation of a relation. For example, if Ronald Reagan is not in our database and we asked if he was an American, Prolog would answer “no”.
[ni-gey-shuh n] /nɪˈgeɪ ʃən/ noun 1. the act of denying: He shook his head in negation of the charge. 2. a denial: a negation of one’s former beliefs. 3. something that is without existence; nonentity. 4. the absence or opposite of something that is actual, positive, or affirmative: Darkness is the negation of light. 5. […]
[neg-uh-tiv] /ˈnɛg ə tɪv/ adjective 1. expressing or containing negation or denial: a negative response to the question. 2. refusing consent, as to a proposal: a negative reply to my request. 3. expressing refusal to do something: He maintained a negative attitude about cooperating. 4. prohibitory, as a command or order. 5. characterized by the […]
- Negative accommodation
negative accommodation n. Adjustment of the lens for distant vision by relaxation of the ciliary muscles of the eye.
- Negative acknowledgement
1. (NAK) The mnemonic for ASCII character 21. Sometimes used as the response to receipt of a corrupted packet of information. Opposite of acknowledgement. 2. (NAK) Any message transmitted to indicate that some data has been received incorrectly, for example it may have a checksum or message length error. A NAK message allows the sender […] | <urn:uuid:34c1476d-bde1-4d7a-b56c-22b0f3fa40fc> | {
"date": "2016-12-08T10:16:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542520.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00312-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9004260897636414,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 356,
"url": "http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/negation-by-failure/"
} |
The UK’s Chief Veterinary Officer Fred Landeg recently declared that pets should not be allowed to sleep in peoples’ beds or even be allowed in the bedroom. The reasoning behind this recommendation was the potential for transmission of bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. This was in response to a publication in the Veterinary Record describing animal-human interactions in households in the UK. It reported that 20% of participants let their dogs sleep in the bedroom and 14% let their dogs sleep in their bed.
While it is certainly true that any healthy animal (and person) can carry infectious diseases, and that prudence is reasonable, there is simply no evidence supporting this recommendation for the average household. Any contact with pets carries a very slight risk of disease transmission, just like any contact between people. There is currently no evidence, however, that sleeping with a pet in the bed increases the risk of disease. For your average pet and average household, this is probably exceedingly low risk and the recommendation is very difficult to justify. It is a reasonable recommendation when the pet is known to be carrying something that is transmissible to people (such as MRSA or Salmonella) or when a person has a compromised immune system. Banning pets from the bedroom completely doesn’t make any sense.
Personally, my dog is not allowed in my bed. However, that’s not because of disease concerns, it’s because she’s a large dog that snores and certainly can be a bed-hog. I have no problems with my cat on the bed. Life is never completely free of risk. If you enjoy having your pet in the bed, and you’re both healthy, I don’t see a reason to stop. | <urn:uuid:08ab9912-6f9a-4fa7-8b94-c99e1ec950a6> | {
"date": "2017-09-19T20:41:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686034.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919202211-20170919222211-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9675918221473694,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 359,
"url": "http://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/2008/04/articles/diseases/mrsamrsp/uk-chief-vet-says-no-pets-in-bed/"
} |
The Modern Language Association (MLA) has created a standard set of rules that is used to organize research papers.
- Double-spaced lines
- Standard, twelve-point, easily readable font
- One-inch margins on all sides
- Your last name followed by the page number in the upper right hand corner
- A centered title (it should not be underlined, in quotation marks, or in all capital letters)
- A heading on the upper left hand corner of the first page (your name, the professor, the course title, and the date—note the order for the date: day, month, year)
Parenthetical documentation identifies the source of your information within the body of your paper. Parenthetical references in the text should clearly point to specific sources in the Works Cited list. Usually the author’s name and a page number are sufficient for identifying the source.
Statistics show that students who get fewer than six hours of sleep per night are less likely to perform well on tests than those who receive more than six hours of sleep (Jones 123).
If you refer to the author’s name within the sentence itself, there is no need to include his/her name in the citation; simply the page number is sufficient.
In his essay, Jones explains that “one effective way of combating depression is by exercising regularly” (4).
Note that the parenthetical citation precedes the period and follows any quotation marks. The only exception to this format is if the quotation is longer than four typed lines. In this case, there are no quotation marks, and the parenthetical citation follows the period (see example below).
If you include a quotation in your paper that is more than four lines long, you will need to set it apart from the rest of the text. You should begin the quotation on a new line and indent one inch from the left margin. The quotation should be double-spaced and should not be enclosed in quotation marks.
If you are citing a work that has more than one author or a work that is listed by its title, you will want to include the additional authors or the title in the parenthetical citation. For a more complete explanation of specific cases, refer to pages 184-205 of the MLA Handbook.
Works Cited Page
The last part of your paper is the Works Cited Page. This page is a list containing the publishing information of all of the works that you have cited in your paper. Put the list in alphabetical order according to the author’s last name, and double-space it. The first line of each entry is aligned with the left margin, and subsequent lines are indented half an inch. (Note format in the example below.) Use the following format for listing the publication information for a basic book by one author and for a magazine article:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publishing Company, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine Date of Publication: Page Numbers. Medium of Publication.
For information on citing introductions, internet sources, books with multiple authors or volumes, videos, or other types of publications, consult section 4 of the MLA Handbook.
* All information has been taken from the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th Edition) | <urn:uuid:d7c23a22-ba32-4c88-ad40-4209839176d6> | {
"date": "2015-12-01T23:48:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398474527.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205434-00141-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9015707969665527,
"score": 3.390625,
"token_count": 702,
"url": "http://www.wheaton.edu/Academics/Services/Writing-Center/Writing-Resources/Formatting-and-Style/MLA"
} |
NOTE TO TEACHERS
about the bookThe Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo
, by Tom Reiss, tells the fascinating true story of Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, a black man whose achievements distinguish him as one of the greatest military leaders of his time. The son of a French aristocrat and a black slave from the colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti), Dumas enlisted in the French army in 1786 and quickly rose to the highest rank that would be achieved by a man of color until Colin Powell—nearly 200 years later. The story of an underdog who triumphed against all odds, Dumas’ saga is at the same time the story of the world’s first civil rights movement, with France’s march toward what Reiss calls a “revolutionary age of racial emancipation,” and the heartbreaking reversal of equal rights that took place after Napoleon’s ascent to power.
At its core, however, The Black Count
tells a story of enduring bonds between fathers and sons. Although General Dumas died when his namesake, Alexandre Dumas, was only four years old, his son became one of the most beloved novelists of all time. While General Dumas ended up largely forgotten by history, the novelist Dumas used his remarkable life story to create some of literature’s most iconic heroes in classics such as The Three Musketeers
and The Count of Monte Cristo.
Yet the father’s life is in many ways more unbelievable than the son’s novels.
Here is a history book that teens can love. “Mom, if they taught history like this in school? The children would never want to go home. They’d beg the teacher to keep reading.” That’s what one excited teenager told his mother when she gave him The Black Count.
For another young man, “[I]t trumped the big screen, the Xbox, and all the games and toys.” Sensing the book’s appeal to youth, many adult readers have urged that it be assigned in high schools. “If I ever had the chance to teach the French Revolution or Napoleonic France,” wrote one, “it would certainly be with this book. Sweeping world events are personalized . . . in a way that makes them meaningful and understandable.” Others have emphasized how The Black Count
would bring passion into otherwise “boring” history classes: “I am not one who grew up loving history, but if the books had been written like this, I would have fallen in love with the subject and not dreaded the classes.” Numerous others echo the sentiment.The Black Count
provides teachers with material for thought-provoking classroom discussions and writing assignments on social issues such as racial prejudice and the possibility of overcoming it, imperialism, democracy and dictatorship, and the role of the military in society. It delivers food for thought as well on broader topics such as leadership, courage, principle, and ambition.
An enthralling adventure that “reads like a novel but packs the facts of a textbook,” as one reader put it, The Black Count
makes an ideal text for Western Civilization or World History studies. It offers students a stunning example of the unexpected turns past societies have taken, the fickleness of historical memory, and lessons in judging the merits of primary and secondary sources—not to mention an engrossing narrative of Caribbean slave society, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic era.
Paired with The Count of Monte Cristo
or The Three Musketeers, The Black Count
presents an outstanding nonfiction choice for World Literature as well. Students will be fascinated by the real-life background of the novelist’s fictions. Comparing the enthralling events of General Dumas’ life with his son’s action-packed tales generates ready-made topics for writing and discussion.
Carrying a message from the French and Haitian past that resonates with today’s American promise of racial equality, The Black Count
will be a unique and popular addition to the high school curriculum.
about this guide
The questions and activities in this Teacher’s Guide were written to support standards-based instruction. Because content of The Black Count
is aligned with curriculum in courses most commonly taught at the 9th- or 10th-grade level, World History and World Literature, the decision was made to align the guide with 9th- and 10th-grade history and English standards. However, the text meets the standard for Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity
for grades 11–12 as well as 9–10, so this guide is easily adaptable for junior or senior classes.
A complete list of the Common Core State Standards can be found at http://www.corestandards.org/the-standards.
This Teacher’s Guide is divided into three sections. The first section, “Guided Reading Questions,”
will help students with reading comprehension and analysis. These questions can be used as a guide for annotating the text, written responses, or group discussions. The second section, “Writing Prompts,”
is subdivided into genres based on the writing standards. The topics in the third section, “Topics for Further Research,”
will require students to conduct and synthesize significant outside research on subjects related to the text.
note to teachers
While The Black Count
is a text that can be read in either English or history classes independently of the novels of Alexandre Dumas The Count of Monte Cristo
, it is an ideal choice for a multidisciplinary unit that includes this classic as a literary text and encourages reading and writing across the curriculum.
before you read
Teachers may want to begin by assessing the level of background knowledge that students have about the French Revolution and leading them in a guided research activity to answer the “Five W Questions” about the Revolution. A short journaling activity about the meaning of the words “Liberty,” “Equality,” and “Fraternity” will help engage students in concepts that are critical to understanding the Revolution.
guided reading questionsCCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.10
Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.Prologue, Part 1
What sources for information did Dumas use when he wrote about his father? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Explain the connection between the childhoods of Dumas and Haydée. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Prologue, Part 2
Consult general or specialized reference materials to determine the meaning of the term “ancien régime.” CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.9-10.4c
What unexpected obstacle did Reiss encounter when he traveled to the Musée
Alexandre Dumas to view primary sources related to the life of General Dumas?
Reiss refers to General Dumas as a “soldier’s general” (page 8). Based on the context, what do you think the term “soldier’s general” means?
Conduct a Web search to find contemporary figures that have been described as “soldier’s generals” and compare them with General Dumas. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.6
According to Reiss, what was the “world’s first civil rights movement” (page 10)? How did this political climate impact the life of General Dumas?
What story did Dumas publicly claim as the inspiration for The Count of Monte Cristo? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Who are the “Dumasians,” and how did they help Reiss?
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1 Book One
The Sugar Factory
Compare the map of colonial Saint-Domingue (page 22) with a modern-day map of Haiti and discuss the changes. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Explain the importance of the sugar trade during the eighteenth century.
Explain the circumstances that led the De la Pailleteries to become sugar planters in the colony of Saint-Domingue. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.3 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.3
Explain how the slave trade changed over time. What factors led to Africans becoming a population disproportionately associated with slavery?
What was the Code Noir? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.4 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.4
Describe the relationship between Charles and Antoine de la Pailleterie.
The Black Code
Explain the meaning and etymology of the word “marron.” CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.9-10.4c
Where did Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie go after the falling out with
his brother Charles? What factors made it especially difficult to locate him?
According to the Code Noir, under what circumstances was a mixed-race child considered legitimate? Explain how this provision might provide a “route to social mobility for people of color” (page 39). Explain the term “libre de fait”
Where did Thomas-Alexandre grow up? Describe the social, political, and cultural climate of the city. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Describe the laws that were passed as an attempt to suppress the cultural influence of mixed-race men and women in the colonies.
Why did Charles de la Pailleterie return to France? Since his elder brother, Antoine, could not be located, what title did Charles claim?
Explain Charles’s connection to Monte Cristo.
Describe the circumstances that led to Antoine’s return to France. What did he do with his mistresses and mixed-race children when he left the colonies? What provision did he make for his favored son, Thomas-Alexandre?
“No One Is a Slave in France”
Describe Thomas-Alexandre’s education. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Explain how Joseph Boulogne became the Chevalier de Saint-Georges.
In your own words, explain the “freedom principle” (page 61). In 1691, what did Louis XIV acknowledge regarding the rights of slaves once they landed on French soil?
The trial of Jean Boucaux laid the foundation for legal arguments against slavery. Summarize the key points that Jean’s lawyers used to define and defend the rights of blacks in France. Summarize the Verdelins’ lawyer’s arguments. What was the court’s decision? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
In aftermath of the trial of Jean Boucaux, what edict did Louis XV pass as an attempt to halt more “freedom suits”? What was the immediate effect of this edict?
Who was Guillaume Poncet de la Grave? What did he believe about the rights of blacks? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
What was the Police des Noirs? What were some of its key provisions?
Americans in Paris
Describe the qualities that made the young Thomas-Alexandre especially successful in French society. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
What did the term “American” mean in late-eighteenth-century France?
Explain the role that France played during the American Revolution.
Based on the details in the text, how would you describe the relationship between Antoine de la Pailleterie and his son Thomas-Alexandre?
Black Count in the City of Light
In your own words, paraphrase the incident involving Thomas-Alexandre and Jean-Pierre Titon de Saint-Lamain at Nicolet’s theater.
What changes did Dumas make to the story of his father’s arrest when he wrote about it in his autobiography? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.6 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
A Queen’s Dragoon
What event appears to have caused a rift between Thomas-Alexandre and his father? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Thomas-Alexandre chose to pursue a military career. What unusual choice did he make about the way he enlisted? What choice did he make about the name under which he enlisted? Why do you think he made these choices?
What happened to the De la Pailleterie estate and fortune?
What were the Dragoons? Where did they get their name?
Summarize the tales that the novelist Dumas and others told about the strength and valor of Private Dumas. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Explain the factors that contributed to the start of the French Revolution. What role did the French military play in the overthrow of the ancien regime?
Summers of Revolution
Explain the circumstances that led to Private Alex Dumas meeting Marie-Louise Labouret. What impression did the young soldier make on the Labouret family?
Describe the creation of the National Assembly. What important document was drafted as a result? How did the National Assembly initially deal with Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.3 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.3
What was the Jacobin club? What role did it play in the Revolution?
How did Claude Labouret respond when Dumas asked permission to marry his daughter, Marie-Louise? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Although King Louis XVI was not immediately deposed, his role changed significantly after the initial wave of the Revolution. Explain the symbolic significance of his new title: “King of the French.” CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.4 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.4
How did the leaders of surrounding European countries initially respond to the French Revolution? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
After describing the events surrounding the Champs de Mars Massacre, Reiss states that, as revolutionary fervor intensified, “Alex Dumas would be threatened with the guillotine for his mere presence on the field that day.” Explain why it could be potentially dangerous for Dumas to have been associated with the queen’s regiment.
Regeneration by Blood
What American ideals did Jacques-Pierre Brissot embrace? What issue did he disagree with American politicians about? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Explain how Brissot’s belief that any soldier who fought against France was a “slave” helped shape France’s military policy. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.3 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.3
Describe the military reforms that were initiated by Count Jacques de Guibert and other French military philosophers. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
What was the target of the first preemptive military strike by the revolutionary government? What role did Corporal Dumas play in the strike?
Describe the events that led to Dumas being promoted to the rank of sergeant. What patriotic gesture did he make after his promotion?
The Black Heart Also Beats for Liberty
What did the Edict of Fraternity (page 133) promise to revolutionaries in other nations? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
What were the “free legions” (page 133)? Which legion did Alex Dumas join? What rank was he offered in exchange for his service?
Examine the factors that led to the extension of full citizenship to free blacks and “citizens of color” in both the colonies and France. Who supported this movement? Who opposed it? What was the immediate effect of the declaration on the French military? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.3 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.3
After Dumas’ enlistment in the Black Legion, what personal milestone was he able to achieve? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Describe one of the acts of Dumas’ heroism. By July 30, 1793, what military rank had he earned? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
How quickly did Dumas advance in the military? What factors do you think contributed to his rapid rise? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Why was the Committee of Public Safety established? Who were key leaders of the Committee? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
What was the levée en masse
? Why was it necessary?
What was Dumas’ first assignment as a general? According to his son’s memoir, what nickname was he given by the townspeople?
Describe the relationship between Dumas and Paul-Ferdinand Dermoncourt.
Why was Dumas initially reported to the Committee of Public Safety? How did he respond to the allegations against him?
According to Reiss, what set Dumas apart from his contemporaries (page 157)? What was it about his personal history that made him such a loyal defender of the Republic? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2The Battle for the Top of the World
Explain the strategic and symbolic importance of securing a military victory in the Alps. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
What was the source of the disagreement between General Dumas and Carnot? How was the situation resolved? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
In what specific ways did his friendship with Commissioner Gaston help Dumas?
When preparing his final assault on Mount Cenis, what strategic move suggests that General Dumas was able to learn from the past? What was the outcome of the assault? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
The Bottom of the Revolution
Research the life of Maximilien de Robespierre. What role did he play in the Reign of Terror? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RHST.9-10.7
Why might it have been fortuitous that Dumas delayed his return to Paris to appear before the Committee of Public Safety? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1
Explain the situation in Vendée. Why were the peasants angry with the Republic? How did Dumas handle the situation when he was placed in charge of the military forces in Vendée? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Why did Dumas request leave from military service?
In the late 1790s, what significant achievements were made in the movement for racial equality? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Using both the map on page 188 and Reiss’s text as a reference, describe the political landscape of Italy in the early 1790s. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Who was appointed to lead the French Army of Italy? What was the goal of this military offensive? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
What tactics did Napoleon Bonaparte use to increase the wealth of the French military? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
What was Dumas’ response to these tactics?
Why was Mantua a strategically important city to conquer?
Describe the military campaign over control of Mantua. What role did Dumas play in the eventual military victory? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
What upset General Dumas after the French defeated the Austrians and gained control of Mantua? What did he do that angered Napoleon? How did Napoleon respond?
The Black Devil
What nickname did the Austrians give General Dumas? Do you think he deserved this title? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
What personal tragedy befell General Dumas during this time period? How did his personal anguish affect his performance on the battlefield?
What evidence suggests that the rift between Napoleon and Dumas was repaired after Dumas’ heroism in the Tyrol? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1 Book Three
Leader of the Expedition
Why do you think Dumas may have considered resigning from the military?
What preparations did Dumas find when he reported to his position in Toulon? What did this suggest about the nature of the military campaign he was joining?
Who were the “savants”? What did their presence suggest about the objectives of Napoleon’s campaign? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Who was Admiral Horatio Nelson? Where did he think Napoleon was heading?
What dire prediction did the philosopher Volney make about attempts to seize or colonize Egypt? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
What reason did Napoleon give for wanting to seize Egypt? Do you think this would have been a reasonable explanation for invading the country? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1
Why did Napoleon invade Malta before heading to Egypt? Explain who the Knights of Malta were and how Napoleon tricked them into helping the French army infiltrate the city. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.3 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.3
Describe some of the altruistic and not-so-altruistic things Napoleon did after he conquered Malta. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
What position was Dumas given during the Egyptian campaign? What was ironic about his assignment? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.5 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.5
Describe the impression that Dumas made on the Egyptians. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2The Delirium of His Republicanism
Describe the brutal conditions that the French troops faced in Egypt.
Explain the circumstances of Dumas’ critique of Napoleon. When and where did the conversation take place? What was the source of Dumas’ frustration with Bonaparte? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
How did the Egyptians react to being “liberated” by the French?
What tactic did Napoleon use to try to align himself with the Muslim population of Egypt? Was he successful? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Examine the conflicting accounts of Dumas’ response when confronted by Napoleon (pages 249¬–251). Whose account do you find the most believable? In both versions of the confrontation, what did Dumas request? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1
Summarize the key details of the naval battle (Battle of the Nile) that ended in the sinking of the Orient
. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Dreams on Fire
Why was the Battle of the Nile a key strategic victory for the British?
What social and cultural contributions did the savants make during their tenure in Egypt? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Describe the role that slavery played in the economy of Egypt. Explain why this was at odds with the basic tenets of the French Revolution.
How did Dumas respond when he discovered a treasure of jewels and gold beneath an abandoned house? What does his response suggest about his character and ideology? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
How did Napoleon end his involvement in the Egyptian campaign? What does this suggest about his leadership style? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
What arrangements did Dumas make for his return to France?
Prisoner of the Holy Faith Army
What was the first difficulty that Dumas encountered on his journey back to France? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Why Dumas’ ship dock in the port of Taranto?
Why did Dumas expect to receive aid from the government of Taranto? What sort of welcome did they receive? Explain the political shifts that had occurred in the Kingdom of Naples prior to the arrival of the Belle Maltaise.
What was the goal of the Holy Faith Army?
Why did the Holy Faith Army consider Dolomieu an enemy? In what ways does his story parallel the character of Abbé Faria in The Count of Monte Cristo
Describe Dumas’ treatment during his captivity. How did his treatment change after
the collapse of the Neapolitan republic?
“Citizeness Dumas . . . Is Worried About the Fate of Her Husband”
Whom did Dumas’ wife appeal to for information about her husband? How did this individual respond? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Describe the domestic and foreign crises that threatened the stability of the French Republic. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Explain how Napoleon, with the help of his brother Lucien, seized control of the French government. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.3 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.3
What caused Dumas to suspect that he was being poisoned? What evidence seemed to support his suspicion? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
What objects did the Friends of the French at Taranto manage to secretly give to Dumas? Why were these objects particularly useful?
Describe the friendships that Dumas made while he was in prison.
Explain the circumstances that led to the release of Dumas. How long did he spend
in prison? What physical condition was he in when he was released?
What information about his imprisonment did Dumas chose to hide from his wife? Consult the endnotes for this chapter (pages 381–383) and describe the sources that Reiss used to research the details of Dumas’ time in prison.
Wait and Hope
How did the government of Napoleon’s France treat Dumas after his release from prison? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
How many years of emancipation and equality did citizens of color in France experience before their rights began to be taken away?
Why did French plantation owners feel that Napoleon would be sympathetic to their requests to reinstitute slavery in the colonies?
What steps did Napoleon take to strip citizens of color (both in the colonies and in France) of their rights? How were black or mixed-race soldiers treated?
What is the Legion of Honor? Why should Dumas have been eligible for this honor? Who originally petitioned for Dumas to be admitted to the Legion? Why was the request denied? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
When was Alexandre Dumas, the future novelist, born? Describe his relationship with his father. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
How did the death of General Dumas change the financial circumstances of the Dumas family? What benefits should she have been entitled to as the widow of a general and war hero? Why do you think she did not receive any assistance or compensation from Napoleon’s government? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
How was Dumas’ experience growing up as a mixed-race child different from his father’s experience? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
The Forgotten Statue
How was General Dumas’ biography changed between its publication in 1797 and 1808? What political events could have precipitated this change?
What happened to the statue honoring General Dumas that once stood in the Place des Trois Dumas? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Who is Claude Ribbe? For what recognition has he campaigned for General Dumas to receive? What were the results of his campaign?
Describe the new statue in honor of General Dumas. Do you think it is an appropriate tribute to his life? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
argumentation topics CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.1a-e
Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
On page 231, Reiss describes Napoleon’s “maddeningly contradictory legacy” and states that Napoleon was “a dictator, a destroyer, and a harbinger of totalitarian leaders to come; he was also a liberator from a tyranny that had stalked Europe for a thousand years.” Select one of these contradictory labels and construct an argument paper that makes a case for the label you believe is the most accurate description of Napoleon Bonaparte. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Compose an argument for posthumously awarding General Alex Dumas the designation of Chevalier in the Legion of Honor. As you construct your argument, consider the reasoning for excluding Dumas from this honor and offer a counterclaim.
Consider the recently installed memorial statue to General Dumas, which Reiss describes on page 330. Research and view images of the statue and discuss its symbolism. Do you believe the statue is an appropriate tribute to the life of Thomas-Alexandre Dumas? If so, explain your reasoning. If not, compose an argument for the design of a monument that would be an appropriate memorial. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
In the Epilogue, Reiss discusses the fact that the biography of General Dumas published in 1808 differs from an earlier version in that it neglects to mention the racial components of Thomas-Alexandre Dumas’ story. How important was Dumas’ racial identity in the context of his biography? Contrast the role that race played in Dumas’ life with the role that it plays today. To what extent does race continue to define identity? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
The Revolutionary leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot believed that the French military had a moral responsibility to launch a “crusade for universal freedom.” Should a nation’s military be used only for defense, or do governments have the right to use military force to promote their political ideology? At what point, if ever, should the military become involved in foreign conflicts that do not immediately threaten national security? Develop an argument regarding the role the military should play in domestic and foreign affairs. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.6 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.8
What makes a person a good leader? By all accounts Thomas-Alexandre Dumas had a remarkable military career. Examine his biography and consider the personal qualities he possessed that helped him to become a successful soldier and leader. What lessons can his life teach us about leadership? Use specific examples from the life of General Dumas to develop your thesis. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
During General Dumas’ lifetime, he saw enormous progress in racial equality. Born into slavery, he grew into adulthood at a time when, suddenly, race was not a barrier to marriage, education, career advancement, or social status. Unfortunately, he also lived to see a reversal of civil rights and equality. Has our society finally achieved the vision of liberty and equality that Dumas fought to promote, or is there still progress that needs to be made? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
General Dumas passionately believed in the causes of liberty, equality, and brotherhood—so much so that he was willing to sacrifice his life to defend them. What ideal or cause are you passionate about? Craft a persuasive presentation to convince your classmates to take specific action about a cause that matters to you. Incorporate multimedia elements into your presentation to enhance the effectiveness of your argument. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.9-10.4
Examine the bibliography of the text and consider the primary sources that Reiss used to reconstruct the details of Dumas’ life. What role did written correspondence (letters) play in his research? Two hundred years from now, how do you think technology will impact the historical record? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
explanatory promptsCCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10a-f
Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and
information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
Compare the theme, plot, and characters from The Count of Monte Cristo
with the life of General Dumas. What elements of his father’s story did Alexandre Dumas incorporate into the story of Edmond Dantès? Compose a thorough literary analysis that examines the text as it relates to Dumas’ biography.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.9-10.9 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1
Interspersed throughout the text are passages from the memoir of Dumas the novelist. Reiss often presents the excerpts along with evidence from other primary sources that verify or call into question Dumas’ version of his father’s story. Examine these sections (an example can be found on pages 144–145) and consider the sources that a memoirist uses versus the sources a biographer or historian uses. Thoughtfully examine the ways that memoir differs from biography. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.5 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.8
How does the relationship between a father and son impact a person’s identity and values? Examine the relationships between fathers and sons in The Black Count.
Describe the relationship that Thomas-Alexandre had with his father, Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie. How did his father impact his life? Describe the relationship that Alexandre Dumas had with his father. How did it impact the novelist’s life and writing? If you have read The Count of Monte Cristo
, examine the relationship between Edmond Dantès and his father. In what ways was their fictional relationship drawn from the life of Dumas? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.2 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.2
Using specific examples from his professional and personal life, explain why the nickname “Mr. Humanity” is an appropriate epithet for General Dumas.
Examine the relationship between Napoleon and General Alex Dumas. What was the source of rivalry between the men? Why did Dumas dislike Napoleon? Why did Napoleon hate Dumas? How did the conflict between the men impact Dumas’ career? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.3 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.3
Examine the love story between Marie-Louise Labouret and Thomas-Alexandre Dumas. Using specific details and excerpts from their correspondence whenever possible, explain how their relationship evolved and endured.
At one point Napoleon compared Dumas to the classical figure Horatius Cocles. Research the story of Horatius Cocles and explain why Napoleon’s comparison was appropriate and relevant. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RHST.9-10.7
narrative promptsCCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.3 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10a-e
Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective techniques, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.
Reiss’s book gives details of several military campaigns (the battle for the French Alps, the Egyptian campaign, and so forth). Choose one of the campaigns that you found particularly interesting and compose a narrative account from the point of view of an enlisted soldier. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.4 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.5
The novelist Dumas took stories that he had been told about his father and used them to craft his memoir. Interview an older family member or friend of the family and ask him or her to tell a story about one of your parents or siblings. Compose a narrative account based on the story that this individual tells you.
Reiss writes: “To remember a person is the most important thing in the novels of Alexandre Dumas. The worst sin anyone can commit is to forget” (page 3). Consider the role that memory plays in our lives. What memories have impacted your life? Compose a detailed personal narrative of a specific memory that has impacted your life. Include a reflection that examines how this memory has shaped you.
On pages 83–87, Reiss examines the circumstances involving the arrest of young Thomas-Alexandre Dumas and the excerpt from his son’s memoir that relates the event with a much more triumphant and comical tone than the police reports suggest. Compose two narratives of an event that you have experienced or witnessed. In the first narrative, relate the events as objectively as possible. In the second narrative, use descriptive language and exaggeration of selected details to create a specific mood.
It’s clear that the novelist Dumas’ hero was his father. In fact, he used elements from his father’s life to create some of the fictional heroes in his novels. Who is your hero? Using the steps of the archetypal Hero’s Journey as your guide, compose a narrative account of your own personal hero’s life. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.4 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.5
topics for further researchCCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.9-10.8
Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.
Compare primary documents from one of the “Freedom Principle” lawsuits mentioned in The Black Count
with documents from the Somerset case in England and the Dred Scott case in the United States. What similarities and differences exist between the arguments from the prosecution and defense in all three cases? Were later lawsuits influenced by earlier rulings? As a class, re-create one or more of the trials and discuss the ways that the legal battle concerning emancipation has changed over time.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.9 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.9 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.9-10.1a-d
The French were responsible for several advances in military philosophy and technology that gave them a military advantage and helped revolutionize warfare. Research the history of the development of a specific weapon that revolutionized combat in the past century. What were the intended and unintended consequences of its development? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.7 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.9
Compare the primary texts: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
(France) and The Declaration of Independence
(United States). What do the two documents have in common? Philosophically, where do they differ? Debate which of the two documents does a better job of ensuring individual liberty and which of the two documents is better for the common good.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.9 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.9 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.9-10.1a-d
Examine the systematic infringement of civil rights that Napoleon imposed on citizens of color and compare his tactics with those of another dictator who systematically deprived a minority group of their liberty and equality. What lessons can history teach us about the protection of civil liberties? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.7 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.9
Research the history of the levée en masse
(military draft). Under what circumstances has a military draft been deemed necessary? Which groups of people suffer the most when a draft is imposed? What has been the public response to military drafts? Debate whether or not a period of military service should be mandated.
Research the history of General Dumas’ birthplace, Saint-Domingue. What role did imperialism play in Haiti’s history? Explain how the history of Haiti is linked to the history of New Orleans. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
Research the biography of Dumas père
(the novelist) and his son, Dumas fils
. How were they impacted by their father (and grandfather’s) legacy? What role did their racial identities play in their lives? CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.9-10.1 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.9-10.1
What is imperialism? Research the role that a commodity such as sugar or coffee played in the development of empires during the era of colonialism. Focus your research on a specific colony, such as Saint-Domingue. What were the economic risks and benefits of colonization? What happened to the colony?
Research the establishment of the Committee of Public Safety and the subsequent Reign of Terror in France. How do government regimes use fear and intimidation to strip individuals of their rights? You may want to compare the tactics used by Napoleon with the totalitarian regimes in the writings of George Orwell.
In The Black Count
, Reiss examines the impact that the French Revolution had on race relations in France. Research the way the Revolution impacted another disenfranchised population, such as women or another minority group. What gains were made in terms of liberty and equality? Were those gains later reversed?
other titles of interest:1984
—George OrwellAll Souls Rising
—Madison Smartt BellAnimal Farm
—Alexandre DumasThe Count of Monte Cristo
—Alexandre DumasThe French Revolution: A History
—Thomas CarlyleThe Three Musketeers
also by Tom Reiss:
Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life
Random House | TR | 978-0-8129-7276-4 | 496pp. | $17.00/$21.00 Can.
e-Book: 978-1-58836-444-9 | $13.99/$13.99 Can.
about this guide’s author:
Amy Jurskis is the author of a number of teaching guides, including The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks
by Rebecca Skloot and In the Garden of Beasts
by Erik Larson. She holds a B.A. in English from the University of Georgia and an M.A.T. from Agnes Scott College. She currently serves as a chairperson of curriculum and an English teacher at Oxbridge Academy of the Palm Beaches in West Palm Beach, FL.
Download a PDF of the Teacher's Guide | <urn:uuid:ec94e6a2-e8a6-42d6-9f0f-43bcf4fbe3be> | {
"date": "2014-04-23T09:33:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00147-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.874862551689148,
"score": 3.515625,
"token_count": 10620,
"url": "http://www.randomhouse.com/book/140278/the-black-count-by-tom-reiss/9780307382467/"
} |
To get the area of a square, you would square its side length. So to get the side length from the area, you do the exact opposite process, i.e. take the square root of the area.
I've got psychometric test coming up and I've just realized that in the numeracy reasoning section, I will most likely have a question or two about areas and perimeters, I've got one example question which might give you an idea of the difficulty I will be faced with (not much to you I doubt) it will be multiple choice but I guess knowing the answer for sure is best.
If the perimeter of the square is 20cm, then the area of the square, in square centimetres is?
So could you tell me how to work this out?
Also, give me a short list of things I should know about squares, perimeters, shape and all that jazz. Times like these I really wish I studied in School.
Oh and I'm sorry, this is like my 4th or so post, if you guys have a problem with this like if it is spam or something please tell me but your help has been really great drink water so far.
If you haven't learned about squares and roots yet, you might have an easier time knowing that the sides of a square are all the same, so divide the perimeter evenly between 4 sides (i.e. 20 / 4) and you should get the length of one side, which is the same as the length of all the sides (since it's a square).
Then the general area of a rectangle (a square is just a special rectangle that has all of the same sides) is length multiplied by width, so just multiply the length by the width and that's your area (for a square it's just one side multiplied by any other side, since all the sides are the same, it doesn't matter which sides you use).
If rectangle R has area 35 square meters and perimeter 24 meters, what are its length and width.
The area of a rectangle is equal to "length times width" and its perimeter is equal to "twice the length plus twice the width".
So if you call the width "W" and the length "L", those say area= LW= 35 and perimeter= 2L+ 2W= 24. One way to solve for L and W is: divide the latter equation by L+ W= 12. The subtract L from both sides- W= 12- L. Replace W in LW= 35 by that- L(12- L)= 35. That is the same as the quadratic equation . | <urn:uuid:b9afb9af-9355-4624-ada6-25b11ed9ba67> | {
"date": "2015-05-28T05:07:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929230.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00284-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9613661766052246,
"score": 3.515625,
"token_count": 542,
"url": "http://mathhelpforum.com/math-topics/200652-areas-perimeters.html"
} |
This assignment has three parts– the first will teach you the details of the story of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. You will watch a Shakespeare scholar explain in plain English the story of the play and create an outline that you will use as we read the play. The second part will ask you to read articles and websites related to the history of the Roman Republic in Caesar’s time–helping you to understand the unstable nature of the society and the conspiratorial nature of its leaders. The last part will be creating protest signs for the recitation of the play, based on the social class roles of the period.
Use these resources to uncover the real story behind this play. It is a real life political drama full of deception, intrigue, murder and mayhem.
Step 1: THE PLAY: Watch the film about the story of the play. List the main events from each act on the following document, then print out to use as an outline while we study the play in class.
Step 2: THE HISTORY: View the websites with information on the history of the story, and post your responses to at least two of the questions on our weebly blog page . Then post your response to at least one other student’s response to another question that you did not answer. Make sure grammar, usage and mechanics are correct and writing is clear and concise. Posting on the web doesn’t mean spelling and sentence structure go out the window. Make sure to include your first and last name to all of your postings. (Blog postings and responses: 40 points)
Step 3: THE PEOPLE: Create two signs–one of protest against Caesar from the view of the tribunes, one of support of Caesar from the plebeians. Include in each a main heading, a subtitle that supports that view and an image that reflects your stance on the issue. Then write up a list of at least three complaints against which you are protesting. For the tribune sign, your complaints will target the plebeians who blindly support Caesar. For the plebeian sign, your complaints will target the tribunes, whom they believe no longer represent the lower class struggles. | <urn:uuid:5b9c4940-b21a-4b9b-bdbb-7b496165f3e9> | {
"date": "2019-03-24T12:52:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203448.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324124545-20190324150545-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9269763231277466,
"score": 3.8125,
"token_count": 441,
"url": "http://julyclasswebsite.weebly.com/julius-caesar-webquest.html"
} |
Most Beautiful Quotes By Nelly Sachs
On December 10th in 1891, the world welcomed the birth of future Nobel prize winner in literature, Nelly Sachs.
Sachs was a German-Swedish poet and playwright, originally born in a Jewish family. The majority of her work is oriented around Nazis is World War II and the effect that their action had on her life in Europe.
In a short period of time, she become a spokesperson for the grief and suffering of her fellow Jewish people. Her most famous work is play named ‘Eli: Ein Mysterienspiel vom Leiden Israels (1950).’
She was born in Berlin and in her home town, she studied dance and literature. In the same surrounding, she began publishing her poetry in German newspapers as an adolescent.
Once the Nazis overtook the power in Berlin the city was no longer safe for Jewish family and Nelly fled to Sweden with her mother (her father passed away a years earlier), just a week before she was to be sent to a forced Jews-labor camp.
Life in Sweden was difficult for them. They lived in a one-room apartment and she had to support her and her elderly mother. Therefore, she started working as a translator and had to learn Swedish.
Over the next few decades, she published a significant amount of plays and poems. Each work was about the aftermath of the war or about horrible times and struggle that Jewish people had in concentration camps.
She used a hard time of people during World War II to tell their stories and to glorify their stories and life. Living in a time that was so deeply marked with pain and suffers wasn’t easy, but Sachs managed to help people through her work.
Her prestigious work was rewarded a numerous number of times. She won many awards for her work, but the top two that include the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1966 and the 1965 Peace Prize of the German Book Trade. In honor of fantastic Nelly Sachs, here are some of her most meaningful quotes. | <urn:uuid:d4e12c49-b0c9-4440-a2c4-ae066d67bc16> | {
"date": "2019-09-20T07:32:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573908.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920071824-20190920093824-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9887853264808655,
"score": 3.421875,
"token_count": 422,
"url": "https://celebspulse.com/quotes-nelly-sachs/?utm_medium=InternalRec&utm_source=InternalRec&utm_campaign=quotes-nelly-sachs&utm_term=kimberly-jackson-chef-survivor"
} |
Financial Inclusion in Latin America
Financial inclusion is an ecosystem in which supply, demand, and the regulatory framework interact with the same degree of relevance. Therefore, a definition that considers all its complexity and multidimensionality is crucial. Broadly speaking, we can say that financial inclusion includes the establishment, the promotion, and the regulation of an accessible, affordable, and safe financial environment for the society as a whole. It aims at promoting economic well-being and social inclusion through the supply of financial services and products designed to satisfy the needs of different segments of society.
The significant contribution that financial inclusion can make to achieving inclusive economic growth and the Sustainable Development Goals has gained global recognition. This has in turn led to critical policy reforms that help establish an enabling environment to...
- Beck T (2015) Microfinance – a critical literature survey. Documento de Trabajo IEG 4Google Scholar
- Cull R, Ehrbeck T, Holle N (2014) “Financial inclusion and development: recent impact evidence.” CGAP focus note no. 92, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Dabla-Norris ME, Deng Y, Ivanova A, Karpowicz MI, Unsal DF, VanLeemput E, Wong J (2015) Financial inclusion: zooming in on Latin America (no. 15-206). International Monetary Fund, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- De Meza D, Irlenbusch B, Reyniers D (2008) Financial capability: a behavioural economics perspective. Financial Services Authority, LondonGoogle Scholar
- Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli and Klapper, Leora F. and Singer, Dorothe and van Oudheusden, Peter, The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion Around the World (April 15, 2015). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7255. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2594973, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/pt/187761468179367706/pdf/WPS7255.pdf
- Demirgüç-Kunt A, Singer D (2017) Financial inclusion and inclusive growth: a review of recent empirical evidence. World Bank policy research working paper no. 8040. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2958542
- García N, Grifoni A, López JC, Mejía D (2013) Financial education in Latin America and the Caribbean: rationale, overview and way forward, OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions no. 33, ParisGoogle Scholar
- Karlan D, Morduch J (2009) Access to finance. Handb Dev Econ 5:4704–4784Google Scholar
- Klapper L, El-Zoghbi M, Hess J (2016) Achieving the sustainable development goals: the role of financial inclusion. CGAP (Consultative Group to Assist the Poor), Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
- Sarma M (2016) Measuring financial inclusion using multidimensional data. World Econ 17(1):15–40Google Scholar | <urn:uuid:1ecf5128-bbc5-46d6-bf97-5510ac4262fd> | {
"date": "2019-01-19T17:32:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583671342.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119160425-20190119182425-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7878641486167908,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 671,
"url": "https://rd.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3333-1"
} |
Back in 2009 I created a visual resource for GCSE students to illustrate the urban redevelopment of part of Exeter’s CBD. The case study perfectly fitted the AQA GCSE syllabus and proved very popular, but a recent change in the Google Maps API broke the linked maps.
Now that Google have helpfully provided the Google Views service that supports photospheres I’ve been able to improve the resource. I’ve also taken the opportunity to go through the pages updating links and trimming the student task. The panoramas are not as high quality as the originals and they lack the embedded hotspots but at least they now work with Google maps again. Click the image below to go directly to the linked photospheres of Princesshay or head over to Juicy Geography to find the updated resource in its entirety.
For AQA spec A the relevant parts of the Changing Urban Environments syllabus are:
Housing – the attempts to satisfy the increased housing needs of the population in different parts of the city.
Traffic – impact of increased use of road transport on the environment and solutions aimed at reducing the impact.
Revitalising the image of the CBD by improving the physical environment.
Recently I have used the presentation below to introduce and recap the case study… | <urn:uuid:8e69608b-f02e-4dc5-940f-8d8e1324987a> | {
"date": "2019-06-16T07:46:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997801.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616062650-20190616084650-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.919686496257782,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 266,
"url": "http://www.digitalgeography.co.uk/archives/category/google-maps/"
} |
Frank Koller has a very interesting new book Spark that describes Lincoln Electric’s unusual corporate history. Founded in 1895 in Cleveland, it has provided lifelong employment to any employees were meeting their goals and has annually paid a bonus, averaging 60% of worker’s salaries.
The book dovetails well with some current (no pun intended-as Lincoln is an arc welding company) research we are engaged in on the impact of hard times on social and civic engagement. We are the midst of developing an academic paper, but the popularization of the argument can be found in this op-ed.
In short, both being unemployed and being surrounded by more unemployed Americans, is bad for Americans’ civic and social engagement. One possible solution is, like Germany, to create incentives for companies to preserve jobs during hard times, rather than having company’s default cost-cutting strategy be to shed jobs. While cost-cutting and job retention seem incompatible, they need not be. Workers could agree, for example, to each voluntary take a 10% pay cut for the solidarity of all rather than shedding 10% of the workers.
Koller’s book looks at this second strategy. Companies like Lincoln Electric, founded by the son of an itinerant Christian minister, adopted some variant of the Golden Rule. Treat employees as you would want to be treated. Make sure that all hard-working employees keep their jobs in good times and bad; share the profits from workers’ innovations back to the workers.
The Lincoln Electric annual bonus started in the Great Depression when Lincoln promised his workers that any increase in profits would be shared with all employees. It has evolved to be a strong part of the corporate culture and Lincoln Electric employees have continued to innovate to keep American jobs, even during a period when almost all metal-working jobs were moving overseas. Lincoln formalized their Lifetime Employment Agreement in 1958, provided workers were meeting targets. Lincoln Electric is not overly soft or sentimental about employees; they note that tough economic times can be ripe times to shed unproductive workers.
Overall, it’s a great read, giving one a sense of the values of the company’s founders and later leaders, giving one a picture of the challenges that Lincoln Electric has had to overcome, and helping to crystallize an innovative model that is atypical in America. I also liked that Koller didn’t try to sugarcoat Lincoln Electric (LE), pointing out places where it didn’t work so well, or how physically difficult the work at Lincoln Electric typically was.
Some comments on the book, not meant to take away from a very interesting read:
1) First, it is generally not optimal to select on the dependent variable. This is just jargon for saying that if I want to know whether X works (say lifetime employment and annual bonuses) it is usually good to make sure that you include organizations or companies in your sample that didn’t take this strategy and find out if they succeeded or not. Otherwise, if you track a company that employed these strategies, you can’t isolate what outcomes are uniquely a consequence of this strategy;
2) The book made me wonder why the practice of lifetime employment and LE’s bonus strategy isn’t more widespread across companies if it has been so successful. It’s quite possible that the lay reader (you or me) hasn’t heard of Lincoln Electric (LE), but it would be astonishing if other metal-working companies didn’t know of its strategy. If Lincoln Electric is so successful, what about it has been their secret ingredient? Is Lincoln Electric successful because of their culture (open-door policy, paying workers piece rates, annual merit bonus system, and job protection)? Is it their relentless innovation with arc welding? Is the innovation and the corporate culture related? Was it the job protection agreement or something about the culture passed on by the founding brothers John Lincoln the inventor and James Lincoln the CEO-manager)? In a book of this kind, it is always hard to tell. Koller notes in Chapter 4 that many other companies tried lifetime employment in the US but the guarantees did not survive. Koller argues the Goldilocks theory: some companies’ lifelong employment approaches were too hot (too coddled an atmosphere that stifled innovation) and others were too cold (workers at these companies didn’t trust management sufficiently and fell prey to unions that claimed that workers were being co-opted). Ironically, the same lifelong employment practices that fell by the wayside in the US (outside of LE), were partly used to explain Japan’s rise to economic prominence in the 1980s. Koller mainly attributes the loss of such lifelong employment policies either to issues of leader succession (a new leader that didn’t share this as a value) or economic hard times or fights with unions, but a more analytic look at this would have been interesting. Also useful to have better data on which other firms during era of “Welfare Capitalism” in the late 1800s were also founded with job guarantees (like Sears). [Chapter 1 has a nice simple history of American labor relations during this period when the Lincoln Electric bonus was established.]
3) Kroller maintains that LE’s gamble to keep lifetime employment “paid off, ” an assertion I felt simpatico with but didn’t feel that he ever really proved.
4) Retaining workers over their lifetime often requires, as the book notes, reassigning workers to new divisions, if their current division is shedding jobs or doesn’t need as many workers? Koller asserts that complaints have been relatively few at LE, but how did the company get workers to be relatively flexible and what has ensured that this process works well? I assume that the key ingredient is trust between workers and management, but it would have been useful to better understand how that trust was built and how the process worked. [Koller does talk about the importance of trust to their merit-rating and bonus system elsewhere in the book and returns to the theme of trust in the conclusion.]
Koller also provides an interesting chapter about how despite Harvard Business School teaching the case of Lincoln Electric, many business school professors are wary of the Lincoln model: they think it is inefficient to lock human resources into lifelong relationships when the most productive use of these employees’ talents may change over time; or they believe that lifelong employment is an “anchor around the neck of an executive” during times when a company must change rapidly and radically.
Koller also has two shorter sections on two companies, one east-coast (Hypertherm in Hanover, NH) and one west-coast Xilinx (Bay Area) that have tried other strategies to be loyal to their employees, with differing fates. Hypertherm has been true to its no-layoff policy through two very tough downturns but is just about to face the transition to a new leader. Xilinx worked through a very tough economic period by offering employees $10,000 sabbaticals to go back to school or work for non-profits. They rehired these employees who wanted to return, following the upturn in the tech economy but in 2009 with a new CEO on board, who didn’t believe in lifelong employment, many Xilinx employees were let go and the implicit lifetime employment promise which has existed since 1996 quickly evaporated. | <urn:uuid:3dcecad5-a4ea-4fca-9cb5-f37736ff49f2> | {
"date": "2018-09-18T18:59:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155676.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918185612-20180918205612-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9708309173583984,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 1524,
"url": "https://socialcapital.wordpress.com/tag/welfare-capitalism/"
} |
A 68-year-old male with a history of syphilis presents with generalized fatigue. He denies dyspnea, lower extremity edema or orthopnea. His blood pressure is 170/90 mm Hg and heart rate 80 beats per minute. A III/IV, short, early diastolic murmur is heard at the right upper sternal border. Systolic pulsation of the uvula and systolic capillary pulsations are seen upon light compression of the nail bed. Echocardiography confirms severe aortic valve regurgitation from a dilated aortic root. The ejection fraction is 60%. The left ventricular end systolic dimension is 5.7 cm and the left ventricular end diastolic dimension is 7.6 cm. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action?
A. Start nifedipine, and repeat an echocardiogram in 6 months.
B. Start an ACE inhibitor, and repeat an echocardiogram in 6 months.
C. Start a beta-blocker, and repeat an echocardiogram in 6 months.
D. Surgical aortic valve replacement. | <urn:uuid:7adec621-fbf0-4b51-b1fe-ca5290dbdaa3> | {
"date": "2019-08-21T03:40:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315750.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821022901-20190821044901-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8154363036155701,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 250,
"url": "https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/case-questions/aortic-regurgitation-case-questions/quiz-1"
} |
La Nina, a weather pattern arising in the Pacific Ocean that causes heavy rain in South Asia, is assuming a neutral condition, senior India Meteorological Department officials have said.
This suggests the country will have a near-normal southwest monsoon.
The officials, however, refused to comment on the monsoon forecast for the year, which the department is expected to announce on April 20.
A near-normal monsoon is defined as 98-102 per cent of the long-period
A normal monsoon is expected to ease concerns over high food inflation.
Also, as a majority of farmers depend on rain to irrigate their fields, the monsoon has serious implications for rural incomes and, in turn, the demand for cars, two-wheelers and consumer goods.
Monsoon forecasting in India is carried out by different organisations whose inputs are considered by IMD.
These include Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and Space Applications Centre. | <urn:uuid:b4464905-a0aa-45a0-b1fa-a6fdd7d5c5d4> | {
"date": "2015-03-31T05:40:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300313.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00066-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.957252025604248,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 191,
"url": "http://www.rediff.com/money/report/india-likely-to-have-near-normal-monsoon/20110413.htm"
} |
Physical activity as a solution for anxiety?
by Mathpou on November 2, 2017 - 9:19pm
In our class of sustainable happiness, Anne-Marie and I proposed a project to our school. This project consists of finding a problematic in our school that involves people who are surrounded by stress situations. After many consultations, teachers and students agreed that we do our project before the evaluation week, known as the end of the semester. This period is mainly characterized by anxiety. Studies reveal that while the end of the semester is approaching, students declared that they have a rise of stress. The main reasons are bad time-management, difficulty to concentrate, a lost of motivation, etc. The number of people diagnosed with anxiety has surpassed a number of people diagnosed with depression. All these data are reported in an article written by Joel Brown published in the BU today, an American newspaper. Also, some researches confirmed our hypothesis, which is that doing sports helped us concentrate and thus, giving us more time. As so, doing sports reduces stress, fatigue and it raises alertness and concentration. One of this study was made by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, or ADAA. This association has a goal of reducing anxiety on a short-term and removed it on a long-term, all this with the benefits of physical activities. In short, we hope that our assignment will provide benefits for our people and that they will appreciate and learn news approaches towards sportive activities.
Anne-Marie Bellavance and Mathieu Pouliot | <urn:uuid:90e696e9-a378-4280-ba5a-51ea2b08a3e3> | {
"date": "2019-07-21T07:40:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526931.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721061720-20190721083720-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9686557650566101,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 311,
"url": "http://newsactivist.com/en/comment/16941"
} |
Carbon dating carbon 14 carbon 12
There is a quantitative relationship between the decay of 14C and the production of a beta particle. That is, the probability of decay for an atom of 14C in a discrete sample is constant, thereby requiring the application of statistical methods for the analysis of counting data.It follows from this that any material which is composed of carbon may be dated.
As soon as a plant or animal dies, they cease the metabolic function of carbon uptake; there is no replenishment of radioactive carbon, only decay.
14C also enters the Earth's oceans in an atmospheric exchange and as dissolved carbonate (the entire 14C inventory is termed the carbon exchange reservoir (Aitken, 1990)).
Plants and animals which utilise carbon in biological foodchains take up 14C during their lifetimes.
Libby and his team intially tested the radiocarbon method on samples from prehistoric Egypt.
They chose samples whose age could be independently determined.
There is a useful diagrammatic representation of this process given here Libby, Anderson and Arnold (1949) were the first to measure the rate of this decay. | <urn:uuid:fa71ffb9-b756-4189-835e-00cadfb5d3c2> | {
"date": "2019-01-19T02:32:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583661083.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119014031-20190119040031-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9385316371917725,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 232,
"url": "http://qtemzv.promsmesi.ru/carbon-dating-carbon-14-carbon-12-390.html"
} |
Samurai were warriors that adhered
to a strict code of conduct and trained rigorously to
hone their abilities in sword fighting and the martial
arts. They also had an appreciation for cultural arts.
Following the twofold way of the pen and sword, as it
was often called, many samurai had a highly developed
sense for writing and poetry. A famous samurai, Musashi
Miyamoto, who was well known for his writings and
paintings as well as for his prowess with the sword,
noted that knowing the Way of strategy, one would be
able to see the Way in all things. | <urn:uuid:835659b0-c6cf-41b8-8270-b1439398edbd> | {
"date": "2017-04-26T02:17:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121121.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00411-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.993918240070343,
"score": 3.78125,
"token_count": 130,
"url": "http://samuraibaby.com/growth/samurai%20baby.html"
} |
Meeting over-achievers: How to engage others in the conversation
Suggestions on how to engage others when well-intentioned dominate conversations during meetings.
As members of organizations, individuals attend many meetings with many various personalities. Michigan 4-H Youth Development engages youth in 4-H club meetings where youth begin to practice the necessary skills needed to run a meeting effectively. Many counties also utilize 4-H advisory groups that engage youth and adults in partnership to make decisions and guide the work of the county 4-H program. Because meetings are comprised of many people, they are also comprised of many personalities; some of which can present challenges to accomplishing goals. This is the fourth and final installment in a series of articles that examines challenging behaviors and the best ways to address those behaviors in meetings.
Michigan State University Extension 4-H Bulletin 314D, Effective Control of Meetings, identifies 11 different types of personalities and how they affect meetings. As the fourth and final article in the series, the following personalities in meetings: The overly talkative, not understandable, and quick to help, will be addressed.
Overly talkative individuals are often extremely enthusiastic and exceptionally knowledgeable, but can also come across as a show-off, chatty or conceited. These are typically people that are confident in the subject matter being discussed, but their tendency to dominate the conversation can cause others to draw back and not participate. In order to engage others in the conversation, say something like, “That’s an interesting point, let’s see what others think about it.”
Individuals who are not understandable are people who often have good ideas but not as good communication skills. They may lack the ability to put their thoughts in an understandable order causing persons in the group to lose patience trying to follow their thought process. When this starts to happen, it is appropriate to offer to rephrase the persons thoughts in a way others might be able to understand. Avoid saying, “what you mean is…”, and try something like, “allow me to repeat that.”
Finally, quick to help individuals can seem like blessings to groups. However, these people may also have a tendency to over-commit, not allowing adequate time for tasks or preventing others from volunteering. This behavior can leave other group members feeling like their time is not needed or valued. When opportunities arise for individuals to volunteer, attempt to make eye contact with or encourage people who might hesitate to volunteer first. When the quick to help individual does attempt to take on multiple tasks, thank them for their service and stress the importance of getting others involved. Finally, consider developing a task list that explains the multiple responsibilities in a group and encourage or require each member of the group to take on at least one task.
In all of these cases, most people are well-intentioned, but their communication style may distract a group from accomplishing their goals efficiently. Group facilitators must be careful to thank members for their input, recognize the value they add to the conversation and gently suggest alternatives that bring others into the conversation.
Please refer to the remaining articles in this series for more examples of personalities in meetings. | <urn:uuid:e7fe9014-f62a-4ff5-a80f-2714f319662b> | {
"date": "2017-11-23T06:10:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806736.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123050243-20171123070243-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9587697386741638,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 647,
"url": "http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/meeting_over_achievers_how_to_engage_others_in_the_conversation"
} |
But after he adopts the young Cosette as his own daughter, Valjean develops a jealous and protective attachment to her. Here are the things to look at when completing a character analysis: In the beginning of the novel.
A few years later he is caught after escaping, he is then sent to the galleys for 19 years. From this Jean expressed that he only saw right and wrong, black and white, which made him two dimensional. He remembers that he owes his first duty to God and makes a mad dash to the court in another town to reveal the truth.
His relevance to the entire structure of the story set aside from being the main character was crucial.
Do they use a lot of slang? Though his ends are apparent to Valjean. The majority of characters will go through several changes through the course of story. Pursued by the indefatigable Inspector Javert, Valjean confesses his true identity only when it appears that another man will go to prison in his place.
Valjean decides to make so anyhow.
You should write a brief description about the character being analysed in order to generate interest. An epic of the people of Paris, with a vital and fascinating re-creation of the swarming Parisian underground, the novel suggests the crowded, absorbing novels of Charles Dickens and Fyodor Dostoevski.
Readers are introduced to the characters in the books they read through the words the characters use, the emotions they experience and the things they do. Later, he rescued Cossette from her harsh life with the Thenardiers.
Frankenstein and his monster alike? Later, Valjean and Cosette give anonymous charity to others. If it fascinated you, chances are you can draw on it to write a fascinating essay.
Develop and Organize Arguments The reasons and examples that support your thesis will form the middle paragraphs of your essay.
Although she is frail, she makes a Herculean effort to feed herself and her daughter, Cosette. For more on the parts of literary works, see the Glossary of Literary Terms at the end of this section.
She represents the destruction that nineteenth-century French society cruelly wreaks on the less fortunate. Outline the growth and development of the character. Move from the specific to the general.
After getting caught stealing a loaf of bread he was imprisoned. Still a criminal he steals some silverware from a kind priest who gave him shelter. These descriptions can be physical, they can be judgemental, even emotional. Unfortunately he was born into poverty, which forced him to steal in order to survive.
The organization of this middle section of your essay will largely be determined by the argumentative strategy you use, but no matter how you arrange your thoughts, your body paragraphs need to do the following: Myriel screens for him.
Describe the personality of the character. Do they act ethically? Remember that your essay should reveal something fresh or unexpected about the text, so think beyond the obvious parallels and differences.Les Miserables by Victor Hugo is a renowned French classic of the nineteenth century which follows the life and times of Jean Valjean and the fascinating cast of characters with whom he interacts.
Les Miserables: Jean Valjean Character Jean Valjean was an alluring hero of Les Miserables for many reasons, one of which was his drastic conversion from a. The character I have chosen for study from Bille August's film, Les Misérables, is Jean Valjean.
As the main protagonist of the story, Valjean starts out as an ex-convict who went to prison for stealing bread, but after an encounter with a kind bishop, he makes important changes in his life. In the novel. Les Miserables.
by Victor Hugo. the supporter. Jean Valjean alterations throughout the class of the novel from a contemptible. conniving ex-convict to an baronial. compassionate.
and epic adult male. During his clip in gaol. Jean Valjean’s bosom becomes corrupted ; he realizes the universe detests him for who he is.
The literal meaning of les miserables is "the miserable ones." The characters are french and the book is centered around their lives. The time period is the early 's. Les Miserables study guide contains a biography of Victor Hugo, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.Download | <urn:uuid:1848813e-7394-4ad3-a488-d6ca18ce9d9c> | {
"date": "2019-10-21T19:15:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987781397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021171509-20191021195009-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9562314748764038,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 927,
"url": "https://zebumyl.palmolive2day.com/character-analysis-les-miserables-essay-4942ir.html"
} |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- abbr. centiliter
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. Symbol for the centiliter (centilitre), an SI unit of fluid measure equal to 10−2 liters (litres).
- n. A Roman numeral representing one hundred and fifty (150).
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- The chemical symbol of chlorin.
- An abbreviation of centiliter
- of clause
- of clerk
- of cloth (in bookbinding)
- of clergyman.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; best known as a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt (as in sea water)
- adj. being ten more than one hundred forty
- n. a metric unit of volume equal to one hundredth of a liter
Sorry, no etymologies found.
I know that 1 cl is 100mL .. and please don't shoot me but any Aussies know where we can get/what is fresh yeast?
Clápham London = cláp 'em clap them cláptrap one word cláret cf. Clãre clāssroom one word clåuse words = clåws claw = Clåus
Clápham London = cláp 'em clap them cláptrap one word clāssroom one word clåuse words = clåws claw = Clåus Santa claustrophôbia clós clêan cléanliness cléanse clërk AmE; BrE = Clàrk = Clàrke persons clìchè * clêeshây clîmb up = clîme weather clìque * clêek, cf. clíck clóckwörk one word clôse shut
Clàrk = Clàrke persons clìchè * clêeshây clìque * clêek, cf. clíck clóckwörk one word clôse shut = clôze test clôser end - z - clôser more - s clôse-up near, - ss -, cf. clôse up shut, - z - clóth unvoiced th clôthe voiced th clôthes voiced th côach transport, trainer côalésce cŏarse rough = cŏurse sport, eduation côal mine = Côle person côalman coal = Côleman person cŏarse crude = cŏurse route, study côast cf. cóst côastguard one word côax cóbra or côbra cóchineal
"There's a little more class on the Giants side and some Jets fans take the 'cl' out of class."
Oh never mind -- in my pop-up window, there was a break after the "cl" in the "classof2k7".
How we was kep 'cl'ar of the rocks was a miracle, _out_ an' out.
-- To-night, after leaving the Hospital, at 10 o'cl'k, (I had been on self-imposed duty some five hours, pretty closely confined,) I wander'd a long time around Washington.
Miami Dolphins, has clashed with Jets fans in the past, famously saying they took the "cl" out of class.
He's also had plenty of rhetorical run-ins with the team's vocal fan base, once saying, "There's a little more class on the Giants side ... some Jets fans take the 'cl' out of class." | <urn:uuid:3ddf772e-81fc-46d8-bb65-c3a918128056> | {
"date": "2017-02-23T21:29:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171232.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00064-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8082770109176636,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 836,
"url": "https://www.wordnik.com/words/cl"
} |
|• Mayor||Yusuf Ziya Yılmaz (AKP)|
|Time zone||EET (UTC+2)|
|• Summer (DST)||EEST (UTC+3)|
|Area code(s)||(+90) 362|
Samsun is a city of about half a million people on the north coast of Turkey. It is the provincial capital of Samsun Province and a major Black Sea port. The growing city has 2 universities, several hospitals, many shopping malls, a lot of light manufacturing industry, large sports centers and an opera company.
- 1 Name
- 2 History
- 3 People
- 4 Government
- 5 Geography
- 6 Architecture
- 7 Transport
- 8 Economy
- 9 Culture
- 10 Education
- 11 Media
- 12 Health
- 13 Parks
- 14 Sports
- 15 International relations
- 16 Notable people
- 17 See also
- 18 References
- 19 External links
The present name of the city may come from its former Greek name of Amisos by a shortening of Eis Amisos (meaning to Amisos) + ounta (Greek suffix for place names) to Sampsunda (Σαμψούντα) and then Samsun (pronounced [sɑmsun]).
During the Ottoman Empire the present name was written in Ottoman Turkish: صامسون
Paleolithic artifacts found in the Tekkeköy Caves can be seen in Samsun Archaeology Museum.
Tumuli, containing tombs dated between 300BC and 30BC, can be seen at Amisos Hill.
Samsun (then known as Amisos, alternative spelling Amisus) was settled between the years of 760 - 750 BC by people from Miletus, who established a flourishing trade relationship with the ancient peoples of Anatolia. The city's ideal combination of fertile ground and shallow waters attracted numerous traders.
In the 3rd century BC the city came under the expanded rule of the Kingdom of Pontus. The Amisos treasure may have belonged to one of the kings. The Kingdom of Pontus had been part of the empire of Alexander the Great. However, the empire was fractured soon after Alexander's death in the 4th century BC. At its height, the kingdom controlled the north of central Anatolia and mercantile towns on the northern Black Sea shores.
Samsun Castle was built.
When Constantinople was conquered in 1204 by the Fourth Crusade, Amisos was governed by a prudent official named Sabbas, who was accordingly popular. When the army of the Trebizond Empire under Emperor Alexios I appeared before its walls and demanded allegiance to Trebizond, Sabbas refused; the town was subjected to a siege until help arrived from the Sultan of Iconium. Knowing full well he lacked the resources to keep this city independent, Sabbas eventually acknowledged the nominal rule of Theodore Laskaris.[unreliable source?]
Samsun was one of the Genoese colonies.
In the later Ottoman period the land around the town mainly produced tobacco. The town was connected to the railway system in the second half of the 19th century, and tobacco trade boomed.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established the Turkish liberation movement in Samsun on May 19, 1919, the date which traditionally marks the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence. Later in the war the city was bombarded. As of 1920, Samsun's population totaled about 36,000.
A US aırforce radio group was based in Samsun from 1956 until closure in the early 70s.
The grandparents of many of the present inhabitants migrated to Samsun from further east on the Black Sea.
Samsun is a long city which extends along the coast between two river deltas which jut into the Black Sea. It is located at the end of an ancient route from Cappadocia: the Amisos of antiquity lay on the headland northwest of the modern city center.
The city is growing fast: land has been reclaimed from the sea and many more apartment blocks and shopping malls are currently being built. Industry is tending to move (or be moved) east, further away from the city center and towards the airport.
To Samsun's west, lies the Kızılırmak ("Red River", the Halys of antiquity), one of the longest rivers in Anatolia and its fertile delta. To the east, lie the Yeşilırmak ("Green River", the Iris of antiquity) and its delta. The River Mert reaches the sea at the city.
Samsun has a borderline oceanic/humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb/Cfa); like most of the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Samsun has a typical Black Sea climate with high and evenly distributed rainfall the year round. Summers are warm and humid, and the average maximum temperature is around 27 °C (81 °F) in August. Winters are cool and damp, and the lowest average minimum temperature is around 3 °C (37 °F) in January.
Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and early winter. Snow is quite common between the months of December and March but this usually varies considerably from year to year, and the snowcover and temperatures below the freezing point rarely last more than a couple of days.
The water temperature, like on the rest of the Black Sea coast of Turkey, fluctuates between 8–20 °C (46–68 °F) throughout the year.
|Climate data for Samsun|
|Record high °C (°F)||22
|Average high °C (°F)||10
|Daily mean °C (°F)||6.6
|Average low °C (°F)||3.3
|Record low °C (°F)||−7
|Precipitation mm (inches)||74
|Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)||10||10||11||9||8||6||4||4||6||7||8||9||92|
|Mean monthly sunshine hours||93||84||124||150||217||270||310||279||210||155||120||93||2,105|
|Source #1: BBC Weather for record temperatures, precipitation, rainy days, sunshine and humidity|
|Source #2: = Climate-Data.org for average temperatures|
- Pazar Mosque, Samsun's oldest surviving building, a mosque built by the Ilkhanate Mongols in the 13th century.
- Valide or Büyük Mosque was built by the Batumlu Haci Efendi in 1884. Its name "Valide" comes from the mother of Sultan Abdulaziz.
- Haci Hatun Mosque dates from 1694
Long distance buses: the bus station is outside the city centre, but most bus companies provide a free transfer there if you have a ticket.
Railway: Passenger and freight trains run to Sivas via Amasya. The train station is in the city center. Freight trains are taken by ferry to railways at the port of Kavkaz in Russia, and will later see service to the port of Varna in Bulgaria and Poti in Georgia.
Light rail: Modern trams run between the train station and Ondokuz Mayıs University.
City buses
Dolmuş: The routes are numbered 1 to 4 and each route has different color minibuses.
Airline: Samsun-Çarşamba Airport is 23 km (14 mi) east of the city center. It is possible to reach the airport by Havas service buses: they depart from the coach park close to Kultur Sarayi in the city center.
Horse-drawn carriages (Turkish:fayton) run along the seafront.
Bike: The council are trying to set up automated bike rental along the seafront but have had problems with theft.
Samsun has a mixed economy.
Ports and shipbuilding
Samsun is a port city. In the early 20th century, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey funded the building of a harbor. Before the building of the harbor, ships had to anchor to deliver goods, approximately 1 mile or more from shore. Trade and transportation was focused around a road to and from Sivas. Tobacco was also a major crop, with its own type being grown in Samsun - Samsun-Bafra, which the British described as being "small but very aromatic leaves," and commanding a "high price." The privately operated port fronting the city centre handles freight, including RORO ferries to Novorossiysk, whereas fishing boats land their catches in a separate harbour slightly further east. A ship building yard is under construction at the eastern city limit. Road and rail freight connections with central Anatolia can be used to send inland both the agricultural produce of the surrounding well rained upon and fertile land, and also imports from overseas. However a pipeline is used to import natural gas undersea from Russia and distribute it to Ankara.
There is a light industrial zone between the city and the airport. The main manufactured products are medical devices and products, furniture, tobacco products (although tobacco farming is now limited by the government), chemicals and automobile spare parts.
Local government and services
Provincial government and services (e.g. courts, prisons and hospitals) support the surrounding region. Agricultural research establishments support provincial agriculture and food processing.
There are many new shopping centers.
- Yabancılar Pazari (Foreigners Market)
The Atatürk Culture Center
Atatürk Kültür Sarayı (AKM - Palace of Culture). Concerts and other performances are held at the Kultur Sarayi, which is shaped much like a ski jump. Samsun State Opera and Ballet performs in The Atatürk Culture Center. Founded in 2009 it is one of the six state opera houses in Turkey. The Samsun Opera have performed Die Entführung (W. A. Mozart) in the annual İstanbul Opera Festival. In collaboration with The Pekin Opera, The Samsun Opera performed Puccini's Madama Butterfly in the Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival in 2012. Other performances include La Boheme, La Traviata, Don Quijote, Giselle. The current musical director is Lorenzo Castriota Skanderbeg.
- Archaeological and Atatürk Museum. The archaeological part of the museum displays ancient artifacts found in the Samsun area, including the Amisos treasure. The Atatürk section includes photographs of his life and some personal belongings. The museum is open from 8:30 till 12:00 and from 14:00 till 17:00.
- Atatürk (Gazi) Museum. It houses Atatürk's bedroom, his study and conference room as well as some personal belongings.
- Samsun City Museum. A new museum.
There is an annual international festival. http://www.dengegazetesi.com.tr/author_article_detail.php?id=8291. Missing or empty
There are two universities in Samsun: the state run Ondokuz Mayıs University and the private sector Canik Başarı University. There is also a police training college and many small private colleges.
There is a local newspaper called Haber Gazetesi
There are many public and private hospitals.
- Batı (west) Park is a large park on land reclaimed from the sea
- Doğu (east) Park
- Atatürk Park contains his statue by Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel, which was completed in 1931. The statue was depicted on the obverse of the Turkish 100,000 lira banknotes of 1991-2001.
Tekkeköy Yaşar Doğu Arena opened in 2013.
Football is the most popular sport: in the older districts above the city center children often kick balls around in the evenings in the smallest streets. The city's football club is Samsunspor, which plays its games at the Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium.
Basketball, volleyball, tennis, swimming, cable skiing (in summer), horse riding, go karting, paintballing, martial arts and many other sports are played. Cycling and jogging are only common along the sea front, where recreational fishing is also popular.
Twin towns — Sister cities
Samsun is twinned with:
- North Little Rock, Arkansas, United States (2006)
- İskele, Northern Cyprus (2006)
- Novorossiysk, Russia (2007)
- Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (2007)
- Kalmar, Sweden (2008)
- Bordeaux, France (2010)
- Kiel, Germany (2010)
- Mustafa Dağıstanlı - two times Olympic gold medalist sports wrestler
- Orhan Gencebay - musician
- Tanju Çolak - 1987 European Golden Boot holder soccer player/striker
- Yıldıray Çınar - musician
- Mehmet Aslantuğ - actor
- Ece Erken – TV-hostess and actress
- Ahu Türkpençe
- Deniz Kılıçlı, college basketball player at West Virginia University
- Şefik Avni Özüdoğru, military officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies
- Özhan Öztürk. Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük (Blacksea: Encyclopedic Dictionary). 2 Cilt (2 Volumes). Heyamola Publishing. Istanbul.2005 ISBN 975-6121-00-9
- George Finlay, A History of Greece from its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1877), vol. 4 pp. 322-325
- Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationary Office. p. 54.
- "Climate: Samsun - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". 31 August 2013. Climate-Data.org.
- "BBC Weather - Samsun". BBC Weather. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- Samsun (tr)
- "Samsun-Kavkaz ferry line to link Turkey with Russia, Central Asia".
- "City buses".
- airport bus timetable
- Sambis projesi ne aşamada?
- Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationary Office. p. 61.
- "Police college website (Turkish)".
- Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - One Hundred Thousand Turkish Lira - I. Series, II. Series & III. Series. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
- "Samsun - Twin Towns". © Samsun-City.sk. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsun.|
- Samsun travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Samsun Governor's Office (Turkish)
- Samsun Metropolitan Municipality (Turkish)
- Official Tourist Information
- Current port arrivals and departures
- Coins Amisus coins (click "Database" and search by state: Amisus)
- Amisos coins found on criminals
- Opera and Ballet
- A History of Amisos (Samsun) | <urn:uuid:c59ff287-1616-4196-a225-179041c7f389> | {
"date": "2013-12-09T11:16:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163964642/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133244-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8852680921554565,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 3338,
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun"
} |
Poverty is a sign, and a symptom of something very wrong in human society that perpetuates an unacceptable situation. It is assumed that development is the movement from less human conditions to better human conditions. Thus, poverty is a sign that development has not occurred, that is to say, one is under development. Therefore, if people are not enjoying the basic human conditions owed to them by the fact of being God's image, it means that we as Christians have to work together to obtain better conditions of life and of development for all. This is the basis of the Ministries of alleviation of poverty in most of the church initiatives like orphanages, children homes, centres among others programmes. Poverty hinders development and prevents people from working toward these human conditions, marginalizing them in the process of empowerment and thus bringing about more inhumane conditions. Jesus said very strongly, echoing “Isaiah”, that his mission was to "bring good news to the poor," overturning their unjust structures and systems by means such as setting prisoners free, opening eyes of the blind, lifting up the oppressed and proclaiming and establishing the Jubilee rule of freeing slaves, redistributing land and cancelling debts (Lk. 4:18ff). Following Christ’s example, the church wants to be present among the impoverished of our society, empowering them so that they are able to come out of that situation. This pastoral need has lead the church to have initiatives such as the St. Nicholas Community Development Centre (NCDC)-Karen, Boma Rescue Centre in Kariobangi and Jehova Jaire Children Centre in Mihang’o- Kayole which are the point of focus in this paper with the aim of identifying the role of the church in pastoral care and counselling of children living in rehabilitation centres. Generally, it has been the nature of the church to collaborate with other institutions towards improving and the betterment of the human situation. This is wonderfully explicated in the “1 Corinthians 12” analogy , where the Church is being likened to the human body, in which Paul sets out the foundational principle of pastoral care.
“But God has combined the members of the body....so that there should be no
division in the body but that its parts should have equal concern for each other”
(1 Cor.12:24,25). Thus, the role of the church is to constantly link people to God and cater for them in a holistic approach, to developing the individual persons and cause development in the whole society at large. Therefore, my research aims at investigating the role of the church in Pastoral Care and counseling of children in rehabilitation Centers in Nairobi; among them are St. Nicholas community development centre, Boma Rescue, and Jehova Jaire Children Centres. This is because the church journeys along the roads of history together with her membership in an effort to improve peoples’ lives, moving towards their final destiny with God, the creator.
Statement of the Problem
The church, in the African setting, has been a vital point of departure for growth and development of the human person even from the colonial period. This has been possible, and thanks to the serving-ministry nature of the church, that, programmes like pastoral care and counseling are key to her mission. Therefore, challenged by various social problems of poverty, diseases, civil war, among others; most Africans are faced with less educational opportunities, child labour, promiscuity, and even to the so called street children menace. Thus, many families in Africa are not able to offer their children basic education, a prerequisite for good human development. This is the situation in which the church is experiencing thus, in collaboration with other social institutions, the church initiates programmes with possible solutions. Therefore, this has driven the researcher to investigate the role of the church...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:0bf0763c-ed8e-484c-bcca-0568792a85bc> | {
"date": "2018-03-17T06:50:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644701.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317055142-20180317075142-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9624512195587158,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 794,
"url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Role-Of-The-Church-In-626911.html"
} |
ANJELY GETS A HEARING AID- A young sweet girl named Anjely had been struggling in the classroom and was suspected of having apraxia and difficulties with learning. We were specifically asked to evaluate Anjely and explore ways that the special education teacher can support her learning. Upon meeting Anjely and further assessment we realized that Anjely’s learning disabilities may not be due to apraxia or learning difficulties, but in fact may be due to hearing loss. This came as a surprise to the teachers since Anjely, in all of her wisdom, had figured out ways to communicate and appeared to hear things that were spoken to her. After looking at the recent hearing assessment and realizing that there was significant hearing loss, we discovered that Anjely was nearly deaf. She was most likely born with normal hearing, but after a trauma, she lost her ability to hear speech and even most ambient noises of her environment. Emily, GOT Ministries’ Occupational Therapy student, was able to get GOT connected with her sister who is an Audiologist. Name of audiologist helped us figure out what the best way to help Anjely would be. After realizing that hearing aids would be the most beneficial strategy, GOT and Emily’s sister connected with a team of ENT specialists coming from Kansas City to serve and provide hearing aids the day GOT was returning home. Through this amazing connection and the proactive nature of the service providers of GOT Ministries, we were able to connect Anjely with the resource she needed to be successful in the classroom. She was provided a brand new hearing aid and has been working on her sign language since GOT was in Guatemala. | <urn:uuid:4904c045-5885-451d-b168-2a0690a794a9> | {
"date": "2019-01-18T21:42:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660818.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118213433-20190118235433-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9885503649711609,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 343,
"url": "https://www.gotministries.org/stories/anjely"
} |
Study unearths Britain's first speech therapists
On International Stammering Awareness Day (22 October), a new study reveals that Britain's first speech therapists emerged at least a century earlier than previously thought.
Until now, historians had assumed that John Thelwall became Britain's first speech therapist in the early nineteenth century.
But Cambridge historian Elizabeth Foyster has discovered that James Ford was advertising his services in London as early as 1703, and that many other speech therapists emerged over the course of the eighteenth century.
Ford's advert (pictured), published in the Post Man newspaper on 23 October 1703, states that "he removes Stammering, and other impediments in Speech", as well as teaching "Foreigners to pronounce English like Natives".
Ford had previously worked with the deaf and dumb but realised that there was more money to be made by offering other speech improvement services as a branch of education for wealthy children.
"In the eighteenth century, speaking well was crucial to being accepted in polite society and to succeeding in a profession," said Foyster. "Speech impediments posed a major obstacle and the stress this caused often made a sufferer's speech even worse. At the same time, wealthy parents were made to feel guilty and they started spending increasingly large sums to try to "cure" their children."
By 1703, Ford was based in Newington Green, in the suburbs of London, but twice a week he waited near the city's Royal Exchange and Temple Bar to secure business from merchants, financiers and lawyers desperate to improve their children's life chances.
By 1714, some of these families were seeking out the help of Jacob Wane, a therapist who drew on a 33-year personal struggle with the condition. And by the 1760s, several practitioners were competing for business in London.
"We have lost sight of these origins of speech therapy because historians have been looking to identify a profession which had agreed qualifications for entry, an organising body, scientific methods and standards, as we have today," said Foyster. "In the eighteenth century, speech therapy was regarded as an art not a science. But with its attention to the individual, and the psychological as well as physiological causes of speech defects, we can see the roots of today's speech therapy."
Art and business
Foyster's study, published in the journal Cultural and Social History, shows that speech specialists emerged in the early eighteenth century as new attention was given to the role of the nerves, emotions and psychological origins of speech impediments.
Prior to this, in the seventeenth century, the main cure on offer had involved painful physical intervention including the cutting of tongues. But as speech defects came to be understood as resulting from nervous disorders, entrepreneurial therapists stepped in to end the monopoly of the surgeons.
"These men, and some women, made no claim to medical knowledge," Foyster says. "In fact, some were very keen to emphasise that they were nothing like the surgeons who had caused so much unnecessary pain. They described themselves as 'Artists' and their gentler methods were much more attractive to wealthy clients."
These speech 'artists' jealously guarded their trade secrets but gave away some clues to their methods in print. Close attention was paid to the position of the lips, tongue and mouth; clients were given breathing and voice exercises to practise; and practitioners emphasised the importance of speaking slowly so that every sound could be articulated.
By the 1750s, London's speech therapists had become masters of publicity publishing books, placing advertisements in newspapers and giving lectures in universities and other venues. In 1752, Samuel Angier achieved the remarkable feat of lecturing to Cambridge academics on four occasions about speech impediments and the 'art of pronunciation', despite having never attended university himself.
Foyster has identified several successful speech therapy businesses, some of which were passed down from one generation to the next. Most of these were based in London but practitioners would often follow their clientele to fashionable resort towns such as Bath and Margate.
In 1761, Charles Angier became the third generation to take over his family's business; and by the 1780s, he claimed to be able to remove all speech impediments within six to eight months if his pupils were 'attentive'. By then, he was reported to be charging fifty guineas 'for the Cure' at a time when many Londoners were earning less than ten guineas a year.
To be successful, these entrepreneurs had to separate themselves from quackery. Some heightened their credibility by securing accreditation from respected physicians while others printed testimonials from satisfied clients beneath their newspaper advertisements.
Suffering and determination
Foyster's study also sheds light on the appalling suffering and inspirational determination of stammerers in the eighteenth century, including some well-known figures.
Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), the theologian, scientist and clergyman (pictured), recalled that his worsening stammer made 'preaching very painful, and took from me all chance of recommending myself to any better place'.
His fellow scientist, Erasmus Darwin, also suffered from a stammer, as did Darwin's daughter, Violetta, and eldest son, Charles. In 1775, Darwin compiled detailed instructions to help his daughter overcome her stammer which involved sounding out each letter and practising problematic words for weeks on end.
"It is tempting to think that sympathy for stammering is a very recent phenomenon but a significant change in attitudes took hold in the eighteenth century," said Foyster. "While stammerers continued to be mocked and cruelly treated, polite society became increasingly compassionate, especially when someone demonstrated a willingness to seek specialist help."
Denyse Rockey. The Logopaedic thought of John Thelwall, 1764-1834: First British Speech Therapist, International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders (2007). DOI: 10.3109/13682827709011313 | <urn:uuid:ad95bee7-f131-47e6-87a5-4cbcc42305c4> | {
"date": "2019-10-19T22:17:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986700435.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019214624-20191020002124-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9806694984436035,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 1240,
"url": "https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-10-unearths-britain-speech-therapists.html"
} |
Depending on your overall health, a mild pneumonia can be usually treated at home, with antibiotics, rest and by drinking plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration (1).
More severe cases, especially involving people of increased risk, might require hospital treatment, where you will be given including antibiotics and fluids intravenously through a drip, and you may need sometimes oxygen to help breathing.
Aspiration pneumonia - If you've breathed in an object that's causing pneumonia, it may need to be removed. This will involve a bronchoscope which allows doctors to look into airways and lungs so that the object can be located and removed. This procedure is known as a bronchoscopy (1). However, bronchoscopy is not always necessary for the management of aspiration pneumonia, as some objects (such as food particles) will be naturally broken down in the lungs over time.
The medication most commonly used to treat pneumonia includes:
Antibiotics – they are usually very successful in treating bacterial pneumonia
Painkillers/fever reducers - they help with the fever and discomfort. They include: paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen (2).
IMPORTANT! You mustn’t take ibuprofen if you:
- Are allergic to aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs
- Have asthma, kidney disease, a history of stomach ulcers or indigestion
Unless a doctor tells you otherwise, you should always finish taking a prescribed course of antibiotics, even if you feel better (1). If antibiotics are taken incorrectly (at the wrong times, or for too short a period), this can cause the bacteria to become resistant (1).
Once you start the treatment, your symptoms should gradually improve, however, the recovery time depends on many other factors, such as severity of the pneumonia.
The timeline of the recovery
One week – fever should have stopped
Four weeks – chest pain and mucus production should have substantially reduced
Six weeks – cough and breathlessness should have substantially reduced
Three months – most symptoms should have resolved, but you may still feel very tired (fatigue)
Six months – most people will feel back to normal
The UK NHS recommends that patients whose symptoms don’t improve by three days after starting antibiotic treatment should contact their doctor. It is important to do so because (1):
- The bacteria causing the infection may be resistant to antibiotics – culture and sensitivity tests can sometimes identify the organism and guide antibiotic choices, but not all bacteria can be identified using these tests. Sometimes the doctor will prescribe a different antibiotic, or they may prescribe a second antibiotic to be taken with the first one
- Alternatively, a virus could be causing the infection, rather than bacteria – antibiotics have no effect on viruses, and your body's immune system will have to fight the viral infection by creating antibodies.
(1) Nhs.uk. (2016). Pneumonia - Treatment - NHS Choices. [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 Mar. 2017].
(2) Mayo Clinic. (2016). Treatment - Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. | <urn:uuid:c6b2286b-36fb-4000-982c-0aa0e74e939b> | {
"date": "2019-03-23T17:10:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202889.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323161556-20190323183556-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9272770285606384,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 648,
"url": "http://foto-cewek.info/research/collaborations/experimental-human-pneumococcal-carriage-ehpc-collaboration/pneumonia-3"
} |
What is Naturopathic Medicine?
Naturopathic medicine is a unique primary health care profession that focuses on comprehensive whole body health. Naturopathic Doctors (NDs) are trained in both modern western medicine as well alternative methods and healing traditions. NDs use cutting edge lab work and extensive health assessments to find the underlying causes of disease. Various therapeutic methods and supplements are used along with nutrition and lifestyle modifications, to support the body's inherent self-healing process.
The goal is to not just give a patient relief from the symptoms they are experiencing, but to get to the root cause of the problem. One of the biggest differences you’ll notice right away is the amount of time spent with each patient. Typically a new patient visit is 90 minutes. That’s 90 minutes actually working directly with your Doctor, reviewing your medical history, discussing current medical issues, defining health goals and establishing a treatment plan.
Principles of Naturopathic Medicine
The Healing Power of Nature
Identify and Treat the Causes
First Do No Harm
Doctor as Teacher
Treat the Whole Person | <urn:uuid:3e23ceb1-7243-4276-8e67-b68d8c2462f4> | {
"date": "2019-03-25T20:48:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204300.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325194225-20190325220225-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9205971360206604,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 223,
"url": "https://www.chicond.com/about"
} |
Wheat Important for Garden Winterizing
- Published on Monday, 15 October 2012 14:51
Russell County Extension Agent John Stannard explains what steps you need to take to make sure you winterize your garden correctly.
"Clean off the old vines - especially tomato vines - till that ground up, spread wheat seed on it, rake the wheat seed in, and then water it if you can or wait for rain," Stannard said. "Then in the spring, you mow it when it gets about four inches tall, till it, and plant your garden."
Stannard says the wheat helps hold moisture, warmth and nutrients in your garden's soil during the winter.
For more information, contact Stannard at the Russell County Extension Office.Read More Local News | <urn:uuid:d9ca910a-2089-4865-8755-519133553066> | {
"date": "2013-05-25T13:01:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8786266446113586,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 160,
"url": "http://www.krsl.com/local-news/1386-wheat-important-for-garden-winterizing"
} |
Eleven years have passed since the fateful day terror struck the United States and New York City’s twin towers fell. In the wake of the horrific event, many Americans burst at the seams with patriotism and adopted the mantra “We will never forget.” For the most part, we haven’t forgotten the falling towers; but, in the grand scheme of things, we have managed to forget something that will prove far more detrimental to our way of life.
When the United States of America was envisioned more than two centuries ago, it was envisioned as a Nation where fear would never allow the populace to succumb to the tyranny of the few who are motivated by greed and desperate to protect themselves from the consequence of their malice.
America was to be first and foremost “the land of the free, the home of the brave.” But, we must remember, we cannot defend freedom without bravery just as we will not be able to act on bravery if we don’t preserve freedom.
Without a doubt, no matter which account of the events on 9/11 you believe, the shock and awe of the tragedy made it much easier for the few to lull the masses into accepting tyrannical and unConstitutional rule in the United States, the likes of which were unimaginable for the Nation’s Founding Fathers.
If the goal was to deliver what have been some of the most devastating blows in history to American liberty, the enemy — whether foreign or domestic — has prevailed in the years following 9/11.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Just days after Sept. 11, 2001, Congress overwhelmingly passed the USA PATRIOT Act. It has since been reauthorized under President Barack Obama, and it was extended again in May 2011.
From the Bill of Rights Defense Committee:
Section 802 of the PATRIOT Act broadly defines domestic terrorism…
This broad definition allows for inconsistencies in the application of the law. For example, radical animal rights and environmental organizations (e.g., the American Liberation Front and the Environmental Liberation Front) have been targeted and labeled as domestic terrorist groups. These groups’ political acts are destructive to property, but have not caused a single death. However, individuals and groups motivated by political ideology to kill an innocent victim by flying a plane into an IRS building, assassinate a doctor during church services, or murder dozens of schoolchildren at a summer camp are not described or treated as terrorists. By using such a vague definition for “domestic terrorism,” the PATRIOT Act chills Americans’ freedom of speech and assembly, since it is entirely unclear whether First Amendment-protected activism may be categorized as terrorism.
Furthermore, other Patriot Act provisions permit government investigators to track book purchases, library checkouts and Internet information if they believe the material could be conducive to “terror” activities.
More recently, the National Defense Authorization Act, signed into law by Obama, has exactly the provisions the government needs to make certain that domestic journalists are unable to get any other version than the official government-provided narrative regarding foreign affairs.
The next assault on free speech is very close at hand. In the name of safety, Obama will certainly implement Internet censorship by executive order in the near future.
A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
In the years since 9/11, it seems the Federal government has been in a mad rush to brand as terrorists and whackos any individual or group who believes the 2nd Amendment is vital to the preservation of all others.
Because of anti-gun fervor and talk of terror over the past decade, American leaders are ready to willingly sell out the American populace to a U.N. arms treaty to keep weapons out of the hands of “non-state actors.”
The United Nations, by the way, has never defined terrorist. But the Federal government of the United States has — and in some surprising ways. Here are some possible indicators, as described by an 18-year law enforcement veteran, that the Department of Homeland Security may think you are a terrorist:
- Expressions of libertarian philosophies (statements, bumper stickers).
- Second Amendment-oriented views (National Rifle Association or gun club membership, holding a concealed carry permit).
- Survivalist literature (fictional books such as Patriots and One Second After are mentioned by name).
- Self-sufficiency (stockpiling food, ammo, hand tools, medical supplies).
- Fear of economic collapse (buying gold and barter items).
- Religious views concerning the book of Revelation (apocalypse, Antichrist).
- Expressed fears of Big Brother or Big Government.
- Declarations of Constitutional rights and civil liberties.
- Belief in a New World Order conspiracy.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
If you walk, drive or fly anywhere in the United States or have been subject to criminal investigation in recent years, no explanation of how tyranny has prevailed with regard to the 4thAmendment is needed. The obvious violations aside, a vast majority of Americans aren’t even aware their 4th Amendment rights are being violated.
But in case you’ve been living under a rock for the past decade: Besides feeling you up and looking at your naked body, the Transportation Security Administration now also reserves the right to test food and beverages that you buy in the airport — even if you buy it in areas you had to be scanned to enter.
The TSA is no longer simply an airport hassle; agents can now be found violating your rights on highways, at public events and rallies.
If you believe staying home is a safe way to avoid 4th Amendment violations, consider that nearly everything you do online is capable of being tracked without your knowledge.
Also, you are not permitted to possess certain “dangerous” things in your home, such as raw milk. Doing so could lead to a government raid.
The partial or complete abrogation of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th amendments (those dealing with the rights of the accused) has been facilitated by illegal wiretapping and spy measures implemented by the Patriot Act and completed in January when Obama signed into law NDAA and its indefinite-detention provision.
The 11 years following 9/11 isn’t the first period of American history during which fear, shock and awe or paranoia have been used by the Federal government to quash the liberties of the citizenry.
In 1798, during an undeclared naval war with France, President John Adams authorized agents of the government to target foreigners and dissidents. The Sedition Act, which forbade “any false, scandalous and malicious writing,” led to the arrest of 25 men — most of them editors of newspapers whose publications were then shut down. Fortunately, an enraged American populace drove the Federalists out of power and elected Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency. Jefferson pardoned those who had been arrested under the unConstitutional laws.
During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and made it a crime to speak ill of the government.
Later, World War I brought forth a dark moment for Constitutional rights when Woodrow Wilson used the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act of 1918 to target political dissidents.
During World War II, the 1940 Smith Act made it criminal to speak of overthrowing the government and was applied to simply being a member of any organization affiliated with fascism or communism. The 1798 Alien Enemies was brought back to life and used to suppress Japanese, Italian and German Americans. They could not own guns, shortwave radios or cameras. The same law was used to imprison nearly 100,000 ethnic Japanese American citizens.
While many of these cases sound more extreme in hindsight than the gradual displacement of power from people to government we see today, they are not. You see, the aforementioned wars ended, and the laws were shelved until the next conflict. We’re now 11 years in to the post-9/11 world; but instead of seeing the Federal government lessen its stranglehold on liberty, the assault on the Constitution is becoming ever more rapid and its consequences more irreversible than ever before.
We should not forget what happened on Sept. 11, 2001, but we must not let those events undo the triumph of the event that occurred Dec. 15, 1791. If we do, tyranny has forever prevailed. | <urn:uuid:355780b8-77d2-42d7-9751-6961e0920b9b> | {
"date": "2015-08-31T03:20:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065488.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00348-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9526029825210571,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 1848,
"url": "http://personalliberty.com/liberty-never-forget/"
} |
10 Interesting Giraffe Facts
Find more information about giraffe facts if you want to know the unique features and habitat about one of the tallest animals in the world. You can find giraffes on many zoos in town. You can see that this animal comes with a special spot on the surface of their body. They have very long legs and neck. Get more facts by reading the article below:
Giraffe Facts 1: What Is Giraffe?
Giraffes are included as the tallest quadruped. They can be found living in grassland, tropical Africa, open woodland and savannah. The animals have small horns, special coat, long legs and necks.
Giraffe Facts 2: African Ruminant
Giraffe has the scientific name of Camelopardalis giraffe. It is included as African ruminant. The animal has a very close relationship with antelopes and deer. Ruminant animals are the animals which have four divisions of stomach with 3 rooms. Giraffe is included in a camelopard family.
Giraffe Facts 3: The Tallest Animal
Many people claim that giraffe is the tallest animal. It can reach 20 feet. The fore legs are 10 percent longer compared to the hind legs. Look at elephant facts to know the largest mammal in the world.
Giraffe Facts 4: Drinking Habits
Giraffe has a big drinking habit. Each day, he has to drink at least 10 gallon of water. The water can make him survived when living in hot and arid savannahs for a long period.
Giraffe Facts 5: Sleeping Hours
Human being may need to sleep at least 7 hours a day. Giraffe is considered as the only mammal which has the shortest sleeping time. Most of them only sleep 1.9 hours every day. Barn owl facts give you info about the flying bird.
Giraffe Facts 6: Coat of Giraffes
When you see the coat of giraffe, you will be impressed. It looks beautiful with brown patches of hair. Every giraffe on the wild area has different pattern of coat.
Giraffe Facts 7: Horns
You can compare the female and male giraffe from the horn. Both sexes have the horns, but they have different size. The male giraffe horns are bigger compared to the female horns.
Giraffe Facts 8: Camelopardalis
As I have stated before the scientific name of giraffe is camelopardalis. The name is gained from the early roman name. It is used to state that the animals are combination of a leopard and a camel.
Giraffe Facts 9: Speed
When running giraffes can reach the speed around 37 miles per hour or 60 kilometer per hour. The life span of the animals is around 20 up to 25 years. You can see the age of a giraffe by looking at their spot. The lighter spot means that the giraffe is young. If it has darker spot, it is older.
Giraffe Facts 10: Size of Neck
The size of neck of a giraffe is about 2 meter. The adult giraffe has the length of tongue around 27 inches. The adult giraffe usually has a black tongue. The animal spends at least 16 hours to feed their stomach. They like eating Acacia leaves.
Call the female giraffe as cows, while the male giraffes as bulls. There are nine subspecies of giraffe. Some of them are Rothschild’s Giraffe and the West African Giraffe. Are you interested to know more on facts about giraffe? | <urn:uuid:8f0d4b79-127c-4133-a84d-19e4818318c1> | {
"date": "2014-07-31T05:21:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272584.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00384-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9408063292503357,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 740,
"url": "http://www.myinterestingfacts.com/giraffe-facts/"
} |
JPEG, the decades-old image format, shows no signs of disappearing. That's why Mozilla announced a project Wednesday to try to shave another 10 percent off images compressed with the standard.
The non-profit organization behind Firefox announced a project called mozjpeg that aims to compress JPEGs more intelligently. Smaller file sizes means Web pages load faster, and Mozilla is deeply interested in improving the Web's performance.
"Photos can easily make up the bulk of the network traffic for a page load," said senior technology strategist Josh Aas in a blog post. "Reducing the size of these files is an obvious goal for optimization."
It's a tweak of an existing open-source tool called libjpeg-turbo that's used to create JPEGs. On top of that it adds a tool called jpgcrush that picks the best compression options without sacrificing any image quality.
Mozilla's tests show the encoder squeezes 10 percent off a sample of 1,500 images on Wikimedia. It also can improve on PNG images, typically shrinking file sizes by 2 to 6 percent.
Google, too, has been trying to speed up the Web with a variety of methods including an entirely new graphics format called WebP. Companies including Facebook are big WebP fans, but Mozilla so far isn't on board.
"We are not convinced that WebP is 40 percent better than JPEG," spokesman Justin O'Kelly said, referring to Mozilla's 2013 analysis of WebP.
Aas said image compression could improve substantially one way or another, but even so, JPEG will remain widely used and therefore be worth improving:
Production JPEG encoders have largely been stagnant in terms of compression efficiency, so replacing JPEG with something better has been a frequent topic of discussion. The major downside to moving away from JPEG is that it would require going through a multi-year period of relatively poor compatibility with the world's deployed software. We (at Mozilla) don't doubt that algorithmic improvements will make this worthwhile at some point, possibly soon. Even after a transition begins in earnest though, JPEG will continue to be used widely.
The mozjpeg software is at version 1.0 now, but more changes are likely -- for example the incorporation of an approach called Trellis quantization. | <urn:uuid:d6a2e961-d0ea-4770-bddc-be59750d1ec8> | {
"date": "2014-09-22T07:33:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136896.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00143-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9394643902778625,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 470,
"url": "http://www.cnet.com/uk/news/mozilla-works-to-squeeze-more-life-out-of-jpeg/"
} |
Shots - Health News
Fri February 22, 2013
The Whole Community Gets A Health Boost From HIV Treatment
Originally published on Fri February 22, 2013 9:51 am
Over the past few decades, one of the most perplexing questions in global health is how to stop HIV.
There have been campaigns involving condoms, abstinence and even the circumcision of all men younger than 46. But one relatively new strategy, called treatment as prevention, is causing quite a buzz.
The idea is to give all HIV-positive people antiretroviral drugs to drive down the levels of virus in their systems so they no longer pose a threat of transmitting the disease.
Sounds good in theory, but how well does it play out in the slums of Nairobi or the townships of Johannesburg?
Two studies published in the journal Science find that, in places where HIV drugs are widely available, the risk for new HIV infections drops dramatically and overall life expectancy increases by more than a decade.
In other words, treatment as prevention isn't just a buzz word floating around health conferences but a promising strategy for stopping HIV — even in a part of the world with one of the most severe AIDS epidemics.
Epidemiologists from Harvard University followed 17,000 HIV-negative South Africans for seven years in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. They found that, when more than 30 percent of HIV-positive people are on powerful anti-HIV drugs, it cuts the risk of contracting the virus by about 38 percent, compared to when less than 10 percent of those infected have treatment.
"The intention of this program [the South African government's antiretroviral drug program] is not treatment as prevention," Till Barnighausen, a health economist who contributed to the study, tells Shots. "The intention of this program is treatment for treatment, to save lives."
A true treatment-as-prevention model, Barnighausen says, would offer antiretroviral therapy to everyone who is HIV positive. But the South African government is providing medications only to the sickest of the sick.
Nevertheless, Barnighausen and his colleagues saw a sharp reduction in new HIV infections when drugs were widely available to the community.
"It is a program with all the failures and challenges of a real-life, public-sector, nurse-led program in southern Africa," Barnighausen says. "And despite these challenges, we see a strong effect of HIV treatment on HIV incidence. And that's extremely encouraging."
Infectious disease specialist Dr. Myron Cohen at the University of North Carolina, who wasn't involved in this study, calls the findings "a home run."
Cohen published a landmark report in 2011 showing that HIV treatment nearly eliminates the chance that an infected person will transmit the virus to a partner.
The current study, Cohen says, demonstrates that treatment as prevention doesn't just work at the individual level but also at the community level. And thus, the findings are hugely important for public health.
"It's teaching us something," he says. "You don't have to treat everybody to see a community benefit."
In a companion article, Barnighausen and his team found that overall life expectancy in KwaZulu-Natal rose more than 11 years since the province scaled up HIV treatment in 2004.
But even when studies like these show the broad benefits of anti-HIV medications, major challenges remain in getting drugs to the millions of Africans who need them, including the issue of who pays for these costly drugs.
Questions also remain about how sustainable these programs will be, especially given that HIV-positive patients are going to need to be on those drugs for the rest of their lives. | <urn:uuid:37d4f75a-9a07-4be2-a057-38bc3285fba2> | {
"date": "2013-05-22T07:21:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9547050595283508,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 770,
"url": "http://www.wdiy.org/post/whole-community-gets-health-boost-hiv-treatment"
} |
Last week I toured an exhibition of Knoll Textiles (1945–2010) at the Bard Graduate Center. The fabrics and objects were beautiful, but what struck me most was the rich story of women in design — from its founding in the 1940s until the present day, almost all Creative Directors of the textile division have been women (with the exception of a brief period in the 1980s). While Florence Knoll is a household name, the women she employed and those who later followed her are less well known, so here's a brief "who's who" of over 50 years of women who helped to shape textile design at Knoll and beyond.
Marianne Strengell (webbing) and Ralph Rapson (chair). Pebble-Weave webbing on Rapson rocking chair. Ca. 1945. Birch, cotton webbing. Minneapolis Institute of Arts.
- Florence Knoll: The woman "behind the brand," Florence Knoll studied architecture under Eero Saarinen and Mies van der Rohe before working for Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer and Wallace K. Harrison. She married Hans Knoll in 1946, the same year she became his full business and design partner. Florence headed Knoll Textiles and pioneered the Knoll Planning Unit, advocating "total design" — a philosophy that closely integrated textiles, architecture, space planning, interior design, manufacturing, graphics, and branding.
- Marianne Strengell: Florence Knoll and Finnish designer Marianne Strengell attended Cranbrook Academy in Michigan together. Marianne designed the first Knoll textile — a pattern called Shooting Stars — and her work helped to shape the company's textile division in its early years. From 1937 to 1961, Marianne worked as a professor at Cranbrook and — for most of that time — was head of the school's textile department.
- Noémi Raymond: A successful artist and graphic designer, she was also the wife of the famous Czech architect Antonin Raymond. The Raymonds spent much of the 20s and 30s working on architectural projects in Japan, and when Noémi began designing textiles for Knoll, her work made strong references to traditional Japanese shibori (tye-dye) and katazome (stencil-dyeing).
Sheila Hicks (upholstery) and William Stephens (chair). Inca upholstery on Stephens side chair. Ca. 1970. Oak frame, plastic shell, foam rubber, wool upholstery. Knoll Museum.
- Sheila Hicks: Now an internationally famous textile designer with work in the collections of the Met and MoMA, Sheila Hicks began working with Knoll in the 1960s. She created a series of abstract upholstery patterns for Eero Saarinen's Pedestal Chairs, as well as a popular woven textile called "Inca" that remained in production for many years.
- Astrid Sampe: One of several designers who Florence and Hans Knoll met on their honeymoon in Sweden, Astrid Sampe worked as director of the textile studio at Stockholm department store Nordiska Kompaniet. She collaborated with Knoll on several designs and helped to recruit work from other Swedish talents including Sven Markelius (who designed Knoll's famous "Pythagorus" pattern) and Stig Lindberg.
Eszter Haraszty. Tracy. Introduced 1952. Cotton, screen-printed. Collection of Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, Museum Purchase (CAM 1953.4).
- Eszter Haraszty: She began working with Knoll as a part-time textile designer in 1949 and was promoted to head of Knoll Textiles in 1950. During her tenure as head of the division from 1950 through 1955, Haraszty experimented with printing techniques and bold color. She also oversaw the creation of the first Knoll Color Guide.
- Evelyn Hill: Evelyn Hill studied under Josef Albers before Eszter Haraszty hired her to produce a series of handwoven fabrics for Knoll. She experimented with natural and synthetic textiles, using silk, rayon, mohair, horsehair, and even plastic and fiberglass in her designs.
- Suzanne Huguenin: She started out as Eszter Haraszty's assistant at Knoll and took over as head of Knoll Textiles from 1955 through 1964. In 1955, Hans Knoll died and the company underwent significant changes as Florence Knoll strengthened her leadership role and worked to further define the company as a close collaborator with the world's best designers. Furthering Florence's mission to brand the company as cutting-edge, Suzanne focused on using innovative materials — particularly nylon, a new ultra-durable fabric in the 1960s.
Anni Albers. Rail. Introduced 1962. Linen. Private collection.
- Anni Albers: A former teacher at the Bauhaus school and the wife of artist Josef Albers, Anni Albers was already very well known when she began working with Knoll Textiles in the 1950s. In the 60s, she produced several open-weave casements for Knoll — these loose fabrics were popular as draperies and room dividers, and they sold well in the contract market as coverings for modernist glass walls.
- Barbara Rodes: In 1958, Florence Knoll married banker Harry Hood Bassett. In 1959 she sold her interest in the company, she stepped down from President to Director of Design in 1960, and in 1965 she resigned entirely. Robert Cadwallader joined the company's senior leadership and hired Barbara Rodes to breathe new life into the textile division in the post-Florence era. A German designer, Rodes enlisted people like Wolfgang Bauer and Leo Wollner to design patterns for Knoll. She focused on huge prints without repeats, and she worked with new printing techniques including burn-out or etch printing, as well as large-scale screenprinting. She resigned in 1978, after the company was sold to General Felt Industries.
Jhane Barnes (upholstery) and Ettore Sottsass (chair). Romanie upholstery on Eastside lounge chair. Ca. 1990. Steel frame, polyurethane foam, leather, wool and rayon upholstery. Knoll Museum.
- Hazel Siegel: Following a long period of transitions and corporate restructuring in the 1980s, Hazel Siegel took over as Managing Director of Design for KnollTextiles, a position she held from 1989 to 1993. During her tenure, she collaborated with architect Peter Eisenman on upholstery collections and worked with Jhane Barnes to produce several menswear-inspired textile lines.
- Suzanne Tick: Suzanne Tick served as the Creative Director of Knoll Textiles from 1996 through 2005, and she still designs for the company today. Under her tenure, Knoll began to focus more intently on eco-friendly fibers and cutting-edge fabrics.
- Dorothy Cosonas: Dorothy is the current Creative Director at Knoll Textiles. A graduate of FIT, she has strengthened Knoll's connection to the fashion world, and she's collaborated with designers like Rodarte and Proenza on the Knoll Luxe collection.
From May 18 to July 31, 2011, the Bard Graduate Center: Decorative Arts, Design History, Material Culture (BGC) presents Knoll Textiles, 1945–2010, the first comprehensive exhibition devoted to a leading producer of modern textile design. For more information, click here.
Images: Courtesy of Knoll Textiles and the Bard Graduate Center. Credits as captioned above. | <urn:uuid:8bb5dcd2-4cce-4163-9f74-f9d0c6ea5d65> | {
"date": "2015-09-02T14:53:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645265792.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031425-00111-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9546999931335449,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1587,
"url": "http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/knoll-textiles-over-fifty-year-149648?img_idx=2"
} |
The current flu epidemic, with the attendant state of medical
emergency, reminds us of the critical role of hospitals and staff
in protecting public health. News reports describe the overwhelmed
hospital resources, from the numbers seeking emergency assistance
and the reduced hospital staff, who are themselves suffering from
the flu. These developments shed even more glaring light on recent
protests reported in the media, by hospital nurses refusing
mandatory immunization as well as wearing protective masks as a
barrier to disease transmission. Hospital administrators must
continue to enforce the immunization policy; it is a significant
and appropriate measure to protect patients, the public and in
fact, other staff, from substandard practices. Immunization and
regular testing of hospital staff for contagious disease is well
established as the standard of care in today's hospitals.
Massachusetts hospitals must provide the vaccines to staff free of
charge.1 To ignore these standards, or claim they are
not necessary, is to return the health care system to the days of
"Typhoid Mary," a prospect which no one welcomes.
These immunization policies are required on both the federal and
state levels. The United States government, still the standard
bearer for global health, through the Food and Drug Administration,
the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institutes of
Health, along with the World Health Organization and innumerable
other well-recognized international agencies, have all recognized
how invaluable vaccination can be. Preventing a disease or an
outbreak is simply preferable to treating it when it arrives.
There are persons for whom immunization is counter-indicated --
a small minority for whom the benefits of the vaccination are
outweighed by imminent risks to the patient -- those individuals
who have an allergy to the ingredients in the vaccine, those
receiving chemotherapy, those who have had an organ transplant and
the like. For the vast majority of individuals, particularly those
in the "vulnerable" group -- those over 60 and under 18, or those
with chronic conditions such as asthma and diabetes, the value of
the immunizations far outweighs the risks.
Additionally, there is a long-standing recognition that
hospitalization is the third leading cause of death in the United
States. This statistic does not refer to deaths which are the
expected outcome of disease or trauma and reflect the diagnosis or
condition for which the patient was admitted. The statistic refers
instead to iatrogenic disease -- disease that is actually caused by
or due to medical treatment. High on the list of iatrogenic disease
is nosocomial infection, which refers to infections transmitted to
patients already in the hospital.2 These findings
provide more than adequate support for the guidelines found in the
State Operations Manual. This manual, published by Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid Services, governs facilities receiving
Medicare and Medicaid funds. CMS, through the manual, requires
hospital administrators to evaluate staff for immunization status
for designated infectious disease, develop policies to screen staff
for infections likely to cause significant infectious disease or
other risks, and also to develop policies stating when infected
staff are restricted from providing direct patient care or required
to remain away from the facility entirely.3 Since
absences can disrupt patient care, preventative measures including
immunization, become more important.
The commonwealth has clearly articulated policies on vaccination
of healthcare personnel. The Massachusetts regulations require that
personnel be vaccinated, whether working in hospitals, clinics, or
long-term care facilities.4 Massachusetts hospitals are
required to provide or arrange for vaccination at no cost to any
personnel, as noted above. There are allowed exceptions to the
vaccine, where it is medically contraindicated, is against the
individual's religious beliefs, or if the individual declines the
vaccine, and in the case of refusal, the individual must
acknowledge in writing the consequences of such
refusal.5 The mandate does not violate individual
sovereignty, but does require a hospital take appropriate alternate
measures to protect staff, patients and the public.
Operating within the inoculation guidelines, medical staff is
the group most qualified to assess the benefits and risk of any
particular medication, including vaccines, for either the public at
large or for any specific individual. All medication approved by
the FDA is accompanied by the required labeling which is written
for the prescribing practitioner, not the patient. Labels contain
at a minimum, the risks, benefits, counterindications, and all
other relevant information which guide the prescriber in
determining whether or not a product is appropriate for a patient.
For those administering the medication, and not prescribing, the
label still has value, because it alerts the nurse or pharmacist
administering the dose to potential risks and side effects. All
medical practitioners are expected to report to FDA any
irregularities in the medication container, its color, and any
adverse event or problem experienced by the patient for follow
The progress made in fighting infectious diseases, the on-going
challenges in protecting hospitalized patients from adventitious
diseases and the continuing quest for improvement in the US health
care system require nothing less than universal and aggressive
health care standards for medical professionals. These requirements
are, in the author's opinion, among the most appropriate means to
protect patients, medical staff and the public at large.
2Starfield, Barbara MD, MPH. "Is US Health Really the Best in
the World?" JAMA 2000; Vol. 284 No. 4: 483-485; See also Grisanti,
Ronald, D.C., D.A.B.C.O.; MS, Iatrogenic Disease: The Third
Most Fatal Disease in the US, at www.yourmedicaldective.com/public/335.cfm;
accessed Dec. 11, 2012.
at pg 150ff; accessed Dec.11, 2012.
4See 105 CMR Secs 130, 140 and 150 respectively.
5105 CMR 130.325(F).
Josephine Babiarz is a member of the MBA Health Law
Section Council. She is solely responsible for the views expressed
in this article. | <urn:uuid:42b01306-5da7-4200-8bd2-18f51368c434> | {
"date": "2013-12-11T09:44:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164034245/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133354-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9044122099876404,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 1303,
"url": "http://www.massbar.org/publications/lawyers-journal/2013/february/the-case-for-mandatory--immunization-of-hospital-medical-staff"
} |
In computer-assisted robotic surgery, a robot acts as an extension of the surgeon’s eyes and hands in a minimally invasive surgery to replace an arthritic hip. The robotics help surgeons operate more effectively through a smaller incision.
Total hip replacements are routinely done around with world with a high degree of success. When the replacements do fail, it is often due to misalignment of the prosthesis. There is a very small window in which to place the implant appropriately. If the implant is misaligned, it is likely it will eventually become painful and may even loosen. A follow-up surgery or revision is necessary to fix this. Many orthopedic surgeons now use robotic guidance systems to assist with removing and resurfacing only the arthritic part of a hip. This technique uses 3D computer mapping and micro-robotics to provide the surgeon with an amazing level of accuracy. The implant can be aligned much more accurately than with the naked eye. It has been shown to be precise to within fractions of a millimeter and assists with the balance of the implant joint.
The robotics are employed through small “minimally invasive” incisions, which result in less scarring and blood loss. Ultimately, the patient can have a shorter hospital stay and recovery period than with a conventional hip replacement.More Hip Articles & FAQs | <urn:uuid:e6edf592-0753-479a-a364-ca0dccbb3172> | {
"date": "2014-08-22T21:37:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824562.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00378-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9468721151351929,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 275,
"url": "http://bonesmart.org/hip/computer-assisted-robotic-hip-replacement-surgery/"
} |
Grumman F6F Hellcat Carrier-Borne Fighter / Fighter-Bomber (1943)
The classic Grumman F6F Hellcat fighter was known to make an Ace out of the many pilots who flew it during World War 2.
The F6F Hellcat was the successor to - and a logical evolution of - the capable F4F Wildcat series of carrier-borne aircraft fielded by the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater of World War 2. In the conflict, the Hellcat served under the banners of the USN, United States Marine Corp and Britain's Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy. The system featured a powerful Pratt & Whitney brand engine, multiple heavy caliber machine guns and the ability to carry conventional bombs and air-to-surface rockets all the while operating from the mobile flattops of the aircraft carriers. The aircraft was known to make aces of most pilots who flew her and total topped 12,275 examples of various models, 11,000 of those appearing in a short 24 months of production.
Design of the F6F followed closely the lines of the F4F. Where the F4F was originally intended as a biplane design - and therefore developed the stout look to the fuselage - the F6F was entirely a monoplane fighter from the start. The cockpit was situated just above the low-mounted large wings (as opposed to the mid-mounted ones found on the F4F) and forward in the design, though just aft of the engine placement, and offered up adequate visibility through a framed canopy. Power came from the mighty Pratt & Whitney R-2800 series radial piston engine delivering some 2,000 horsepower and providing speeds in excess of 375 miles per hour. The engine cowling dominated the front of the design while a conventional single-vertical tail surface rounded out the empennage. Landing gear were unique in that they retracted in a backwards fashion.
As with the F4F before it, the F6F featured 6 x 12.7mm (.50 caliber) heavy machine guns in pairs of threes to a wing with 400 rounds to a gun. Additional and optional armament came in the form of air-to-surface explosive rockets (a strike role which the Hellcat excelled at) and conventional drop bombs as needed. A fuel tank could be carried in the centerline fuselage position for improved range. The flexibility and firepower inherent in the system provided a one-two punch when paired with the equally devastating Vought F4F Corsair fighters. The success of the F6F was noted and a nightfighting variant appeared with radar by 1944 and identified by the use of "N" in their designations (as in F6F-3N).
The F6F first flew as the XF6F-1 prototype I June of 1942. The further-developed XF6F-3 prototype was selected to be the initial production model and featured the Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10 Double Wasp two-stage turbocharged engine. The initial production model became the F6F-3 and was available en force by January of 1944. Shortly thereafter, production was switched to the refined F6F-5 model with the new Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10W ("W" indicating "water-injection") radial piston engine and other aerodynamic and structural refinements along with provisions for underwing munitions.
The Hellcat appeared operationally for the first time in August of 1943 with the Second World War in full swing. She proved her worth, taking part in some of the greatest airborne confrontations in the Pacific - from the Caroline Islands to the Battle of the Philippines (June 19-20, 1944) and beyond. The British received their 252 Hellcat F6F-3 and F6F-5 models under Lend-Lease. No fewer than 75 percent of all enemy aircraft in the entire conflict were at the hands of Hellcat pilots, credited with some 5,156 total kills in the war for a mind-boggling kill ratio of 19:1. 307 Hellcat pilots were made aces thanks to the fine machine. The aircraft were duly noted for their role in supporting Task Force 58 to which some 400 Japanese aircraft were destroyed in a single week.
The F6F series soldiered on in the post-war world, being fielded by French, Argentine and Uruguayan forces. The French used them in anger in their Indo-China conflict while the series as a whole would be used up until the early 1960's. The last use of F6F's for the Americans came in the Korean War when six remotely-controlled Hellcats were used as giant aerial bombs on targets in North Korea.
The appearance of the F6F most assuredly changed the tide of the war in the Pacific in favor of the Americans - and the rest of the free world for that matter. The system was noted for its toughness and responsiveness and the kill tally reflected the benefits of the platform. In the end, the F6F lived up to the name of legendary warbird and became one of the single most important reasons that the war in the Pacific turned out the way it did.
Specifications for the
Grumman F6F Hellcat
Carrier-Borne Fighter / Fighter-Bomber
Focus Model: Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat
Country of Origin: United States
Manufacturer: Grumman Corporation - USA
Initial Year of Service: 1943
Length: 33.79 ft (10.3 m)
Width: 42.65 ft (13.00 m)
Height: 12.99ft (3.96 m)
Weight (Empty): 9,059 lb (4,109 kg)
Weight (MTOW): 12,597 lb (5,714 kg)
Powerplant: 1 x Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10W Double Wasp air-cooled radial engine developing 2,000 horsepower.
Maximum Speed: 380 mph (611 kmh; 330 kts)
Maximum Range: 944 miles (1,520 km)
Service Ceiling: 37,300 ft (11,369 m; 7.1 miles)
Rate-of-Climb: 3,410 feet-per-minute (1,039 m/min)
STANDARD (F6F-3, F6F-5):
6 x 0.50 caliber M2 Browning heavy machine guns in wings.
2 x 20mm cannons WITH 4 x .50 caliber machine guns.
2 x 11.75 (298mm) "Tiny Tim" unguided rockets underwing.
6 x 5-inch (127mm) HVAR unguided rockets underwing.
8 x 250lb drop bombs (F6F-5)
4 x 500lb drop bombs (F6F-5)
2 x 1,000lb drop bombs (F6F-5)
1 x 2,000lb drop bomb
1 x Mk 13-3 series torpedo underfuselage centerline.
Up to 4,150lbs of externally-held drop ordnance.
Variants: [ SHOW / HIDE ]
Argentina; France; United Kingdom; South Vietnam; Uruguay; United States
MORE AIRCRAFT: [ SHOW / HIDE ] | <urn:uuid:683c2e88-d85c-4758-8210-eb8de14836a6> | {
"date": "2015-05-27T05:40:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928907.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00079-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9391873478889465,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 1518,
"url": "http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=146"
} |
Can anybody tell me what this means?
"Glass America uses a urethane adhesive on our OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) glass that provides a much shorter SDAT time and adheres to AGSC standards."
If you had trouble understanding that, you're not alone. Like most professions, the auto glass industry has its own language. Here's an unofficial guide to the lingo of the auto glass world so you'll be prepared to answer and ask the right questions when you find yourself speaking with a technician or repair company.
- Adhesive This is the bonding agent that holds replacement auto glass in place on your vehicle.
- AGRSS If you see this term around, know that it refers to the Auto Glass Replacement Safety Standards council. However, this organization changed its name at the start of 2012 and is now called the Auto Glass Safety Council (AGSC).
- AGSC Formerly AGRSS, the Auto Glass Safety Council created the national safety standard for auto glass repair and replacement. The standard deals with every part of the repair, from the type of adhesive a technician should use to the training process for every certified technician. You can read the full safety standard here, and I'd recommend it. The more you know, the more informed you'll be when choosing a company for your repairs or replacements!
- Antenna This is the thin metallic line that sits either between the pieces of glass on your windshield or is attached to the inside of the windshield. If your vehicle has an antenna like this, you will usually not have an external "whip" antenna.
- Fine Wire Heated These thin metal wires conduct electricity and generate heat to defog and defrost your windshield. If you look closely, you should see them spaced about a half inch apart and running horizontally through your windshield. They are usually located in the black band at the bottom of the windshield under the wipers.
- Glass Color You may not realize this, but there is no such thing as a completely clear piece of auto glass. Every vehicle's glass is tinted with a particular color, and the most common colors are blue, green or bronze. If you aren't sure what color your auto glass is, just place a piece of white paper behind it and see how it looks from outside your vehicle.
- Heated This means your windshield is completely heated, not just heated where your windshield wipers rest. Not all vehicles have this feature, so use your VIN number to check if it's included with yours.
- Heated Wiper Park Area The area of your windshield where your wipers rest needs to be heated to prevent freezing and slush accumulation. They may be visible if you're standing outside the vehicle – look for brownish lines along the bottom 4-6 inches of your windshield.
- Heads-Up Display Some newer vehicle models have this feature, which projects the instrument panel measurements onto the glass so that the driver can watch the road and check the vehicle's performance at the same time.
- Laminated Glass When you put a piece of laminate between two pieces of glass, it holds both pieces together even if the glass breaks. Your vehicle's windshield is made of laminated glass.
- Light Sensor This sensor recognizes a light deficiency and turns your headlights on and off automatically. Not all automobiles have this feature.
- Mirror Bracket This is the small metal bracket that holds your rear view mirror to the inside of your windshield.
- Molding This is the finishing strip that hides the unfinished parts of the area your windshield is bonded to.
- OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) This is one of the most important things to look for in your replacement glass. Some repair companies will size a generic windshield to fit your car, which may sound okay in theory, but if the glass isn't made specifically for your model, it will cause you all sorts of problems.By working with a company like Glass America that uses OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) quality glass, you know you're getting a product that comes straight from the manufacturer and is made for your exact vehicle. In essence, OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) quality glass is a perfect replica of the windshield your car was made with.
- Frit Band Many windshields are outlined with black ceramic paint. This is not the same thing as molding; it's painted around the perimeter of the windshield inside the vehicle.
- Quarter Glass This small piece of glass is the last piece of glass on either side of your vehicle.
- Rain Sensor This sensor detects the amount of rain hitting your windshield and automatically adjusts the speed of your windshield wipers.
- Resin If your auto glass is chipped or cracked, a technician will use this hardener to repair the damage. After it has filled the chip or crack, it is treated with UV light to protect the windshield from any more damage and restore your car's structural integrity.
- SDAT Safe Drive Away Time. This is the amount of time it takes for your windshield to "heal" after a replacement before it's safe for you to drive it again. Some adhesives have shorter SDATs than others. With some products, it may not be safe to drive your vehicle for an entire day after a replacement, but Glass America uses a high-quality adhesive called Sika that provides a one-hour SDAT so you can get back to your crazy schedule as soon as possible!
- Side Glass Also known as door glass, this is found on both the driver and passenger side doors.
- Solar Coated Some windshields have a coating on the inside that reflects infrared energy. If it's cloudy outside, this coating may make your windshield look blue or purple.
- Urethane This refers to a specific, strong adhesive that holds your glass to your vehicle's frame.
- Vent Glass This triangular piece of glass can be located in the front or rear door.
- Windshield Repair If your windshield isn't damaged badly enough to warrant replacement, the AGSC-certified technicians at Glass America can repair your glass in under 30 minutes. Repairing minor damage now prevents major damage from happening later, so call Glass America as soon as you notice the problem. Our process is safe, quick and effective, and we use only the highest quality products to complete all your repairs.
QUALITY MEANS SAFETY, AND SAFETY MEANS EVERYTHING.™
Call Glass America today at (877) 220-1724 | <urn:uuid:c4b8bda7-4f2b-4da1-87d4-eb1b6175893a> | {
"date": "2019-11-18T13:22:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669795.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118131311-20191118155311-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9391126036643982,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1317,
"url": "https://www.glassusa.com/glossary-of-terms-and-definitions/?client=4100-12&%3Bcampid=16&%3Butm_source=DEX&%3Butm_medium=IYP&%3Butm_campaign=Dex_ESS_Listings&%3Butm_id=16"
} |
It was a delicate task. NASA astronauts were stranded in space at an unknown location. It was up to a team of experts to find the space ship, calculate the appropriate amount of food and water for the rescue mission, and lead Mission Control back to their Mars base.
As the experts examined the available data, one thing was obvious these experts had the math and science skills necessary to make the mission a success. The "experts" were students in fifth through eighth grade at SS. Peter and Paul, completing an "e-Mission" through the Challenger Learning Center through the Wheeling Jesuit University.
Students began the "Moon, Mars and Beyond!" simulation by learning that the year was 2080. NASA has a permanent research base on both the moon and Mars, which it uses to study stars and planets and search for possible life outside Earth. The students are awaiting a rescue ship at the Mars base, which will pick up supplies to rescue a lost research vessel whose location is unknown. It was up to the students to determine where the lost vessel was located by plotting its known course, calculate the amount of food, water and oxygen needed for the mission, and relay this information with Earth Mission Control.
Leading the effort was a flight director at the Challenger Learning Center, Skyping live with the students from Wheeling, W.Va. She guided the students through each part of the mission, providing details about the lost vessel that would allow them to complete the mission. The e-Mission was made more realistic with footage from retired NASA shuttles; as the food and water was delivered to the "stranded" astronauts, students were treated to video of astronaut Mark Kelly drinking water bubbles in space.
"It was a great experience," said Nola Barilla, an eighth-grade student at SS. Peter and Paul who hopes to have a career in science as a teacher or biochemist. "Not everyone gets to do this. It was exciting."
Fellow eighth-grade student Mason Smith served as a communication specialist during the program, coordinating information from the Learning Center and sharing it with student "space teams," who then used that information to complete mission tasks.
"I waited for information from each space team. The information that they gave to me, I transmitted to Mission Control," said Smith, noting that communication skills in addition to math and science knowledge played an important role in the program.
"This was a math and science lesson," said Tracey Delpero, the school librarian who helped to coordinate the lesson plans students would need to complete the e-Mission. "We prepared with lessons about the planets, and they used their regular math from each grade's curriculum. It fits into the curriculum but was using math in a new way.
"It was a challenge. It was exciting," she added.
The Challenger Learning Center's e-Missions were offered to all schools within the Allentown Diocese. SS. Peter and Paul students will complete a second e-Mission this month, learning more about science as they learn how fires are put out in space. At the end of their Mars e-Mission, they were asked to begin thinking about how this might work would water put out a fire in space? How would you direct extinguishing materials toward a fire with no gravity?
The students will learn this, and more, when they complete the "Fire Scene Investigation" e-Mission next month. | <urn:uuid:26cd760e-068c-4598-9a23-8513a4574f4e> | {
"date": "2017-04-24T17:30:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119642.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00410-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9814257025718689,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 697,
"url": "http://www.tnonline.com/2013/may/02/moon-mars-and-beyond"
} |
- Facts, Profile
- Flags, Symbols
After Anglos, Mexican-Americans and African-Americans, the ethnic group with the largest impact on Texas has been the Germans.
By 1930, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, persons born in Germany or whose parents where born there made up a full 36 percent of "foreign white stock" in Texas. The next largest group was from Czechoslovakia at 11.5 percent.
The German-Texan culture started in 1831, when Frederick Ernst acquired land in Austin County near Industry. Within a couple of years his neighbors included other German families, such as the Klebergs, a family later to become associated with the King Ranch in South Texas.
The largest immigration of Germans came in the 1840s when the Adelsverein (The Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas) organized at Biebrich on the Rhine near Mainz. It assisted thousands in coming to Central Texas and establishing such settlements as New Braunfels and Fredericksburg.
A 19th-century depiction of the German trek to New Braunfels. German Federal Archive.
The German language was widely used in certain areas, especially Central Texas, and only began to fade from use in the 1970s. Gilbert J. Jordan, a longtime professor of German at Southern Methodist University, says that a kind of German-Texan dialect developed in the state.
Early German festivals in Texas included one grand gathering of singing societies for a "Saengerfest" and "Volkfest" in October 1853. The celebration drew settlers from throughout the state to New Braunfels, the new German center for Texas.
German-Texan culture faced its first challenge when many of the recent immigrants took the unpopular stand of siding with the Union cause in the Civil War.
Blending in to an English-speaking culture became especially pronounced when the United States and Germany faced off in the hostilities of World War I.
During that period the German farmers of Brandenburg in West Texas thought it politic to change the name of their community to Old Glory.
Some Texas families even changed names; Schmidts became Smiths.
The German Cemetery in Houston became Washington Cemetery.
The wave of anti-German feeling carried over into the period right after the Great War. In 1919, Gov. William Hobby vetoed appropriations for the German department at The University of Texas at Austin.
Not until the late 1950s and early 1960s did German-Texans again boldly celebrate their heritage with the emergence of annual Octoberfests in various cities and towns of the state.
The customary observance in modern Germany dates from 1810, but that was actually a re-emergence of a centuries-old Munich festival of horse races called the Scarlet Races, named after the prize ribbon.
The tradition was revived for the wedding day of Bavarian King Ludwig I and Baroness Theresa, Oct. 17. The next year, 1811, the races were coupled with an agricultural festival. Eventually, through the fame acquired by increased world tourism, the "Oktoberfest" became synonymous with German culture.
Beer, sausage, waltzes and polka bands are the things that most distinctly flavor the festivals in our state today, although jalapeño peppers and a little barbecue might fill out the Texas menu and ambience.
|Oktoberfest in Fredericksburg.|
One of the most popular festivals occurs in New Braunfels, which doesn't even call its celebration an Octoberfest but rather the annual Wurstfest. It draws some 100,000 revelers annually. It began in 1961 as a one-weekend event and now runs 10 days beginning on the Friday before the first Monday in November.
In Fredericksburg, for the past 15 years, Octoberfest has been observed on the first Saturday of October. It is now a three-day event throughout the weekend. Some 10,000 people come to enjoy German food, entertainment and arts and crafts.
For a smaller celebration, there is the Winedale/Round Top area of south Central Texas. The Winedale Historical Association puts on an Octoberfest the first weekend of October each year that draws some 500 people. With a more Texas flavor, the German music is mixed with bluegrass and folk to make it a real German-Texan festival.
San Antonio celebrates Octoberfest in the early part of the month with a festival at Beethoven Home.
Fort Worth devotes two weekends for its Oktoberfest held at the Fort Worth/Tarrant County Convention Center.
Other cities with Octoberfests include: Boerne, Violet, Amarillo, Kemah, Galveston, De Kalb, Grand Prairie, Arlington, Cleburne, Wichita Falls and Terrell.
And, Bryan observes all of October as German Culture Month.
— written by Robert Plocheck, associate editor, for the Texas Almanac 1996–1997.
• Link to Fredericksburg town page.
• LInk to New Braunfels town page.
History of German Settlements in Texas, by Rudolph Leopold Biesele; German-Texan Heritage Society, San Marcos, 1930.
German Texana, by Gilbert J. Jordan; Eakin, Burnet, Texas, 1980.
German Culture in Texas, by Glenn Lich and Dona Reeves; Twayne, Boston, 1981. | <urn:uuid:b35e3786-af69-4355-9220-6f496445b216> | {
"date": "2016-02-06T06:57:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146196.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00009-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9490039944648743,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 1114,
"url": "http://texasalmanac.com/topics/culture/german/german-texans"
} |
Ice, ocean, atmosphere. These three components constitute the health of the Arctic climate. At the heart of this system is one of the least studied bodies of water on the planet: the Beaufort Gyre, a slowly swirling bowl of icy water north of Alaska ten times the size of Lake Michigan. Recent observations suggest that because of global warming, the natural rhythms of the Beaufort Gyre have been tipped out of balance. To find out what this means for the future of the Arctic climate, scientists from the United States, Canada, and Japan have set out every summer since 2003 for month-long expeditions aboard the Canadian icebreaker Louis S. St-Laurent. They are using an array of newly-developed instruments to measure the environment above, below, and within the floating icepack.
I was the field photographer and dispatch writer for the August 2005 expedition aboard the Canadian icebreaker Louis S. St-Laurent. I documented the scientific activities and maintained a daily dispatch journal from the icebreaker in real time. | <urn:uuid:53dffa98-89b8-467b-85ad-8669bd6a1427> | {
"date": "2013-12-05T01:21:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163037952/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131717-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.921535849571228,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 208,
"url": "http://www.chrislinder.com/project_bgep.html"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.