text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Dual enrollment is one of the fastest growing educational innovations that involve high schools and postsecondary institutions. Yet, little rigorous research exists that compares the outcomes of students who have participated in dual enrollment to the outcomes of non-participants. Researchers from the Postsecondary Center are conducting analyses of student unit-record data from Florida to examine the effects of dual enrollment, as well as tracking student participants in a career-oriented dual enrollment program in California.
States have reported increases in the numbers of students participating in dual enrollment, and a federal government survey found that the vast majority of high schools take part, with upwards of 800,000 high school students participating in the 2002-2003 school year. The presumed benefits of dual enrollment—the availability of rigorous coursework for high school students, college credits that are often low- or no-cost, a smoother transition to college, which should yield better odds of long-term success—address national concerns about academic standards and postsecondary access and success. Responding to the strong interest in dual enrollment, in the last several years the Community College Research Center completed several studies for the U.S. Department of Education that examined dual enrollment literature, state policies, and specific programs. As there is still little definitive research on the effectiveness of dual enrollment, a focus of the Postsecondary Center will be quasi-experimental and other studies of dual enrollment.
Our current work with data from the Florida K-20 Education Data Warehouse examines the effects of participation in dual enrollment on students' initial entry into postsecondary education, such as enrollment in and completion of developmental coursework, first-semester grade point average, and persistence to the second semester. We also examine the long-term effects of participation in dual enrollment, as measured by persistence toward a postsecondary credential. Early findings from this work have been presented at the 2010 meetings of the American Educational Research Association and the Association for Institutional Research. The final report will be available in late summer 2010.
Dual enrollment in career and technical fields is the focus of the Concurrent Courses: Pathways to College and Careers Initiative. This California initiative is being implemented with funding from the James Irvine Foundation, and managed and evaluated by CCRC. Funds have been granted to eight secondary/postsecondary partnerships to develop, enhance, and expand career-oriented dual enrollment opportunities for low-income, academically struggling, and traditionally underrepresented high school students. Additional support is being provided by IES through NCPR to track the outcomes of the initial student participants and to determine the feasibility of conducting a random assignment experimental study in the future. The findings will be available in June 2011.
For further information, please contact Dr. Katherine Hughes at 212-678-3091.
Bridging College and Careers: Using Dual Enrollment to Enhance Career and Technical Education Pathways. By: Olga Rodríguez, Katherine L. Hughes, and Clive Belfield (July 2012).
Using longitudinal administrative data, this study compares outcomes of students who in 2008–09 and 2009–10 enrolled in one or more dual enrollment courses through the Concurrent Courses Initiative (CCI) in California with those of similar students in the same school districts who did not participate in the initiative. Using regression models that control for student characteristics and other factors, the findings indicate that relative to comparison students, CCI dual enrollees had similar GPAs but higher graduation rates in high school. CCI dual enrollees entered college at similar rates to the comparison group, but entered four-year institutions and persisted in college at higher rates. Notably, CCI dual enrollees accumulated more college credits than the comparison group, and this difference in credit accumulation grew over time. Download the PDF | Download the Brief Version
High School Dual Enrollment Programs: Are We Fast-Tracking Students Too Fast? (An NCPR Working Paper). By: Cecilia Speroni (December 2011).
Despite the popularity of dual enrollment (DE) as a strategy for preparing high school students for college, little rigorous evidence exists on its effectiveness. This paper uses a regression discontinuity design to gauge the causal effect of DE on rates of high school graduation, college enrollment, and college completion among students who are on the margin of eligibility for DE participation. While DE courses in general are found to have no significant effects, participation in a DE algebra course is found to have significant positive effects on rates of college enrollment and completion. Download the PDF | Download the Brief Version
Determinants of Students' Success: The Role of Advanced Placement and Dual Enrollment Programs (An NCPR Working Paper). By: Cecilia Speroni (November 2011).
Using data from two cohorts of all high school students in Florida and controlling for schools' and students' characteristics (including prior achievement), this study examines the relative power of AP and DE in predicting students' college access and success. The study finds that both AP and DE are strongly associated with positive outcomes, but the enrollment outcomes are not the same for both programs. DE students are more likely than AP students to go to college after high school, but they are less likely to first enroll in a four-year college. Despite this difference in initial enrollment, the difference between DE and AP in terms of bachelor's degree attainment is much smaller and not statistically significant for some model specifications. In addition, the effect of DE is driven by courses taken at the local community college campus; there is no effect for DE courses taken at the high school. Download the PDF | <urn:uuid:ac485b94-3214-4512-9cdc-559426c199a4> | {
"date": "2015-08-27T19:25:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644059455.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025419-00056-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9501163363456726,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 1114,
"url": "http://www.tc.columbia.edu/centers/ncpr/index.html?Id=Research&Info=Dual+Enrollment"
} |
Winter - Handout lecture #1
For SOSC 1185
From L. Wiggins
GENDERED DIVISION OF LABOUR IN THE FAMILY & WAGED
WORK – HISTORICAL
• Women as well as men have always worked. However, the nature of work including
who does what work, where it occurs, & valuing of work has changed.
• Post-Industrial Revolution period is characterized by a focus on waged work as ‘real’
work & more valued, while family work & housework seen as a ‘labour of love’ and as
a ‘natural’ aspect of women’s role.
• The historical transformation of work & ideas about work as well as the impact these
have on individuals can be examined using a macro, social construction perspective.
This allows us to both identify & better explain women’s economic inequality (gender
wage gap, occupational segregation, etc.) via a systematic GBA.
• This understands that ‘family’ & the economy are socially, historically constructed
institutions influenced by current dominant ideology or ‘systems of meaning’ + material
• This perspective also recognizes important links between family & economy & state.
Economy: the organization of resources to produce what we need to survive; so production,
distribution, exchange, sale, and consumption of goods and services. 2
II. Families/households & economy historically:
1. Families & work in early subsistence economy
• Family group is unit of production (family based economy); all members contribute
• Division of labour based on sex, age - but division of labour didn’t always mean
systemic gender inequality
• Women’s work of gathering & transforming resources is essential to survival
2. Early colonization, pre-industrial period in Canada
• Early colonization based on trapping, fur trade, exploring
• Introduction of more technology, move to agrarian or fishing exchange economy but
family still unit of production
• Some surplus & bartering or exchange of goods. Important issues: who controlled
the surplus produced, inheritance & issues of ownership overall
• Women’s work still key in terms of reproduction & maintenance of family economy
• However, patriarchal & Eurocentric values & norms become increasingly dominant
3. Early industrialization in Canada:
• Impact of the ‘Doctrine of Two Spheres’ & ideology of male breadwinner who was
expected to earn a ‘family wage’, female housewife/mother
• White Eurocentric middle class ‘norm’ for idealized nuclear family; but need to
remember there were difference between the idealized norm & the reality of daily
lives & experiences due to class, race/ethnicity, geographic location, etc.
• Gradual change in expectations of families moving from unit of production to unit of
• More urban living patterns 3
• Increased monetization of markets & increased production for the marketplace
rather than for one’s own home consumption, more goods and services available for
• Development of technology & knowledge base (affected workplace, family life,
Impact on waged work:
• Now tied to the clock, more regimented, often supervised, more routine, more | <urn:uuid:d7cc077e-ee65-4a36-89f9-acc8c3ab823c> | {
"date": "2018-04-20T14:52:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125938462.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420135859-20180420155859-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.906966507434845,
"score": 3.578125,
"token_count": 684,
"url": "https://oneclass.com/class-notes/ca/york/soc-sci/sosc-1185/267745-lecture-handout-winter-lecture-1.en.html"
} |
Red flags for Parents
- It’s time to get help if you notice:
- Extreme mood swings, frequent “illness”, school problems, lack of motivation
- Secrecy, avoiding family, lying, unreasonable anger
- Hanging with a new group of friends (especially ones you do not know)
- Questionable money management and sources
- Unusual items (which could include paraphernalia)
Early education and intervention is the best prevention. Many kids make critical decisions about alcohol and drugs in elementary and middle school. Parents can makes a positive difference. To paraphrase Charles Curie, SAMHSA’s administrator,”Children admit that their parents’ disapproval of underage drinking [and use of drugs] is the key reason they have chosen NOT to indulge.”
What parents can you do as early intervention:
- Talk openly about substance abuse early; set the expectation of zero-tolerance. Expect to have this discussion many, many times; it is not a one-time event.
- Teach your children to have healthy fun without alcohol or drugs. Be an example.
- Don’t let your kids grow up with absentee parents. Share the parenting responsibilities with other reliable parents, neighbors, relatives, or friends if your work or other circumstances prevent you from being there at key times during the day.
- Bolster your children’s self-confidence; talk with them about how to resist negative peer pressure.
- Always know where your children are, what they are doing, and who their friends are. Know their friends’ parents.
- Never let your children attend unsupervised parties; never allow your children to have unsupervised parties in your home
- Do not give your underage children alcohol or drugs – it is illegal!
If you suspect that your children are using alcohol or drugs:
Act immediately: Tell them you LOVE them and you are worried that they might be using drugs or alcohol. You KNOW that this behavior seems like the thing to do, but it can have serious consequences. Let them know that you FEEL worried and concerned. You are there to LISTEN and you WANT them to be a part of the solution. Then tell them what you WILL do to help them.
Turn to community and health specialists for guidance:
- School counselors and student assistance professionals
- Your family doctor or pediatrician, or community health center
- Your minister
- Adolescent prevention or treatment professionals
- Your county’s community anti-drug coalition (Dare CASA) | <urn:uuid:1b99e901-e340-4f35-a376-e1635f27c00d> | {
"date": "2018-08-21T11:40:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218122.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821112537-20180821132537-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9389588832855225,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 528,
"url": "http://darecasa.org/casa/?page_id=222"
} |
Easter and Lent were celebrated 4000 years ago in Babylon. Yet ROME introduced these customs into the Christian Church. How and when did Rome become the "modern Babylon"?
THERE are over 750 million professing Christians in the world today everyone of them, in greater or lesser degree, practicing the pagan mysteries of ancient Babylon! By contrast, probably not more than 5000 truly converted members are in this, God's true Church today! Why? How could the world believe that its hundreds of competitive sects and denominations are the one true Church of God? and believe that its heathen customs and holidays supersede the AUTHORITY of the Bible? Yes, how has it been possible, brethren, that we should be the sole remnant of God's Church?
What Is the "Mystery of Babylon"?
Admittedly the customs of the Protestant world came from the Roman Catholic Church; but how did Rome fall heir to the "Mystery of Babylon?" Here is the answer! In Revelation 17:5, an angel reveals to the apostle John, in symbol, the professing Christian world of today. Notice what kind of world it is! It is dominated by a "Mother Church" symbolized by a fallen woman whose name is "a mystery, 'BABYLON THE GREAT, the Mother of the Harlots and of the Abominations of the Earth.'" That is her real name! She is named after the city Babylon! But why is this great church not called the mystery of "Nineveh," or the mystery of "Sidon," or "Athens," or "Thebes"? all famous cities of the ancient world in which competitive pagan mystery religions were located. Why is it called specifically the mystery of "BABYLON"? How did the "Babylonian mysteries migrate to Rome? And what were the customs or mysteries that specifically distinguished the city of Babylon from the other centers of mystery cults? First, notice what a "mystery" is. A mystery is secret knowledge revealed only to an inner circle, not to outsiders in general. Paul speaks of the teaching of our Church as a MYSTERY. "Now to the one able to establish you according to my gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the MYSTERY kept silent through the times of ages, but now is manifested," he wrote in Rom. 16:25-26. This mystery includes the knowledge God has revealed to us in the Bible. But the Bible is written in such a way that the world, which is carnally minded, cannot understand it. It is a mystery to the world! Those who constitute the true Church of God are also called the "mystery of God" in Revelation 10:7.
People Crave Mysteries
People like to be told secrets. They like to hear stories about people and things even if those stories are not true! Human nature likes gossip and scandal - it likes to be told what is pleasing to the self. Human nature rebels against the authority of God. That is why Satan has been able to deceive the world ever since the Tower of Babel. Your Bible reveals that, at Babel, Satan influenced the world to turn aside from the way of God. Satan influenced his ministers to preach what the people wanted to hear. Satan used Nimrod as his chief instrumentality in swaying the world. Nimrod was the first who totally turned aside after the flood. One of Nimrod's names, recently discovered in Babylonia, is spelled "Gaur" by archaeologists. "Gaur" comes from the Hebrew root gûwr, meaning "to turn aside" (Strong's Concordance). "Gaur" Nimrod was the first priest-king who ruled after the flood (Langdon's Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts, volume II, col. I). The people did not all turn aside openly. Noah's influence was still strong. Those who did turn aside did it secretly. Their religion was a mystery to those who did not at first join in. It was also a COUNTERFEIT! The Babylonian mysteries centered about a COUNTERFEIT savior or messiah. Their savior was Nimrod not the Jesus who was to come. Their savior promised them liberty from God's law JUST AS THE VAST MAJORITY OF MINISTERS DO TODAY! Later, Nimrod was killed, so they introduced the custom of mourning 40 days in his honor. Today the celebration of these same 40 days is called "Lent" by the professing Christian world. And Christians do it thinking they honor Christ! The mystery of Babylon also involved the celebration of a purported resurrection of their savior. They celebrated "the sacred mysteries" in his honor at sunrise, Sunday morning, in commemoration of his supposed resurrection. It was a hoax, but the people liked the celebration anyway. The custom has continued to this day and is called "Easter." Now notice WHEN THESE PAGAN CUSTOMS, WHICH MASQUERADE AS CHRISTIAN, WERE INTRODUCED FROM BABYLON TO ROME!
A Birthday Celebration Tells
People like to celebrate birthdays. The ancient Romans celebrated Nimrod's birthday on December 25. Christians today think it's Christ's birthday. The original pagan celebration of the birthday of a savior goes back to ancient Babylon! Wherever the celebration of the birthday of Nimrod, the false Messiah, was introduced, it fell upon the WINTER SOLSTICE the time that each day began to grow longer and the night began to grow shorter. To the pagans, this was a fitting symbol of the birth of the god whose glory was like the sun! Today the winter solstice occurs about December 21. But the supposed birthday of Nimrod is not celebrated on December 21, but on December 25! Why? The answer to this question will reveal when the "Mystery of Babylon" was transplanted from Babylon to Rome! HERE IS THE ANSWER! The introduction of the birthday of Nimrod among the Romans occurred when the winter solstice on their religious calendar occurred on December 25! That occurred about 300 B.C., shortly after Alexander the Great conquered the Persian empire and introduced the Mystery Cult of Babylon into the West. Alexander wanted to found one world and one religion AND THE ONE RELIGION TO WHICH ALL COULD TRACE BACK THEIR ORIGIN WAS THE BABYLONIAN MYSTERY CULT! It claimed to be a universal or Catholic form of religion in which all peoples could find unity! Notice now why the winter solstice occurred on December 25 around 300 B.C. According to the religious calendar maintained by the priests of the mystery cults, each year averaged 365¼ days. This caused the winter solstice to vary over the centuries about the rate of one day in 125 years. In Rome the winter solstice "Christmas" fell on December 25, beginning 300 years before Christ. By 300 A.D. it had already receded to December 21. By 1582 A.D. the winter solstice dropped back to Dec. 11. That was the year Pope Gregory altered the calendar so that the equinox was restored to December 21. The celebration of Dec. 25 as the winter solstice is proof that the Mystery Cult of Babylon permeated Rome around 300 B.C. when Greece conquered the world.
How VATICAN Became Center of Babylonian Cult
When the Babylonian mysteries spread westward, they gravitated to Rome, not Greece. Greece was the center of culture and learning, but Rome had long been a center of religion. And the most important part of Rome was Vatican hill. "The Vatican sanctuary... seems to have been a well-known... cult-centre... of the worship of Cybele [the "Mother of God"}... No less than nine inscriptions referring to the same cult have long been known from the immediate vicinity of St. Peter's..." (from The Shrine of St. Peter and the Vatican Excavations, by J. Toynbee and J. W. Perkins, p. 6). In the days of the apostles a "pagan cemetery lay on a knoll called Vaticanus" Vatican hill, where the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church is today. "The Latin word vatis means a 'prophet' or 'soothsayer.' In days gone by there had been an Etruscan oracle on this spot," writes Werner Keller in The Bible as History, p. 390. Notice that this Satanic oracle was a soothsayer - one who soothed the people by preaching what the people wanted to hear.
THE RUINS of ancient Babylon today. Here was the beginning of civilization and the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom. Here, too, commenced the religion of the world. After Alexander the Great wrested this city from the Persians, the Mystery Religion of the City of Babylon found a new center far to the west Rome!
And it was associated with a cemetery. The chief object of reverence at this location centuries before the time of Christ was the shrine or tomb of a "Peter"! But why would pagans be honoring "Peter" long before the apostle Peter was ever heard of? The answer once again points us back to Babylon and Nimrod. Nimrod, according to ancient tradition, was "the firstborn" of deified human beings. He was the religious hero or star of that day just as many have their "Hollywood idols" today. He was often symbolized by a bull as Christ is by a lamb. Nimrod was therefore called a firstling and in the Babylonian tongue (a dialect of Hebrew) the word firstling was "PETER"! (See Young's Concordance.) But how did Nimrod become associated with Rome?
Nimrod Flees to ROME
Tyrants sooner or later meet their end. So, too, with Nimrod. After years of oppressing the people for his selfish interests, Shem (according to ancient records) forced Nimrod to flee. And to where did he flee? to ROME! The ancient name of Rome was "Saturnia," recorded Pliny in his Natural History, bk. III. But what does "Saturnia" mean? It means the dwelling place of "Saturn." And the inhabitants of ancient Italy called Nimrod "Saturn," meaning "the hiding one" because he "lay hid" from his pursuers (Jackson's Chronological Antiquities, p. 233 ). A pagan shrine was later set up on Vatican hill to commemorate this event.
St. Peter's, atop Vatican Hill, in Rome. This massive structure note the tiny human beings in the entrance is built over the fabled site of the burial of the Apostle Peter. Here it was, according to ancient Roman tradition, that Nimrod "lay hidden" when forced to flee his domain. Nimrod was the original "Peter" of Babylon and his shrine was later dedicated to the Apostle Peter who never was at Rome!
And the birthday of Nimrod December 25 was called the Saturnalia by the Romans. Saturnia fell into decay. A new city, Rome, was later built on the same site named after Romulus, according to Latin writers. But how is it that the Peter of Babylon came to be associated with the city named Rome? Again we must turn to the language of Babylon. According to the Mystery of Babylon, Nimrod ascended "on high" or was glorified. In the Semitic dialect of Babylon the word for "on high" was rome! (See Strong's Concordance.) It is no wonder that wherever the Babylon Mystery spread the people heard that Peter, another name for Nimrod, went to ROME! And the customs of Nimrod's ancient Babylon gravitated there, too! By the time of the Roman Empire, the city of Rome became the religious center of the world. Jerusalem, by contrast, was the headquarters of God's Church. Now let us notice how the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. opened the war for the Babylonian Mystery to make Rome the center of a COUNTERFEIT CHURCH!
Paul's Martyrdom Opened the Way
Through Paul's preaching, the Gentile Roman world heard of the true Savior Jesus Christ. But here is Paul's warning: "I know that after my departure" after his death "grievous wolves shall enter in among you, not sparing the flock; and from among yourselves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after themselves" (Acts 20:29-30). Paul was like a father to all the Gentile converts. His friends loved him. His enemies feared him. They knew his influence over the Gentile converts. Human beings are like sheep. They are subconsciously swayed by other human beings. That is why the apostasy set in shortly after the death of the apostle Paul. His influence was gone. The younger ministers whom Paul trained were not looked up to as fathers or elders in the same way that Paul had been. The same is true today. People tend to follow the man through whom they are converted, instead of looking to the power of Christ working through the ministers. Consider now what Jude said of those who brought heresy into the Church: "For certain men have crept in privily, who were of old written of beforehand" (Jude 4). But why should false teachers have entered the Church? Because God's Church was a tithe-paying Church! "And in covetousness shall they with feigned words" or deceptive arguments "make merchandise of you" or make a profit from you (II Peter 2:3). They wanted the tithe of God's Church. Compare this with II Corinthians 11:4-15. Here Paul warns of those who preach "another Jesus," and a "different gospel" and who receive the tithes of the people. These false teachers were SPIES or FOREIGN AGENTS of the pagan "Mystery of Babylon." They were the followers of Nicolaus (Rev. 2:6, 15). Nicolaus was yet another name for Nimrod! These false ministers of the BabyIonian Cult were already at work in Paul's day. "For the mystery of lawlessness doth already work," wrote Paul when yet alive; "there is only one who restrains it now," he concluded and that was Paul himself (II Thes. 2:7-8). Now consider what happened. The Church of God at Rome was severely persecuted by Nero in 64 A.D. Nero falsely charged the Christians with burning the city. Perhaps some two or three years after the burning of Rome Paul was seized near Troas (II Timothy 4:13) and brought to trial at Rome where he was martyred. Events were now moving rapidly. The headquarters Church at Jerusalem was forced to flee in 70 A.D. to Pella. The Churches of God which Paul raised up in Asia Minor were now under the general supervision of the apostle Peter. Peter wrote to the Churches in Asia and Galatia (I Peter 1:1) from his headquarters in Babylon near the Euphrates (I Pet. 5:13). The ancient city of Babylon was, next to Jerusalem, the most important center of Jewish life. And Peter was the apostle to the Jews the circumcision (Gal. 2:8).
Looking for a New Headquarters
While the Church in the East was being held together, the Roman Church with most of its leading members martyred became the prey of false teachers. As soon as Peter was martyred, probably around 80 A.D. (see Ramsey's The Church in the Roman Empire to 170 A.D.) events moved to a climax. Now there was no headquarters church, there was no James or Peter or Paul. Many people began to look for new leaders and a new headquarters. But they did not look to Christ, the head of the Church! At this moment in history, the centuries-old tradition was revived and widely circulated that "Peter" had been in Rome. The heathen had never heard of the apostle Peter. But everyone at Rome had heard that there was a shrine of a Peter on Vatican hill and that that Peter or Nimrod had come from Babylon. Anacletus an elder or bishop in the apostate Church at Rome, dedicated the ancient shrine of the pagan Peter (or Nimrod) to the apostle Peter around 80 A.D., according to a record in the Liber Pontificalis (i, p. 125). It was now an easy task for Anacletus to convince the drifting, unemployed pagan population of Rome which was becoming interested in the mysteries that the shrine at Rome was the site of burial of the apostle Peter for had not the apostle Peter been at Babylon! And to cement his authority, he claimed to have been ordained by Peter. Anacletus claimed to be the sole successor to Peter. He claimed that the two men who ruled in the Church before him were Peter and Linus. (See the Catholic list of bishops in any World Almanac.) Now it so happens that in ancient tradition, the son of Nimrod (the pagan Peter) was named Linus! (See Smith's Classical Dictionary.) It ought to be plain by now that the pagan Babylonian Mystery had taken root in the local church at Rome. The bishop at Rome had the great advantage of being in the chief city of the Roman Empire. The heathen did not mind Anacletus' use of the name of Christ so long as they could keep their old customs. Anacletus cleverly used the name of Peter a name familiar to initiates in the pagan mysteries to sanction these very customs, claiming that "Peter" approved those heathen abominations. The bishop of Rome never preached: "Learn NOT the way of the heathen"! Instead, he phrased it in practice: "Learn NOW the way of the heathen"! When the news of the pretended authority of the bishop of Rome spread abroad, many other false teachers saw the advantage of casting in their lot with him. If they were associated with him, they, too, could use the name of Peter and take the customs celebrated in honor of the pagan savior and attribute those customs to Christ in order to create a following after themselves. That is how the new headquarters of the apostatizing Church quickly gravitated to Rome! In order to gain a large following after themselves, they soon began to introduce the pagan customs of Lent and Easter in place of the Days of Unleavened Bread and the Passover.
Where Lent Is Mentioned in the Bible
Lent is nowhere commanded or mentioned in the New Testament. But it is mentioned in the Old Testament! Lent was an indispensable preliminary to the great annual festival in commemoration of the death and resurrection of Tammuz another name for Nimrod, reborn as the pagan Babylonian messiah. Forty days preceding the feast of Tammuz (usually celebrated among pagans originally in June) the heathen held their Lenten season! Ezekiel describes it vividly in Ezek. 8:13-14: "He" the Lord "said also unto me, 'Turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations.'" Notice that God calls what Ezekiel is about to see an ABOMINATION. What does the prophet see? "And, behold, there sat women weeping for Tammuz." They wept for Tammuz, the false messiah of the pagans! Fasting was joined with weeping FOR A PERIOD OF FORTY DAYS before the festival in honor of Tammuz. The period of weeping and semi-fasting fell originally during springtime. That is why the word Lent means "spring!" Lent is a continuation of the pagan spring-time custom of abstaining from certain foods just prior to celebrating a fake resurrection! And God calls LENT an ABOMINATION!
Lent a Substitute for Days of Unleavened Bread
Jesus left us an example of what we ought to do and that example is not Lent! The example of Jesus was to keep the Days of Unleavened Bread. This festival symbolizes putting sin out of our life. But people do not want to put out sin. They want the temporary pleasures of sin and then prefer to do penance instead. Penance means to give up something in payment for sin. That is why the pagans, flocking wholesale into the professing Christian Church, ousted the celebration of the Days of Unleavened Bread and substituted Lent 40 days of Penance 40 days of denying oneself certain physical pleasures in return for enjoying sin for the other 325¼ days of the year!
The Origin of Lent
From what city did the celebration of Lent really begin to spread throughout the professing Christianity of the Roman World? Here is what the Catholic Encyclopaedia records: "In any case it is certain from the 'Festival Letters' of St. Athanasius that in 331 [he] enjoined upon his flock a period of FORTY DAYS of fasting preliminary to... Holy Week, and second that in 339 after having travelled to Rome and over the greater part of Europe, [he] wrote in the strongest terms to urge this observance" Lent upon the people under his jurisdiction. Athanasius was influenced by Roman custom. It was at Rome that Lent entered the popular Christian Church. Irenaeus wrote that Lent was introduced during the time of Bishop Xystus of Rome. This Bishop "did not permit those after him" to observe the practices of the apostles, but instead introduced the custom of Lent. Notice that Lent is a counterfeit of the Days of Unleavened Bread commanded by the apostles to be observed by all Christians (I Cor. 5:7).
A Fake Resurrection
Lent immediately precedes the celebration of a Sunday resurrection supposedly of Christ! But Christ was not resurrected on Sunday! Nowhere does the New Testament command us to observe the resurrection of Christ! We are commanded to observe the PASSOVER, a MEMORIAL OF HIS DEATH "Do this in remembrance of Me," commanded Jesus! The early inspired true New Testament Church did observe that memorial, but it never observed Easter or Lent! And we observe that same memorial today because we are the true Church of God. Easter and Lent celebrate the fake resurrection of a false Christ. Paul warned that this very custom would develop "For if he that cometh preacheth another Jesus, whom we have not preached and that is exactly what has happened (II Cor. 11:4). Lent celebrated another Jesus, a false messiah from Babylon! The celebration of a festival on Sunday in honor of the resurrection comes directly from PAGANISM. Notice that immediately after the Lenten observance, the prophet Ezekiel sees the people observing an Easter sunrise service: "Then said He unto me, 'Hast thou seen this?'" the Lenten fast. "'Turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see GREATER ABOMINATIONS than these.'" What does the prophet see? people bowing down toward the sun in the East. Easter sunrise services the climax to the 40 days of Lent! (Ezek. 8:16). What Ezekiel saw here in vision is a prophecy for today! for the House of Israel Great Britain and America. And professing Christian people are practicing this very ABOMINATION today as our ancestors did centuries before Christ.
Catholics Testify to the Origin of Easter
Easter Sunday was derived by Protestants from the Roman Catholic Church, it is to the Catholic Church that we must turn for testimony regarding the origin of Easter. Here is their testimony and they should know they introduced it! The Catholic scholar Hefele writes concerning Easter: "All the Churches of the West, the South, and the North, had adopted this practice" celebrating Easter "particularly Rome, the whole of Italy, Africa, Egypt, Spain, Gaul [France], Britain, Lybia, Achaia [Greece]; it has even been adopted in the dioceses of Asia, Pontus, and Cilicia." (From History of the Councils, pp. 306-307 of Vol. I.) Notice that Easter celebrations were adopted not from the Bible, but from the heathen, long after the death of Jesus Christ! But from what sources did the scholar Hefele obtain this information? He obtained it from ancient church history written shortly after the time Easter was adopted! Here is what Socrates Scholasticus wrote in his Ecclesiastical History not long after Emperor Constantine, in the 4th century: "Neither the apostles, therefore, nor the Gospels, have anywhere imposed... Easter... Wherefore, inasmuch as men love festivals, because they afford them cessation from labor: each individual in every place, according to his own pleasure, has by a prevalent custom celebrated [Easter]... The Saviour and his apostles have enjoined us by no law to keep this feast... just as many other customs have been established in individual localities according to usage, so also the feast of Easter CAME TO BE OBSERVED IN EACH PLACE ACCORDING TO THE INDIVIDUAL PECULIARITIES OF THE PEOPLES inasmuch as none of the apostles legislated on the matter. And that the observance originated not by legislation, BUT AS A CUSTOM the facts themselves indicate" (chapter 22). So says the ancient Catholic historian in the 4th century. Notice further: "And this diversity among the observers [of Lent and Easter] had not its origin in our time," wrote Irenaeus at the close of the second century, "but long before in that of our predecessors, some of whom probably, being not very accurate in their observance of it, handed down to posterity the custom as it had, through simplicity or private fancy, been [introduced among them]. (Ante-Nicene Fathers, p. 568, Vol. I.) Now let us understand exactly how Easter was surreptitiously introduced.
The First Historical Records
The early Church of God in New Testament times was taught that Jesus was in the grave three days and three nights that He arose at the close of the third day after the crucifixion. The crucifixion occurred upon a Wednesday, April 25, 31 A.D. This historical date of the Passover is demonstrated by seven irrefutable proofs which we published in The PLAIN TRUTH two years ago. Thursday, in 31 A.D., was an annual sabbath that year. The Passover has always been observed annually by the Church of God, on the eve of Christ's death, on Nisan 14 of God's Sacred Calendar. You can find this information in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, or even in the "World Almanac" in your town Library. This New Testament practice was followed universally until after the death of the apostle John.
The Lord's Supper on Saturday!
Remember that up to this point the churches of God universally understood that Jesus rose after three days on Saturday evening shortly before sunset. Many now began to do what seemed right to them. They began to observe the passover weekly on Saturday, the Sabbath, believe it or not! Here is the proof: For over 200 years this custom was a nearly universal practice of the apostatizing churches! The Catholic church historian, Socrates, wrote: "While therefore some in Asia Minor observed the day above mentioned" he means that some faithfully observed the Passover on the 14th of Nisan as the apostles did "others in the East kept THIS FEAST [Easter] ON THE SABBATH INDEED..." By "sabbath" all early writers meant Saturday! So universal was the custom of observing a "Lord's Supper" on Saturday that he continued to write: "For although almost all churches throughout the world celebrate the sacred mysteries on the sabbath of every week, yet the Christians of Alexandria and at Rome, on account of some ancient tradition, have ceased to do this." (You may find this amazing testimony in Vol. 2 of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, pp. 131-132, from the Ecclesiastical History of Socrates book V, chapter 22.) Did you catch the real significance of this quotation? The Passover was transformed by false teachers from an annual memorial in memory of the death of Christ into a weekly memorial in honor of His resurrection, which occurred on Saturday. These weekly "passovers" were called the "sacred mysteries"! What did Paul say about the sacred mysteries? "Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come" the day of Christ's return "except there come a falling away first" an apostasy, a falling into error. "For the MYSTERY OF INIQUITY doth already work" (II Thess. 2:3, 7). A part of this "Mystery of Iniquity" was the weekly celebration of "sacred mysteries" the communion. It first began to be celebrated on Saturday because the majority still believed that was the day of the resurrection! But how were the false teachers of Rome and Alexandria, Egypt, going to alter the knowledge that Jesus was three days and three nights in the tomb?
"Good Friday-Easter Sunday" Tradition
Let's notice! From the Syriac Didascalia, composed shortly before the time of Constantine, we have a record of what happened in those early days. False teachers began to interpret the three days and three nights in the following clever fashion: They claimed Jesus's sufferings on the cross were part of the "three days and three nights" of Scripture. The daylight hours from nine in the morning to noon on Friday they counted as one day. The hours from noon to three o'clock when the land was darkened they reckoned as the first night. Then the time from three o'clock to sunset was reckoned as the second day. Friday night to Saturday morning, according to their reasoning, became the second night; the daylight of Saturday, the third day; and Saturday night to Sunday morning, the third night! A very clever argument and it deceived a great many people! Those false ministers twisted the truth that Jesus was IN THE GRAVE three days and three nights into a Good Friday-Easter Sunday tradition! For the first time the idea of a Sunday resurrection was injected into the churches. Now observe what happened.
Easter Sunday Begins at Rome
In commenting on those who did not observe the Passover in accordance with the practice of the apostles, Irenaeus, a Catholic living toward the close of the second century, mentions the following names to bishop Victor of Rome: "We mean Anicetus, and Pius, and Hyginus, and Telesphorus, and Xystus. They neither observed it" the true passover on the 14th of Nisan" "nor did they permit those after them to do so." Who were these men? bishops of the church at Rome! Here is the first record, by a Catholic, of the fact that the Roman bishops no longer observed the passover on the correct God-given time, but on a Sunday! It was bishop Xystus (his name is also spelled Sixtus) who was the first recorded individual to prevent the proper observance of the Passover, and to celebrate the sacred mysteries annually on a Sunday. Irenaeus speaks further of him, declaring that his doctrine was in direct "opposition" to the practice of the remainder of the churches. Bishop Sixtus was living at the beginning of the second century (115-125), shortly after the apostle John died. Here you have the astounding origin of Easter Sunday in the Roman Church beginning about 120 A.D. Together with this practice, the "sacred mysteries" began to be observed every Sunday?
The Romans Divided
The introduction of this custom naturally divided the Christians at Rome. The Catholic historian, Abbe Duchesne, wrote: "There were many Christians of Asia in Rome at that time" remember that the Church of God at Rome was founded by those who came from Asia Minor where Paul preached "and the very early Popes, Xystus and Telesphorus, saw them every year keep their Pasch" the true passover "the same day as did the Jews. They maintained that was correct. It was allowed to pass... though the rest of Rome observed a different use" (Vol. I, p. 210, of The Early History of the Church). These are startling facts, but they are true! It is time we knew about them! About 34 years later Polycarp visited Rome and denounced Easter.
A Fake Vision from God
Shortly after Polycarp left, there appeared an amazing letter said by many scholars to have been a deliberate forgery. This letter states: "Pope Pius, who lived about 147, had made a decree, That the annual solemnity of the Pasch [Pasch is the Greek word for Passover] should be kept only on the Lord's day" Sunday "and in confirmation of this he pretended, that Hermes, his brother, who was then an eminent teacher among them, had received instruction from an angel, who commanded that all men should keep the Pasch on the Lord's day." (From pp. 1148-1149 of Bingham's Antiquities. Of this same hoax we read in Apostolical Fathers, by Donaldson, p. 324, "One of the letters forged in the name of Pius, where one Hermas is mentioned as the author; and it is stated that in his book a commandment was given through an angel to observe the Passover on a Sunday." If this letter was a deliberate forgery, it was invented after Polycarp's time in an effort to lend weight to the custom of Anicetus, bishop of Rome, who maintained the Sunday observance of the eucharist or passover. If it were not a forgery, then Pius himself was the author of this deceptive letter. (Pius died just prior to the visit of Polycarp to Rome.)
Divine Calendar Change
The introduction of an Easter Sunday went hand in hand with the rejection of the Calendar God gave His people at the Exodus. The Jews have preserved the Calendar correctly. The true Church of God has continued to use the same Calendar that the Jews have always used. The knowledge for the mathematical and astronomical determination of the Calendar was at first passed through the Aaronic Priesthood, then through the Sanhedrin. God has not written all the details of the Calendar in the Bible, but enough details are there so that any layman could know the general characteristics of the Calendar. As God's ministers, we today are responsible for knowing and passing along to one another the same mathematical principles which the Jews have preserved through the centuries. According to these God given principles, the celebration of the Passover will average one day later in the year about every 230 years. In about 1900 years the passover will be celebrated slightly over 8 days later. To keep the Passover in the spring, God gave the Jews the knowledge of when to postpone the addition of a thirteenth month. Whereas the thirteenth month used to be added in the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th and 18th year of a 19-year cycle; today we add these intercalary months in the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th and 19th year of a 19-year cycle. The postponement of the addition of the thirteenth month from the 7th to the 8th year of a 19-year cycle first occurred in 142 A.D. The Jewish Encyclopaedia, article "Calendar," p. 500 declares: "Under the patriarchate of Simon III. (140-163) a great quarrel arose concerning the feast-days and the leap-year, which threatened to cause a permanent schism between the Babylonian and the Palestinian communities a result which was only averted by the exercise of much diplomacy." The Church of God adhered to the mathematical determination of the Jews in Palestine, whose responsibility it was to determine the calendar. We have in our possession the very same mathematical and astronomical facts which lead to the fixing of the leap-year cycle in post-apostolic days. The full information may be found by comparing the Jewish Encyclopaedia with Neugebauer's Astronomische Geschichte (which we have translated from the German) and Maimonides' Sanctificalion of the New Moon. When this divinely determined cycle change occurred, the bishop at Rome found an entering wedge to discredit God's Calendar and to begin to substitute a pagan Roman calendar in its stead. The Christians who fled Jerusalem in 69 A.D. "continued to use the Jewish cycle" God's method of reckoning the Passover in the sacred calendar "till the bishops of Jerusalem who were of the circumcision were succeeded by others who were not of the circumcision" unconverted Gentiles. Then "... they began to invent other cycles" (p. 1152 of Bingham's Antiquities of the Christian Church). Yes, Easter began as the invention of men who exchanged the God-given Passover for the pagan Easter and threw away God's Calendar. This same author continues: "We see, at this time the Jewish calculation" God's inspired method of determining the Passover which the Jews had accurately preserved and which God's Church uses today "was generally rejected by the... church, and yet no certain one agreed upon in its room...." This is how the celebration of the Passover on Abib 14 was gradually rejected. But the Easter controversy did not end here!
Catholic Church Split
Within 35 years, the Passover controversy broke out vehemently between Polycrates of Asia Minor and Victor of Rome, who attempted to "cut off whole churches of God, who observed the tradition of an ancient custom" the true Passover. Here is a part of the forthright answer given by Polycrates to Victor, vindicating the truth of God: "As for us, then, we scrupulously observe the exact day, neither adding nor taking away. For in Asia great luminaries have gone to their rest, who shall rise again in the day of the coming of the Lord... I speak of Philip, one of the twelve apostles... John, moreover, who reclined on the Lord's bosom... Then there is Polycarp... THESE ALL KEPT THE PASSOVER ON THE FOURTEENTH DAY OF THE MONTH, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOSPEL, WITHOUT EVER DEVIATING FROM IT, BUT KEEPING TO THE RULE OF FAITH." This remarkable letter is preserved in Vol. 8 of the Ante-Nicene Fathers, pp. 773-774. Polycrates came from that area in which Paul spent most of his time in Asia Minor, near Ephesus. This is also where John spent his last days. Here we have many Christians still remaining true to the faith! Here is proof that both the apostles to the circumcision and Paul, the special apostle to the Gentiles, taught the observance of the Passover on the 14th of the first month of God's sacred calendar. Chrysostom, who wrote several centuries after the apostles admitted that "formerly it [the Passover] prevailed also at Antioch" from where Paul began his apostolic journeys. Now, what happened to stamp out the true observance of the Passover from the popular churches?
Constantine the Man of Power
Let the Catholic historian Eusebius, who lived in the time of Constantine tell the story: "But before this time another most virulent disorder had existed, and long afflicted the Church; I mean the difference respecting... Easter. For while one party asserted that the Jewish custom should be adhered to, the other [did not]. "Accordingly, the people being thus in every place divided in this respect no one appeared who was capable of divising a remedy... BECAUSE THE CONTROVERSY CONTINUED EQUALLY DIVIDED BETWEEN BOTH PARTIES.... Constantine appeared to be the only one on earth capable.... He convoked a general council...." After the Nicaean Council closed, Emperor Constantine sent the following letter to all the churches: "At this meeting the question concerning... Easter was discussed.... First of all, it appeared an unworthy thing that in the celebration of this... feast we should follow the practice of the Jews.... Let us then have nothing in common with the Jews.... It has been determined by the common judgment of all, that the... feast of Easter should be kept on one and the same day." The Council of Nicaea decided, under his authority, that Easter must be celebrated on Sunday and that the Passover must be forbidden!
The TRIBULATION Begins!
Not all accepted the decrees of the Council, which for the first time established Catholicism as a State Religion. To those who continued to follow the truth, the Emperor wrote the following official letter: "Victor Constantinus, Maxumus Augustus, to the heretics: "... To speak of your criminality as it deserves demands more time and leisure than I can give.... Why not at once strike, as it were, at the root of so great a mischief" he means the TRUTH OF GOD "BY A PUBLIC MANIFESTATION OF DISPLEASURE?" by inciting persecution, in other words. Constantine continues: "Forasmuch, then, as it is no longer possible to bear with your pernicious errors, we give warning by this present statute that none of you henceforth presume to assemble yourselves together. We have directed, accordingly, that you be deprived of all the houses in which you are accustomed to hold your assemblies: and [we] forbid the holding of your superstitious and senseless meetings, not in public merely, BUT IN ANY PRIVATE HOUSE OR PLACE WHATSOEVER.... Take the far better course of entering the Catholic Church.... We have commanded... that you be positively deprived of every gathering point for your superstitious meetings, I mean all the houses of prayer... and that these be made over without delay to the Catholic Church; that any other places be confiscated to the public service, AND NO FACILITY WHATEVER BE LEFT FOR ANY FUTURE GATHERING; in order that from this day forward none of your unlawful assemblies may presume to appear in any public or private place. Let this edict be made public" (from Eusebius' Life of Constantine, book 3). That is how the truth was stamped out for 1260 long years! It sounds unbelievable, but it is true. The servile Eusebius sums up the work of Constantine by declaring: "And the credit of having achieved this mighty work" [of stamping out the truth] "our Heaven-protected Emperor alone, of all who had gone before him, was able to attribute to himself" (bk. 3, ch. 66). Though everyone was now forced to observe Easter or flee the confines of the Roman Empire, the churches were still divided over the exact Sunday for Easter.
Easter Still Observed on Different Sundays
Here is how confusing matters became: "But notwithstanding any endeavours that could be used then, or afterwards, there remained great differences in the church about it for many ages. For the churches of Great Britain and Ireland did not accord with the Roman church in keeping Easter on the same Sunday, till about the year 800. Nor was the Roman way fully received in France, till it was settled there by the authority of Charles the Great..." (p. 1151 of Bingham's Antiquities of the Christian Church). These are startling facts but they ought to make us, brethren, wake up to the dangerous times in which we live. It is high time we learned exactly what has happened to God's Festivals and to the practices of the New Testament Church of God these past 1900 years! | <urn:uuid:12459408-6dcd-48a0-b150-40de53bceb0e> | {
"date": "2017-05-23T18:51:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607649.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523183134-20170523203134-00110.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9664452075958252,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 9039,
"url": "http://www.hwalibrary.com/cgi-bin/get/hwa.cgi?action=getmagazine&InfoID=1396710536"
} |
The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution, I have proposed and discussed the idea that humanity create a Human Space Program, a global commitment to exploring the universe that will constitute a "central project" for our planet and all sentient beings living on it.
Here are the essential features of the program:
The Human Space Program
Purpose: to support humanity's understanding and achievement of its purpose as an active partner in universal evolution, creating overview systems that increase conscious awareness throughout the universe.
Vision: a universal civilization, a golden age, humanity taking its rightful place as citizens of the universe.
Long-term goals: establishing planetary, solar, and galactic civilizations as steps to a universal civilization.
Immediate objectives: creating conditions for planetary peace and humanity's migration to the solar system and the stars.
Participants: all human beings and other sentient species.
Spatial parameters: the universe.
Temporal parameters: the millennium, 2000-3000.
Originally set forth in the first edition in 1987, I also included 20 projects that could be used to jumpstart the program and move it ahead.
In future posts of this blog, I will discuss the vision and purpose of the program in more detail, and then do the same with each of the projects.
(To be continued) | <urn:uuid:839a37d8-143c-4b73-82a8-3d67db513194> | {
"date": "2017-09-25T04:14:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690318.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925040422-20170925060422-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9014898538589478,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 265,
"url": "http://overvieweffect3.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-human-space-program-part-one.html"
} |
In general, bathymetry is widely used to get information about the shape of the sea floor. It serves as base for different scientific activities due to its homogenous point distribution and the detailed view of the investigated area. Additional information can be received from recorded backscatter and multibeam sidescan data.The topography of the eastern margin of the Porcupine Seabight was surveyed utilizing swath bathymetry in June 2000. The survey was carried out during "Polarstern" cruise ANT XVII/4 as part of the GEOMOUND project. The main objective was to map and investigate the seafloor topography of that region. The investigation area contains a variability of morphological features such as deep sea channels and giant mounds. The survey was planned and realized on the basis of existing data to ensure the complete coverage of the margin. In order to achieve a resolution of the final digital terrain model (DTM) that meets the project demands, data processing was adjusted accordingly. The grid spacing of the DTM was set to 50 m and an accuracy better than 1 % of the water depth could be achieved for 96 % of the soundings. | <urn:uuid:a1b849a8-557b-479c-813a-d09c28dab0f5> | {
"date": "2017-03-25T23:48:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189088.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00451-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9672062993049622,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 237,
"url": "http://epic.awi.de/4451/"
} |
effect on kelp beds...They have recently been reintroduced and populations are growing in many parts of British Columbia in Canada and Washington, Oregon, and California in the United States. Sometimes the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus becomes extremely abundant; in the course of feeding on the stipes of the kelps it may destroy kelp beds over large areas. The sea otter is a predator of sea urchins, and where...
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. | <urn:uuid:70111f28-a887-4a04-92c6-3f2377303548> | {
"date": "2015-04-02T05:12:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317541.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00014-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.889595091342926,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 127,
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/569474/Strongylocentrotus"
} |
Low-Impact and No-Trace
Camping & Hiking
As an American, I Will Do My Best to:
Be clean in my outdoor manners.
Be careful with fire.
Be considerate in the outdoors.
-- The Outdoor Code
Back-country areas are places to seek solitude and a "wilderness experience"
away from crowds, noise, and daily pressures of life. By using Leave No Trace skills,
trail users can reduce their impact on the diverse, fragile, and spectacular areas in our
country. The following are guidelines that will assist trail users in successfully
enjoying the American wilderness.
Leave only footprints
Take only memories
Seven Keys to Low-Impact and No-Trace Camping
- Wear a uniform or other clothing that will blend into your surroundings.
- Obtain as much information as possible before venturing out. This includes topographic
maps, recreation maps, information sheets, and guidebooks.
- Learn about regulations and restrictions of the area prior to traveling.
- Avoid popular areas during times of high use.
- Select areas that are right for your activities.
- Plan 12 or fewer in your group or patrol.
- Check ahead to see if the area can accommodate and/or will allow your group size.
- Repackage food into lightweight containers that can easily be carried out with you.
- Be prepared to filter or boil all water during your trip.
- Leave a detailed itinerary with someone prior to venturing out.
- Take along trash bags and use them.
- Stay on designated trails and avoid any cross-country travel.
- If unavoidable, select hard ground or snow for cross-country travel.
- Do not cut across switchbacks.
- Read your map carefully to avoid having to build cairns.
- When encountering equestrians, step to the downhill side of the trail and remain quiet.
- Use designated or already impacted campsites when appropriate.
- Choose sites free of fragile plants.
- Hide your campsite from view, out of sight of trails, streams, and lakes.
- Stay as few nights as possible in one place. Before leaving the area, naturalize it as
much as possible.
- Select a campsite 200 feet or more from trails, lakes, streams, trails, and wet meadows.
- Avoid constructing structures or digging trenches.
- Do not ditch tents.
- Use a lightweight stove for cooking rather than building a fire.
- If having a campfire, use existing fire rings instead of building new ones.
- Build fires only were appropriate, away from trees, rocks, shrubs, and meadows.
- Make sure the fire is dead out.
- Scatter the ashes and naturalize the area.
- Use only dead and down wood. Never cut green trees or bushes.
- Know the fire restrictions for the area.
- Replace sod or ground cover to erase burn scars.
- Burn food scraps completely in a fire or put them in a plastic bag and carry them out.
- Pack out everything that you pack in.
- Do all washing 50 feet (about 75 steps) away from camp and water sources.
- Dig latrines 200 feet or more from camps, trails, and water sources.
- Bury sump holes and latrines when you are through with them, and restore ground cover.
Horses and Pack Animals
- Keep groups small and carry lightweight equipment.
- Keep the number of animals to a minimum.
- Select a campsite that has enough feed for your stock.
- Keep stock 200 feet or more from lakeshores.
- Bring pellets, grain, or weed-free hay to areas where feed is limited or grazing is not
- Remove (or scatter) manure; Remove excess hay and straw.
- Use hitch lines, hobbles, and pickets to constrain pack animals. Hobble or picket in dry
- Tie to sturdy trees or rope.
- Move picket pins and temporary corrals several times per day.
- Hikers step off a trail to let horses pass.
- Do not pick wildflowers. Enjoy them where they are, then leave them for others to see.
- Keep noise down when you are around other campers and hikers. Personal
electronic audio/video devices other than cameras are a distraction, and
violate the spirit of and reason for wilderness camping; leave them at
home. (Exceptions: radio to listen to weather reports and cell
phone for emergencies in areas where reception is possible)
- Attempt to be as courteous to others as possible. Excessive noise, unleashed pets, and
damaged surroundings distract from the quality experience in the backcountry.
- Please remember that visitors can help preserve these sites for future generations by
not disturbing them in any way.
- The national Leave no Trace program, which advocates leaving minimal impact while using
an area for recreation purposes, is another good source of information. This program
provides comprehensive information that can assist in achieving a stewardship ethic. For
more information, contact: The National Leave No Trace Program 1-800-332-4100
- Boy Scout Handbook (#30176)
Edited by: Bill Nelson, Unit Commissioner, Tempe District,
Grand Canyon Council, Boy Scouts of America. Please let me know of any additions or | <urn:uuid:1912d97d-b030-45da-8bf6-981d27a91dc3> | {
"date": "2015-03-31T05:22:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300313.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00066-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8850720524787903,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 1128,
"url": "http://usssp.net/camping/bslowimp.asp"
} |
13th Infantry Regiment (United States)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
|13th Infantry Regiment|
Coat of arms
|Active||1861-1939; 1940–1945; 1949–62; 1963–84
|Branch||United States Army|
|Nickname(s)||"First at Vicksburg" (special designation)|
|Engagements||American Civil War
War with Spain
World War II
|William Tecumseh Sherman|
|Distinctive unit insignia|
|U.S. Infantry Regiments|
|12th Infantry Regiment||14th Infantry Regiment|
During the first post-war expansion of the United States Army following independence, a 13th Regiment of Infantry was formed on 16 July 1798, and was mustered out 11 January 1800. The second 13th Infantry was constituted 11 January 1812. Following the War of 1812 the 13th Infantry was consolidated on 7 May 1815, with the 4th, 9th, 21st, 40th, and 46th Regiments into a new 5th Infantry Regiment whose lineage continues to the present.
A new, third 13th Infantry Regiment was constituted in May 1861 when the Army expanded the Regular Army during the Civil War. General William Tecumseh Sherman was the colonel of the regiment and Philip Sheridan was one of its captains. It was organized as one of the nine "three-battalion" regiments of regulars, each battalion containing eight companies of infantry, in contrast to the original ten regular regiments of infantry, which were organized on the traditional ten-company line.
During the American Civil War, the unit earned its motto "First at Vicksburg". It participated in the battles of Hayes Bluffs, Champion Hill, Black River, and on 19 May 1863 took part in the assault at Vicksburg. The 13th Regiment was the only Union unit to plant its colors on the Confederate positions.
Following the Civil War, the army was reorganized by Congress in July 1866, and the 13th was divided into three regiments, each battalion receiving two additional companies and being organized along traditional lines. The 1st Battalion retained the designation of the 13th Infantry, while the 2nd Battalion became the 22nd Infantry and the 3rd Battalion the 31st Infantry.
The regiment saw combat in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War, and was assigned to the 8th Infantry Division in June 1918. As a member of this organization, the regiment did not participate in World War I.
In 1939 the regiment was ordered to the Panama Canal Zone and a year later, after having been disbanded, was reconstituted at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. The regiment found itself fighting through the hedgerows of France in July 1944 as a member of the 8th Infantry Division and led the drive to the Aa River. The regiment spent ten months in combat in Northern France, The Rhineland and Central Europe. It occupied a position on the Siegfried Line and was involved in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest. Private First Class Walter C. Wetzel was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for sacrificing his life to save his comrades.
Following World War II the unit was inactivated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 18 November 1945. On 17 August 1949 the regiment was activated once again at Fort Jackson, South Carolina as part of the 8th Infantry Division where it remained until 1 August 1954. The 8th Infantry Division was transferred to Fort Carson, Colorado and the 13th went with it where it resumed its training mission. In 1955 the 8th ID was designated an Operation Gyroscope division and as part of the division the 13th completed its last training cycle in December,1955. In January the regiment began to get permanent party personnel and new recruits, Basic training for these recruits began in mid February and segued immediately into advanced training. Both training blocks were completed by mid June and the regiment achieved "combat ready" status. The regiment under the command of Ellis W. Williamson left Fort Carson for its; new assignment in Germany where it replaced the 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th ID. Regimental headquarters and the 3rd Battalion were stationed at Wiley Barracks in Neu Ulm.
In August 1957 the regiment was reorganised under the Pentomic system as the 1st Battle Group, 13th Infantry Regiment and the old guidons (for A though M companies) were retired and new ones for the 1st Battle Group were issued. In January, 1958 the 1st BG, 13th Infantry Regiment moved from Neu Ulm to Sandhofen. The First Battalion was posted to Baumholder whilst the Second Battalion was posted to Mannheim and remained there until 1 August 1984 when it was inactivated and relieved from assignment to the 8th Infantry Division.
On 27 February 1988, the 13th Infantry Regiment was transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and reorganized at Fort Jackson, South Carolina.
The regiment's motto that became a greeting by members of the unit originated during the American Civil War. A soldier of the 13th was asked what his Corps badge was that was then worn on the kepi. The soldier replied by tapping his cartridge box saying "Forty rounds in the cartridge box and twenty in the pocket!" with the cartridge box being used in the insignia of XV Corps.
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.
- "Special Unit Designations". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- 13th Infantry, U.S. Army, in Heavy Marching Order, Double-Time, Governors Island (1897) | <urn:uuid:014bfd5b-2de5-41b0-bdf3-d1137983aa77> | {
"date": "2016-08-27T21:03:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982925602.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200845-00262-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9795687794685364,
"score": 3.390625,
"token_count": 1201,
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"
} |
Exploring Coping Among Urban Youth through Photovoice1 month ago 1 month ago
YouthREX Research Summaries ask Just Six Questions of research publications on key youth issues. These summaries get at what the youth sector needs to know in just two pages or less!
1. What is the research about?
This research is about how youth define and use coping strategies in an urban area with high rates of poverty and violence, given that “[a]pproximately 25% of adolescents experience at least one traumatic event, with prolonged stressors and daily hassles experienced by greater numbers” (p. 796). Stressful experiences among youth are often intensified since they are going through a number of social transitions; how youth cope with this stress will vary depending on their social environment. Violence is one of the most common stressors among urban youth, who have either heard about, witnessed or been victims of violence. The use of different coping strategies (active, distraction, avoidance, and support seeking) for dealing with stress may impact outcomes for youth, for example, in education and mental health.
2. Where did the research take place?
This research took place in a low-income urban area in Baltimore. The area is characterized by high rates of poverty and violence, policy brutality, and civil unrest. The researchers were interested in understanding how students at a public high school defined and experienced coping.
3. Who is this research about?
This research is about 12 English-speaking students from a Baltimore high school. Nine of the students were female; seven students identified as Black, which was consistent with the school’s overall demographics. Students ranged between the ages of 15 to 17.
“Findings suggest that despite living in resource-challenged neighbourhoods, adolescents have critical perspectives about coping resources and strategies needed to help them maximize their greatest potential” (p. 809).
4. How was the research done?
This research used photovoice, a qualitative research method that employs photography and storytelling to create meaning and knowledge.
Students participated in small group orientations, during which they were introduced to the research team, given an overview of the study and the photovoice process, and asked to discuss their understandings of the theme of coping. As part of the orientation, students were also trained on best practices for taking photographs in public. Once orientation and training were complete, students were provided with disposable cameras and written instructions to:
a) Think about what coping means to you.
b) Take pictures of places, things or people that represent coping.
Students took photos over four weeks, then met again to participate in focus groups, during which they were asked to explain how their photos represented coping. Students were also asked to discuss how coping, as they defined it, was linked to their own and their peers’ development, decision-making, and success at school.
5. What are the key findings?
Through discussions in focus groups, students identified “community violence, lack of community resources for adolescents (e.g., recreational centres), environmental challenges, and family and personal stress” as their main sources of stress (p. 801). The following four themes were identified through analysis of focus group findings:
a) Defining coping. Students defined coping as “how you deal with stuff” (p. 801), which involves using various strategies to remain calm and keep a positive attitude.
b) Coping resources. Students used a number of resources for handling stress, including family, community, physical spaces, and activities. Schools and community centres were places where students could find someone they trust to talk to if they were feeling sad or angry about something. Some students found that playing sports was helpful in keeping their mind off of stress in their lives. Students pointed out that resources are limited, and that there is a need for additional recreational resources through which youth can participate in extra-curricular activities.
c) Coping strategies. Students pointed out that their main goal is to take their minds off of the problem. Common strategies included listening to music, talking to a trustworthy person, doing art, playing sports, and playing video games. Most students pointed out that coping strategies can be ‘good’ or ‘bad’, depending on the impact they would have on their future.
A number of students talked about how they cope with homicidal violence in their community, which often involved community gatherings to support the family members of the victim. Some students also talked about going to places like parks, playgrounds, and gardens, where they could sit and reflect on the good memories they had with victims of homicide. These places were described as offering a sense of calm and serenity.
d) Evolution and consequences of coping. Students pointed out that coping changes as people grow and/or move into new environments. Students believe that using coping strategies helps them make better decisions, which will positively impact their futures.
6. Why does it matter for youth work?
This study illustrates the need to include the voices of young people in research in order to better understand their circumstances and how they perceive their experiences.
The findings of this study highlight the importance of helping youth identify positive coping strategies and supporting them in building on these strategies, and can be used to inform the development of youth programs that support stress management and foster relevant strategies for coping among youth in urban settings.
Rose, T., Sharpe, T., Shdaimah, C., & de Tablan, D. (2018). Exploring coping among urban youth through photovoice. Qualitative Social Work, 17(6), 795-813. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1473325017693684
Categorised in: Research Summary | <urn:uuid:8cadd3a8-f6f2-423b-ad6f-89e735ce6e78> | {
"date": "2019-12-13T13:38:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540555616.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213122716-20191213150716-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9712994694709778,
"score": 3.40625,
"token_count": 1195,
"url": "https://youthrex.com/research-summary/exploring-coping-among-urban-youth-through-photovoice/"
} |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Militancy is the state of being militant. The term "militant state" colloquially refers to any individual which holds an aggressive posture in support of an ideology or cause. More precisely, a person or group which is in a psychologically militant state is in a physically aggressive posture. A militant view can constitutes an extremist's position or have an inherent implication of intolerance. The work and support of militants can, though, occur within the limits of international law and civil disobedience.
The various movements that seek to apply militancy as a solution, or who use militancy to rationalize their solutions for issues in the modern world seldom share common tactics. The characteristics of a militant who is aggressive and violent to promote a political philosophy in the name of a movement (and sometimes have an extreme solution for their goal) include the following shared traits:
- employing force or violence directly, either in offense or in defense
- justifying the use of force using the ideological rhetoric of their particular group
Persons described as militants — either individuals or groups (composed of multiple individuals) — have usually enrolled and trained to serve in a particular cause. Militants may fill their ranks either by volunteering, enlistment or by conscription.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:4d1b443a-a34e-4f72-afac-fbd40f830321> | {
"date": "2016-06-30T19:42:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9077592492103577,
"score": 3.140625,
"token_count": 285,
"url": "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Militancy"
} |
Kingfisher: Small unmistakable bright blue and orange birds living near slow moving or still water. They fly rapidly, just above the surface as well as hunting fish from riverside perches; occasionally hovering above the water. They are vulnerable to hard winters and habitat degradation through pollution or unsympathetic management of
watercourses. Kingfishers are amber listed because their numbers are much reduced throughout Europe. The UK is home to about 4000 breeding pairs, some 5% of the European total.
Their diet is mostly freshwater fish and aquatic invertebrates. The hungry brood of a Kingfisher can demand over 100 fish a day from their parents, which they dive for at the surprisingly low speed of about 10mph.
Grey Heron: Often seen standing very still with their neck stretched out looking for
food, or hunched down with their neck bent over their chest. Their diet is mainly fish, amphibians, small mammals, insects and reptiles. They have an unusual arrangement of
the vertebrae in their necks (of which they have the same number as other birds), which form a hinge allowing them to spear a fish with astonishing rapidity. They like to nest colonially, and sites with up to 400 nests are known in the UK. Most heronries are in trees, with the majority of nests at least 25m above the ground; quite a feat for a large bird. However, reed-bed heronries are not unusual, and they will also nest on cliffs, bushes, sometimes even on buildings or bridges. In flight they are far more agile then you might expect.
Little Egret: The little egret is a small white heron with attractive white plumes on its
head, back and chest, together with black legs and bill and yellow feet. It first appeared in the UK in significant numbers in 1989 and eventually bred in Dorset in 1996. Its colonisation followed naturally from a range expansion intro western and northern France in previous decades. It is slowly spreading north as a winter visitor, though not yet a breeding bird in this part of Yorkshire. Their diet is mostly small fish, amphibians, large insects, and a wide variety of small animals.
Their elegant neck plumes displayed in breeding plumage were once more valuable than gold: smuggled into Europe they fetched £15 an ounce (approaching £1000 at current prices): with 30 Little Egrets being killed to produce each ounce.
Mallard: The Mallard is a large heavy looking duck with a longish
body and a long, broad bill. The male has a dark green head, a yellow bill and is mainly purple-brown on the breast and grey on the body. The female is stripy brown with an orange bill. Mallards in the UK may be resident breeders or migrants – many of the birds that breed in Iceland and northern Europe spend the winter here. They usually feed by dabbling, eating the seeds of grasses and sedges and the leaves, stems, and seeds of aquatic plants. They will occasionally eat insects, crustaceans and molluscs, especially when young. Their nests are generally by the river, but can also be some way away from the water. They are highly gregarious outside the breeding season and form large flocks, which are known as sords.
The plain brown colour of the female is so different from the male that they were originally thought to be separate species; they are the original ancestor of most domestic ducks.
Coot: All-black and larger than its cousin the Moorhen, it has a distinctive white beak
with a ‘shield’ above it. The male is noticeably larger then the female. Coots’ feet have distinctive lobed flaps of skin on their toes which act as webs when swimming. They patter noisily over the water before taking off.
Their diet is mostly aquatic plants, snails and insect larvae.
Coots are aggressive birds, both to other species and to their own kind; they have even been known to kill their own young, usually the youngest of the brood, if they have too many to feed successfully.
Moorhen: Moorhens are black to brown with a red and yellow beak and long, green legs. Seen closer-up, they have a dark brown back and wings and a more bluish-black belly, with white stripes on the flanks. They eat water plants, seeds, fruit, grasses, insects, snails, worms and small fish while swimming or walking on floating vegetation or land with a liking for damp meadows.
The Moorhen is one of only two British birds which breed cooperatively, with the older offspring helping their parents raise their siblings.
Mandarin Duck: The Mandarin Duck was introduced to the UK from China and has
become established following escapes from captivity. They can be seen mixed in with Mallards who are not fussy about their choice of mate – hence the many colour variations to be found! The male has ornate plumage with distinctive long orange feathers on the side of the face, orange ‘sails’ on the back, and pale orange flanks. The female is dull by comparison with a grey head and a white stripe behind the eye, brown back and mottled flanks. They eat plants, aquatic seeds and invertebrates, especially land snails and insects. Did you know that the nine levels of the Chinese Civil Service were named after birds? Mandarins were the 7th level: and it was they who dealt with British traders in China, hence the term for any bureaucrat.
Little Grebe: A small, dumpy grebe which often appears to have a ‘fluffy’ rear end. It readily dives when disturbed, surfacing unseen some distance away. In summer it has a bright chestnut throat and cheeks and a pale patch at the base of the bill. It can be noisy, with a distinctive whinnying trill. They mostly eat insects, molluscs, tadpoles and small fish taken at depths to 1m.
Mute Swan: The Mute Swan is a distinctive, large white waterbird. It has a long S-shaped neck, and an orange bill with a black base, whilst in contrast, Bewick and Whooper swans have a straighter neck and a yellow bill. The population in the UK has increased recently, perhaps due to better
protection of this species. The problem of lead poisoning on lowland rivers has also largely been solved by a ban on the sale of lead fishing weights. Some birds stay in their territories all year, while others move short distances and form winter flocks. Their diet consists of insects, snails and aquatic vegetation (to 1m deep). They also graze on grassland and occasionally take insects, molluscs and small amphibians.
Canada Goose: A large goose, with a distinctive black head and neck and large white throat patch. An introduced species from N America, it has successfully spread to cover most of the UK. It forms noisy flocks and is often regarded as a nuisance in areas where large numbers occur on amenity grassland and parks. Canada geese have proven able to establish breeding colonies in urban and cultivated areas, which provide food and few natural predators. Their success has led to them often being considered a pest species because of their depredation of crops and issues with their noise, droppings, aggressive territorial behaviour, and habit of begging for food.
Canada geese are primarily herbivores, although they sometimes eat small insects and fish. Their diet includes green vegetation and grains. It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with the bill, then tearing it with a jerk of the head. In the water, it feeds from silt at the bottom of the body of water. It also feeds on aquatic plants. In urban areas, it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins
Greylag Goose: Primarily a winter visitor, breeding in Scandinavia and northern
Europe, it is the ancestor of most domestic geese. The greylag is the largest and bulkiest of the wild geese native to the UK, though the population was re-established by releasing birds in suitable areas, with the resulting flocks (often mixed with Canada geese) found around gravel pits, lakes and reservoirs all year round. Only the native birds and wintering flocks found in Scotland retain the special appeal of truly wild geese. They have mottled and barred grey and white plumage and an orange beak and legs. Greylag geese are herbivorous and feed chiefly on grasses. Short, actively growing grass is more nutritious and greylag geese are often found grazing in pastures with sheep or cows. In wintertime they eat grass and leaves but also glean grain on cereal stubbles and sometimes feed on growing crops, especially during the night. These geese normally pair for life, so courtship only occurs at the time of first maturity.
If you would like to join in and help with our surveys of the birds around you, please have a look at the BTO website: | <urn:uuid:b36cc24e-94d2-4364-9647-1126f01db29c> | {
"date": "2018-09-26T04:52:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163326.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926041849-20180926062249-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9694016575813293,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 1879,
"url": "https://www.riverfosssociety.co.uk/birds/"
} |
An extract on #koleksiyon
Xenophon, in his Oeconomicus, states:
"The Great King [Cyrus II]...in all the districts he resides in and visits, takes care that there are paradeisos ("paradise", from Avestan pairidaza) as they [Persians] call them, full of the good and beautiful things that the soil produce."
For the Achaemenid monarchs, gardens assumed an important place. Persian gardens utilized the Achaemenid knowledge of water technologies, as they utilized aqueducts, earliest recorded gravity-fed water rills, and basins arranged in a geometric system. The enclosure of this symmetrically arranged planting and irrigation, by an infrastructure such as a building or a palace created the impression of "paradise". Parthians and Sassanids later added their own modifications to the original Achaemenid design. Later on, the quadripartite design (rbq) of Persian gardens was reinterpreted within the Muslim world.
Today, examples of these traditional gardens can be seen in such places as the Tomb of Hafez, Golshan Garden, Qavam House, Eram Garden, Shazdeh Garden, Fin Garden, Tabatabaei House, and the Borujerdis House.
A great part of the history of pottery is prehistoric, part of past pre-literate cultures. Therefore, much of this history can only be found among the artifacts of archaeology. Because pottery is so durable, pottery and sherds of pottery survive from millennia at archaeological sites.
Before pottery becomes part of a culture, several conditions must generally be met.
First, there must be usable clay available. Archaeological sites where the earliest pottery was found were near deposits of readily available clay that could be properly shaped and fired. China has large deposits of a variety of clays, which gave them an advantage in early development of fine pottery. Many countries have large deposits of a variety of clays.
Second, it must be possible to heat the pottery to temperatures that will achieve the transformation from raw clay to ceramic. Methods to reliably create fires hot enough to fire pottery did not develop until late in the development of cultures.
Third, the potter must have time available to prepare, shape and fire the clay into pottery. Even after control of fire was achieved, humans did not seem to develop pottery until a sedentary life was achieved. It has been hypothesized that pottery was developed only after humans established agriculture, which led to permanent settlements. However, the oldest known pottery is from China and dates to 20,000 BC, at the height of the ice age, long before the beginnings of agriculture.
Fourth, there must be a sufficient need for pottery in order to justify the resources required for its production. | <urn:uuid:6960ad84-dbc3-4b0d-acc2-a1d337e9a919> | {
"date": "2018-07-17T15:28:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589752.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717144908-20180717164908-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9623131155967712,
"score": 3.453125,
"token_count": 595,
"url": "https://yoinsta.com/tag/koleksiyon"
} |
Korea is one of the critical flashpoints in the world today. News of North Korea′s recent nuclear tests, conducted in defiance of international pressure, drew widespread condemnation and raised serious concerns about the threat now posed to regional and international security by the regime of North Korea′s dear leader Kim Jong–Il. This book penetrates the veil surrounding the conflict on the Korean peninsula and North Korea′s missile and nuclear programmes. It provides a thorough historical analysis of relations between the two Koreas since the Korean War, which traces both North Korea′s path to economic ruin and South Korea′s transition from struggling dictatorship to vibrant democracy. As well as examining the political and economic development of North and South Korea at the domestic level, the book goes on to explore regional relations with Russia, China and Japan and, most importantly, America′s dealings with Korea and its negotiations with North Korea, in particular. It concludes with an analysis of North Korea′s current nuclear programme and its likely impact on international security in the 21st century.
This book provides an evenhanded coverage of Korea''s turbulent history during the last one hundred years, from seclusion to division. It focuses particularly on the development of the two different and antagonistic states on the peninsula since 1945. The author sees both countries through the windows of their possibilities and interests. He supplements his narrative, which makes use of rich source material, with observations he has made in South Korea, where he spent more than ten years from the 1970s to the 1990s, and where he had access to politicians and opinion leaders. The book starts by describing how the Hermit Kingdom was exposed to the greed of foreign powers at the end of the 19th...
This is an historical survey of all the religious traditions of Korea in relation to the socio-cultural trends of seven different periods of Korean history. The book includes a discussion of the history of the study of religion in Korea, a chronological description of Korean folk religion including shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, Islam, and Korean New Religions, and some final observations about the unique characteristics of religious beliefs and practices in Korea.
Written by one of the leading experts on Korea, A Brief History of Korea covers the history of Korea from the origins of the Korean people in prehistoric times to the economic and political situation in North and South Korea today. Providing a detailed overview of the cultural and historical influences that have shaped Korean society, the author discusses the major periods of Korean history Three Kingdoms, Koryo Dynasty, and Chosun Dynasty; the foreign invasions Korea has endured; the post-World War II situation that led to the country's division and the Korean War; and developments in North and South Korea from the end of the Korean War up through the present. | <urn:uuid:9e903562-c76a-45a5-a399-540f47db896a> | {
"date": "2018-12-10T01:35:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823236.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210013115-20181210034615-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9477670788764954,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 568,
"url": "http://br2.biz/korea.html"
} |
There are various hobbies that you can do in your spare time. Designing a website can be one of them. This is a bit unusual. However, it can give you many advantages. One of them is that it allows you to get more money. Unfortunately, creating a website from scratch is difficult for beginners. You will need to learn more about HTML and CSS language. Both of them are very essential in website designing. Therefore, you must master those languages.
There are various ways you can do to learn about HTML and CSS. You can join a course on web designing that is designed for beginners. You can join it online and offline. However, joining this kind of course is not always possible for some people. One of the causes is that some of them do not have enough money to join this course. Meanwhile, others do not have enough time to join it.
As an alternative to that course, you can watch or read HTML tutorials. You can find this kind of tutorial easily on the internet. Those tutorials are usually free. Therefore, you don’t need to spend your money to learn about HTML and CSS. In addition, you can watch or read this tutorial anytime you want.
When you are looking for a HTML and CSS tutorial, you must choose the reliable ones. Learning from bad tutorials will not allow you to master those languages quickly and effectively. In addition, those who are made from the wrong source can cause disaster to your website. That’s why it is important for you to choose tutorial from trusted and reliable website. In addition, you must learn those languages from several tutorials. Therefore, you will be able to find possible mistake in those tutorials. Once you master HTML and CSS language, you can start designing your own website. | <urn:uuid:411f98f7-ea70-451d-aeda-0edf82e03f45> | {
"date": "2017-10-21T04:55:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824570.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021043111-20171021063111-00556.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9629105925559998,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 357,
"url": "http://www.bayaneskort.org/tag/learn-html/"
} |
When you’re planning backwards, you start with a vision of what you want students to know and be able to do. Teachers and students should have a common view of where you’d like to be at the end.
Now that we have a destination in mind, we have to think about the journey. And as the old saying goes, a journey of a thousand miles starts with a single step.
The early weeks of a curriculum usually start with the preliminaries; reviews of what happened in past years, and laying out the fundamentals of the current course. The theory is that focusing on the fundamentals will establish the building blocks for the rest of the year.
What can be just as helpful in these early weeks is to think about the question from last time — what should a student be able to do in May or June that the student can’t do in August or Septemberi? — and to start to envision what parts the students can do now.
If you want students to be able to have an exhibition, or a performance at the end, what about asking students to do a version of that exhibition now? Can students create a mini-version of their final exhibition in these early weeks of the year?
Many courses build towards independent projects at the end of the term. In many cases, students can have difficulty with the “independent” part — coming up with their own experiment or idea to pursue. At this stage, it can be helpful to ask students to come up with a small-scale version of the final project. The students may not have yet mastered the material that you expect them to demosntrate at the end – but they can start to get a feel for the type of brainstorming and idea generation that will be needed then.
A mini-version of the exhibition has many of the same trappings as the final exhibition. If you want students to be able to defend a point of view at the end, ask them to pair off and have a mini-debate now. If you want students to be able to transfer their math skills to other settings, ask them to start looking for situations where those skills will be useful.
Sports teams typically have pre-season scrimmages; actors will have “workshop” performances before going to fully-staged productions. The rules may not be fully enforced – actors in the workshop may still be reading from a script, but there should be enough engagement to start to feel like the real thing. Both the performers and the coaches / directors can see things in a walk-through that can be developed over time. An “early-season” exhibition can help your students and you better understand your vision of where you want to be at the end. | <urn:uuid:552ffbe9-cf55-404b-abe6-1d4212b5a021> | {
"date": "2018-04-22T21:46:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945660.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422212935-20180422232935-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9707236886024475,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 559,
"url": "http://richerpicture.com/blog/?paged=2"
} |
UNITED NATIONS — A senior UN official said on May 22 that China has made great strides in poverty reduction and could be a “role model” for other nations in this aspect.
Wu Hongbo, UN under-secretary-general for economic and social affairs and chairman of UN Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development, made the remarks in a press press after the group issued a report at the UN headquarters.
According to the press release accompanying the report, Financing for Development: Progress and Prospects, “continued slow global economic growth” and “the challenging global environment in 2016” are likely to leave about 6.5 percent of the world population extremely poor in 2030 without national actions supported by international cooperation.
Achieving poverty eradication by 2030 is the No. 1 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). The group noted that a continuation of the status quo would severely hamper efforts to achieve the SDGs by 2030.
Wu lauded China, among other countries, for reducing the number of population living in abject poverty from 50 million to 40 million in merely one year.
He said that China has made remarkable progress and could “be a role model” for other nations to combat poverty.
According to the report, the global challenges includes “not only economic factors, such as challenging macroeconomic conditions, low commodity prices, slow trade growth, and volatile capital flows, but also humanitarian crises.”
“Least developed countries (LDCs) will fall short by large margins,” it read.
Wu said there were still 50 million people living in extreme poverty in China last year, “but the Chinese governments and people managed to pull 10 million people from extreme poverty in just one year.”
“What is more encouraging is it is planning to help the other 40 million people out of extreme poverty by the year 2020. So, 10 million people every year for the next four years. That is 10 years ahead of the UN SDG first goal,” he said.
“That is not only impressive for China but it’s also a role model for the other countries in their efforts to eradicate extreme poverty,” he added.
Wu explained that he has learned that accountability was key in the Chinese success story.
“I understand that over the next four years Chinese officials at all the levels, starting from the national level to the village level, each has the responsibility to help a certain number of people,” he said, adding that he knew one official was responsible for three families of undetermined sizes to get them out of poverty.
Another point he made was the value of aggregate information.
“We are talking about extreme poverty, poor people,” he said. “Why are they still remaining (poor)? Is it because of a disability? Is it because of a lack of education or of poor health where they could not afford medical treatment?”
“The Chinese government has targeted resolution based on the aggregate information, so that they know exactly the reasons behind the poverty of each family of those 40 million (people),” Wu said.
“This is another thing we learn through this process. I really have my fingers crossed for the success of the Chinese government. If they can do it, many other countries can be also successful.” | <urn:uuid:0d57e42d-9417-4740-a858-62312aa97833> | {
"date": "2018-06-23T02:30:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864919.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623015758-20180623035758-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9625023007392883,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 700,
"url": "http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2017/05/23/content_281475664809498.htm"
} |
Search articles from 1992 to the present.
Watering Guide for Home Gardeners
This article was published originally on 7/20/2001
Most areas in Iowa received adequate moisture this spring. However, in recent weeks the weather has been quite dry. The following questions and answers on watering may help the gardener deal with watering related concerns.
How often do I need to water?
A deep watering once a week should be adequate for fruit, vegetable, and flower gardens. Apply 1 to 1 1/2 inches of water per week. A weekly application of 1 to 1 1/2 inches of water is also adequate for an established lawn. (Additional information on watering lawns can be found in the May 25, 2001 issue of the Horticulture and Home Pest News.) For modern roses, such as hybrid teas, floribundas, and grandifloras, a thorough soaking every 7 to 10 days should be adequate. The key to watering newly planted trees and shrubs is to check the moisture status of the plant's root-ball or root-mass. The roots of newly planted trees and shrubs are initially confined to the plant's root-ball (balled and burlapped plants) or root-mass (container-grown plants). Since the root-ball or root-mass can dry out very quickly, their moisture status should be checked frequently. Newly planted trees and shrubs should be watered when the root-ball or root-mass (not the surrounding soil) begins to dry out. To water the root-ball or root-mass, slowly apply water to the base of the plant. The frequency of watering can be reduced and the watering area enlarged as the plant's root system begins to grow into the backfilled and surrounding soil. Small trees usually require watering for 1 to 2 growing seasons. It may be necessary to water large trees for 3 to 4 years.
The above are general watering recommendations. The frequency and amount of watering is largely determined by soil characteristics and weather conditions. For example, sandy soils require more frequent watering than loam soils. Adjust your watering practices to specific weather and soil conditions.
When should I water?
When irrigating with a sprinkler, early morning (5 to 9 am) is the best time to water. A morning application allows the water to soak deeply into the soil with little water lost to evaporation. When watering is completed, the plant foliage dries quickly. Watering at midday is less efficient because evaporation is rapid and strong winds may cause uneven water distribution. Strong midday winds may also carry water onto driveways, patios, or streets, wasting considerable amounts of water. Watering lawns and gardens with a sprinkler in the evening or at night may increase disease problems.
In fruit, vegetable, and flower gardens, drip irrigation systems and soaker hoses are generally more efficient and cause fewer disease problems than sprinklers. Mornings and evenings are excellent times to water gardens when using a drip irrigation system or soaker hose.
Are there ways to reduce water use in the garden?
Apply a mulch around landscape plantings and garden areas to conserve soil moisture. Mulching reduces the rate of evaporation from the soil surface and also limits weed competition. Organic materials, such as grass clippings, straw, and shredded leaves, are excellent mulches for the vegetable garden. Wood chips, shredded bark, and ground corncobs are good choices for trees, shrubs, and perennials.
The depth of the mulch depends on the type of material used and crop. Apply wood chips and shredded bark to a depth of 3 to 4 inches around trees and shrubs. Optimum depth in the vegetable garden ranges from 2 to 3 inches for fine materials, such as grass clippings, to 6 to 8 inches for straw.
Year of Publication:
IC-485(18) -- July 20, 2001 | <urn:uuid:53d485bb-5a5e-47f9-95bd-678744823e7d> | {
"date": "2015-02-28T06:53:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461848.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00125-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9344215989112854,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 799,
"url": "http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/2001/7-20-2001/waterguide.html"
} |
The American Folklife Center contains rich and varied
materials from Idaho that document the diversity of the state's folk traditions.
Among its unique recordings are music and folklore from a wide range of
ethnic traditions, including Finnish, Basque, Hispanic, Japanese, and American Indian. The American Indian holdings include recordings of Chief Joseph
of the Nez Perce, collected by Alice Fletcher, on the occasions of Chief
Joseph's visits to Washington, D.C., in 1897 and 1900.
Finding Aid: View a complete list of our Idaho collections.
Local Legacies Collection: This project provides a "snapshot" of local culture as it was expressed in the year 2000. View a list of Idaho's
Local Legacies projects.
Veterans History Project: Browse state collections from the Veterans History Project.
Maria Carmen RA Gambliel: Basque Culture in the Western United States. Recorded at the Library of Congress, July 16, 2004. [event flyer]
Amuma Says No: Basque music from Idaho. Recorded at the Library of Congress, July 14, 2010. [event flyer] [webcast]
Folklife Resources: Find state folklife-related agencies, societies, archives, higher education programs, and more, in Folklife Sourcebook: A Directory of Folklife Resources in the United States. | <urn:uuid:2e3e13d4-5c72-43ca-8703-313cef7681de> | {
"date": "2014-03-08T07:29:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653836/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.886254072189331,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 273,
"url": "http://www.lcweb.loc.gov/folklife/states/idaho.html"
} |
by W. Ross Crawford
First, measure the distance between the front and the rear wheels to see if the axles are parallel. Then, check to see if the wheels are the same size. Any differences will cause flange wear on one wheel. If there are no centers in the axles, install them now insuring they are concentric to the bearing.
- Correct the back-to-back dimension to 7.130″ ±.010″ by moving one wheel on the axle or by facing the back of the good wheel.
- Hold the good wheel in the three-jaw chuck and the bad wheel in a live center.
- Turn the bad flange to .090″ thick at the outside diameter.
- Turn the tire to a diameter .340″ smaller than the flange. Maintain IBLS contour standards and a dimension of .250″ back to the bottom of the .095″ radius. This operation MAY scrap the wheel.
- Round the top of the flange and chamfer the outer edges of the tire to .062″ × 30° or to .032″ radius to protect switch frogs.
- Repeat steps 2 through 5 on the good wheel except form the .095″ radius to 7.430″ ±.010″ at the top of the radius of both wheels.
- Recheck the wheel gauge.
Note: IBLS standards can be found at numerous internet locations. Also, your local club may have them readily at hand. | <urn:uuid:d1216058-e9d8-4c76-add1-0545d7e8ea57> | {
"date": "2019-07-23T04:19:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528687.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723022935-20190723044935-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8938531279563904,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 310,
"url": "http://www.livesteam.net/reclaiming-worn-18-scale-wheelset/"
} |
Ask questions about projects relating to: aerodynamics or hydrodynamics, astronomy, chemistry, electricity, electronics, physics, or engineering
Moderators: MelissaB, kgudger, Ray Trent, Moderators
Is it possible to measure the zoom in an android phone?
- Posts: 11
- Joined: Thu Sep 30, 2010 10:16 am
- Occupation: teacher
- Project Question: n/a
- Project Due Date: n/a
- Project Status: Not applicable
I'm not sure precisely what you consider "zoom". Some android phones have some hardware that allows the change in the "focal length" of the optics similar to a zoom lens on an interchangable lens cameras (optical zoom). Some digital cameras also have "digital zoom" where they crop out the pixels in the middle and thow away the pixels around the edge. Back before digital cameras, photographers called this enlarging and cropping and was done in the darkroom when printing negatives onto paper.
There are various android operating system functions that can be used to determine what the properties of the camera are in an android phone and there are functions that control the various settings of the camera hardware that application software can make use of. If you aren't developing your own camera application for your phone, then whether this information is available through the camera application in use is determined by the software application you bought and are using.
If you want to determine what the combined effective focal length is, you can take a picture of a known sized object at a known distance and then measure the size of the object in the printed image. The reproduction ratio original size:reproduced size is the combination of the focal length of the camera lens and the equivalent focal length of the enlarger/printing process. Without knowing what the physical dimensions of the digital sensor in the phone are, the focal length of the camera lens can't be reverse engineered from these measurements.
- Posts: 1297
- Joined: Mon Oct 16, 2006 11:47 am
Return to Grades 9-12: Physical Science
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 2 guests | <urn:uuid:b2b4d26e-6a4f-4f42-9cf0-31fb595d63b2> | {
"date": "2015-04-28T14:25:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661675.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00193-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9065385460853577,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 445,
"url": "http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=11106&p=39661"
} |
Incredible And Healing Chard! It prevents Osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s Disease And Infarct!
Every woman regardless of age needs to eat as much as she cans chard because this leafy vegetable is a source of health for her.
Chard (lat. Beta vulgaris) is a dark green leafy vegetable from a flax family, including beetroot and spinach.
Its origin is from the Mediterranean, and today it is a frequent guest in gardens around the world.
This incredible vegetable has been extremely valuable since ancient times, as Aristotle’s records from the 4th century BC.
Even in ancient times the Greeks and Romans recognized its medical powers and were considered as a miraculous plant.
These incredible vegetable people cultivate because of its extremely nutritious leaves.
Also, people use the root of this vegetable occasionally but it`s less valuable.
Energy and nutritional value of chard
The leaves of this vegetable have a many nutrition valuable ingredients, which is why it is considered a potent foodstuff.
The leaves have almost all vitamins or minerals that human body needs.
According to experts, there are about 13 different antioxidants.
The most important antioxidants in chard are alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and choline.
This is one of the rare vegetables that do not lose its value by thermal treatment.
Namely, unlike other vegetables or fruits, the amount of nutrients in this vegetable is even increasing after the heat treatment process.
In addition, but lesser you will get, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and selenium.
Also, this is an excellent source of folic acid.
That makes the consumption of this vegetable especially good for pregnant women and nursing mothers.
It is also rich in chlorophyll that has multiple benefits for the human body.
Health Benefits of Chard
This amazing vegetable is a rich source of beneficial substances that feed your body and contribute to its beauty and health.
We bring you the 7 health benefits of this miraculous vegetable.
– 1. Protects against osteoporosis
Vitamin K, calcium and magnesium take care of the health and strength of the bones.
Vitamin K1 prevents overactive activation of osteoclast cells that degrade bone tissue.
In addition, vitamin K1 is converted into vitamin K2 in the intestines, which stimulates the activation of osteocalcin.
Osteocalcin is the most important non-collagen protein in bone tissue.
Osteocalcin is especially important because it directs the calcium molecules to the bones.
Scientific studies confirm that low levels of vitamin K are directly related to the occurrence of osteoporosis.
– 2. Keeps eye health
This vegetable contains large amounts of beta-carotene, which is very useful for eye health.
According to experts, this vitamin contributes to reducing the risk of macular degeneration, glaucoma, night vision and other vision disorders.
Carotenoids, lutein, and zeaxanthin also protect the eyes.
Lutein is considered a very good protector of harmful UV radiation.
Reduces the risk of eye degeneration, protects sensitive corneal tissue and prevents the development of cataract.
– 3. Helps in weight loss
You will discover that this is a very good ally in weight loss treatment and slim line maintenance.
This vegetable has little calories, and its advantage is the abundance of dietary fiber.
The fibers slow down the absorption of fat and carbohydrates and give a sense of satiety.
At the same time, the leaves are full of nutrients and phytonutrients that will ensure that your body receives all that it needs for optimum health throughout the weight loss treatment.
– 4. Reduces the risk of developing diabetes
It is well known that dietary fiber is extremely useful in the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes.
The fibers slow down the absorption of nutrient compounds.
That contributes to the maintenance of a stable sugar level over a longer period of time.
Studies have confirmed that fibers also help to reduce glycated hemoglobin in a patient who has already been ill with this disease.
– 5. Prevents Alzheimer’s disease
Due to its antioxidant properties, vitamin K can prevent the loss of nerve cells, which is the result of oxidative stress.
According to the scientist, the low level of vitamin K was associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
That was confirmed by a study conducted at the University of North Carolina.
It is believed that taking larger amounts of vitamin K can prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
Therefore, it`s advisable to consume chard whenever you can – especially women. | <urn:uuid:27c8468c-36bd-43d7-bd5f-5bc15669a32a> | {
"date": "2018-01-23T02:01:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891705.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123012644-20180123032644-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9301694631576538,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 1006,
"url": "http://healthyfoodsecret.com/incredible-healing-chard-prevents-osteoporosis-alzheimers-disease-infarct/"
} |
About the Meaning of "Handicap"
Jerry: "I didn't know you played golf, Bob. What's your handicap?"
Bob: "One of my arms is longer than the other."
-- The Bob Newhart Show, American sit-com c. 1975
Many disability rights advocates hate the
term "handicap." Some of them claim that the term has an evil and
insulting history, and they hate it for this history. Most of these
histories are myths. I'm writing this small commentary to dispel the
Most versions of the handicap-etymology myth
claim that handicap was derived from "cap-in-hand" which refers to
begging in the street. (No one bothers to explain why the word isn't
"capihand.") Some versions even put a date on it, and a dramatic
story about disabled war veterans and a king who allowed only people
with impairments to beg in the streets.
It's all false. Here's the true etymology of
handicap, as far as we know it.
The Oxford English Dictionary is the
acknowledged best source of information on etymology words in the
English language. It provides quotations from written sources of the
earliest known uses of terms. It carefully distinguishes between the
earliest meanings and later derived meanings, using quotations to
The earliest use of the term handicap is
from a quotation dated 1653. The definition for this use is this:
"The name of a kind of sport having an element of chance in it, in
which one person challenged some article belonging to another, for
which he offered something of his own in exchange." I will discuss
this "sport," because it is interesting to trace how the meanings
change. The sport itself is seen in reports as early as the
fourteenth century. Only the term handicap was new in the seventeenth
The original sport was a trading game,
involving two traders and an umpire or matchmaker. Each of the two
traders offered a particular item for trade, and also put up a small
sum of forfeit-money into a hat or cap. The 14th century example
(from Peirs Plowman) involved the trade of a cloak for a hood. The
umpire of the game decides on the difference in value between the two
trading items. This difference is called the "boot" or "odds." The
judge might decide, for example, that the hood was worth six pence
less than the cloak. He would propose that the cloak be traded for
the hood plus the boot of six pence.
The tricky part of the game is that each
trader has the choice of accepting or rejecting the umpire's
proposal. The traders' decisions determine what happens to the
forfeit money. Both traders put their hands into the cap, and draw
them out at the same time. An open hand is an agreement to trade and
a closed hand is a refusal to trade. If both traders make the same
decision (either to accept or reject the trade), then the umpire
takes the forfeit money. If one trader refuses and the other agrees,
the trader who agrees takes the forfeit money. The umpire is left
with nothing, and the refusing trader loses his forfeit
This game was called handy-capp or
handicap, apparently from the fact that both traders put their hands
in the cap and removed them to indicate their willingness to trade.
Notice the game is called handicap. The difference in value is called
the boot or the odds. Notice also that the game is designed to reward
the umpire's fairness in judging the boot. The umpire wins the
forfeit money if both players agree to its fairness. If both reject
the trade, the traders would never have agreed to any trade, and the
umpire is rewarded for the traders' stubbornness.
To me this sounds more like the stock
market than a sport. But it survived for several hundred years.
Definition #2 began around 1750, when the term handicap began to
apply to horseraces. The "boot" was the difference in the weight
carried by two horses in order to make the match equal. Again, the
weight difference was not called the handicap. As horse racing became
more organized, with larger fields, the matchmakers became
professionals and forfeit money was abandoned. The matchmaker became
known as a handicapper, and the race was called a handicap race, or
just a handicap. The term was later applied to other contests. The
OED's definition #3 (from 1875) is "Any race or competition in which
the chances of the competitors are sought to be equalized by giving
an advantage to the less efficient or imposing a disadvantage upon
the more efficient."
Notice that the term handicap still does
not apply to disadvantages themselves. It applies to the contest. But
about the same time the term began to be used metaphorically to refer
to disadvantages. These were still usually in the context of sport,
but sometimes referred to economic competition between nations; "A
high expenditure and heavy taxation handicaps a country." (That
modern-sounding quotation comes from 1894.)
It is interesting to notice that the oldest British sports still use
the term in a way that resembles the old uses. A handicap in horse
racing still refers to a race, not to the extra weight. In golf (a
game almost as old as horse racing) the handicap is a
benefit given to inferior players, not an extra burden on
Finally, the first use of handicap to
designate mental or physical impairment is recorded in a 1915 photo
caption: The Handicapped Child.
In all this discussion about etymology, I
am not trying to defend the use of the term handicap to mean
impairment. Many people dislike the term because of its association
with old-fashioned attitudes towards impairments. That's a perfectly
good reason to avoid the term. We don't need to have an evil
etymology in order to discourage the use terms that we find
offensive. And we look especially foolish when we claim myths to be
true. They are too easy to refute.
Some disability rights advocates have used
a more accurate etymology to explain their dislike for "handicap."
They say that its earlier association with sports is too competitive.
It implies that disabled people should be trying to "overcome" their
handicaps in the same way that heavily weighted horses do. If sports
metaphors bother you, that's ok with me. But I still don't think we
need to dream up etymological explanations in order to justify our
preferences. I know plenty of people who dislike the term but don't
care about sports metaphors one way or the other.
Consider the history in the United States of
the changing terminology that applies to people of African descent.
The NAACP even has the term "colored people" embedded in it, but that
terminology is no longer acceptable. There is no reason to invent a
mythological history to explain how the term "colored people" has an
evil etymology. When terms become associated with outmoded ways of
thought, the terms have to be changed.
There is some bad news in this, too. As we activists get older, the younger activists will scold us for our old-fashioned ways of talking. Some of them will probably dream up ridiculous etymologies to prove that our ways of talking are politically reactionary. Oh, well. That's life.
But if anyone knows the origins of the "cap-in-hand" story or the King story, I'd be glad to hear about them. Urban legends are fun. Remember the one about the poodle in the microwave?
ronald (at) hawaii.edu
Dept. of Philosophy, University of Hawaii at Hilo | <urn:uuid:aae02000-522f-4c1b-a8d7-43475eef8776> | {
"date": "2017-03-25T09:41:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188914.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00106-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9597309827804565,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 1690,
"url": "https://hilo.hawaii.edu/~ronald/HandicapDefinition.htm"
} |
How Much Sap Can One Tree Produce?
Well, that will depend on a few things, including weather conditions and the size, age and health of the tree. Most trees today have only one tap; only those with an 80-inch or greater circumference generally get two taps. On average, a tapped maple will produce 10 to 20 gallons of sap per tap.
And as long as a tree remains healthy, it should continue to produce sap for years if not decades. In fact, some trees have been producing sap for more than 100 years! A healthy tree, when properly tapped, should not suffer any adverse health effects and should be able to produce sap for many years to come.
Keep in mind that it takes approximately 40 gallons of sap to produce just one delicious gallon of fresh maple syrup! We should point out, however, that the sugar concentration of the sap can vary from 1 percent to as high as 5 percent, and this will drastically impact how much sap it takes to produce a gallon of syrup. For example, 2 percent sap takes 40 gallons to make one gallon of syrup – but you seldom get a tree that makes that. It tends to vary through the season, also, with sugar concentration falling lower as the season progresses. Just something to think about! | <urn:uuid:d26a599c-e7b1-4d76-8045-b6f1f9efdec3> | {
"date": "2014-07-25T03:37:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892806.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00080-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9543704390525818,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 257,
"url": "http://nysmaple.com/about/maple-trees-sap-production"
} |
The healing of Bunyau:
In the days of Geraman, Sera Gunting’s great-great-great grandson Ambau migrated eastward from the Tiang Laju range and built his longhouse at Pangkalan Tabau, two miles above the present town of Lubok Antu. Ambau was one of the chiefs who had participated in discussions to settle amicably the strife between Kanyong of Rantau Merarang and Semalanjat of Bungkap. For his fairness and bravery in war, his name survives to this day in Dayak songs. At this time there also lived a man named Bunyau who suffered from open sores which covered his body. He was shunned by all and was confined to a hut adjoining his family’s open verandah.
One day the people of Bunyau’s house were invited to a nearby longhouse to attend a feast. As Bunyau sat alone in his hut he heard the sound of someone approaching, and looking through a hole in the wall, he saw two young men who had just sat down on the deserted communal gallery. He was too ashamed because of his sores to go out to welcome the visitors. Soon one of them called him to come out and talk to them, but he refused, saying “I am here because I am sick, and I cannot sit with you.”
He suggested that the strangers should help themselves to his family’s rice wine (tuak) in the room, but they only agreed to this on the condition that he himself would fetch the tuak for them.
“No,” replied Bunyau, “if I touched the wine with my diseased hands, I am sure you wouldn’t drink it.” But the visitors reassured him that they certainly would if only he would fetch the wine himself.
At last Bunyau emerged, trembling, and brought a jar full of wine which he offered to them. After they had drunk all the wine, Bunyau’s sores began to disappear and after he fetched another jar, which the young men consumed, he found that his sores had completely healed. The strangers then told Bunyau that they had come to invite him to their father-in-law’s feast which was to be celebrated the following day, but Bunyau was reluctant to go, being still sick and weak.
“Your sickness will be healed if you come with us,” they said.
He finally agreed when they told that their father-in-law’s feast would not be held unless he came with them. They also urged him not to worry about dress, as their father-in-law would lend him clothes for the occasion.
As Bunyau walked with them, he felt himself growing stronger, and finally bathing at his host’s landing stage he found that even the marks of his sores had completely disappeared.
Arriving in the house, Bunyau sat down at the end of the communal gallery in front of the second room (bilek), where he was politely entertained by his host, and in due course was invited by a man carrying a cock to come and sit on the verandah of his father-in-law, Sengalang Burong. This man was Ketupong, Sengalang Burong’s eldest son-in-law. Bunyau agreed to go, but continued to converse with his host, until another son-in-law named Beragai came carrying a cock and repeated the invitation, at the same time waving the cock over Bunyau’s head, as was the custom when receiving guests.
Bunyau finally accompanied Beragai to Sengalang Burong’s gallery in the middle of the longhouse. There he was again saluted with a cock waved over his head and was invited to sit close to Sengalang Burong himself at the outer-most section of the gallery.
When he was seated, the feast began. From the outset he was accorded by Sengalang Burong the honour of sitting close to a decorated platform full of human heads and offerings at the centre of the communal gallery, this being the traditional honour paid to the most esteemed of all guests present.
At the conclusion of the feast, Sengalang Burong taught Bunyau many things concerning the Bird Festival traditions supplementing the information he had given Sera Gunting. He also commanded Bunyau that, immediately after he returned to his own house, he must celebrate exactly the same feast with another man also named Bunyau.
Three days later Bunyau returned home, and went directly to the other Bunyau’s gallery at the opposite end of his longhouse, instead of returning to his own gallery as was customary. He sat telling his friends the whole stories of his visit to Singalang Burong’s longhouse, where he had witnessed a Bird Festival and of how he had been advised to hold the same kind of feast as soon as possible in their own longhouse, and how the second Bunyau must follow exactly the same procedure for this feast.
Then they were interrupted by the entry of Bunyau’s youngest child, who rushed in weeping to his father and embraced him, calling him “father”. Bunyau took his son to comfort him on his lap while the child continued to weep and called him father. Hearing her son crying, Bunyau’s wife left her cooking and came out to fetch the child. She teased him for daring to approach the stranger in such a manner.
“Aren’t you ashamed,” she said, “to claim the visitor as your father?”
But her son continued to cry bitterly, until his mother slapped him, scolding him for his behavior towards a stranger.
“Your father is sick and we are ashamed of him,” she said, and took the child with her to her room, where he continued to cry.
Bunyau then returned to sit on his own gallery, still unrecognized by his wife who had not been to see whether her husband was in his hut.
That night, as a matter of course, Bunyau went to the room to sleep with his wife, but as he opened the mosquito net his wife protested saying that a stranger should not behave in such a way to a married woman, and that however ill her husband might be she must remain faithful to him.
“Although he is now sick,” she said, “he is as good and devoted as any husband.”
When Bunyau heard this assurance of his wife’s devotion, he declared that he was indeed Bunyau, but she still would not believe him and ran out to the hut to see whether Bunyau was there.
Finding the hut empty, she returned to her room very worried and puzzled. Again Bunyau gently reassured her and told her how he had attended Sengalang Burong’s feast and been miraculously healed. As he finished his story his wife wept for joy, and embraced him marveling at his cure. He then told her of Sengalang Burong’s instructions and asked her to prepare as much glutinous rice as possible for the festival. Joyfully she agreed, as she was naturally most anxious to thank the gods and spirits for curing him.
Accordingly, a few days later when all was ready Bunyau celebrated his Bird Festival. When his many guests had arrived, Bunyau greeted them by waving a cock over their heads. He then called loudly three times for Sengalang Burong and his people to come to his feast, and immediately after this a number of those present, both hosts and guests, fell unconscious as the spirit of Sengalang Burong arrived among them.
From that day onwards, Bunyau grew mightier and became a skilled and vigorous leader in war. The other Bunyau also became one of his bravest warriors, and did much to assist the progress of his people in their new country in the Batang Ai. | <urn:uuid:fa34bb03-fade-4bbb-9bbe-16e9bf4af118> | {
"date": "2017-09-24T04:46:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689874.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924044206-20170924064206-00696.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9942015409469604,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 1723,
"url": "https://ibanology.wordpress.com/2013/06/03/the-origin-of-gawai-burong-as-gawai-sakit/"
} |
Submitted to: Palynology
Publication Type: Peer reviewed journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 11/11/2011
Publication Date: 3/26/2012
Citation: Jones, G.D., Allen, K.C. 2012. Pigweed pollen retention in laboratory-reared tarnished plant bugs. Palynology. DOI:10.1080.01916122.2012.662178. Interpretive Summary: The tarnished plant bug (TPB) is an important economic pest throughout the Cotton Belt. Although TPB ingest wild host plants when cultivated crops are not flowering, new information is needed on the distribution of TPB after they have infested cotton, corn, and other crops. Pollen analysis has been used to identify food sources and dispersal patterns of several insect species other than TPB. In a preliminary study of pollen retention by TPB, laboratory-reared TPB were allowed to feed on the flowers of pigweed for 72 hours. Pigweed pollen was found in 100% of the TPB for up to 3 hours after feeding on pigweed flowers. Some pigweed pollen was found in TPB for up to 96 hours after feeding. Determining the retention of pollen from various wild plant hosts by TPB will help pest managers identify temporal changes in the landscape distribution of TPB.
Technical Abstract: Wild host plants play an important role for tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris, populations during the early spring and during the fall when cultivated crops are not flowering. Determining TPB dispersal into and out of cotton fields and native habitats is important for managing this insect pest. The use of pollen analysis has not been previously conducted on these insects. As a preliminary study, we wanted to determine in pollen analyses could be used to determine the food sources and dispersal of these insect pests. Rinsing the insects three times with 95% ethyl alcohol (ETOH) prior to acetolysis of the insects removed 99% of the external pollen. There was a significant reduction in the number of pollen grains found in acetolyzed adults from the 0 time interval to the 96 hour time interval. At 0, 1, and 3 hours, 100% of the TPB contained pollen, and at 96 h, 55% of the TPB examined contained pollen. Overall, 89% of the TPB examined contained pollen. Insects examined a 0 h contained the greatest number of grains (757) and those at 96 h contained the least (26). If a TPB is examined and contains more than 10 pigweed pollen grains, there is a high probability that this individual fed on pigweed within 12 hours. Determining the pollen retention of various wild hosts in the gut helps in the management of this insect pest because it gives entomologists a time frame and a way to “track” these insect pests. | <urn:uuid:740a2ec0-81a8-452f-a9ac-f1c27b24a467> | {
"date": "2016-10-24T03:52:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00077-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9273467063903809,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 590,
"url": "https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=270270"
} |
Once on a time there lived in Germany a little clock-maker by the name of Hermann Joseph. He lived in one little room with a bench for his work, and a chest for his wood, and his tools, and a cupboard for dishes, and a trundle-bed under the bench. Besides these there was a stool, and that was all—excepting the clocks. There were hundreds of clocks: little and big, carved and plain, some with wooden faces and some with porcelain ones—shelf clocks, cuckoo clocks, clocks with chimes and clocks without; and they all hung on the walls, covering them quite up. In front of his one little window there was a little shelf, and on this Hermann put all his best clocks to show the passers-by. Often they would stop and look and some one would cry:
"See, Hermann Joseph has made a new clock. It is finer than any of the rest!"
Then if it happened that anybody was wanting a clock he would come in and buy it.
I said Hermann was a little clock-maker. That was because his back was bent and his legs were crooked, which made him very short and funny to look at. But there was no kinder face than his in all the city, and the children loved him. Whenever a toy was broken or a doll had lost an arm or a leg or an eye its careless mütterchen would carry it straight to Hermann's little shop.
"The kindlein needs mending," she would say. "Canst thou do it now for me?"
And whatever work Hermann was doing he would always put it aside to mend the broken toy or doll, and never a pfennig would he take for the mending.
"Go spend it for sweetmeats, or, better still, put it by till Christmas-time. 'Twill get thee some happiness then, maybe," he would always say.
Now it was the custom in that long ago for those who lived in the city to bring gifts to the great cathedral on Christmas and lay them before the Holy Mother and Child. People saved all through the year that they might have something wonderful to bring on that day; and there was a saying among them that when a gift was brought that pleased the Christ-child more than any other He would reach down from Mary's arms and take it. This was but a saying, of course. The old Herr Graff, the oldest man in the city, could not remember that it had ever really happened; and many there were who laughed at the very idea. But children often talked about it, and the poets made beautiful verses about it; and often when a rich gift was placed beside the altar the watchers would whisper among themselves, "Perhaps now we shall see the miracle."
Those who had no gifts to bring went to the cathedral just the same on Christmas Eve to see the gifts of the others and hear the carols and watch the burning of the waxen tapers. The little clock-maker was one of these. Often he was stopped and some one would ask, "How happens it that you never bring a gift?" Once the bishop himself questioned him: "Poorer than thou have brought offerings to the Child. Where is thy gift?"
Then it was that Hermann had answered: "Wait; some day you shall see. I, too, shall bring a gift some day."
The truth of it was that the little clock-maker was so busy giving away all the year that there was never anything left at Christmas-time. But he had a wonderful idea on which he was working every minute that he could spare time from his clocks. It had taken him years and years; no one knew anything about it but Trude, his neighbor's child, and Trude had grown from a baby into a little house-mother, and still the gift was not finished.
It was to be a clock, the most wonderful and beautiful clock ever made; and every part of it had been fashioned with loving care. The case, the works, the weights, the hands, and the face, all had taken years of labor. He had spent years carving the case and hands, years perfecting the works; and now Hermann saw that with a little more haste and time he could finish it for the coming Christmas. He mended the children's toys as before, but he gave up making his regular clocks, so there were fewer to sell, and often his cupboard was empty and he went supperless to bed. But that only made him a little thinner and his face a little kinder; and meantime the gift clock became more and more beautiful. It was fashioned after a rude stable with rafters, stall, and crib. The Holy Mother knelt beside the manger in which a tiny Christ-child lay, while through the open door the hours came. Three were kings and three were shepherds and three were soldiers and three were angels; and when the hours struck, the figure knelt in adoration before the sleeping Child, while the silver chimes played the "Magnificat."
"Thou seest," said the clock-maker to Trude, "it is not just on Sundays and holidays that we should remember to worship the Krist Kindlein and bring Him gifts—but every day, every hour."
The days went by like clouds scudding before a winter wind and the clock was finished at last. So happy was Hermann with his work that he put the gift clock on the shelf before the little window to show the passers-by. There were crowds looking at it all day long, and many would whisper, "Do you think this can be the gift Hermann has spoken of—his offering on Christmas Eve to the Church?"
The day before Christmas came. Hermann cleaned up his little shop, wound all his clocks, brushed his clothes, and then went over the gift clock again to be sure everything was perfect.
"It will not look meanly beside the other gifts," he thought, happily. In fact he was so happy that he gave away all but one pfennig to the blind beggar who passed his door; and then, remembering that he had eaten nothing since breakfast, he spent that last pfennig for a Christmas apple to eat with a crust of bread he had. These he was putting by in the cupboard to eat after he was dressed, when the door opened and Trude was standing there crying softly.
"Kindlein—kindlein, what ails thee?" And he gathered her into his arms.
" 'Tis the father. He is hurt, and all the money that was put by for the tree and sweets and toys has gone to the Herr Doctor. And now, how can I tell the children? Already they have lighted the candle at the window and are waiting for Kriss Kringle to come."
The clock-maker laughed merrily.
"Come, come, little one, all will be well. Hermann will sell a clock for thee. Some house in the city must need a clock; and in a wink we shall have money enough for the tree and the toys. Go home and sing."
He buttoned on his greatcoat and, picking out the best of the old clocks, he went out. He went first to the rich merchants, but their houses were full of clocks; then to the journeymen, but they said his clock was old-fashioned. He even stood on the corners of the streets and in the square, crying, "A clock—a good clock for sale," but no one paid any attention to him. At last he gathered up his courage and went to the Herr Graff himself.
"Will your Excellency buy a clock?" he said, trembling at his own boldness. "I would not ask, but it is Christmas and I am needing to buy happiness for some children."
The Herr Graff smiled.
"Yes, I will buy a clock, but not that one. I will pay a thousand gulden for the clock thou hast had in thy window these four days past."
"But, your Excellency, that is impossible!" And poor Hermann trembled harder than ever.
"Poof! Nothing is impossible. That clock or none. Get thee home and I will send for it in half an hour, and pay thee the gulden."
The little clock-maker stumbled out.
"Anything but that—anything but that!" he kept mumbling over and over to himself on his way home. But as he passed the neighbor's house he saw the children at the window with their lighted candle and he heard Trude singing.
And so it happened that the servant who came from the Herr Graff carried the gift clock away with him; but the clock-maker would take but five of the thousand gulden in payment. And as the servant disappeared up the street the chimes commenced to ring from the great cathedral, and the streets suddenly became noisy with the many people going thither, bearing their Christmas offerings.
"I have gone empty-handed before," said the little clock-maker, sadly. "I can go empty-handed once again." And again he buttoned up his greatcoat.
As he turned to shut his cupboard door behind him his eyes fell on the Christmas apple and an odd little smile crept into the corners of his mouth and lighted his eyes.
"It is all I have—my dinner for two days. I will carry that to the Christ-child. It is better, after all, than going empty-handed."
How full of peace and beauty was the great cathedral when Hermann entered it! There were a thousand tapers burning and everywhere the sweet scent of the Christmas greens—and the laden altar before the Holy Mother and Child. There were richer gifts than had been brought for many years: marvelously wrought vessels from the greatest silversmiths; cloth of gold and cloth of silk brought from the East by the merchants; poets had brought their songs illuminated on rolls of heavy parchment; painters had brought their pictures of saints and the Holy Family; even the King himself had brought his crown and scepter to lay before the Child. And after all these offerings came the little clock-maker, walking slowly down the long, dim aisle, holding tight to his Christmas apple.
The people saw him and a murmur rose, hummed a moment indistinctly through the church and then grew clear and articulate:
"Shame! See, he is too mean to bring his clock! He hoards it as a miser hoards his gold. See what he brings! Shame!"
The words reached Hermann and he stumbled on blindly, his head dropped forward on his breast, his hands groping the way. The distance seemed interminable. Now he knew he was past the seats; now his feet touched the first step, and there were seven to climb to the altar. Would his feet never reach the top?
"One, two, three," he counted to himself, then tripped and almost fell. "Four, five, six." He was nearly there. There was but one more.
The murmur of shame died away and in its place rose one of wonder and awe. Soon the words became intelligible:
"The miracle! It is the miracle!"
The people knelt in the big cathedral; the bishop raised his hands in prayer. And the little clock-maker, stumbling to the last step, looked up through dim eyes and saw the Child leaning toward him, far down from Mary's arms, with hands outstretched to take his gift. | <urn:uuid:f8527aa8-0c0a-4ca4-8942-0af861190089> | {
"date": "2018-12-15T20:09:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827097.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215200626-20181215222626-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9912469387054443,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 2421,
"url": "http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/offerings/displayitem.php?item=books/sawyer/thisway/flagman_story"
} |
Are people today still connected to homesteads and the homesteading era?
Although statistics are not available, there are probably many thousands of farm families still living today on land homesteaded by their ancestors. Some may still own the original farms but live elsewhere. The more recently the land was homesteaded, the more likely a connection can be found. For instance, some of the last homesteads patented to individuals were in Alaska. Some were in lands in the contiguous United States opened to homesteading relatively late under terms of the 1902 Reclamation Act (“Newland Act”). In the mid 1940s, lands opened to homesteading in the Klamath River Basin Project in southern Oregon. It occurred even later in the Columbia Basin Project in Washington State. In those areas, some of the original homesteaders and their immediate families are still on the homestead lands. In other areas, homesteads may now be owned by descendants.
Some States have launched special programs to help recognize and honor today’s families still living on farms their ancestors acquired many years ago. Many of those farms were homesteads. Colorado and Michigan, for example, have such programs. Some counties also honor their earliest farms. An example is Whitman County in Washington State. A roster of its earliest farms, most of which were homesteaded, is listed on a wall just inside the county courthouse in Colfax, Washington.
Public recognition of a family’s long-term connection to the land helps strengthen a family’s already-existing special pride and feeling of connection to their homesteader ancestors. Many families pass down stories about the hardships their forebears went through to obtain the land.
The Bureau of Land Management provides Internet access to homestead records. Today’s homesteader descendants can learn more about the land claims of their family. These include, in some cases, the ability to print out copies of the homestead patents their ancestors were awarded many years ago. (visit: www.glorecords.blm.gov/) | <urn:uuid:8c0d7a62-8c7e-4ad8-8a8f-1ca8c87d0eaa> | {
"date": "2014-11-23T07:31:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379320.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00084-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9722622632980347,
"score": 3.375,
"token_count": 426,
"url": "http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/res/Education_in_BLM/homestead_act/legacy/modern_connections.print.html"
} |
You’ve heard the story before: if it weren’t for our friends the photosynthetic cyanobacteria, you wouldn’t be able to read this out loud because there would be no oxygen to breathe—and also you would never have existed. Oxygen-producing photosynthesis changed Earth’s atmosphere and paved the way for multicellular life, which would run around eating the photosynthetic things by way of saying thank you.
The evidence for this transition to an oxygenated atmosphere is apparent in a beautiful type of rock called a banded iron formation. The type of rock, which contains large amounts of iron oxide minerals (it’s an excellent ore), showed up in the geologic record in a big way around 2.4 billion years ago. That marks the start of the “Great Oxygenation Event," when oxygen levels really started to take off.
But that oversimplifies the story. Microbial life had already been around for over a billion years at that point, and there’s good reason to think that photosynthesis developed pretty early on. There are even a few older banded iron formations, though the oldest may not have required an oxygenated atmosphere. The early history of oxygen—how much was around and how much it fluctuated—is not so clear. A recent study adds to that history by examining some nearly three-billion-year-old rocks in South Africa.
The technique used to suss out evidence for oxygen's presence is the same as a similar study we covered several years ago. When oxygen reacts with some elements, it leaves a mark that can be preserved in the rock record. In minerals, chromium is mostly found in a +3 state (that is, three electrons short of a neutral charge). In that form, it doesn’t dissolve in water very readily. But when chromium reacts with oxygen (and manganese), it loses three electrons and enters a +6 state that is much more mobile in water.
That transformation is hardly indelible, obviously. Other reactions can convert it back to a +3 state. In order to find preserved evidence of this activity, you have to look at the isotopes. It turns out that the oxidation reaction tends to prefer the extra-neutron-bearing chromium-53 over the slightly more svelte chromium-52. That means that the mobile +6 chromium has a greater frequency of chromium-53 atoms, and the +3 chromium that gets left behind is missing some.
A group of researchers led by Sean Crowe of the University of Southern Denmark took advantage of this fact to analyze a pair of 2.92-2.96 billion year old rocks for evidence of oxidation. One includes preserved soil that formed from the breakdown of exposed volcanic rock. The other is composed of sediment that was deposited in a shallow ocean, just offshore.
If there was oxygen in the atmosphere at the time, it would have affected the weathering that took place in that soil. Oxidized (and therefore mobile) chromium would have washed out of the soil with the rain, flowing away in groundwater or streams toward the ocean. Ocean sediments would reflect the flip side of this, containing some of that mobile chromium. In terms of the isotopes, this would result in a shortage of chromium-53 in the soil and an excess in the ocean sediment. In their measurements of the two rocks, the researchers saw just that.
They looked for uranium as well, which also becomes mobile when it’s oxidized. Rather than a ratio of isotopes, the story there is simply abundance. They expected to find that uranium had been depleted in the soil and had accumulated in the marine sediment. There was definitely extra uranium in the ocean sediment and some signs of it having washed out of the soil as well.
Based on the amount of oxygen required to leave those chemical clues behind, the researchers calculate that there would have been something like 0.03 percent as much oxygen as we have in the atmosphere today. That may not sound like much, but it’s much more than chemical reactions in the atmosphere (where light can split water and carbon dioxide molecules) could have generated. Because of this, the researchers believe the oxygen must have been produced by photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Which in turn suggests that photosynthesis is at least 3 billion years old.
While there are older rocks that may indicate some oxygen availability, these are the oldest ones in which evidence of oxidative weathering has been found by examining the chromium isotopes. That opens another window on the timeline of oxygen’s fits and starts before it finally took off. | <urn:uuid:85bb6a7d-a5ef-48c5-9eba-f5fcb21c2263> | {
"date": "2017-07-24T02:51:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424683.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724022304-20170724042304-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9719399809837341,
"score": 4.09375,
"token_count": 959,
"url": "https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/10/signs-of-oxygen-in-3-billion-year-old-soil/?comments=1&post=25401403"
} |
The word “ukeru” in Japanese, interprets “to receive, be given, to inherit, or to receive a favor or an order”. In martial arts usage, this concept becomes more specific and narrowly defined, and does mean different things to each art form and its practice.
Per WORDIQ, Ukemi, or “receiving the throw/attack, is the art of knowing how to land or fall and recover correctly from a martial arts technique with minimal impact.” Within a judo or aikido context, ukemi refers to being thrown and getting right back up, safely, and with heightened awareness of whatever comes next.
In my experience, differences in meaning and application are very common as encountered in the practice and instruction of Aikido. Interpretations do vary to suit the principle being illuminated or taught. In the Aikikai format of training, it is seen as the reverse side of the coin of mutually beneficial training, which, together with appropriate nage behavior, completes the cycle of the Aiki philosophy in action. All enthusiasts are encouraged to fully develop their ability to perform proper ukemi, first to protect the self, but also to afford nage the gift of freely performing his movement and technique without interference, or undue surprises. In the training itself we find variations of purpose, intent and skill when executing technique, which then produces both positive and negative results. It is a constant work in progress for each sensei, each practitioner, and each dojo over periods of time. As skill levels naturally rise, so do the various aspects of consistent training, especially of ukemi. Students who visit other dojos must be on alert to the nuances and guidelines encountered there, and be respectful of any differences and avoid any argument or confrontation while a guest at that dojo. This is proper Reigi Sa Ho, and an integral aspect of being honorable.
In pursuit by many individuals of some esoteric goal of supreme martial effectiveness and unquestioned authenticity, the needs of the uke are quite often sacrificed in favor of giving the nage an advantage by granting effective license to ignore the boundaries of safe speed, power of application, and mutually agreed upon parameters of appropriate techniques, intensity and control. This “old school” mentality may be fine for those who willingly and knowingly agree to train in such an environment, and are willing, forewarned, and demonstrably to endure both the unpredictable impact or consequences from such training. All too often, this most important distinction is not made clear, may be selectively applied, or is routinely and arbitrarily ignored. Then, the sincere intent to train within acceptable guidelines becomes instead, subject to an unwelcome arena of misunderstanding, injury and abuse. It simply is inconceivable to me that one needs to be subjected to arbitrary, narrow minded and misguided notions of what sort of “hard training” is required or desirable in order to develop the skills, the spiritual maturity, and the requisite wisdom for genuine self improvement in Aiki.
I also encounter certain individuals purporting to be training in and teaching Aikido, that insist on rigid security measures at all cost, even to the loss of any and all martial integrity in the training. By stringently requiring restrictive standards and arbitrary policies for the sake of “safe practice”, the Founder’s fundamental basis of martial context for his aikido has been seriously compromised, and may be presumed lost. If true, this altered format can no longer be realistically considered to be a genuine representation of his vision, his practices, his teachings or his legacy. Such practices, in my opinion, should no longer be called “aikido”, and it would be appropriate to regard them as non representative The way each dojo views, administrates and polices effective ukemi, can be a valid yardstick we can reasonably use to assess their willingness to adhere to fundamentals of the Founder’s Aikido, or be considered to be a non conforming tangent of something else entirely.
“Love is high maintenance” goes the sentiment of unconditional commitment, and so it is that we must do our very best to preserve and maintain the Aikido we love and practice. If the ideal of the Founder’s example and teachings is to form the core foundation for our training, then we must walk the narrow path of focused discipline, strict adherence to established teachings traditionally and faithfully handed down, and have the willingness to demonstrate our reasons for doing so. It remains our responsibility to the Founder’s legacy, and our own accountability to train diligently, with balanced regard for our individual commitments, and with compassionate regard and respect for our training peers. Even as we continue to receive the gift of high level training from our partners, we must likewise return the gift undiluted to them as well. We can do so by taking responsible ukemi, making it a cornerstone of our practice, a major study in our training, and for the sake of the rapid development of our students.
There are obviously quite a few styles of effective ukemi, and the serious student can be faithful to just one, or build a hybrid from the various components that make the most sense to him. We will then find that each goal of training will demand a different kind of ukemi, from pliant cooperation, to being prepared for hard movements, fast kuzushi, powerful locks, and dynamic releases. There is much to look forward to.
Conditioning of the joints, the wrists especially, is another underappreciated aspect of proper ukemi. Remember that the uke is “receiving” the attention of the nage, which quite often is historically designed to maim, incapacitate or to terminate. Please do agree before hand, if possible, as to the intensity and manner of practice you are about to engage in with your training partners, and adjust your ukemi response accordingly. As Michael Jordan says, “it’s not how you start, it’s how you finish.”
Again, I view proper ukemi as the essential counterpoint to proper nage in any mutually satisfying training experience in Aikido. The extent to which all parties allow themselves, or unwittingly subject themselves to possible injuries, permanent disability, or to unnecessary misunderstanding, must be clearly understood. The potential changes to life style, psyche and quality of normal relationships with family, friends and society, is no small matter, and must remain the individual’s choice. If unfortunate choices are made, they have absolutely no connection to the quality of the Aikido practiced. It simply means that these unfortunate people just don’t get it, and time is running out.
I feel that, as genuine and sincere martial artists training in this modern environment, we may well consider the following.
1) It is our stated mission and obligation to Protect those who are in real danger, or are subject to real or potential danger, via teaching and proper guidance.
2) We must Preserve the authentic and valid traditions of the past, as well as the new epiphanies and discoveries of the present, and work together to maintain these precious principles and guidelines of responsible behavior for our students.
3) We must be willing and prepared to promote our craft, our skill sets, and our love of genuine martial theory and compassionate practice to each new generation we encounter. We must work together to establish and maintain systems and structures of appropriate transmission of proven efficacy. We are the stewards of an amazing art form, and the study and development of proper ukemi deserves no less scrutiny and attention than any other aspect of how or why we train. | <urn:uuid:f9196b2c-20f0-4787-bca0-ffae533ea499> | {
"date": "2014-12-18T03:59:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765610.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00155-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9462579488754272,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 1579,
"url": "http://blog.aikidojournal.com/2012/12/10/ukemi-an-aiki-perspective-by-francis-takahashi/"
} |
FROM THE RECTOR: JOHN, PETER AND PAUL
Before the middle of the fourth century, the church in Rome was celebrating the birth of John the Baptist and the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul at the end of June. We know this because a calendar exists for the year 354 for the church in that city (Bradshaw and Johnson, Origins of Feasts 193-5).
The celebration of John’s birth is one of the New Testament commemorations that enters the life of the Christian community in this fourth century. The dating is connected, most likely, with the fixing of a celebration of Jesus’ birth in the West on December 25. (Shepherd, American Prayer Book Commentary 242).
The celebrations of the anniversary of martyrs by local Christian communities is well attested in the third century (Origins, 174). One notes that after the death of the very first martyr, “Devout men buried Stephen, and made great lamentation over him” (Acts 8:2). Peter and Paul are remembered as being martyred in Rome, probably in the persecution in the year 64. Tradition holds that Peter was crucified upside down and Paul, a Roman citizen, was beheaded. Originally, Peter’s death was observed in Rome on June 29, Paul’s on June 30, though we are not sure why. The commemorations were united in 258 on June 29 during the persecution of church leaders by the Roman emperor Valerian (Commentary, 243-244).
In the present Prayer Book, John’s birth is called a “Feast of Our Lord.” If it falls on a Sunday, we keep it on the Sunday. So, on Sunday, June 23, Evening Prayer will be for the Eve of the Nativity of John the Baptist. On Monday, in addition to the 12:10 Said Mass, there will be a Sung Mass at 6:00 PM, for which Father Jay Smith will be celebrant and preacher.
The “Feast of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Apostles” is a “Major Feast” but like John’s Nativity, because of its universal importance, we use the Prayer Book permission to keep it as a Feast of Our Lord. It is on Saturday, June 29. It will be observed on its eve, Friday, June 28, at 6:00 PM. Father Jim Pace will be celebrant and preacher for this Sung Mass. On Saturday, the feast is also observed at the 12:10 Said Mass.
Of the many traditions of this parish none has shaped its character over the years any more than the commitment of parishioners and clergy since the beginning to be a place where, every day, open doors welcome all those who enter, and the regular services of the church are celebrated, again, daily. I’m very thankful for those who help make services possible, especially on weekdays. Our particular commitment to observe feasts on their proper days is one sign that, in the words of the Letter to the Hebrews, “here we have no lasting city, but we seek the city which is to come” (Hebrews 13:14). Our lives are bound up with faith not only in the gift of life for this world, but the life of the world to come.
The Letter continues, “Through [Christ] then let us continually offer up a sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of lips that acknowledge his name” (13:15). And in the next verse it calls us to service with these words, “Do not neglect to do good and to share what you have, for such sacrifices are pleasing to God” (13:16).
I invite you to be here to join in the celebration of these feasts this week if you are able to come—and of course, on Sunday—and not just for ourselves. We never know how the Lord will be using our church home or the public witness of our worship to help those who do not know Jesus. In the Episcopal Church, worship is never about “obligation”; it’s the opportunity to give glory to God and to be of service to others in Christ’s name. Stephen Gerth
YOUR PRAYERS ARE ASKED FOR Dolores, Doris, Emma, Phyllis, Jim, Peter, Donn, Charles, Pamela, Henrietta, Sean, Denise, Casey, Eloise, Sharon, Linda, Christopher, Jane, Diana, Eileen, Arpene, José, Lura Grace, religious, Rowan, priest, and Paulette, priest; and for the members of our Armed Forces on active duty, especially Elizabeth and Daniel . . . GRANT THEM PEACE . . . June 23: 1891 Walter W. Doyle; 1914 Henry Charles Roscoe Ross; 1935 Graham Wallace; 1935 Thomas J. Frans.
THIS WEEK AT SAINT MARY’S . . . The Board of Trustees will meet on Monday, June 24, at 7:00 PM, following the Sung Mass, which begins at 6:00 PM . . . Monday, June 24, The Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, Mass 12:10 PM & Sung Mass 6:00 PM . . . Friday, June 28, The Eve of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Apostles, Sung Mass 6:00 PM; Saturday, June 29, Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Apostles, Mass 12:10 PM . . . Confessions will be heard on Saturday, June 22, and on Saturday, June 29, by Father Jay Smith.
AROUND THE PARISH . . . Parishioner Donn Russell had surgery last week and is now recovering at home. Please keep him in your prayers . . . We hope to receive donations for altar flowers for the Sundays in July and for several Sundays in August. If you would like to make a donation, please contact the parish office . . . Father Jim Pace was ordained deacon on June 25, 1988. Happy Anniversary! . . . The New York Philharmonic’s Concerts in Central Park will take place this year on Saturday, July 13, and Monday, July 15. As in past years, a number of Saint Marians are planning to attend. For more information, you may contact parishioner Grace Bruni . . . Attendance: Last Sunday 210.
FROM THE MUSIC DIRECTOR . . . Two “working composers” complement the Solemn Mass this Sunday. Gilbert M. Martin is a freelance composer who at present is represented by nearly every music publishing house in North America. A product of Westminster Choir College, Martin has received twenty-one compositional awards, and continues to write works based on popular hymn tunes, as exemplified in today’s Prelude on Bourbon, one of the traditional melodies of the shape-note tradition. Flor Peeters was the revered Belgian organist and composer of the Lemmens Institute in Mechelen (which has since moved to Leuven, Belgium) that was named after the great nineteenth-century organist Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens. Peeter’s Toccata on Grosser Gott, our offertory hymn, is idiomatic of a contemporary compositional style that still makes reference to the compositional techniques of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In addition to being a much sought-after recitalist during his lifetime, Flor Peeters has instructed more American Fulbright recipients than any other teacher. Mark Peterson
OUTREACH AT SAINT MARY’S . . . Electronic versions of the New York City Coalition Against Hunger’s Guide to Free Food and Assistance are available here . . . We continue to gather non-perishable food items for Saint Clement’s Pantry. Please contact Sister Deborah Francis for more information about the Pantry’s work.
FROM INTEGRITY NYC-METRO . . . “Please join us Sunday, June 30 to represent the Episcopal Church in New York’s annual Pride March. The March, which commemorates the anniversary of the Stonewall Riots in 1969, is the Episcopal Church’s largest and most visible witness of our inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people to the population of this area. We traditionally have representation from a dozen or more congregations, as well as diocesan groups and members of Integrity, occupying two city blocks as we proceed down Fifth Avenue. Our presence in the march is organized by the LGBT Concerns Committee of the Episcopal Diocese of New York. The exact location of our muster location is not announced until a week or so before the event, but it will in all likelihood be in the Flatiron District (near Fifth Avenue and Thirty-third). The time and exact location will be posted here as soon as it is known. We will begin the day with Eucharist at the Church of the Transfiguration, 1 East 29th Street, at 11:00 AM. However we will also offer a Street Eucharist at our muster location, celebrated by the Rev. Cynthia Black, D.D., Rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Morristown, NJ, at approximately 1:00 PM. The march route proceeds down Fifth Avenue to Washington Square, then turns right and crosses the West Village on Christopher Street, ending at Christopher and Hudson. After the March, we will offer Evensong at the Church of Saint Luke in the Fields, 487 Hudson Street, at 6:30 PM.”
MARK YOUR CALENDAR . . . Thursday, July 4, Independence Day, Federal Holiday schedule, the church opens at 10:00 AM and closes at 2:00 PM; only the noon services are offered . . . Monday, July 22, Saint Mary Magdalene, Mass 12:10 PM and 6:20 PM . . . Thursday, July 25, Saint James the Apostle, Mass 12:20 PM and 6:20 PM.
AWAY FROM THE PARISH . . . Adelynrood is a retreat and conference center in Newbury, MA, owned and operated by The Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross. The center offers retreats during the summer months for both women and men, facilitated by retreat leaders such as the Rev. Barbara Crafton and the Rev. Martin L. Smith. There is more information at the center’s website . . . At the Theatre at Saint Clement’s Church, 423 West 46th Street (between Ninth and Tenth Avenues), June 5-July 14, 2013, the Peccadillo Theater Company presents The Silver Cord (1926), by Sidney Howard. From the company website, “Alternately hilarious and heart-stopping, Sidney Howard's The Silver Cord (1926) tells the story of the sweetly tyrannical Mrs. Phelps—the ‘mother of all mothers’ and one of the great villains in all of American drama. Pathologically devoted to her two adult sons, Mrs. Phelps is driven to new heights of manipulation and intrigue when her eldest son returns home with his new bride—a modern woman with her own career and, more important, her own ideas about marriage and family. Add the budding romance between the younger son and his unconventional ‘flapper’ girlfriend and you've got the makings of an explosive Freudian melodrama.” Call OvationTix (212-352-3101) to order tickets; tickets may also be purchased online. The play is directed by Dan Wackerman, company artistic director. The managing director of the company is Kevin Kennedy. Dan and Kevin often worship with us on Sunday mornings. | <urn:uuid:b04ab7df-4819-4010-a9c5-5827f6c1a1d5> | {
"date": "2019-06-26T22:56:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626214837-20190627000837-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9494151473045349,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 2422,
"url": "https://www.stmvirgin.org/the-angelus-our-newsletter/2018/8/9/volume-15-number-30"
} |
by Jeremy Dummett
The province of Ragusa, in the south-eastern corner of Sicily, contains some of the most spectacular scenery on the island. It stretches from the Monti Iblei (the Hyblaean Mountains), with its peak of Monte Laura at 986 metres, through an ancient rural landscape containing rivers and deep gorges, to a sparkling coastline facing Africa. Along the coast lie fishing villages and holiday resorts made up of rows of low lying white buildings with small harbours and sandy beaches.
The population of the province, which is around 300,000, is spread among twelve towns, all of which are decorated in the local baroque style. The urban scenery of the province is among the finest in all Italy. This is where, according to the art historian Anthony Blunt, the best examples of Sicilian baroque are to be found. These towns, with their cupolas and campaniles, sit astride peaks in the rocky landscape divided from one another by steep valleys. Flights of stairs weave their way through the towns leading up to flamboyant church façades that dominate the surrounding countryside. The quality of the architecture has been recognised by UNESCO which has made three of the towns, Ragusa, Modica and Scicli, World Heritage Sites.
This scenery, both urban and maritime, is used as the setting for the Italian TV series featuring Inspector Montalbano, based on the novels by Andrea Camilleri. Hugely popular in Italy, the series spread to reach international audiences. The province of Ragusa, made famous by the TV series, has become known as Montalbano territory, as it is here that most of the episodes were filmed.
Human habitation of the province dates back to pre-historic times, with ancient tombs visible in the rocks. In the nearby province of Syracuse lies the site of Pantalica, which dates back to the thirteenth century BC. The earliest recorded people in the Ragusa province were the Sicels, who came from central Italy, and who established themselves in eastern Sicily early in the tenth century BC. It was from the Sicels that Sicily took its name. The Monti Iblei were probably named after a Sicel goddess, Ibla. After the Greeks arrived on the island, establishing settlements around the coast, the Sicels moved further inland, with their King Hyblon granting territory near Syracuse to the Greeks on which to build another city, Megara Hyblaea.
Many of the different people who ruled Sicily left their mark on the province. Kamarina was founded by Greeks from Syracuse in 599 BC, as an outpost of their city. At this time the whole of south-eastern Sicily was Syracusan territory. The town of Chiaramonte Gulfi, to the north of the province, is on the site of a staging post used by the Greeks of Syracuse on their way to the coast. Kaukana shows signs of both Roman and Byzantine civilisations. It was from the port of Kaukana that the Byzantine general, Belisaruis, sailed in 533 AD to defeat the Vandals in North Africa.
In the Middle Ages the Normans established estates here, as did the Chiaramonte, a powerful family based in Palermo who became the Counts of Modica. It was the Normans who introduced one of their favourite saints to Sicily, St George, who became a patron saint in both Ragusa and Modica. The county became famous for its agriculture, which because of its geography, developed differently to that in most of Sicily. The combination of hilly country with a central plateau and a narrow coastal plain was more suited for mixed farming than for growing grain. As a result local farms produced cattle and other livestock as well as olives and wine. This kind of farming led to greater independence for agricultural workers than elsewhere on the island and the county gained a reputation for liberal attitudes and a crime free environment.
In 1693 a powerful earthquake hit eastern Sicily causing widespread destruction. For the work of reconstruction the Spanish rulers of Sicily, together with the island’s aristocracy, chose the local baroque style and Sicily’s skilled architects and craftsmen were given the opportunity to design major new projects. By this time Sicilian baroque had matured into a style of architecture and sculpture with original features of its own that were rich in exotic decoration. In this way the re-building in eastern Sicily, following the earthquake, saw one of the greatest flowerings of artistic talent in the island’s history.
Mussolini, who visited Sicily in 1924, made a personal intervention in Ragusa, making it capital of the province in 1926, while at the same time redefining its borders. Up to this point Modica had been the capital. According to local legend, the reason for this was the lack of an adequate turnout to welcome Mussolini at Modica’s railway station, during the Duce’s tour of eastern Sicily. Representing a liberal minded city, residents showed their disapproval of the Fascist government by refusing to give Mussolini the usual rapturous welcome. This was taken as an insult and the status of Capo Provincia was taken from Modica and granted to Ragusa.
Today Ragusa, the smallest province on the island, is also one of the wealthiest. Oil was discovered here in 1953 and is now drilled offshore and piped to refineries at Augusta on the east coast. The supply of stone as a building material continues, as it has for centuries. The tradition of mixed farming goes on, with dairy farming and the production of livestock taking place on the plateau below the hills. Typical products include milk, pork and a cheese known as caciocavallo. Wine is widely produced and the town of Vittoria is renowned for the quality of its red wine, called Cerasuolo. Intensive market gardening is carried out on the coastal plain, producing fruit and vegetables, including cherry tomatoes in large quantities.
Tourism, which is thriving and includes an increasing number of foreigners with holiday homes, has recently been helped by the opening to international traffic of the airport at Comiso. The airport, which is less than twenty kilometres from Ragusa, has direct flights to London, Frankfurt, Brussels and Dublin, as well as to cities on the Italian mainland. Another boost to tourism is the so-called Treno Barocco, a train which runs from Syracuse on Sundays in the summer months, calling at Noto, Modica and Ragusa, enabling visitors to see the most famous baroque towns in a day’s outing. Not to be missed are the frequent feasts and saints’ day celebrations, when elaborate processions go through the streets, combined with a chance to try the local food.
Ragusa has two separate centres, the upper town, Ragusa Superiore, and the lower, Ragusa Ibla, linked by a flight of over 240 steps and by a steep road full of hairpin bends. Ragusa Superiore is laid out with wide streets according to the reconstruction plan which followed the earthquake. The imposing cathedral of San Giovanni Battista (St John the Baptist), with its wide façade and fine campanile, dominates the middle of the town. Close by is the archaeological museum, containing a statue of a Sicel warrior from the seventh century BC as well as Greek and Roman artefacts. Above the cathedral is a vantage point, known as the Rotonda, which provides panoramic views over the lower town.
Ragusa Ibla, with ravines on either side, occupies the site of the medieval town destroyed by the earthquake and that of the ancient Sicel town, Hybla Heraea. It is the more spectacular of the two centres and contains thirteen baroque monuments listed by UNESCO. Built of golden stone, it consists of small squares, churches, narrow streets, crumbling palaces, ornate balconies and sudden, breath-taking views over the countryside. This is a place to be explored on foot, with cars left at the lower street level. Starting at Piazza della Repubblica, where the two centres meet, a winding street leads through the middle of Ibla to the Giardini Iblei, the public gardens. Close to the piazza is the church of Santa Maria dell’Itria, which was originally built for the knights of Malta. The church has a richly decorated interior while its blue tiled dome has become a symbol of the town.
At the heart of Ibla stands the Cathedral of San Giorgio (St George) designed by Vincenzo Gagliardi, one of the top architects of the baroque era, who worked also in Noto. The three-tiered façade of the cathedral fills one end of Corso XXV Aprile, a wide street containing palm trees, cafés and two decorative buildings, the Circolo di Conversazione and the Palazzo Donnfugata. The cathedral’s interior contains statues of St George, one by the Gagini school, as well Gagliardi’s original plans for the building. Among the palaces of note in Ibla are the Cosentini, known for the grotesque figures supporting the balconies; Battaglia, with a classical façade and La Rocca, famous for its six balconies.
Like Ragusa, Modica consists of an upper and a lower town, Modica Alta and Bassa. There is also a third, modern centre for commercial activity. The town lies on the SS 115 road some fifteen kilometres before arriving at Ragusa when approaching from Ispica and Noto. The town’s social centre is Corso Umberto, a wide street containing several fine palaces, laid out in the reconstruction period. Around it are the alleyways and courtyards recalling the town’s medieval layout. On the right can be seen the remains of the castle of the Counts of Modica. From the Corso, a series of steps decorated with statues of the apostles, leads up to the church of San Pietro, whose broad façade topped by more statues, looks out over the town. Two churches are of particular interest, the church of the Carmine, containing sculpture by the Gagini school, and the church of Santa Maria di Bethlemme, which has a Palatine Chapel in the Arab-Norman style.
Steps climb steeply towards Modica Alta, along a road lined with palaces and the church of San Giovanni Battista at the highest point. The Cathedral of San Giorgio, probably by Rosario Gagliardi and inaugurated in 1738, was built on the site of a Norman church. It is one of the outstanding examples of Sicilian baroque, with an unusual curved façade, and stands at the top of a flight of 250 steps. The view of the old town from outside the cathedral is exceptional.
Modica was the birthplace of Salvatore Quasimodo, who won the Nobel Prize for poetry in 1959. He takes his place among Sicily’s writers who achieved international fame including Pirandello, Lampedusa and Sciascia. Quasimodo wrote lyrical poetry about Sicily while working far from home in northern Italy.
The town has a vibrant economy based on agricultural produce. There is an excellent, robust local cuisine. The best known local product is Modica chocolate, now produced on a large scale. It is unusual in that it contains no fat and is based upon an ancient Aztec recipe, brought to Sicily by the Spanish. It comes in a variety of natural flavours such as orange, lemon and almond.
Smaller towns and the seaside
The smaller towns of the province are full of character. Scicli, not far from the sea, lies between two gorges and has some of the most striking architecture. Around the central Piazza Italia cluster churches and palaces of note including the church of San Matteo (St Matthew) and the Palazzo Fava. Wrought iron balconies supported by fanciful creatures carved in yellow stone are a feature of the town. Strange heads also appear on the façade of the Palazzo Beneventano. The church of San Bartolomeo (St Bartholomew) stands out for being the only one from the fifteenth century to have survived the earthquake.
On the high ground above Ragusa stands Chiaramonte Gulfi, originally built in the early fourteenth century as an outpost to protect Modica from the north. Panoramic views of the province can be seen from here. The town centre contains fine baroque buildings around a core of medieval side streets.
Close to Santa Croce Camarina, on the coast, are two small archaeological sites, Kamarina and Kaucana. Kamarina was an outpost of Syracuse in the ancient Greek era and Kaucana has Roman and Byzantine origins. Their archaeological sites and museums can be found nearby.
Other towns of interest include Ispica, Comiso and Vittoria. All contain significant monuments from the baroque era and are worth exploring. Comiso was the birthplace of another well known Sicilian writer, Gesualdo Bufalino, who died in 1996.
For seaside holidays there is a choice of locations in spectacular surroundings along the province’s eighty-five kilometres of coastline. Centres such as Donnalucata and Punta Secca stretch along the seafront with their traditional low, white houses. Fishing boats go out in the evenings to maintain the supply of fresh fish to the many small restaurants. The sea is clear and the environment in summer is hot. The temperature is capable of reaching over 40 degrees centigrade while the scirocco, the south wind, can make it feel even hotter. The most developed resort is Marina di Ragusa, which has a yacht harbour and a seaside promenade lined with palm trees. Smaller holiday centres include Scoglitti and Sampieri, which were once fishing villages, while one of the best sandy bays is to be found at Cava d’Aliga.
The Montalbano trail
The success of the Montalbano TV series has led to an increased interest in the province. Italian fans, landing at the airport, ask taxi drivers to take them to Vigàta, the fictional town where much of the action takes place. In reality the sets used in the TV drama are often composite, drawing upon images from several different places. However, certain locations can be identified, as Maurizio Clausi makes clear in his book, I luoghi di Montalbano (Montalbano’s places). Montalbano tours have become a popular feature of the local tourist trade.
Punta Secca, a cluster of houses behind a small harbour near Santa Croce Camarina, is the main location for the filming of Marinella, where Montalbano lives. The white tower of the lighthouse is instantly recognisable from the opening sequence of the TV drama. Montalbano’s apartment, with its terrace overlooking the beach, is a busy B&B when they are not filming. The small restaurant favoured by the inspector, known as Enzo a Mare on TV, can be found along the seafront. Some of the scenes in the fictional Marinella are also shot in Donnalucata.
Scicli is the principal location for Vigàta, where Montalbano has his office. A number of central streets are used for the set, together with the town hall which acts as the inspector’s headquarters, both internally and externally.
Ragusa Ibla features prominently in the TV drama. The opening sequence includes aerial shots of the town and surrounding hills. The square in front of the cathedral of San Giorgio is where Montalbano can be seen heading for his usual café. In the nearby Piazza Polo is a palace, next to the church of San Giuseppe, which is sometimes used as the inspector’s office. The restaurant named La Rusticana (Calogero in the TV series), to be found close by, is where Salvo and Mimì like to have lunch and enjoy a glass of Grillo, their favourite white wine.
Andrea Camilleri, author of the novels on which the TV series are based, comes from Porto Empedocle which lies further along the coast near Agrigento, and lives in Rome. In the Sicilian literary tradition, his work is steeped in the character and social mores of the island. The context of the stories, in which Montalbano and his small team of policemen fight crime and corruption, is contemporary Sicilian life with its political problems, mafia background and huge differences between rich and poor. The stories explore how the traditional Sicilian way of life is changing in the face of modern pressures such as increased tourism and the influx of refugees from Africa and the Middle East. Thus the books provide not only entertainment but also a way to increase our understanding of this extraordinary island.
Anthony Blunt, Sicilian Baroque (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1968).
Leonardo Sciascia, Fatti diversi di storia letteraria e civile, la contea di Modica (Sellerio, Palermo, 1989).
Maurizio Clausi, I luoghi di Montalbano. Una guida (Sellerio, Palermo, 2006).
Andrea Camilleri, The Shape of Water and Round the Mark (Picador, London, 2003 and 2007) are examples of the Montalbano novels, while the author’s website is at: www.andreacamilleri.net (in Italian).
www.ragusa-sicilia.it/english Province of Ragusa’s website. | <urn:uuid:59f191be-6f47-48aa-bee7-f0981fd0dc8e> | {
"date": "2018-08-18T11:56:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213666.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818114957-20180818134957-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9606130123138428,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 3746,
"url": "https://www.jeremydummett.com/famous-baroque-hilltowns/"
} |
According to the western world, the sun is the stationary centre of the universe and the earth revolves on its own axis as well as around the sun. Insha Allah hereunder you will find proof from the Holy Qur’an that the earth is in fact stationary and the sun revolves around in an orbit. It is therefore incumbent on us to believe what the Holy Qur’an teaches us and to reject the western school of thought.
Allah Ta’ala states in the Holy Qur’an, “And the sun moves on a prescribed course. This is the Commandment of the Most Honourable, the Most Knowing.”[Surah 36, Verse 38]
This tells us that the heavens and the earth are anchored and the stars are floating in them. The movement of the sun is until its appointed time i.e. until the Day of Judgment. [Tafseer Noorul Irfaan]
Allah Ta’ala further states, “The sun is not permitted to overtake the moon, nor can the night overtake the day. And each is floating in an orbit. [Surah 36, Verse 40]
The first part of the verse means that the sun cannot rise at night to take away the light of the moon. Also, it cannot move swiftly like the moon; therefore the stages which the moon completes in twenty-eight days are completed by the sun in one year. If the sun were as swift as the moon then the seasons would not be formed correctly. The last part of the verse tells us that the orbit of each planet is different and that the stars are floating in such a way like the fish in the sea. But the sky itself is stationary. [Tafseer Noorul Irfaan]
In another verse it is stated, “The sun and the moon have been set proportionately.” [Surah 55, Verse 5]
This refers to the speed of the moon and the sun, which is determined by Allah Ta’ala. The speed with which they complete the heavenly stages helps man to determine the solar and lunar months of the year. [Tafseer Noorul Irfaan]
The Glorious Qur’an further tells us, “And He made the sun and moon subservient for you which are constantly moving, and made the day and night subservient for you.” [Surah 14, Verse 33]
The sun and the moon are constant without any breakage in them, nor do they take any leave for the purpose of resting. They serve us in such a manner that they would never become tired or ever be off duty. They are in constant movement for millions of years so that we can determine our time for work and rest and derive countless benefits from them. [Tafseer Noorul Irfaan]
In proving the static nature of the earth, the Holy Qur’an says, “Undoubtedly, Allah upholds the heavens and the earth lest they deviate.” [Surah 35, Verse 41]
This tells us that neither the earth nor the sky is in motion. Only the stars, the moon and the sun are in motion. Thus even the ancient philosophy, which advocated the movement of the sky, is false, as well as the modern philosophy which accepts that the earth moves on its own axis. [Tafseer Noorul Irfaan]
Besides the above verses, there are numerous other verses of the Holy Qur’an that prove that the earth is stationary and the sun is in rotation. Some of these verses are quoted hereunder:
- “And made the sun and the moon subservient. Each one runs to a term stated. Allah plans every affair and explains clearly the signs so that you may believe the meeting with your Lord.” [Surah 13, Verse 2]
- “And He made the sun and moon and stars subservient to His command.” [Surah 7, Verse 54]
- “And He made the day and the night, the sun and the moon subservient to you. And the stars are subservient by His command. Verily, in it there are signs for the wise people.” [Surah 16, Verse 12]
- “And it is He Who created the night and the day and the sun and the moon. Each one is floating in a circumference.” [Surah 21, Verse 33]
- “O listener! Did you not see that Allah turns night into the day and returns the day in the night and He makes the sun and the moon serve you? Each one pursues the course till an appointed term, and Allah is aware of your deeds.” [Surah 31, Verse 29]
- “And He engages the services of the sun and the moon that each one runs up to an appointed time. This is Allah, your Lord. His is the Kingdom of the entire universe.” [Surah 35, Verse 13]
- “And He has employed the sun and the moon into service. Each moves on its course to an appointed time. Do you hear? He is the Most Exalted in Power, the Most Forgiving.” [Surah 39, Verse 5]
If someone insists on defending the western way of thought, then the following verse should suffice in answering them, “Does He not know, Who created? And He is the Knower of the minutest, being Well Aware.” [Surah 67, Verse 14]
Therefore it is a clear denial and rejection of the Qur’anic verses to accept the sun as the static centre and the earth revolving around it.
A’la Hazrat Imam Ahle Sunnat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh) has explained the Islamic theory (based on Qur’an and Hadith) that the earth is static. In favour of this A’la Hazrat (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh) wrote the following treatises:
- Nuzool-e-Ayat-e-Furqan Besukoon-e-Zameen-o-Aasman
- Mueen-e-Mubeen Bahar Daur-e-Shams-o-Sukoon-e-Zameen
- Fauz-e-Mubeen Dar Radd-e-Harkat-e-Zameen
In his first treatise, A’la Hazrat (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh) has discussed the earth theory in light of the Qur’an and Hadith that the earth and sky are static, by quoting several verses from the Holy Qur’an. In his second treatise, A’la Hazrat (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh) has elaborated that the sun is in motion while earth is static based on astronomical observations and calculations. In his treatise “Fauz-e-Mubeen” A’la Hazrat (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh) has not only proved that earth is static with 105 argumentations in light of modern physics, but also criticized the ideas of renowned scientists like Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Albert Einstein. In “Fauz-e-Mubeen” A’la Hazrat (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh) has discussed various scientific spheres of knowledge including Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Astronomy, Astrology, Mathematics, and covered the topics of planetary motion in the orbits and physical mechanics like attractive and repulsive forces, centripetal force, centrifugal force, friction coefficient, projectile motion, relative velocity, circular speed, buoyant force, density & pressure, structure of earth, theory of tides and distance from the sun, along with dozens of geometric diagram representations with algebraic, logarithmic and mathematical calculations. Subhaanallah! If this is the knowledge of the slave of Rasoolullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam), then what must be the knowledge of the Beloved Rasool (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) himself?
Hereunder is an extract from the book “Fauz-e-Mubeen” to show us that not only does the Holy Qur’an disprove the western school of thought, but A’la Hazrat (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh) has also scientifically proven (with extensive calculations, explanations and proofs) that the earth is stationary and the sun revolves around in an orbit. In his explanation, A’la Hazrat (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh) uses the assumption of the earth’s rotation to show the west how absurd a theory it is.
“Two birds fly from a branch of a tree with equal speed to that of the earth’s rotation which is 1036 mph and one flies to the east and the other to the west. The one flying to the west will reach a distance of 2072 miles because as much as it went to the west, this branch went to the east due to the earth’s rotation. And the one going to the east will not move a hair’s length from the branch because as he is flying with the same speed the branch of the tree too, is going along with it. But we practically observe that both of them have equal speed going opposite to each other, and go to the same distance. If their speed of flying is less than that of the earth, for example 1035 mph, then the west-bound one will reach a distance of 2071 miles to the west. And its opponent, the east bound having toiled for an hour and having traversed 1035 miles will find itself only a mile away from the branch of that tree and that too, to its west. Isn’t it awkward that he just flew to the east direction and found himself to the west of the place? All this is absurd, false and contrary to observation.”
This is just a small segment of one of the simpler arguments put forward by A’la Hazrat (Radiallahu Ta’ala Anh). In fact he even went on to refute, with numerous proofs, the assumption of scientists that the atmosphere also rotates with the earth, i.e. the bird will also move together with the branch due to the earth’s motion. However, it is too complicated to discuss here.
We can therefore see that without doubt the earth is stationary. It does not rotate on its axis nor does it rotate around the sun. It is the sun, moon and stars that rotate in orbits and it is obligatory on us to believe in this, since refutation of even a single verse of the Holy Qur’an throws us out of the fold of Islam.
May Allah Ta’ala grant us the Taufeeq and Hidayat to accept the truth and to reject the falsehood which the west is spreading throughout the world, Ameen. | <urn:uuid:b3d1faf6-1935-46dd-9b54-6b3297b5183f> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T03:08:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9458675980567932,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 2323,
"url": "https://raza-e-khushtar.org/articles/concerning-the-creation/the-earth-is-stationary/"
} |
Editorial: The Bumpy Road to Net Zero Energy
It’s easy to lose the longer perspective when we are involved in day-to-day efforts to save energy. That’s why I want to focus on a single home—Danny Parker’s house in Florida—to illustrate the bumpy road to zero energy use. The figure on the right shows 21 years of electricity use, along with many of the major events in Danny’s household. (Follow the green line.)
When the Parkers moved into the house in 1989, Danny and his wife used roughly 10,000 kWh per year. (By coincidence, that’s also the national average residential electricity use.) Over the next 20 years, Danny installed many conservation measures and improvements. He added insulation, sealed ducts, installed a whole-house fan, replaced the refrigerator and air conditioner, and installed a PV-powered pump for the swimming pool. He also replaced all the incandescent lights with CFLs.
There were other events affecting energy use. The babies arrived— first Sarah, then Wade. In 1998, the Parkers added 500 square feet of floor area. In 2005, the children—no longer babies—convinced their parents to buy a digital video recorder (DVR) and a flat-screen TV. In 2006, Danny bought an energy feedback device, though it wasn’t clear if anybody besides him understood it. Finally, in 2009, the Parkers installed a 5kW PV system. Meanwhile, appliances were being replaced again. In 2010, the Parkers replaced the “new” refrigerator. The “new” air conditioner was replaced in 2010.
Over those 21 years, the Parkers’ energy use fell about 50% through efficiency improvements. They then eliminated the remaining 50% of grid-supplied power by installing a PV array. Now, in 2011, the Parkers’ house is exporting electricity.
The Parkers’ house was in no way special, yet it was able to reach net zero electricity use through a combination of familiar efficiency measures and investments in renewable energy. Arguably, many millions of households around the country could achieve similar results.
This rare perspective of 21 years of energy use reminds us that we shouldn’t treat a house as a static object. We can see that the progress of the Parker household toward net zero electricity consumption is hardly smooth, and many of the bumps don’t seem to correspond to particular technological events. Some of the bumps are good: The birth of two kids seemed to raise electricity use. That’s not really a surprise, but we shouldn’t forget this connection. The physical size of homes grows, too; this house increased roughly 25%. Nevertheless, we don’t see much increase in electricity use. Perhaps that’s because Danny was careful in the design and construction of the addition. Major appliances, such as the refrigerator and air conditioner, were replaced twice over the two decades. This is a reminder that efficiency experts should expect to visit each home several times in the path to net zero energy.
Of course one can argue that the Parkers’ home is not a fair example for comparison to an average home, and that we ignored natural-gas energy use. These are valid objections, but I don’t think they detract from the basic conclusion that a combination of vigorous conservation measures and appropriate use of renewable sources can achieve some—if not all—of our climate mitigation goals.
- FIRST PAGE
- PREVIOUS PAGE
Enter your comments in the box below:
(Please note that all comments are subject to review prior to posting.) | <urn:uuid:c1c7bad6-4c6f-48e9-8a97-e5521bda9d33> | {
"date": "2013-12-05T10:05:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163043499/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131723-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9496970176696777,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 758,
"url": "http://www.homeenergy.org/show/article/magazine/119/page/10/id/1542"
} |
All new teachers quickly learn there is not enough time to grade everything; however, even the most veteran teachers struggle to efficiently grade assignments and provide meaningful feedback. This problem leads to two different outcomes: 1) teachers minimize the role of grading in their classrooms 2) teachers sacrifice personal wellness to grade everything. In reality, teachers should straddle these two extremes, but how do teachers find that Goldilocks zone?
While there are strategies to more effectively grade, it is also helpful to think about why you are grading certain assignments and what feedback you want to give students. Your overall philosophy of grading, and the grading decisions made on different assignments should determine what strategies you use when, or if an assignment should be graded in its entirety. To help elaborate on what this looks like, I want to share my philosophy of grading and how that rationale informs my grading decisions on assignments.
I believe grading serves the purpose of informing students of their progress, what they can do to improve their work, and provides documentation to have discussions with students about their work and thinking.
For me, this means grading is not something that happens at the end of a week or the end of the unit, but continuously. Because of this, much of my assessment is informal and formative and happens in class to build towards larger assessments that I grade on my prep and at home. In other words, I use specific grading to improve student work, so that by the time I grade performance tasks or end of unit essays student work is improved and I can focus on the students’ ability to integrate different knowledge and skills.
Philosophy in Practice
If the knowledge is content based, I often find assessing group work throughout the class incredibly effective. By allowing students to work in groups, I foster a better classroom culture by cultivating student discussion. This constructivist design makes students synthesizers and creators of knowledge, while allowing me to be more precise in my feedback and interjections to address student struggles. The key with this kind of assessment is that I must know what I am looking for; otherwise, there is no assessment and no feedback can be given.
For instance, if we are studying cells in a Biology class, I want to hear students correctly use the disciplinary rhetoric regarding cell parts and processes. That becomes my checklist. Then, to check understanding at the individual level, I will have students answer a question explaining the cell parts and/or processes we are studying, or construct a concept map that illustrates students’ knowledge. Then, I focus on the correct use of those terms. Thus, the time I spend grading is reduced, but the quality of feedback is more precise and effective. (Another important note here, this philosophy of grading goes beyond a daily exit ticket. It is happening throughout the class and happens prior to the end of class, so there is enough time to review students’ work and provide feedback on their work before the end of class.)
The process slightly changes if my grading is for skills. It is easy for us to think of content in stark terms – students comprehend and can articulate the knowledge, or they cannot (albeit this is slightly oversimplified, though the premise holds true for grading). Skills, then, are more on a continuum. And, students often exist in different places on that continuum. Therefore, if I am working with students on a particular skill, I may be less inclined for group assessment. Instead, I may favor individual work, followed by peer review, and then individualized work again.
For example, if students are developing tools for using evidence to support an argument with the end goal of students creating an essay using fact-based evidence to support their claims, students and I must cultivate this skill over time. This means I need to think about specific things that I can grade and provide feedback on along the way prior to student’s completing the essay. To do this, I break my teaching and assessment into identifiable parts, which may look like the following: introducing evidence; explaining evidence; connecting evidence points in a paragraph; citing contradictory evidence; reconciling that evidence; drawing conclusions. Each assignment then on the way to the final essay should be graded on one or two of the following criteria with quick feedback.
I may then have students write one paragraph where they incorporate two pieces of evidence. As they are working, I look at their introduction of evidence and use, providing feedback. Then, I will take one or two student examples and explain the thinking behind what is strong and not so strong about student’s work. Then, as a class, we critique another example. After which students in pairs discuss each other’s responses and refine their answers. In effect, student work will have been graded three times before turning it in (improving the quality of work) with specific feedback. This does not mean students learn skills in one lesson. Often multiple attempts at particular skills and different examples of student work are needed to improve student learning and work.
Philosophy in Design
In short, my philosophy of grading promotes a feedback cycle for students and in class grading to be specific to lessen the length of time spent on grading while providing quicker feedback. For me, this philosophy provides a framework for constructing assessments:
Not mentioned to this point are larger assignments that force students to demonstrate their learning over a longer period of time. There is no doubt, as students complete unit projects or performance tasks, the grading burden increases, and, while some may argue that you should limit the grading of these major assignments, I believe it is important to grade those assignments in a longer extended way that builds on the previous knowledge established in the unit, so students get feedback on their ability to integrate those skills, not just their use in isolation. While it is time consuming, it makes sense to arrange your class so that grading does not consume hours on end every week, but every four to six weeks.
Grading is essential to classroom success, but grading effectively is incredibly difficult. To do so, you must define your philosophy of grading and work within that system to provide meaningful feedback to students. I have given you my philosophy and have tried to provide insight into how that philosophy manifests itself in the classroom as a starting point to contextualize your own. If you have more questions though, please feel free to comment or reach out to us to discuss in greater length finding a system for you! | <urn:uuid:edfe7e40-d958-4870-90b1-431beff226b2> | {
"date": "2019-06-20T15:08:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999261.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620145650-20190620171650-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9515224695205688,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 1292,
"url": "https://cpet.tc.columbia.edu/ntn-blog/how-do-i-grade-effectively-and-not-die"
} |
he wealthiest areas of the world will experience fewer changes in local climate compared to the poorest regions if global average surface temperatures reach the 1.5°C or 2°C limit set by the Paris agreement, according to new research.
The new study, published today in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union, compares the difference between climate change impacts for wealthy and poor nations.
“The results are a stark example of the inequalities that come with global warming,” said lead author Andrew King from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes at the University of Melbourne in Australia.
“The richest countries that produced the most emissions are the least affected by heat when average temperatures climb to just 2°C, while poorer nations bear the brunt of changing local climates and the consequences that come with them.”
The least affected countries include most temperate nations, with the United Kingdom coming out ahead of all others. By contrast, the worst affected are in the Equatorial regions, including countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo.
This pattern holds true even if global average surface temperatures only reach 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
To get their results the researchers used a simple metric – the signal to noise ratio. The signal in this case is the local change in average temperatures caused by climate change. The noise is how variable the temperature is for that region.
In places outside the tropics, where there is greater year-to-year variability and those locations are more well adapted to a wide range of temperatures, the warming will be less noticeable.
But in Equatorial regions, where there is already a very high average temperature and less variation through the year, a small rise in temperatures due to climate change will be distinctly felt and have immediate impacts.
This difference in experienced temperature combined with the distribution of wealth across the world, with richer nations tending to be in temperate regions and the poorer nations in the tropics, adds to the future climate change burden of developing nations.
“Economically powerful nations, who are most responsible for the emissions that led to global warming, are going to have to pick up the slack if they want to maintain economic growth in developing countries,” said co-author Luke Harrington from the University of Oxford.
“It’s why we need to invest in limiting the worst impacts of climate change for developing nations today. By assisting developing nations to meet these challenges we help maintain their economic stability and security into the future and by extension, our own as well.” | <urn:uuid:e24dd3c5-913f-4965-9f64-ccbd898acee9> | {
"date": "2019-10-23T15:08:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987834649.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023150047-20191023173547-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.928632915019989,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 522,
"url": "https://www.eurasiareview.com/03062018-global-warming-hits-poorest-hardest/"
} |
Researchers from the University of Manchester have presented a video at the European Anesthesiology Conference that demonstrates how a brain slowly loses consciousness when undergoing a propofol induction. Using an instrument called a functional electrical impedence tomography by evoked response (fEITER), they were able to visualize the brain slipping into sleep in real time. Dr. Brian Pollard, the presenter of the paper at the conference, noted that initially propofol inhibits the inhibitory neurons in the brain. The brain thus becomes more excitable, which is seen on the video.Then as more propofol is given, the excitatory neurons are also inhibited and the brain then slips into unconsciousness. Unlike what patient's may say they feel, the brain doesn't become anesthetized like a light switch. There is a gradual decline in the brain function.
I have noticed the same phenomenon when anesthetizing patients. If one pushes propofol very quickly, the brain goes through its stages of sleep rapidly. Therefore it appears the patient is out "like a light." However if you give the propofol slowly, in small boluses, many patients lose their inhibition first. This is manifested as a sudden need to vocalize their thoughts or express their emotions. Many patients are very anxious and quiet as they are about to go to sleep. But once the propofol is started, they will start talking about almost anything, including how attractive their doctors or nurses are. We don't hold it against them though. We know it's just a drug induced euphoria and the patient will have no recollection of it after the surgery.Now we have scientific visual evidence of this state. | <urn:uuid:1ff268c5-c2c3-4691-aba0-6646f7eb51dd> | {
"date": "2019-09-19T00:42:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918234431-20190919020431-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9647485017776489,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 340,
"url": "http://www.blog.greatzs.com/2011/06/anesthetized-brain.html"
} |
Read and explore another collection of science projects related to the beach. Read the excerpt below and follow the link for all the great beach science…
“A beach is a narrow, gently sloping strip of land that lies along the edge of an ocean, lake, or river. Materials such as sand, pebbles, rocks, and seashell fragments cover beaches.
Oceans play a crucial role in creating and sustaining life – covering approximately 70 percent of the Earth’s surface. Consequently, learning about oceans should be a key feature of every child’s science education. Whether intended for use in class or entry into a science fair, ocean projects are not just a fun and exciting way of learning but can be conducted without getting wet.”
At GISetc.com we curate and bring you the best geography and science resources from the web. We hope our sharing will keep you up to date on the latest science and geospatial news. | <urn:uuid:966e7673-4705-42a0-991c-0c87b568354c> | {
"date": "2016-10-26T19:03:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00232-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9060479402542114,
"score": 3.640625,
"token_count": 197,
"url": "http://gisetc.com/science-projects-on-the-ocean/"
} |
What Is ICC, What Are IBC Codes, And Why Should I Care?
The International Code Council (ICC) was established in 1994 as a non-profit organization dedicated to developing a single set of comprehensive and coordinated national model construction codes used throughout the United States. It is dedicated to developing model codes and standards used in the design, build and compliance process to construct safe, sustainable, affordable and resilient structures. ICC codes that are relevant to the application and maintenance of photoluminescent paints, materials and signs, include: the International Building Code and the International Fire Code (IFC).Read more about ICC and other organizations involved in new building codes and standards >>
IBC Codes (International Building Codes)
The International Building Code (IBC) stipulates certain minimum standards that should be maintained when constructing buildings. In September 2008, ICC Hearings were held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, suggesting changes to the 2009 edition of the ICC’s I-Codes (specifically the International Building Code, or IBC codes, and the International Fire Code, or IFC), a state-of-the-art model code used as the basis for building and fire regulations promulgated and enforced by U.S. state and local jurisdictions. Those jurisdictions have the option of incorporating some or all of the code’s provisions but generally adopt most provisions. Some of these standards pertain to the use of evacuation technology. Evacuation and egress systems are required to use photoluminescent markings to indicate exit routes in specifically standardized ways. Future buildings—especially tall structures—should be increasingly resistant to fire, more easily evacuated in emergencies, and safer overall thanks to 23 major and far-reaching building and fire code changes approved recently by the International Code Council (ICC). These changes include making exit path markings more prevalent and more visible by applying photoluminescent paints and exit markings for egress purposes.
IBC Code Specifications for Photoluminescent (Phosphorescent) Safety Markings
The ICC has adopted the following practical changes to the IBC with regards to photoluminescent exit markings:
One of the very few industrial photoluminescent paint suppliers that does meets IBC Code requirements in it's products is Kryptaglow.
IBC Codes directly affect you, if you are a:
What is NIST and how does it relate to the IBC Codes
NIST is one of the nation's oldest physical science laboratories. It was founded in 1901 and is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The building and fire research programs at NIST anticipate and meet the measurement and technology needs of the U.S. building and fire safety industries. NIST research focusses specifically on disaster-resilient structures. Following 9-11, NIST lead the Federal Investigation into the Collapse of the World Trade Center. In it's final report the federal commission recommended a complete reevaluation of egress systems and incorporation of appropriate egress technology. The IBC Code (and IFC Code) changes adopted by the ICC, closely follow the findings of NIST's WTC disaster investigation.Read more about NIST and other organizations involved in new building codes and standards >>
It is of the utmost importance that the photoluminescent materials or paints used in your building are tested according to meet new standards and meet all requirements of the new building codes.
For this reason one should consider a tested and approved photoluminescent paint supplier such as Kryptaglow: See Certification Info >>.
More about building codes and standards in relation to photoluminescent paints & markings | <urn:uuid:373a4371-e1a5-4e26-96a9-33eb2e7d4c28> | {
"date": "2014-10-21T10:15:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444339.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00313-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9221104979515076,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 743,
"url": "http://www.ibccodes.com/"
} |
Who Needs Prescription Drugs to Lower Cholesterol?
Definitely praise your clients for engaging in even the smallest amount of physical activity. However, don’t let them think that it’s okay to do only the minimum. A recent Harvard study of more than 40,000 men ages 40 to 75 suggested that, the higher the intensity of one’s exercise, the greater one’s chance of avoiding heart disease.
In the study, men who participated in high-intensity cardiovascular exercise (such as running or jogging at 6 miles per hour) were 17 percent less likely to develop heart disease than those who participated in low-intensity exercise (such as walking at only 2 miles per hour). In fact, the study showed no significant heart benefits from low-intensity walking.
The research also showed an improvement in subjects’ heart health due to weight training. Because anaerobic exercise (such as weight training) does not provide the heart and lungs the kind of workout provided by cardiovascular exercise (such as brisk walking or running), researchers have differed on its impact on the heart. However, in the study, men who lifted weights for 30 minutes or more weekly had a 23 percent lower risk of heart disease than those who did not lift weights, possibly because of the reductions in blood pressure and body fat due to weight training. Indeed, the researchers suggest that the combination of weight training and high-intensity cardiovascular exercise would maximize the benefit for heart health.
Gerald Fletcher, MD—spokesman for the American Heart Association (AHA) and cardiologist at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida—said, “The more exercise you do and the higher intensity seems to be better with regard to cardiovascular protection.” According to Fletcher, the findings of the study agree with AHA guidelines, which recommend cardiovascular exercise at least 6 days per week and weight training two or three times per week.
Nonetheless, the key is simply to strive always to do more. “A little is better than sitting in front of the television,” Fletcher said.
For the latest research, statistics, sample classes, and more, "Like" IDEA on Facebook here.
© 2003 by IDEA Health & Fitness Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction without permission is strictly prohibited.
|Extreme Interval Training
In this course you'll learn goal-focused intervals and over 50 dynamic exercises and drills to create extensive and intensive training formats.
|Cut to the Core
This is a raw, unedited video filmed live at the 2009 IDEA World Fitness Convention™. Cut to the Core is packed full of core-focused exercises that aim to improve the way you look, feel and live.
|September 2011 IDEA Fitness Journal Quiz 4: Plyometric Training
This continuing education quiz is an in-depth look at plyometric training. Plyometric exercises—jumping, bounding, hopping, arm pushing, and catching and throwing weighted objects such as machine balls—are movements that involve rapid eccentric and concentric muscle actions. | <urn:uuid:aca1052b-8496-4045-8ef3-708ce07f133f> | {
"date": "2013-12-06T01:42:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163048970/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131728-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9432333111763,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 620,
"url": "http://www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/who-needs-prescription-drugs-to-lower-cholesterolintensity-can-be-good-for-the-heart"
} |
Laponia is the Latinized form of Lappland. The area is shared between Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Arjeplog municipalities, near the border to Norway. Most of the area is wilderness, although since ages inhabited by Sámi, who continue traditional livelihoods in the area, such as reindeer husbandry and fishing.
The heritage site consists of the four national parks Sarek, Stora Sjöfallet, Muddus and Padjelanta, the nature reserves Sjaunja and Stubba and other areas at Sulitelma, Tjuoltadalen and Rapadalen.
- 1 Visitor centre (Naturum) (Viedásnjárgga at Stora Sjöfallet; turn from E45 a little north of Porjus, then drive 92 km; bus from Gällivare 16 Jun–24 Sep), ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. March–September. Exhibition, café, shop, guided tours, films, activities for children, trails in the surroundings (with guiding W,Sa)
The area became a UNESCO world heritage site 1996. Most of the area had some kind of protected status much earlier.
The landscape of such a huge area includes many types of nature, such as the old-growth forests of Muddus, many kinds of wetlands including the largest one in Sweden, rounded low fells and treeless highland, valleys ("vagge"), high fells (the highest being Sarektjåkkå 2,089 m, 6,562 feet) and glaciers.
Flora and fauna
The area is at the Arctic circle, parts of it at quite high altitude. Days are often cool also in summer. There is much rain in summer and much snow in winter. Above the tree line winds can be hard.
The Inlandsbanan railway goes through Laponia, with a stop at Porjus by Muddus and Stubba, and in Jokkmokk, 120 km from Kvikkjokk. The night train from Stockholm to Gällivare is also a popular option. The Malmbanan trains go via Murjek 180 km from Kvikkjokk.
There are several roads to the area, and buses to some of the nearby villages, such as Kvikjokk (from Jokkmokk and Murjek) and Stora Sjöfallet and Ritsem (from Gällivare). E45 crosses most of the roads to the area and leads through Stubba and Muddus.
There is boat transport between some of the trailheads.
There are several helicopter operators, making it possible to directly reach some roadless destinations.
There are several hiking trails leading into the area. The most well-known (you can mostly use just a last leg; most trails described under Do below):
- Gränsleden/Rádjebálges leads from Tysfjord on the Norwegian coast to Áhkájávrre and Ritsem in Sweden, over the border by Nordkalottleden. It is an old trail, which has been used for trade, and during the World War it was used by refugees from the occupied Norway. Take a boat from Kjöpsvik to the trailhead in Sørfjorden (+47 75-77-43-29), call well in advance to allow coordination with other transports.
- Kungsleden from Hemavan
- Kungsleden from Abisko
- Nordkalottleden from Sulitjelma in Norway
- Nordkalottleden from Kautokeino or Kilpisjärvi
- Rallarstigen from Gällivare
Fees and permits
There are no entrance or hiking fees, but to use facilities of huts you have to pay. Paying in advance is appreciated (have your receipt), but in manned huts you can pay to the host, for unmanned huts paying afterwards is possible. You may also want to pay for transport, fishing or programme services.
Terms for fishing vary between different areas. Check for the waters where you intend to fish.
Do not disturb reindeer (especially not during calving times in spring or when they are moving between winter and summer pastures) or other wildlife, such as birds. Dogs on leashes are allowed in the national parks between 1 January and 30 April, and all year on some trails and in some areas. Pets are allowed in all the STF cabins.
By foot mostly, by ski in winter (or by snowmobile along some routes). There are helicopter and boat services to some destinations.
At the trails there are usually bridges as needed. At some river crossings there are rowing boats. Leave a boat at each side. In Sarek fording will often be necessary, although there are also some bridges.
- The traditional lands of the Sami people.
- The Sulitelma massif and its glaciers, on the border to Norway. Sulitelma was long believed to be the highest mountain in Sweden.
- The largest wetland in Sweden, in Stubba, Sjaunja and Muddus. The Inlandsbanan railway (stop at Porjus) and Inlandsvägen tourist road (here synonymous to E45) go through Stubba.
- The Rapaselet delta in the Rapadalen valley in Sarek national park
- The old-growth forests and the Muddusjokk waterfall in Muddus.
- Stora Sjöfallet used to be one of the most impressing waterfalls in Europe, but most water is now lead underground via a hydroelectric plant.
- Lake Guvtjávrre by the Nordkalottleden trail, with view to the Áhkká massif. A meeting place for Sámi, with possibility to buy bread and fish with some luck.
There are several well-known hiking trails through the area, and many other trails.
- Kungsleden, 430 km long from Abisko to Hemavan, through Laponia, is certainly the most famous. You can pick shorter legs.
- Nordkalottleden crosses the border to Norway here and there, and leads all the way from Sulitelma or Kvikkjokk to Kautokeino in Finnmark (some 800 km in all). Some legs are demanding.
- Padjelantaleden, 140 km long from Kvikkjokk northwards through Padjelanta National Park to Ritsem. You can get in by Kungsleden.
- Rallarstigen from Gällivare to Porjus, 44 km, passes through the northern end of Muddus. The trail has been used since the 18th century. Day hikes are possible from Inlandsvägen.
- Muttosbálges trails in southern Muddus.
Sarek is a popular fell tourism destination, but is challenging, as you in most of it have to get by without trails or huts. Also the fords can be dangerous at high waters.
Many of STF's mountain huts (See section "Lodging") have small convenience stores. These sell basic food and drink, but also practical utilities such as blister plasters, sunscreen, sanitary wipes, matches, toothpaste and maps. "Parfas kiosk" is located by the hut Stáloluokta and has a similar supply. The cabin Árasluokta offers traditional Sami handicraft.
Mostly you will eat what you have carried in. There is some food for sale at many huts (see section Lodging) and at some Sámi camps. There are cooking facilities in the huts, but a portable stove is recommended, for meals elsewhere.
There are also a few sites where you can buy a cooked meal. The cabins Kvikkjokk and Sáltoluokta and the Stora Sjöfallet Mountain Centre are large enough to have their own restaurants. Smaller cafés can be found at the visitors centre Naturum and in the cabin Ritsem.
Picking berries and edible mushrooms is allowed. Fishing is also allowed in many places, check what permits you need.
You may make fire when there is no risk of wildfire. Use dead branches and twigs. Do not move stones from fire rings.
There is plenty of good natural water in most areas. Most hikers use it untreated, but if you want to avoid risks, boiling it for a few minutes cannot hurt. Have bottles for carrying some.
All STF-shops offer milk and chocolate powder, coffee, tea, soda's and beers.
Several cabins have cafés or restaurants where you can get hot or cold drinks. The only proper bar in Laponia is located in the hotel "Stora Sjöfallet Mountain Center".
- See also: Right to access in the Nordic countries
- 1 Stora Sjöfallet Mountain Center (600 m North of the visitors center "Naturum"), ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. The only proper hotel in Laponia. They have a sauna, a restaurant offering traditional Lapland dishes, and even a bar.
There are cabins along the main trails, manned in season. The cabins are operated by the Swedish Tourist Association (STF), Badjelánnda Laponia Turism (BLT) and Laponiatjuottjudus. The cabins are usually open from late June until September. In addition, most STF cabins are open in March and April. All sites operated by BTL leave one cabin open but unmanned around the year. All of Laponiatjuottjudus' cabins are unmanned but open around the year. You need at least own linen at most cabins. In Sarek you have to camp wild.
Clockwise around Sarek:
- 2 Kaitumjaure (Gáidumjávristugan). Operated by STF. It has a sauna and a shop.
- 3 Teusajaure (Dievssajávri). Operated by STF. It has a sauna and a shop.
- 4 Vakkotavare (Vákkudavárre). Operated by STF. It has a shop. Bus to Gällivare.
- 5 Sáltoluokta. Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 10:00. Operated by STF. One of the largest mountain stations in the reserve. It has a shop, wifi access, a sauna, and a restaurant. They also rent out fishing, skiing, canoeing and hiking equipment.
- 6 Sitojaure (Sijddojávrre). Operated by STF. Does not have any shop.
- 7 Aktse. Operated by STF. Has a sauna and a shop.
- 8 Pårte (Bårdde). Operated by STF. Only accepts cash payment. Does not have any shop.
- 9 Kvikkjokk (Huhttán), ☏ , ✉ [email protected]. Operated by STF. One of the largest mountain stations in the reserve. They have a convenience store and a restaurant. They also rent out fishing and canoeing gear.
- 10 Tarrekaise (Darregájsse). Operated by STF. Has a shop, but only accepts cash payment.
- 11 Såmmarlappa (Såmmárlahpa). Operated by STF. Has a shop.
- 12 Darreluoppal (Tarreluobbal). Operated by BLT. Sell some very basic edibles.
- 13 Duottar. Operated by BLT. Sell some basic commodities.
- 14 Sårjåsjávrre. Operated by STF. Sell a few edibles.
- 15 Stáddájåhkå. Operated by BLT. Sell a few very basic edibles.
- 16 Stáloluokta. Operated by BLT. Has a sauna and a kiosk selling edibles and basic utilities.
- 17 Árasluokta. Operated by BLT. Sell a few edibles and some Sami handicraft.
- 18 Låddejåhkå. Operated by BLT. Sell a few edibles.
- 19 Kutjaure (Guvtjávrre). Operated by STF. Only accepts cash payment. Does not have any shop.
- 20 Gisuris. Operated by BLT. Sell a few very basic edibles.
- 21 Akka (Änonjálmme). Operated by STF. Has a sauna, but no shop.
- 22 Vaisaluokta (Vájsáluokta). Operated by STF. Only accepts cash payment. Does not have any shop.
- 23 Ritsem (Rijtjem). Operated by STF. One of the larger cabins in the reserve. They have a store, a sauna, wifi access and a café. They also offer rental bikes and rental fishing gear.
- 24 The Arvidsson cabin.
- 25 Muttosluoppal. Operated by Laponiatjuottjudus.
- 26 Manson. Operated by Laponiatjuottjudus.
- 27 Muddusagahtjaldak (Fallstugan). Operated by Laponiatjuottjudus.
You can camp by most huts, for a fee.
Camping for a few days is allowed at most places.
Be prepared for cold weather. Also in summer temperatures can be quite low, and wind and rain can make staying warm a challenge. If caught in a snow storm, dig yourselves a hole in the snow.
Use guest books in the huts to indicate where you are going next.
If snow or fog makes navigation difficult, stay where you are. And reserve time for staying in a hut or in your camp one day more (or several, depending on your route), so that you can do so without worries.
Where there may be difficult fords, reserve enough time to be able to avoid a ford that turns out to be dangerous. Use local advice for the water situation.
Although there are well marked trails with huts not too far from each other, and in season also other people using the trails, remember that off trails this is wilderness. There is no guarantee of phone coverage and any help may have to be brought in by helicopter.
Mosquitoes and black flies are a severe nuisance in summer in most of Laponia, although they carry no illnesses. Long sleeves, insect repellent and a mosquito hat are strongly recommended. The problem is considerably smaller in high dry and windy areas (read: above the treeline). | <urn:uuid:e76c5112-f9bd-4c5c-9322-acefbde6620c> | {
"date": "2019-10-18T23:53:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986685915.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018231153-20191019014653-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9094997048377991,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 3222,
"url": "https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Laponia"
} |
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH GRANT PROPOSAL
Project ID: 2003NV39B
Title: A Study of Ancient Trees Rooted 120 Feet Below the Surface Level of Fallen Leaf Lake
Project Type: Research
Focus Categories: Climatological Processes, Drought, Management and Planning
Keywords: climate, drought, submerged trees
Start Date: 03/01/2003
End Date: 02/28/2004
Federal Funds: $14369.00
Matching Funds: $33118.00
Congressional District: 02
Principal Investigator: Kleppe, John A.
Abstract: The author of the proposal, Professor Kleppe, has discovered large trees rooted at a depth of 120 feet below the existing surface level of Fallen Leaf Lake. Fallen Leaf Lake is one of the major watershed areas for Lake Tahoe. Some of these trees measure over 80 feet tall with a circumference of 15 feet, which is an indication that they were over two hundred years in age when they died. Carbon dating has shown that the trees died simultaneously in 1215 A.D. The significance of this discovery is the fact that for these trees to be rooted 120 feet below the surface of the lake, the lake must have been down at least 120 feet for over two hundred years. This would indicate that a "mega drought" had occurred. It is critical that these trees be studied and that tree ring data be gathered to determine whether or not there were wet or relief periods during these drought periods. It may be possible to learn more about the cyclic nature of these "mega droughts". If another such drought were to occur in modern times, it would devastate the affected regions. | <urn:uuid:c73c8bbb-7393-4dce-9a7e-35e300f7fd62> | {
"date": "2014-09-30T09:53:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037662882.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004102-00282-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9487433433532715,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 348,
"url": "http://water.usgs.gov/wrri/02-03grants_new/2003NV39B.html"
} |
Come one, come all! Volunteer scientists, coastal researchers, naturalists, teachers, students, families, and interested residents of all ages are encouraged to join BioBlitz New Orleans City Park.
BioBlitz event is Sunday, May 6, 2018
A BioBlitz, also known as a biological inventory or biological census, is an event or intense period of surveying that focuses on finding and identifying as many species as possible in a specific area over a short period of time.
BioBlitz New Orleans City Park is designed to assess the full range of species in the 1,300-acre park, which includes lagoons, historic oak trees, fishing ponds, fields, and botanic gardens — and is home to the world's largest collection of mature live oaks and some of the city’s most important recreational facilities, from Storyland to the New Orleans Museum of Art. The "Citizen Science" project invites citizens of all ages and levels of expertise to engage in the process, thus either sharing their expertise or expanding their knowledge by working hand-in-hand with a variety of scientists.
The aim is to identify as many species as possible and enlarge an existing list of both native and introduced flora and fauna. Data gathered will build upon existing data gathered by the Louisiana Master Naturalist program and will be used by City Park to prepare for the future.
More than 20 experts from universities and research facilities around the greater New Orleans area will lead groups of volunteers as they gather observations and information on plants, birds, insects, reptiles, mammals and other wildlife in the area.
This event is sponsored by Entergy and hosted by
New Orleans City Park and Loyola University New Orleans. | <urn:uuid:7565cbc3-2b2f-4110-b5a4-91a67a84ee9d> | {
"date": "2019-03-19T07:50:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201922.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319073140-20190319095007-00067.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9470449686050415,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 348,
"url": "http://cas.loyno.edu/environment/bioblitz"
} |
The Diary of Sigmund Freud: 1929–1939, A Record of the Final Decade
Toward the end of his life, Freud must surely have imagined at times that he had somehow wandered into his own real-life version of Karl Kraus’s drama The Last Days of Mankind. During his final decades, nightmarish political developments, painful physical illness, and deep disappointments in his relations with his psychoanalytic followers all combined to produce in him a deepening sense of resignation. The popularity of such works as Civilization and its Discontents has made the somber tone of Freud’s thought during his final years well known, but what is less widely appreciated is the stark contrast between this period and the bright hopes of his youth.
In The Secret Ring, Phyllis Grosskurth draws attention to Freud’s youthful optimism by way of introducing the rather dispiriting story she goes on to tell about the secret committee he established in 1912 to guide the development of the psychoanalytic movement. Referring to the recently published letters from Freud to his boyhood friend Eduard Silberstein, she observes,
Because much of our knowledge of Freud comes from the letters of his mature years, it is difficult to imagine him as young. But we see him in these letters as very young and high-spirited, delighting in the vagaries of life (“Isn’t life one of the strangest things in the world?”), even suffering from a hangover occasionally.
One finds in the letters a charming, light sense of humor and an enthusiasm for life that seem to have vanished by 1919, when he wrote to Sandor Ferenczi, the leading Hungarian psychoanalyst, to say, “I can’t remember a time of my life when my horizon was so thickly veiled by dark clouds…” Grosskurth asks, “What had happened to the joyous Freud of the early letters?” and the various answers to this question reveal much about Freud’s personality and the relationship between his work and the historical forces of the time.
Certainly one contributing factor to the increasing pessimism of Freud’s later years was the onset of the physical ailments that accompanied his old age, one of the major themes to emerge from Michael Molnar’s edition of The Diary of Sigmund Freud, the brief chronicle Freud kept during the last decade of his life from 1929–1939. His struggle with cancer of the jaw, which began in the early 1920s, is recorded in many entries listing, but seldom commenting on, the painful operations and treatments he endured during these years.
Even more numerous, however, were the entries taking note of political events, and here the record was one of ever deepening disaster. Molnar augments Freud’s brief entries with information about the people and events he mentions, as well as passages from Freud’s letters and those of his family and friends. In one of these, Anna Freud writes to a friend a few weeks after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor that “sometimes I am amazed that in such times as the present spring and summer come as if nothing had happened.” In a letter of 1935, Freud provided an…
This article is available to online subscribers only.
Please choose from one of the options below to access this article:
Purchase a print premium subscription (20 issues per year) and also receive online access to all content on nybooks.com.
Purchase an Online Edition subscription and receive full access to all articles published by the Review since 1963.
Purchase a trial Online Edition subscription and receive unlimited access for one week to all the content on nybooks.com. | <urn:uuid:6f3cd575-1b49-4545-9b13-8a7b23c0fcef> | {
"date": "2016-07-28T08:42:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828010.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00109-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9739812612533569,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 771,
"url": "http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1993/04/22/lost-illusions/"
} |
Even Modest Weight Loss Is Good For Your Health
January 02, 2008
Even slight reductions in weight can have a significant, positive impact on the health of overweight individuals. A lot of people think that in order to have any health benefits associated with weight loss they have to look like an aerobic instructor. But studies have shown that even a modest amount of weight loss of 5% to 10% -- providing that you keep it off -- is going to have very nice health benefits in the years ahead.
Americans who are overweight probably encompass more than half of the adult population. Many overweight or obese individuals believe that only a drastic reduction in body weight can prompt improvements in health. But the study findings reveal that losing even a small amount of weight produces significant health benefits.
There were significant economic benefits linked to weight loss, as well. According to the researchers, individuals who lose 10% of total body weight -- and keep the weight off -- can expect to save about $5,200 in medical costs over the course of their lifespan. These costs include expenditures that would have otherwise been spent treating hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, or a number of other obesity-related conditions.
American Journal of Public Health, October 1999 COMMENT: See comment above. | <urn:uuid:5e775b40-cc1e-40f0-8475-62b578085be8> | {
"date": "2017-01-20T20:02:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00156-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9585552215576172,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 250,
"url": "http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2008/01/02/weight-loss-good-for-health.aspx"
} |
Conjunctivitis also termed as pink eye in the United States and Madras eyes in India is caused due to infection or inflammation of the transparent membrane that covers the part of eyeball and inner surface of eyelids. The name Madras eye was originated in 20th century when adenovirus was discovered in India. Conjunctivitis is most commonly caused due to viral or bacterial infection, exposure to chemical or irritants or allergic reaction. Allergic conjunctivitis is known to be caused due to allergens such as cosmetic smoke, dust mites, pollen, perfumes and balsam of peru. Blurred vision, redness of eye, sensitivity to light, watering or itching of both the eyes, watery discharge from one or both the eyes and feeling of grittiness in one or both the eyes are the major symptoms witnessed in individuals suffering from conjunctivitis. It is a highly contagious disease and is easily spread through sharing of objects like towel and poor washing of hands. The infection can also spread through sneezing or coughing. Thus, kids or adults diagnosed with pink eye are recommended not travel to public places for that period of time. However, conjunctivitis caused due to allergens (caused due to seasonal pollens, cosmetics and perfumes) or chemicals (chemicals, liquids such as furniture polish or bleach) are not contagious. Although, conjunctivitis caused by infections is highly contagious but it does not cause any serious health problem if diagnosed at an early stage. But, if the disease is left untreated then it can lead to permanent vision loss or other serious eye problem. Keratoconjunctivitis is a combination of conjunctivitis and inflammation of cornea while, blepharoconjunctivitis is a combination of inflammation of the cornea and conjunctivitis.
Bacterial conjunctivitis is one of the major eye problem encountered worldwide and are caused by bacteria’s such as Moraxella and Chlamydia trachomatis. These bacteria’s are responsible for causing persistent conjunctivitis with higher level of redness. Similarly, Staphylococci and Streptococci are witnessed to cause non acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Moreover, bacteria’s such as β-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Corynebacterium diphtheriae are other bacterias that are responsible for the production of membranes or psuedomembranes in bacterial conjunctivitis. Most of the cases of bacterial conjunctivitis are acute and self limiting and not a major cause of serious health problem however; due to its high prevalence the infection can have large impact on the society as individuals tend to miss their school or work. Thus, antibiotic, pills, ointment or eyedrops are given to clear the infection. Furthermore, if antibiotics are not showing proper response then swabs for bacterial culture are examined in the laboratories. Generally, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, amynoglycosides, phenicols are prescribed for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Similarly, tetracyclines or doxycycline are also prescribed for the treatment of infection caused due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.
Conjunctivitis is an extremely common condition with high incidence and low prevalence. The disease can be treated on its own. Hence, exact estimate of epidemlology of this disease is a challenge. However, as per the statistics published by government authority in the U.S approximately 5 million cases of bacterial conjunctivitis are reported due to increasing number of bacterial infections. Moreover, the treatment of disease in the U.S. accounts for approximately USD 589 million annually. It has also been witnessed that out of all the causes of conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis account for more than 50% of the cases. Thus, rising incidences of bacterial infection would drive the growth of this market.
Allergan, Inc., Merck, Pfizer, Inc., Novartis and others are some of the major players operating in this market segment.
This research report analyzes this market on the basis of its market segments, major geographies, and current market trends. Geographies analyzed under this research report include
- North America
- Asia Pacific
- Rest of the World
This report provides comprehensive analysis of
- Market growth drivers
- Factors limiting market growth
- Current market trends
- Market structure
- Market projections for upcoming years
This report is a complete study of current trends in the market, industry growth drivers, and restraints. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology, Porter’s five force model analysis and detailed profiles of top industry players. The report also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis.
Reasons for Buying this Report
- This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
- It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
- It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
- It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
- It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
- It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments
- It provides distinctive graphics and exemplified SWOT analysis of major market segments | <urn:uuid:3ca15b47-66a7-452e-b6c2-a81a6b0bd710> | {
"date": "2017-06-23T20:34:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00257.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9415928721427917,
"score": 3.9375,
"token_count": 1156,
"url": "https://www.marketresearchreports.biz/reports/232507/bacterial-conjunctivitis-global-industry-market-research-reports"
} |
energy storage, subcooling, demand reduction, refrigeration cycle, chillers
Integrated Thermal Energy Storage (ITES) is a novel concept in improving cooling performance of air-conditioning systems at peak-load conditions. In contrast to conventional chilled-water or ice storage, it uses stored chilled water to subcool condenser refrigerant liquid instead of supplying cooling directly to a cooling load. For typical R-134a and R-410A systems, subcooling increases capacity by approximately .5 to .7%/°F (~.9 to 1.3 %/K) without increasing compressor input power. Even larger performance improvements are possible with transcritical carbon dioxide systems. The subcooler is preferably a high-effectiveness, counterflow heat exchanger with approximately equal temperature change on both the water and refrigerant sides. This configuration allows warm water to return to the tank at a temperature that approaches the entering refrigerant liquid temperature. For air-cooled systems the water temperature change can be 60 to 80°F (33 to 44 K) or even greater. The large temperature change greatly reduces the required tank size compared to conventional chilled-water storage, which is typically limited to a temperature change of about 10 to 20°F (5 to 11 K). The high temperatures of warm water in the tank combined with lower nighttime air temperatures reduce energy required to cool the tank and improve overall system efficiency in addition to providing a large reduction in peak electric demand. Laboratory demonstration with a nominal 30-ton (105 kW) air-cooled scroll chiller confirmed large performance improvements during subcooler operation. At an ambient temperature of 115°F (46°C), the measured cooling capacity increased almost 50% with a slight reduction in compressor input power. | <urn:uuid:18df92cc-d5d3-45f7-bf28-1c1bc65dac3b> | {
"date": "2019-04-19T19:06:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527866.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419181127-20190419203127-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8941156268119812,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 365,
"url": "https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1643/"
} |
Good dog breeders go through great lengths to ensure that their puppies are well socialized, introducing them to a variety of people, environments, and experiences. On the other end of the spectrum, puppy mill dogs, the source of most pet store animals, are raised in disgusting conditions and barely get any human attention, let alone anything close to proper socialization. It's not hard to imagine how many of these poor pups go on to develop behavioral problems later in life.
While most of the information we have about these differences is largely anecdotal, a new study has shown significant behavior trends related to where dogs were born and raised . A veterinarian from Best Friends Animal Society and researchers at the University of Pennsylvania looked at 413 dogs from pet stores and 5657 dogs from breeders to look at differences in behavioral characteristics. All were purebred and were obtained as puppies at approximately the same age.
Behavioral characteristics were measures using the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ), one of the most carefully validated questionnaires of its kind. It looks at a variety of canine behavior like trainability, excitability, sociability, fearfulness, and expressions of aggressiveness.
The results were not so good for pet store pups. Overall researchers found that dogs purchased from pet stores appeared to be less psychologically sound. On 12 out of 14 behavioral subscales, the pet store dogs showed significantly less desirable behaviors, and in no category did the pet store dogs have a better score.
The most striking findings were related to aggressive and fearful behavior. For example, intact pet store dogs were three times more likely to display aggressive behaviors towards people than intact dogs from breeders. In addition, pet store dogs were more likely to show aggressive behaviors towards other dogs, fearfulness, separation related problems, and touch sensitivity.
Pet store dogs were also more likely to exhibit other problem behaviors, such as running away, mounting, and going to the bathroom in the house.
The researchers hypothesize that these behavioral problems are due to the lack of socialization and human contact at puppy mills. It may seem obvious to anyone who is knowledgeable about canine development, but this study is important for creating greater awareness about socialization needs and the cruelty of puppy mills. | <urn:uuid:868b0570-46ed-4e1b-bccd-b69978bf714a> | {
"date": "2014-09-20T14:22:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00131-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9717309474945068,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 456,
"url": "http://www.thebark.com/print/5642?page=show"
} |
The H5N1 bird flu virus has struck again in western Europe, perhaps newly introduced via wild birds. Labs in Germany and the UK say the viruses that killed swans in two outbreaks in the German states of Bavaria and Saxony last month were "closely related, but distinguishable". This means they did not pass directly between the birds, but had been circulating - perhaps widely. The labs say the strains are very close to the H5N1 found in 2006 in wild water birds in Italy, Siberia and Mongolia, and poultry in Afghanistan and Siberia. The H5N1 found on Czech turkey farms, also in June, is similar to the Bavarian virus too, and slightly different from any previously found in the European Union, the UK's Veterinary Laboratories Agency reports. The VLA had warned that novel H5N1 strains could emerge as wild birds congregate for the summer moult.
Bird Flu: A quick case history. In 1997. Since 2004 it has ripped through poultry and wild bird populations across Eurasia, and had a 53% mortality rate in the first 147 people it is known to have infected. Health authorities fear this strain, or its descendent, could cause a lethal new flu pandemic in people with the potential to kill billions.
Flu has been a regular scourge of humanity for thousands of years. Flu viruses each possess a mere 10 genes encoded in RNA. All of the 16 known genetic subgroups originate in water birds, and especially in ducks. The virus is well adapted to their immune systems, and does not usually make them sick. This leaves the animals free to move around and spread the virus - just what it needs to persist. But sometimes a bird flu virus jumps to an animal whose immune system it is not adapted to. In chickens - originally a forest bird and not a natural host - it causes a moderate disease but can readily mutate to a more severe, highly pathogenic strain. Just such a strain of H5N1 flu, named after its surface proteins, began rampaging through large chicken farms in east Asia sometime before 2003. (Source).
BALI has recorded its first human death from bird flu and authorities have begun culling all birds in the area in a bid to contain a possible outbreak. It is also suspected that the dead woman's daughter died from the H5N1 avian flu virus earlier this month – but she was buried before the possibility was realised.
Yesterday agriculture authorities destroyed 400 birds in a 1km radius of the village of Tukadaya in Jembrana regency, in northwestern Bali, where the victims lived. The National Bird Flu Control Committee confirmed that Ni Luh Putu Sri Windani, 29, who died in Bali's Sanglah hospital in Denpasar late on Sunday, had tested positive to bird flu. She was taken to the hospital three days earlier with pneumonia-like symptoms.
Her daughter Dian, 5, had died on August 3 at a local hospital with similar symptoms. Chickens belonging to a neighbour of the dead woman had previously died, and have tested positive to the virus as well. A two-year-old child from the same village is currently under observation in Sanglah Hospital with similar symptoms, but doctors said late yesterday that her condition was improving. Her grandmother Wayan Norni said chickens belonging to her family had previously died, and the dead woman lived about 200m away in the same village.
Authorities are very keen to ensure that Bali does not fall victim to a mass bird flu outbreak – which would be another blow to the island's tourist industry, hit by a series of terrorist bombings from which it has just begun to recover.
The affected village is, however, about three hours' drive from the main tourist centre of Kuta.
Indonesia has now confirmed 82 bird flu deaths from 103 cases since July 2005.
Dewi Made Oka, the head of Bali's Health Department, said yesterday that a team of officials had gone to the village to cull birds, spray disinfectant and ensure that no more birds were bought into the area.
He said there were no more reports so far of villagers with symptoms. (Source)
Why am I posting an article on Bird flu? H5N1 which is the correct name for what we know as bird flu is in Europe, the picture above came from a laboratory in Germany and is the latest place the H5N1 strain is found in birds - the strains are related, but not the same as, those from previous European outbreaks. If you look back at a post called "Foot and Mouth flood theory" I mention that a Professor Oxford talks about Foot and mouth, the Ebola virus and the H5N1 virus in reference to Pirbright and Merial Animal research labs. With the bird flu already in Germany and the history of Pirbright I think it may be just a matter of time before the H5N1 virus lives upto its name and hits the UK, then what will the authorities do with a truly airboird virus in more than one way, a virus which by the looks of it can mutate to be accepted into a variety of hosts. There are those who think that there is more to the bird flu pandemic that meets the eye, the ease that it seems to move from one host to another or from one country to another, at the moment I can not comment on this as I have not looked that far into it "yet".
Anyway Boys, Girls and those of you who are of a mixed or no gender, thats realy about it for now, I have just had Duck and beanshoots for my tea so I am going to settle down, watch an alien conspiracy movie on the Sci Fi channel and have a beer.
Let me give you a quick update before I start, trying he kitchen? It's still being put together, we just need the kitchen units fastened...
Righty oh, explanation time I think. For those of you who have only recently discovered Nosceres World.co.uk I have been blogging for about ...
Its not too often I come across something that someone else has posted on their blog that I feel the irrepressible need to repost. This is o...
Ever since Sam Pepper uploaded the "Fake Hand Ass Grab Prank" video many top YouTubers have been outed for abusive behaviour tow... | <urn:uuid:7138d34c-3c89-48a9-b530-ff5060f4f9aa> | {
"date": "2017-11-19T15:43:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805687.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119153219-20171119173219-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9790738224983215,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 1305,
"url": "http://www.ijim.co.uk/2007/08/bird-flu-in-uk.html"
} |
the scientific study of interactions among organsims and between organisms and their environment.
what does the biosphere contain?
Parts of the planet in which all life exists
How are human economics and ecology linked?
humans live within the biosphere and depend on ecological processes to provide such essentials as food and drinkable water that can be bought, sold, or traded.
Explain the relationship between ecosystems and biomes.
Examples of Biotic Factors,
animals, bacteria, mushrooms, and plants
Examples of Abiotic Factors.
sunlight, heat, precipitation, soil, and air.
both abiotic and biotic factors
air, and soil.
why might an ecologist set up and artificial environment in a laboratory?
see how growing plants react to different conditions of light, temperature, or carbon dioxide concentration.
why are many ecologists phenomena difficult to study?
they occur over such long periods of time or over such long distances.
why do ecologists make models?
to help them understand phenomenas.
what do autotrophs do during photsynthesis?
they capture light energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars.
can some organisms survive without energy from the sun. Explain.
yes, chemosythesis which is the process in which autotrophs use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
can organisms create their own energy? Explain
no, they can only use it from other sources, which mostly come from the sun.
heterotroph that eats plants, ex: cows, and rabbits
heterotroph that eats animals, ex: snakes, dogs, eats, and river otters
heterotroph that eats both plants and animals.ex: humans, bears, and pigs
heterotroph that eats the remains of plants and animals
heterotroph that chemically break down organic matter to obtain energy
heterotroph that consumes the carcasses of dead animals but does not typically kill them itself.
what is a consumer
organism that relys on other organisms for energy and nutrients
how would you categorize a consumer that eats prey and dead animal carcasses
what role o producers play in establishing earth as a living planet?
producers are at the bottom of the food chain and if they are not there many species would die.
a chemical substance that an organism needs to survive
a process in which producers use chemical energy to make carbohydrates
an organism that feeds on other organisms
all the organisms in one area and their physical environment
a process in which producers use light energy to make carbohydrates
the study of the biosphere
an organism that uses chemical or light energy to produce its own food supply
the portion of the earth and its atmosphere that contains organisms
ecologist measure what in grams of organic matter per unit area
why do we study ecology?
we live in a natural world and use its resources, natural effects our lives, and protect biodiversity
non-living, physical componets, necessary for biotic to survive, ex: heat, weather, temp, current, and soil
living, biological influences, compete for food and space
how do we study ecology
observe, experimenting, modeling
all life on earth exists in....
which term describes a group of different species that live togethere in a defined area?
name the different levels of organization within the biosphere from smallest to largest
individual organsism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
how do ecologists use modeling?
understand phenomenas which are events that are difficult to study.
give an example of how a biotic factor might influence the organisms in an ecosytem.
one organsims can consume another and if one organism is killed off it affects the rest.
primary producers are organisms that..
use energy they take in from the environment to convert inorganic molecules into complex organic molecules
how do all consumers get their energy?
from eating organisms that are living or were once living
the series of steps in which a large fish eats a small fish that has eaten algea
the total amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem can be shown in...
whic group of organisms is always found at the base of the food web or food chain?
why is the transfer of energy in a food chain usually only about 10 percent efficient?
organsims spend much of their energy they acquire on life process and some energy is given off as heat
nunutrients move through an ecosystem in
which biogeochemical cycle does not include a major path in which the substance cycles through the atmosphere?
list two ways in which water enters the atmosphere in the water cycle?
evoporation of water directly from a body of water or transpiration...
explain nitrogen fixation
is the process where bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia...
what is meant by "nutrient limitation"?
a nutrient is in a short supply.
phyramids of energy
show relative amounts of energy available at different trophic levels
pyramids of biomass
ahow the total amount of living tissue at each trophic level
pyramid of numbers
shows the relative number of organisms at different trophic levels
what are the four elements that make up 95% of the body?
oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen
chemical and physical process include what?
clouds and precipitation, action of lightning, and flow of running water
why is the earth considered a closed system
all matter is recycled in our biosphere
how do humans add nitrogen to the biosphere?
the use and manufacturing of fertilizers
compare abd contrast the flow of energy and the flow of matter through the same environment?
flow of energy flows one way, and the flow of matter can be recycled. they both flow through an organsim
cycle which involves photosynthesis and human activities such as burning
is the key ingredient to all organic matter
cycle which nitrogen fixation and denitrification
is needed by all organisms to build proteins
cycle which phosphorus is stored in rocks and ocean sediments and later is gradually released into water and soil.
needed for molecules such as DNA, and RNA.
Please allow access to your computer’s microphone to use Voice Recording.
We can’t access your microphone!
Click the icon above to update your browser permissions above and try again
Reload the page to try again!
Press Cmd-0 to reset your zoom
Press Ctrl-0 to reset your zoom
It looks like your browser might be zoomed in or out. Your browser needs to be zoomed to a normal size to record audio.
Your microphone is muted
For help fixing this issue, see this FAQ. | <urn:uuid:b76b1631-84c2-4a12-9702-c5fd7fd0fe47> | {
"date": "2015-04-18T20:59:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246636213.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045716-00233-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9163053035736084,
"score": 3.375,
"token_count": 1389,
"url": "https://quizlet.com/3379204/biology-chapter-3-flash-cards/"
} |
Among the gripping words that Olaudah Equiano, a slave abducted when he was just eleven years old, used to describe the Middle passage are hopeless, low, brutal, and wretched. Djimon Hounsou, a 33-year old native of Benin played the role of Cinque a native Mendi African from Sierra Leone. Easy literacy home persuasive essay by tobias higbie. Slavery in the south was harsh and cruel to the African Americans who resided there. How would you justify your actions? It was always shown that the slaves had come from such happy lives where all was good, into a life of beatings, labor, and sickness.
An African American woman, Alexander published her first collection of poetry in 1995 and has continued to produce outstanding works since then. Many in the north were wholly against it while many in the south could not live properly without it. The movie begins set in a ship with African slaves on transit to American shores for sell. La Amistad, directed by Steven Spielberg, is no exception to the rule of historical manipulation in film. One of the most well known revolts was on the slave ship known as Amistad.
Creation and on the sound of the 1997 movie amistad this is 1839 on the 1841. Led by Sengbe Pieh, who was renamed as Joseph Cinque by the Spaniards who bought his later decided to revolt against his captors. How would you justify feeling this way about your slaves? At the time America, as well as Spain and Britain, did allow slaves to be owned but slave trade was illegal. Slave ships were a pivotal part of the trade in its entirety and the survival rate was often indicative of conditions aboard. The pain and suffering that these people went through is none like other. Insert Reaction to movies Amistad The two-hour long film is captivating and emotionally attaching as it reveals the evil of slavery and the inhuman justice.
A Beautiful Mind A Beautiful Mind A Beautiful Mind is a movie that provides informative case study of John Nash a mathematician living with a condition known as paranoid schizophrenia. His films have captivated and helped develop imaginations of contemporary society and remain among the most successful films ever made. El tratamiento es sobre todo la designación del discurso, de su introducción. Prisoners have a right of freedom of expression. I could not stand it anymore as we rocked back and forth, weeping and angry. Once it was admitted that the Amistad Africans had the right to their freedom, there was no logical justification for the continued enslavement of blacks in the United States.
Dubois' Of the Dawn of Freedom. Who acted courageously in this film? The ending of the film was discouraging. Events following the revolt raise controversial questions about slavery and freedom. In the ensuing fighting, several Africans and most of the ship's Spanish crew are killed, but Cinqué saves two of the ship's officers, Ruiz and Montez, whom he believes can sail them back to Africa. Some people had a financial interest in trade with the South that they feared would be disrupted if slavery were abolished. People in a slave society are shaped differently than people influenced by other economic systems, as this system classifies people as property, inherently going against all aspects of human nature.
Although many have limited this work to Dubois' argument of, The Talented Tenth, it should be noted that Dubois' work encompasses much more than that. By taking into concern the major theme as portrayed in the movie, specific reactions can be made. Also, the fact that few strong personal bonds develop between the principal characters to give the story the emotional force that it needs hurts the dramatic level of the film. However, many conflicts have arisen over these values in the past. Question 3: Religion played a significant role in achieving freedom for slaves and assisting former slaves and black Americans as a whole to build a decent life. Select questions that are appropriate for your students. So they started to look someone who speak the mende language in the city, its was funny because de laywer and the rest of the people learned some numbers and words in mende.
Surrounded by citizens of his 1997 movie amistad movie is a beautiful friendship. The American flag that swayed proudly throughout the film carried too many stars. Their conditions were horrible and inhumane. Post-Viewing Enrichment Worksheet for Amistad The Africans on board the Amistad had been seized and transported to Cuba, a Spanish territory, after Spain had outlawed the slave trade. Gedney and his crew towed the Amistad into a New England harbor in Connecticut where soon many controversies amounted and drama would unfold. It is important to note that most of the judges on the Supreme Court that liberated the Amistad captives were Southerners who owned slaves. A student assigned the number 1 will write about scenario 1; a student assigned the number 2 will write about scenario 2, and so on.
They often denied that slaves were human beings who had the same rights as others. No todos los tratamientos debe ser realizado con el propio nombre del interlocutor. The movie was an entertaining one, that is true. Supreme Court used the laws of Spain to reach a result which the Spanish government didn't want. Suggested Response: It was the judge who heard their case. As long as the scenes mentioned are vivid and the reasons well supported, there can be no wrong answers.
Could the misunderstanding have been avoided? This means that soon the world shall reach a critical time when water shall be considered a valuable national resource. The life on the boats on the way to the New World was so bad that the Africans preferred death to their gruesome future. However, history tells us that Roger Baldwin could hardly be considered a man who cared only about the property ramifications of a human rights case, considering that in actuality, it was he that was a founder of the abolitionist movement;. On , the film receives an approval rating of 77% based on reviews from 64 critics, with an average score of 6. Three of them don't apply. The conditions on the boats were hellish.
How did the President Van Buren character respond? Granted they did come into this, but as they said in the movie, in the Mende tribe, they have something of the same thing as a slave. While Stephen Spielberg did use humor to help subdue the emotional content of the movie the historical content remained relatively true to fact with a few exceptions. Se trata de ademán que senala el comienzo del discurso o la charla. Do you regard them as people, or property, or both? The mutineers spare the lives of two Spanish navigators to help them sail the ship back to Africa. Was estimated at the company top college essays. The court must decide if the Africans are actually born as slaves or if they were illegally brought from Africa. The outcome helps to leave you feeling that against all odds, justice prevailed. | <urn:uuid:d47ee26c-18d6-470a-964d-78277ee4c0a7> | {
"date": "2019-03-25T01:32:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203547.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325010547-20190325032547-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.976077675819397,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 1444,
"url": "http://freia.jp/amistad-movie-assignment.html"
} |
Henry Gray (18251861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
The Intervertebral Fibrocartilages (fibrocartilagines intervertebrales; intervertebral disks) (Figs. 301, 313).The intervertebral fibrocartilages are interposed between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ, from the axis to the sacrum, and form the chief bonds of connection between the vertebræ. They vary in shape, size, and thickness, in different parts of the vertebral column. In shape and size they correspond with the surfaces of the bodies between which they are placed, except in the cervical region, where they are slightly smaller from side to side than the corresponding bodies. In thickness they vary not only in the different regions of the column, but in different parts of the same fibrocartilage; they are thicker in front than behind in the cervical and lumbar regions, and thus contribute to the anterior convexities of these parts of the column; while they are of nearly uniform thickness in the thoracic region, the anterior concavity of this part of the column being almost entirely owing to the shape of the vertebral bodies. The intervertebral fibrocartilages constitute about one-fourth of the length of the vertebral column, exclusive of the first two vertebræ; but this amount is not equally distributed between the various bones, the cervical and lumbar portions having, in proportion to their length, a much greater amount than the thoracic region, with the result that these parts possess greater pliancy and freedom of movement. The intervertebral fibrocartilages are adherent, by their surfaces, to thin layers of hyaline cartilage which cover the upper and under surfaces of the bodies of the vertebræ; in the lower cervical vertebræ, however, small joints lined by synovial membrane are occasionally present between the upper surfaces of the bodies and the margins of the fibrocartilages on either side. By their circumferences the intervertebral fibrocartilages are closely connected in front to the anterior, and behind to the posterior, longitudinal ligaments. In the thoracic region they are joined laterally, by means of the interarticular ligaments, to the heads of those ribs which articulate with two vertebræ.
Structure of the Intervertebral Fibrocartilages.Each is composed, at its circumference, of laminæ of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage, forming the annulus fibrosus; and, at its center, of a soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance, of a yellowish color, which projects considerably above the surrounding level when the disk is divided horizontally. This pulpy substance (nucleus pulposus), especially well-developed in the lumbar region, is the remains of the notochord. The laminæ are arranged concentrically; the outermost consist of ordinary fibrous tissue, the others of white fibrocartilage. The laminæ are not quite vertical in their direction, those near the circumference being curved outward and closely approximated; while those nearest the center curve in the opposite direction, and are somewhat more widely separated. The fibers of which each lamina is composed are directed, for the most part, obliquely from above downward, the fibers of adjacent laminæ passing in opposite directions and varying in every layer; so that the fibers of one layer are directed across those of another, like the limbs of the letter X. This laminar arrangement belongs to about the outer half of each fibrocartilage. The pulpy substance presents no such arrangement, and consists of a fine fibrous matrix, containing angular cells united to form a reticular structure.
The intervertebral fibrocartilages are important shock absorbers. Under pressure the highly elastic nucleus pulposus becomes flatter and broader and pushes the more resistant fibrous laminæ outward in all directions.
2. Articulations of Vertebral Arches.The joints between the articular processes of the vertebræ belong to the arthrodial variety and are enveloped by | <urn:uuid:734c13ce-a341-4e33-a62d-df71ad2daca1> | {
"date": "2014-08-22T21:39:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824562.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00378-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9299132823944092,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 875,
"url": "http://www.bartleby.com/107/pages/page289.html"
} |
Mission of the Library Program at Wilder Elementary: To ensure that students are effective users of ideas and information.
- eLibrary If used at home, user name and password are required. Those are available in the library.
- CultureGrams This site contains current and historical information about countries of the world as well as states of the union.
- KCLS Databases Links the the King County Library System databases, many of which can be used from home by entering a library card number.
- PebbleGo This site contains information about science topics. If used at home, user name and password are required. Those are available in the library.
The Teacher-Librarian encourages and supports lifelong learning and literacy by maintaining an up-to-date, diverse collection of materials in a variety of formats; by teaching reading and research information skills which result in self-reliant and critical users of information, by promoting a love of reading and by supporting curriculum with instructional resources. | <urn:uuid:b9204a12-91f6-4057-9700-2f6f61513c95> | {
"date": "2020-01-21T07:55:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9164412617683411,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 198,
"url": "https://wilder.lwsd.org/specialists/library"
} |
Modern technology is allowing UC Berkeley paleontologist Mark Goodwin to butt heads with a decades-old theory that pachycephalosaurs—or pachys, as Goodwin fondly calls them—used their domed skulls in battle. The head-as-a-battering-ram idea emerged in science fiction literature in the 1950s and was further popularized by a 1971 paper in the Journal of Paleontology that concluded, “the dome-headed dinosaurs . . . were a functional analogue of present-day sheep and goats.” After finding a pachycephalosaur skull at a dig site in Montana in the 1990s, Goodwin took an interest in the theory and borrowed a bighorn sheep skull from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology on campus to make the comparison himself. He found that the protective hollow camber above the roof of the braincase in the sheep skull was clearly lacking in the pachy. This observation, among other visible differences in morphology between the skulls, provided the foundation for much of his work ever since.
Today, Goodwin and his colleagues use high-resolution CT scans in conjunction with paleohistology tissue analysis to look deep inside the pachy dome. These techniques allow for the identification of features difficult to see on the surface, including complex cranial sutures, which are fibrous joints between different bones of the skull. Goodwin’s research team found that the overall morphology of the pachy skull varied greatly among juveniles, subadults, and adults. Goodwin and his team hypothesize that these domes, nodes, and even horns served to “signal their changing sociobiological status” as the pachys aged and were never used for head-to-head combat.
The frontoparietal dome of the pachycephalosaur, Colepiocephale lambei (UCMP 130049) in left lateral view. From the upper left corner, moving clockwise: the actual fossil, a CT slice, a 3D volume rendering of large blood vessels, and a combination of the large and small blood vessels inside the dome. Credit: M.B. Goodwin, M. Colbert, T. Huynh, AND D. Strauss. Copyright U.C. Museum of Paleontology. Illustration Credit: Kurtresha Worden
Katie is a PhD student studying immunology. She not-so-secretly wishes T cell research required some fieldwork in the mountains. | <urn:uuid:df863a4e-b7ba-4c7a-82fc-8ca9f95379ff> | {
"date": "2018-07-18T18:02:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590314.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718174111-20180718194111-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9379463195800781,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 506,
"url": "http://berkeleysciencereview.com/article/deciphering-the-dome/"
} |
Main spar of a de Havilland DH.60 Moth
In a fixed-wing aircraft, the spar is often the main structural member of the wing, running spanwise at right angles (or thereabouts depending on wing sweep) to the fuselage. The spar carries flight loads and the weight of the wings while on the ground. Other structural and forming members such as ribs may be attached to the spar or spars, with stressed skin construction also sharing the loads where it is used. There may be more than one spar in a wing or none at all. However, where a single spar carries the majority of the forces on it, it is known as the main spar.
The wing spar provides the majority of the weight support and dynamic load integrity of cantilever monoplanes, often coupled with the strength of the wing 'D' box itself. Together, these two structural components collectively provide the wing rigidity needed to enable the aircraft to fly safely. Biplanes employing flying wires have much of the flight loads transmitted through the wires and interplane struts enabling smaller section and thus lighter spars to be used.
Some of the forces acting on a wing spar are:
- Upward bending loads resulting from the wing lift force that supports the fuselage in flight. These forces are often offset by carrying fuel in the wings or employing wing-tip-mounted fuel tanks; the Cessna 310 is an example of this design feature.
- Downward bending loads while stationary on the ground due to the weight of the structure, fuel carried in the wings, and wing-mounted engines if used.
- Drag loads dependent on airspeed and inertia.
- Rolling inertia loads.
- Chordwise twisting loads due to aerodynamic effects at high airspeeds often associated with washout, and the use of ailerons resulting in control reversal. Further twisting loads are induced by changes of thrust settings to underwing-mounted engines. The "D" box construction is beneficial to reduce wing twisting.
Many of these loads are reversed abruptly in flight with an aircraft such as the Extra 300 when performing extreme aerobatic manoeuvers; the spars of these aircraft are designed to safely withstand great load factors.
Materials and construction
Early aircraft used spars often carved from solid spruce or ash. Several different wooden spar types have been used and experimented with such as spars that are box-section in form; and laminated spars laid up in a jig, and compression glued to retain the wing dihedral. Wooden spars are still being used in light aircraft such as the Robin DR400 and its relatives. A disadvantage of the wooden spar is the deteriorating effect that atmospheric conditions, both dry and wet, and biological threats such as wood-boring insect infestation and fungal attack can have on the component; consequently regular inspections are often mandated to maintain airworthiness.
Wood wing spars of multipiece construction usually consist of upper and lower members, called spar caps, and vertical sheet wood members, known as shear webs or more simply webs, that span the distance between the spar caps.
Even in modern times, "homebuilt replica aircraft" such as the replica Spitfires use laminated wooden spars. These spars are laminated usually from spruce or douglas fir (by clamping and glueing). A number of enthusiasts build "replica" Spitfires that will actually fly using a variety of engines relative to the size of the aircraft.
A typical metal spar in a general aviation aircraft usually consists of a sheet aluminium spar web, with "L" or "T" -shaped spar caps being welded or riveted to the top and bottom of the sheet to prevent buckling under applied loads. Larger aircraft using this method of spar construction may have the spar caps sealed to provide integral fuel tanks. Fatigue of metal wing spars has been an identified causal factor in aviation accidents, especially in older aircraft as was the case with Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101.
Tubular metal spars
The German Junkers J.I armoured fuselage ground-attack sesquiplane of 1917 used a Hugo Junkers-designed multi-tube network of several tubular wing spars, placed just under the corrugated duralumin wing covering and with each tubular spar connected to the adjacent one with a space frame of triangulated duralumin strips — usually in the manner of a Warren truss layout — riveted onto the spars, resulting in a substantial increase in structural strength at a time when most other aircraft designs were built almost completely with wood-structure wings. The Junkers all-metal corrugated-covered wing / multiple tubular wing spar design format was emulated after World War I by American aviation designer William Stout for his 1920s-era Ford Trimotor airliner series, and by Russian aerospace designer Andrei Tupolev for such aircraft as his Tupolev ANT-2 of 1922, upwards in size to the then-gigantic Maksim Gorki of 1934.
A design aspect of the Supermarine Spitfire wing that contributed greatly to its success was an innovative spar boom design, made up of five square concentric tubes that fitted into each other. Two of these booms were linked together by an alloy web, creating a lightweight and very strong main spar.
A version of this spar construction method is also used in the BD-5, which was designed and constructed by Jim Bede in the early 1970s. The spar used in the BD-5 and subsequent BD projects was primarily aluminium tube of approximately 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter, and joined at the wing root with a much larger internal diameter aluminium tube to provide the wing structural integrity.
In aircraft such as the Vickers Wellington, a geodesic wing spar structure was employed, which had the advantages of being lightweight and able to withstand heavy battle damage with only partial loss of strength.
Many modern aircraft use carbon fibre and Kevlar in their construction, ranging in size from large airliners to small homebuilt aircraft. Of note are the developments made by Scaled Composites and the German glider manufacturers Schempp-Hirth and Schleicher. These companies initially employed solid fibreglass spars in their designs but now often use carbon fibre in their high performance gliders such as the ASG 29. The increase in strength and reduction in weight compared to the earlier fibreglass-sparred aircraft allows a greater quantity of water ballast to be carried.
- Federal Aviation Administration, Acceptable Methods, Techniques and Practices-Aircraft Inspection and Repair, AC43.13.1A, Change 3. U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1988.
- Hardy, Michael. Gliders & Sailplanes of the World. London: Ian Allen, 1982. ISBN 0-7110-1152-4.
- Kumar, Bharat (2005). An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0 07 139606 3.
- Taylor, John W.R. The Lore of Flight, London: Universal Books Ltd., 1990. ISBN 0-9509620-1-5.
- Thom, Trevor. The Air Pilot's Manual 4-The Aeroplane-Technical. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1988. ISBN 1-85310-017-X | <urn:uuid:9e0fad72-95f5-43cd-8aab-53f64e0e7faf> | {
"date": "2015-03-03T01:06:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463103.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00304-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9263429045677185,
"score": 3.59375,
"token_count": 1536,
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aviation)"
} |
When most liquids are cooled, the particles settle into a regular order, and the liquid becomes a solid. But helium atoms are so light and weakly drawn to one another that even when ordinary atomic motions have quieted, the atoms jiggle with zero-point motion, a slight momentum imparted by the quantum uncertainty principle. Hence, they never settle into the solid state.
The first seismograph was invented in 132 A.D. by the Chinese astronomer and mathematician Chang Heng. It consisted of a ceramic urn with eight dragons attached to its sides. Each dragon held a small bronze ball in its mouth. Whenever there was even a slight earth tremor, a mechanism inside the seismograph would open the mouth of one dragon, and the bronze ball would fall into the open mouth of one of eight toads sitting below. Imperial watchman could tell which direction the earthquake came from by seeing which dragon's mouth was empty. | <urn:uuid:ae55ce72-e756-4bbf-bfd8-37aa6bc324d9> | {
"date": "2017-11-22T12:42:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806586.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122122605-20171122142605-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9720656275749207,
"score": 3.78125,
"token_count": 187,
"url": "http://usefultrivia.com/science_trivia/index_iv.html"
} |
Henry David Thoreau’s sojourn at Walden started a long tradition of people coming to the pond and its surrounding woods for recreation and inspiration. The emergence of Walden as a public park was in keeping with the belief that nature is meant to be enjoyed by people. "I think that each town should have a park…a common possession forever, for instruction and recreation," he wrote in a 1859 journal entry lamenting the deforestation that had taken place around Walden. "All Walden wood might have been preserved for our park forever, with Walden in its midst."
In the latter part of the 19th century, numerous projects were undertaken to make Walden Pond a public destination for recreation. The Fitchburg Railroad, which had laid tracks past Walden the year before Thoreau took up residence there, built an excursion park on the shore at Ice Fort Cove in 1866. The facilities were mainly used for fund-raisers, festivals and groups. The park included concessions, swings, bathhouses, boats, baseball diamond, a hall for dining, dancing and public speaking and a cinder track for runners and bicyclists. The park burned down in 1902 and was never rebuilt.
The automobile brought increasing numbers of visitors to Walden Pond. The Town of Concord began offering swimming lessons in 1913 and bathhouses were built in 1917. Summer visitation had risen to 2,000 visitors a day even before the bathhouses were built.
In 1922, the Emerson, Forbes and Heywood families granted approximately 80 acres surrounding the pond to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with the stipulation of "preserving the Walden of Emerson and Thoreau, its shores and nearby woodlands for the public who wish to enjoy the pond, the woods and nature, including bathing, boating, fishing and picnicking." Middlesex County was given the responsibility for management of the reservation. In the summer of 1935, some 485,000 people visited Walden Pond, with Sunday crowds numbering as high as 25,000 visitors.
In November of 1945, the centennial of Thoreau’s move to Walden, Roland Wells Robbins, an amateur historian and Thoreau enthusiast, discovered and excavated the foundation of Thoreau’s chimney. In July of 1947, the Thoreau Society dedicated the inscribed fieldstone that marks the hearth site today. In 1965, the National Park Service designated Walden Pond as a Registered National Historic Landmark. | <urn:uuid:e27e1a3c-901a-451a-867e-8f4b5f17e4f3> | {
"date": "2014-12-20T01:48:17",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769305.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00003-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9707528948783875,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 506,
"url": "http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/region-north/walden-pond-reservation-history-and-culture.html"
} |
Public Security Interests
Abraham Baldwin (GA)
Real Estate and Land Speculation
William Blount (NC)
Lending and Investments
Richard Bassett (DE)
Mercantile, Manufacturing, and Shipping
Jacob Broom (DE)
Planters and Slaveholders
Pierce Butler (SC)
For four months, 55 delegates from the several states met to frame a Constitution for a federal republic that would last into “remote futurity.”
View Gordon Lloyd’s Convention attendance record, major themes of the convention, and other resources about the creation of the Constitution.
See how different artists have portrayed the significance of the Constitutional Convention in art. | <urn:uuid:593b497a-6539-4e23-835d-63fdf6ff0a85> | {
"date": "2014-10-22T22:25:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447660.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00074-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.870312511920929,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 141,
"url": "http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/delegates/occupations/"
} |
Soap scum is an informal term for the white solid that results from the addition of soap to hard water. Hard water contains calcium or magnesium ions, which react with the fatty acid component of soap to give what are technically called lime soaps:
- 2 C17H35COO-Na+ + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2 Na+
In this reaction, the sodium ion in soap is replaced by calcium ions.
Lime soaps are ineffective in washing dishes or clothes or hair. Thus, hard water needs large amounts of soap to form a lather, and in hair washing, the soap scum sticks in the hair. Synthetic detergents are less susceptible to the effects of hard water.
Although soap scum is generally considered a nuisance, its components, calcium stearate and magnesium stearate when produced intentionally, are very useful materials in the polymer industry and in pharmaceutical industry. | <urn:uuid:dd150028-b0d1-4a28-9264-49bc9088355a> | {
"date": "2014-09-19T04:06:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657130067.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011210-00064-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9434813261032104,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 196,
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_scum"
} |
Natural rubber is produced from the latex collected from within the rubber tree. In 1879 a method for developing synthetic rubber was developed. Today, synthetic rubber, which is derived from petroleum, makes up more than 50% of the rubber production. Both synthetic and natural rubber have many important uses in many different industries.
Uses of rubber
- The largest use of both synthetic and natural rubber, 56% of all rubber production, is for creating tires and inner tubes for automobiles and other vehicles.
- Almost all of the remaining rubber is used by the general rubber goods industry. They produce all kinds of products made from rubber. Some of the industries that use the largest amounts of rubber each year produce products such as; rubber gloves, balloons, matting, flooring, hoses, belts, antivibration mounts in vehicles, adhesives, rubber bands and pencil erasers.
- Rubber can also be produced as a fiber, which is commonly known as elastic. This is very important to the textile industry. Rubber yarn, today made from synthetic rubber, is used to create tight fitting garments, with some stretch, such as wetsuits, swimsuits, cycling shorts, ski pants, lingerie and many more.
Did you know?
Rubber was first created by the Olmecs, an ancient civilization from Mexico. They boiled the latex from the rubber tree to create a ball for sport.
Over 20 million tons of rubber are produced each year. The main source of natural rubber is from the Asian countries Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. | <urn:uuid:fe0f2f32-49a1-4a16-a5f3-7cf35490c584> | {
"date": "2017-09-24T17:36:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690112.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924171658-20170924191658-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9584027528762817,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 315,
"url": "http://wanttoknowit.com/uses-of-rubber/"
} |
The richness and variety of India`s metallurgical history has by and large remained outside the general historical perception of the land or been confined essentially to generalizations about the impact of the introduction of iron on agriculture. However the abundance of her mineral resources, the richness of her pre-industrial metallurgical tradition, the antiquity and abundance of her ancient metal objects and the still unexplored dimension of her ancient mines should mark out India as a great metallurgical centre of antiquity.
Basically, it is a matter of focusing on ancient mining and metallurgy as specific research problems not merely in archaeology but also in geology, metal sciences, ethnography and history. Geological research on the distribution of various metals has no doubt been a serious concern of various relevant national bodies, but the resources which, despite their modern commercial unsuitability, would have been adequate for pre-industrial smelting and the locations and characters of innumerable pre-modern mining shafts have escaped systematic attention in the field. In view of the vast mass of ethnographic data available in the British Indian documents on the production of both metals and metallic artifacts and the continuity of various metal-based craft traditions in various parts of the subcontinent, the ethnographic understanding of the ancient data is also very significant in the Indian context. Historically, the production and the economic organization of metals and metal crafts in some metal-rich areas of the subcontinent before the coming of the British are the sources of the traditional way of organizing metal industry. On their part, archaeologists have been unmindful of the rich possibilities of investigation from all these points of view.
As per the historical evidences, the copper metallurgy was effectively established at Mehrgarh in Period III c. late fifth or early fourth millennium BC. By the close of the fourth millennium BC, the knowledge of cop-per and copper-related metallurgy, gold and silver became widespread. There is a possibility of deliberate lead and arsenic alloying to the extent of 1 per cent in two analysed specimens from Ganeshwar in the Aravallis. It appears that by this time the major copper sources of the area in Baluchistan, Rajasthan
were known and used. The establishment of the Aravallis as one of the oldest and long-standing areas of ancient Indian metallurgy and the realization that it played a major role in the origin of the Indus civilization by being a major element in the intensification of craft activities before its beginning must be considered a major step forward in the archaeology of this period.
Given their background and the complex economic life of the civiliza-tion, it is no wonder that the craftsmen of the mature Harappan civilization were adept in making not merely a wide range of artifacts but also in using an extensive series of alloys namely tin, arsenic, lead, nickel, tin and arsenic, tin and lead, arsenic and lead, tin and nickel, lead and nickel, and finally, zinc. Tin was the most widely used alloy, but it is the pure copper tradition which dominated. This fits in with the continuing tradition of ritual purity of pure copper vessels among Indian craftsmen. As far as the typology of Harappan copper objects is concerned, types like spiral-headed pins, which were once championed as west Asiatic imports, are now being found to have been very much a part of the sub-continental complex from Manda in Jammu to Ganeshwar in Rajasthan and Inamgaon (early Jorwe level) and Daimabad (late Harappan level) in Maharashtra
. It is also clear that some of the basic techniques and style of modern Indian craft tradition in copper and its alloys (including the dhokra tradition) and gold and silver jewellery go back to the Indus civilization context.
Another major metallurgical development in India has been the realization that the Rajasthan-Haryana zone of copper metallurgy supplied finished tools and other products to Malwa and Maharashtra in the neolithic-chalcolithic context. The Aravalli zone signature is clear on the copper celts from Kayatha. Moreover, it has been believed that the specimens of the late Harappan `Daimabad hoard` went there from the same region. In the case of the upper Gangetic valley `copper hoards`, now identifiable with the ochre coloured pottery tradition of late Harappan affinity, the linkage is clearly towards the Rajasthan-Haryana zone of metallurgy. It is more significant that the spread of this tradition outside their core area, over a wide geographical area involving Gujarat, the Deccan and southernmost reaches of Tamil Nadu.
In addition to that, the picture of metallurgy in east India is not particularly varied or early; by the first half of the second millennium BC copper metallurgy seems to be secure, although that is no reason to place the Chhotanagpur plateau and West Bengal
`copper hoard` finds so early. They dated certainly from the historic periods. More interesting is the opening up of the tin source of the Chhotanagpur plateau in the second millennium (Sonpur in Bihar, Bahiri in West Bengal) B.C. Copper-smelting occurs in the chalcolithic context at Golbai in Orissa and should date from the second millennium BC. High arsenic alloying from the early first millennium BC context at Sankarjang in Orissa
is interesting and suggests a separate strain of copper metallurgy. The source of tin in a copper object of the Neolithic level of Brahmagiri in Karnataka
is interesting too. It has been found that there is a possibility that the rich deposit of tin in Bastar came to be exploited by this time.
High tin alloying, which has survived in Kerala, was certainly a part of the Indus civilization tradition and this tradition is more marked and widespread in early historic India from Taxila to the Asura graves of eastern India and the Nilgiri graves of Tamil Nadu. Occasionally, the tradition may also be observed among later images and coins. A distinct feature of the early his-toric context is the production of brass.
A major development in the study of ancient Indian metallurgy since the mid-1970s has been the mounting evidence of the early antiquity of iron technology in different parts of the subcontinent namely in Kashmir, Rajasthan etc. Moreover, iron is found as a part of the continuing chalcolithic black-and-red ware sequence in eastern India, as a part of the continuing chalcolithic pottery sequence in Malwa, with early megalithic graves at Hallur and Kumaranahalli, with the pre-painted grey ware, black-and-red-ware level at Jakhera, in the black-and-red ware context at Raja Nal-ka-Tila in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh
, and finally, an `iron object` in the Harappan context. The combined evidence is unequivocal enough to suggest that right from the early part of the second millennium BC there was a steady growth in the familiarity with iron in different parts of the subcontinent and that towards the closing centuries of the second millennium BC it was inducted into the economy of the Ganga plain. The fact that early historic urban growth in this region was not pos-sible till several centuries later is sure enough indication of the fact that the impact of iron on the economy was slow. | <urn:uuid:cd82159a-6d01-45b0-826c-602fc49e54af> | {
"date": "2014-09-21T12:06:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135549.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00291-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.953664243221283,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 1552,
"url": "http://www.indianetzone.com/43/metallurgical_history_india.htm"
} |
The study will appear this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"Our focus is the development of a bionanotechnology that combines the strengths of nanotechnology and biochemistry to generate a new type of 'bionanomaterial,' which has some unique properties," said Weihong Tan, a UF Research Foundation professor of chemistry and associate director of UF's Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface. "Because of these properties, we're able to finish the detection of a single bacterium in 20 minutes."
Bionanotechnology is a new frontier of research that combines two seemingly incompatible materials - the building blocks of life and synthetic structures - at a tiny, molecular-sized scale. Nanotechnology works with objects that are on the order of 1 to 100 nanometers; a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, about the size of several atoms. When combined with molecular biology, the possible applications of this nano-frontier are widespread and sound like the stuff of science fiction. Scientists currently are designing microscopic "nanobots", bioprobes and biosensors that, once implanted in the human body, could perform a number of medical duties, from delivering drugs to detecting malignant cells.
Tan's compound materials are called "bioconjugated nanoparticles," a prefix-heavy term that highlights their blended nature. "It's a very simple idea," said Tan. He takes antibodies -- molecules used to seek specific types of bacteria -- and attaches, or "conjugates", them to tiny dye-loaded particles.
"A bioconjugated particle is linked to the antibody, which can recognize a specific type of bacterium," Tan said. "Inside this particle, we put many fluorescent dye molecules in such a way that you can generate a very, very high signal." Once a particle finds the bacteria that it's designed to seek, it glows.
Dye-labeled antibodies are commonly used to locate bacteria in a sample, but traditional methods are not very sensitive -- the glow from one antibody-linked dye molecule just isn't easy to see, and that can create potential health risks. "Sometimes one bacterium makes the difference," Tan said.
The secret to the UF team's super-sensitive method is in the sauce: The silica structure they use to bind the antibody-and-dye amalgam together allows each particle to hold thousands of dye molecules, rather than just one, making the fluorescent signal hundreds to thousands of times brighter.
Enhancing the fluorescent signal also eliminates a time-consuming part of the current bacteria detection process. Small amounts of bacteria are difficult to detect and to count how many bacteria are in a sample, scientists often have to "plate" it -- place the sample in a Petri dish and let the bacterial colonies grow for one to a few days before analysis. However, the bioconjugated nanoparticles found a single E. coli bacterium in a sample of ground beef in less than 20 minutes, from start to finish.
A quicker analysis time is not only vital for early disease detection but also will be critical in combating bioterrorism, Tan said. "In situations when there is life and death, when you have to make a decision very quickly, our technology will really give you the quick decision." Analyzing a possible bioterrorist agent by traditional means could take days and would involve sealing off the entire area during that time, he said. "Instead, we can come back in 20 minutes and say either this is safe or there is a problem." Chad Mirkin, professor of chemistry at Northwestern University and director of Northwestern's Institute for Nanotechnology, said the new technique looks promising.
"This looks to be a pretty impressive way of detecting bacteria, and the obvious point of impact would be in the food safety industry," Mirkin said. "It looks quite good for pathogen detection in foods, which is a huge issue."
The research team includes former UF scientist Xiaojun Zhao, now an assistant professor at the University of North Dakota; UF graduate student Lisa Hilliard; postdoctoral researchers Shelly John Mechery, Yanping Wang and Rahul Bagwe; and Shouguang Jin, associate professor of molecular genetics and microbiology. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Packard Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.
The team now is working on tailoring the bioconjugated nanoparticles to detect multiple bacteria simultaneously, including health threats E. coli, Salmonella and Bacillus cereus spores, a toxin found in many foods. The ultrasensitive particles can be adapted to detect a wide variety of bacteria used as bioterrorism agents in food, clinical and environmental samples and can be used to detect disease in its earliest stages, Tan said.
"This is really the interface of biological science and nanotechnology," he said. "In situations when the very sensitive detection of bacteria or other biological reagents is the critical issue, I think our technology will have a clear edge."
Writer: Carolyn Gramling, 352-392-0186, [email protected]
Source: Weihong Tan, 352-846-2410, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:dc79fd6d-46ba-432a-bf5f-a965c52a2f1f> | {
"date": "2016-05-31T04:08:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051165777.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005245-00231-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9432089328765869,
"score": 3.5,
"token_count": 1075,
"url": "http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-10/uof-ush101104.php"
} |
The nation's ongoing fungal meningitis outbreak has killed 30 and sickened 419 people so far, but the fungus responsible has never wrought such havoc before.
The fungus, Exserohilum rostratum, is a plant-eating generalist equipped with a spore-launching mechanism ideal for going airborne, is not an especially picky eater and, although it prefers grasses, will dine on many items—including humans.
But just how a pathogen typically associated with the great outdoors got into the three lots of injectable steroids prepared inside an admittedly filthy laboratory—and why only three lots—remains a puzzling mystery.
The errant fungus has been identified in lab samples from 52 of those affected and was similarly found growing in unopened vials of the steroid alleged to have caused the outbreak, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A third recalled lot is still being tested. But E. rostratum is not a household name, even among mycologists.
Glenn Roberts, a retired medical mycologist, says that in his 40 years of experience at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., he had seen only one case: a soft-tissue arm wound in an immunocompromised patient. He was shocked when he heard the identity of the pathogen in the epidemic that originated with the New England Compounding Center pharmacy in Framingham, Mass.
“I could hardly believe it because it’s just so uncommon,” he says.
And yet, outside in the air and on plants, E. rostratum is not so uncommon.
In press reports, it has been described as occurring "on grasses," but that is not the full story. The fungus, which seems to prefer tropical and subtropical environments, has turned up on a wide variety of plant species, says Kurt Leonard, an emeritus professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Minnesota who retired in 2001 from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cereal Disease Lab (then the Cereal Rust Lab).
Early in his career, Leonard untangled the taxonomic mess of similar-looking, but only distantly related, fungi with multicellular dark spores that were causing disease in grains such as corn. He named one new genus he had created—Exserohilum—for the prominent protuberances called hila (the belly buttons of the fungal and botanical world) on its spores.
The modus operandi of one species in this genus – E. rostratum -- was to infect a plant and in some cases precipitate tissue death. Plant defenses—which can include induced cell fortification, cell suicide, toxic chemicals, and defensive enzymes and proteins—typically were sufficient to keep the infection in check, but not strong enough to eliminate it. The payoff came when the plant died—the fungus was first in line to feed on its decaying remains. "I think it's just a general weak pathogen of plants," Leonard says, "something that can infect plants while alive and not really do much damage until the leaf senesces."
Leonard found E. rostratum on corn, sorghum and Johnsongrass fairly often, although it was not nearly as common as several more severe corn pathogens. It was an opportunist and would sometimes infect ears and stalks when insects drilled into the plant, creating a convenient landing pad of dying tissue for the fungus.
Most often the fungus shows up on grasses and other monocots—plants often distinguished by flower parts in threes and parallel leaf venation—such as pineapples, bananas and sugarcane, but it has also been found on non-monocots such as grapes and muskmelon. It's a fungus that is not, apparently, very picky about its food. "It's just a really common fungus in the environment that mostly lives on dead and dying plant tissue," Leonard says. There are many such others, and many of them can also occasionally infect animals or people.
Leonard has observed one other intriguing characteristic of E. rostratum in his lab: The fungus can grow from a single spore to a lawn of freshly spore-crowned fungal filaments on a piece of dried leaf in two days flat—faster and more abundantly than any other related species he studied. "This is a fungus very well-adapted to colonizing senescent or dead leaf tissue once conditions are right," Leonard says. "So that would be another reason E. rostratum would be a likely candidate for showing up in a messy lab."
But if the fungus is primarily tropical and subtropical, what was it doing in a place like New England?
In the summer the fungus can probably find ideal growing conditions in places in the northern U.S., Leonard explains, or it may be spread northward by winds. The spores have a static electricity–based ejection system designed to launch them into the air with ease. And plentiful lawn clippings provide an ideal place for the fungus to grow.
Roberts says the group of fungi pigmented with melanin (which includes E. rostratum)—the same molecule that darkens and protects human skin—seem to be generating more human infections for reasons he does not understand. E. rostratum, in addition to causing soft-tissue infections, has also rarely provoked sinus or eye infections, primarily in immunocompromised patients.
Although the identity of the fungus surprised him, Roberts was not surprised by its ability to capitalize on its situation once inside a patient. After the fungus was injected along with the drug into the epidural space—the space between the dura mater, which encloses the spinal fluid and spinal cord, and the inside walls of the vertebrae—the fungus's filaments were able to penetrate the dura mater, enter the spinal fluid and travel straight to the brain, an environment where the immune system has a very difficult time eliminating or even just controlling infection. "Spinal fluid is a great culture medium—one of the best," he says. "The nutrients are there, and the temperature is certainly right."
Those who suffered the worst infections, he speculates, were probably those in whom the needle accidentally penetrated the dura mater, thereby shortening the fungus’s deadly path into the spinal fluid. Then, in some fatal cases, the fungal filaments began to grow in the brain, attracting platelets and white and red blood cells to aggregate around the filaments and form a mass that could block a blood vessel and initiate a stroke. Strokes were not implicated in all the fatalities, however, so the mechanism(s) in those other deaths remains unclear.
The fungus's confinement to just three lots of the drug also remains unexplained. If the facility's water or air supplies in general were contaminated, one would expect all lots to be affected. Perhaps something blew in from a nearby recycling center or some other source on one or a few days and not on others, Roberts speculated.
Another pathway could be the drug itself: Although the water used for making up the final doses was allegedly sterile, the steroid drug ingredient was not. "Using nonsterile components [for injection] in somebody's spine?" Roberts says. "My goodness, that's terrible." | <urn:uuid:8644d212-650f-4632-99b1-7d6a2111aa66> | {
"date": "2015-03-04T03:19:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463444.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00066-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9730325937271118,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 1516,
"url": "http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fungal-meningitis-pathogen-discovers-new-appetite-human-brains/"
} |
A medical power of attorney for a child, or child medical consent, is a legal form that is used when the parents are unable to consent to a child's medical treatment for a period of time. This can occur when the child is away at camp or under the care of a relative for a period of time. This form allows the caregiver to make medical care decisions that the parents would normally make.
Medical personnel are not allowed to carry out certain types of treatment on a minor without the parents' permission. This generally includes many types of treatment that are not emergency life-saving procedures. The consent form names a temporary guardian and notifies medical personnel that the guardian is authorized to consent to the child's treatment. The form may also contain a list of medical procedures that the guardian is authorized to approve. This type of medical power of attorney usually only takes effect if it is needed.
When to Use
A child's medical power of attorney or consent form is used in a variety of circumstances. If your child is going to a sleep-away camp or boarding school, you may be required to sign a consent form to allow the camp to treat your child if he becomes ill. If you are travelling and leaving your child in the case of a friend or relative, you should also make out a consent form. Many schools require parents to sign a consent form that takes effect only in the event the child is injured and the parent cannot be reached. Some people also use consent forms with babysitters and nannies.
A medical power of attorney for a child gives a very narrow range of powers. It does not transfer any of your parental rights other than the right to make health care decisions. This type of consent is not effective if the parent becomes disabled or dies. The form can be written so that it only covers certain types of medical care, such as emergency care only, or it can authorize any care the guardian feels is necessary. The form can also be written so that it is only valid on certain dates.
The maximum duration of a medical power of attorney for a child is governed by individual state law. For example, the maximum duration in Massachusetts is 60 days, while an Alaska power of attorney can last for up to one year. If the parent is in the military and is being sent to active duty, the power of attorney can last longer -- generally until 30 days after the parent returns from deployment.
References & Resources
- Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:98071d28-64e4-40ae-a5ac-a5c58b243632> | {
"date": "2014-04-24T01:05:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00163-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9520754814147949,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 500,
"url": "http://info.legalzoom.com/medical-power-attorney-children-20372.html"
} |
Though social media is utilized by people of all ages, it is with youth that the practice is nearly ubiquitous. Nowhere was the popularity of platforms, including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, more apparent than recent social movements organized by youth. In 2010, revolutions in the Middle East, now known as the Arab Spring, began with youth organizing through social media. Here in the U.S and with a similar wildfire spread, March For Our Lives, a march on Washington, DC in support of gun-control legislation, was organized as a youth response to a mass school shooting in Parkland, Florida. (3) Now, UNESCO is encouraging youth worldwide to use social media once again to promote peace through an UNESCO online youth community on Facebook. (1)
“Safe Spaces for Youth” is the theme of the 2018 International Youth Day celebrated on August 12, and social media is one of these spaces.
What exactly is meant by safe spaces in this context? According to the United Nations, they are gathering places where youth can participate in decision-making processes, take part in activities that address a variety of needs and interests, and express themselves freely. Further, safe spaces ensure dignity and safety. Without them, young people of differing ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds and genders may be reluctant to contribute to their communities. (2)
Feeling powerless can lead to conflict and even violence such as school shootings and political or religious extremism. Empowering youth is one way to build peace. UNESCO’s online youth community “puts young people at the heart of addressing the root causes of violent extremism.” (1)
Aside from social media, young people also exchanged ideas on International Youth Day by way of lectures, debates and symposiums. In Arusha, Tanzania, a youth symposium brought together representatives from diverse groups: University students, disability groups, and clubs. Participants listened to several speakers and then wrote four resolutions to be presented at a national commemoration of International Youth Day. The resolutions emphasized the need for inclusion of special needs students in education, encouraged the empowerment of youth in the economy through vocational training and entrepreneurship, stressed the importance of life skills in education, and requested services be made available to prevent early child marriages and pregnancies. (4)
International Youth Day was first recognized in 1999 by the United Nations General Assembly. In 2018, we have 1.8 billion people between the ages of 10 and 24 in the world. Approximately 1 in 10 live in conflict zones, and 24 million do not go to school. These are the youth who are vulnerable to poverty, feelings of hopelessness and violence. International Youth Day raises awareness of the challenges and problems facing youth.(2)
As U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said: “In making the world safe for young people, we make the world better for all.”(2) | <urn:uuid:0b837f87-882c-442d-835a-db76e666a0ba> | {
"date": "2019-02-18T09:45:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484928.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218094308-20190218120308-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9344544410705566,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 587,
"url": "http://www.brighter-tz-fund.org/Blog/6690430"
} |
The book is about the post-relativity philosophy of time as championed by Bertrand Russell and Einstein. It argues that The Past, Present and Future notion of time is an illusion. The sun, as daylight, is on constantly with no temporal past and future, except in chemistry perhaps. Only the earth's revolutions bring temporary days and nights. So the Bertrand Russell notion that under relativity man constructs his time is logically unassailable (the days, weeks, months and years are all human concepts.) Relativity allows time to begin from anywhere. So the revolutionary view is that there are or can be as many times as there are frames, or planets---a world-changing idea but true because it is based on objective, physical experiments, but generally ignored.
To view this DRM protected ebook on your desktop or laptop you will need to have Adobe Digital Editions installed. It is a free software. We also strongly recommend that you sign up for an AdobeID at the Adobe website. For more details please see FAQ 1&2. To view this ebook on an iPhone, iPad or Android mobile device you will need the Adobe Digital Editions app, or BlueFire Reader or Txtr app. These are free, too. For more details see this article.
|Size: ||250 KB|
|Date published: || 2016|
|ISBN: ||9781326535896 (DRM-EPUB)|
|Read Aloud: ||not allowed| | <urn:uuid:68d9d19d-eeda-4b70-a2bd-f98c36abf46e> | {
"date": "2017-03-27T08:59:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189466.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00146-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9096732139587402,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 300,
"url": "http://www.lybrary.com/past-present-and-future-as-time-in-the-age-of-science-second-edition-p-813809.html"
} |
Who said that Africa is only about wildlife and exoticism? The National Museum (Peace Memorial Museum) of Tanzania changes that perception. Located in the heart of Zanzibar, it is a great place to start your journey into the intriguing past of Tanzania, its culture and traditions.
Hosting a wealth of craft items, artefacts from the tumultuous age of the sultans and Chinese explorers, such as an ancient palm oil-powered bicycle lamp, and the world-famous David Livingstone’s medical chest, the National Museum (Peace Memorial Museum) was established as a peace memorial and also provides a home to numerous land tortoises, which can be seen every here and there in the museum garden.
Apart from traditional carvings, Chinese porcelain items and relics from the era of the sultans, the museum’s collection also includes wildlife exhibits, such as reptiles and birds.
Designed by the British architect J.H. Sinclair, the building reflects the Arab influence so common in Zanzibar, reminding in a way of the eastern architecture of Istanbul and India.
Also known as Beit el Amani, the Peace Memorial Museum was opened in December 1925, and at that time all museums were in acute need of maintenance, with locals having little to no regard of the historical sites and their importance in the development of tourism in Zanzibar, according to the Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Information, Tourism, Culture and Sports Omar Hassan.
"We need to conserve our norms, traditions and culture. Protecting and maintaining the Museum should be one of our great role in safeguarding our culture. Some of the things in the Museum, showing our history in tradition, are unique," he said. From the Horse’s Mouth:
“The peace Memorial is a fine building (style wise, I think I'd class it colonial Art Deco), intended to commemorate the end of the First World War (that definitely touched Zanzibar). However, nothing is left from the building's original contents. From other reviews I find that the collection changes quite often. During my visit, the subject was crafts, with a nice corner about kangas' wooden block printing, and some interesting carpentry. In all barely worth the (low) entry fee. If you happen to pass by-it is definitely worth a peek--if only to enjoy the fine, cool interior.” (Yoc 11) | <urn:uuid:f4dcb6dd-638d-4505-874d-b251647540b5> | {
"date": "2017-12-13T18:31:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948530668.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213182224-20171213202224-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9568858742713928,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 501,
"url": "https://toseeordo.com/tanzania/zanzibar-city/peace-memorial-museum--603104.html"
} |
WASHINGTON --The more researchers learn about the Zika virus, the scarier it appears, federal health officials said Monday as they urged more money for mosquito control and to develop vaccines and treatments, CBS News reports.
Scientists increasingly believe the Zika virus sweeping through Latin America and the Caribbean causes devastating defects in fetal brains if women become infected during pregnancy.
"Everything we look at with this virus seems to be a bit scarier than we initially thought," Dr. Anne Schuchat of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said at a White House briefing.
And while experts don't expect widespread outbreaks in the continental U.S., "we absolutely need to be ready," she said.
President Barack Obama has sought about $1.9 billion in emergency money to help fight the Zika epidemic internationally and to prepare in case the virus spreads here, but the request has stalled in the GOP-controlled Congress. Last week, the administration said it would use $589 million in funds left over from the Ebola outbreak for some of that work.
But that "is not enough for us to get the job done," said Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institutes of Health, whose agency hopes to have a possible vaccine ready for first-stage safety testing in early fall. "It's just a temporary stopgap."
Zika was long considered a nuisance virus, causing only mild symptoms, if any, in most people. But starting with reports from Brazil, over the last year infections in pregnant women have been strongly linked to babies born with unusually small heads, a birth defect called microcephaly that can signal underlying brain damage.
To learn more how to control mosquitoes that carries Zika Virus, contact EHS Pest. | <urn:uuid:4324cefd-7f1b-42ce-ad63-7560a74a96d5> | {
"date": "2018-12-19T12:33:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376832259.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219110427-20181219132427-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9563767313957214,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 347,
"url": "https://ehspest.com/ri-ma-ehs-pest-control-blog/cdc-official-zika-virus-is-scarier-than-originally-thought"
} |
Supple tires with relatively thin tread greatly contribute to the joys of cycling. They roll much faster and are more comfortable. However, they also tend to be more prone to punctures. On the other hand, “flat-resistant” tires are harsh and slow. The more puncture-proof tires get, the less fun they are to ride. Worst are airless tires, which bring us back to the era before pneumatic tires, when the machines were called “boneshakers,” and not without a reason.
What if one could have everything: the speed and comfort of supple tires, but without worrying about punctures? That is the promise of tire wipers (often also called “Tire Savers”). The tire wiper’s thin wire rubs lightly on the tire, brushing off any debris the tires pick up before sharp objects gets hammered through the tread and puncture the tube. Above you see three different models. In the foreground is a Pelissier model from the 1950s, with a small spring hidden inside the bulge, while the other two are more modern and use surgical tubing as springs that push the wire onto the tire.
In the days when professional racers had to change their own tires rather than receive a new wheel from a support car, their bikes were equipped with tire wipers. You have seen the photos of racers with tubular tires slung around their shoulders… The Rebour drawing above shows Hugo Koblet’s bike, on which he won the 1951 Tour de France. Not only does he use tire wipers, he also has a pressurized air “gonfleur” and a pump. Clearly, he did not want to lose the Tour due to spending too much time repairing a flat tire. The only thing worse than a flat would have been to ride on puncture-proof tires…
I raced with tire wipers for years, after flat tires had cost me all hopes of winning in several races. In amateur racing, a puncture usually means that you are off the back – without a strong team, it is almost impossible to chase back up to the peloton even if you get a quick spare from the “neutral support.” Once I started using tire wipers, I did not have a single flat in those races, despite using fragile hand-made tubular tires.
To test whether tire wipers truly are effective, I installed one on the rear wheel of my Alex Singer. I left the front tire unprotected to offer a comparison. I used supple Grand Bois Cyprès 700C x 32 mm tires to maximize my chances of getting punctures. Would I get more flat tires on the front than the rear now?
After one year of testing, here are the results:
- Distance: 4482 km (2801 miles)
- Flats front wheel: 0
- Flats rear wheel: 1
I rode this bike close to 3000 miles over the last year, much of it during the winter on gritted roads, and I only had one flat tire. That flat was on the rear. Before we conclude that tire wipers don’t make a difference, I realized that the wiper had become dislodged and no longer was wiping on the tire. I also noticed that my tire was getting very thin, and I replaced the tire when I got home. Would the tire wiper have prevented that flat if it had actually been wiping the tire? We’ll never know.
The simple truth is that flat tires are too rare and too random to obtain good data, even during a year’s worth of riding. While the tire wiper was installed correctly, I had no flats on the rear. I also didn’t have any flats on the front, without a tire wiper.
After a year, the tire wiper is almost worn out. The wire, which originally was round, has been ground to a thin sliver. I probably won’t replace it: When riding out of the saddle, the rear wheel flexes and the tire wiper makes a slightly annoying sound. I just don’t get enough flat tires…
Of course, just last weekend, I did have a flat on my other bike – the first one in more than 3000 km (2000 miles) since I got my new bike. I picked up a long piece of steel wire (from a disintegrated truck tire), probably while riding along the debris-strewn shoulder of a busy highway. Half a mile after leaving the highway, my tire started going soft as the wire was hammered into the tube. This is a puncture that the tire wiper actually might have prevented. As it was, it took me about 4 minutes to change the tube and remove the wire. (Fortunately, it was easy to find.) Then I was back on my way.
If you would like to try tire wipers, unfortunately, they are hard to find. The last source I knew was a retired school teacher in Colorado, who now seems to have stopped making them. They’d be easy to make from stainless steel wire and surgical tubing – if anybody wants to get into the business, we’ll gladly sell them. And if you use them, check from time to time that they are still aligned and wiping your tire!
Update: We found a source for Tire Wipers – made in the USA – and now carry them at Compass Bicycles Ltd. Click here for more information. | <urn:uuid:8431e944-9ecb-4622-9ad8-7f964cdded56> | {
"date": "2018-04-22T14:25:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945604.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422135010-20180422155010-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9766343832015991,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 1137,
"url": "https://janheine.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/preventing-flat-tires-one-year-of-tire-wipers/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=9514d1f115"
} |
Like Local 3 News on Facebook:
UPPER PENINSULA — Michigan Department of Natural Resources fire staff will conduct prescribed burns today on Drummond Island and in Alger County in the Upper Peninsula.
The 311-acre Drummond Island burn is designed to improve wildlife habitat.
The 52-acre burn in Alger County’s Limestone Township is intended to maintain grassy openings for wildlife.
Prescribed burns are one way the DNR keeps lands and forests healthy. The burns are planned to achieve specific objectives – often simulating the benefits of natural fires. The burns are conducted by highly trained DNR personnel in designated state-managed areas during appropriate weather conditions and in cooperation with the proper authorities and local units of government. Public safety is a top priority during all prescribed burns.
In addition to enhancing wildlife habitat, prescribed burns are used to help with forest regeneration, restore and maintain native plant life, control invasive plant species and reduce the risk of wildfires.
Check out the story map, “Prescribed Burns,” which takes a detailed look at how prescribed burns work, including stories, photos and videos.
Burns sometimes are canceled at the last minute due to careful monitoring of weather and wind conditions.
For more information about the DNR’s fire management activity, visit Michigan.gov/FireManagement. | <urn:uuid:df53efd2-0e0f-4276-810b-434eeebed1a7> | {
"date": "2019-11-18T22:23:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669847.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118205402-20191118233402-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9207901954650879,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 272,
"url": "https://www.upmatters.com/news/local-news/prescribed-burns-scheduled-at-two-upper-peninsula-sites-today/"
} |
Technology Selection for Optimal Power Distribution Efficiency in a Turboelectric Propulsion System
Turboelectric propulsion is a technology that can potentially reduce aircraft noise, increase fuel efficiency, and decrease harmful emissions. In a turbo-electric system, the propulsor (fans) is no longer connected to the turbine through a mechanical connection. Instead, a superconducting generator connected to a gas turbine produces electrical power which is delivered to distributed fans. This configuration can potentially decrease fuel burn by 10% . One of the primary challenges in implementing turboelectric electric propulsion is designing the power distribution system to transmit power from the generator to the fans. The power distribution system is required to transmit 40 MW of power from the generator to the electrical loads on the aircraft. A conventional aircraft distribution cannot efficiently or reliably transmit this large amount of power; therefore, new power distribution technologies must be considered. | <urn:uuid:48600365-8bc6-4bbb-9235-8902192dd816> | {
"date": "2019-09-15T08:09:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514570830.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915072355-20190915094355-00496.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8740512728691101,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 174,
"url": "https://www.sae.org/search/?sort=date&sort-dir=desc&display=list&authors=%28%22Dimitri+N.+Mavris%22%29&taxonomy=%28%2250792%22+OR+%2250609%22+OR+%2250332%22%29"
} |
As a 4th grade math teacher I am always looking for ways to put my kids in the driver seat. I am always trying to find ways for them to be doing the teaching rather than me. How can I give them a real audience? How can I allow them to take more ownership in their learning? How can I provide them with more of a voice in my classroom? After reflecting on those (and many more) questions, my teammate and I decided to give Seesaw a shot in our classroom and man was it a success! The kids absolutely loved their homework. Yes, you read that correctly. They loved doing their homework! They loved that they could watch each other’s videos, like the video, and even comment on videos. They liked that they were not completing a worksheet for once.
So let’s back up… A normal night in 4th grade math consists of student’s completing a worksheet covering a topic that they learned either that day in class or recently. Worksheets can be necessary on one hand, but really don’t provide room for differentiation, checking for understanding, or insight into the student’s thinking. We were teaching our kids how to use an addition method known as partial-sums method and many kids were struggling with how to use this method. My teammate and I decided that this would be a great time to use the Seesaw app because we would quickly be able to assess who understands the method and who needs some extra help. Plus, bonus, it gave them a real world audience, their classmates. Each kid was asked to go home and use the whiteboard feature on the app and create a quick, short tutorial that would teach someone how to use the partial sums method. We quickly not only realized who has mastered the method and who hasn’t, but also who has great public speaking skills and who needs some work. The kids learned a very valuable skill that happens daily in our world – commenting on each other’s work. Training wheels for one day when they have social media accounts. We were able to use a controlled app to teach them appropriate ways to comment/like each other’s work and leave a positive digital footprint. What were some of their reactions when they came to school the next day?
“That was actually fun homework!”
“Can we use Seesaw again?”
“I liked how one of my classmates used a hard problem. It really showed that they were challenging themselves.”
“I liked that I could watch other people’s videos and learn from my classmates.”
Seesaw can always be used in reverse where the teacher creates a video to share with their students. Think flipped classroom.
Here is an example of one of the Seesaw videos that a student created teaching the Partial-Sums Method: http://tinyurl.com/znvlr4v | <urn:uuid:924924a2-e062-48ec-8d72-c27dd1ef856b> | {
"date": "2019-09-20T00:15:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573759.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919224954-20190920010954-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9817530512809753,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 606,
"url": "https://riseandread.net/2016/10/04/when-the-student-becomes-the-teacher/"
} |
Like many people, you probably have a lot of music, video, and picture files in your Windows Media Player Library. There might be times, however, when you want to enjoy your songs, videos, or pictures when you're not sitting at the computer. For example, you might want to listen to your music from another computer in your kitchen or view your pictures on a digital picture frame in your living room. Media streaming, called media sharing in earlier versions of Windows Media Player, makes these experiences possible.
To stream your media, you need the following hardware:
A wired or wireless private network.
Either another computer on your network or a device known as a digital media receiver (sometimes called a networked digital media player). Digital media receivers are hardware devices connected to your wired or wireless network that you can control using your computer—even if your computer is in another room.
For more information about setting up devices on your network, see Add a device or computer to a network.
To turn on media streaming on your home network in Windows Media Player, do the following:
Click Stream, and then click Turn on home media streaming.
Turn on home media streaming won't be available on the Stream menu if streaming is already turned on.
On the Media streaming options page, click Turn on media streaming.
If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
For more information about how to use media streaming, see Stream your media to devices and computers using Windows Media Player.
You can choose what you want to stream and what devices on your network can receive streams. For example, you can choose not to stream music with explicit lyrics or pictures rated three stars or less. You can even create different rules for each computer or device that receives streams. For more information about choosing streaming settings, see Change settings for streaming media in Windows Media Player.
For information about maintaining your privacy and security when streaming your media, see Privacy and security when streaming your media: frequently asked questions.
You can stream nearly any digital media file in your Player Library, including protected Windows Media files downloaded from online stores. To stream a file in your Player Library, the original file must be stored in one of the monitored folders in your Windows libraries. For information about monitored folders, see Add items to the Windows Media Player Library.
If you're using a digital media receiver, it might not support playback of all the file types your computer can stream. For example, your device might support playback of audio files but not video files or picture files. Also, your device might be able to play songs that you purchased from an online store but not songs that you've rented through a subscription service.
The Play To feature allows you to stream music, videos, and pictures to other computers and devices on your home network so the media can be enjoyed in different locations in your home. For example, you can select a playlist in Windows Media Player on a computer in your bedroom and then stream the songs to a home stereo system connected to your wireless network.
For more information about Play To, see Using the Play To feature to stream media.
If you have two computers running Windows 7, you can use Windows Media Player to access your home media over the Internet using remote media streaming. For example, if you've allowed remote media streaming on both a laptop and a home media computer, then you can access your home computer's Player Library using your laptop and an Internet connection.
For more information about remote media streaming, see Stream your media over the Internet using Windows Media Player.
Remote media streaming isn't available on Windows 7 Starter and Windows 7 Home Basic. | <urn:uuid:183304f4-b7e1-40b8-893a-163069511b57> | {
"date": "2014-07-30T17:49:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270877.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00366-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9001398086547852,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 744,
"url": "http://windows.microsoft.com/en-hk/windows7/getting-started-with-media-streaming"
} |
All of the fields displayed as latitude-depth sections are fields of gridded monthly or 5-day means. Gridding was done by 1) removing the Kessler (1994) CTD/XBT Objective Analysis from the temperatures after bilinearly interpolating it to a 1° by 1° latitude-longitude grid, and in the case of 5-day means, also interpolating the climatology to the data times. A special exception to this is along 95°W where we use the Bureau of Meteorology Research Center (BMRC) temperature climatology rather than the Kessler climatology, because we have data at 12°N during the EPIC program, and the Kessler domain extends only to 10°N. BMRC is used at all latitudes along 95°W so that we have coherent anomalies extending to 12°N. This introduces a small inconsistency between anomalies shown in in the Depth-Longitude and Latitude-Depth section plots at 95°W. The BMRC climatology was provided to us courtesy of Dr. Neville Smith. 2) linearly interpolating the monthly or 5-day data anomalies at the nominal TAO/TRITON array coordinates to these standard depths:
0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 400, 500 (m)
3) linearly interpolating in latitude to 1° spacing, 4) 5° triangle filtering in latitude, 5) distance-weighted binomial (1/4-1/2-1/4) filtering in depth, and 6) adding these gridded and smoothed anomalies to the Kessler objective analysis to produce the mean latitude-depth field.
The locations of data input to the gridding routine are indicated by the little x's on the plots.
For more information on the Kessler (1994) Objective Analysis of Historical CTD and XBT temperatures, see the Climatology Background page, and to see plots of the Kessler Analysis, see the Climatology page under the "Latitude-Depth Sections of Temperature". | <urn:uuid:e5090e8d-decb-415f-b396-1c2b930b57b0> | {
"date": "2018-01-21T08:39:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890394.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121080507-20180121100507-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8060073256492615,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 449,
"url": "https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/drupal/gridding/lat-dep.html"
} |
Visiting the Sights of “Silent Night”
“Silent Night” was composed in the little town of Oberndorf, about a twenty-minute drive north of Salzburg. Josef Mohr wrote the lyrics and Franz Gruber composed the music. Both grew up around Salzburg.
“Silent Night” in Oberndorf
Silent Night Chapel. The original church where “Silent Night” was first performed in 1818 was torn down in 1906. This little chapel commemorating the hymn was erected in 1924-37. It contains two lovely stained glass windows, one dedicated to Gruber and the other to Mohr. Next to the chapel is an interesting museum and nice gift shop.
“Silent Night” in Salzburg
Mohr’s Birth House. For many years, people believed that Joseph Mohr was born in Salzburg on Steingasse 9, and the plaque shown left was on the building. However, historians recently discovered that he was born at Steingasse 31, and that building does not have any memorial to make the spot.
“Silent Night” in Hallein
The Silent Night Museum. In Hallein, a town known for its salt mines near Salzburg, the Silent Night Museum is in Gruber’s home where he lived after finishing his post near Oberndorf. Every Christmas Eve, “Silent Night” is sung accompanied by Gruber’s original guitar.
You can also read a series of blogs that tell the story of “Silent Night”. | <urn:uuid:47057ddf-cdb7-439f-83e3-a189beb8af89> | {
"date": "2017-09-22T18:51:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689102.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922183303-20170922203303-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9636971354484558,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 341,
"url": "http://inmozartsfootsteps.com/franz-gruber-silent-night/"
} |
Photo: TOM81115 (flickr)
Hip hop as a form of diplomacy? The US State Department thinks so.
Over the previous decade, the state department has been sending hip hop artists into Muslim-majority nations in an effort to create a positive image of the US.
The power of music can’t be denied. Artists throughout the Muslim world used their voices during the Arab Spring, and the world listened.
However music can’t take all the credit. Hishaam Aidi points out the historical role hip hop played in the culture of resistance.
Hip hop in part came from a place against the structure that now is using it as a tool.
“Hip hop at its best has exposed power, challenged power, it hasn’t served power. When the US government loves the same rappers you love, whose interests are those rappers serving?” British rapper Lowkey said.
Read More: Leveraging hip hop in US foreign policy (Al Jazeera) | <urn:uuid:4541e50d-4a2d-450e-97b0-c06d473f2ca0> | {
"date": "2013-06-19T12:31:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9480105638504028,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 208,
"url": "http://muslimvoices.org/hip-hop-dipolmacy-tool/"
} |
Hunger, the ultimate enemy
South Sudan 2015-2017
South Sudan gained the independence in July 2011, after decades of war with the government at the north. But the peace and optimism of the new state lasted very short. In December 2013, the forces loyal to President Salva Kiir (from Dinka ethnic group) clashed with those from his opponent Riek Machar (Nuer), and since then it has become a complex civil war with many sides that forced millions of people to flee their homes. In addition to destruction and displacement, outbreaks and economic crisis, hunger also punishes a country that is heavily armed. Half of the population is in urgent (and constant) need for food assistance. Hundreds of humanitarian organizations (United Nations agencies and national and international NGOs) provide the most basic services to more than a third of the population, not just food, but also shelter, protection, health, sanitation and education. | <urn:uuid:56a3b932-016d-48d5-8899-7278d66f47bd> | {
"date": "2019-03-26T10:06:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204969.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326095131-20190326121131-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9629265069961548,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 187,
"url": "http://www.albertgonzalez.net/english/hunger-the-ultimate-enemy/"
} |
The Latest from Laos: Bald-Faced Flyer
July 30, 2009
The latest strange creature to emerge from a rugged region of Laos is a bald songbird, dubbed the “bare-faced bulbul.” Its little-visited habitat, a sparse forest on rugged limestone karsts, is becoming known for unusual wildlife discoveries. Scientists from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the University of Melbourne discovered the bird while working on a project funded and managed by the MMG (Minerals and Metals Group) mining company, which operates the Sepon copper and gold project in the region.
The bare-faced bulbul gets its name from the lack of feathers on its face and part of its head. It is the only known bald songbird in mainland Asia, according to scientists, and the first new species of bulbul described on the continent in over 100 years. The bulbul family includes about 130 species.
“It’s always exciting to discover a new species,” said Colin Poole, director of WCS-Asia. “It also underscores how much there is still to learn from wild places around the world.”
The thrush-sized bird is greenish-olive with a light-colored breast and a distinctive featherless, pink face. The bluish skin around its eye extends to the bill, and a narrow line of hair-like feathers runs down the center of its crown. It appears to primarily dwell in trees. A description of the species has been published in the July issue of the Oriental Bird Club’s journal Forktail. Authors include Iain Woxvold of the University of Melbourne, along with WCS researchers Will Duckworth and Rob Timmins.
Woxvold added that the bird’s inhospitable habitat helps explain why, despite its very distinctive call, the bird has remained unnoticed for so long.
Fortunately much of the bird’s presumed habitat falls within legally protected areas in Laos. However, quarrying of limestone looms as a potential threat to wildlife in this area, along with habitat conversion for agriculture.
Read the press release: Bald-Faced Flyer: WCS and University of Melbourne Discover New “Bald” Songbird | <urn:uuid:928620ad-de53-433b-b7c5-456a3a4f36f8> | {
"date": "2014-12-21T23:58:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772757.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00091-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9438492059707642,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 463,
"url": "http://www.wcs.org/news-and-features-main/bulbul-bird-discovery.aspx"
} |
Biontology is a revolutionary non-invasive system that improves the self-healing ability of the body by removing underlying causes of illness instead of treating symptoms.
Our body contains all the tools it needs to heal itself from disease. However, when exposed to an ever-increasing number of pollutants and pathogens, our bodies often get overwhelmed. This is when the symptoms appear that conventional medicine “cures” with drugs or surgeries. If one is lucky the symptom is eliminated with the conventional approaches, but most often, not the underlying cause.
Biontology is based on the correction of electromagnetic/biophotonic signals that are emitted from the cells of every living being. Symptoms are caused by disturbances in this signal, and by correcting the disturbance the body can react with its own immune system to restore proper function and eliminate disease.
Biontology is a cutting-edge approach to health spearheaded by Johan Boswinkel. It integrates the latest in physics and Western science, combining the insights of Chinese medicine and the potent energetic approach of Homeopathy into an incredibly powerful healing modality.
Some of the conditions Biontology is effective for:
The initial evaluation process aims to discover the underlying causes of the client’s chronic conditions, whether they be accumulated toxins, environmental conditions, emotional or lifestyle patterns, etc.
Biontologists also utilize the Chinese 5-Elements Thinking to identify the disruptive relationships among the organ systems of the body. This has proven to be much more effective than if we just concentrated on the symptoms.
Once we have established the nature of the relationships, toxins, and other factors that are present in the system, we commence to influence the body to heal itself.
Biophotons are the dynamic web of light emissions constantly released and absorbed by DNA. They express the functional state of the organism. Biophotons are also the organism’s principal regulation mechanism and constitute its communication network.
The Biontologic healing process uses a short series of biophotonic impulses in a biofeedback loop to entrain the body’s information field for optimal function.
The biofeedback component is very important, as it ensures that the body only gets the corrections it needs. Nothing more, nothing less.
The biofeedback process eliminates the chance of inappropriate treatments, aggravations of symptoms, and/or side effects.
No pharmaceuticals are required as part of the process, and in fact we strive to clean the system of toxins due to previous substance exposure. We aim to restore the endocrine and the immune systems to such health that the body can meet its own needs without the use of pharmaceuticals and their side effects.
We consider the human body one of the wisest systems known, which mystics have claimed is a hologram of the universe in which unfathomable intelligence exists.
Biontology combines the words Bio and Ontology. Bio stands for life and refers to us, the people in a living environment. Ontology was described by the famous Philosopher Heidegger as; “the being of any relationship towards existence.”
For a long time I have been looking for a name that includes everything that my instruments stand for. Although they work through biophotons, the Biontologists do much more than just treat people with biophotons. The name “therapy” or “treatment” is an understatement of what Biontologists bring to the people of this world. In the Biontology training only a certain amount of time is spent on biophotons and the Chiren or StarLight instrument. What we focus on is “gnosis” and the way of obtaining this intrinsic knowledge. Only through extensive research of the ultimate reality of nature, will it be possible to obtain the quality that is needed to really understand, and help people to understand and help them selves.
An Ontology founds a theory on reality and hence enables to develop a useful measurement of that reality. These measurements can lead to a revision of the theory and thus to new measurements. There are serious crises in science, such as in quantum mechanics, in which neither a theory nor a measurement gives a singular answer, and so forces the creation of a new Ontology.
Every human being is an individual. Every human being ‘IS’. Every man has his own truth. All these truths are one-sided. And every one-sided truth consists again of even more one-sided truths. But for each individual it is a complete truth until he or she moves in time and/or space. From a different place and at a different moment the truth will be different. Even an emotional state will alter the experienced truth. Mental and/or spiritual development also changes the perceived reality. Surroundings and external circumstances like food, habitat, education, disease and suffering all make up our truth and all are in constant change.
What Biontologists endeavour to find out, through application of our gnosis and with the help of the instruments, is a person’s individual truth at a certain moment. That is why it is called dia-gnosis. The knowledge of the day, the truth of the moment. The treatments in sequence alter that truth again. And hence it is needed to measure again to find the truth of the next moment. And can the person than live with this new truth?
Because of what Biontologists do, a person’s consciousness changes. He or she becomes aware of all the things that are going on in their body. People also become conscious of their body energetically. By merely holding on to a couple of glass rods their whole system suddenly changes. The color of their skin is changed or their asthma is suddenly gone, by sticking two patches on their neck. This is not due to the biophotons though. It is caused by the knowledge of the truth and the intention of the Biontologist.
Wouldn’t you agree that this seems like a miracle to most people? One knows and knew nothing of all this, yet the experience is unmistaken.
Most people are only able to experience or see three dimensions, where there are at least twelve! Yet if one would only listen and react to their inner “me”, one would come to know there is a vast realm beyond their senses. The so called sixth sense is actually the first sense. All the others presumably merely serve a purpose in the 3 dimensional-world.
This approach alters consciousness, and this is an important part of this pathway, the Biontology. The biophotons give us an incredible amount of information by means of direct communication with a person’s body. Besides this, there is the communication with the person itself. The “I” or “me” we talk to is not the body. It is a double leveled communication line. Now, a body can be bothered by the “I “, but doesn’t necessarily suffer the same traumas. This is the first step towards synthesis thinking.
The body needs to communicate its needs to the “I “, and does this continuously. The “I ” is undisturbed by electromagnetic fields or food poisoning but the body is troubled very much. The big problem is that the “I “, hardly ever listens to the body and neglects it until the body really stops functioning and becomes a nuisance to the “I “. Restoring this communication is just as important as dealing with a disease or its symptoms. This means changing someone’s consciousness to the level where he or she starts to listen again to the body, for only this will ensure that problems will be dealt with as meant by nature. “The body’s own doctor takes over again”.
Over time one’s consciousness will develop and you start to see more and more connections. You get a more profound access to the unknown. The truth of the ultimate reality of nature comes closer and closer. But one must keep searching.
The truth can not be taught. First of all everyone’s truth is unique and only by continuous observation can you obtain more knowledge and by implementing this into your life it becomes as true gnosis. Develop your own theories and test them on your truth to see whether they are true only in a specific case, or that you have touched the universal truth. This is the heart of Ontology, this is Biontology.
There are many different instruments and machines nowadays that claim to use photons or biophotons. In most cases this isn’t even true. For patients it is impossible to see the differences between the offered therapies. They all look alike. There is a major difference here however, and not only in the instrument and its application, but more so in our total approach to MAN-kind.
Most therapies try to treat diseases, Biontologists endeavour to treat human beings. Biontologists try to look for the truth that lies behind the sickness, the real cause of any disturbance. For this they use a whole synthesis of methods. Ancient wisdom, modern technologies and numerous universal ways are fitted into one synthesis and are also adapted to our time. This synthesis works and enables the cells to regain and remember their power of regeneration.
Biontologists around the world | <urn:uuid:76494074-2075-48bb-a802-0a1c83edec09> | {
"date": "2018-06-22T03:04:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864343.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622030142-20180622050142-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9549158811569214,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 1934,
"url": "https://biyontoloji.com/en/"
} |
|Home||Articles||Guide to Observing||Tour of the Constellations||Book Reviews|
The above image is displayed with permission of NASA.
Mars has been fascinating mankind for centuries. We now know that it's not covered with a network of canals and no life has been discovered by the various probes that have been sent to its surface, but it changing weather patterns and are still pleasurable to watch.
The best time to see Mars in 60,000 years will be on the night of August 26th-August 27th 2003. At exactly 09:10 UT August 27, Mars will be a mere 55,758,006 kilometers (34,646,418 miles) from the Earth.
Because the Earth orbits the Sun more rapidly than Mars, it "passes" Mars every 14 months or so and that's when we get the best view of Mars. Since the Earth and Mars move in an elliptical orbit some passes are better than others. This summer the Earth and Moon will be particularly close to each other so that the Red Planet will appear both large and bright.
Mars will appear to observers in the northern hemisphere at about 1 or 2 in the morning due south, about 30 degrees above the horizon in the constellation of Aquarius. It will be quite bright and reddish and difficult to miss. Those fortunate enough to be south of the equator will see it much higher in the sky towards the north.
If you miss it or the weather is poor, donít despair. Mars will be even closer and appear larger on August 28, 2287. I canít guarantee that SkyWatch will be covering that one though. | <urn:uuid:6b6ceec1-9b9b-4c57-8cb3-e2cab4b2ee8b> | {
"date": "2014-04-16T14:15:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00019-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9342336058616638,
"score": 3.640625,
"token_count": 338,
"url": "http://www.sky-watch.com/mars.html"
} |
There's no place on Earth that's changing faster – and no place where that change matters more – than Greenland. Late last month, NASA reported that ice all across the vast glacial interior of the world's largest island was melting – a "freak event" that hadn't occurred for at least 150 years. The alarming discovery briefly focused the media's attention on a place that rarely makes headlines. RAPID ICE MELT BAFFLES SCIENTISTS, The Wall Street Journal declared.
In fact, scientists weren't baffled at all – a paper published just weeks before had predicted that an abrupt, islandwide melt was imminent. The rapid loss of ice is only the latest in a chain of events that have upended conventional understanding of how the Earth's "cryosphere" – its frozen places – behave. Taken together, the events offer new insight into how fast the world's seas are likely to rise as a result of global warming – and hence, the fate of major cities like New York and Miami and Mumbai.
Jason Box, a scientist at the Byrd Polar Research Center, has probably spent more time in Greenland than any American of his generation. He began his yearly treks to the island in the 1990s as an undergraduate at the University of Colorado, helping his professor install a series of automated weather stations; last month he was sleeping on a sailboat near the mouth of a huge glacier and traveling onto the ice by helicopter to install yet more sensors. The shift he and his team have measured over the course of the past two decades is startling. "When I took my first course in glaciology," Box says, "conventional thought had the reaction time of the ice sheets to heating on the order of 10,000 years." The ice sheet, scientists believed, was a mostly inert ice cube frozen fast at its bed; if the glaciers melted because of global warming, the process would be, well, glacial.
But in a series of scientific epiphanies beginning in 2002, researchers using GPS have found that melting on the ice's surface can cause large sections of the ice sheet to break free of its moorings in hours, not millennia. In 2006, scientists discovered that ice was suddenly pouring into the ocean at twice the rate previously measured, spurred by a pulse of warm ocean temperatures that undercut the glaciers from below. In two separate instances, Box correctly predicted which sections of a glacier would soon break off – sections, in each case, that were many times larger than the island of Manhattan.
But Box's most crucial contribution to ice science – and the scariest part of his new findings – involves his measurement of Greenland's reflectivity, or "albedo." We know that snow is white: When sunlight hits a glacier, most of it bounces back into space, instead of being absorbed by dark-blue oceans or green forests. But not all ice shines with the same brightness. As snow crystals warm – even before they melt – they lose their jagged edges and become rounder, reflecting less light. "You can see it with your naked eye," says Box. "Think of the way wet sand is darker than dry sand."
Fresh snow bounces back 84 percent of the light that hits it; warm, rounded crystals can reflect as little as 70 percent. Slushy snow saturated by water – which gives it a gray cast, or even a bluish tint – reflects as little as 60 percent. Add dust or soot, and the albedo drops below 40 percent. Box's satellite data has shown a steady darkening in Greenland's albedo, from a July average of 74 percent when the century began to about 68 percent last year.
And then came this summer: Without warning, the line on the albedo chart dropped deep into uncharted territory. At certain altitudes, the ice sheet in Greenland was suddenly four percent less reflective – in a single season. "I confess my heart skipped a beat when I saw how steep the drop was," says Box. "I thought it meant the satellite sensor might have degraded." Instead, weeks of "ground-truthing" – going out on the ice to gather data from imbedded sensors and inspect conditions – verified that it was the ice sheet itself that was darkening. The heat accumulating in the ice sheet year after warm, sunny year was suddenly making it far easier to melt the surface. What's more, in a vicious feedback loop, soot from the wildfires raging in Colorado and Siberia – themselves spurred by climate change – may be helping to darken the surface of the ice. (Box hasn't been able to raise the funds to send a graduate student to do the sampling that would provide a definitive answer.)
Box had conservatively predicted that it might take up to a decade before the surface of Greenland's ice sheet melted all at once. That it actually happened in just a few weeks only underscores how consistently cautious ice scientists have been in forecasting the threat posed by global warming. Now, however, that caution is being replaced by well-founded alarm. "Greenland is a sleeping giant that's waking," says Box. "In this new climate, the ice sheet is going to keep shrinking – the only question is how fast."
The new data from Greenland matters for every corner of the planet. Water pouring into the North Atlantic will not only raise sea levels, but is also likely to modify weather patterns. "If the world allows a substantial fraction of the Greenland ice sheet to disintegrate, all hell breaks loose for eastern North America and Europe," says NASA's James Hansen, the world's foremost climatologist.
But the future, pressing as it is, sometimes gives way to sheer awe at the scale of what we've already done. Simply by changing the albedo of the Greenland ice sheet, Box calculates, the island now absorbs more extra energy each summer than the U.S. consumes in a year. The shape and color of the ice sheet's crystals, in other words, are trapping more of the sun's rays than all the cars and factories and furnaces produce in the world's biggest economy. One of Box's collaborators, photographer James Balog, puts it like this: "Working in Greenland these past years has left me with a profound feeling of being in the middle of a decisive historic moment – the kind of moment, at least in geologic terms, that marks the grand tidal changes of history." Amid this summer's drama of drought, fire and record heat, the planet's destiny may have been revealed, in a single season, by the quiet metamorphosis of a silent, empty sheet of ice.
This story is from the August 30th, 2012 issue of Rolling Stone. | <urn:uuid:a8825e34-16d7-43b9-9ae5-2f4a131e57b4> | {
"date": "2016-09-27T14:01:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661087.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00282-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9621585607528687,
"score": 3.484375,
"token_count": 1364,
"url": "https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-arctic-ice-crisis-20120816"
} |
This history of Wisconsin’s Brown County (and the towns that make up the county) was published in the year of America’s Bicentennial. From the earliest visit by John Nicolet in 1634 through the year of publication, Birthplace Of A Commonwealth tells the tale of the Green Bay area and the people who made it what it is today. While only a small portion of the book deals specifically with the Packers, we found it worthwhile to add to our football library. As with anything, understanding the past helps us to understand the present and future.
Above and below, the two pages which reference the Green Bay Packers.
We do love seeing the old photos of the city. There are many photos much older than this in the book.
Find your copy here.
Birthplace Of A Commonwealth
By Jack Rudolph
Brown County Historical Society (1976) | <urn:uuid:24375e2a-e042-4a43-868e-1400e2ee7a0f> | {
"date": "2014-11-01T09:22:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637905189.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025825-00083-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9371105432510376,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 178,
"url": "http://packerville.blogspot.com/2013/04/birthplace-of-commonwealth-1976.html"
} |
The Earth’s oceans are mysterious and largely unexplored. Many of their inhabitants are familiar to us but their whereabouts and numbers are far less clear. This is starting to change. In two new studies, Boris Worm from Dalhousie University has revealed an unprecedentedly detailed portrait of the planet’s marine life, from tiny plankton to mighty whales. And with that knowledge comes concern, for neither study paints an optimistic picture about the fate of tomorrow’s seas, as changing climate slowly raises their temperature.
Graduate student Daniel Boyce focused on some of oceans’ smallest but most important denizens – the phytoplankton. These tiny creatures are the basis of marine food webs, the foundations upon which these watery ecosystems are built. They produce around half of the Earth’s organic matter and much of its oxygen. And they are disappearing. With a set of data that stretches back 100 years, Boyce found that phytoplankton numbers have fallen by around 1% per year over the last century as the oceans have become warmer, and if anything, their decline is getting faster. Our blue planet is becoming less green with every year.
Meanwhile, post-doc Derek Tittensor has taken a broader view, looking at the worldwide distributions of over 11,500 seagoing species in 13 groups, from mangroves and seagrasses, to sharks, squids, and corals. His super-census reveals three general trends – coastal species are concentrated around the western Pacific, while ocean-going ones are mostly found at temperate latitudes, in two wide bands on either side of the equator. And the only thing that affected the distribution of all of these groups was temperature.
Together, the results from the two studies hammer home a familiar message – warmer oceans will be very different places. Rising sea temperatures could “rearrange the global distribution of life in the ocean” and destabilise their food webs at their very root. None of this knowledge was easily won – it’s the result of decades of monitoring and data collection, resulting in millions of measurements.
Boyce’s study, for example, really began in 1865, when an Italian priest and astronomer called Father Pietro Angelo Secchi invented a device for measuring water clarity. His “Secchi disk” is fantastically simple – it’s a black-and-white circle that is lowered until the observer can’t see it any more. This depth reveals how transparent the water is, which is directly related to how much phytoplankton it contains. This simple method has been used since 1899. Boyce combined it with measurements of the pigment chlorophyll taken from research vessels, and satellite data from the last decade.
Boyce’s data revealed a very disturbing trend. Phytoplankton numbers have fallen across the world over the last century, particularly towards the poles and in the open oceans. The decline has accelerated in some places, and total numbers have fallen by around 40% since the 1950s. Only in a few places have phytoplankton populations risen. These include parts of the Indian Ocean and some coastal areas where industrial run-off fertilises the water, producing choking blooms of plankton.
On a yearly basis, the rise and fall of the phytoplankton depends on big climate events like the El Nino Southern Oscillation. But in the long-term, nothing predicted the numbers of phytoplankton better than the surface temperature of the seas. Phytoplankton need sunlight to grow, so they’re constrained to the upper layers of the ocean and depends on nutrients welling up from below. But warmer waters are less likely to mix in this way, which starves the phytoplankton and limits their growth.
It’s not just the phytoplankton – Tittensor found that water temperature dictates the fate of all manner of marine species right up the food web, including animals like whales that are 10 billion times heavier. He studies 13 groups of plants and animals, including zooplankton, seagrasses, seals, billfishes, octopuses and sharks. On the whole, they were concentrated in predictable hotspots like the Caribbean, South-east Asia and the Australian coast. Ocean wanderers like whales, squid and tuna were found at temperature latitudes away from the equator, while South-east Asia had the richest concentration of coast-lovers, like corals, mangroves and coastal fishes.
As you might imagine, several factors influence the distribution of these diverse species. Some parts of the ocean are more productive than others, some are richer in oxygen, and some have more stable climates. Some species might react to specific geographical features like length of coastline, while others may be limited to specific areas because of their evolutionary history. But the only thing that explained the patterns of diversity in all 13 groups was the surface temperature of the sea. None of the other factors had quite the same impact.
In general, warmer waters were more likely to be hotspots of diversity for marine species, with the exception of seals and sealions that are specially adapted to colder seas. But even with a census this big, Tittensor has merely glimpsed at the full panorama of ocean life through a keyhole. A more thorough survey would have to include groups that we don’t have a lot of data for, including deep-sea species, invertebrates other than cephalopods, bacteria and viruses. Meanwhile, the existing patterns are merely correlations and need to be checked at a more detailed, local level.
Nonetheless, the results suggest that changes in ocean temperatures could have a big impact on the spread of oceanic species. For the moment, the blue parts of the planet have to contend with more immediate threats. Tittensor found that the areas that are richest in life are also those that are most heavily affected by human activity, including pollution, habitat destruction and overharvesting. And as Boyce showed, warming waters have already taken their toll on the phytoplankton at the base of the food web. The time to act has already come, if the future of our marine life is to be preserved.
Images: Topmost phytoplankton images by Michael Stringer, Harry Taylor and Karl Bruun,
More on ocean life:
- Overfishing gives toxic seaweeds an edge in their competition with corals
- Scientists, film-makers team up to expose illegal international trade in whale meat
- Male and female mako sharks separated by invisible line in the sea
- Worrying slowdown of coral growth in the Great Barrier Reef
- Climate scientists recruit elephant seals to study Antarctica’s waters
If the citation link isn’t working, read why here | <urn:uuid:263d5802-37e1-4ec1-8610-daf33c2ea249> | {
"date": "2018-08-15T15:05:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210133.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815141842-20180815161842-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9436445832252502,
"score": 3.6875,
"token_count": 1426,
"url": "https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2010/07/28/a-warmer-ocean-is-a-less-green-one/"
} |
Painting with Homemade Number Stamps
These Homemade Number Stamps will make learning your numbers FUN for kids as they can make endless paintings of numbers prints and sing-a-long as they learn and play!
The Number Stamps are low cost, require very little materials and are super easy to make!
What you will need?
You will need paint, sponges, 10 milk bottle tops, PVA craft glue, paper, clean meat trays and foam numbers.
I purchased our foam numbers from our local craft store and one side has a sticky backing which you can peel away. I glued the non-sticky side down onto the flat part of the bottle top to show the numbers reversed. The numbers need to be reversed because when you turn the stamps face down to stamp they will appear the correct way. I also placed the numbers on the inside of the bottle top to demonstrate to the kids the correct way to hold the stamps when using them.
If you cannot get hold of these foam numbers from the craft shop, you could also make these number stamps by cutting up kitchen sponges into the number shapes to fit onto the bottle top.
Tip: Placing the paint onto the sponges in the meat trays will avoid excess paint being applied to the number stamps and transferred onto the paper which can spoil the number print. The sponge absorbs the paint and when pressed it applies just enough paint to the stamp to create a clear print onto the paper.
Exploring the number stamps in their own individual ways: Miss 5 counted backwards, made new numbers by joining two of the number stamps together and counting onwards from 10. Miss 4 pressed the stamps in order from 1 to 10 and then randomly stamped the numbers around the page. I showed Miss 21 months first how to hold and use the number stamps and then she happily went about pressing the different stamps around her page.
We also painted some pages using only one number which we plan to use later for some games and charts. We sang and altered a song to promote further learning and memory of the numbers as my kids stamped them into paint and onto their paper.
Put a ‘five’ over here and a ‘six’ over there
Put a ‘four over here and a ‘two’ over there
There are lots of different numbers everywhere, everywhere
It’s a numbers kind of day!
The milk bottle tops are the perfect size and shape for little fingers to grip and pick up.
Benefits of Painting with Homemade Number Stamps:
These number stamps are so much fun and while kids are having fun they are also unintentionally learning and developing skills at the same time.
- Fine motor skills- strengthening little muscles.
- Hand and eye coordination- watching and doing and coordinating these actions.
- Numeracy – becoming familiar and learning the shape of numbers.
- Numeracy – naming and memorising numbers. | <urn:uuid:211ab73b-4357-45f4-8111-7a01578ac367> | {
"date": "2015-11-27T08:12:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398448389.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205408-00275-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9385232329368591,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 602,
"url": "http://www.learning4kids.net/2012/04/10/painting-with-homemade-number-stamps/"
} |
Climate change is affecting fish and their habitats around the country, a new National Wildlife Federation report says.
Global warming causes more extreme droughts, storms, wildfires, and floods -- all of which can kill fish and shorter winters with less snow and ice cover can reduce stream flows throughout the year, the report said. All these problems exacerbate existing challenges for fish, like polluted water, invasive species, and habitat loss.
Researchers stress that water and land systems work together. For example, young, cut-over forests release snowmelt more quickly than older forests, contributing to flash floods and erosion.
The wildlife federation report calls for better efforts to restore and expand key habitats, attention to climate change in resource management, and a quicker shift to cleaner sources of energy. | <urn:uuid:885dc741-f06c-4a82-83f0-1cdac5dd1dc6> | {
"date": "2017-01-24T23:28:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00412-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9181678295135498,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 155,
"url": "http://www.mprnews.org/story/2013/09/04/environment/climate-change-report"
} |
Prosthetic limbs and other artificial body parts have come a long way in the last 10 to 20 years, and many on the market and under development today can restore nearly the same functions as the human body parts they're replacing, or even improve them.
Developers from the London robotics company Shadow Robot -- at the behest of the London television company Darlow Smithson Productions -- recently undertook a project to see how much of a replica of a human could be built using prosthetic body parts.
This resulted in the Bionic Man, which built about two-thirds of a walking, talking human with an array of prosthetic parts, including a blood-pumping, beating artificial heart.
To see a slideshow of some of the prosthetics used to create the Bionic Man, as well as other cutting-edge designs in artificial body parts, go to Design News (a sister site).
Rex Bionics has developed a robotic leg system that provides people bound to a wheelchair the ability to stand up and walk unaided by crutches or braces. The system includes 29 onboard computer processors that control movement and balance through joystick control, allowing the Rex user to direct the device to sit, stand, walk, and turn easily. The robotic legs can even walk up steps and up or down slopes.
(Source: Rex Bionics) | <urn:uuid:73d310e7-cb69-48a0-9b88-5ec09ddad9db> | {
"date": "2017-01-21T07:37:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00266-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9441990256309509,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 272,
"url": "http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1320480&piddl_msgid=282741"
} |
Tungsten, element 74, was identified as a distinct element in 1783 by Spanish Basque brothers and chemists Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar. The name, however, is older, being used to refer to the ore in which the element is found. The word tungsten is a borrowing from Swedish, where it is a compound of tung (heavy) + sten (stone). Its English use dates to at least 1770.1
The element is sometimes, especially in older works, referred to by its German name, wolfram, from which its chemical symbol W comes. German use of wolfram dates to the 16th century, and its English use to at least 1757, when it is used in a translation of Henckel’s Pyritologia:
Though this tin ore be not easily separable from wolfram, a kind of mock-tin, or an irony tin mineral.
The origin of the word wolfram is unknown. It would seem likely that it is from a proper name, but this is not certain. Tradition has it that it is a compound of wolf (wolf) + rahm (cream). The second element could also be râm (soot). It is said to be the source of the modern Latin lupi spuma (wolf foam), described by Georgius Agricola in his 1546 De Natura Fossilium. But Agricola’s description of the mineral does not resemble wolfram, and the popular etymology of the German word may have arisen as an attempt to reconcile the two terms, rather than one coming from the other. And recorded use of wolfram in German is only from 1562, after the Latin term was coined.2
Copyright 1997-2014, by David Wilton | <urn:uuid:345a3b63-4382-456c-ade4-e9f7c4232522> | {
"date": "2014-09-17T21:38:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124607.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00299-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9658429622650146,
"score": 3.75,
"token_count": 368,
"url": "http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/more/1334/"
} |
Fact Sheet 2010–3114
Drought strikes somewhere in the United States every year, turning green landscapes brown as precipitation falls below normal levels and water supplies dwindle. Drought is typically a temporary climatic aberration, but it is also an insidious natural hazard. It might last for weeks, months, or years and may have many negative effects. Drought can threaten crops, livestock, and livelihoods, stress wildlife and habitats, and increase wildfire risks and threats to human health.
Drought conditions can vary tremendously from place to place and week to week. Accurate drought monitoring is essential to understand a drought's progression and potential effects, and to provide information necessary to support drought mitigation decisions. It is also crucial in light of climate change where droughts could become more frequent, severe, and persistent.
First posted December 1, 2010
For additional information contact:
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Brown, J.F., 2010, Drought Monitoring with VegDRI: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010–3114, 2p. | <urn:uuid:7d85925f-bffa-43e1-bba4-839ede844491> | {
"date": "2016-09-25T07:09:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660158.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00190-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.90919029712677,
"score": 4.21875,
"token_count": 253,
"url": "http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3114/"
} |
Summary: Danny Reinberg studies the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes.Gene expression – the process that cells use to produce proteins from genes on DNA strands – is fundamental to all life. DNA sequences in genes are first “transcribed” to RNA molecules, which then become the templates for proteins. But this process must be controlled so that correct amounts and types of proteins are made in a normal cell. Moreover, in multicellular animals, the complex regulation of gene expression that results in different tissues during development and maintains tissue identity in the adult must be established.
In any tissue of the body, there are some genes that are never expressed – they are “silent” genes – and there are some genes that are expressed exclusively to this tissue, giving rise to its particular functions and identity. Somehow, when a cell in one organ divides, the identity of the organ is transmitted accurately to the daughter cells that now also exhibit this differential gene expression. How does this happen? This transmission of identity is not through the genes themselves, as all cell types contain the identical genetic makeup. Instead, this complex and fascinating process is functionally dependent on the proteins that structure the body of DNA. My laboratory’s long-term goal is to determine how a gene gets transcribed when it does, and what controls this process. To do this, we set out to determine the criteria that enable or disable transcription as a function of increasingly complex gene organization.
A Biochemist by Nature
by Karen Hopkin
Danny Reinberg has broken down everything from transcription factors to chromatin. Then he builds them back up, and the discoveries come.Danny Reinberg is a biochemist—a hard-core, purebred, columns-in-the-cold-room kind of biochemist. Born in Santiago, Chile, in 1954, Reinberg took his first biochemistry course as an undergraduate at the Catholic University in nearby Valparaiso. “I liked it so much that even though I got an A-minus, I went back and said, ‘You know, I don’t think I have a complete understanding and grasp of biochemistry. I’d like to take the course again.’” The professor, says Reinberg, “looked at me and said, ‘You’re crazy! Nobody wants to take it again.’” Although his grade actually went down the second time around, Reinberg says, “I loved it.”
That same passion for all things biochemical—and for protein purification in particular—has served Reinberg well. Now a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator at the New York University School of Medicine, Reinberg made a name for himself in the field of transcription by isolating the “factors that get together to form the monstrous apparatus that transcribes protein-coding genes,” says Rick Young of the Whitehead Institute. “Because of the sheer number and complexity of these components, purifying them and characterizing their activities was a biochemical tour de force.” Reinberg has since applied that same level of rigor, says Young, “to characterizing the factors that modify chromatin in the vicinity of the transcription apparatus and thereby contribute to gene regulation.”“I think Danny is one of the best people working in the chromatin/transcription field—and it’s a pretty big field with a lot of very good people,” adds Bob Tjian of the University of California, Berkeley. “He’s just a really good protein biochemist who knows how to purify proteins. That was—and is—a big advantage if you want to get down to the mechanistic aspects of complicated reactions and complex molecular machinery.” | <urn:uuid:0199e014-54ab-45ec-94af-d02b87355b9e> | {
"date": "2017-12-14T20:45:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948550986.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214202730-20171214222730-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9433960318565369,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 780,
"url": "http://reinberglab.com/"
} |
Last week's feature explaining why passwords are under assault like never before touched a nerve with many Ars readers, and with good reason. After all, passwords are the keys that secure Web-based bank accounts, sensitive e-mail services, and virtually every other facet of our online life. Lose control of the wrong password and it may only be a matter of time until the rest of our digital assets fall, too.
Take, for example, the hundreds of millions of WiFi networks in use all over the world. If they're like the ones within range of my office, most of them are protected by the WiFi Protected Access or WiFi Protected Access 2 security protocols. In theory, these protections prevent hackers and other unauthorized people from accessing wireless networks or even viewing traffic sent over them, but only when end users choose strong passwords. I was curious how easy it would be to crack these passcodes using the advanced hardware menus and techniques that have become readily available over the past five years. What I found wasn't encouraging.
First, the good news. WPA and WPA2 use an extremely robust password-storage regimen that significantly slows the speed of automated cracking programs. By using the PBKDF2 key derivation function along with 4,096 iterations of SHA1 cryptographic hashing algorithm, attacks that took minutes to run against the recent LinkedIn and eHarmony password dumps of June would require days or even weeks or months to complete against the WiFi encryption scheme.
What's more, WPA and WPA2 passwords require a minimum of eight characters, eliminating the possibility that users will pick shorter passphrases that could be brute forced in more manageable timeframes. WPA and WPA2 also use a network's SSID as salt, ensuring that hackers can't effectively use precomputed tables to crack the code.
That's not to say wireless password cracks can't be accomplished with ease, as I learned firsthand.
I started this project by setting up two networks with hopelessly insecure passphrases. The first step was capturing what is known as the four-way handshake, which is the cryptographic process a computer uses to validate itself to a wireless access point and vice versa. This handshake takes place behind a cryptographic veil that can't be pierced. But there's nothing stopping a hacker from capturing the packets that are transmitted during the process and then seeing if a given password will complete the transaction. With less than two hours practice, I was able to do just that and crack the dummy passwords "secretpassword" and "tobeornottobe" I had chosen to protect my test networks.
Brother, can you spare a deauth frame?
To capture a valid handshake, a targeted network must be monitored while an authorized device is validating itself to the access point. This requirement may sound like a steep hurdle, since people often stay connected to some wireless networks around the clock. It's easy to get around, however, by transmitting what's known as a deauth frame, which is a series of deauthorization packets an AP sends to client devices prior to it rebooting or shutting down. Devices that encounter a deauth frame will promptly rejoin an affected network.
Using the Silica wireless hacking tool sold by penetration-testing software provider Immunity for $2,500 a year, I had no trouble capturing a handshake established between a Netgear WGR617 wireless router and my MacBook Pro. Indeed, using freely available programs like Aircrack-ng to send deauth frames and capture the handshake isn't difficult. The nice thing about Silica is that it allowed me to pull off the hack with a single click of my mouse. In less than 90 seconds I had possession of the handshakes for the two networks in a "pcap" (that's short for packet capture) file. My Mac never showed any sign it had lost connectivity with the access points.
I then uploaded the pcap files to CloudCracker, a software-as-a-service website that charges $17 to check a WiFi password against about 604 million possible words. Within seconds both "secretpassword" and "tobeornottobe" were cracked. A special WPA mode built-in to the freely available oclHashcat Plus password cracker retrieved the passcodes with similar ease.
It was the neighborly thing to do
Cracking such passcodes I had set up in advance to be guessed was great for demonstration purposes, but it didn't provide much satisfaction. What I really wanted to know was how much luck I'd have cracking a password that was actually being used to secure one of the networks in the vicinity of my office.
So I got the permission of one of my office neighbors to crack his WiFi password. To his chagrin, it took CloudCracker just 89 minutes to crack the 10-character, all-numerical password he used, although because the passcode wasn't contained in the entry-level, 604 million-word list, I relied on a premium, 1.2 billion-word dictionary that costs $34 to use.
My fourth hack target presented itself when another one of my neighbors was selling the above-mentioned Netgear router during a recent sidewalk sale. When I plugged it in, I discovered that he had left the eight-character WiFi password intact in the firmware. Remarkably, neither CloudCracker nor 12 hours of heavy-duty crunching by Hashcat were able to crack the passphrase. The secret: a lower-case letter, followed two numbers, followed by five more lower-case letters. There was no discernible pattern to this password. It didn't spell any word either forwards or backwards. I asked the neighbor where he came up with the password. He said it was chosen years ago using an automatic generation feature offered by EarthLink, his ISP at the time. The e-mail address is long gone, the neighbor told me, but the password lives on.
No doubt, this neighbor should have changed his password long ago, but there is a lot to admire about his security hygiene nonetheless. By resisting the temptation to use a human-readable word, he evaded a fair amount of cutting-edge resources devoted to discovering his passcode. Since the code isn't likely to be included in any password cracking word lists, the only way to crack it would be to attempt every eight-character combination of letters and numbers. Such brute-force attacks are possible, but in the best of worlds they require at least six days to exhaust all the possibilities when using Amazon's EC2 cloud computing service. WPA's use of a highly iterated implementation of the PBKDF2 function makes such cracks even harder.
Besides changing the password every six months or so and not using a 10-digit phone number, my neighbors could have taken another important step to improve their WiFi security. WPA allows for passwords with 63 characters in them, making it possible to append four or five randomly selected words—"applesmithtrashcancarradar" for instance—that are easy enough to repeat to guests who want to use your wireless network but are prohibitively hard to crack.
Yes, the gains made by crackers over the past decade mean that passwords are under assault like never before. It's also true that it's trivial for hackers in your vicinity to capture the packets of the wireless access point that routes some of your most closely held secrets. But that doesn't mean you have to be a sitting duck. When done right, it's not hard to pick a passcode that will take weeks, months, or years to crack.
With odds like that, crackers are likely to move onto easier targets, say one that relies on the quickly guessed "secretpassword" or a well-known Shakespearean quote for its security. | <urn:uuid:3ef4fcd5-90dc-4412-9220-113e45e236af> | {
"date": "2014-03-07T15:26:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999645330/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060725-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.959229588508606,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 1591,
"url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/08/wireless-password-easily-cracked/?comments=1&post=23214982"
} |
|DOH Home >> Press Releases|
PO Box 360
Trenton, NJ 08625-0360
|Clifton R. Lacy, M.D. |
For Further Information Contact:
This comprehensive plan is designed to protect the people of
According to a search of state health department websites,
In October 2003, the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a draft national SARS preparedness and response plan and encouraged all states and territories to develop their own plans.
New Jersey’s plan was developed in collaboration with hospitals and other public health partners, organizations that are crucial for the successful implementation of the plan. It identifies the resources that are available to the public health community and outlines the procedures to be followed to protect the pubic health in the event of an outbreak of SARS.
“With this plan, New Jersey is once again a national leader in public health preparedness,’’ said Clifton R. Lacy, M.D.,
“The lessons we learned from last spring’s outbreak were invaluable in preparing
Universal Respiratory Precautions involve the use of tissues or surgical masks to contain coughs and sneezes and frequent hand washing with soap and water. Public health care professionals should wear eye protection and contact precautions, such as gown and gloves, when seeing patients with respiratory symptoms.
The plan also addresses preventing the transmission of SARS using isolation and quarantine. Isolation is the act of separating ill persons from healthy persons and restricting their movements to stop the spread of illness. People in isolation may be cared for in their homes, in hospitals, or at designated health care facilities.
Quarantine applies to people who have been exposed and may be infected but are not yet ill. Separating exposed people from the public is intended to stop the spread of that illness.
SARS is a contagious, lower respiratory tract illness that begins as an influenza-like illness, with symptoms including rapid onset of high fever, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, dry cough and shortness of breath. X-rays generally show pneumonia and/or respiratory distress syndrome. Many affected individuals have experienced respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation.
There is currently no cure or preventive therapy for SARS. The CDC recommends that SARS patients receive the same supportive treatment that would be used for any patient with serious community-acquired atypical pneumonia.
The world’s first SARS outbreak began in
For more information on SARS, visit the DHSS website at www.state.nj.us/health,
Department of Health
P. O. Box 360, Trenton, NJ 08625-0360 | <urn:uuid:6af1fdb2-dad0-43bd-8cb7-1b02594d1b26> | {
"date": "2015-03-06T02:30:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465456.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00110-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9265175461769104,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 555,
"url": "http://www.state.nj.us/health/news/2003/view_article3636.html?id=1637"
} |
The struggle for peace in Northern Ireland is one that has raged for many decades. The desire for peace on the "Emerald Isle," is a notion that consumes both Britain and Ireland, but it is not one to be easily obtained. This essay will examine the last eleven months of the peace process between the two countries.
To understand the extreme intensity of this conflict, it is necessary to look back at the history of the Irish nation.
The first British involvement in Ireland began in 1169, when Anglo-Norman troops arrived at Bannow Bay in County Wexford. During the next half of the millennium, successive English rulers attempted to colonize the island, waging battles to increase their holdings- moves that sparked periodic rebellions by the Irish.
As the English gradually expanded their reach over the island by the 16th century, religious persecution of the Catholic Irish grew- particularly after the accession of Elizabeth I, a Protestant, to the throne in 1558. Oliver Cromwell's subsequent siege of Ireland in 1649 ended with the massacres of Catholics at Drogheda and Wexford and forced the resettlement of thousands that had lost their homes during the struggle. By 1691, with victory of Protestant English King William III over the Catholic forces of James II, Protestant control in Ireland was complete.
Catholics suffered greatly in the subsequent period of British occupation, enduring laws that prevented them from bearing arms, holding office, and restricted their rights to an education. While many of those rights were restored, the animosity between Catholics and Protestants remained. With the passing of the Act of Union in 1800, a law that joined England and Ireland as one, the island became officially governed by London and Westminster. .
During the next century, several movements sprang up to push for a more independent Ireland. One of them, called the "Home Rule" movement, founded in the 1870's, pushed for the establishment of a separate Irish parliament to govern domestic affairs. | <urn:uuid:56f21451-ac51-4d79-b3be-4ad9f2bce8ee> | {
"date": "2018-06-25T02:19:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867364.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625014226-20180625034226-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9687546491622925,
"score": 3.828125,
"token_count": 396,
"url": "https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/1326.html"
} |
Energy potential of sugar cane biomass in Brazil
Brazil is a developing tropical country with abundant biomass resources. Sugar cane (Saccahrum spp.) is primarily produced to obtain sugar and alcohol. Presently sugar cane is burned before harvest. If the cane were not burned before harvest, the trash (tops and leaves) could be collected and burned to produce steam to generate electricity, or be converted into alcohol fuel and decrease the severe air pollution problems caused by sugar cane burning. Based upon logical assumptions and appropriate data, we estimate the number of people that could be served each year by this biomass if its energy was converted into electricity. From trash and bagasse, 7.0x10(6) and 5.5x10(6) people y-1 could be served, respectively.
No Supplementary Data
No Article Media
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: January 1, 2000 | <urn:uuid:46dc415b-5e6c-4c80-92b1-f45637e0fadd> | {
"date": "2019-08-25T00:50:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.94588303565979,
"score": 3.40625,
"token_count": 182,
"url": "https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/doaj/01039016/2000/00000057/00000004/art00023"
} |
Eleven people have died so far from an outbreak of a rare non-contagious fungal meningitis, an inflammation of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
The discovery of the outbreak, linked to an injectable steroid the patients were getting to treat pain, was first reported late last week by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.
On Tuesday the CDC said 119 people had been infected, and warned that the number will likely rise. Fungal meningitis is very rare and, unlike viral and bacterial meningitis, is not contagious.
How has this happened and does it touch your life?
Who is affected?
The patients were injected in their spine with a preservative-free steroid called methylprednisolone acetate. Some time after their treatment, the patients began reporting that they were feeling the hallmark symptoms of meningitis -- headache, fever, stiff neck and a sensitivity to bright lights.
The potentially contaminated injections were given starting May 21, 2012, with Tennessee so far reporting the most number of overall cases -- 35 cases, including four deaths. Other states reporting deaths are Maryland, Michigan and Virginia. Updated case counts can be followed on this link to the CDC's site.
In addition to the states where deaths have occurred, other states with confirmed cases are Florida, Indiana, Minnesota, North Carolina and Ohio.
The CDC says as many as 13,000 people may have received medicine from the potentially contaminated injections.
What should you do if you think you were infected? | <urn:uuid:80fac70a-9a39-482d-8fa4-f98f28acd81c> | {
"date": "2013-05-20T22:15:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.979798436164856,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 311,
"url": "http://www.wxii12.com/news/health/Meningitis-outbreak-11-dead-119-infected/-/9677622/16902840/-/leqmswz/-/index.html"
} |
5 Common Health Problems Surprisingly Linked to Your Gut
As unglamorous as it may seem, gut health is a hot topic in the world of healthcare these days. An explosion of research in the last 10 to 15 years has revealed that the itty-bitty bacteria that make up our intestinal flora exert tremendous power over the entire body — for good or for ill. Increasingly, science is uncovering surprising connections between your microbiome and numerous chronic conditions we’d all like to avoid. Here are five common health problems with evidence-based links to intestinal health. (You might want to reach for that bottle of probiotics right about now.)
1. Heart Disease: The number one cause of death worldwide, heart disease earns its reputation as a scary health condition. Since heredity is a major factor in blood cholesterol and high blood pressure, many people feel there’s little they can do to prevent cardiovascular problems. Of course, diet and exercise play a major role in prevention, but it turns out the microbiome is another controllable variable in the fight against heart disease. Dozens of studies (including this recent one) have identified the benefits of good bacteria on the heart. These protective effects appear to have several root causes. Friendly gut flora help maintain healthy weight and regulate blood sugar, meaning that obesity and diabetes (two significant factors in the development of heart disease) are kept under better control. Secondly, since heart disease often correlates highly with inflammation, the anti-inflammatory effects of a healthy gut may be another mechanism at play.
2. Obesity: Historically, many of us have bought into the simplistic outlook that obesity comes down to calories in versus calories out. But the latest research indicates that the reasons people carry extra weight are usually much more complex than that equation, and once again the microbiome holds sway. Though the exact nature of the connection requires further study, researchers theorize that good gut bugs help regulate the hormones that control appetite, influence the expression of certain weight-related genes, and affect the speed of metabolism. In one study, when researchers analyzed the gut flora of people with and without obesity, those with obesity had “low bacterial richness.”
3. Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 diabetes joins heart disease and obesity as the third arm of the trifecta of known as “metabolic syndrome” — a comprehensive term for the interplay between these conditions. So it’s no surprise that type 2 diabetes has links to the health status of the gut too. As in heart disease, inflammation contributes to the onset and development of type 2 diabetes. Since a healthy microbiome protects against this irritation within cells, it can slow the progression of diabetes. A meta-analysis of clinical research concluded that probiotic supplementation may improve blood sugar control (a strong indicator of the severity of diabetes). Experts encourage that a high-fiber diet also fosters the growth of good bacteria that help lower blood sugar.
4. Alzheimer’s Disease: What if the key to preserving your memory were less in your head and more in your tummy? A 2017 study examined the microbiomes of patients with Alzheimer’s, comparing them to samples from patients without dementia. Those with Alzheimer’s had decreased diversity in their digestive tract: Specifically, their guts contained less Bifidobacteria, one of the primary bacterial strains in yogurt and most probiotics. The researchers concluded that the gut “may be a target for therapeutic intervention” in the treatment of Alzheimer’s.
5. Depression: You may have seen the term “gut-brain axis” in health headlines recently. While the terminology has overtones of a military alliance, it actually describes the communication back and forth between the central nervous system located in the brain and the enteric nervous system housed in the digestive tract. With this understanding of a “superhighway” between the brain and the gut, it only makes sense that the health and stability of one has major implications for the other. Studies have shown that supplementation with probiotics leads to fewer depressive behaviors in animals, and a recent human study revealed that drinking probiotic-enriched milk positively affected the emotional centers of the brain in humans. As research progresses, treatment of depression in the future may revolve as much around the belly as the brain. To get your fill of healthy gut bugs, eat plenty of fermented foods and take a regular probiotic — because in light of all the research, it looks like the ancient physician Hippocrates was on to something when he proclaimed, “All disease begins in the gut.”
How are you incorporating the link between your gut and disease prevention into your life? Tweet us at @BritandCo!
(Photos via Getty) | <urn:uuid:e51e1b0f-fd70-4e66-ad83-6515fb1dc628> | {
"date": "2018-08-16T12:40:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210735.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816113217-20180816133217-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9381230473518372,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 965,
"url": "https://www.brit.co/conditions-linked-to-gut-health/"
} |
Berkeley Lab and the Oakland Unified School District have received a $125,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to help launch a computer-based national science education initiative sponsored by the DOE and the National Science Foundation.
Secretary of Energy Federico Peña visited Oakland on Dec. 4 to announce the three-part National Science Education Strategy, which is designed to create effective Internet learning tools, provide on-line national scientific experts as teaching mentors, and provide teacher access to the latest innovations in science and technology.
Later in the day, he made his first appearance at Berkeley Lab and helped dedicate the new Genome Sciences Laboratory.
"It is our obligation as parents, teachers and elected officials to give our children the tools they will need to take us into the 21st Century," Peña said at a special program in the Oakland School District auditorium. "This means we must maintain the standard of excellence that has made our nation a world leader in science and technology. We need to get our children excited and motivated about science and math so they can compete in a world where technology is at the forefront of the global marketplace."
During the ceremony, Peña presented an oversized check for the instructional technology project to Berkeley Lab Director Charles Shank and Oakland's Associate Superintendent of Schools, Terry Mazany. He said the joint effort will pioneer similar teacher-laboratory partnerships throughout the country in developing new teaching tools and school access to the science resources of DOE laboratories.
The tutorials will be tied to high performance computing capabilities at Berkeley Lab and will build upon the success of already established models, such as "Microworlds" and the "virtual frog"--web-based discovery tools developed at Berkeley. A core group of Oakland teachers will work with Laboratory scientists under the direction of Rollie Otto of the Center for Science and Engineering Education (CSEE) and Stu Loken, director of the Information and Computing Sciences Division, to create materials targeted to grades 5 through 12.
These tools will then be linked to the DOE's science education web site, another of Peña's new initiatives. Called ESTEEM (Education in Science, Technology, Energy, Engineering and Math), the site will connect to classrooms and offer virtual experiments, science games and teacher support information.
"The Energy Department's national laboratories remain an untapped resource for providing students with access to the best science and technology in the world," said CSEE's Rollie Otto. "What is new today, that did not exist ten years ago, is the potential to tap the Labs' resources through the Internet. Berkeley Lab has been given a lead opportunity to demonstrate Internet mediated science teaching and learning in support of the higher graduation standards for science education adopted by the Oakland Unified School District."
The Secretary cited Oakland's eight-year track record of working with Berkeley Lab and other regional science facilities as part of BASTEC (Bay Area Science, Technology and Engineering Consortium) as a positive foundation upon which the new instructional technology program will grow.
The DOE will also partner with the National Science Teachers Association to recruit 1,000 mentors from a pool of scientists, engineers and technicians by the year 2000. These mentors will be available on-line to teachers across the country. The DOE will also work with the National Science Foundation to support especially needy schools through teacher training.
"To quote James Smithson [founder of the Smithsonian], `science is the basis of our civilization,'" Peña told his Oakland audience of administrators, students and members of the press. "As we prepare to enter a new millennium, it is our national obligation to give our students the tools in science and technology that they will need to advance that civilization."
Among those on hand for the announcement were Berkeley Lab Associate Director-at-Large Glenn Seaborg, former Laboratory Director Andrew Sessler, and Information and Computing Sciences Division Director Stu Loken.
Two Berkeley Lab employees were honored by the Secretary at the Oakland ceremony. Eileen Engel, BASTEC coordinator and now director of the Partnership for Environmental Technology Education, and Karin Levy, who coordinated various BASTEC activities through CSEE, were among the educators cited for their special efforts in the field.
Genome Sciences Laboratory dedicated
Later in the day, Peña gave the keynote address at the dedication of the new Genome Sciences Laboratory (Bldg. 84). The facility will be equipped and operational in early 1998.
"Here at this magnificent new building," he said to a crowd of more than 300, "science is creating the miracles that will become part of our everyday life. These marvels of modern science are made possible by the unique talents and capabilities found at the Department of Energy and its national laboratories.
"Everyone here should take great pride in the miracles that you are creating on a daily basis-- miracles that will cure diseases, make children healthier, and build a brighter future for everyone."
Citing examples like the recent Berkeley Lab development of a transgenic mouse to study sickle cell anemia, Peña said DOE laboratories are the ideal places at which to conduct genomic studies.
"We can bring together researchers who normally wouldn't work together--physicists and biologists--and create the environment that brings out their genius for innovation," he said. "And we offer unique scientific facilities that attract the finest scientific talent this nation has to offer. DOE's ability to combine teamwork and our unique facilities positions us for human genome work. And we really are on the edge of something new and exciting."
Mina Bissell, division director for Life Sciences, referred to the overcast, chilly conditions as "a magnificently sunny day for me, for the Laboratory, and for the Department of Energy."
Referring to Berkeley Lab's historical role in this country's biological sciences, Bissell said the building will be a research centerpiece in the Laboratory's contributions toward the international effort to determine how DNA works and defines who we are.
Martha Krebs, DOE's director of Energy Research, said the new building will position the Laboratory to play a prominent role in the "century of biology." A former assistant laboratory director here, Krebs played a major role in early planning efforts that moved the genome facility toward reality. She reminded everyone that the nation's genome program was actually created by the DOE nearly a dozen years ago.
"With its history and collaboration with the UC Berkeley campus, the Laboratory now has a special opportunity to bring its assets to bear in the genome effort as one of the jewels in the crown of the DOE."
The three-story, 44,000-square-foot Genome Sciences Laboratory took two years to construct. Space inside is being prepared for mapping and sequencing, biochemistry studies, data processing, cell and tissue culture preparation, plus equipment and instrumentation. It contains 37 offices, five biology labs and seven robotics labs. At full capacity, the building will house about 130 researchers.
After the end of the program, Peña toured the Advanced Light Source, the energy efficiency programs in lighting and windows, and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center.
Photo: Helping dedicate the new Genome Sciences Laboratory are, left to right, Martha Krebs, DOE's director of Energy Research, Lab Director Charles Shank, Energy Secretary Federico Peña, and Mina Bissell, director of the Life Sciences Division. Secretary Peña toured Berkeley Lab during his Dec. 4 visit to Oakland and Berkeley. (XBD9712-04968) Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt
Photo: Energy Secretary Federico Peña meets Oakland school children during his Oakland visit, in which he announced a major science education initiative. (XBD9712-04966) Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt
Scientists with the Materials Sciences Division have confirmed the existence of atom-sized electronic devices on nanotubes--hollow cylinders of pure carbon about 50,000 times narrower in diameter than a human hair. Nanotube devices have been predicted by theorists but this is the first demonstration that such devices actually exist.
Alex Zettl, an MSD physicist and professor of physics at UC Berkeley, led a study in which carbon nanotubes were shown to function as a two-terminal electronic device known as a diode.
"What we are seeing is the world's smallest room temperature rectifier, one that is only a handful of atoms in size," says Zettl. "When we grow nanotubes, electronic devices naturally form on them."
Past attempts to identify nanotube devices employed submicron-sized electrode contact pads that could only measure small isolated sections of the tube. Evidently, the experimenters were measuring the wrong sections. Zettl succeeded by measuring nanotubes along their entire length. He accomplished this through the use of the ultrafine tip of a scanning tunneling microscope.
The research was reported in a recent issue of the magazine Science. Co-authoring the paper with Zettl were Phil Collins of Zettl's research group, Hiroshi Bando from the Electrotechnical Laboratory in Japan, and Andreas Thess and Richard Smalley of Rice University.
Nanotubes are only a few nanometers (billionths of a meter) in diameter. When made exclusively from carbon molecules, they are chemically inert, about 100 times stronger than steel, and offer a full range of electrical and thermal conductivity possibilities.
Discovered by the Japanese electron microscopist Sumio Iijima, carbon nanotubes are created by heating ordinary carbon until it vaporizes, then allowing it to condense in a vacuum or an inert gas. The carbon condenses in a series of hexagons, like sheets of graphite, that curl and connect into hollow tubes.
Depending upon its diameter, a pure carbon nanotube can conduct an electrical current as if it were a metal, or it can act as a semiconductor, meaning it will only conduct a current beyond a critical voltage. According to a theory proposed by MSD physicists Marvin Cohen and Steven Louie, both also with UC Berkeley, an electronic device could be created at the interface between two dissimilar nanotubes, one that acts as a metal and one that acts as a semiconductor.
Under the scheme envisioned by Cohen and Louie, the two dissimilar tubes would be connected by the introduction of pentagon-heptagon pair defects (rings of five and seven carbon atoms) into the interface region. These defects would give rise to a "Schottky barrier," which means the current will only flow in one direction--from the semiconductor to the metal.
Zettl and Collins have been able to confirm that Schottky barriers do exist along carbon nanotubes. The key to their success was the scanning tunneling microscope, or STM. An STM features a metallic tip that is the world's smallest pyramid: a few layers of atoms descending in number down to a single atom at the point. The Berkeley researchers would bring the tip of an STM into contact with a tangle of nanotubes on a substrate and then slowly withdraw it. Van der Waals forces would induce a single nanotube to stick to the tip of the STM, and the researchers would carefully stretch it out from the other nanotubes on the substrate, much like unravelling a single fiber from a nest of thread. Once a single nanotube was extracted, the researchers would then slide the STM tip across its entire surface to measure variations in an electrical current passing through.
"We measured distinct changes in the conductivity as the active length of the nanotube was increased, suggesting that different segments of the nanotube exhibit different electronic properties," says Zettl. "The changes occurred over very short lengths and were suggestive of on-tube nanodevices."
Zettl does not expect nanotubes to replace silicon overnight in the electronics industry, but can see this as a possibility down the road. Silicon must be doped with other atoms to make an electronic device. As the size of a device shrinks, the dopant atoms eventually begin to move about, degrading the device's performance. Heat also becomes a problem despite silicon's good thermal conductivity. The use of diamond film, with its exceptionally high thermal conductivity, has been proposed to protect silicon-based devices, but this adds further complications to the manufacturing process. Size and heat are no issue for nanotubes because they are covalently bonded (which means their atoms are locked firmly into place) and are predicted to be even better thermal conductors than either silicon or diamond at room temperature.
"Silicon is eventually going to hit a brick wall where devices can't be made any smaller," Zettl says. "Nanotubes are already smaller and don't have a problem with heat. You could not ask for anything better in a material."
Rather than wiring individual devices in nanotubes for specific purposes, as is done with silicon chips, Zettl suggests a better approach might be to make a "tube cube," a block of nanotubes that would be densely packed with billions upon billions of devices. The tube could then be wired to form a random network of "nanocomputers." This random network would be able to train itself to perform tasks, reconfiguring its input/output architecture to improve its performance as it learns and develops. In other words, this random computer would not just get older, it would get better.
"The idea is not as far off as you might think," says Zettl, whose group has already constructed and wired up a tube cube of sorts. The cube cannot yet perform any useful function, but Zettl says it does yield some "interesting" responses to input signals.
"Nanotube technology might be exploited in a conventional manner, or we might have to go off in a completely different direction," says Zettl. "The technology simply has too much potential to not figure out how to use it."
Photo: Physicist Alex Zettl holds a model of a carbon nanotube created from the joining of two tubes of dissimilar diameter. Electronic devices form along the interface between the smaller and larger sections. (XBD9712-04962) Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt
On Monday, Dec. 8, U.S. Secretary of Energy Federico Peña, National Science Foundation Director Neal F. Lane, and CERN Council President Luciano Maiani signed a precedent-setting agreement between the United States government and CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics.
Over the next eight years the Department of Energy will invest $450 million and the National Science Foundation $81 million in constructing the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and two of its giant particle detectors near Geneva, Switzerland--the first time the US will contribute significantly to the construction of an accelerator outside this country. Japan, Canada, and Russia are among several other contributors who are not member nations of CERN.
When it begins operating in 2005, the LHC will be the world's most powerful proton-proton collider, achieving energies of 14 TeV (trillion electron volts) at the point where the two counter-rotating beams of protons meet head on.
"As Congress required, US involvement is concentrated in the interaction regions," says William Barletta, director of Berkeley Lab's Accelerator and Fusion Research Division (AFRD). "Brookhaven is building the dipole magnets, and along with Fermilab, AFRD is designing the quadrupole focusing magnets for one of the experiments."
AFRD will also provide the cryogenics for magnets built by Berkeley Lab and others.(Super-conducting magnets must be cooled to the temperature of liquid helium.) William Turner is the Lab's LHC project leader.
The polyamide-insulated, copper-jacketed, niobium-titanium superconducting cable to be used by all the magnets in the LHC ring was designed by AFRD and will be tested at Brookhaven. US and European firms will manufacture the final product.
"We're also building beam collimators and neutral dumps to keep particle debris from ruining the magnets," says Barletta. "Once the collimators are installed they can be used as a first-order monitor of beam luminosity, before the detectors are finished."
The principal quarry of all this energy and luminosity is the Higgs boson (or family of bosons), the carrier of the Higgs field, which is thought to impart mass to all particles with mass, including the predicted massive "sparticles" of supersymmetry theory. The Higgs boson is weakly interacting, and will be seen only rarely in the debris of millions of proton collisions.
The five-story high, 7,000 ton ATLAS experiment is designed primarily to find the Higgs. "We're working on the pixel detectors and the silicon strips," explains Physics Division director James Siegrist referring to the experiment's innermost components. "Murdock Gilchriese is the ATLAS group head for silicon systems," he says; "With collaborators from Japan and UC Santa Cruz, we led the development of this kind of detector for the Superconducting Super Collider. We're carrying over a lot of design ideas from the SSC and building on what we learned."
The silicon strips will be similar to those built for the CDF experiment at Fermilab, which was instrumental in snaring the top quark. "In ATLAS they'll get hit at a much higher rate, once every 25 nanoseconds," says Siegrist, "and there are more of them, adding up to some 60 square meters of silicon."
"Radiation will be an order of magnitude higher than it would have been even in the SSC," says Siegrist, "so we also have to make the detectors rad hard."
Close to the beam line, overlapping layers of tiny pixel elements will be used to reduce the area of individual units subject to radiation hits. The electronics will be "bump-bonded" with silicon to form chips incorporating 15,000 transistors each--about 900,000 transistors in all, feeding 250 million channels of data. "We have to get data out of each pixel. We have to get heat out. We have to get power in," says Siegrist. "A simple idea--but in practice, anything but simple."
About a fifth of the scientists working to build the experiments will be from the US, most of them from Fermilab, Brookhaven, and Berkeley Lab, as well as three other DOE laboratories and 60 universities. When the LHC achieves first light in 2005, the US will have supplied about 10 percent of the total cost of the accelerator and experiments--85% of this sum coming from the Department of Energy--although US researchers will make up 20 percent of those using the detectors. A quarter of the high-energy physics experimenters in the US plan to work at CERN.
Upon signing the precedent-setting CERN-USA pact, Energy Secretary Peña said, "I have no doubt that when the history of the next 50 years is written, the Large Hadron Collider and all of the science, new ideas, and technologies it spawns will be a major chapter."
Photo: The Lab's Physics Division is working on the pixel detector system, the innermost detector in the ATLAS experiment to be built for the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Kyoto Conference Could Boost DOE Budget In the wake of last week's international agreement at Kyoto to curb greenhouse gas emissions believed to be causing the Earth's temperature to rise, the Office of Management and Budget will likely boost by a significant margin the $85 million it provided DOE for FY99 efficiency and renewable research. This increase would be part of a five-year, $5 billion package of tax incentives and R&D money the Clinton administration is proposing to help cut U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The money would be in addition to the roughly $900 million DOE baseline budget OMB approved for efficiency and renewable programs next year in the so-called "passback" given to the department in late November. Details of the tax and R&D initiative are being worked out by an interagency review team and are expected to be unveiled at President Clinton's State of the Union speech next month or when the administration releases its FY99 budget request.
Technology roadmaps are not an attempt by DOE to institute a uniform strategy for the labs, Moniz says, but will be used to help the department better understand laboratory needs. The roadmaps would also help the labs to work more closely with the private sector. Echoing the conclusions of the Galvin report, Moniz says DOE and the labs need to take a "corporate approach" to research, which he defines as close cooperation on similar projects and the filing of a single combined report rather than separate reports from each participating lab. This approach, he maintains, will eventually lead to "flatter," more efficient laboratory management.
-- Lynn Yarris
Wiggins had worked at Berkeley Lab for more than 20 years, starting out as a rigger, and eventually moving on to become lead rigger and supervisor. He could be seen all over the Hill, moving everything from furniture and trailers to concrete blocks at the Bevatron, always with a smile.
Along with that cheerful disposition, it was Wiggins' generous spirit that his many friends and coworkers remembered most vividly. "Everyone knew Oliver was always there to help," said Richard Doty, a lab carpenter and a friend of Wiggins for more than 20 years. "He helped me a lot."
Wiggins generosity extended beyond his immediate family and friends, to those less fortunate. Through the years he reached out to many children in need, some in homeless shelters, and on the street, and helped them to find a better life. At his service on December 16 he was remembered as a mentor and an inspiration by the many young people he had aided.
"If there was a way that he could help anyone, he would," said coworker Rita McLean of Engineering. McLean also recalled Wiggins as a devoted family man, who still managed to visit his mother regularly each morning before work to share breakfast with her.
Friends also recalled his lifelong affection for New Orleans, where he had grown up and often returned to visit, his loyalty to the San Francisco 49s, and his love of roses, which he cultivated in his garden at home.
Wiggins is survived by his wife, Ruby, his mother, Rita Wiggins, three sisters, one brother, and numerous godchildren, nieces, nephews and friends. Services were held at the Acts Full Gospel Church of God in Christ, Oakland.
Photo: Oliver Wiggins
Hoffman, 70, is with the Nuclear Science Division and also a UCB professor. Her medal is for her contributions to actinide chemistry and the understanding of radioactive decay in heavy nuclei. Among her many accomplishments, Hoffman played a key role in confirming the existence of seaborgium, element 106, named for Hoffman's long-time collaborator Glenn Seaborg.
Said the President, "By giving these awards we honor the American passion for discovery that has driven our nation forward from field to factory, to the far reaches of cyberspace." The naming of Johnston and Hoffman to receive the National Medal of Science was first reported on the front page of the May 2, 1997 issue of Currents.
"Combining the two programs is intended to encourage members to work with each other more closely," says Levine.
Nancy Brown, currently head of the Environmental Research Program, will have matrix management authority over all of the EET Division's work on atmospheric processes and research involving supercomputers. She will be the head of an as-yet unnamed program encompassing these areas.
The second phase of the reorganization in early 1998 will address the Division's three energy efficiency and buildings-related programs: Building Technologies, Energy Analysis and Indoor Environment.
When you're trying to achieve good image resolution at one angstrom--which is roughly the distance between atoms--getting rid of jiggles becomes a major undertaking.
John Turner of the National Center for Electron Microscopy describes the environment of the new One Ångstrom Microscope (OÅM) and its neighbors as "the most extensively designed anywhere." The OÅM, based on a CM300 Field-Effect-Gun microscope built by Philips Electronic Instruments, is closeted inside an isolated environment planned from the ground up.
Before construction could begin, Turner needed to find out what vibrations the OÅM would undergo when no machinery was running, no trucks were driving by, and no people were walking the halls. "There are built-in mechanisms to damp high-frequency vibration," he explains, "but they don't help at very low frequencies that resonate with the two-meter length of the microscope itself"--vibrations, that is, which can cause the microscope column to resonate as an inaudibly low-pitched organ pipe might do.
Turner visited the site on Christmas Day, 1995, and what he saw astonished him. By his standards, the vibration was extreme, especially in the crucial wavelengths of one to five hertz. The readout of a seismic station a quarter of a mile away confirmed his observations; he called the UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory and found that he was observing evidence of a storm track--the crashing of breakers against Pacific beaches dozens of miles away.
In order to damp the "micro-seisms" caused by storm winds and distant surf, and building-borne vibrations too, the OÅM and its neighbors--a CM200 also built by Philips, and the custom-built Spin-Polarized Low Energy Electron Microscope--rest on massive reinforced concrete slabs which in turn rest on undisturbed earth. The slabs are a meter thick and more than three by four meters wide; each weighs 34 tons. To prevent any contact of the slabs with the surrounding foundation and to aid in damping vibration, the spaces between them are filled with neoprene, the same material used in wet suits.
On these solid foundations are built rooms that minimize not only mechanical vibration but acoustic noise--the walls are sound-proofed, and pumps and other machinery are in a separate sound-proofed room. Stray electromagnetic fields are minimized, too--the main transformer is 20 meters away, outside the building, and the wiring runs through the second floor ceiling and down to the microscope equipment rooms. As to variations in temperature, "The temperature in here changes at most 0.15deg. C," says Turner. "We're aiming to get that down to 0.1deg.C."
For the success of the isolated-environment project, Turner credits Charles Allen of the Lab's Facilities Department and Project Manager Greg Raymond, who sadly died of an unexpected illness during construction.
Not long after the OÅM was installed, researchers confirmed the hoped-for one-angstrom information limit with a test specimen of microscopic particles of gold on a thin layer of amorphous tungsten. That goal could not have been achieved without an almost ideally vibration-free, noise-free environment.
Photo: Concrete vibration mounts for electron microscopes.
Terry Powell, the Lab's new community relations coordinator, was hardly even settled into her new office when she had to tackle issues such as the DARHT project, the proposed NRC pilot program, and the tritium controversy. Nothing like starting your job with a big bang.
"My greatest challenge is to figure out the acronyms," laughed Powell, and admitted, "It was pretty overwhelming."
Maybe so, but you would never have guessed by watching her mingle with Lab staff and community representatives as if she had worked here her entire life. In fact, less than three weeks into her job Powell is already fluent in terms such as "Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test facility," and can confidently go out in the community and discuss the project's implications.
The fine art of communication, which lies at the heart of her position, is Powell's forte--something she has fine-tuned over her long career in the fields of marketing communication, public relations and community affairs. From her early beginnings as a copy editor to developing marketing strategies for large corporations, Powell has learned how to effectively balance the needs of various institutions with those of the communities in which they operate--all this while adapting to changing technologies.
"We have an information overload right now," Powell said. "We have different techniques to communicate--television, the web, a good book, a good visual display. We compete for people's attention. And I really believe we are moving more toward visual imagery than we are toward the written word."
Powell's main task will be to develop a roadmap for the way in which the Lab interacts with the world beyond its gates. Although new to the job, Powell feels her work is in many ways similar to the one she performed in her previous positions for organizations such as the San Francisco International Airport, East Bay MUD, Kaiser Engineers, or her own marketing consulting firm.
"The common thread," she said, "has to do with establishing a dialogue with stakeholders on issues of regional concern. What is different here is that the Lab faces more complex issues, such as outside regulators and a heightened level of community activism."
The key ingredient to successfully managing community relations, Powell says, is a strong personal belief in the value of the work conducted by the organization she represents--whether that has to do with improving public transit, developing fuel efficient technologies, or the advancement of science. "In every field I've ever worked in, the most interesting thing to me has been watching fine minds at work," she said.
Powell realizes that conveying that passion for science to the outside community will not always be easy. But by developing realistic goals, she says, the Lab has a great opportunity to expand its outreach capabilities. And as a native of Berkeley, Powell feels she has a good understanding of the surrounding community.
"Berkeley is a very receptive place," she said. "For all its quirkiness, Berkeley has a very high quotient of receptivity towards new discoveries, toward trying something that's different. Our scientists are performing valuable fundamental research of national significance. I think we have an obligation to encourage the community to know as much as possible about it.
"I don't want to suggest that locally active citizens are going to change their views overnight and become ardent supporters of the Lab," Powell added. "Maybe the best we can get to is respectful disagreement, appreciation for different perspectives, and a willingness to continue working on issues together."
Powell may have a lot on her plate, but that's exactly how she likes it. And she still finds plenty of spare time for her many personal interests, such as playing the piano, swimming, and going to the opera and the symphony. But bringing people together is something that comes natural to her. Besides, Powell says, every person at the Lab plays a small role in making her job a little easier.
"If I can contribute to making the Lab more recognized in the community, I'll be thrilled," she said. "But it's the Lab itself that's doing it, and the momentum is generated by its leadership and by the people who work here: the people at Currents, people speaking at meetings, Helen who runs the store at the cafeteria, the computer help desk people. It's all of us."
Photo: Terry Powell (XBD9712-04963-01.tif)
While many people are scrambling these days to capture the spirit of the season, three Computing Sciences employees got a head start last month by volunteering their time to truly make a difference.
Julie Rodriguez Jones, Jane Toby and Mikeala Star traveled to Mexico over a weekend in early November to help build a complete house in one day through a non-profit organization called "Corazon." Starting at 4 a.m., they followed well-tested plans to build a 12x20 square foot house made mostly of cardboard and tin for a young family in a Tijuana neighborhood. The design makes maximum use of the small space by including a loft for sleeping.
"We effectively trebled the living space from their 10-by-10 shack," Jones said. "While the house is simple, with no electricity, it does provide a solid, safe and dry living space with a roof, linoleum floor, tiled kitchen counter, stove, vent, storage shelf, windows with glass, and a door that locks."
Although the house would not pass U.S. building codes, in the poor neighborhoods of Tijuana it is a tremendous improvement. Jones said the 60-member team arrived at the site by starting out in a poor area. "First the paved road stopped, then the homes deteriorated and then even the land became barren," Jones said. "Our neighborhood lacked sanitation, and only some of the homes had electricity. Many of the roads had deep ruts."
To get the job done, the building crew brought their own building materials, tools and skills. The entire neighborhood shared the group's enthusiasm.
"The father of the family moving into the house worked with us all day long--and he never stopped smiling," Toby said. "I loved the community spirit. There were kids and dogs running around and everybody helped."
By adhering strictly to a set design, the group was able to build a foundation, assemble and raise walls, raise a roof, build the interior and paint the interior structure by nightfall. They also had time to build an outhouse.
Star said she began the day by digging holes for the foundation. As the day progressed, she realized that the entire project was really about building a foundation for a stronger community and international cooperation. "I really felt that hearts and hands were coming together that day," she said. She was really touched by a boy who lent a hand.
"A little boy about seven years old asked me in Spanish if he could help me paint a piece of plywood that would become a wall. When I didn't understand, he picked up a paint brush," Star recalled. "I dipped the brush in the paint, gave it to him and stepped back and watched as he very happily painted up and down, across and sideways, and when his brush had no more paint, his big beautiful brown eyes found mine and asked silently for more paint."
The soil, though soft for digging, made for rough going as the 25-person teams carried sections of the house up the steep slopes. Working on the project reminded Toby of her childhood, when her father built the house she grew up in.
"I spent a lot of time hammering the roof together," she said. "When it went into place, it was a great feeling."
Jones, who speaks Spanish, acted as the group's liaison with the family. The father, Samuel, and his wife of four years, Precila, have two children-- Samuelito, 2, and Ana Beatrice, 11 months. Samuel walks to his job six days a week in a taco stand, earning about $63 a week. The family's need, as well as Samuel's participation in other neighborhood improvement efforts, led to their being chosen to receive a new home.
As the house was being built, many of the neighbors were helping another Corazon group raise four buildings at their local schools. For Jones, the entire experience was summed up as she spoke with a woman at the school. The woman asked who the volunteers were and where they were from. Jones started to answer by saying, "Pero todos somos" and the woman finished it with "hermanos." (But we are all brothers and sisters.)
Jones said she joined the program at her church, the First Congregational Church of Berkeley. When she put out the word to her staff on the Computing Sciences Acquisition Team, Star and Toby also signed up. Star said her religious convictions and a personal promise to give something back to the community motivated her to go. Toby, who used to live in San Diego and often saw the poverty of Tijuana first hand, said she thought it would be both fun and rewarding.
"This was different than giving to other charities," Toby said. "With this, you feel like you really contributed something. You could see what you've done and the people who directly benefited."
For more information, visit the Corazon website (http://www.corazon.inc.org/corazon).
Photo: Twenty-five people are raising the roof to complete a new house built in one day in a poor neighborhood of Tijuana (above). Three Lab employees--Mikeala Star, Jane Toby and Julie Rodriguez Jones (right)--traveled to Mexico over a weekend to help with the project.
The event will be held in 120 Latimer Hall on the UC Berkeley campus. For more information, contact Vittal Yachandra or Roehl Cinco at X4330 or by e-mail (vkyachandra@lbl. gov or rmcinco@ uclink.berkeley.edu).
The mission of the program is to convert the work of former Soviet scientists and engineers from weapons research (nuclear, biological, and chemical) to commercial projects. At least 50 percent of DOE funding is directed to NIS institutes via subcontracts. Projects are required to be of commercial value to US industry. A letter of interest from a US company is needed for Thrust I project proposals, while a CRADA agreement will be negotiated for a Thrust II project. For more information and instruction for submitting proposals, contact Andre Anders, LBNL ILAB representative, at X6745, [email protected].
Lab employees who work during the holidays are encouraged to help save energy during this period by:
Headlines is intended to be a brief, easy to read electronic bulletin that is news oriented and covers items that are not publicized through other means, such as Currents. Some of the criteria we use to determine the suitability of an item for Headlines include:
The Berkeley Lab Calendar is published biweekly here on the World Wide Web and in Currents by the Public Information Department. Employees can list a meeting, class, or event in the Calendar by using this submission form. The deadline for submissions is 5 p.m. on Monday in the week that Currents is published.
In addition to the events listed below, Berkeley Lab's Washington, D.C. Projects office is hosting a Science and Technology Seminars series.Scientific Conferences
African American Employees Association
General meeting, noon, Bldg. 90-1099
Noon to 1 p.m., Bldg. 90-4133
Berkeley TRIP commute store, noon to 12:45 p.m., cafeteria parking lot. Employees may purchase AC Transit, BART, and other commute tickets.
Environmental Energy Technologies Division
"Excerpts from the President's Conference on Global Climate Change," Part Two, will be presented in video format at noon in Bldg. 90-3148.
Arun K. Aggarwal, Engineering
Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, EET
Vincent E. Beckner, NERSC
Thomas R. Bennett, Facilities
John K. Bielicki, Life Sciences
Eric Beuville, Engineering
Linda L. Brown, Administration
Shelley A. Caras, Facilities
Derek D. Clark, Computing
Karen Connolly, Life Sciences
Jeffrey L. Creech, Earth Sciences
James D. Comins, Engineering,
Akhil Dattagupta, Earth Sciences
Cheryl A. Davis, Life Sciences
Carl D. Eben, Computing Sciences
Ewa A. Elkins, Administration
Michelle M. Flynn, EH&S
Geronimo F. Fontanilla, Facilities
William R. Frazer, Physics
David E. Gilbert, Life Sciences
Joe W. Gray, Life Sciences
Howard L. Hansen, EH&S
Teresa Lyn Head-Gordon, Life Sciences
Ho S. Cho, Structural Biology
Susan R. Jahansooz, EH&S
Corina S. Jump, EET
Rena Kaminsky, Earth Sciences
Seung-Hyuk Kang, Materials Sciences
Gizella M. Kapus, Administration
Christopher Krenn, Materials Sciences
Anne B. Kumaranayagam, EH&S
Michael A. Jaklevic, Life Sciences
Judith Jennings, EET
I-Yang Lee, Nuclear Science
Chaoyang Li, AFRD
Nathan C. Martin , EET
James D. Miller, Computing Sciences
Paul A. Milligan, Earth Sciences
Justin L. Mortara, Nuclear Science
Susan J. Muller, Materials Sciences
Christopher Olsen, Engineering
Kenneth Osborne, Engineering
Maria G. Pallavicini, Life Sciences
Bavanethan Pillay, EET
Daniel Pinkel, Life Sciences
Phillip N. Price, EET
John O. Rasmussen, Nuclear Science
Charles A. Rendleman, Jr., NERSC
Elpidio M Reyes, Operations
Chadwick D. Sofield, Chemical Sciences
Stephen C. Su, Chemical Sciences
Andrea B. Thompson, Administration
Henry F. Vanbrocklin, Life Sciences
John K. Washbourne, Earth Sciences
Paul K. Wright, Computing Sciences
Lawrence Wolfsen, Facilities
Linda D. Wuy, Administration
Fu Quiang Yang, EET
Dayna L. Barrett, Administration
Edward A. Berry, Structural Biology
Frederic Y. Bois, EET
Michael A. Casillas, Facilities
John R. Christman, Computing Sciences
Thomas M. Daley, Earth Sciences
Donald J. DePaolo, Earth Sciences
Fiona M. Doyle, Earth Sciences
Patrick Dupont, Facilities
Rosalyn M. Farmer, Administration
Heinz L. Fraenkel-Conrat, Life Sciences
Sueann L. Gang, CFO
Jonathan R. Gibson, Facilities
Heinz Heinemann, Materials Sciences
Jesse Hill, Facilities
Wesley H. Hunt, Human Resources
Gilbert Ibarra, Facilities
William J. Jagust, Life Sciences
Eleuterio Jimenez, Facilities
Judith Kody, EH&S
Earle K. Moeller, Facilities
Robert S. Mueller, Engineering
Rebecca L. Nitzan, Computing Sciences
Jacqueline Noble, Administration
Richard B. Norgaard, EET
Arthur L. Robinson, AFRD
Patricia L. Ross, Administration
Jonathan L. Slack, EET
Ross D. Schlueter, Engineering
Robert Smits, Physics
Jonathan D. Spear, EET
Dun Rose Sun, Engineering
Norma L. Sykes, Facilities
Nancy J. Tallarico, Computing Sciences
Leroy Thomas, Facilities
Ellen K. Wei, Computing Sciences
Alex K. Zettl, Materials Sciences
Mary M. Padilla, Administration
Frederick Burkard, Life Sciences
Michael J. Chin, Engineering
Mark W. Coleman, Engineering
Priscilla Cooper, Life Sciences
Michael R. Dickinson, Engineering
Steven L. Ferreira, Engineering
Phyllis M. Gale, Administration
Adrian Gronsky, Materials Sciences
Charles R. Hannaford, Engineering
Tommie Hill, Facilities
John E. Hutchings, Facilities
Douglas S. Garfield, Engineering
Gary M. Jung, Computing Sciences
Steven G. Louie, Materials Sciences
Mario M. Moronne, Life Sciences
Huntly F. Morrison, Earth Sciences
Grazyna Odyniec, Nuclear Science
Harry Reed, Directorate
Richard E. Russo, EET
David Schild, Life Sciences
Gail E. Schiller Brager, EET,
Ian G. Shepherd, EET
Sylvia J. Spengler, Life Sciences
Nicholas F. Thomsic, Facilities
William S. Tiffany, Engineering
Anthony I. Warwick, AFRD
Howard H. Wieman, Nuclear Science
John D. Wolf, Nuclear Science
Kin M. Yu , Materials Sciences
Steven R. Abbott, Engineering
Anthony E. Atases, Engineering
William H. Benner, Engineering
Sally M. Benson, Directorate
James J. Bettencourt, CFO
Paul A. Bish, Engineering
Milton J. Bricker, Jr., Facilities
Shlomo Caspi, Engineering
Richard L. Doty, Facilities
Kenneth H. Downing, Life Sciences
Carol L. Eaton, Administration
James W. Evans, EET
Marguerite Fernandes, CFO
Kenneth Frankel, Engineering
Jesse Fuller, Facilities
Ralph Greif, EET
Keith J. Groves, Computing Sciences
William R. Hubert, Computing Sciences
Bing K. Jap, Life Sciences
Jimmie K. Johnson, Engineering
Allan M. Konrad, Computing Sciences
Matthias J. Kotowski, EH&S
Henrietta Lee, EH&S
Mark D. Levine, Directorate
Yea S. Liu, EH&S
Frederick Mecum, Facilities
Alan K. Meier, EET
Robert A. Miller, Computing Sciences
Robert H. Minor, Engineering
Douglas J. Morton, Engineering
Maureen A. Noon, EH&S
Douglas L. Olson, Nuclear Science
Samuel Pitluck, Engineering
Karsten Pruess, Earth Sciences
Antonia Reaves, Facilities
James G. Rice, Jr.,, Engineering
Arthur L. Ritchie, Engineering
Gavin M. Robillard, CFO
David G. Ruiz, Engineering
Eloy Salinas, Jr., Engineering
Richard D. Scudero, Facilities
Steve Selvin, Computing Sciences
Linda E. Sindelar, Engineering
Brian V. Smith, EET
Timothy J. Symons, Nuclear Science
Michael C. Vella, AFRD
Chinh Q. Vu, Engineering
Jerry L. Young, Facilities
Joseph C Walling, Facilities
Yu-Keun Wong, Engineering
Adele C. Ahanotu, Human Resources
Charles R. Brimmer, Engineering
Richard H. Fish, EET
James E. Galvin, Engineering
John A. Jacobsen, Materials Sciences
William E. Johnston, Computing Sciences
Mack S. Morgan, Facilities
Martha M. Morimoto, Computing Sciences
Alexander Pines, Materials Sciences
Jos Polman, Computing Sciences
Leon J. Schipper, EET
Alexis T. Bell, Materials Sciences
Gloria Dalton, Human Resources
William G. Donald, Jr., EH&S
Forrest S. Goss, Engineering
James A. Haleth, Computing Sciences
Marcelo J. Lippmann, Earth Sciences
Robert J. Benjegerdes, Engineering
Klaus H. Berkner, Directorate
Roger Kloepping, EH&S
William F. Kolbe, Engineering
Frederick MacDonell, Engineering
Morris Pripstein, Physics
Joseph E. Katz, Materials Sciences
Carl Quong, Computing Sciences
'75 DATSUN 280Z 2+2, gold, 4-spd, a/c, rear shade, Blaupunkt AM/FM cass., gd cond., 125K mi., $1500/b.o. John, X7935, 825-9592
'80 CHEVROLET Chevette, 3-dr hatchbk, 100K mi., reliable, gd tires, as is, $750/b.o. Rose, X7991, 236-6815 (eve.)
'84 FORD Bronco, 4x4, 302ci (under warranty), clean, exc cond., recent tires, brakes, flowmasters, precision tune, $5500/b.o., Wayne, X7685 or 837-2409
'84 TOYOTA Tercel, sta. wgn, 4X4, 2 new tires, a/t, AM/FM cass., high mi., needs some work, has run great for last 2 yr., $400/b.o. Feng, X6629, 558-1868
'85 FORD truck, extended cab, 8 ft. bed, tool box, tlr. hitch, $4200/b.o. 735-0898 (after 6 p.m.)
'85 GMC Suburban, 3/4-ton, low mi., 454ci engine, towing pkg, dual air, great cond., best offer. 376-2211
'85 LINCOLN town car, 95K, 5.0 liter (302) V-8 engine, stereo cassette sound system, heavy duty trailer towing pkg, leather upholstery, brakes, rear suspension, frt suspension & steering overhauled at 85K mi., $3495/b.o. Warren Chup, x4742, 652-4190
'86 MAZDA RX-7 GL, 5-spd, a/c, AM/FM cass., leather, sunroof, 110K mi., $4K/offer. X6669
'87 NISSAN Sentra XE, a/t, a/c, new tires, newly replaced CV joint boots, just changed engine & transmission oil, tuned up, 85K mi., exc. cond., $2900. 845-5154
'87 OLDS 98 Regency Brougham, 3.8L V6, 118K mi., a/t, a/c, p/s, all elec., leather seats, very gd cond., $4300/b.o. Andreas, X6991, 644-3213
'87 OLDS 98 Regency Brougham, 118K mi., a/t, a/c, p/s, all elec., leather, exc. cond., tires&brakes recent, $3000, b.o., Joachim, X5083, 883-9521
'89 CHEVY Cavalier, 4-dr, a/t, p/s, p/b, 2.0L, 101K mi., gd cond., $2200/b.o. Mahesh, X5220, 793-8672
'89 FORD Escort wgn, 5-spd, 95K mi., exc. cond., very reliable, new tires & brakes, $2950/b.o. Vladimir, X4633, 524-3143
'89 HONDA Civic LX, 4-dr, manual trans., 93K mi., runs great, $3500. Morten, 642-6371
'89 FORD Escort wagon, 5-spd, 95K mi., exc. cond., very reliable, new tires, brakes, $2900/b.o. Vladimir, X4633, 524-3143
'90 TOYOTA Corolla DX sedan, red, 94K mi., new timing belt, exc. cond., very clean, gd tires, must sell, $4900, b.o. Phil, X7538
'92 HONDA Accord DX, 4-dr, a/c, a/t, AM/FM cass., 63K mi., gd cond., $8850. X4061, 528-7747
'93 TOYOTA DLX X-Cab truck, 4x4, 38K mi., a/c, exc. cond., new Michelin M/S tires, all records, $15K. 233-3862
'94 FORD Escort wgn LX, 25K mi., exc. cond., $8K/b.o. X5039, X7929, 526-7844
'94 TOYOTA Tercel, 56K mi., $4800. Aline, X7140, 843-6128
MOTORCYCLE, '82 HONDA CB450T Hawk, 16K mi., gd cond., not used for 1 yr., $600. Richard, 642-2148, Arti 547-1564
MOTORCYCLE, `86 Kawasaki KX80, ported, new fenders, well maintained, low hrs., w/leather riding pants, pads & helmet, $650/b.o., Wayne, X7685 or 837-2409
MOTORHOME,'95 Minnie Winnie Winnebago, 21 ft., 11K mi., 3 yr. extended warranty, loaded, exc. cond., $37K/b.o. X5918, 783-1943
SHOP MANUAL, '85 Toyota Camry, best offer; wheel, 185/70R13 w/Michelin MXL tire & never-used easy install chains, best offer. Mark, X6581
TENT TRAILER, '82, propane stove, ice box, sink, water tank, slps 6, $500. 735-0898 (after 6 p.m.)
NECKTIES, donated for school project, the uglier the better. Mail to Vickie Saling MS 88-163, X7826
TUTOR, French, needed for 10 yr old girl or French family with children interested in organizing common activities. No. Berkeley/El Cerrito area. Rosalia 237-4013.
BED FRAME, queen sz., heavy brass, modern style & heavy brass coffee table, oblong shape, 4' long, 3' wide, 1' high, modern style, photos avail., willing to meet halfway, possibly deliver, $300/b.o. Margo, X6280, (415) 871-4450
BICYCLE, Raleigh, 23 in. frame, runs, $40 b.o. + 20 in. tire girls bike, Bob, X4094, 843-1868 aft. Dec.
BOAT, '82 Searay cruiser, 22.5 ft., SRV225, 260 Merc outdrive, slps 4, head, galley, lots of teak, 310 hr., delta canvas, very gd cond., incl. Trailrite tandem axle trailer, best offer. 376-2211
CAMERA, Minolta Maxuum 3000i w/Minolta AF 70-210mm zoom lens, $200. Harvard, X5742, 526-5347
CHEST OF DRAWERS w/lg. side compartment, solid wood, $300; Princess House collection, many glass styles & serving pieces, 50% off retail; fish tank & stand, 55 gal., fresh or saltwater complete set up, $50; elec. drafting table w/Vemco V-Track, $40. Jason, X5873
COFFEE TABLE, 68x21, matching end table w/storage, 27x27, light inlaid wood, $150 for pair
COLOR TV, Zenith, 25", $80, Stan, 758-8017
COLOR TV, Emerson, 25", like new $120; queen sz. box spring, like new, $40; baby bouncer, $15. Anushka, 486-8153 (h)
COLOR TV, Magnavox, 20", '94, incl. TV table, $185. 938-7584
COMPUTER PARTS, Pentium-66 PCI MB w/CPU, Orchid Kelvin 64 PCI video card, 500 MB Conner HD, ProAudio Spectrum 16 sound card, sold sep. or pkg deal. 845-9154
DRUM SET, Fibes, 4 pc., maple, new cond., 20" kick, w/13"&15" toms+hdware & snare, $1400/b.o, + cymbals, Zildgen & Sabien, Don, X7972
EXERCISE MACHINE, Cardiofit, hardly used, $100 or trade. 313-9037
FLUTES (2), Waldorf, pentatonic, exc. cond., $30 ea. or both for $50. Carol, X6866
FURNITURE, single adj. bed, elec. control, w/linen, $300/b.o.; 2 recliners, $100 ea./b.o.; bookcases, various tables, dressers & lamps. Julie, X4583, 232-6919
FUTONS, (2), full size, wooden frame, $60 ea., 2 metal frame futon/sofa, $100 ea., misc. incl. comforters & beddings, all less than 2 mo. old. Shui Bin, X6849, Jiang, X4516
GUITARS, for sale or trade. David, X7326
GUITAR, bass & amp, Gibson Epiphone precision, white lacquer, like new, w/Gallien krueger 200 MB bass amp., 100 watt, exc. cond., w/cords, covers, gig bag, $625/b.o., Wayne, X7685, 837-2409
GUITAR, elec., 3/4 sz., solid-body, 2 yr. old, used for 6 mo., perfect for beginner age 9-14, incl. sm. practice amp (Crate) in exc. cond. & soft guitar case, $150/b.o. Peter, X4157, 525-3290
HOLIDAY CHEESECAKES, 4 types (plain, fruit swirl, chocolate chip, mint chocolate), sm. (2.75" round, $1.75, 4 for $7), med. (5.75" round, $6) & lg. (9" round, $12), adv. order. Nance, 524-1259
HOLIDAY WREATHS, Noble fir, benefits Boy Scouts, $18 ea. Dennis, X7853, 526-7388
JOGGING STROLLER, single, $40; trampoline for ages 1-4 yr., $30; car seat, $25; 2 tricycles, $7 ea. Carolyn, X7827
KID'S SKIS, w/bindings, 120c, $15, 150c, $45, w/o bindings, 140c, $15; boots, sizes 3-1/2, 4 & 5, $5 & $10; boy's bike, 24", $25. Ivana, 524-8308
LASER PRINTER, HP Laserjet IIP, w/new scanner motor, 4 megs of memory, & PacificPage postscript interface module for use with Macs, if desired, $175 +14.4 external zoom modem, w/documentation, $20, 848-1353.
MATTRESS, queen size "Beautyrest", very firm, exc. cond. $120/b.o. Bill X7493, 558-8617
MODULAR HOUSE, wood, currently in storage, 3-bdrm, 900 sq. ft., Douglas fir, easy to assemble, meets Cal. codes, flooring, wiring & plumbing not incl., $10K/b.o. Stan, 758-8017
MOUNTAIN BIKE, 820 Treck 21", exc. cond., still under guarantee, paid $300, will sell for $200; full bed, w/mattress, gd cond., $70. Sophie, 558-9174
OSCILLOSCOPE, Tektronix type 561, CRT, type 67 Time-Base, type 63 differential amp., best offer. X6581
PIANO, Upright, early `20s, exc cond., great sound $750; Guitar, acoustic, Goya, early `60s hard case, needs work, $150; Miracle Piano teaching system, IBM PC, MIDI Keyboard, cables, manual & disk, $100 or $800 for all, Nick Armstrong, 938-7969
PISCES massage table in exc. cond. Custom made for masseur/masseuse who is 5 ft. tall, table folds & is portable, wood w/vinyl covered padded top, does not have a headrest $150\b.o.,482-1563 eve. 786-8530 weekdays.
REVEREWARE, 9" (23 cm) open skillet, copper bottom, new, never used, $20. 843-2097
SPANISH SHAWLS, hand-made, silk embroidery, colorful. Elyse, 814-8681
SOFA BED, 7', $90
TABLE SAW, Sears, 10", flat table, modified arbor adjust, $150. John, X5523
TODDLER BED, Little Tikes cozy cottage bed, $75. Don, X4558
TOY, kids ride-on Kettler Kettcar, lg. sz., pedaled car w/switchable gear box & independent steering, $100; 2 - Slantfin radiant floor heaters, paid $85 will sell for $70 ea.; newer gas range (barely used), paid $500 will sell for $300. Sasha, X6560
TOY JEEP, Power Wheels, child's, elec. powered, for 1 or 2 passengers, gd cond., needs a replacement battery, cost $300 new, will sell for $100. Steve, X4304, 631-0719
ALBANY, partly furn. 2-bdrm, 2-bth condo, bayview, swimming pool, tennis, 24 hr. sec., garage parking, bus/BART to LBNL/UCB, nr shopping ctr, no pets, non-smoker, lease, avail. 1/1, $1100/mo.Rai, 524-7941 (eve.)
BERKELEY, short-term sublet avail., furn. studio apt., $680/mo. phone + util. incl. + refundable deposit. Top-floor of 1920s bldg. view, hardwood flrs, laun. fac., on street parking, linens, dishes etc. avail. 1/24 `till 3/23 negotiable, Sarah X7283, [email protected]
BERKELEY, large furn. bdrm, w/private study & half bath, in elegant Elmwood11 rm, 2.5 bath house, w/three other nonsmoking professionals,10 min. walk to campus, avail. 1/6 for up to 7 months, $715/mo, plus deposits, shared expenses. Refs. required, Tony, 841-4480
BERKELEY, male non-smoker to share large 2-bdrm apt., 2 blks from LBNL, shuttle, close to BART, buses, shopping, coin laundry, quiet neighborhood, no pets, $530/mo. Christopher, X6629, [email protected]
BERKELEY, hills, 5-minute drive to LBL, charming sm house suitable for 1 or 2 adults, no children, pets, or smokers, fully furnished avail. 3/1 to 3/31, $1350, 525-1652
BERKELEY HILLS home, furnished rm. w/view, 7 week sublet,1/9 to 2/28, $675, negotiable, w/frt & back garden, decks, bay views, nr Tilden & #8 bus line, washer/dryer, gas stove, & 2 female UC grads for company, rm has deck access, bay view, separate phone line, own bathroom, 848-1353
BERKELEY, Hillegass nr Parker, 2-bdrm apt, avail. Jan. or Feb., part. furn., pool, $1460/mo. 201-4786
BERKELEY, Elmwood, studio sublet 12/11 - 1/18, furn. w/kitchen & washer/dryer, $146/wk + elec. & phone, deposit. Steven, X6966, 204-9494
BERKELEY, Durant/Telegraph, 1 blk from UCB, furn. 1-bdrm apt, short term sublet, Dec. 17-end of Jan., $650/mo. incl. elec. & gas. Paolo, X4739
KENSINGTON, home to share, fireplace, appliances, laundry, comes w/res blk lab, safe area w/village & bus nrby, walking or biking, w/views of GG Bridge & Mt. Tam., `50s architecture, $500 + 1/3 utilities, water, gardening & trash fees, avail. mid-Jan., Young-in Chi 528-3575
NO. BERKELEY, rm. for rent in home, $400/mo., w/kitchen privileges, non-smoker, Jan 845-9055.
NO. BERKELEY, nr. Shattuck & Hearst, share furnished 2-bdrm apt, nr. LBNL shuttle, shopping & BART, avail. on monthly basis starting Jan., Ideal for visiting scientist/postdocs, no smoking, $500/mo. + util., Ron, X4932
NO. BERKELEY, rms avail. in 4-bdrm, 2-bth Craftsman house, hardwd flrs, w/d, yd, sun-porch, lots of living space, non-smoking, quiet, academic & professional, $450/mo. + util., last mo. + $200 dep. Laura or Dan, 848-0827 (eve.)
NO. BERKELEY, furn. garden cottage, pvt. entrance, TV & phone line, 1 person only, avail. for 2 wks to 2 mo. X2902
NO. BERKELEY, share furn. 2-bdrm apt, nr BART & shopping, share bath & kitchen, one person only, must enjoy music & fitness, avail. Jan., $600/mo., util. incl. Harold, 528-8135
NO. BERKELEY HILLS, avail. Jan. 15 to June 1, furn. room w/pvt. deck overlooking Wildcat Cyn., almost pvt bath, nr bus line, 1 person, nonsmoker, $500/mo. + util. Alexander, X5946, Karen, 235-9233
OAKLAND, Lake Merritt, lg. studio w/parking, $540/mo. + elec. & phone. Jin, X7531, 452-1264
OAKLAND, 2-bdrm, 1-bth home, new kitchen, bathroom, carpets & lino., formal dining rm, inside laundry, lg. yd, gardener included., non-smoking, no pets, $875/mo. Barbara, X7840, 939-7754 (after 5 p.m.)
ORINDA, rm in home, $750/mo., $300/wk, $50/night, utils. incl. Mrs. Johnston, 254-4763
PINOLE, nr I-80/San Pablo Dam Rd, 4-bdrm, 2-bth home, frpl, washer/dryer, refrig., lg. fenced backyd w/deck, nr shopping centers, $1200/mo. Stan, 758-8017
SAN LEANDRO, bay/city view, 2-bdrm house, frpl, 1-car garage, stove, refrig., washer & dryer, nr BART & I-580, 30 min. drive to LBNL, $950/mo., 1 yr. lease. 357-2778
EXCHANGE: visiting scientist & family from Paris hope to exchange housing w/LBNL family w/home in the Berkeley area who are wishing to stay in the Paris area for a 2 yr. period starting Aug. '98. Marcella, X6304
WANTED: visiting scientist seeks temporary housing for 1 person for 3-1/2 mo. beginning Jan. Jane, X6036, [email protected]
WANTED: relocating scientist, 37, single male w/2 yr. old dog seeks 2-bdrm house w/fenced yd in Eastbay, Berkeley, Oakland, El Cerrito or Albany, move in by 2/1. Sreela, X4391
WANTED: rent or sublet 2-bdrm house/ apt, starting 1/1/98 - 3/31/98, for visiting scientist & spouse, w/in Albany/Berk/
El Cerrito/Emeryville/ Kensington/Oak area. FRISCH@fnald. fnal.gov, Mark, X6305, Lina, 339-8113 (eve. only)
WANTED: 1 or 2-bdrm, nr Lab/UCB for visiting French researcher & wife, non-smoker, 12/97 to 12/99. Sylvan, X7030, [email protected]
WANTED: furn. 3 or 4-bdrm house/apt for visiting researcher & family, Berkeley/Albany area, or a little farther away if no other choice, for 12 mo. from Jan. '98, rent up to $1500/mo. Peter R. Lyons, +61 (2) 6285 2713, +61 (2) 6285 3583 (fax), [email protected]
WANTED: starting 1/1 for one year, visiting LBNL as a post-doc w/Kannan Krishnan (X4614), interested in 2-bdrm house/apt in No. Berkeley/Albany. [email protected]
SONOMA COAST, 2.16 acres, Timbercove, Ft. Ross area, all utils. Nick, 527-1965
BERLIN, convenient location in safe multicultural neighborhood in central part of city (Kreuzberg), furn. 1-room apt, $100/wk. X4718
CAMBRIDGE, 2-bdrm apt sublet, nr Harvard & MIT, 3 min. walk to subway sta., parking & laundry fac. avail., 12/20 till 1/2, $250. 845-5154, (617) 497-9531
HAWAII, Kona (Big Island), depart 4/10, return 4/18, Hawaiian Airlines, $385 RT (airfare only). Rick, X7846
SO. LAKE TAHOE, Tahoe Keys, 3-bdrm, 2.5 bth house, on the water, fenced yd, quiet area, nr skiing & other attractions, water & mountain views, $125/night. 376-2211
Please note also:
Published once a month by the Communications Department for the employees and retirees of Berkeley Lab.
Reid Edwards, Public Affairs Department head
Ron Kolb, Communications Department head
Pamela Patterson, 486-4045, [email protected]
Lyn Hunter, 486-4698, [email protected]
Dan Krotz, 486-4019
Paul Preuss, 486-6249
Lynn Yarris, 486-5375
Ucilia Wang, 495-2402
Allan Chen, 486-4210
David Gilbert, (925) 296-5643
Caitlin Youngquist, 486-4020
Creative Services Office
MS 65, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley CA 94720
Fax: (510) 486-6641
Berkeley Lab is managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy.
Flea Market is now online at www.lbl.gov/fleamarket | <urn:uuid:2001098e-4c5d-433e-b6c9-44374536698d> | {
"date": "2014-09-23T10:20:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138501.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00253-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9128798246383667,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 15170,
"url": "http://www2.lbl.gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/Dec-19-1997.html"
} |
School students become pioneers of HIV/AIDS prevention
By Bjorn Lyngstad, UNICEF Turkmenistan
“Some of my neighbours had not even heard about HIV or AIDS,” said 15-year-old Aybegench Tugunova. “Life Skills” taught to students at the UNICEF-supported school in Mary region in Turkmenistan not only benefits the pupils themselves, but the whole community.
ASHGABAT, Turkmenistan, 23 May 2007 – Knowledge about the risk of HIV and how to prevent AIDS is very low in Turkmenistan. Less than one in eight women of fertile age is able to identify the four ways the virus can be transmitted. However, thanks to “Life Skills” training, the pupils at School Number 45 in Yoloten etrap in eastern Turkmenistan know more about HIV and AIDS than most adults in the country. They are now aware that HIV can be transmitted by sexual intercourse; sharing contaminated needles through drug injection and in health care settings; blood transfusion; and between mother and infant, during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.
Low HIV/AIDS awareness
“Many of us used to think that HIV could be passed on even by somebody just breathing on you. Now we know exactly how the virus is transmitted and how we can protect ourselves. Most of our parents, relatives and neighbours don’t know these things,” said Aybegench Tugunova, age 15.
“Although many people have heard about HIV/AIDS, they have not received any in-depth information about it.”
“Our pupils are pioneers,” says teacher Maysa Mukammetkuliyewa. “Through the Life Skills training, pupils are being encouraged to take their newly acquired knowledge back to where they live so that it benefits all generations and the wider community.” It appears that the pupils are more than happy to this and are not afraid to talk about HIV/AIDS openly.
“We discuss these things outside school. We also talk about AIDS with our peers from other schools where they don’t get this information. We enjoy learning Life Skills because it is different from other subjects – it is important in our daily lives to know what is harmful to us. It helps us develop our own views,” said Aybegench.
Life Skills training
Since 2005, when School Number 45 started receiving support through a UNICEF project, there has been an emphasis on teaching Life Skills. It is taught in both regular classes and at a youth club. Topics include drugs, infectious diseases and how to behave in public settings in general. At the youth club, sport, art and health activities are all on the agenda.
Teachers and pupils get closer
According Ms. Mukammetkuliyewa the teachers also enjoy Life Skills. “Pupils are very active participants and are eager to learn. Because of new methodologies and the emphasis on interactive learning teachers and students get much closer to one another than they normally do, and the pupils ask questions, discuss amongst themselves and express their views and opinions.”
Life Skills classes include activities such as games, puzzles and role-plays. Ogulnur and Aybegench enthusiastically showed us the “HIV/AIDS Bridge” they developed. The sketch neatly illustrates how youngsters have to avoid the pitfalls of drugs, HIV/AIDS and other diseases by crossing a narrow bridge leading to “Good health”. On this journey they are assisted only by “Awareness.”
UNICEF-supported resource centre
UNICEF support has also enabled the school to build a resource centre with a computer, maps, atlases and games.
“We really like using the computer and it gives us an opportunity to learn some English,” said Aybegench. “Also since UNICEF began supporting our school we have started to explore what UNICEF and the United Nations do,” they said.
“UNICEF gave us a world map, and we can’t stop looking at it, said one of the girls.
When asked if it makes you curious to travel to other countries, a chorus of “Yes!” from the students is followed by a list of places they would like to see: “Paris, Spain, London…” | <urn:uuid:3d01e653-381d-40ab-ba0a-86f147e8f573> | {
"date": "2014-07-10T02:56:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776400583.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234000-00016-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9638731479644775,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 918,
"url": "http://www.unicef.org/turkmenistan/reallives_6868.html"
} |
Published on March 9, 2011 by Alice
Tomah, Menominee leader, ca. 1752 – 1818
dna testing, dna ancestry testing, ancestry, genealogy, indian genealogy records, paternity testing, turquoise jewelry, native american jewelry
son of Vieux Caron and brother of Glode, whom he succeeded as war chief, 1804-1818; sympathetic to traders and settlers, Tomah refused to join uprisings against them in the American Revolution and under Tecumseh in 1811; he sided with the British during the War of 1812; his name was often anglicized as Thomas Caron. The city of Tomah was later named in his honor.
He is described by Augustin Grignon in “Seventy-two years’ recollections of Wisconsin.” (Wisconsin Historical Collections, vol. 3, pages 267-272, 282-285) and by Nicolas Biddle in “Recollections of Green Bay in 1816-17″ (Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. 1, pages 53-58).
In March 1806, Maj. Zebulon Pike visited Tomah several times and left a record in his Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi… (Philadelphia, 1810), pages 76-86. Pike usually refers to him as “Thomas, the Fols Avoins chief.” On page 79 Pike reprints Tomah’s explanation of why he would not take sides during the American Revolution, and he gives another short speech by the Menominee chief on page 86.
Other white authors who left accounts of Tomah are Samuel A. Storrow, whom Tomah guided from Green Bay to Lake Winnebago in 1817 (Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VI: pages 169-172), and John Shaw, with whom Tomah canoed from Prairie du Chien to St. Louis the same year (Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. X: page 216). | <urn:uuid:8c78c211-85b0-4f56-a4d9-2f60247bb12e> | {
"date": "2014-11-01T12:35:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637905860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025825-00099-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9167119860649109,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 420,
"url": "http://nativeamericanencyclopedia.com/tomah-menominee-tribe/"
} |
This archived Web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. This page will not be altered or updated. Web pages that are archived on the Internet are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the Contact Us page.
On November 30, the Deputy Minister of Justice replied that the proposed questions were unacceptable. First, he said, the only power allowing admission into the Senate was conferred by the BNA Act upon the Governor General. It was evident that the exercise of that power rested on the interpretation of the word “persons” in section 24. Therefore, the only relevant question was to determine if this word included women. As for the other two questions, he explained, the BNA Act does not confer any power of amendment to the Parliament of Canada.
Irene Parlby (1878-1965), suffragette and politician. She was elected president of the women’s branch of the United Farmers of Alberta in 1916 and became a member of the Alberta legislature in 1921. She was still a member of Parliament at the time of the Persons Case. Photo: Courtesy of the Glenbow Archives, Canada, Alberta. NA-2204-12
It was not until April 24, 1928 that the Supreme Court of Canada rendered its decision and declared that women were not persons. Yet, in spite of that decision, Minister of Justice Ernest Lapointe declared that women had a legal right to sit in the Senate and that measures would be taken to amend the BNA Act accordingly. But Emily Murphy was not going to wait for some hypothetical amendment. In May 1928, undaunted, she resolved to appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, England, which was, at that time, the final court of appeal for Canadians. “Nothing can stop us from winning”, she wrote to her colleagues in arms.11
A copy of her May 1928 letter and a copy of the petition were sent to the Deputy Minister of Justice on July 26, 1928. Emily Murphy explained in the letter the reasons for the appeal. In the Supreme Court, she said, discussion had been centred on the meaning of the word “qualified” (used in section 24 of the BNA Act) as it applied to the word “persons”. The true issue rested elsewhere and their question remained therefore unanswered. She added, a few months later, that by appealing to the British Privy Council she had wished to remove the issue from the political arena and have it addressed from a purely legal aspect.12
On November 16, 1928, she obtained permission to appeal to the Privy Council.13 The hearing on the “Persons” case, which was postponed several times, was finally set for July 18, 1929, and continued on July 23 and 25.
The appellants had argued before the Supreme Court that nothing in the BNA Act stated that the word “persons” did not apply to women. On the contrary, the proof was that the right to vote given to women at the federal level stemmed from an interpretation of the word “persons” that included women. The Crown based its defence, however, on historical considerations and stated that, at the time the BNA Act was drafted, women could not hold public positions. There had thus been no intention in the Act of admitting women into the Senate.14The British Privy Council rejected this argument. According to the members, if in the past no women had acceded to such a position, it was because custom prevented it, and that customs became traditions stronger than law and remained unchallenged long after they had lost their raison d’être. On October 18, 1929, the British Privy Council ruled in favour of women, declaring that they were indeed persons and therefore eligible to sit in the Senate of Canada.15
The “Persons” case cost a total of $23,368.47 in lawyers’ fees, paid by the government of Canada; $21,000 was for the appeal to the Privy Council.
Four months later, in February 1930, Mackenzie King seized the opportunity to be the first leader of the Government to allow women into the Senate and appointed Canada’s first woman senator, Cairine Reay Wilson. She had been active in the Victorian Order of Nurses, the Young Women’s Christian Association, the Salvation Army, the Twentieth Century Liberal Association and the National Federation of Liberal Women of Canada. When she was appointed, she had just celebrated her 45th birthday.
Opening this male-dominated bastion to women was an investment in the future, for in 1930 their political role was still undefined. For many more years, women would be limited to voting, and few women would be elected to the Senate, the House of Commons or to provincial legislatures. The appointment of Cairine Wilson reassured the senators, one of whom said in a speech: “We of the humble and gentle sex were apprehensive that one of those strong-minded and determined women with a mission in life and a pair of horned rimmed spectacles would be appointed and we knew that if so she would immediately commence to reform a number of matters that we did not wish reformed...”16 Behind this humourous speech transpires the heartfelt sentiment of a senator from Edmonton: “Oh, we never could have had Mrs. Murphy in the Senate. She would have caused too much trouble.”17Newspapers echoed the senators’ sentiments, noting how slim the new senator was, how youthful she looked in spite of having had eight children; in one word, they all emphasized her femininity.18
Neither Emily Murphy, who had so wanted to become Canada’s first female senator, nor Nellie McClung, nor any of the Famous Five ever got to sit in the Red Chamber. In King’s opinion, Emily Murphy was “a little too masculine and perhaps a bit too flamboyant”.19 She died in 1933 without ever being appointed to the position for which she had fought so hard.
Today, a bronze plaque at the entrance to the Senate, unveiled in 1938, recalls the victory of the Famous Five. Moreover, a Governor General’s Commemorative Award, created in 1979, rewards exceptional contributions to the promotion of equality for women in Canada.
The Famous 5 Foundation [http://www.famous5.org/]
Key dates in the history of Canadian Women throughout the 20th Century [http://www.swc-cfc.gc.ca/dates/whm/index_e.html]
The Irene Parlby Fonds from the General Inventory of the National Archives
- RG 13, op.cit., attachment to Emily Murphy’s letter to the Deputy Minister of Justice, July 26, 1928.
- National Archives of Canada, Supreme Court of Canada Fonds, RG 125. See Petitioners’ Factum and Factum on behalf of the Attorney General.
- RG 13, op. cit.,Judgment of the Lords of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, October 18, 1929.
- National Archives of Canada, Cairine Wilson Fonds, MG 27 III, C.6, vol. 8, speech by H.P. Hill at a banquet honouring Senator Cairine Wilson. | <urn:uuid:8d9336d7-0d4a-425d-b794-72c7961f3909> | {
"date": "2013-06-19T14:34:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9749870300292969,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 1538,
"url": "http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/002/015002-2102-e.html"
} |
The ancient Greeks were sailors and explorers, settling regions around the Mediterranean Sea.
The Greeks began founding colonies as far back as 900 to 700 B.C.E. These colonies were founded to provide a release for Greek overpopulation, land hunger, and political unrest. Iron tools and new farming techniques allowed the Greeks to farm larger pieces of land. But as farms got bigger, they got more crowded. Soon there was not enough land for everyone living in Greece. Colonies were a solution to this problem.
Most of the Greek colonies were founded on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. These colonies were relatively easy to reach for the seafaring Greeks. And since the climate and land was similar to that of Greece, the colonists could lead a life very similar to the one they would have had back home.
This set of images and artifacts provide background information on this movement. Students should consider these resources when analyzing the reasons behind Greek colonization of the Mediterranean region. | <urn:uuid:361ad1b7-ea55-439e-8992-e5b38400eaa9> | {
"date": "2017-02-22T02:03:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170875.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00452-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9779916405677795,
"score": 4.21875,
"token_count": 195,
"url": "https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/63af7666-25d6-4d3b-b029-4003f7ab568e/the-greeks-colonize-the-mediterranean/"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.