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Illustrated By Ly Ngo.
We're less than a week into the new year, and yet so many of us have broken our resolutions. Whether it was quitting sugar or cigarettes, a new study suggests our willpower — or lack thereof — may be even harder to control than we thought.
Researchers at the University of Oregon constructed a study that looked at participants' brains before and after they were asked to do a willpower-improving exercise. The result? Well, even though there was considerable improvement toward the task at hand, there was nothing that suggests brain-boosting exercises would help participants in everyday life — particularly when unexpected circumstances occur. So, while you can train yourself to control smoking (good for you!), it will tend to be habit-specific. In other words, you're not learning to be a person with more self-control — you're just able to exert more self-control when it comes to cigarettes.
Bottom line: Ease up on yourself the next time you have that cookie or glass of wine. It's out of your control, right? Well, sort of. (The Atlantic) | <urn:uuid:240017c8-e4bc-4490-930e-b2a1702b09dc> | {
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I still struggled keeping students on the same page since some students write bigger or smaller than others and some had college ruled notebooks while others had wide ruled notebooks (next year, I am requesting all college ruled). I went to the NC Middle School Conference (my team won Region 6 Team of the Year) and attended an interactive notebook session for science. I know I don't teach science, but was hoping to get some goodies to convert for language arts. It was like EUREKA because I came away with one little tidbit of information that completely changed my frustration level with keeping students on the same page. How? you may ask: students tape/glue in an extra sheet of paper on the page where they are working somehow if they run out of space devoted to a particular assignment. It was GENIUS.
Then this year, I scrapped the whole left/right side idea and we just use the next available page for whatever we want to put in our notebooks. This process has worked so much better for us this year. I make a conscious effort to keep pages together so students can see lessons/notes laid out next to their reflections they are creating. We still add extra pages if needed when I devote 2 pages to notes/ideas and it takes them 3 or more. Sometimes, I even have to add extra pages in my own notebook as I wrote bigger than expected or did not plan enough pages in the beginning. This just allows for modeling and for students to see that it is okay to add more pages if necessary.
Below is a notes page on plot from my teacher notebook.
Below is a picture of my teacher notebook where we were taking genre notes. You can see where I ran out of room on my two allotted pages and attached another page with tape to extend our working area. This is taped so that it folds into the notebook (from the far right toward the spiral spine). | <urn:uuid:7b648ab8-d083-4b78-b9d2-41a737185822> | {
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We have started this term by reading the story of ‘Into the Forest’ by Anthony Browne and exploring the different characters in the book. The children will have the opportunity to change parts of the story and make it their own.
Also in this term, Year 2 will be learning about the Plague of 1665 and life in London at that time. The children will learn about the different causes and cures of the disease and will have the opportunity to invent their own medicine bags. The children will use the information they learn from this topic to write postcards from the time of the plague. The children will then have the chance to explore performance poetry, particularly looking at Ring o’ Roses.
This will lead us onto our next history topic of The Great Fire of London later on in the term. The children will learn about the events of the fire and the famous diary of Samuel Pepys. They will learn about the features of diary writing and then write their own. We will also explore poetry once again and look at different poems about the great fire before writing our own.
Our science this term is ‘materials and their uses’. The topic will be introduced by allowing the children to explore different materials and sort them into groups. They will then discuss how the properties of the materials allow them to be suited to their purpose and how materials can change by processes such as heating and cooling.
During this term, our art work will focus on different styles of illustration, looking at modern techniques used in ‘Into the Forest’ as well as older art work relating to aspects of the plague. After half term we will move on to building structures using a variety of materials.
Our religious education topics this term are Islam and Life as a Muslim and Christianity and Jesus’ Disciples.
As part of their music lessons, the children in year 2 will continue to develop their understanding of high and low pitch, rhythm, beat and tone, as well as having opportunities to use a variety of musical instruments.
In ICT this term the children will be given the opportunity to improve their work processing skills. They will also learn about different means of communicating and relaying information, such as emails.
In maths, the pupils will continue to consolidate their understanding of place value. We will begin to count in steps of 3 this half term as well as continuing to practise counting forwards and backwards in steps of 2, 5 and 10. We will also use different strategies to add and subtract, including partitioning and counting on (with links to money and calculating change). We will also multiply and divide using arrays, repeated subtraction and addition.
During physical education lessons the children will continue to build up their co-operation and teamwork skills. They will also develop their balance and co-ordination skills.
We will continue to have daily phonics lessons, along with reading comprehension sessions, to ensure both reading for meaning and word reading become established. Handwriting and spelling practise will also take place daily with a spelling test taking place on each Friday.
This term year 2 will be learning all about animals! We will begin by looking at a variety of habitats, comparing the creatures that live there and considering how they have adapted to suit their environment. During the second part of the term, we will move on to focusing on how animals grow and change (including humans) and learning about simple lifecycles. The pupils will also learn about basic hygiene and ways to be healthy.
This learning will be incorporated into many areas of the curriculum. In English we will be looking at stories from around the world and writing setting descriptions for different habitats. We will then be writing animal riddles for our peers to solve and writing instructions for making (a healthy) tea for a tiger!
In art we will be learning about prints and patterns and using what we find out to create camouflage pictures and animal prints. Our design technology work will have us planning and creating healthy, well-balanced meals.
Our geography will have us thinking about how various environments and habitats across the world compare to our local area and we will also be learning about the continents and oceans.
Developing our mapping skills in geography will also come in handy for our history topic which involves learning about famous explorers from the past. We will find out key facts about them and plot their journeys.
As part of their religious education the children will learn about the Hindu festival of Diwali and about the importance of the church within Christianity.
We will continue to have daily phonics lessons, along with reading comprehension sessions, to ensure both reading for understanding and word reading become established. Handwriting and spelling practise will also take place daily with a spelling test taking place on each Friday.
Our maths this term will build on and consolidate written and mental methods for simple addition and subtraction. We will reintroduce multiplication and division and ensure pupils are comfortable with these concepts and have a breadth of strategies for solving arithmetic problems across all four mathematical functions. The children will be encouraged to use reasoning and logic when approaching all maths problems and we will discuss and practise a range of problem-solving techniques.
During PE the pupils will build on their co-ordination and balance as well as exploring moving their body to music and linking a sequence of movements. Before the Christmas break the children will also have the opportunity to learn simple yoga. In outdoor P.E. we will be practising our aiming skills whilst playing field games and striking games.
Great website for finding out all about animals in different habitats: http://flash.topmarks.co.uk/4924
Google Earth is wonderful for exploring the globe from your sofa! https://www.google.com/earth/
A good introduction to exploration: http://tudorexploration.rmg.co.uk/nmmflash/index.htm | <urn:uuid:c2c5d6d8-a5ea-4e14-a40d-b7197c5f2f7b> | {
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COMMUNITY ORAL HISTORY PROJECT 2010
This project aims to record and archive local people’s memories and experiences of radio and broadcasting in Wales dating from 1930s with emphasis on WW2.The project endeavours to promote learning for volunteers and the general public, the conservation of memories, ephemera and radio equipment and the participation of the local community. Once completed it will be important to local, regional and national heritage.
Phase One – 2010 will deal with the input of the project, training interviewers/researchers, conducting interviews and gathering materials and information.
Phase Two – 2011 will deal with the output or the presentation of the materials requiring further work as the next stage of this process.
Once the output of the project is realised the materials will be accessible through a website and organised visits to the radio museum. All materials will be archived in DCC Archives Department.
The urgency for the execution of this project arises from the fact that it targets the elderly people in the community who are still in a position to relate their memories of early broadcasts. | <urn:uuid:2f81e9f4-6844-490e-a90c-6f45c46f5077> | {
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Only 27 percent of teens in Illinois had jobs last year – the lowest Illinois teen employment rate in the 42 years this data has been collected. The figures were worst for African American teens in Chicago, where only 10 percent had jobs.
As the graphic shows, the Great Recession clobbered teens with higher unemployment rates, fewer employment opportunities and fewer hours worked – a perfect storm.
But another obstacle hurting teens is Illinois’ minimum wage of $8.25 an hour, which is fourth-highest in the nation and a dollar higher than the federal minimum wage.
With an hourly minimum wage of $8.25, employers will hire whoever can produce the most output for that amount. When teens are competing with adults for minimum wage jobs, teens will be passed over for the job in favor of workers with more experience.
Unfortunately, lawmakers in Springfield are advancing plans to put thousands more teens out of work. Illinois Senate President John Cullerton sponsored a bill (Senate Bill 1565) to increase the minimum wage to $10.25 an hour by 2015, a 24 percent increase. Illinois would then have the highest minimum wage in the nation.
An econometric simulation reveals that SB 1565 would result in an Illinois teen employment loss of 10,576.
This job-killing bill passed the Senate Executive Committee. Provisions to increase the minimum wage could be added to any existing bill when the Legislature reconvenes in November.
The federal government and Illinois should abolish the minimum wage.
Why it works
Abolishing the minimum wage would quickly boost teen employment in Illinois, allowing teens to get the work experience and on-the-job training they need for future career advancement. Parents should support these goals.
With wage flexibility, any teen who wants to work will be able to find employment in the long run as labor markets clear, leaving only normal “churn” unemployment as people naturally move in and out of jobs. More productive workers will command a higher wage as employers compete for their greater skills and talents. | <urn:uuid:9427572e-198f-43db-b8e6-9d67d279f2b1> | {
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Malocclusion and dental crowding arose 12,000 years ago with earliest farmers, study showsThursday, 05 February, 2015
Lower jaw and teeth of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer (Credit: Olivia Cheronet)
Hunter-gatherers had almost no malocclusion and dental crowding, and the condition first became common among the world’s earliest farmers some 12,000 years ago in Southwest Asia, according to findings published in the journal PLOS ONE.
By analysing the lower jaws and teeth crown dimensions of 292 archaeological skeletons from the Levant, Anatolia and Europe, from between 28,000–6,000 years ago, an international team of scientists have discovered a clear separation between European hunter-gatherers, Near Eastern/Anatolian semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers and transitional farmers, and European farmers, based on the form and structure of their jawbones.
“Our analysis shows that the lower jaws of the world’s earliest farmers in the Levant, are not simply smaller versions of those of the predecessor hunter-gatherers, but that the lower jaw underwent a complex series of shape changes commensurate with the transition to agriculture,” says Professor Ron Pinhasifrom the UCD School of Archaeology and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, the lead author on the study.
“Our findings show that the hunter gatherer populations have an almost “perfect harmony” between their lower jaws and teeth,” he explains. “But this harmony begins to fade when you examine the lower jaws and teeth of the earliest farmers”.
Lower jaw and teeth of Early Neolithic farmer (Credit: Olivia Cheronet)
In the case of hunter-gatherers, the scientists from University College Dublin, Israel Antiquity Authority, and the State University of New York, Buffalo, found a correlation between inter-individual jawbones and dental distances, suggesting an almost “perfect” state of equilibrium between the two. While in the case of semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers and farming groups, they found no such correlation, suggesting that the harmony between the teeth and the jawbone was disrupted with the shift towards agricultural practices and sedentism in the region. This, the international team of scientists say, may be linked to the dietary changes among the different populations.
The diet of the hunter-gatherer was based on “hard” foods like wild uncooked vegetables and meat, while the staple diet of the sedentary farmer is based on “soft” cooked or processed foods like cereals and legumes. With soft cooked foods there is less of a requirement for chewing which in turn lessens the size of the jaws but without a corresponding reduction in the dimensions of the teeth, there is no adequate space in the jaws and this often results in malocclusion and dental crowding.
The link between chewing, diet, and related dental wear patterns is well known in the scientific literature. Today, malocclusion and dental crowding affects around one in five people in modern-world populations. The condition has been described as the “malady of civilization”.
The international scientific team who conducted the study included: Professor Ron Pinhasi, School of Archaeology, University College Dublin; Dr Vered Eshed, Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem; and Dr Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. This research was supported by the European Research Council.
(Produced by UCD University Relations) | <urn:uuid:30d2b0cb-cfdb-444b-8f60-94760ae9c220> | {
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Mothering Sunday is a time when children pay respect to their Mothers. Children often give their Mothers a gift and a card.
Mothering Sunday is not a fixed day because it is always the middle Sunday in Lent (which lasts from Ash Wednesday to the day before Easter Sunday). This means that Mother's Day in the UK will fall on different dates each year and sometimes even fall in different months.
Mothering Sunday has been celebrated in the UK on the fourth Sunday in Lent since at least the 16th century.< Back to events calendar | <urn:uuid:c96bbc76-58a3-48ab-bd66-5020ab1be312> | {
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Entanglement in Marine Debris
Alaskan Entanglements — A Locally Influenced Problem
A substantial proportion of the materials entangling Steller sea lions in Southeast Alaska through Oregon have been coming from marine sources. From 2000-2015, we documented roughly 350 Steller's in just Alaska and British Columbia that were entangled in marine debris, primarily around the head and neck. Most entangling materials were actually unidentifiable because they were so deeply embedded in flesh. However, when visible, the most commonly identified materials are plastic packing bands, followed by rubber straps from crab pots, and various netting, ropes, and monofilament line.
Plastic packing bands are used to secure or reinforce many kinds of material and packaging. Extremely cheap, durable, and compact, plastic packing bands are distributed on large continuous rolls that can contain thousands of feet of strapping. A specialized machine wraps packages with strapping and cuts it to length, then uses heat/friction/ultrasound to fuse the ends together in a continuous loop. That whole process takes just an instant, but when that loop ends up in the ocean and around a sea lion the misery lasts a lifetime. You see, packing bands don't bio- or photo-degrade so they persist in the environment indefinitely. And they are really strong too, so they are difficult to break without mechanical cutting. What that means for an entangled sea lion is that the packing band will gradually cut into their neck as they move around and grow larger, producing painful injuries and gruesome wounds.
The packing band entanglements we see in southeast Alaska are most consistent in size, shape, and material of those used on boxes of frozen fish bait. These bands are made of nylon, polyester, or polypropylene — the latter of which pose a particularly dangerous entanglement hazard because they actually float.
Boats have myriad opportunities for packing bands to enter the ocean, whether purposefully or accidentally, so proactive steps must be taken to ensure they don't become entanglement hazards. For example, the Australian government banned packing bands at sea during their rock lobster fishery and subsequently there was a significant decrease in marine mammal entanglements. Similar reductions were observed at South Georgia Island after an international law required people to cut, rather than remove intact, all packing bands aboard vessels operating in Antarctic waters so they pose less of an entanglement hazard if they go overboard.
There has been some progress towards a band-less future. Self-locking cardboard boxes are in development and there are other environmentally friendly alternatives such as straps made of gradually degradable materials and adhesives. Unfortunately, these technologies are not yet practical because they cost more than traditional banded boxes and their durability is questionable. That's why it's so important to recognize that we are all part of the problem AND solution — "Lose the Loop and Stash the Trash!" It really is that simple! | <urn:uuid:2f9f2897-a5f9-43a5-97ff-a9097add6938> | {
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In 19th-century Europe, the term bayadère—derived from the Portuguese bailadeira—referred to a Romantic concept of the Hindu devadāsī, a female temple dancer.
“Who has not heard of the bayadères,” gushed Victor Dandré, Anna Pavlova’s companion and manager, “so graceful and of such incomparable beauty, dancing sacred dances in temples and secular ones at feasts?”
In fact, Europeans had virtually no information on this subject at all, but that did not deter some of the most distinguished names in classical ballet from conjuring up their own images of devadāsīs and presenting them on the stage.
Thanks to travelers’ tales and other writings, India appeared to Europeans as a fabled land, steeped in mysteries, and abounding in stirring narratives of love, hate, devotion, and valor. At a time when the real devadāsīs were scorned at home, their image functioned as an icon of Indian dance in the West.
This according to “Devadasis in tights and ballet slippers, what?” by Mohan Khokar (Sruti 154 [July 1997] pp. 21–26); this periodical, along with many others, is covered in our new RILM Abstracts of Music Literature with Full Text collection. | <urn:uuid:cf3d30a0-7171-4060-99e7-bd366ec2ccdf> | {
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Signs of Peripheral Vascular Disorders
According to the American Heart Association, as many as eight to 12 million Americans have peripheral artery disease (PAD), and nearly 75 percent don't have symptoms.
PAD develops when your arteries become clogged with plaque - the fatty deposits that limit blood flow to your legs. Just like clogged arteries in the heart, clogged arteries in the legs indicates you are at risk for having a heart attack or stroke. People with PAD who do experience symptoms often mistake them for something else, such as back or muscle problems.
Men are more likely than women to experience symptoms of PAD. The most common symptoms include cramping, pain or tiredness in the leg or hip muscles while walking or climbing stairs. This pain typically subsides with rest and returns with activity.
Factors that put you at risk include:
- Physical inactivity
- High blood pressure
- High blood cholesterol
- Family history of PAD, cardiovascular disease or stroke
PAD is easily diagnosed in a simple, painless way. Techniques include review of medical history, a physical exam, ultrasound, X-ray angiography and magnetic resonance imaging angiography (MRA).
Most cases can be managed through health lifestyle changes and medication. To reduce your risk:
- Stop smoking
- Control diabetes
- Exercise regularly
- Eat a well-balanced diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol
If lifestyle changes and medications aren't sufficient enough to control the disease, angioplasty or surgery may be necessary. | <urn:uuid:10d8d210-3b27-4342-bcad-be5bb9c1a2d8> | {
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The earthquake hit on Wednesday at 11:58 GMT southwest of Haines, which has a population of over 2,500 people. The epicenter was 10km deep, according to United States Geological Survey.
The quake was first reported at a magnitude of 5.8, however it was subseqently downgraded to 5.7.
There have been no reports of casualties.
The circum-Pacific seismic belt, the earth's most active seismic feature, brushes Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, resulting in frequent earthquakes. More than 80 percent of the planet's tremors occur in the circum-Pacific belt, according to USGS data. | <urn:uuid:d172e527-2b4f-4c8b-b230-8515ac36271e> | {
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Texas House Bill 588
Texas House Bill 588, commonly referred to as the "Top 10% Rule", is a Texas law passed in 1997.
The law guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top ten percent of their high school class automatic admission to all state-funded universities. The bill was created as a means to avoid the stipulations from the Hopwood v. Texas appeals court case banning the use of affirmative action. The Supreme Court ruled in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) that affirmative action in college admissions was permissible, effectively overruling Hopwood. UT Austin then reinstated affirmative action for the seats not filled by the Top Ten Percent law.
The law only guarantees admission into university. Students must still find the means to pay, and may not achieve their desired choice of major. (Another existing law, which preceded 588, provides a full tuition scholarship for the class valedictorian of a Texas high school for their freshman year at a state public school.)
The Texas "Top 10% Plan" is a transition from a race based policy known as affirmative action. Under a policy such as Texas' Top 10% plan, it is believed that student enrollment for minority students specifically would follow a mismatch hypothesis. This hypothesis predicts that the rates of minority students graduation and retention would improve under the newly established plan in opposition to affirmative action. This mismatch theory would be a result of students finding a university that is a better match for them academically, rather than overreaching and becoming overshadowed.
The law has drawn praise and criticism alike. Supporters of the rule argue that it ensures geographic and ethnic diversity in public universities. They also point out that students admitted under the legislation performed better in college than their counterparts. The law has been blamed for keeping students not in the top ten percent but with other credentials, such as high SAT scores or leadership and extracurricular experience, out of the larger "flagship" state universities, such as the University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University, College Station. UT-Austin has argued for several years that the law has come to account for too many of its entering students, with 81 percent of the 2008 freshmen having enrolled under it.
Some administrators, such as former University of Texas at Austin President Larry Faulkner, have advocated capping the number of top ten percent students for any year at one half of the incoming class. Others have suggested a move to a top seven percent law. However, until May 2009 the Texas Legislature had not revised the law in any way since its inception. A 2007 measure (HB78) was introduced during the 80th Regular Session (2007) but never made it out of committee.
Under legislation approved in May 2009 by the Texas House as part of the 81st Regular Session (Senate Bill 175), UT-Austin (but no other state universities) was allowed to trim the number of students it accepts under the 10% rule; UT-Austin could limit those students to 75 percent of entering in-state freshmen from Texas. The University would admit the top 1 percent, the top 2 percent and so forth until the cap is reached, beginning with the 2011 entering class. UT System Chancellor Francisco Cigarroa and UT-Austin President William Powers Jr. had sought a cap of about 50 percent, but lawmakers (led by Representatives Dan Branch (R-Dallas) and Rep. Mike Villarreal (D-San Antonio)) brokered the compromise.
A study by Julie Berry Cullen et al. (2011) found that the law created a perverse incentive for students to transfer to a high school with lower-achieving peers, in order to graduate in that school's top percent.
- Kalena, Cortes (May 2010). "Kalena E. Cortes, Syracuse University Do Bans on Affirmative Action Hurt Minority Students? Evidence from the Texas Top 10% Plan". Article in Economics of Education Review: 1110–1124. doi:10.17848/wp10-168.
- "'Top 10 percent rule' on session agenda".
- "House moves to scale back top 10 percent rule", Ralph K.M. Haurwitz, Austin American-Statesman, May 26, 2009
- Cullen, Julie Berry; Long, Mark C.; Reback, Randall (2011). "Jockeying for Position: Strategic High School Choice Under Texas' Top Ten Percent Plan". NBER Working Paper 16663.
- Lavergne, Gary M.; Cindy Hargett (November 18, 2003). "Perceptions and Opinions of University of Texas Entering Freshmen: The Impact of The Texas Top 10% Automatic Admissions Law". Admissions Research. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 2006-05-15.
- "Texas Legislature Online - History". Texas State Legislature. February 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- "HB 78 (80R)". Billhop Legislative Wiki. Retrieved 2006-11-17. | <urn:uuid:1b3710fc-582b-44d8-b492-646ffc64245a> | {
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TWO LINKS IN THE NORTH COAST LINE
(From a paper prepared for the Bowen Historical Society by Jess Cottrell)
‘Early in its existence, the infant Colony of Queensland realized the importance to its economy of the twin steel ribbons that were to span out over its vast distances to give it additional means of transport. Even in the short space of time that elapsed ‘a little over 40 years’ before the Commonwealth was formed and the Colony became the State of Queensland, many miles of track had been constructed and the faster and more reliable transport provided by the railway had replaced or supplemented the old bullock drawn or horse-drawn wagon.’
Lines to Nowhere !
A glance at the 1897 map will show that lines ran from Cairns to Mareeba; from Townsville to an unmarked point beyond Hughenden; from Rockhampton to Longreach. All these lines linked the West to the coast. Communication between North and South still largely depended on the sea, for the coastal railway had only pushed as far North as Gladstone portion of this being still under construction. In the great length of coast from Gladstone to Cairns there was but one tiny strip Bowen to Bobawabba (then Wangaratta). This was completed in 1891 and remained for 20 years just a strip of line going nowhere in particular. The main reason for the delay in continuing was a violent controversy which raged as to the route to be taken from this point Northward. (During these years of indecision Ayr successfully agitated for a railway to the North). At a meeting in Townsville in 1899, the Townsville Municipal Council, the Thuringow Divisional Board and the Ayr Divisional Board resolved to form a joint board under the Local Authorities Act to be called the Ayr Tramway Board. This board successfully constructed 44 miles of line for an amount of £77,000 odd, believed to be a record low for Queensland. The line was completed ahead of schedule and opened in 1901. It was controlled by the Board until the end of 1910 when it was taken over by the Government. It had been run most successfully and after the Government had paid for it, and the Board was dissolved, there remained in the vicinity of £30,000, which was divided between the participating Local Authorities.
Bowen Links Up
By 1911, the route North was finally decided upon and work began from Bobawabba on 24th July. Bowen was linked with the Burdekin in June 1913; and to Townsville when the Inkerman bridge was opened in September of that year. To the South another spur went out from Bowen, the Bowen-Proserpine Tramway opened for traffic on 18th July, 1910.
All the gaps were finally closed in 1923 and Fox’s History of Queensland (vol.3 page 866) says: “˜On Saturday, 1st December, 1923, direct railway communication was established between the North and the South when the Minister for Railways drove the first train across the connecting link at Proserpine. It is now possible to travel by rail from Dajarra in North West Queensland to Perth in Western Australia ” a distance of nearly 5000 miles ” the longest stretch of rail in the Empire.’
A gigantic and fascinating achievement and one about which many accounts have been written. However our interest in this particular paper is confined to the two small strips which radiated from Bowen ” the Bowen-Bobawabba Line of 48 miles, and the Bowen-Proserpine Tramway, 38½ miles.
Bowen to Bobowabba
The first surveys were ordered in 1883, Bowen to Ayr. As the Burdekin River was the only engineering difficulty it was decided to start the survey there and work both ways. This survey had been run 26 miles from Ayr toward Bowen when instructions were received to survey the Bowen to Haughton Gap Line. The survey was completed and Parliament passed £150,000 for the line to go from Bowen, via Clare, through the Haughton Gap to the 37 mile peg on the Great Northern Railway.
This line, with a branch from Clare to Ayr, was intended to give the West the shortest direct access to the harbour of Port Denison. It would enable Charters Towers to get fresh fruit and vegetables and dairy produce from the Burdekin Delta lands; allow Burdekin sugar to go to Bowen, and supply Poole Island Freezing Works, for without a line sheep from the West could not get through the spear grass country.
For several years there were no developments, then a public meeting in Bowen (5th August 1885) urged the approval of plans for the first 30 miles of the Bowen-Haughton Gap Railway; signified its approval of a deviation via Ayr to suit that district, and further urged the claim of Bowen, rather than Townsville, to build the coast line to Ayr. It was claimed that the Haughton Gap railway was the only work authorised by Parliament but that the then Ministry had refused to proceed with it. There was fear that the district could be deprived of the money voted and that this might be used instead for the Townsville-Ayr Line. The local Member was urged to get the money authorised for the Haughton Gap Line spent on the Bowen-Ayr Line which would then form part of the chain of coastal lines.
Unemployment was sever in Bowen in 1886 and there was a general feeling that Government would proceed with he Bowen railway. In the Legislative Assembly on 5th October, Macrossan complained that although plans for sections of line from Bowen towards Ayr were ready when the then Government came to power, this railway was put into a batch of second priority business. Plans for section 1, being 30 miles, were approved on 26th November.
In 1887, in the Legislative Assembly it was claimed that the £150,000 voted in 1883 for the Bowen-Haughton Gap Line and the money voted in 1884 for the Bowen Coalfields Line were both diverted in 1886 to the Bowen-Townsville Line.
This is an interesting sidelight, for it shows how early the Bowen Coalfields Line was envisaged although it was not completed until 1922. There is ample material in the Society’s files for a history of the construction of this third important line radiating from Bowen and since many people who were involved in the operation are still in the district and could be interviewed it would be a very worthwhile paper for someone to prepare.
To The Burdekin
Also in 1887 permanent centers were laid out for the first 30 miles and continued for about 10 miles towards the Burdekin River, at a point where there was a favourable site for a bridge, 10 or 12 miles from Ayr. There was much difficulty due to tidal flats behind Bowen, which were liable to be submerged to a depth of 7ft., and there were also numerous freshwater swamps.
On 6th November, 1888, plans for section 2, i.e.: 30 miles to 52 miles, were approved. Earlier the same year a contract was let to Mackenzie and Sutherland to construction section 1, 30 miles, to be completed 30.9.89 at a contract price of £54,707.
Alex Mackenzie Came To Stay
This introduces into the paper one person who is connected with the story of both lines, one North and one South, from Bowen. He was Alex Mackenzie, and the accepting of this contract brought him to Bowen where, after one brief absence, he finally settled and lived out a long life as an active member of the community. There have been Mackenzie descendants living in Bowen ever since and I think at this point it might be permissible to include a brief picture of him and his activities. As almost everyone here is aware, he was my grandfather.
A Highland Scot, he was born in 1843 in Loch Carron in Ross Shire, and came to Australia at the age of 20 landing in Melbourne after a long voyage by sailing ship. He spent his first 12 years wandering through the Eastern States, experiencing the ups and downs which was Australia in those days. In 1876 at Rockhampton he was appointed Storekeeper on the construction staff of the Chief Engineer of Central and Northern Railways. The line from Rockhampton West was then being built and after a few years’ experience he joined a firm of contractors and successfully tendered for and built, several sections of this, the Great Western Line. coming to Bowen in 1888 with this partner Mr. Sutherland to construct section 1 of the Bowen-Ayr Line, he moved on again after its completion to construction the third section of the Cairns Line and the section of the North-Western Line into Hughenden. When his contracting work was done he returned with his family to settle in Bowen. he was appointed Clerk and Overseer of the Shire of Wangaratta in 1901, and he retained this position until neglecting a cold, he died of pneumonia in 1927 at age of 84.
Back to the all important line. It is evident that to the people of Bowen its beginning was an ‘occasion’ with an capital ‘o’. Anyone reading through the early ‘Port Denison Times’ will have noted that the little community viewed any such event as worthy of celebration, usually with some sort of public ceremony. On this occasion the ‘P.D. Times’ reports the turning of the sod for the first rail link in the North Coast Line as being on 14th June 1888. The route of the procession was down Herbert Street and along Dalrymple Street to the site. Kennedy Masonic Lodge sent out invitations to the ceremony and the Masonic fraternity was well represented. Wor. Bro. Buchanan dressed in the full regalia of the Scottish Constitution called on Wor. Bro. Alexander Mackenzie, as one of the contractors, to announce that all was ready and then the Mayor, Donald Miller, solemnly turned over the first sod.
First Railway Bridges
During 1883, most earthworks was completed. Don River and Euri Creek bridges were delayed through lack of timber and through depth piles having to be drived for these using two 60 foot high piledrivers. The line was completed seven months behind schedule, official reason for delay being quoted as ‘mainly due to extra waterways and heavy floods’.
Section 1, Bowen to Guthalungra 29 miles, was formally opened by the Governor on 1st May, 1890, and trains began running for public traffic on 2nd Junes.
The contract for section 2, Guthalungra to Bobawabba 19 miles, was let to Jesser and Company on 25th April 1890, to be completed by 1st May, 1891, for a contract price of £29,967.
In the ‘P.D. Times’ of 2nd March, 1890, there is a comment on this: ‘Messrs, Jesser and Company’s tender for the second section of the Bowen railway was the lowest received and will in all probability be accepted. We regret that Mr. Mackenzie should have failed in securing this contract, as we believe the first section was not profitable and he was contemplating making his home here and has invested rather largely in Normanby Mines. The life of a contractor, like that of most callings, is not all beer and skittles’.
This failure to secure the contract for section 2 was probably the reason tha Mackenzie and Sutherland moved on North to the Cairns Line and later to Hughenden.
Section 2 was also behind schedule, due tot he maritime strike which delayed bridge timber and to a heavy wet season. The line, 48 miles in all, from Bowen towards the Burdekin was finally opened on 1st October, 1891.
Station accommodation was built by Spare and Hansen (or Spane and Hanset) at a cost of £2,875, and comprised station, carriage shed, goods shed, engine and erecting shed, station master’s residence, horse and carriage shed, lamproom and closets.
Until 1895 the line ran at a loss even though it was being worked much cheaper than any other railway in the Colony – almost as low as consistent with safe running – and even though, at first, rates being charged were 33 1-3 higher than other railways. The loco branch consisted of one fitter and one fireman, the fitter acting as driver on the two day each week that trains ran.
Meatworks Lease The Line
In 1895, the opening of the meatworks at Merinda was expected to improve finances.
In January 1903, the line was closed and all staff dismissed. It was then leased to Bergl Australia Limited to whom all stock was handed over. During that year it was only operated in connection with Bergl Australia Company’s business. The only passenger train was one run from the works to town on Saturday’s, returning at 1pm. As the result of an approach by the Wangaratta Shire Council, the Railway Department again took over the line, and it was re-opened for public traffic in November 1904.
It was almost certain that the success of the Ayr Tramway Board inspired the formation of the Bowen-Proserpine Tramway Board.
A preliminary reading through the massive accumulation of data on the tramway made me feel rather like the philosopher who, when faced with the task of writing a history of mankind, wrote: ‘They were born, they suffered and they died!’ How very easy it would be to say of the Board: ‘It was formed, it completed its task, and it was dissolved!’
A writer in Cummins & Campbell’s magazine states: ‘It can be readily realised that the Ayr Tramway and the Proserpine Tramway movements created great progress and hastened the growth of population in the North. They were experiments that led to the construction of the North Coast Line through to Cairns. As local enterprise they gave testimony to the splendid public spirit of the residents of Townsville and Bowen in those days.’
This is undoubtedly true, but the poor Bowen-Proserpine Tramway project was dogged almost through its entirety by so many mis-understandings, squabbles, jealousies and petty pin-pricking that it is a wonder it was ever completed. The Engineer in Charge remarked at one point that ‘he was supposed to be constructing a line, not a board’.
The original application for the constituting of the Board was hand-written, and signed by Henry Field, Town Clerk, and John H, Mayor, under the Common Seal of the Municipality of Bowen, 12th October, 1901; and Alex Mackenzie, Clerk, and W. Dalrymple Davidson, Chairman, under the Common Seal of the Division of Wangaratta, 9th October, 1901.
On 7th August, 1902, a Government Order in Council constituted ‘The Bowen-Proserpine Tramway Joint Board’ for the purpose of the construction and maintenance of a tramway from Bowen to Proserpine. The Board, to consist of two members to be elected by the Bowen Council, and four members to be elected by the Wangaratta Divisional Board, was to hold its first meeting in the Town Hall, Bowen, on Thursday, 21st August, 1902.
This does not agree with most ‘potted’ accounts of the construction of the tramway, which state that the Board was formed in 1908, but the above Order in Council appeared in the Government Gazette. The Board certainly did function, for in 1902 and 1903 there are letters and telegrams signed by Henry Field, as Hon. Sec. of the Joint Board, and in 1903, in a letter, he quotes the Board as being comprised of, for the Shire: Donald Miller, John J. Palmer and F. G. Champion; and for the Town: Chas. T. H. Cheffins (Mayor), George Harvey and John T. Payne. This correspondence was mostly about technicalities regarding the route.
Petition from Proserpine
After consideration, the Board decided that the settlement and production of the Proserpine district did not then warrant the expenditure, and so there was no further development until 1907. In April of that year a deputation waited on the Premier at Bowen, with a petition from 260 residents of the Proserpine district, praying for a railway to Bowen. In August, Surveyors Cooke and Gwynther commenced to survey the line, but were taken off the job and sent to Cloncurry, possibly because the survey had already been done in 1901 by E. H. R. Greensill. Dissatisfied at the delay, a public meeting on 5th October petitioned both Councils, which were unanimous in their agreement to take steps to expedite the matter. In the same month, the Joint Board applied, under the signature of Mr. George Turner, Secretary, to the Treasurer for a loan of £70,000.
Still nothing was done, and in August of 1908, a duplicate application was sent to the Treasurer, enclosing petitions of ratepayers, maps, plans, estimates of cost and expected revenue, Queensland Government Gazettes, copes of ‘Port Denison Times’, ‘Proserpine Guardian’ and ‘Bowen Independence’, and urging him to take the necessary steps to have the loan approved by the Governor in Council.
More delay, whilst the Government required explanations of why the advertised estimate was £85,000 odd whilst the advised estimate was £82,000 odd; and where did the Board propose to get the additional £13,000 over and above the £70,000 promised. This was eventually all satisfactorily explained. Surveyor Greensill’s original estimate having been £62,000, the Board had added a percentage to cover increased cost and come up with the figure of £70,000. Premier Kidston had then replied that there was no point in asking for £70,000 if £80,000 was required. The Railway Department then made a trial survey and estimated the cost at the £85,000 figure for 14 foot formation with 2,640 sleepers to the mile or the £82,000 figure for 12 foot formation with 2,288 sleepers per mile. On the recommendation of the Railway Department, which approved the plans, the load of the higher figure was granted in October 1908, and the Treasury advanced £250 for preliminary costs.
Before the end of the year, rails and fish-plates and fish-bolts were ordered through the Agent General in London, for delivery on Bowen jetty. (Value £23,883, duty £2,238). Dog-spikes and washers were obtained locally for £1,912/4/0. After approval by the Railway Commissioner, the Chief Engineer of the Department and the Under Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Hugh Fraser, was appointed Construction Engineer, released from his Departmental job in Atherton and had gone to Brisbane for consultations before starting construction. We learn that ‘Men are now at work and material being secured, money is urgently required’.
There was a lot of confusion about payments, the Treasury was doling out bits and pieces of money on receipt of vouchers, and there was a lot of fuss about how the money was to be paid, the Treasury wanting to pay it into the Queensland National Bank at Brisbane. The Board objected on account of the heavy exchange on transfers, there being no branch of the Q.N. Bank in Bowen. However they straightened this out by opening an account with the Bank of New South Wales in Brisbane.
Red-tape, Government wise, and lack of coordination in Bowen resulted in delays and confusion. Memos were sent from one Department to the other, and the same queries were the subject of telegrams from both Councils and the Board.
The line was to go from the ‘2 Mile’ and on 13th November, 1908, the Board took possession of A of Portion 14, the property of Mr. John Thomas Payne, without the permission of the owner. After some small trouble, a rental of 12.6d per week was agreed on, these payments continuing for about twelve months; the Board later purchasing the block. Mr PAyne’s son, Fred, told us that he thought the purchase amount paid was £150. On this block were erected the tramway office, blacksmith shops and stables.
Unrest And Dissension Resolutions
The 1908 Board is listed as being Donald Miller (President), J. E. Kelly, W. H. Darwen, Dr. Gillies, and F. Hooper for the Town Council; and P. Neilson, J. Compton and A. J. Hall Scott for the Wangaratta Shire. This is a discrepancy with the original constituting of the Board, which called for six members: two from the Town and four for the Shire, with the loan distribution to be in the same proportion.
In February 1909, with the resignation of Cr. Archer, we see signs of the unrest and dissension that was to dog the Board for most of its existence. There were telegrams from both Councils asking who should appoint a replacement, from the Under Home Secretary advising that the Governor in Council must make the appointment, from the Member for the District and from the Mayor asking that the appointment be delayed until after a public meeting.
This meeting took place on 17th February, 1909, and it might be noted that it was only four months after the granting of the loan and the initial advance payment. This fact, I think, speaks for itself and bears out reports – later – that all the fuss and bother was the result of petty jealousies and personality clashes that existed even before the 1908 Board was formed.
The resolutions passed by the public meeting were:
That this meeting of ratepayers of Bowen Town Council and Wangaratta Shire Council is of the opinion that owing to mis-management resulting in unnecessary expenditure of ratepayers’ money, Government should immediately take over construction;
Failing compliance with above, Governor in Council be asked to call on present Chairman (Mr. D Miller) to resign seat on Board, and send up Government representative to watch interests of ratepayers;
Meeting recommends name of William Sherwood Palmer to fill vacancy by resignation of Mr. Archer;
The meeting emphatically protests aginst system of ‘one man many well-paid billets’ as in the case of Mr. Mackenzie and Mr. Turner;
That Mr. F. Kenna, M.L.A, be asked to send foregoing by wire to Governor in Council.
A week after this meeting there is a telegram from the Chairman of the Board to the Home Secretary asking if Mr. Waite (the Shire’s selection) had been gazetted to fill the vacancy, advising that a Board meeting was scheduled for 9th March, and adding the pithy remark that ‘public meeting interfering a perfect fiasco’.
A penciled note on these documents suggests ‘I think Lloyd Hassall might be requested to report on these matters …’ Mr. Hassall was the Railway Department District Engineer, who had been appointed previously to make periodic inspections of the work.
Mr. Hassall’s report does rather bear out the ‘perfect fiasco’ of the public meeting.
Memo from L. Hassall, District Engineer to Chief Engineer, Brisbane, 15th March 1909.
As instructed, I visited Bowen on 12th and 13th March. I interviewed Mr. Kenna, M.L.A.; Mr. Hooper, President of Joint Board; Mr. D. Miller, late President; Mr. H. Fraser, Engineer; Mr. Stevenson, Accountant, and Mr. W. S. Palmer who is referred to in third resolution of the meeting. Also various gentlemen who signed the petition asking for the meeting. I am of opinion that whilst there has been some mismanagement in certain details there is absolutely nothing to justify Government taking construction out of Board’s hands, even had they the power to do so (which it appears they do not).
That is the official memo, but Mr. Hassall added a confidential memo to his Chief, which clearly indicates the impression he gained. It is too long to quote in full, but here are a few extracts:
Jealousy and Suspicion
‘It appears that people of Bowen long before constitution of Board were disunited and had not confidence in some of the leading men, and these local jealousies and suspicions have been continued when criticising the Board.’
‘There seems to be two main complaints: first that Mr. Miller abused his position to further his interest – he is probably the largest storekeeper in Bowen and it is stated he has supplied Board with stores. Mr. Miller does not deny this, but the total amount is about £160. In this connection offers were called locally and the lowest prices accepted.’
‘Second complaint refers to Mackenzie holding dual position of Clerk and Overseer of Wangaratta Shire Council, and Manager of the Tramway under the Engineer. It appears that the Wangaratta Shire consented on ground that owing to his knowledge of railway work he would be a useful man on Tramway and at the same time watch interests of Council. Matter discussed by the Board and apparently no objection. Mr. Fraser appointed him Manager. he is still drawing full salary as Clerk, but has made provision for office to be looked after at his own expense. There has been no provision to appoint a Road Overseer, but as one Councillor said to me: ‘No need, as little funds available for roadwork and practically no work being done’.
‘Re Mr. Turner as Secretary, I do not see why he should not carry out duties of Town Clerk and Secretary of the Board even though Tramway Office three miles out of town …’
‘Many of the charges brought before me are too petty to discuss…’
He goes on to give some details of these, also some opinions as to the popularity or otherwise of the various Board members, comments about charges of plant being erected in the wrong places and sundry such matters, most of which he dismissed as either petty or grossly over-empathised.
At the Board meeting in March, after the public meeting, but before Mr. Hassall’s visit, Mr. Hooper took over as President, with Mr. Miller as Vice-President. The first Presidential Report was presented to this meeting. In this, the President reported that the length of the line from Don Junction was to be 38 miles 27 chains. Resumption notices were being served but some land owners who had promised their land free showed an inclination to break their promises. Fair progress was being made, enumerating buildings that had been erected, clearing and formation that had been done, material that had been purchased and contracts that had been let. Employer’s liability insurance had been effected with South British Insurance Company. Board had communicated with Treasurer and interested parties re carriage on sugar, and alterations suggested in harbour dues and wharf-age on same. The Railway Department had granted special rates for carriage of material over the Bowen railway (that would be from Bowen Station to the junction at the Two Mile), it was expected that work would be in full swing as soon as the rails arrived, and it was anticipated that the line would be completed within a year.
The rails etc. ordered by indent the previous year did not reach Bowen until September 1909. They arrived ex the ships Rippingham Grange, Banffshire, Perthshire, Carpentaria and Waipara.
Kelsey Creek Line ?
In the same month, September, twenty-three resident ratepayers in Kelsey Creek and neighbourhood petitioned for an extension of the line of about 8 miles to connect Kelsey Creek with Proserpine, suggesting that permission be granted for any surplus to be used for this project. However, the Treasury Department ruled that any surplus must be handed back to them.
New Shire Problem
The establishment of Proserpine as a separate Shire in 1910 again threw a spanner in the workings of the Board. Some Wangaratta Shire representatives had to resign, now being in the Proserpine Shire; substitute members were elected. Telegrams streamed forth again, this time from the Proserpine Chamber of Commerce, wanting the March Board meeting postponed to enable them to elect representatives (their inaugural Council meeting could not be held until 23rd March). Because Bowen Council had a dead-locked meeting over the appointment of Mayor (their Board member) whose term of office had expired, they could not elect a new member to the Board. Governor In Council ruled that due to the formation of Proserpine Shire, Board now to consist of two members from each of the three Councils. This threw Wangaratta into a spin, because they had four members, and they wanted to know which ones should be retired and fresh appointments made. Government said ‘Decide for yourselves’.
However, it all got straitened out and at the April Board meeting (1910) Mr. J. Compton and Mr. R. Blair were appointed to represent Proserpine. The site of the Proserpine terminus was relocated in accordance with the wishes of Proserpine (this was shy they had been so agitated about not having representatives at the March meeting), and by June 1910 the Treasury had approved the re-location of the line and granted a further loan to cover additional cost. After all this seeming return to plain sailing, Proserpine Council dismissed Mr. Blair from his position as Tramway Board representative, but were told by the Under Secretary that they didn’t have the power to do so; they replied that it didn’t matter now anyway as Mr. Blair had resigned. At some point between then and the winding up of the Board’s affairs someone must have had to eat humble pie, for it was Mr. Blair, as President of the Board, who presented the tenth and final annual report. It was also due to much fuss caused by the Proserpine Shire Council that within the next couple of months Alex Mackenzie resigned, evidently very fed up with the constant bickering, but was persuaded to reconsider, and was reinstated because at a meeting of the Proserpine Shire Council, Cr. Blair had explained that Mr. Fraser had stated ‘that he was helpless without MacKenzie’.
On 2nd July, 1910, the Tramway was officially opened by the Governor, Sir William MacGregor, and operations commenced on the 18th – three trains a week being run. The Railway Department conducted traffic at a cost of 2/6d per train mile. Fares and freight were according to the Railway Department’s schedule, was carried at a special rate and mails under contract at £200 per annum. Surveying and securing of titles to resumptions took a long time, the last of 29 titles not being received until September 1916. After that, negotiations were able to proceed, and the Tramway was sold to the Government as from 30th June, 1917, for £105,701/8/3, leaving a balance of £3,468/18/3 due to the Treasury, the writing off of which the Treasure favourable recommended to Cabinet. At this point, the Bowen-Proserpine Tramway Joint Board was dissolved and the Tramway became part of the North Coast Railway. | <urn:uuid:c823b552-d148-48eb-b0b9-3ba59cf0b2e3> | {
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Marketers have observed that consumers meet their needs in different ways, often because they have different perceptions. Consumers apply selective processes to manage the marketing stimuli that flood them every day. Describe three selective processes and how they affect consumers. Which of these three most affect you? Illustrate why you picked the one did with some examples.
about 400 words, no references
The three selective processes are Selective exposure, Selective perception and Selective retention.
Selective exposure is the process is when certain phrases, words, colors, or images that receiver feels useful and grabs attention. (i.e. "Lose 30 pounds in 4 weeks!" might make you stop and turn around to hear the rest of the message.)
Selective perception is a mechanism of one's personal beliefs. If you adore a particular politician or actor or celebrity who seems to always be on television, their appearance may catch your attention. If you detest that persons policies, you may walk ...
Solution clearly explains the Marketing concepts of Selective exposure, Selective perception and Selective retention and also explains the selection of each strategy with examples. | <urn:uuid:90f70647-4112-4fb2-9b53-3413cec9f4b0> | {
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Two recent studies have shocked the world in regard to global warming. A phenomenon that was to happen "possibly in our lifetime" has evolved into a threat capable of transforming the world in ten years time.
A recent, extensive study of the northern polar ice caps released by climate expert Professor Peter Wadham, concluded that the Arctic Ocean would be "mostly" ice free in 10 years during the summer months.
This study is a stunning compliment to research done by NASA at the South Pole, which noted that ice sheets have been losing 30 feet a year in thickness since 2003. The research concluded that the rate of melting is accelerating, creating a "runaway effect."
As ice sheets melt, less sun is reflected back into outer space, and is instead absorbed into the ocean – known as the Albedo Effect – further accelerating the pace of oceanic warming.
The consequences will be devastating.
The International Institute for Environment and Development has studied the possible effects of rising ocean levels, and concluded that one eighth of the world’s urban population would become "climate refugees," creating the largest displacement of people in world history. The most vulnerable countries are China (144 million displaced), India (63 million) and Bangladesh (62 million), while lower on the list are Japan (30 million) and the United States (23 million).
Not only will massive amounts of people become homeless, but the changing climate is expected to create other environmental and social crises internationally. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):
In Africa, "…between 75 million and 250 million people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress due to climate change." And: "…access to food, in many African countries and regions is projected to be severely compromised by climate variability and change."
In Latin America: "Changes in precipitation patterns and the disappearance of glaciers are projected to significantly affect water availability for human consumption, agriculture, and energy generation."
The EPA also outlines the negative effects of climate change in Europe, North America, Asia, and the rest of the world. Global warming is truly an international phenomenon requiring the cooperation of the world’s people and resources.
In response to the arctic ice melting, the U.S. and Europe have begun cooperating…militarily – under the NATO umbrella. They see the melting ice not as social calamity, but as a corporate-profit opportunity. United Press International (UPI) reported that U.S. Navy Admiral James Savridis remarked that, "…climate change, which is melting ice around the polar cap, is opening trade routes and access to billions of barrels of oil. That, in turn, could lead to competition and friction…" (October 10, 2009).
The friction is between NATO and Russia, which also has corporations eager to exploit the raw materials and trade routes an iceless arctic will offer. UPI reports, "Russia sent a submarine to the Arctic seafloor in February to symbolically plant a flag and announced in March that it would establish military bases along the northern coastline."
Melting polar ice caps should inspire the world to unite in cooperation, but the world today is dominated by giant corporations based in different nations, all obsessed with short-term profits.
Obama has not publicly discussed the arms race in the arctic, and has instead focused on climate change speeches full of idealism, but lacking content. Like Bush before him, Obama is putting "U.S. [corporate] interests" ahead of the interests of everybody else.
The influence of U.S. corporations has hampered environmental progress for years: under Bill Clinton, the Senate voted unanimously (95-0) against signing the Kyoto Protocol – the inadequate international treaty aimed at lowering greenhouse gasses. The Senate stated that the treaty "would result in serious harm to the economy [corporations] of the United States."
Without the participation of the United States and China – the world’s two biggest polluters – the Kyoto Protocol became a pointless exercise.
Now, Obama is posing as an environmental advocate looking to right the wrongs of the past. In reality, his "vision" for addressing climate change would be laughable, if the situation were not so dire.
The "Cap and Trade" environmental bill that Obama is encouraging Congress to pass mirrors the insufficient methods of the Kyoto protocol, with added loopholes. U.S. taxpayers will be expected to pay billions to give corporations "allowances" to pollute; corporations can "trade" their allowances to more-polluting corporations or Wall Street banks eager to profit from these new forms of corporate stock.
Greenpeace, like other environmental organizations, condemned the Cap and Trade bill, saying that the "…bill will actually spur a new generation of nuclear and coal-fired power plants to the detriment of real energy solutions."
More evidence of Obama’s fraudulent environmentalism is his attitude towards the upcoming international climate change conference in Copenhagen. Here, it was hoped that the standards of Kyoto Protocol would be improved while also including all the worst polluting countries in the world.
The Guardian newspaper recently reported that the Obama Administration was working to undermine the Copenhagen conference. This is being accomplished by the demand for a whole new structure for the treaty, which would destroy the years of planning that created the Kyoto Foundation. The Guardian reported, "it could take several years to negotiate a replacement framework…" (September 15, 2009), effectively pushing any environmental solutions into the unknown future.
Another way the U.S. is disrupting the Copenhagen process is by demanding that there be no international mechanism to hold nations responsible for fulfilling their treaty obligations. The Guardian reported, "the US is pushing instead for each country to set its own rules and to decide unilaterally how to meet its target." This way, any polluting U.S. corporation that disagrees with Copenhagen’s standards may rely on easily purchased U.S. congressmen to bail them out.
To hold such an obstinate attitude in the face of climate collapse is almost beyond comprehension. As a famous socialist once pointed out, the corporate elite are "Tobogganing to disaster with its eyes closed." Their blindness, however, has a practical foundation. This class of people can see only the profits in front of their faces; they care nothing about the world around them, as they’ve successfully gated themselves off from it. As the world enters a period of immense turmoil, they’ve sequestered themselves in private paradises.
Thus, it is doubtful that even the loophole-ridden Cap and Trade bill will be passed or that anything of substance comes out of Copenhagen. Even if this meager progress were made, it would be mostly symbolic. Both tactics are completely inadequate to deal with the speed and severity of climate change; "reducing greenhouse gasses" will not do the trick at this point – the structure of our economy itself needs to be drastically changed.
First, big oil and big coal – along with other anti-change/polluting corporations – need their wings clipped. Having such socially-valuable industries run by private corporations has greatly advanced climate destruction. Their immense power allows them the freedom to destroy the earth while throwing cash in all directions to have their agendas fulfilled at the expense of everybody else. They should instead be run as public utilities.
Ultimately, the industrial basis for an alternative energy superstructure needs to be created. Only by doing this can we seriously address the needs of the planet. Transforming our giant auto plants – many laying idle – into producers of solar panels, windmills, electricity-producing buoy’s, high-speed trains, electric busses and cars, etc., while massively investing in new research and technology to deal with climate change, is the only realistic way to drastically change direction in the time allotted.
Such a solution, however, is outside the reach of a capitalist economy, whose only motivation is profit. Drastically changing society’s direction is not in the interest of those who benefit from the current version. All honest environmentalists will likely agree that such a system needs replacing. We can no longer allow giant corporations – accountable only to big shareholders – have the final say over all crucial economic and social issues. The resources of society need to be controlled by society, so we can cooperate effectively to deal with the largest crisis our species has ever faced. | <urn:uuid:2c334813-0a96-4e1f-af73-ec3fc5e23f2b> | {
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Yutu moon rover sets sail for breathtaking new adventuresDecember 24th, 2013 by Ken Kremer, Universe Today in Astronomy & Space / Space Exploration
China’s 1st Moon rover ‘Yutu’ embarks on thrilling adventure marking humanity’s first lunar surface visit in nearly four decades. Yutu portrait taken by the Chang’e-3 lander. Credit: CNSA/CCTV
China's now famous 'Yutu' moon rover has set sail for what promises to be breathtaking new adventures on Earth's nearest neighbor, after completing a final joint portrait session with the Chang'e-3 lander that safely deposited her on the lunar surface only a week ago.
Yutu's upcoming journey marks humanity's first lunar surface visit in nearly four decades since the Soviet Union's Luna 24 sample return vehicle visited. America's last lunar landing mission with the Apollo 17 astronauts departed 41 years ago on Dec. 14, 1972.
The Chang'e-3 mothership and Yutu rover have resumed full operations after awakening from a sort of self induced slumber following commands from Mission Control back in Beijing.
The lander and rover finished up their 5th and final dual picture taking session – in living lunar color – on Sunday, Dec. 22, according to CCTV, China's state run broadcast network.
"Ten pictures have been taken at five spots so far, and all of them are better than we expected," said Wu Weiren, chief designer of the China Lunar Probe Program, to CCTV.
After arriving on the moon, Yutu and the lander took an initial pair of portraits of one another.
Yutu was then directed to travel in a semicircular path around the lander and to the south, making tracks several centimeters deep into the loose lunar regolith.
But within two days of the historic Dec. 14 touchdown, the two spacecraft took a four-day break that lasted from Dec. 16 to Dec. 20, during which China's space engineers shut down their subsystems, according to China's State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (SASTIND).
The vehicles took a 'nap" to deal with direct solar radiation that significantly raised their temperatures. Yutu's sunny side exceeded 100 degrees centigrade while the shaded side was simultaneously below zero, reported SASTIND.
"The break had been planned to last until Dec. 23, but the scientists decided to restart Yutu now for more research time, based on the recent observations and telemetry parameters," said Pei Zhaoyu, spokesman for the Chinese lunar program, according to China's Xinhua state news agency.
Both robots then snapped additional photos of one another during the traverse from each of five specific and preplanned locations.
These images taken by Yutu were designed to show the 1200 kg Chang'e-3 lander from the front, side and back sides as it drove around the right side – for better illumination – at a distance of about 10 meters.
The final image of the Chang'e-3 lander taken by Yutu also captured China's national flag emblazoned on the lander for the first time, since this was the first time it was in view of the rover's camera eyes.
Having fulfilled the last of their joint tasks, the two spacecraft can therefore each begin their own lunar exploration missions, working independently of one another exactly as planned from the outset of China's inaugural moon landing feat.
Yutu will depart the Chang'e-3 landing zone forever and begin its own lunar trek that's expected to last at least 3 months – and perhaps longer if it's delicate electronic components survive the moon's utterly harsh and unforgiving space environment.
"They will begin to conduct scientific explorations of the geography and geomorphology of the landing spot and nearby areas, and materials like minerals and elements there. We will also explore areas 30 meters and 100 meters beneath the lunar soil. The exploration will continue longer than we planned, because all the instruments and equipments are working very well," noted Wu Weiren.
The robotic pair of spacecraft safely soft landed on the Moon on Dec. 14 at Mare Imbrium, nearby the Bay of Rainbows, or Sinus Iridum region
Barely seven hours after the history making touchdown, 'Yutu' was painstakingly lowered from its perch atop the lander and then successfully drove all six wheels onto the moon's surface on Dec. 15.
The Chang'e-3 mothership captured a panoramic view of the stark lunar terrain surrounding the spacecraft after 'Yutu' drove some 9 meters away from the lander.
The 120 kg Yutu rover is almost the size of a golf cart. It measures about 1.5 m x 1 m on its sides and stands about 1.5 m (nearly 5 feet) tall – virtually human height.
Yutu, which translates as 'Jade Rabbit' will use its suite of four science instruments to survey the moon's geological structure and composition to locate the moon's natural resources for use by potential future Chinese astronauts, perhaps a decade from now.
Source: Universe Today
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Abyssinian cat breed: breed description, character and reviews
Today, there are several versions of how the Abyssinian cat breed appeared. All of them are to some extent plausible and have the right to exist, but at the same time contain quite controversial points. The name of this breed comes from the name of the country that was located in the east of the African continent - Abyssinia (today we know it as Ethiopia). Therefore, the main of the existing versions is Abyssinian. In addition to unconfirmed documented versions, there are real facts about which we will tell you.
The Abyssinian cat, the history of which is quite ancient, appeared officially from the moment the first animal, which became the ancestor of the breed, was brought to the UK in 1868. Three years later (1871) she was put up under the nickname Zula at an exhibition in the London Crystal Palace. The Abyssinian cat was first mentioned in the Harpers Weekly newspaper in 1872.Features of the breed are described in detail in the article. And this is not by chance, because at the exhibition she took the honorable third place. Two years later (1874), Gordon Stables in great detail told about this animal in his book.
The Abyssinian cat breed was officially recognized in England in 1882. In the future, her best qualities were consolidated and improved by crossing with a short-haired British breed. In 1889, the first official standard was published.
In 1896, cats of the Abyssinian breed, whose photos can be seen today in all reference books on animals, were first officially registered in the breeding book of the club of Great Britain.
Abyssinian in the USA
The first two representatives of this breed in 1907 were exported to America - the silver cat Aluminum II and the cat of the same color Salt. It should be noted that by the middle of the 20th century silver colors had practically disappeared in England. Once again, the breeding of silver Abyssinians in the UK resumed only in the 1960s. It took quite difficult because of the lack of manufacturers.
In the US, cats of the Abyssinian breed reviews of animal lovers received enthusiastic.Therefore, for its development, the Americans took it seriously. In 1917, she was already recognized by the CFA. These wonderful animals were introduced to France in 1927. In the first half of the 20th century, the Abyssinian cat breed became widespread in Europe.
The threat of extinction of the breed
She appeared during the war with Nazi Germany. Then in Europe there were only less than two dozen of these animals. It was possible to recreate the breed after the war thanks to the import of these animals from the USA. In the 1970s, many cats of this breed in the UK became extinct due to the terrible epidemic of viral leukemia. This did not happen because the Abyssinian cat was particularly susceptible to this disease. Characteristics of the breed suggests that they are susceptible to this infection no more than other breeds. But the Abyssinians were few in number, few good males survived at that time. Mating was done very often. This influenced the wide spread of the disease. By the end of the 80s of the last century about ten manufacturers remained in the UK.
The researchers of these animals claim that over the past hundred years they have changed somewhat outwardly - cats have become more graceful and smaller, their backbone is lighter, their ears are bigger. New colors have also appeared, and the traditional wild color has become much "warmer".He was first called red (red), but officially recognized him in 1979 under the name "Sorrel." In 1984, he recognized the blue color, in 1985 - the faun.
Abyssinian cat in Russia
In the USA, these graceful animals keep their place in the top five of the most popular breeds. In our country, such beauties are still quite rare. In Russia, only in the 90s the first Abyssinian appeared. The cat, whose characteristics were immediately interested in the specialists, was brought from Europe.
Around this time, the first Russian nurseries appeared - Tabiti, Golden Lion. In the development of the breed, an important role was played by the Tabiti's Lancelot cat of the wild color, which became the first representative of American animals in Russia.
According to the owners of these animals, the Abyssinian cat is very beautiful. The breed standards of different phelinological associations are somewhat different from each other. Recent years have become more noticeable differences in the type of Abyssinian European and American breeding. Thus, today it is possible to distinguish two breed types - American and European.
American blood animals have a lighter skeleton, while they are larger.They have lower and wide-set ears, a not so strong chin, a shorter coat with an underdeveloped undercoat.
European Abyssinians today have preserved the smoothness of the lines and the surprisingly harmonious proportions of cats that adorned Egyptian murals. And, of course, the main distinguishing feature of Europeans is their unique “smile”.
Huge, wide-open amber eyes, satin fur coat, in every pose of this beauty, turning her head, exquisite perfection is visible. True, it is rather difficult to keep track of the poses of an amazing animal - this is a real clot of mercury. Just a second ago, she was standing nearby, but you do not have time to stretch out your hand to her, as she disappears, and a moment later you will be elsewhere. Here she is half asleep basking on the master's bed, and suddenly this red-lightning flashed and disappeared.
Do not try to pick it up. If you succeed in catching it, you will not be able to hold it - it will slip away, as if it will leak through your fingers. But then she will surely come to the owner herself, jump on her knees, get comfortable and purr loudly.
These are short-haired animals of medium size.The Abyssinian cat breed differs from its other relatives by its special grace and royal posture, which is inherent only in this breed. They are strong and flexible members of a well-muscled family. Cats are much larger than cats.
Their body, according to the standards, should not be too stretched, it should be muscular, dense and flexible. Slightly arched back and round chest. The head is wedge-shaped, the nose is of medium length, and the chin is well developed. Long and muscular limbs are quite proportional to the body. The tail is quite long, at the base it is thick, but tapering towards the end.
Growth of cats reaches 32 cm, and cats - 28 cm and weight from 4 to 7.5 kg. True, individuals are more common, their weight is within five kilograms. Wide and rather large ears are set wide apart. The neck is elegant and long.
The Abyssinian cat breed differs from other breeds with surprisingly expressive, intelligent eyes. They are very large and have an almond shape. Eye color is amber or green, they have a well-marked black bezel.
The coat is rather thin, short, but thick and silky, tight to the body. Interesting fact: Abyssinian kittens are born much more fluffy than their parents.
Four colors of this breed are officially recognized - wild, blue, sorrel and fawn. The most common is the first. TICA, FIFe and ACF recognized silver colors, CCCA recognized purple and chocolate as well as their silver variants, GCCF added tortoise and cream colors to their breeding, as well as their silver variants.
Abyssinian cat breed. Character
The nature of these animals does not correspond to their external royalty, however, they love respect for their own person.
Abyssinians are smart, loyal and docile. These animals do not tolerate loneliness, so it is advisable to have another pet if you are not at home for a long time. By the way, representatives of this breed quickly establish good relations with other animals. Kitties have a very nice voice - quiet and thin. He can hardly annoy anyone.
The temperament of the Abyssinian cats is perfectly balanced, they learn quickly and very easily learn the rules of behavior in their new home.
Despite the fact that the animal is very active, with proper upbringing, it will not jump on carpets and curtains or spoil upholstered furniture. The cats' slightly wild appearance is deceptive, their character is perfectly balanced. For no reason, they do not scratch and do not release claws.
These are very neat and clean animals that appreciate the care and attention of the owners. Such a pet is very attached to the owner and does not tolerate loneliness. This is a true friend and diligent assistant in all affairs of the owner. Abyssinka needs respect, attention and caress, for which she gives a person her love. Whatever you do, the cat will be close to each other, taking an active part in what is happening. These quiet animals prefer tactile communication verbal.
Pay attention to the socialization and upbringing of your pet, as these beauties sometimes want to dominate the house.
Maintenance and care
Abyssinian cats, whose photos you can see in our article, do not need special care. It is enough to wipe the wool of these animals during shedding with wet palms and bathe it once a month. Most of these cats are very fond of water and with great pleasure they climb into it, so the owners of problems with bathing will not arise. To wash, use a special shampoo.
It is necessary to monitor the condition of the ears and eyes of your pet. If in the ears you notice a collection of dark secretions, remove them with a cotton swab moistened with water or liquid paraffin.
If there are discharges from the eyes, they should be wiped with a cotton swab dipped in strong tea, and you should consult with a veterinarian, because it is extremely rare in a healthy cat. In addition, you need to brush your pet. This should be done at least once every ten days.
Do not forget to arrange a separate corner for your pet. To do this, it is best to buy a house and scratching post.
In general, it is a healthy cat breed. But some diseases also await her. Most often - gingivitis, arising from malnutrition. Hereditary diseases include renal amyloidosis, which can be fatal. Many breeds of cats suffer from this kidney disease, but veterinarians consider Abyssinians to be its characteristic feature. Illness is not transmitted by all breeding lines to their offspring, so you should not refuse to purchase a pet for this reason. In addition, if the breeder values his reputation, he will do everything necessary so that the kittens do not have health problems.
Abyssinian cat breed - character reviews
Many owners of these animals celebrate the great affection of their pets. They are very clean, quickly get used to the tray.With proper upbringing, abyssines do not spoil wallpaper and furniture, get along well with other pets.
Some owners point out that sometimes there are problems with very young children. Therefore, it is not recommended to start such an animal until your child understands that a living creature has appeared in the house, and not just another new toy. | <urn:uuid:55e9dc28-4ae1-43e6-9108-175251a959ce> | {
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“The hinge factor to improve student learning in schools is feedback…” -Jane E. Pollock
In her book, Feedback, the Hinge That Joins Teaching & Learning, Jane E. Pollock establishes the importance of instructive feedback in student learning, and lays out small changes that teachers can incorporate into their classroom that yields meaningful and substantial student learning. With keeping her work in mind of the importance of “goal-based feedback” and combining it with the technology and power of Google Apps for Educators, here are 5 levels of better feedback with GAFE.
Level 1: Suggesting Mode in Google Docs
Switch your student’s Google Doc from Editing Mode to Suggesting Mode and get your digital “red pen” ready. Suggesting Mode allows you to make editing and revising suggestions to your students’ work in the same manner teachers would have traditionally done with a red pen. The changes are not directly made to the work, instead the students will see your suggested feedback and make the changes themselves. I find this feedback to be most effective during one-on-one conferences with students. I will go over the students work with them, focusing on the goal of the activity, and write in suggestions as I go. This way the students have a record of the feedback and can go back to work on it on their own.
Suggesting Mode is also great for peer-to-peer feedback. Like traditional peer revising and editing that is done by hand, this Google tool lets students make suggestions to their classmate’s answers without making actual edits. Students can ignore the suggestions or make the changes, and they can also go back after they have made the revisions to revisit what feedback was given to them.
Level 2: Add Comments for All Google Apps
I think using Comments in Google Apps is easier and more intuitive than Suggestion Mode, however I labeled it a level 2 feedback because I find it more conducive to deeper and more meaningful learning. Comments can be made on any Google App by simply highlighting a portion of work, clicking Comments in the upper right-hand corner of the screen, and then writing away. I find myself asking a lot of questions when I use this feature. Instead of making suggestions, I use comments as a way to probe into a students’ work as a way to give them feedback on their ideas. Similar to how I would ask questions in class or give verbal feedback as I work with students in person, I use comments much the same way.
“What makes you think that?”
“How are those ideas connected to…?”
“Please give some supporting examples.”
“Make sure to support your ideas with evidence.”
Like Suggesing Mode, Comments is a great tool for peer feedback. I find it especially helpful when students are collaborating on a project together – Comments allow them to support and check each other’s work.
Level 3: Leaving Comments with a Comment Key
One way to enhance the level of feedback with Google Apps’ Comment feature is to support it with a comment key. Using a comment key is great because it allows you to give specific and goal-oriented feedback a lot faster. One of the things that always holds me back in delivering quality feedback for my students is time – it can take hours to go through student written work and respond in detail to each one. I find using a comment key allows for targeted feedback for each student in a lot less time, allowing me to do more than I would have without the key.
Comment Keys can have general components that cover overall skills, like grammar or transition words, and can also contain specific and targeted feedback based on your particular focus. What can be very effective is anticipating common mistakes students will make and then preparing feedback accordingly. At its best, a comment key can also contain links to videos or sites that support student learning or have written explanations or examples that students can use to make the necessary changes to their work. This turns submitted work into a learning activity by giving feedback to students in a way that allows them to learn from their mistakes.
Here is a great example of a comment key created by my colleague June Dutro, a high school English teacher. The key is a general grammar key, set up to help students “learn to investigate these rules [of grammar] on their own.” It has a long list of links students can follow to help them learn the grammar rules – please feel free to make a copy of the key for your own use!
Level 4: Students Must Reply to Feedback
Having students make changes is not always enough to make lasting learning happen. To help your students make their learning more meaningful, have them reflect and analyze on the feedback by explaining the changes they are making. Google Apps make this process simple and straightforward. Use the Comment feature as discussed before, with or without a comment key, and then have students Reply to the comment, explaining what changes they are making.
For fixing grammar mistakes a student’s reply might be as simple as “I added a comma before and to make it a compound sentence”. Or you can have students explain why their thinking was off and how they changed it. Here is an actual student response to why Medina was an important city to Muhammad and his followers: “At first I thought Muhammad gave his last sermon in Medina, and that would’ve been really important. He delivered his last sermon in Mount Arafat. He lived there while he drew more people to Islam. This was important for his followers because they wanted to spread the religion.” Both student responses demonstrate that after the feedback and reflecting on their original work, they now have a better understanding of the skill and the content.
The secondary benefit of having students Reply to feedback using Google’s Comment feature, is it makes rechecking work faster and easier. Instead of having to go back into the student’s work, and finding their changes, you can simply look at the Reply to quickly assess whether the student has now demonstrated a mastery of the skill or content. In the end using this Level 4 feedback makes students take the time to reflect and explain their learning, which will make it long-lasting and more meaningful, and makes it easier for us teachers to check.
Level 5: Using Kaizena to Record Verbal Feedback and More
I was introduced to Kaizena last year by a colleague, as an Add-on feature for Google Docs that would allow a teacher to record verbal feedback for student work. This simple idea, at the time, was eye-awakening for the possibilities it opened up. How much easier and faster would it be to be able to “talk” to your students using this tool! Little did I know, Kaizena has turned into so much more, and therefore for me is a Level 5 form of feedback.
Kaizena can be found as an Add-on for Google Docs, but is now also a self-contained site to house student work and teacher and peer feedback. Kaizena still offers easy to use voice recording that allows you to highlight portions of text and record your verbal feedback. You can type feedback as well. Kaizena also allows you attach linked lessons to help support student learning. For example, you might link to a site offering tips for strong verbs or link to your own screencast video about using evidence to cite sources. Kaizena has a function where you can create your own skills, with descriptions, that acts as a targeted rubric used to grade student work. Finally, students can also upload their own voice or text comments that can facilitate a digital conversation between you and them or between themselves.
Kaizena is easy to use and at this moment offers a comprehensive set of feedback tools. Kaizena also has fast response support if you have technical trouble or questions. However, what impresses me most about Kaizena is based on a quote from my friend, and Chief Digital Evangelist at Looker, Daniel Mintz, when he writes about how to choose quality technology. He says “…buying software isn’t about buying the current version, but about where the software is going.” Although Kaizena is free, I am “buying” into their program now based on the changes they have rolled out in the last year, and their trajectory of where they are heading in the future. Kaizena is a great a way to better student learning through feedback and is an effective digital “hinge” between teaching and learning.
How do you leverage technology to improve feedback? I love learning from fellow educators – please leave a comment below. | <urn:uuid:76b0e08d-abc4-43c7-9f2e-1883c82ea689> | {
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Saturn’s northern hemisphere reached its summer solstice in mid-2017, bringing continuous sunshine to the planet’s far north.
The solstice took place on May 24, 2017. The Cassini mission is using the unparalleled opportunity to observe changes that occur on the planet as the Saturnian seasons turn.
This view looks toward the sunlit side of the rings from about 17 degrees above the ring plane. The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on April 17, 2017 using a spectral filter which preferentially admits wavelengths of near-infrared light centered at 939 nanometers.
The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 733,000 miles (1.2 million kilometers) from Saturn. Image scale is 44 miles (70 kilometers) per pixel.
The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (the European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute
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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A gazania, any flowers of the genus Gazania, flowering plants found in Southern Africa, especially Gazania rigens.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. decumbent South African perennial with short densely leafy stems and orange flower rays with black eyespots at base
Sorry, no etymologies found.
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X, Y, Boom! How 4 Generations Work Together
For the first time in American history, we have four generations in the workforce. Which generation are you?
Radio, Television, Video Games, or YouTube Is Bing a singer or a Search Engine? Write, Call, Email, or Text Superman, Wonderwoman, Mr. T, or Ninja Turtles Rotary, Touchtone, Beeper, or Cell World War II, Vietnam, Cold War, or War on Terror Is a tablet a writing pad or an iPad? Cornflakes, Rice Krispies, Cap’n Crunch, or Reese’s Puffs
Anything stick out to you? Whether you identify yourself as a Traditional, a Baby Boomer, or part of Generation X or Y, there are events and practices that shape our coming of age and affect our work values and behaviors. According to a survey by Lee Hecht Harrison,
But, are we really all that different? Do we clash, co-exist, or collaborate for a better future? Understanding our generational differences and similarities will allow us to feel more fulfilled at work and help employers better manage high-performing, results-driven teams.
Come learn more about this fascinating phenomenon this Thursday, June 27 @ 12:00 in the Business and Job Center. | <urn:uuid:a73d1def-fcbd-415c-8488-936295461ec3> | {
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Volume 121, Issue 7
1584Richard M. Re & Christopher M. Re121 Yale L.J. 1584 (2012).
The Reconstruction Amendments are justly celebrated for transforming millions
of recent slaves into voting citizens. Yet this legacy of egalitarian enfranchisement had a flip side.
In arguing that voting laws should not discriminate on the basis of morally insignificant statuses,
such as race, supporters of the Reconstruction Amendments emphasized the legitimacy of
retributive disenfranchisement as a punishment for immoral actions, such as crimes. Former
slaves were not just compared with virtuous military veterans, as commentators have long
observed, but were also contrasted with immoral criminals. The mutually supportive
relationship between egalitarian enfranchisement and punitive disenfranchisement—between
voting and vice—motivated and shaped all three Reconstruction Amendments.
Counterintuitively, the constitutional entrenchment of criminal disenfranchisement facilitated
the enfranchisement of black Americans. This conclusion complicates the conventional
understanding of how and why voting rights expanded in the Reconstruction era.
Criminal disenfranchisement’s previously overlooked constitutional history illuminates
four contemporary legal debates. First, the connection between voting and vice provides new
support for the Supreme Court’s thoroughly criticized holding that the Constitution endorses
criminal disenfranchisement. Second, Reconstruction history suggests that the Constitution’s
endorsement of criminal disenfranchisement extends only to serious crimes. For that reason,
disenfranchisement for minor criminal offenses, such as misdemeanors, may be
unconstitutional. Third, the Reconstruction Amendments’ common intellectual origin refutes
recent arguments by academics and judges that the Fifteenth Amendment impliedly repealed the
Fourteenth Amendment’s endorsement of criminal disenfranchisement. Finally, the historical
relationship between voting and vice suggests that felon disenfranchisement is specially
protected from federal regulation but not categorically immune to challenge under the Voting
1672Nathan S. Chapman & Michael W. McConnell121 Yale L.J. 1672 (2012).
From its conceptual origin in Magna Charta, due process of law has required that
government can deprive persons of rights only pursuant to a coordinated effort of separate
institutions that make, execute, and adjudicate claims under the law. Originalist debates about
whether the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendments were understood to entail modern “substantive
due process” have obscured the way that many American lawyers and courts understood due
process to limit the legislature from the Revolutionary era through the Civil War. They
understood due process to prohibit legislatures from directly depriving persons of rights,
especially vested property rights, because it was a court’s role to do so pursuant to established
and general law. This principle was applied against insufficiently general and prospective
legislative acts under a variety of state and federal constitutional provisions through the
antebellum era. Contrary to the claims of some scholars, however, there was virtually no
precedent before the Fourteenth Amendment for invalidating laws that restricted liberty or the
use of property. Contemporary resorts to originalism to support modern substantive due process
doctrines are therefore misplaced. Understanding due process as a particular instantiation of
separation of powers does, however, shed new light on a number of key twentieth-century cases
which have not been fully analyzed under the requirements of due process of law.
1808Bruce E. Cain121 Yale L.J. 1808 (2012).
The new institutionalism in election law aims to lessen the necessity of court
intervention in politically sensitive election administration matters such as redistricting by
harnessing politics to fix politics. Many hope that independent citizen commissions (ICCs) will
improve the politics associated with drawing new district boundaries. As the recent round of
redistricting comes to a close, I offer some observations about ICCs as effective court
redistricting buffers. My basic points are as follows. Independent citizen commissions are the
culmination of a reform effort focused heavily on limiting the conflict of interest implicit in
legislative control over redistricting. While they have succeeded to a great degree in that goal,
they have not eliminated the inevitable partisan suspicions associated with political line-drawing
and the associated risk of commission deadlock. Additional political purity tests and more careful
vetting of the citizen commissioners are not the solution. I argue that ICCs in the future should
adopt a variation of New Jersey’s informal arbitration system as a means of reducing partisan
stakes and encouraging coalition building among stakeholders.
1846Christopher S. Elmendorf & David Schleicher121 Yale L.J. 1846 (2012).
Most commentary on redistricting is concerned with fairness to groups, be they
racial, political, or geographic. This Essay highlights another facet of the redistricting problem:
how the configuration of districts affects the ability of low-information voters to secure
responsive, accountable governance. We show that attention to the problem of voter ignorance
can illuminate longstanding legal-academic debates about redistricting, and that it brings into
view a set of questions that deserve our attention but have received little so far. District designers
should be asking how alternative maps are likely to affect local media coverage of representatives,
as well as the “branding” strategies of political party elites. Bearing these questions in mind, we
offer some tentative suggestions for reform.
1888Joseph Fishkin121 Yale L.J. 1888 (2012).
Does “one person, one vote” protect persons, or voters? The Court has never
resolved this question. Current practice overwhelmingly favors equal representation for equal
numbers of persons. Opponents charge, however, that this approach dilutes the “weight” of
some individual voters’ votes. This Essay examines what that might mean, and concludes that
there is no coherent individual interest in the “weight” of a vote. It argues that the one person,
one vote doctrine is really about something else: protecting the political power of numerical
groups. In light of this conclusion, the last section of this Essay explores whether the numerical
groups this doctrine protects ought to include all persons living in a jurisdiction, or only the
citizens of voting age.
1912Barrett J. Anderson121 Yale L.J. 1912 (2012).
Courts have historically regulated the use of character in trials because of its
potential to prejudice juries. In order to regulate this type of proof, courts must be able to
recognize what is and is not character evidence, but past attempts to define character in the law
of evidence have been unsatisfactory. This Note proposes a new framework to help courts
unravel this age-old mystery. By considering legal scholarship in conjunction with psychological
research and employing common tools of statutory interpretation, this Note contends that proof
must have two components for it to be regulated by the character scheme in the Federal Rules of
Evidence: propensity and morality. It then explains the elements of each component under the
Federal Rules regime, examines several evidentiary examples drawn from real cases to illustrate
how courts would apply the proposed framework, and concludes by discussing the broader
implications of this new perspective on character evidence.
1970Nicholas M. McLean121 Yale L.J. 1970 (2012).
This Note undertakes an empirical examination of U.S. enforcement actions under
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) in order to explore the cross-national patterns
associated with the United States’ international antibribery enforcement. I investigate a number
of possible determinants of FCPA enforcement, including variation in the level of U.S. foreign
direct investment (FDI), cross-national variation in corruption levels, the level of foreign
regulatory and enforcement cooperation with the United States, and U.S. foreign policy
interests. I find that higher levels of U.S. FDI and higher levels of corruption are significantly
associated with increased FCPA enforcement, as is the presence of bilateral mechanisms of
enforcement cooperation. In contrast, other variables—including the level of foreign policy
alignment between the host nation and the United States—do not appear to be associated with
variation in FCPA enforcement. In addition, I find that cross-national variation in the number of
FCPA cases in a given country is much more closely associated with actual recorded experience
with corruption (as measured by cross-national survey instruments) than with more widely used
measures of corruption perceptions. Finally, I employ data on past enforcement actions to
generate a cross-national measure of the “FCPA enforcement-action intensity” of U.S. FDI, and I
consider the potential use of such an index as a measure of FCPA country risk.
121 Yale L.J. 2013 (2012). | <urn:uuid:a4a4f6c2-4754-4552-9bbb-efd191df4666> | {
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Smokers light up less often daily when they can’t indulge at work
Smokers whose workplaces allow smoking light up five more cigarettes a day than smokers whose workplaces ban it, according to a study conducted by U of T’s Ontario Tobacco Research Unit.
“A lot of people assume smokers in smoke-free workplaces compensate for being without cigarettes while at work by smoking more at lunch, during breaks or after work, but overall they don’t. People are more likely to cut down or to give up cigarettes,” says Dr. Thomas Stephens, lead author of the study. Workplaces that allow smoking are typically blue-collar or trade organizations and small enterprises.
Twenty-four per cent of employed adult Canadians consume an average of 17 cigarettes daily, according to the study. In workplaces where smoking is banned, only 18 per cent of workers smoke daily, and their intake drops to 15 cigarettes. At jobs where there are no restrictions, 40 per cent of employees are daily smokers and average 20 cigarettes daily.
“Usually, the reason given for banning smoking in the workplace is to benefit non-smokers and this is a valid and important reason,” says Dr. Stephens. “What this study shows is that the bans also have health benefits for smokers themselves.” He adds that this is consistent with research in the United States and Australia.
In Canada, two provinces (Manitoba and New Brunswick) and two territories (Northwest Territories and Nunavut) have introduced legislation banning smoking in all indoor enclosed workplaces. In Ontario, smoking in the workplace is now restricted to a lesser extent, but the provincial government has introduced legislation to ban smoking in all workplaces and public places.. | <urn:uuid:c580a639-e754-4cd7-8c60-f473b406e9ca> | {
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Copper is a crucial trace mineral and is present in every single cell of the body. Copper, along with proteins, amino acids and fatty acids are crucial for the normal metabolic processes. Copper is the third most important mineral found in the human body. It helps with maintaining a healthy metabolism which is crucial for the growth and development of the body. In the absence of copper, there will be no cellular respiration, peptide formation, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, pigment formation and connective tissue strength. Copper is crucial for various enzymes and helps with the constant development of the central nervous system.
Health benefits of copper
->> It is antimicrobial in nature
->> It helps with the production of collagen
->> It helps with the absorption of iron
->> It is required for the energy regeneration
->> An optimum level of copper helps with the prevention of bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis.
->> It supports growth, neurodevelopment and the cognitive functions.
->> An insufficient copper amount of copper may lead to neutropenia- the deficiency of white blood cells. An
->> optimum level of copper helps in maintaining healthy immune functions.
->> It helps in maintaining the quality of your hair, eyes and connective tissues.
->> It is also essential for the formation of red blood cells.
->> Copper is a potent antioxidant which acts as an anti-aging agent.
->> Copper helps with the proper functioning of thyroid gland.
->> It assists the body in maintaining an optimum level of good cholesterol.
The anti-inflammatory properties of copper help with strengthening the muscular system, thus reducing the symptoms of arthritis.
A common source of copper
Copper is one of those few minerals which cannot be synthesized by the human body. It cannot be synthesized by the human on its own and can be obtained from dietary sources only. Copper can easily be obtained from a number of food items such as meat, seafood, whole grains, beans, soy-flour, avocado, wheat bran, barley, almonds, garlic, nuts, mushroom, blackstrap molasses, lentils, oats, and beets. Crab meat and oysters contain the highest amount of copper. Another great way to fulfill your daily quota of copper is by drinking copper infused water that has been stored in a copper water bottle.
Lack of copper in the body may result in various health conditions such as:
->> Low body temperature
->> Weaker immunity
->> Joint inflammation
->> Thinning of hair or baldness
->> Brittle bones
->> Skin pigmentation
->> Sudden weight loss
->> Skin inflammation | <urn:uuid:8aee82cd-96a7-48c1-a37e-f1ee6a540343> | {
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The last in the line of the Abrahamic family of revealed traditions, Islam emerged in the early decades of the seventh century. Its message, addressed in perpetuity, calls upon a people that are wise, a people of reason, to seek in their daily life, in the rhythm of nature, in the ordering of the universe, in their own selves, in the very diversity of humankind, signs that point to the Creator and Sustainer of all creation, Who alone is worthy of their submission.* It was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (s.a.s.) in Arabia from where its influence spread rapidly and strongly, bringing within its fold, in just over a century after its birth, inhabitants of the lands stretching from the central regions of Asia to the Iberian peninsula in Europe. A major world religion, Islam today counts a quarter of the globe's population among its adherents, bound to their faith by the affirmation of the witness that there is no divinity except God, and Muhammad is His messenger.**
The spiritual dimension of Islam varies from individual to individual according to their inner capacities as conditioned by the external environment. Equally, in the collective domain, a divergence of views has persisted since the demise of the Prophet among the pious and the learned, on what constitutes the best community. The very comprehensiveness of the vision of Islam, as it has unfolded over time and in a multiplicity of cultures, has rendered a monolithic conception of the ideal society difficult. Nevertheless, whatever the cultural milieu in which Islam takes root, its central impulse of submission to the Divine translates into patterns of lifeways and acts of devotion, which impart a palpable impress of an Islamic piety to whichever spheres Muslims occupy.
Shia Islam: Historical Origins
Within its fundamental unity, Islam has elicited, over the ages, varying responses to its primal message calling upon man to surrender himself to God. Historically, these responses have been expressed as two main perspectives within Islam: the Shia and the Sunni. Each encompasses a rich diversity of spiritual temperaments, juridical preferences, social and psychological dispositions, political entities and cultures. Ismailism is one such response integral to the overall Shia perspective which seeks to comprehend the true meaning of the Islamic message, and trace a path to its fulfilment.
All Muslims affirm the unity of God (tawhid) as the first and foremost article of the faith, followed by that of Divine guidance through God's chosen messengers, of whom Prophet Muhammad was the last. The verbal attestation of the absolute unity and transcendence of God and of His choice of Muhammad as His Messenger constitutes the shahada, the profession of faith, and the basic creed of all Muslims.
During his lifetime, Prophet Muhammad was both the recipient of Divine revelation and its expounder. His death marked the conclusion of the line of prophecy, and the beginning of the critical debate on the question of the rightful leadership to continue his mission for the future generations. The debate ensued as a result of the absence of consensus, in the nascent Muslim community, on the succession to the Prophet.
A variety of viewpoints on the nature of the succession continued to be expressed before being consolidated into systematic doctrine, propounded by legal scholars and theologians, towards the end of the ninth century. From the beginning, however, there was a clear distinction of views on this matter between those, known as Shi‘at Ali or the "party" of Ali, who believed that the Prophet had designated Ali, his cousin, as his successor, and those groups which followed the political leadership of the caliphs. These latter groups eventually coalesced into the majoritarian, Sunni branch, comprising several different juridical schools.
In essence, the Sunni position was that the Prophet had not nominated a successor, as the revelation, the Quran, was sufficient guidance for the community. Nevertheless, there developed a tacit recognition that the spiritual-moral authority was to be exercised by the ulama, a group of specialists in matters of religious law, the shariah. The task of the ulama came to be understood as that of merely deducing appropriate rules of conduct on the basis of the Quran, the Hadith or the Prophetic tradition and several other subordinate criteria. The role of the caliph, theoretically elected by the community, was to maintain a realm in which the principles and practices of Islam were safeguarded and propagated.
The Shia or "party" of Ali, already in existence during the lifetime of the Prophet, maintained that while the revelation ceased at the Prophet's death, the need for spiritual and moral guidance of the community, through an ongoing interpretation of the Islamic message, continued. They firmly believed that the legacy of Prophet Muhammad could only be entrusted to a member of his own family, in whom the Prophet had invested his authority through designation. That person was Ali, Prophet Muhammad's cousin, the husband of his daughter and only surviving child, Fatima, and his first supporter who had devoutly championed the cause of Islam and had earned the Prophet's trust and admiration. Their espousal of the right of Ali and that of his descendants, through Fatima, to the leadership of the community was rooted, above all, in their understanding of the Quran and its concept of qualified and rightly guided leadership, as reinforced by Prophetic traditions. The most prominent among the latter were part of the Prophet's sermon at a place called Ghadir Khumm, following his farewell pilgrimage, designating Ali as his successor, and his testament that he was leaving behind him "the two weighty things", namely the Quran and his progeny, for the future guidance of his community.
Among the early Shia were the pious Quran readers, several close Companions of the Prophet, tribal chiefs of distinction and other pious Muslims who had rendered great services to Islam. Their foremost teacher and guide was Ali himself who, in his sermons and letters, and in his admonitions to the leaders of the tribe of Quraysh, reminded Muslims of his family's right, in heredity, to the leadership for all time "as long as there is among us one who adheres to the religion of truth".
The Shia, therefore, attest that after the Prophet, the authority for the guidance of the community was vested in Ali. The Sunni, on the other hand, revere Ali as the last of the four rightly-guided caliphs, the first three being Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman. Just as it was the prerogative of the Prophet to designate his successor, so it is the absolute prerogative of each Imam of the time to designate his successor from among his male progeny. Hence, according to Shia doctrine, the Imamat continues by heredity in the Prophet's progeny through Ali and Fatima.
Evolution of Communities of Interpretation
In time, the Shia were sub-divided. The Ismailis are the second largest Shia Muslim community. The Ismailis and what eventually came to be known as the Ithna ashari or Twelver Shia parted ways over the succession to the great, great grandson of Ali and Fatima, Imam Jafar as-Sadiq, who died in the year 765 CE. The Ithna asharis transferred their allegiance to as-Sadiq's youngest son Musa al-Kazim and after him, in lineal descent, to Muhammad al-Mahdi, their twelfth Imam who, they believe, is in occultation and will reappear to dispense perfect order and justice. Led by mujtahids, the Ithna asharis are the largest Shia Muslim community, and the majority of the population in Iran.
The Ismailis gave their allegiance to Imam Jafar as-Sadiq's eldest son Ismail, from whom they derive their name. Throughout their history, the Ismailis have been led by a living, hereditary Imam. They trace the line of Imamat in hereditary succession from Ismail to His Highness the Aga Khan, who is their present, 49th Imam in direct lineal descent from Prophet Muhammad through Ali and Fatima.
There was also divergent growth among the Sunnis. From the early decades, various embryonic systems of law began to emerge in response to concrete situations of life, reflecting initially the influence of regional custom in the way the Quran was interpreted. Eventually, these were consolidated into four major schools, which came to command the allegiance of the majority of Sunni adherents.
The history and evolution of Islam, thus, witnessed the growth of different communities of interpretation with their respective schools of jurisprudence. However, whatever the differences between the Shia and the Sunni or among their sub-divisions, they never amounted to such fundamental a divergence over theology or dogma as to result in separate religions. On the other hand, in the absence of an established church in Islam and an institutionalized method of pronouncing on dogma, a proper reading of history reveals the inappropriateness of referring to the Shia-Sunni divide, or to interpretational differences within each branch, in the frame of an orthodoxy-heterodoxy dichotomy, or of applying the term "sect" to any Shia or Sunni community.
Principles of Shi‘ism
The essence of Shi‘ism lies in the desire to search for the true meaning of the revelation in order to understand the purpose of human existence and its destiny. This true, spiritual meaning can never be fettered by the bounds of time, place or the letter of its form. It is to be comprehended through the guidance of the Imam of the time, who is the inheritor of the Prophet's authority, and the trustee of his legacy. A principal function of the Imam is to enable the believers to go beyond the apparent or outward form of the revelation in search of its spirituality and intellect. A believer who sincerely submits to the Imam's guidance may potentially attain the knowledge of self. The tradition attributed to both the Prophet and Imam Ali: "He who knows himself, knows his Lord", conveys the essence of this relationship between the Imam and his follower. The Shia thus place obedience to the Imams after that to God and the Prophet by virtue of the command in the Quran for Muslims to obey those vested with authority.
The succession of the line of prophecy by that of Imamat ensures the balance between the shariah or the exoteric aspect of the faith, and its esoteric, spiritual essence. Neither the exoteric nor the esoteric obliterates the other. While the Imam is the path to a believer's inward, spiritual elevation, he is also the authority who makes the shariah relevant according to the needs of time and universe. The inner, spiritual life in harmony with the exoteric, is a dimension of the faith that finds acceptance among many communities in both branches of Islam.
Intellect and Faith
The intellect plays a central role in Shia tradition. Indeed, the principle of submission to the Imam's guidance, explicitly derived from the revelation, is considered essential for nurturing and developing the gift of intellect whose role in Shi‘ism is elevated as an important facet of the faith. Consonant with the role of the intellect is the responsibility of individual conscience, both of which inform the Ismaili tradition of tolerance embedded in the injunction of the Quran: There is no compulsion in religion.
In Shia Islam, the role of the intellect has never been perceived within a confrontational mode of revelation versus reason, the context which enlivened the debate, during the classical age of Islam, between the rationalists who gave primacy to reason, and the traditionalists who opposed such primacy without, however, denying a subordinate role for reason in matters of faith.
The Shia tradition, rooted in the teachings of Imam Ali and Jafar as-Sadiq, emphasizes the complementarity between revelation and intellectual reflection, each substantiating the other. This is the message that the Prophet conveys in a reported tradition: "We (the Prophets) speak to people in the measure of their intelligences". The Imams Ali and Jafar as-Sadiq expounded the doctrine that the Quran addresses different levels of meaning: the literal, the alluded esoteric purport, the limit as to what is permitted and what is forbidden, and the ethical vision which God intends to realise through man, with Divine support, for an integral moral society. The Quran thus offers the believers the possibility, in accordance with their own inner capacities, to derive newer insights to address the needs of time.
An unwavering belief in God combined with trust in the liberty of human will finds a recurring echo in the sermons and sayings of the Imams. Believers are asked to weigh their actions with their own conscience. None other can direct a person who fails to guide and warn himself, while there is Divine help for those who exert themselves on the right path. In the modern period, this Alid view of Islam as a thinking, spiritual faith continues to find resonance in the guidance of the present Imam and his immediate predecessor. Aga Khan III describes Islam as a natural religion, which values intellect, logic and empirical experience. Religion and science are both endeavours to understand, in their own ways, the mystery of God's creation. A man of faith who strives after truth, without forsaking his worldly obligations, is potentially capable of rising to the level of the company of the Prophet's family.
The present Imam has often spoken about the role of the intellect in the realm of the faith. Appropriately, he made the theme a centrepiece of his two inaugural addresses at the Aga Khan University: "In Islamic belief, knowledge is two-fold. There is that revealed through the Holy Prophet and that which man discovers by virtue of his own intellect. Nor do these two involve any contradiction, provided man remembers that his own mind is itself the creation of God. Without this humility, no balance is possible. With it, there are no barriers. Indeed, one strength of Islam has always lain in its belief that creation is not static but continuous, that through scientific and other endeavours, God has opened, and continues to open, new windows for us to see the marvels of His creation".
Muslims need not be apprehensive, he said, of these continuing journeys of the mind to comprehend the universe of God's creation, including one's own self. The tendency to restrict academic inquiry to the study of past accomplishments was at variance with the belief in the timeless relevance of the Islamic message. "Our faith has never been restricted to one place or one time. Ever since its revelation, the fundamental concept of Islam has been its universality and the fact that this is the last revelation, constantly valid, and not petrified into one period of man's history or confined to one area of the world."
Crossing the frontiers of knowledge through scientific and other endeavours, and facing up to the challenges of ethics posed by an evolving world is, thus, seen as a requirement of the faith. The Imam's authoritative guidance provides a liberating, enabling framework for an individual's quest for meaning and for solutions to the problems of life. An honest believer accepts the norms and ethics of the faith which guide his quest, recognises his own inner capacities and knows that when in doubt he should seek the guidance of the one vested with authority who, in Shia tradition, is the Alid Imam of the time from the Prophet's progeny | <urn:uuid:6ffd6444-1404-42b1-9e9a-0fec09f9edda> | {
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Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour imparts students with a scientific understanding of the field of psychology whilst also showing them the impact on their day-to-day existence. A simple conceptual framework within the text emphasizes relations between biological, psychological, and environmental levels of analysis and portrays the focus of modern psychology. Together with Research Close-Ups in each chapter; Beneath the Surface discussions and What Do You Think? questions, the text challenges students to think critically about psychology as a science and its impact on their lives.
- Levels of Analysis: The book?s basic LOA framework emphasises how psychologists carefully study behaviour from diverse angles, and reinforces the core concept that behaviour typically has multiple causes.
- Encourages students to be wary of overly simplistic explanations
- Research Close-Ups: In each chapter, this feature uses a scientific-journal format to provide students with an inside look at a research study
- Engages studnets in a process of critical thinking about the research question
- Beneath the Surface discussions and What Do You Think? exercises
- Challenge students to think critically in evaluating popular truisms, scientific and pseudoscientific claims, and psychology?s relevance to their own lives.
- European and international research and examples, drawn from both classic and contemporary studies
- Relevant for European market, up-to-date and provides students with a thorough grounding in classic research
- Expanded chapters on genes and neuroscience, cognitive and social development and social psychology
- Deals with these topics in greater depth, highlighing areas that are of emphasis in European psychology
OBS! CD ingår ej. Längst bak på baksidan finns en länk till McGraws en site där man kan hämta extramaterial till boken.
Bli först att betygsätta och recensera boken Psychology.
Fler böcker inom
- Häftad (paperback)
- Språk: Engelska
- Antal sidor: 960
- Utg.datum: 2009-01-01
- Upplaga: European edition.
- Förlag: McGraw-Hill Higher Education
- Medarbetare: Smith, Ronald E / Holt, Nigel / Bremner, Andy / Sutherland, Ed / Vliek, Michael
- Illustrationer: Illustrations (chiefly col.)
- Dimensioner: 272 x 225 x 37 mm
- Vikt: 2370 g
- Antal komponenter: 1
- Komponenter: Contains Paperback and CD-ROM
- ISBN: 9780077118365
Fler böcker av Michael W Passer
Bloggat om Psychology
Michael W. Passer coordinates the introductory psychology program at the University of Washington, which enrolls more than 3,000 students per year. He received his Bachelors degree from the University of Rochester, his Ph.D. from UCLA in social psychology, and has been a faculty member at the University of Washington since 1977. A former Danforth Foundation Fellow and U.W. Distinguished Teaching Award finalist, Dr. Passer has had a career-long love of teaching. He teaches introductory psychology twice yearly and also has taught courses in research methods, social psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, and attribution theory. Dr. Passer developed and annually offers a graduate course on Teaching of Psychology, which prepares students for their careers in the college classroom. He has published over 20 scientific articles and chapters, primarily in the areas of attribution, stress, and anxiety.
Ronald E. Smith is Professor of Psychology at the University of Washington, where he has served as Director of Clinical Psychology Training and as Head of the Social Psychology and Personality area. He received his Bachelors degree from Marquette University and his Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University. Dr. Smith has held faculty positions at Purdue University and at Washington, as well as visiting appointments at Marquette University, the University of Hawaii, the University of New Mexico, and UCLA. His major research interests are in personality, stress and coping, and in performance enhancement research and intervention. Dr. Smith is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and a Past President of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology. He has published more than 100 scientific articles and book chapters in his areas of interest and has authored or co-authored 19 books on introductory psychology, stress and stress management, sport psychology, and human performance enhancement.
Chapter 1. The Science of Psychology
Chapter 2. Studying Behaviour Scientifically
Chapter 3 Genes, Environment, and Behavior
Chapter 4 The Brain and Behavior
Chapter 5. Sensation and Perception
Chapter 6. States of Consciousness
Chapter 7. Learning and Adaptation
Chapter 8. Memory
Chapter 9. Language and Thinking
Chapter 10. Intelligence and Individual Differences
Chapter 11. Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 12. Cognitive Development
Chapter 13. Social Development
Chapter 14. Social Psychology
Chapter 15. Personality
Chapter 16. Health Psychology: Stress, Adjustment and Coping
Chapter 17. Psychological Disorders
Chapter 18. Treatment of Psychological Disorders | <urn:uuid:f10c3f18-f955-45e1-a83f-da473aec7822> | {
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What is a Load Bank?
A Load Bank is a device which develops an electrical load, applies the load to an electrical power source and converts or dissipates the resultant power output of the source. A Load Bank is intended to accurately mimic the operational or “real” load which a power source will see in actual application.
However, unlike the “real” load, which is likely to be dispersed, unpredictable and random in value, a Load Bank provides a contained, organized and fully controllable load. Consequently, a Load Bank can be further defined as a self-contained, unitized, systematic device which includes both load elements with control and accessory devices required for operation.
Where the “real” load is served by the power source and uses the energy output of the source for some productive purpose, the Load Bank serves the power source, using its energy output to test, support or protect the power source. | <urn:uuid:3e18d49d-62cc-40d9-9561-2f352fb6117a> | {
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Web Content Display
Become What You Should Become
A talk given by Shri Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari
A few thoughts came just now during meditation. Babuji Maharaj has said that there are certain requirements, fundamental requirements, for what he called saintliness-not sainthood, because sainthood he said is like the snake-saintliness. In Urdu, he said illat, killat, zillat. That is, you can roughly say that one should have less health than good health, less money than you need and always somebody to criticise you. Of course he also used to say, "Don't talk about this in Western countries because they will run away." The Western culture is for prosperity, beauty, health. And Sahaj Marg says if you want to be a saint-of course if you don't want to be saint, it is all right you see; you can do what you like.
So, to be a saint means to accept less health than good health, less income than you need, and criticism from as many as possible. They keep you on what is called the straight and narrow-obviously. Everybody knows that money is the root of all evil. We all say it, but we want more and more of it. More and more of it should go to people who can do good with it, but they don't have it. [chuckles] More and more of it goes to people who shoot their way around, murder, pillage, rape. They seem to get more and more. They are also flourishing with health. Because to indulge in the pleasures of life, whether of the body or of the mind, you need health. That is one reason why people don't like to become old; because old age progressively restricts your-not desires-but the ability to enjoy those desires. Old age is a blessing in that sense, you see, in the sense that, what you could not use your will power to put a stop to, Nature puts a stop to. But unfortunately, old age does not do the same with your income-not necessarily (I am not talking of salaried people who are getting less pension-they also invest; they also get money) because you have to buy indulgence. As they say in the West, there is no free lunch. Everything has a price.
So, the bohemian life, the life of pleasure, extracts a price, whether in terms of money or whether in terms of depleting your health, your mental reserves. And of course, spirituality goes to the dogs. Now wisdom says, please accept this as the bottom line of need for a spiritual life. You know, we always talk so much of renunciation. We praise the Christian religion because Jesus said, "Sell all that you have, distribute it to the poor and follow me." That was addressed to the rich man or for people who had something to sell. He didn't tell the powerful, strong people, "Give up! Weaken yourself!", because we can't. Nobody can weaken himself deliberately. So what should we do? Sahaj Marg hits the nail on the head and says, "Renounce in your mind."
We have famous examples in our literature in India of emperors who are saints. Janaka Chakravarthy was supposed to have been one of the greatest of them. He was called a Raja Rishi-one who was simultaneously an emperor and a great ascetic. But that sort of combination is perhaps extremely rare to the extent that you may find one in ten thousand years. When Babuji says such a personality cannot be born very often and you may hardly find one in ten thousand years, that is what he means you see. One who has everything, but having everything behaves as if he has nothing. In one sense you can say this is also a description of what we term as God. He has nothing; He has no body, no form, no face, no physical existence, no powers, no wisdom, no intelligence and no mind. Yet everything comes from Him.
In Nature we have the opposite: the black hole, you see, which grabs everything around it into itself. That is a sort of cosmic phenomenon. But, in human beings also we have black holes who take all the money that is going around; they grab all the power that is available; all the pleasure must go to them. So you see, when we have this tendency to acquire, when we are selfish, self-centred, we become black holes. And you know the classic explanation of a black hole that even light cannot come out of it, because gravity keeps even the light inside. So our light also cannot shine. So such a person emanates no light, gives no blessing, gives no love, because his love is all turned inwards; his light is all turned inwards if he has any. And of course everything that is good, bad and ugly goes into him from outside. These are our living, walking black holes-the power centres, the wealth centres, the centres of position. We have many examples today in our society. Look to east, look to west, look to north, look to south-they are there all around us. But we, being also a little selfish, also a little eager for power, position, we flock to those black holes, and instead of receiving light as we are supposed to receive, we are sucked into those vortices of power and position and wealth. This is the danger of modern life, material life, a materialised civilisation.
Today you open the newspapers, there is nothing but temptation: more and more of television, more and more of this, more and more of cosmetics. More and more of everything that you should not see is put before you in the newspapers, in the glossy magazines, in the hoardings on public streets. And a few people say, "Why not we stop?" but you cannot stop you see. Because we want. You know, in the old tradition expressed by the British: you get the government that you deserve. It is not as if Nature imposes a government on us which is against us, which is pillaging us, which is robbing us, which is depriving us of our civil liberties. We deserve it; that is what we get. How do we deserve? Well, you have to look into your hearts. Did you vote? Did you attend the elections? Did you exercise your franchise? Did you vote because of your caste, because of your religion? Or did you vote sensibly for the right man for the job? So you see the onus for all our suffering is on us, as the onus for all the blessing that is received is also on us.
Sahaj Marg takes away everything from everywhere in this universe and puts it right back into you. You are responsible for what you are and for what you are getting-and for what you will become. There is no external source of either misery or blessings. You are the karta [doer] of your own destiny. To pray to God is stupid. It is worse than useless. Because God says, "My son, you have created yourself. You have even denied that I am your creator. So what do you want me to do? Either you help yourself, or let me help you." We cannot have both together at the same time. Sahaj Marg is very, should I say-not strict-truthful, hitting the nail on the head. It says you are what you are because this is what you wanted to be, this is what you work to be, and you will continue to be this if you don't change your direction.
So that is the message of Sahaj Marg. It doesn't say, do meditation, do this, do that. It says take your life and make of it what you will. You have the liberty to do with your life what you want. You wish to go to the dogs? Yes, of course! It is your pleasure and your liberty. You want to go up? It is your pleasure and your liberty. You are free. There is no restriction on your freedom either to become a sinner or a saint. There is no restriction at all.
Babuji Maharaj said, "Nature helps." I said, "Helps what?" He said, "Helps." You want to go to the dogs, Nature will help you. A man who wants to drink goes on the streets of Trichy and finds bar, bar, bar! That's all he sees. An architect walks around; he only sees the beauty of the architecture that is here. You see what you want to see. You get what you want to get. You become what you want to become. Sahaj Marg is nothing more than a great tradition offered by a great line of Gurus-offered to you to become what you should become; not what you want to become. That is why Babuji said in Denmark in answer to a question, "I am what I ought to be." It was a funny answer! Nobody understood it. It only meant: I am not what I am. I am what I should have been. I am that.
This opportunity is not only for the Babujis and the Lalajis of this world. It is for every one of us. Therein lies the beauty of Sahaj Marg you see. Every religion says: come to me. Christianity says you must be a Christ. You must follow the Christ. You must do this, do that and the other according to the tradition. Other religions say the same thing.
Sahaj Marg says, do what is inside you, which is calling to you to follow it; no religion, no God, no prayers, no Sanskrit, no Arabic, no Hebrew, no language. Because in communing with Him who is your inner self, you don't speak. So Babuji said silence is the language of God. "In which language shall I pray, O Lord?" If you ask-no answer. And you say, "But you know, you say there is God. Where is He? Because when I ask a question, I have tried to ask in Russian, I have tried to ask in Hebrew, I have asked in Arabic, I have asked in English. No answer!" Babuji says sit in silence and have this question in your mind in utter stillness; and in that utter stillness, you will receive the answer.
You know, when you are near a pond and it is very still, a single drop of water falling on it-plop!-you will hear the noise. But, if you are singing and dancing and enjoying yourself, you hear nothing in Nature. You don't hear the birds sing. You don't hear the whisper of the wind among the leaves of the trees. You hear nothing except the noise you make. Therefore Babuji said, "We are destroying the peace of this world even with our prayers." Because we are shouting to high heaven what need not be shouted. God is not deaf. He never was. Does He need ears? Unfortunately, we think so. So we shout louder and louder. Therefore in the morning you hear prayers from all sources: clanging of bells from 4:30 AM, louder and louder every day. Because we are shouting, He is not listening. Not listening, He cannot hear. He says of you that you have ears but you hear not. He doesn't mean we are deaf. If at all it means anything it means: don't use your ears to hear what I am saying; use your heart. You understand? You have ears but you hear not. Close your ears, then you shall hear.
So all these great traditions of the great progenitors of all modern thought, philosophical, religious, otherwise, have become fossilised into what we call religions. We have lost the tradition. It is like a dead body lying in front of us-the life has gone and the carcass is before us. And that we are worshipping. We are going back to the tradition of the mummies of Egypt: preserving them, embalming them, beautifying them, gilding them. Tradition says you cannot gild a lily, but we are gilding the dead-not only gilding them but worshipping them, deifying them and looking to the dead for support of the living.
I think the time has come when we should think seriously about our own personal future, because without me, my future cannot happen. Forget God, forget Guru-I have to do it. A man falls into a well. Somebody lets down a rope. He says, "No, no. I am praying to God. He will come and take me up." How long will that man with the rope wait there? He says, "All right, let your God come and take you up."
There is a story of a flood and there was a very religious, very pious man clinging to the chimney on the roof of a house praying to God, "O God, save me!" A branch floated by him. He could have clung on to it. There was another man clinging who called out to him. He said, "No, no. I am praying to God. He will come. My God will not let me down." Then a swimmer came and said, "I will take you." He said, "No, no. I am praying to my God, He will surely come. I am His great devotee." Then a boat came, you see, with people in it. And he said, "No, no, my God will surely come." Finally, when he was about to be washed away, an old lady pulled him out and said, "Stupid fool! How long are you going to hang around here?" and dragged him to the shore of the river. And then he prayed to God. God said, "What do you mean? I came to you so many times. I came to you as that floating branch to which you could have clung. I came to you as the swimmer who offered to help you. I came to you as the boat which was there which offered to take you. Finally I had to come like a decrepit old woman and drag you to the shore, you stupid ass! Didn't you see God in all of these things? What did you expect to see?"
So you see, we expect God in each of our fanciful forms, and because God has no form, He never comes in forms. Or if you are very impertinent, adamant, like the rishis, I think, in the Bhagavata-they were very pious, religious rishis, tapasvis (ascetics). They had invited Lord Krishna to dinner at midnight. Lord Krishna said, "I will come only at midnight." They did everything with religious cleanliness and purity, special food was ready, and in came a big jungle boar. Pigs are considered dirty, unclean. So they beat it. And every man felt a beating on his back. The boar ran away. Then they realised that the Lord had come as a boar.
So we cannot limit. As Babuji said, "God is neither dvaita nor advaita. He is." Now what we cannot say, but what we can understand, what we can experience, what we can try to become like that what. This is the sole aim and purpose of Sahaj Marg sadhana. Of course we have always recommended it to you, but I recommend you pursue it more purposefully, more seriously.
You know time is something that is very elusive. A man thinks he has eternity before him, mistaking the eternity of the soul for the eternity of the body, and in the morning he is dead. So Babuji said, "While there is life, there is hope." The dead have no hopes. And the greatest thing we have to remember is: in Sahaj Marg, liberation, once you have become embodied, is possible only while you are still embodied, not after death. | <urn:uuid:2ba18d3e-339c-4b16-9d39-7802f9f8eb27> | {
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- Title Pages
- Chapter I Method, Rhetoric, and Newcomb
- Chapter II Formative Years
- Chapter III Influences of Comte, Darwin, and Mill
- Chapter IV Interactions with Wright and Peirce
- Chapter V Midcareer
- Chapter VI American Science, Scientific Method, and Social Progress
- Chapter VII Political Economics
- Chapter VIII Religion
- Chapter IX Physics and Mathematics
- Chapter X Mental and Psychical Sciences
- Chapter XI Later Years
- Chapter XII Newcomb and American Pragmatism
- Chapter XIII Pragmatism and Methodological Rhetoric
- Select Bibliography
- A Scientist's Voice in American Culture
- University of California Press
California Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.
To troubleshoot, please check our FAQs, and if you can't find the answer there, please contact us. | <urn:uuid:58454081-9599-4c9c-89fd-52a30c76031a> | {
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Help your preschooler practice counting, matching, and learning colors with this fun game!
Do this exciting project that lets your child use her own breath to create a funky painting that will add colorful flair to any home!
These little monsters made from balloons and flour are silly and fun and best of all, easy for preschoolers to make.
Shamrock Stamps are a great way to celebrate St. Patrick's Day. Simple and symmetrical, this symbol of Irish culture is the perfect shape for prints.
Turn your home into a public art space by trying your hand at creating your own removable wall mural.
A homemade coat of arms is a great way to get your child thinking about your family's values, and it makes a fun addition to the costume box as well!
Here's an arts and crafts activity to introduce new music to your child and also to get him inspired to create abstract art with rhythmic flair.
Make a beautiful waxed Easter egg relief drawing for a lesson in this unique art technique. | <urn:uuid:d03ead88-1005-4e51-914a-ff5485db63a0> | {
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Hardware for computers contains the pc itself, the monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse and audio system. Hard-drive capacity can also be measured in gigabytes (GB), like reminiscence. Buying expertise by Department Coordinators: Expertise equipment and peripherals akin to keyboards, mice, USB and external arduous drives, printer toner, and many others. Instead, all data is exchanged through the RAM module as intermediary between software and processor.
For those who use an exterior hard drive, select one that connects via USB three.0 or Thunderbolt as these interfaces guarantee a efficiency equal or larger than the one achieved through eSATA ports (inner onerous drives). Most computer hardware engineers need a bachelor’s degree from an accredited laptop engineering program.
The working system and your purposes load from the arduous drive into reminiscence, the place they run. Right here we’ll take a look at storing data in RAM memory and in persistent storage like a hard drive. Many new computers don’t include floppy drives anymore but there are a whole lot of older ones with floppy drives mendacity around.
Graphics cards additionally embody on board memory for environment friendly rendering. Firewire ports (often known as i-hyperlink or 1394 ports for varied legal reasons) are most commonly used to connect digital cameras and exterior exhausting disks to computers.… | <urn:uuid:9c5fb924-c779-4a7c-a919-f684d8a9ce9a> | {
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Curl Programming Bible
* Curl language syntax
* Text formatting, scripting, OO programming and rich 3D graphics.
* Support for emerging technologies, like SOAP, Web Services and Peer to Peer
* Incorporating Curl technologies into existing Web infrastructure
* Embedding Curl content within an HTML page
* Accessing Databases on the server
* Creating and packaging Curl applets for Web delivery
ABOUT THE WEB SITE
* Source code and examples
* Links to Curl developer resources such as white papers and developer forums
* Links to download the Surge Development Lab and Surge Plug-in
Part I: Curl Content Language Fundamentals.
Chapter 1: Introducing Curl.
Chapter 2: How Curl Works.
Chapter 3: Building Your First Curl Applet with the Surge Lab IDE.
Chapter 4: Working with Text.
Chapter 5: Building Tables.
Chapter 6: Adding Images, Backgrounds, and Borders.
Chapter 7: Working with Variables.
Chapter 8: Controlling Program Flow.
Chapter 9: Creating and Using Procedures.
Chapter 10: Creating Classes.
Chapter 11: Inheritance.
Chapter 12: Strings and Arrays.
Chapter 13: Handling Exceptions in Curl.
Part II: Building User Interfaces with Curl.
Chapter 14: Creating a Graphical Layout.
Chapter 15: Dynamic Layout.
Chapter 16: Defining Events.
Chapter 17: Working with Buttons, Lists, and Other GUI Controls.
Chapter 18: Creating Menus.
Part III: Working with Curl's Multimedia Capabilities.
Chapter 19: Creating 2D-Graphics.
Chapter 20: Creating 3D-Graphics.
Chapter 21: Building Animations.
Chapter 22: Adding Audio.
Part IV: Working with Files.
Chapter 23: Accessing File Contents.
Chapter 24: Server Communication and Other Resources.
Chapter 25: Handling Persistent Data.
Part V: Deploying Curl Applications.
Chapter 26: Applet Security.
Chapter 27: Packaging Curl Content.
Chapter 28: Publishing Curl Content.
Part VI: Advanced Curl Programming.
Chapter 29: Using Curl's SAX2 XML Parser.
Chapter 30: Curl and Web Services.
Based in Cambridge, Mass., Curl was founded in February of 1998 to extend and commercialize the results of a three-year, $5 million, DARPA-funded research project conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. DARPA, recognizing the need for standards and new models for harnessing the power of the Web, provided a grant that established the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Curl project to develop the "next generation of communication and computation software."
The founders of Curl Corporation were twelve members of the MIT community, with a technical team led by Stephen A. Ward, an internationally recognized computer scientist; Michael L. Dertouzos, Director of the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science; and Timothy Berners-Lee, the creator of the World Wide Web and Director of the W3C.
|Chapter 3||289 bytes||Click to Download|
|Chapter 4||2.21 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 5||4.62 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 6||24.78 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 7||5.39 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 8||7.02 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 9||3.52 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 10||4.31 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 11||4.81 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 12||916 bytes||Click to Download|
|Chapter 13||1.96 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 15||7.29 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 16||4.40 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 17||6.90 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 18||5.20 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 19||13.63 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 20||15.80 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 21||2.92 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 22||62.42 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 23||6.42 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 24||4.50 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 25||3.73 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 27||4.60 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 29||9.63 KB||Click to Download|
|Chapter 30||5.35 KB||Click to Download|
First developed at MIT, the Curl content language is a next-generation programming language that makes it easy to build fast, rich media Web applications. Written by a team of Curl experts, this insider's guide shows you step-by-step how to start creating your own Curl applications in the Surge Lab Integrated Development Environment. Covering everything from language basics to user interfaces, multimedia, file handling, content deployment, and Web services, it delivers all the information you need to become a Curl pro.
Click the download link of the menu to the left to download code corresponding to the chapters in the book. To unzip the code archives, you need an unzipping tool, such as WinZip. | <urn:uuid:73a9154e-1287-4c18-8746-bede69dadd21> | {
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Educate yourself on these 10 security best practice guidelines for consumers (you) so that you can keep your data private and your job secure. These 10 guidelines are in no particular order.
1. Always use antivirus software on your personal devices: There are several free ones and multiple subscription services to keep your computer virus free. Download and use them. Don't turn them off because you think it makes your computer run slow. Leave them on and stay protected. Upgrade your device if you think the antivirus program slows it down.
2. Always use a device firewall: A personal or operating system firewall is an excellent line of defense against malicious software that attempts to connect out to its home server. You'll receive a warning when an attempt is made, and you can optionally block the communication. Blocking the communication won't remove the infection, but it will render it mostly harmless, especially if it is one of the many "logger" infections that grabs your data as you type it into websites or client software.
3. Keep your operating systems and software up to date: Yes, it's a pain to update your apps and operating systems up to date because doing so often requires a reboot. Your device will react slowly while the device updates, but it's for your own good. Take a tea break, watch an old episode of The IT Crowd or take a walk until your updates have finished.
4. Never download pirated or cracked software:This type of software almost always includes some type of malware. Plus, it's illegal to steal software, so there's that aspect of it. If you're using a corporate computer and you download pirated software onto it, you're jeopardizing your job because your company can get into big trouble for harboring pirated software.
5. Don't click on popup windows that tell you that your computer is infected with a virus: Antivirus software doesn't work that way. Those popups install malware onto your computer, with your permission. Sometimes it's a scam that requires you to pay money to have the software removed by the software originator. Don't fall for it. Don't pay them to remove it if you've done it. Look up online how to remove the malware yourself.
6. Be careful with email attachments: Not all email attachments are harmful, but unless you're expecting an attachment from someone you know, don't download or open it until you're sure it's OK to do so. If it's from someone you don't know, delete the email or identify it as spam. Do not download or open the attachment.
7. Don't use public wi-fi hotspots without using a VPN (secure) connection: This is always true if you're a corporate user. Do not connect to a public wi-fi unless you do so through a VPN. A VPN will encrypt your communications to and from the internet so that anyone who might be eavesdropping can't steal your information.
8. Use passwords on everything and be sure that they're strong passwords: Do not use the same password for everything. Do not use easy-to-guess passwords. Use strong passwords that are at least eight characters in length and include capitals, numbers, and alternate characters. Password protect everything: Devices, email, VPN, anything that you don't want shared with others. Be paranoid and change your passwords often.
9. Beware of what kind of information you share on social media sites: Everyone loves Facebook (not me) and you probably place photos on it, have conversations on it, play games on it and attach all kinds of other apps to it. And by doing so, you put your privacy at risk. There are companies that scan these sites and collect data on you. They collect data on you from public records sites, social media sites and from sites that deliver malicious payloads to your devices. Keep private information private. Never use social media sites at work. Doing so can compromise your company's data or defame their reputation.
10. Review your online accounts and credit report: You should review your bank accounts, auction accounts, and mobile phone accounts for signs of fraud or charges that you didn't make. There are companies that send text messages out to scam you into responding and then charge you for doing so. Don't fall for it. You should also check your credit report annually to combat any fraudulent additions. Entries are too easy to put onto your credit report and very hard to take off. Watch yours carefully and take steps to remove errors as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:126107ee-2ef6-4982-9dc1-902011ab7eb9> | {
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We examine incidents from the past that may be indicative of future outcomes. We teach the department simple drills to stay focused. We focus on communications, hand signals and effective whistle signals that minimizes rescuer task overload. We realize that more victims are seriously injured from the point of extrication to the ambulance. We teach proper handling and care of your victims. We emphasize the importance of pre-planning for the response area.
By the end of this course, the rescuer will have gained the knowledge and the skills necessary to be a safe and effective surface ice rescue technician. We offer the latest techniques that are in use and examine why older methodology may put rescue technicians at risk. We guarantee you’ll be a safer first responder.
- Proper donning of protective gear
- Victim extrication
- Patient handling
- Self-rescue scenarios
- Team operations- Who should be doing what?
- Write an effective SOP and SOG
- Advanced equipment and rescue techniques
- Stages of hypothermia and its effects on rescuer and victim
- Safer animal rescue techniques
- “No go” incidents examination
- Victim Assessment
- U.S.C.G. Cold Water Boot Camp study
- Study – Why Ice Rescues fall apart
- Awareness, Operations, Technician responsibilities | <urn:uuid:f1d6597d-cf8c-4da3-a750-6661ab392b81> | {
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World History Homework Nine Answers - Student Nineteen
World History Homework 9
1. Study the model answers more.
- Excellent suggestion.
2. It was a fight with Parliament and the King verse the people such as Christians or puritans. During those times it sent many people over to America for religious freedom.
- Good, but the writing needs to be more precise. The first and second "it", for example, lack appropriate antecedents. The overall meanings needs to be clearer. (Minus 1).
3. The French Revolution was a very brutal revolution and it all happened because the French thought that if the Americans can do it, so can we. Not much good came out of their revolution.
4. The Mexican revolution brought out many great things such as education, advance land reform, and the workers rights.
- Superb points about Mexican revolution, you might add a time period.
5. The American Revolution lit the fuse to set off several other revolutions. It took so long to start because people hadn’t found out about America yet. Some were a success why others just weren’t.
- "While", not "why". Good otherwise.
H2. Napoleon's empire brought the French out of their revolution and sadness. Along with it came his large navy and ground forces.
H3. The Louisiana purchase was a great deal for both sides because Napoleon needed the money for his army, and America was interested in purchasing the land from them.
- Good: 69/70.--Andy Schlafly 09:12, 6 April 2009 (EDT) | <urn:uuid:b5c69443-3d9b-4cb4-959b-3597868acc15> | {
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- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
The event, which runs through Sunday, celebrates "the beauty, life cycles, and habitats of moths," according to its website. Scientists and citizen scientists are encouraged to document their findings. It's now a worldwide event.
A few nuggets from the website:
"Moths are among the most diverse and successful organisms on earth.
- Scientists estimate there are 150,000 to more than 500,000 moth species.
- Their colors and patterns are either dazzling or so cryptic that they define camouflage. Shapes and sizes span the gamut from as small as a pinhead to as large as an adult's hand.
- Most moths are nocturnal, and need to be sought at night to be seen – others fly like butterflies during the day.
- Finding moths can be as simple as leaving a porch light on and checking it after dark. Serious moth aficionados use special lights and baits to attract them."
Then there are, of course, the pests such as the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. This moth slips in at night to honey bee colonies and lays its eggs. The bees struggle to remove the larvae. Beekeepers struggle with control of the tell-tale evidence--damaged combs.
The honey bee bible, The Hive and the Honey Bee (Dadant Publication), says the wax moth female "produces less than 300 eggs during her life span of 3 to 30 days, but a few lay as many as 2000 eggs. Mated females fly to beehives one to three hours after dark, enter, and lay eggs until they leave shortly before daylight."
Sneaky little critters!
The Hive and the Honey Bee authors relate that "the presence of the wax moth larvae usually signals a major problem such as queenlessness, an infectious disease, poisoning and starvation."
Greater wax moths are probably not what the organizers of National Moth Week, founded by two naturalists in East Brunswick, N.J., had in mind when they launched this special week! (Unless, of course, they were anglers; the larvae make good fish bait!) | <urn:uuid:15bacfcb-1ff8-4cc4-a296-6f3f289c1e87> | {
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Zoinks! Tracing The History Of ‘Zombie’ From Haiti To The CDC
Monday, December 16, 2013
Each week, we take a look at a word or phrase that's caught our attention, whether for its history, usage, etymology, or just because it has an interesting story. You can see past "Word Watch" entries here.
"Who doesn't like zombies?"
That was the subject line of an email blast that landed in my inbox recently from a major online retailer as it announced it was "bringing their Black Friday deals back to life."
With shows like The Walking Dead and movies like World War Z, plus a whole literary subgenre known simply as "zombie lit," the supernatural beings have been having a pop culture moment for some time now.
While there's a long history and fascination with animated corpses in American literature and cinema, zombies aren't originally a product of the American imagination. The undead corpses actually trace their roots to Haiti and Haitian Creole traditions that have their roots in African religious customs.
According to Haitian folklore, the bookRace, Oppression and the Zombie recounts, zombies are the product of spells by a voudou sorcerer called a bokor. The word is believed to be of West African origin and was brought to Haiti by slaves from that region. The concept of zombies would evolve further with the creation of the voudou religion.
In an essay for The New York Times last year, University of California, Irvine, professor Amy Wilentz called zombies a "very logical offspring of New World slavery." According to Wilentz, because slavery in colonial Haiti was so viciously brutal, death was the only real escape and seen as a way to return to Africa or lan Guinée (which translated means Guinea). As she writes:
"Suicide was the slave's only way to take control over his or her own body ... And yet, the fear of becoming a zombie might stop them from doing so ... This final rest -- in green, leafy, heavenly Africa, with no sugarcane to cut and no master to appease or serve -- is unavailable to the zombie. To become a zombie was the slave's worst nightmare: to be dead and still a slave, an eternal field hand."
The earliest references to zombies in the United States were closely associated with slavery and connected the word to African traditions. The word "zombi" -- which for years was spelled without the "e" at the end -- first appeared in print in an American newspaper in a reprinted short story called "The Unknown Painter" in 1838.
In the story, which was first published in the Chambers's Edinburgh Journal and then in the U.S. in the Alton Telegraph newspaper, a young African slave owned by a Spanish painter named Bartolome Esteban Murillo claims that a "zombi" appears in the art studio at night to work on the paintings of Murillo's apprentices. However, no one believes the young slave's assertions and dismiss the existence of the zombi as an African myth. (Murillo's famous painting "Adoration of the Magi" features a black man as one of the three wise men. You can read more about people of color in medieval art here.)
In an essay about the evolution of the zombie in American pop culture, Ann Kordas notes that the fictional story of Murillo's young slave seemed to have struck a chord with the American public and different versions of the story were published many times in local newspapers throughout the 1800s. Kordas notes that by the mid-1800s, a zombi had for many "come to be associated with a creature of African 'origin' that willingly performed services for whites."
By 1872, the linguistic scholar Maximilian Schele de Vere would define a zombi as "a phantom or a ghost, not infrequently heard in the Southern States in nurseries and among the servants."
But the mainstreaming of the word would begin in 1929, when the travel writer William Seabrook released his book on Haiti and "voodoo," titled The Magic Island, in which Seabrook writes about seeing "voodoo" cults in Haiti and the concept of the zombi to many readers. Several film scholars believe the book was the basis of the classic 1932 horror film White Zombie.
The film White Zombie was -- as the title suggests -- about white, rather than African, zombies. In the film, a young couple named Madeleine and Neil are talked into getting married on a Haitian plantation by the owner, who is secretly plotting to seduce the bride. To that end, he teams up with a local Creole mill owner (played by Bela Lugosi) who gives him a zombie potion to use on Madeline.
Other zombie films would follow, but they'd rarely take place in Haiti or incorporate the words origins the way White Zombie did. An example is the 1943 horror movie, I Walked With A Zombie, in which a Canadian nurse travels to the fictional Caribbean Island of St. Sebastian to care for the wife of a plantation owner. On arrival, she finds her charge in a zombie-like state and wonders if voudou would cure her.
1968's Night of the Living Dead is widely considered a landmark film in the genre. Marking the 45th anniversary of the release of the film, Code Switch's Matt Thompson wrote that the film, "set the expectation that [zombie movies] would be a vehicle for stinging social commentary." And that it did so because director George Romero cast a black actor, Duane Jones, as the protagonist. Audiences, at the time, were said to draw a connection between the action on the screen and the fight for civil rights.
Through the years, researchers and anthropologists have occasionally tried to research the Haitian voudou belief in zombies. In 1937, the author Zora Neale Hurston traveled to Haiti to research Haitian customs for her book Tell My Horse.
In a 1943 interview, Hurston was asked to define exactly what a zombie was. Her reply:
"A zombie is supposed to be the living dead: people who die and are resurrected, but without their souls. They can take orders, and they're supposed to never be tired, and to do what the master says."
One of the most famous studies of Haitian zombies was ethnobotanist Wade Davis' 1985 bookThe Serpent and the Rainbow: A Harvard Scientist's Astonishing Journey into the Secret Societies of Haitian Voodoo, Zombies, and Magic. The highly controversial book sought to discover how zombies were created. Wade studied the case of Clairvius Narcisse a man believed to have been turned into an actual zombie through a combination of drugs (including puffer fish venom and toad venom) in order to mimic death and then given the hallucinogenic drug tetrodotoxin to keep him in a zombie-like state.
Davis' research created a huge stir upon publication, with other researchers claiming his methodology was unscientific and that they couldn't find evidence of the hallucinogens upon testing his samples.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is among the organizations that have sought to capitalize on the American appetite for all things zombie. In 2012, the CDC raised some eyebrows when it unveiled a page on its website devoted to "zombie preparedness."
On the page, the CDC's director of the Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Dr. Ali Khan, notes, "If you are generally well equipped to deal with a zombie apocalypse you will be prepared for a hurricane, pandemic, earthquake, or terrorist attack."
The site was so popular that it crashed when it was launched.
Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit www.npr.org.
Please stay on topic and be as concise as possible. Leaving a comment means you agree to our Community Discussion Rules. We like civilized discourse. We don't like spam, lying, profanity, harassment or personal attacks. | <urn:uuid:45451ea3-7827-42bf-844b-75a6c2dbe605> | {
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Thanks and best wishes,
the editorial team
Who are we?
– by Virginia Mercado
Our Lady of Guadalupe is worshipped on the date that was dedicated to the goddess Tonantzin in pre-Hispanic times.
Some colonial legacies are good, others are bad. It is valuable, in particular, that the Spanish language is now shared, with few exceptions, from the USA’s southern border to the southern tip of the continent – and is also spoken by many people in the USA. Diverse cuisines, music, architecture and landscaping are positive too. Tourists appreciate what is called “colonial style” in historic city centres, parks and hotels.
On the other hand, colonialism has forced Mexicans to ponder their identity for a long time. The Creoles (the descendants of the Spaniards) have never been to their ancestors’ homeland. The Mestizo (“half-breeds”) are now the majority, but they were rejected by all races that the colonial caste system considered. The recognised races were Spaniards, Indios, Africans and Asians. The term “Mestizo” only applied to the offspring of Spaniards and Indios, so another set of absurd categories was invented to be able to name the roots of every single person.
Such categorisation was extremely limited. It did not take into account the ethnic diversity within each group, but only focussed on world regions. Nonetheless, the system kept becoming even more complex. While its merits were most dubious, it served to allocate privileges and left permanent marks on society.
Are we Indios or Europeans? Victims or perpetrators? In the years after Mexico gained independence in 1821, writers and intellectuals conceptualised the Mestizo as the answer to the identity question. And after the revolution in the early 20th century, José Vasconcelos, an intellectual and political leader, claimed that Mexicans belong to a “world race” (“raza cósmica”) that shared the best characteristics of all ethnic groups and would be the foundation of new humanity.
For several decades, this idea seemed to please the majority of people of mixed descent. The result was a major cultural transformation. The European education model was promoted, and indigenous villages were taught to read and write (in Spanish, obviously). At the same time, people identified with indigenous suffering of the past. Creative artists tackled the traumatic issues, expressing a new sense of nationalism. Octavio Paz’ essay “The labyrinth of solitude” was an example.
Things changed again in the 1990s, however. There was a wave of cultural and ethnic assertion, the likes of which had seemed impossible only a few years earlier. Certain rights of indigenous peoples now had to be accepted, including the one to safeguard the languages.
The movement arose in the context of the preparations for celebrating the 500 years anniversary of what used to be called “the discovery of America” in 1492. It felt like a cold shower to Mestizo who had thought the identity question had been dealt with. It equally unsettled white people who wanted to celebrate the civilizational benefits of the Europeans’ arrival.
America was not discovered
Other segments of Mexican society opposed celebrating what was increasingly being called genocide. The big issue was whether it was appropriate to honour the physical and cultural extermination of America’s indigenous population. Protest slogans included “there was no discovery” and “there is nothing to celebrate”. Five centuries after Columbus, after all, Mexico was still a poor and backward country, the natural resources of which were being exploited – and the deep disparities brought about by colonial rule were obviously the root cause.
The indigenous peoples of America – from Canada to Patagonia – decided to meet in Mexico in 1992. The connotations of the 500 year anniversary had to change. To speak of “discovery” became unacceptable, and the focus was now on “the encounter of two worlds”. Celebration gave way to commemoration. Columbus fell from the heaven of national heroes.
Today, the colonial era is not only still visible in geography and people’s physiognomy, but in spiritual life as well. Christianisation was certainly an important part of the Conquista. Churches were built on the foundations of pre-Hispanic temples; sacred places and religious holidays were re-defined. For a very long time, church institutions handled matters like education and the registration of births, marriages and deaths. The missionaries learned the indigenous languages to convert people. In some ways, they were the friendly face of the conquest.
The faiths became amalgamated, and such syncretism is evident in every major Catholic festivity today. One example is the cult of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Its symbolism matches indigenous ideas of Mother Earth in a cosmic surrounding, placed between Sun and Moon. The Holy Virgin is celebrated at the location and on the very date that Tonantzin, Mother Earth, was worshipped in the past. The ceremony, under watchful eye of the modern church, still resembles pre-Hispanic rituals.
Another lasting colonial legacy is the way in which economic and political power are wielded. Class divisions and racism matter very much (see box), and members of the elite tend to be beyond the law.
In the eyes of many people, state institutions have only limited legitimacy. Reasons include corruption and the security forces’ tendency to act with disproportionate force. It would certainly be overblown to blame the country’s current drug wars on colonialism, but it must be acknowledged that historically difficult relations between law enforcers and local communities are part of the problem.
Finally, it is worth pointing out that Mexico’s relations with Spain, the former colonial power, are good. Foreign rule certainly laid the foundations for contemporary Mexican society, but that did not result in lasting political or diplomatic tensions. Soon after independence, Mexico and Spain developed friendly relations in a sense of solidarity, and that has not changed in good or bad times ever since.
Virginia Mercado is an academic at the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) and instructor in peace and development studies. | <urn:uuid:a1916d83-0b04-45b1-acc9-195cabbfdb45> | {
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Potty Training doesn’t have to be complicated and neither should a resource that explains it. for Toddlers looks to developmental readiness cues of children as the starting point of potty training. Readiness is a primary prerequisite for successful training. Join Pediatrician Robert Bucknam, M.D. and co-author Gary Ezzo, M.A. and the 6 million homes that have found great success with their concepts as they bring simplicity and common sense to a topic that otherwise can bring anxiety to parents that feel like “they are the only ones.” Welcome to the growing community in all 50 states and all around the world that are finding peace and success with their children!
On Becoming Pottywise for Toddlers: A Developmental Readiness Approach to Potty Training
Categories: > Parenting Books, Early Childhood, PARENTING Tags: Parenting Books, Potty Training, Single Parents | <urn:uuid:50db0924-9ad5-4a46-9bc6-01c0802f3c4a> | {
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UNESCO unanimously approves Russian resolution on Palmyra restoration
The proposed document outlines the steps the organization is to take to return the site to its original state. The resolution titled “On the role of UNESCO in restoring and preserving Palmyra and other Syrian cultural heritage sites” was approved unanimously during the organization’s 199th session which is currently taking place in Paris.
Russia’s Permanent Delegate to UNESCO Eleonora Mitrofanova said the project is both of “practical” and “symbolic” importance.
“The symbolism lies in the fact that having reached consensus on the issue means we are showing our unanimous solidarity to the people of the Syrian Arab Republic, suffering from the war. As for practical sense, it shows that we express our willingness to unite our forces and means necessary to restore and preserve Palmyra and other Syria’s World heritage sites,” Mitrofanova said.
She praised the voting results, saying they are a “huge victory.” Since the mooted document is “consensual” and focuses on the interests of the Syria’s World heritage sites, all the nations have voted in its favor, even those “that have a totally different outlook on the Syrian conflict”, she stressed.
The Russian delegation introduced the proposal to UNESCO Executive Board last Friday. The 199th session opened in Paris on April 4 and is set to last until April 15.
Although the feeling of liberation is in the air, a lot needs to be done before the city is set back on track and can return to the normal course of events. The problems include the lack of electricity and water, not to mention the risk of encountering mines. Just recently Russian engineers have combed around 180 hectares in the city (about two square kilometers), defusing some 3,000 bombs, the Russian Defense Ministry reported.
“Beginning April 1, over 30 kilometers of roads and more than 182 hectares of land have been demined; 2,987 explosive objects have been unearthed,” Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu said at a teleconference at the National Defense Control Center.
A field hospital has been set up to ensure the safety of locals slowly returning back home while humanitarian aid has been underway from Russian military.
“Footage shown on television recently shows our troops organizing the baking of bread. What we do is try to make life easier for the common people, so that they can breathe in and feel this truce,” Russia’s deputy defense minister, Anatoly Antonov said. “Enough with war, it’s time to build a new Syria.”
An RT journalist Lizzie Phelan was one of the first to set foot on the ground just a few days after the city’s liberation.
“There are craters in the ground all around this ancient site,” Phelan mentioned as she took a walk around Palmyra. “These were caused by landmines laid by ISIS and the soldiers said that most of the fighters they lost were due to these mines, which were often laid between stones to make them blend in,” she added.
Having been under jihadists’ occupation for almost a year Palmyra, a UNESCO World heritage site,was seriously damaged and lost a number of its unique monuments. Sadly, the city’s current appearance is totally incomparable to how it once looked before it was turned into an epicentre of the war.
However, locals seem to express hope that not everything is lost.
“The walls, the windows, and the door are also still there, and that’s enough for me to get my family ready to return to Palmyra,” a local resident said.
Experts also confirmed to RT that there indeed remains a chance the city could be restored.
“The damage done to Palmyra architectural monuments is enormous, but it has not been razed to the ground completely. The main symbol of the city, the famous columns, they are standing, and we now have to inspect the site accurately to determine what else is left there,” the director of the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg Mikhail Piotrovsky told RT.
Meanwhile, the deputy director of Russia’s State Museum of Oriental Art, Tigran Mkrtychev, told RT that the international community must do its bit to help restore Palmyra because it is an important artifact for all humankind, not only the Syrian people.
“If we approach this issue strategically and make this monument a certain consolidation of the forces of the East and the West in restoration of the monument of a global importance, it [Palmyra] can become a ‘brand’ which will unite Eastern and Western civilizations for years to come,” he stressed.
Palmyra has been under jihadists’ occupation since May of 2015. The Syrian Army backed by Russian forces managed to recapture the city on March 27th, an event largely viewed as a victory and turning point in the war against terrorists.
A number of remarkable monuments including the Arch of Triumph, the Temple of Baalshamin and the iconic 2,000-year-old Bel Temple were left in ruins. The City of Palms has been left partly devastated and ridden with explosive devices. | <urn:uuid:e1dc7681-8d45-48de-b516-29a059ce3a19> | {
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We share our stories with our friends, family, and strangers on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. We talk about vacations, holiday get-togethers, office projects, and travel mishaps. We don’t dump statistics on our social media sites. Why? Because our stories carry emotion that connects us with people and drives a point deeper and deeper into our psyche.
We tell ourselves stories about why we do what we do; about why we act the way we act; about what we said and why we said it; about how something should be done or not done. The stories that go on in our head prove positively that stories are a natural mode of communication.
So it should be natural that we tell others our stories as a means to influence them on the job. When tragedy strikes, the media doesn’t just report how many people died, the impact on the Richter scale or the economy, and the inches of snow, rain, or flooding. Instead, reporters find the people stories. They put a face to the tragedy by telling you of the single guy who jumped from the safety of his boat to save a drowning two-year-old whose parents, unable to swim, stood on the swollen river’s shore screaming for help.
But storytelling is not just about sensationalism. Storytelling makes leadership possible. A leader without the ability to tell a great story has lost the platform and power to persuade.
Researchers have discovered that even judges and seasoned attorneys prefer story briefs to logo briefs (those built totally on logical argument). An empirical study on the power of story determined that stories are persuasive to experienced lawyers and judges because they evoke emotional responses that make legal claims of the parties more credible and elicit empathy in their judicial thinking.
Structure is to storytelling what framing is to a house. Without it, you just have a heap of supplies on a vacant lot.
Think back to your high-school or college English classes. Your professor defined a story this way: “A hero struggles to overcome obstacles to reach an important goal.” Keep these tips in mind as you start to build your personal or business stories:
That is, don’t tell your audience about the movie. Put them in the movie theater, and let them see the movie. Recreate the scenes.
Anything or anyone can be a hero in the story: Your organization, a product, a location, your client, a passerby. Make sure your audience can identify with your hero.
Don’t always try to be the hero or heroine in your own stories or talk about your successes. Audiences relate more often and learn more from “failure” stories.
Give your hero a goal or challenge to overcome. Add struggles. The hero must overcome struggles or obstacles to master the challenge or meet the goal.
Use dialogue to let listeners hear the characters talk to each other. Be interactive in the telling. Use analogies, metaphors, and props and add some humor–self-effacing humor is best.
Refer back to a line from earlier in your story that will continue to drive home your message. Bringing this line to mind again makes the story feel like it’s come full circle for listeners and clarifies the takeaway.
End with a resolution that motivates your listeners to action.
Master this basic skill of story-telling as a first step to move people emotionally–to buy your product, to become a strategic partner, to increase productivity, to change a habit, to cast your vision.
Tell it and they will engage.
—Dianna Booher, CEO of Booher Research and an expert in leadership communications, is the author of 46 books, published in 26 languages, with nearly 4 million copies sold. Her latest book,What More Can I Say: Why Communication Fails and What to Do About It, is available at local and online bookstores and www.BooherResearch.com. | <urn:uuid:e90684d7-1c37-4655-a04e-81bc01f108a0> | {
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Electrochemical Processes for Fluctuating Energy and Raw Materials Systems
Germany has decided to transform its energy supply in order to reduce harmful emissions: away from fossil fuels and radioactive materials and towards sustainable energy production from renewable sources. Energy, primarily in the form of electricity, is supplied over a decentralized distribution grid. The fluctuation in the price for electricity because of environmental factors presents a chance for electricity-intensive industries to choose the lower-cost electricity as their primary energy source. The aim of this project is to demonstrate this opportunity to the chemical sector.
In collaboration with other Fraunhofer institutes, electro-chemical processes are tested and modeled as an alternative to conventional chemical reactions, and subsequently, implemented and optimized by means of practical demonstrators. Specifically, the project focuses on the production of hydrogen peroxide as a green bleaching agent and the conversion of CO2 into valuable basic chemicals, both by means of electrochemical conversion processes. | <urn:uuid:f0792eac-e7cc-431b-a0b7-d593cc4ceda4> | {
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Tag: "melt" at biology news
Popular Science announces Third Annual 'Brilliant 10'
...His research reveals an Earth where ice sheets can melt
more--raising sea levels faster--than anyone previously imagined. Brian Enquist , 35, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) for his work in the field of evolutionary ecology. Brian Enquist talks about the natural world as if it were a wind-up clock:...
Global warming to squeeze western mountains dry by 2050
...he mountains into April, "at mid-century snow will melt
off much earlier than that," Leung said, noting research that shows in the past 50 years coastal mountain ranges have already lost 60 percent of their snowpack. "The change in the timing of the water flow is not welcome," Leung said. "The rules we h...
USGS February science picks
...he late summer and early autumn because the summer melt
has reduced the availability of sea ice in these r...e, according to USGS hydrologists. The snows that melt
off each spring provide essential runoff to streams and reservoirs and provide recharge to the natio...
Research shows little effect from Arctic offshore oil drilling
...d summers in the area, studying how the summertime melt
on the mainland affected the surrounding ocean. "Starting in late May of 2001 and 2002 we began intensive daily sampling at three rivers, trying to understand the input of dissolved chemicals and suspended sediments into the ocean," said Trefry. "Wh...
Is this what killed the dinosaurs?
...shroom out; it then flattens causing the mantle to melt
and erupt magma over the earth's surface and across an area of some 1,000 kilometres diameter. These eruptions last between one and two million years and more than one million cubic kilometres of lava can be erupted in that time. Today, we can witnes...
New study of Europa may explain mysterious ice domes, places to search for evidence of life
...ent of table salt or battery acid, these compounds melt
ice at low temperatures, allowing warmer, more pristine blobs of ice to force the icy surface up in places, creating the domes. "We have been trying for some time to understand how these ice blobs can push up through the frozen shell of Europa, which...
Purdue Research Park company makes melt-in-your-mouth meds
... Frosta(tm), involves tablet formulations that can melt
in a patient's mouth as quickly as 10 seconds - mu... machines are relatively strong, but often fail to melt
quickly. "Our technology enables pharmaceutical companies to manufacture fast-melting tablets on con...
Methane and mini-horses: Fossils reveal effects of global warming
...th's temperature up by several degrees---enough to melt
polar ice and raise sea level and cause many other problems that would be difficult to survive. That's what makes the temperature rises we're measuring now more worrisome than those that occurred in the past."...
Early Mars: Warm enough to melt water?
...planet. The impacts would warm the atmosphere and melt
water trapped in underground and surface ice, causing rivers to flow and cutting the valleys that rival Arizona's Grand Canyon. "I do not think this is right," said Dr. James F. Kasting, distinguished professor of geosciences and meteorology. "I d...
Chocolate treats for the heart
... flour Pinch salt Directions : In double boiler, melt
chocolate, butter and confectioner's sugar. Whip salt, eggs and yolks in mixer until lemon yellow. Pour in melted chocolate and whip. Stir in sifted cake flour. Pour into greased 4 oz. ramekins and bake at 350 F for 15 minutes. Turn out onto desser...
January GEOLOGY and GSA TODAY media highlights
... lower crust and the mineral reactions controlling melt
production strongly influenced pathways of melt
transfer and controlled the mechanical behavior of the lithosphere during orogenesis. (2) Evolving l...
Efficient plastic nuggets key to agricultural plastic waste disposal
...process can mix plastic types, because it does not melt
the plastic. Only the outer portion of the nugget...od pushes them into the die. The die is heated to melt
the outer layer and a snake of compacted, but mostly unmelted plastic emerges. For the prototype, G...
From nanotechnology to raspberries, Virginia Tech inventions and creations can improve our lives
...censed to Johnson & Johnson Vision Products. These melt
processable polymers are particularly useful for optical and ophthalmic parts, such as lenses. The patent describes a method of preparing optical and ophthalmic lenses by injection molding using the patented polymers. Ph.D. graduate Kunrong Wang and ...
May media highlights: GEOLOGY and GSA TODAY
...n the Moon by younger igneous intrusions or impact melt
bodies. In the Vredefort dome in South Africa, how...pact structure. Rather than an intrusive or impact melt
heat source, the authors propose that the metamorphism reflects extreme shock heating, and subsequen...
Sea levels likely to rise higher than IPCC predictions
...eratures get warmer. In addition, smaller glaciers melt
faster than large ones because a greater percentag...al fashion, he said. The researchers have observed melt
ponds forming in these particular regions, and believe this melting may be triggering the ice-shelf ...
Antarctic mud reveals ancient evidence of global climate change
...y significant changes in water temperature and ice melt
during the past 7,000 years," says Robert Dunbar, professor of geological and environmental sciences at Stanford. "The cause of these highly variable climate changes is still a mystery." Glacial evolution Dunbar and Boston University collaborators R...
December Media Mighlights: GEOLOGY and GSA TODAY
...old anisotropies are very important in controlling melt
migration and the beginnings of asthenospheric convection as lithosphere is converted to asthenosphere. 2) One of the main paleosutures of the Rockies, the Cheyenne belt suture between Archean and Proterozoic lithospheres, has a north-dipping, high-v...
University of Cincinnati researchers track climate changes in Arctic thaw lakes
...il. If global warming occurs, the permafrost could melt
and peat would start to decompose, releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. "This could accelerate global warming," said Eisner. "If this scenario turns out to be true, we would probably want to do everything we could to keep these basins int...
Antarctic remediation underway
... safeguard penguin chicks at a nearby rookery from melt
pools contaminated with oil from an unknown source...ars to be petroleum residue in about a dozen small melt
pools on the site. The source of the contamination is as yet unknown. Although no long...
Seven decades of management virtually wipes out life from the tidal flats of the Colorado River Delta
...ycles in the shell (In the spring, water from snow melt
has fewer isotopes.). They learned that the averag... release more water to the delta, as rain and snow melt
allow. As a result, there has been partial revival of riparian habitats in the upper delta. In contr... | <urn:uuid:c17e5929-f538-4c2e-b6c5-596eb272e020> | {
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Assignment 2, Section 5, PTLLS course December 2010.
Understanding the use of different Assessment methods and the need for record keeping, (functional skills, assessment and evaluation)
Introduction: The author is a trainer in the food industry and will refer to themselves throughout this assignment as the author or the trainer.
P5. Giving Feedback
Is an essential part of the assessment cycle, feedback shows both learners and trainers how they are progressing. It is not a criticism and should be helpful to learners to understand their behaviour and actions. Scales (2008 p195) states,
“Feedback is an essential element in effecting communication between teachers and learners”.
Feedback is a two way process and needs to be positive. It can be delivered verbally, written or electronically. It should be delivered descriptively with consideration, be positive and constructive, specifically targeted at the learners areas of development and be motivating. Feedback assessment with just statements, of “Well done” or “Good” is not really constructive or helpful and may not be entirely true, this does not addressing what was good or why for instance. Scales (2008 p196) states,
“The willingness of learners and teachers to give and receive feedback is at the heart of formative assessment”.
The feedback sandwich is a well trusted and standard model of delivering feed back. The trainer should first ask learners for self assessment followed by trainers positive recognition of achievements and strengths on top. With areas of development or changes needed, in the middle, and finally positive motivation and back to strengths underneath. Feedback should be neither too extensive nor brief and if there are many areas of change a learner need to address, a maximum of only 3 should be given initially, so the learner is not overwhelmed. When receiving feed back learners feel venerable, feedbacks emotional affect should never be underestimated. Scales (2008 p197) comments,
“Learning has an emotional component as well as intellectual: I would suggest that the emotional element has the greatest impact on learners achievements”.
Therefore time should be taken to deliver feedback positively and correctly, with who, why, where, when, how, as the trainers guide when planning or delivering feedback. Though trainers may find this time consuming it is a necessary and essential part of progression for learners and for a trainers own evaluation towards their continuous development. It is usually delivered one to one or can be whole group feedback. One to one tutorials are a standard method of review, allowing sensitive feedback, (not just giving opinions), and giving full attention to the learner. Trainers can also receive feedback from the learner on their perceptions of the sessions. Trainers may feel they have delivered a course well, however sometimes the learner’s evaluations can give a very different vision. For example, the learner may feedback the trainer has been vague or omitted on some points of learning. At all stages of learning feedback back helps motivate and encourage learners and trainers. Gravells (2009 p59) states,
“All Learners need to know how they are progressing and what they have achieved. Feedback will encourage and motivate them”.
Trainers will often use formative oral group feedback in their sessions. Not all learners are happy with this method; a good alternative is to have a suggestion/feedback box. However trainers may also receive comments, criticisms and complaints with this kind of feedback. It is important trainers review the feedback box with their learners; after all they took the time to fill them in. Further to this trainers need to be aware of their impact when marking assessment papers. Importantly, not to write all over the learners work in red pen, with lots of crossing out, this can be wounding to the learner. Assessment comments need to be clear and...
References: http://www.qcda.gov.uk/qualifications/ Functional Skills. The Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency, (Assessed Dec.14th 2010)
Gravells Ann (2008 reprinted 2010 p70) Functional Skills. Preparing to Teach in Lifelong Learning Sector. Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter. (Assessed Dec 14th 2010)
http://www.nrdc.org.uk/uploads/documents/doc_3188.pdf/ Embedding Functional Skills. The National Research Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy, (Dec 16th 2010)
Scales Peter (2008 p195) Giving Feedback. Teaching in the Life Long Learning Sector. Open University Press. Maidenhead. (Assessed Dec 17th 2010)
Scales Peter (2008 p196) What is feedback and what is it for. Teaching in the Life Long Learning Sector. Open University Press. Maidenhead. (Assessed Dec 17th 2010)
Scales Peter (2008 p197) Guidelines for giving feedback. Teaching in the Life Long Learning Sector. Open University Press. Maidenhead. (Assessed Dec 17th 2010)
Gravells Ann ( 2009 p59) Giving feedback Principles and practice of assessment in Life Long Learning Sector. Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter. (Assessed Dec 14th 2010)
Gravells (2009: p7) Concepts and principles of assessment. Principles and Practice of Assessment in the Life Long Learning Sector. Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter. (Assessed Dec 16th 2010)
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What is it?
Toxoplasma are bacteria that is carried in the faeces of infected animals. It is relatively common in cats. Cat faeces contaminate the soil and this causes toxoplasmosis to infect animals, including humans who eat vegetation growing in this soil. Cats are re-infected by eating infected rodents and birds. Humans can also be infected by eating raw/undercooked meats. e.g. salami etc
Why is it dangerous?
In non-pregnant people the symptoms of toxoplasmosis are usually quite mild and treatment is seldom necessary. Infection seems to confer a lifelong immunity and so about 80% of people are likely to be immune to it.
Getting toxoplasmosis for the first time when you are pregnant is likely to be more serious. Toxoplasmosis infection can cause miscarriage or brain damage in your developing baby.
Reducing the risks
- Do not empty your cat’s litter tray. If you can’t get someone else to do this you should wear disposable gloves and/or wash your hands thoroughly afterwards.
- Wear gloves whenever you are gardening and make sure that other members of your family/household also wear gloves when gardening or thoroughly wash their hands afterwards.
- Make sure that you and other family members, especially young children, wash your/their hands thoroughly after playing in sandpits etc.
- Wash your hands or your children’s hands after they have petted other people’s cats or dogs
- Wash homegrown vegetables thoroughly before eating.
- Do not eat raw or undercooked meats.
Pregnant women may be exposed to many other substances in their homes and workplaces that are potentially teratogenic (a substance that has a harmful effect on the growth of an unborn baby).
There have been very few studies into the safety of common chemicals and the studies that have been conducted look at substances in isolation from each other. At home and in your workplace you may be exposed to several substances that on their own pose very little threat, but in combination can endanger the health of your unborn baby.
We therefore recommend that pregnant women (especially during the first 8 – 12 weeks of pregnancy) try to minimize their exposure to substances containing solvents.
What are solvents?
Solvents are chemicals that can dissolve other materials. They usually do this without changing their chemical structure or that of the substance/s they are dissolving or dispersing.
Why are they dangerous?
Solvents are very easily absorbed through our lungs and skin. They easily enter your bloodstream and circulate throughout your body. They readily pass through your placenta and into your growing baby’s body.
These days when we hear the word “organic” we usually think that it describes something that is healthy and free from man-made chemicals. However in the case of solvents, those that are described as organic (meaning the solvent contains carbon atoms) are usually the most potentially dangerous. Alcohols (CH3OH) are a very common form of organic solvent whereas water (H20 – no carbon) is an inorganic solvent.
Most solvents have a strong smell that pregnant women usually find unpleasant and/or nauseating. Because solvents are soluble in the blood, the longer you are exposed to them the harder it is to smell them e.g. if you walk into a room that has been recently painted you can usually smell the paint immediately but after you have been in the room for a while you no longer notice the smell.
Some common substances that you might use at home or at work that often contain solvents include:-
Paints, varnish and wood stain, turpentine, lighter fluid, drycleaning fluids, paint stripper, disinfectants, nail polish remover, degreasers (e.g. oven cleaner), petrol, furniture oils, polishes, wax, shoe cleaning products, stain removers, carpet and upholstery cleaners, glues/adhesives, aerosol sprays (e.g. fly and insect spray), hair dyes and hair styling products, make-up, sunblock and suntan lotion, perfumes, dyes, polymers, plastics, textiles, printing inks, photographic chemicals, agricultural products, and pharmaceuticals.
Some words that indicate the presence of organic solvents in a product include:
Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorinated solvents, diethyl or dimethyl phthalate, methylene chloride, paradichlorobenzene, perchloroethylene (or tetrachloroethylene), petroleum distillates, phenol, toluene (mineral spirits), 1,1,1 trichloroethane, xylene
The good news is that there are an increasing number of household cleaners and cosmetics that are free from these harmful chemicals. Read the labels on the household cleaners and cosmetics before you buy them and swap to those that do not contain organic solvents.
If your work exposes you to high levels of solvent(s) you may want to consider changing your job before you try to become pregnant. Your employer is obliged to find you work in an area that will not expose your developing baby to known risks.
If you cannot avoid exposure to products containing solvents you should make sure that the space you are in is very well ventilated and wear a face mask (one with an organic vapor cartridge is best in a workplace situation), gloves and clothing to protect your skin. | <urn:uuid:4c2123ca-e1dc-4e02-b2ff-afe0c7ffc726> | {
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By embracing a new "health impact assessment" tool, Atlanta makes sure its major redevelopment will lead to healthier lives.
In the musical chairs of urban planning, public health often finds itself left standing when the music stops. Often, by the time policymakers rouse support, local agencies rally funding, and land-use and transportation professionals exchange designs there's no one left to determine exactly how it will impact the health of those it's meant to serve in the first place.
That's where a "health impact assessment" comes in. An HIA, like an environmental review, evaluates the potential effects a major planning project might have on the public health of a surrounding community, and recommends certain actions needed to mitigate - or, in the case of health benefits, accelerate - those impacts.
The tool is used regularly in Europe and Canada [PDF], but it's beginning to gain some attention in the United States as well. A recent H.I.A. in northern California, for instance, pointed out that one potential barrier to public use of a walking-biking trail was safety, so it recommended proper lighting and the creation of a citizen watch group. A number of cities around the country have an H.I.A. planned, in progress, or recently completed.
Atlanta completed a two-year health impact assessment for its massive BeltLine project in 2007. The full report ran more than 200 pages [PDF], but a review of that effort, published in this month's issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, offers a compact summary of the committee's recommendations. As that paper makes clear, the study team is confident their HIA will "promote the health of local residents" far more than if the BeltLine had been built without it.
"What the HIA does is focus explicitly on the question of improving health outcomes for people," says Catherine Ross of Georgia Tech, the principal investigator of the health assessment and lead author of the A.J.P.M. paper. "It crosses everything from prevention to cure. Unlike our approach historically, which is you feel bad so you go to the doctor, we're saying, before you get there, let's do this."
Any project as expansive as the BeltLine is bound to have some public health implications. The project will transform 22 miles of abandoned railroad near downtown Atlanta into 2,100 public parks, 33 miles of pedestrian and bike trails, 22 miles of public transit, and 6,500 acres of residential and commercial development. More than 200,000 people live within the BeltLine's immediate impact area:
Conducting the HIA required an interdisciplinary team of health professionals and planners to examine the BeltLine plans, compile all sorts of data on the community in the project's impact area, and compare these findings with existing public health literature. The HIA focused on several broad categories of health, from physical activity to access and equity to safety, and its 72 recommendations range from the broad and basic (Atlanta should speed up the BeltLine timeline) to the painfully specific (residential units should be at least 600 feet from high-volume roads to reduce impact of particulate matter).
Among its major conclusions [PDF], the assessment committee determined that the BeltLine needs more park acres to keep up with its promise of 10 acres per 1,000 residents. The minority, low-income Southwest part of the impact area, for instance, was on pace to have only 7.5 acres on average. The H.I.A. committee also recognized what Ross calls "food deserts" in certain parts of the impact area — places where residents didn't have access to grocery stores, and thus a healthy diet — and recommended better connectivity to existing stores, incentives for new grocers, and permits for fruit and vegetable vendors and farmer's markets.
Another recommendation came with regard to brownfields. Abandoned properties often contain environmental contamination, and these brownfield sites have been linked with illness in the health literature. In addition the committee found that non-white populations were far more likely to live within 500 feet of a brownfield in the BeltLine area, so it recommended the redevelopment of these sites. On the strength of this conclusion the Environmental Protection Agency awarded Atlanta $1 million in 2009 to restore ten BeltLine brownfield sites.
Broadly speaking the committee concluded that the BeltLine would have a "a largely positive impact of the health of Atlantans." Ross believes its use of a health impact assessment will serve as a model for other cities to use for major urban planning projects of their own.
"We believe it's a way to rethink American cities and make them attractive," says Ross of the potential of H.I.A.'s. "We have to re-think and re-make cities in a way that's healthier, that recognizes the constraints we have in the built environment, and create more opportunities to be a healthy America." | <urn:uuid:dfed3480-f21a-47a1-83c0-a99b6b0c3caa> | {
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Publication Date: May 1, 2012
160 color illustrations
11.25 in x 5 in
A celebration of the beauty and rich history of heirloom varieties of fruits and vegetables.
Fruits and vegetables have been a central part of our diets since time immemorial, and the history of their cultivation is rich with intriguing facts: Samuel Pepys’s diary entry for August 22, 1663, reveals that “Mr Newburne is dead of eating Cowcoumbers” (cucumbers); many tomato varieties were first bred in the United States and are still available, from“Striped German” to “Pink Ping Pong” to “Zapotec.”
Today, numerous traditional fruit and vegetable varieties—the so-called heirloom or heritage varieties—-are disappearing, a catastrophic loss of horticultural heritage and genetic diversity. But gardeners have reason to be optimistic. A group of dedicated growers around the world is seeking to conserve surviving heritage varieties for their significant advantages over newer cultivars: they are more adaptable, they have good storage properties, and they often have a superior taste.
Presented by season, this overview first tells the story of the cultivation of fruits and vegetables through the ages, and then each type is discussed: where it originated, indigenous uses and folklore, how it got its name, legends and beliefs that have become attached to it, and the odd uses to which it has been put. | <urn:uuid:10e69e49-7fb8-4426-80e8-f7f39c6f4657> | {
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Restorative Nostalgia and Reconstruction of Imaginary Homeland in The Namesake
As a writer of Indian diaspora in America, Jhumpa Lahiri explores the themes like dislocation, displacement and identity. In The Namesake, she writes about the Indian American people’s nostalgia for their home country. The couple Ashima and Ashoke reconstruct an imagined homeland through their interaction with Indian American community around them. The Indian American community helps preserve Indian cultural heritage through holiday celebrations and other parties in which the people in exile speak their own language and perform their cultural rituals. Striding Indian and American two cultures, the Indian American community also has a hybrid identity. This hybridity is a compromise people have to make in order to survive in a different culture but meanwhile it can also be a way to resist against the main stream ideology. In this way, people in the community transcend their former nostalgia and become more open, global nomads in the world.
Mannur, A. (2010). Culinary fictions: Food in South Asian diasporic culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Austen, B. (2003). In the shadow of Gogol. New Leader, 86(5), 31-32.
Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The location of culture. London: Routledge.
Boym, S. (2001). The future of nostalgia. New York: Basic Books.
Das, N. (2008). Jhumpa Lahiri: Critical perspectives. New Delhi: Pencraft International.
De, A. (2010). Pariah or messiah: Gogol ganguli & the problematization of transnational identity. In Jaspal K. Singh & Rajendra Chetty (Eds.). Indian writers: Transnationalism and diasporas (pp.11-21). New York: Peter Lang.
Hooks, B. (1990). Yearning: Race, gender, and cultural politics. Boston: South End Press.
Kung, S. M. (2009). “I translate, therefore I am”: Names and cultural translation in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. Tamkang Review, 40(1), 119-140.
Rushdie, S. (1981). Imaginary homelands. London: Granta Books.
Said, E. W. (2000). Reflections on exile and other essays. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Su, J. J. (2005). Ethics and nostalgia in the contemporary novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Walder, D. (2011). Postcolonial nostalgia: Writing, representation, and memory. New York: Routledge.
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E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] | <urn:uuid:008a6669-35e3-4ba3-bdd0-8afbbd0a55f5> | {
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This past summer, John Pollini of USC Dornsife led 10 students on an excavation at Ostia Antica, the port town of ancient Rome. Students interested in taking the excavation course this summer must apply by Feb. 15.
Offered in conjunction with the annual summer archaeological field school of the American Institute for Roman Culture in Rome, the course takes place from June 10 to July 21. The trip provides students an opportunity to learn about the principles of stratification in archaeology, measure and draw walls, conserve ancient artifacts, analyze and sort pottery and other finds, and apply computer technology in field archaeology.
Students also learn about ancient Ostia, a commercial hub for Rome since the fourth century B.C. that was abandoned during the fifth to sixth centuries due to hard economic times. Archaeological excavations at the site began in the 19th century.
During the first week of the program last summer, students took daily walking tours to learn about the monuments and topography of ancient Rome and ancient Ostia.
The last five weeks were spent digging in a previously unexcavated multilevel structure with a columnar portico that once lay directly on the ancient shore of Ostia. The present coastline now lies approximately 2.5 miles east of the site due to the alluvial deposits from the Tiber River over a 2,000-year period.
“The first stage of the excavation involved the removal of the dense thicket of vegetation — large fig trees and briar — that completely covered the site,” said Pollini, professor of art history and history. “After the topsoil had been cleared and all surfaces cleaned, the fully revealed structure was mapped and modeled in three dimensions using a laser total station and [computer-aided design] software.”
Evidence found at the site indicated that this structure once had cement vaulting, terracotta roof tiles, floors paved with mosaics and marble, and walls embellished with terracotta figurative friezes. Pottery and other minor finds were all recorded, he added.
In addition, two shallow test trenches were opened within the area of the portico to assess the major chronological phases of the structure. The findings indicated that the last phase of the structure probably dated to the abandonment of Ostia Antica in Late Antiquity, between the fourth or fifth centuries.
“Further investigation of this structure and the surrounding area will hopefully clarify information about the nature of the building — administrative or customs building — and the role of the port life of the ancient town of Ostia,” Pollini said.
The four-unit, Art History 325 course is called Roman Archaeological Excavation: Methods and Practice.
For students interested in this year’s summer excavation in Ostia and earning university credits, contact John Pollini at [email protected] on or before Feb. 15. | <urn:uuid:491fc247-68c5-4c1a-ae5f-81648f84bf42> | {
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Sound power measurements of acoustic sources are generally made in reverberation or anechoic chambers using acoustic pressure measurements as outlined in specific ISO or other standards. A reverberation chamber produces an approximate diffuse-field condition, wherein the sound power is determined from the spatially averaged squared pressure. An anechoic chamber produces an approximate free-field condition, wherein the sound power is estimated from squared pressure over an enveloping measurement surface. However, in many cases it is desirable to estimate sound power within nonideal semi-reverberant spaces. In these environments, both direct and reverberant energies may contribute significantly to the total acoustic field. This paper introduces two measurement methods that utilize a weighted combination of potential and kinetic energy densities, known as generalized acoustic energy density, to estimate sound power in nonideal semi-reverberant rooms. The first method employs a generalized sound power formulation, which is an adaptation to an equation developed in 1948 for semi-reverberant spaces. The second, called the two-point in situ method, is a technique based on the generalized sound power formulation for quick and accurate in situ sound power estimates. Since the generalized acoustic energy density is more spatially uniform than the squared acoustic pressure in an enclosed field, these methods have the advantage of achieving the same accuracy in sound power determination with fewer measurement positions. This thesis explores the possibility of using these new methods in place of methods outlined in current ISO standards by describing analytical, numerical, and experimental results.
College and Department
Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Physics and Astronomy
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Marquez, Daniel Ryan, "Estimating the Acoustic Power of Sources in Nonideal Enclosures Using Generalized Acoustic Energy Density" (2014). All Theses and Dissertations. 3977.
sound power, generalized energy density, semi-reverberant enclosures | <urn:uuid:7b9e70e7-7d1f-4a26-8505-3561dfccb789> | {
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PARIS – Aerospace engineers said they are developing a device that can harvest the energy of human heart to power pacemakers.
Researchers from the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan claimed that they have designed a device that harvests energy from the reverberation of heartbeats through the chest and converts it to electricity to run a pacemaker or an implanted defibrillator. These mini-medical machines send electrical signals to the heart to keep it beating in a healthy rhythm.
Dan Inman, Department chair of Aerospace Engineering, said: "Medical costs are really high, and pacemaker-dependent people have to have an operation every seven years. If the patient is 2 years old, that's perhaps ten times in their lifetime to have open-heart surgery."
Inman continued: "We created a device that harvests energy inside the body and can be used to run a pacemaker instead of relying on battery replacements, which occur every seven to ten years."
No prototype has been built yet, but researchers claimed that they "made detailed blueprints and run simulations" that prove the feasibility of the idea. The design includes a hundredth-of-an-inch thin slice of a piezoelectric ceramic material would move with heartbeat vibrations and convert the energy into electrical energy.
Researchers said they have engineered the ceramic layer to a shape that can harvest vibrations across a broad range of frequencies. In addition the design includes integrated magnets used to increase the electric signal that results from the vibrations.
The power generated by the energy harvester would be more than 10 times the power required by the pacemaker, researchers claimed and proves that piezoelectric energy harvesters can be used to continuously power pacemakers and relegate batteries to an emergency back up function.
Originally, the harvester had been designed for light unmanned airplanes where it could generate power from wing vibrations.
Early findings have been presented at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2012.
Click on image to view a video. See related links:Toward pacemakers powered by heartbeats
Wolfe's Den: Maxim's Heartbeat T-Shirt
The potential of energy harvesting means there’s nothing to lose
Streamlining the design of portable medical electronics | <urn:uuid:43f75409-cbe6-460c-b19b-b09c1ab7d919> | {
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Our camera trapping studies started in 2008 as a collaborative project between the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) in the University of Oxford and OuTrop. We are asking key questions about wild cat density and abundance in this under-studied habitat, and investigating and mitigating the threats to these felids through our work with local communities.
This is the first long-term, intensive camera-trapping study of clouded leopards and other felids in Indonesian peat-swamp forest. Our research has confirmed that the Sabangau Forest supports populations of four of the five Bornean cats, including the largest predator on Borneo, the clouded leopard; plus the leopard, flat-headed and marbled cats.
Between 2012 and 2014, we collaborated with NGO’s and government agencies across Kalimantan to survey eight different sites for the presence of clouded leopards and other mammals.
With generous support from the Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium and Fresno Chaffee Zoo we are continuing this long-term camera trapping project. Although we have had camera traps in Sabangau for eight years, there is still a lot we do not know. There are five cat species on Borneo, but we have only ever found four in this forest. So, is the endemic and elusive bay cat present in peat-swamp forests? This is a mystery we hope to solve. We may have missed them in past camera trapping studies due to the placing of the cameras and the distance between each camera as our previous focus has been on clouded leopards, which have larger home ranges.
We also still do not know much about the smaller cats that we have confirmed to live in Sabangau and we want to learn more about the clouded leopards specifically where are all the females and the cubs? To increase our knowledge of the different species in Sabangau and their activity patterns we are placing camera traps in the forest canopy so we can see what the animals are doing when they are up in the trees. Also, we want to set up camera traps in the new field sites in our RROCP programme and discover what amazing animals are living in these forests.
Key achievements to date | <urn:uuid:1d0a5e8f-156d-40b4-a995-48cb1e58cda8> | {
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Lexical classification and spelling: Do people use atypical spellings for atypical pseudowords?
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Kemp, N., Treiman, R., Blackley, H. et al. Read Writ (2015) 28: 1187. doi:10.1007/s11145-015-9567-y
- 246 Downloads
Many English phonemes have more than one possible spelling. People’s choices among the options may be influenced by sublexical patterns, such as the identity of neighboring sounds within the word. However, little research has explored the possible role of lexical conditioning. Three experiments examined the potential effects of one such factor: whether an item is typical of English or atypical. In Experiment 1, we asked whether presenting pseudowords as made-up words or the names of monsters would cause participants to classify them as atypical and spell phonemes within these pseudowords using less common patterns. This was not found to be the case in children (aged 7–12 years) or adults. In Experiment 2, children aged 10–12 and adults spelled pseudowords that contained phonologically frequent or infrequent sequences and, in Experiment 3, adults chose between two possible spellings of each of these pseudowords. Adults, but not children, used more common spellings in pseudowords that contained frequent sequences and that thus seemed more typical of English. They used fewer common spellings in pseudowords that contained infrequent sequences and therefore seemed atypical. These results suggest that properties of pseudowords themselves can affect lexical classification and hence spelling. | <urn:uuid:aba71074-028a-4c4c-8454-9d60e0e0f1b4> | {
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International Year of Biodiversity
June 21st, 2010
The New York Times
June 21st, 2010
The New York Times
On the morning of June 4, in the international waters south of Malta, the Greenpeace vessels Rainbow Warrior and Arctic Sunrise deployed eight inflatable Zodiacs and skiffs into the azure surface of the Mediterranean. Protesters aboard donned helmets and took up DayGlo flags and plywood shields. With the organization’s observation helicopter hovering above, the pilots of the tiny boats hit their throttles, hurtling the fleet forward to stop what they viewed as an egregious environmental crime. It was a high-octane updating of a familiar tableau, one that anyone who has followed Greenpeace’s Save the Whales adventures of the last 35 years would have recognized. But in the waters off Malta there was not a whale to be seen.
What was in the water that day was a congregation of Atlantic bluefin tuna, a fish that when prepared as sushi is one of the most valuable forms of seafood in the world. It’s also a fish that regularly journeys between America and Europe and whose two populations, or “stocks,” have both been catastrophically overexploited. The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, one of only two known Atlantic bluefin spawning grounds, has only intensified the crisis. By some estimates, there may be only 9,000 of the most ecologically vital megabreeders left in the fish’s North American stock, enough for the entire population of New York to have a final bite (or two) of high-grade otoro sushi. The Mediterranean stock of bluefin, historically a larger population than the North American one, has declined drastically as well. Indeed, most Mediterranean bluefin fishing consists of netting or “seining” young wild fish for “outgrowing” on tuna “ranches.” Which was why the Greenpeace craft had just deployed off Malta: a French fishing boat was about to legally catch an entire school of tuna, many of them undoubtedly juveniles.
Oliver Knowles, a 34-year-old Briton who was coordinating the intervention, had told me a few days earlier via telephone what the strategy was going to be. “These fishing operations consist of a huge purse-seining vessel and a small skiff that’s quite fast,” Knowles said. A “purse seine” is a type of net used by industrial fishing fleets, called this because of the way it draws closed around a school of fish in the manner of an old-fashioned purse cinching up around a pile of coins. “The skiff takes one end of the net around the tuna and sort of closes the circle on them,” Knowles explained. “That’s the key intervention point. That’s where we have the strong moral mandate.”
But as the Zodiacs approached the French tuna-fishing boat Jean-Marie Christian VI, confusion engulfed the scene. As anticipated, the French seiner launched its skiffs and started to draw a net closed around the tuna school. Upon seeing the Greenpeace Zodiacs zooming in, the captain of the Jean-Marie Christian VI issued a call. “Mayday!” he shouted over the radio. “Pirate attack!” Other tuna boats responded to the alert and arrived to help. The Greenpeace activists identified themselves over the VHF, announcing they were staging a “peaceful action.”
Aboard one Zodiac, Frank Hewetson, a 20-year Greenpeace veteran who in his salad days as a protester scaled the first BP deepwater oil rigs off Scotland, tried to direct his pilot toward the net so that he could throw a daisy chain of sandbags over its floating edge and allow the bluefin to escape. But before Hewetson could deploy his gear, a French fishing skiff rammed his Zodiac. A moment later Hewetson was dragged by the leg toward the bow. “At first I thought I’d been lassoed,” Hewetson later told me from his hospital bed in London. “But then I looked down. ” A fisherman trying to puncture the Zodiac had swung a three-pronged grappling hook attached to a rope into the boat and snagged Hewetson clean through his leg between the bone and the calf muscle. (Using the old language of whale protests, Greenpeace would later report to Agence France-Presse that Hewetson had been “harpooned.”)
“Ma jambe! Ma jambe!” Hewetson cried out in French, trying to signal to the fisherman to slack off on the rope. The fisherman, according to Hewetson, first loosened it and then reconsidered and pulled it tight again. Eventually Hewetson was able to get enough give in the rope to yank the hook free. Elsewhere, fishermen armed with gaffs and sticks sank another Zodiac and, according to Greenpeace’s Knowles, fired a flare at the observation helicopter. At a certain point, the protesters made the decision to break off the engagement. “We have currently pulled back from the seining fleet,” Knowles e-mailed me shortly afterward, “to regroup and develop next steps.” Bertrand Wendling, the executive director of the tuna-fishing cooperative of which the Jean-Marie Christian VI was a part, called the Greenpeace protest “without doubt an act of provocation” in which “valuable work tools” were damaged.
But the main damage that took place that day was indisputably to the bluefin. After the encounter, the fishermen aboard the Jean-Marie Christian VI transferred the fish alive into a holding cage and slowly towed them away. Soon those tuna would be brought to feeding pens where they will spend at least several months putting on weight. Afterward, they will be slaughtered and sent to Japan, where 80 percent of the world’s Atlantic bluefin tuna are eaten with oblivion.
THERE ARE TWO reasons that a mere fish should have inspired such a high-strung confrontation reminiscent of Greenpeace’s early days as a defender of whales. The first stems from fish enthusiasts who have for many years recognized the particular qualities of bluefin tuna — qualities that were they land-based creatures would establish them indisputably as “wildlife” and not just another “seafood” we eat without remorse. Not only is the bluefin’s dense, distinctly beefy musculature supremely appropriate for traversing the ocean’s breadth, but the animal also has attributes that make its evolutionary appearance seem almost deus ex machina, or rather machina ex deo — a machine from God. How else could a fish develop a sextantlike “pineal window” in the top of its head that scientists say enables it to navigate over thousands of miles? How else could a fish develop a propulsion system whereby a whip-thin crescent tail vibrates at fantastic speeds, shooting the bluefin forward at speeds that can reach 40 miles an hour? And how else would a fish appear within a mostly coldblooded phylum that can use its metabolic heat to raise its body temperature far above that of the surrounding water, allowing it to traverse the frigid seas of the subarctic?
Yes, bluefin tuna are warmblooded.
That bluefin can be huge — 10 feet and more than a thousand pounds — is a side note. For those of us who have seen their football silhouettes arise and vanish in less than a blink of an eye or held them alive, their hard-shell skins barely containing the surging muscle tissue within, they are something bigger than the space they occupy. All fish change color when they die. But with tuna the death shift feels more profound. Fresh from the water, their backs pulsing neon blue, their bellies gleaming silver-pink iridescence, they seem like the ocean itself.
And in a way they are, which explains the second reason bluefin have come to possess such totemic power. For bluefin tuna and all species of tuna are the living representation of the very limits of the ocean. Their global decline is a warning that we just might destroy our last wild food.
In prehistoric times, the hunting of fish began close by, in freshwater rivers and lakes and coastal ocean waters. But as human populations grew, easily accessed grounds fell short of demand. By the late Middle Ages, European stocks of freshwater fish and near-shore ocean species proved insufficient. By then, Basque and Viking fisherman had already moved on to the continental shelves off Canada, ushering in the Age of Cod — an age that escalated until the late 20th century, when some of the largest fishing vessels ever built devastated the once-two-billion-strong stock of cod on the Canadian Grand Banks. But there were still new places to fish. In the 1980s and ’90s, virgin fishing grounds were found in the Southern Hemisphere, and supplies of replacement fish like New Zealand hoki and Chilean sea bass helped seafood supplies keep pace with demand.
But appetites continued to outstrip supply. Global seafood consumption has increased consistently to the point where we now remove more wild fish and shellfish from the oceans every year than the weight of the human population of China. This latest surge has taken us past the Age of Cod and landed us squarely in the Age of Tuna. Fishing has expanded over the continental shelves into the international no-man’s territory known as the high seas — the ocean territory that begins outside of national “exclusive economic zones,” or E.E.Z.’s, usually 200 nautical miles out from a country’s coast, and continues until it hits the E.E.Z. of another country. The high seas are owned by no one and governed by largely feeble multinational agreements. According to the Sea Around Us project of the University of British Columbia’s Fisheries Center, catches from the high seas have risen by 700 percent in the last half-century, and much of that increase is tuna. Moreover, because tuna cross so many boundaries, even when tuna do leave the high seas and tarry in any one nation’s territorial waters (as Atlantic bluefin usually do), they remain under the foggy international jurisdiction of poorly enforced tuna treaties.
The essentially ownerless nature of tuna has led to the last great wild-fish gold rush the world may ever see. The most noticeable result of this has been the decline of the giant Atlantic bluefin tuna. But the Atlantic bluefin is just a symptom of a metastasizing tuna disease. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization reports that 7 of the 23 commercially fished tuna stocks are overfished or depleted. An additional nine stocks are also threatened. The Pew Environment Group’s tuna campaign asserts that “the boats seeking these tuna are responsible for more hooks and nets in the water than any other fishery.”
Tuna then are both a real thing and a metaphor. Literally they are one of the last big public supplies of wild fish left in the world. Metaphorically they are the terminus of an idea: that the ocean is an endless resource where new fish can always be found. In the years to come we can treat tuna as a mile marker to zoom past on our way toward annihilating the wild ocean or as a stop sign that compels us to turn back and radically reconsider.
“WE FIND OURSELVES in a precarious situation.” So wrote Ritchie Notar, a co-owner of the internationally acclaimed Nobu restaurant chain, to Greenpeace U.K. back in 2008 after Greenpeace intensified its tuna-defense efforts and put forward the idea that bluefin should no longer be served at Nobu’s establishments. “We are dealing with thousands of years of cultural customs,” Notar continued in correspondence Greenpeace forwarded to me. “The Japanese have relied on tuna and the bounties of the sea as part of their culture and history for centuries. We are absolutely appreciative of your goals and efforts within your cause, but it goes far beyond just saying that we can just take what has now all of a sudden been declared an ‘endangered’ species off the menu. It has to do with custom, heritage and behavior.”
Many nations have contributed to the Atlantic bluefin’s destruction. Europeans and North Africans do most of the catching and ranching of the fish in the world today. The United States continues to allow bluefin fishing in its waters even though the Gulf of Mexico-spawned stock is considered by many scientists to have entered into full-scale collapse. But it is Japan, the world’s largest bluefin importer, that has taken perhaps the most aggressive pro-tuna-fishing position, sometimes assisted by Westerners like Ritchie Notar, who declaim the country’s long tuna-eating tradition. But history shows that Japan’s stake in tuna fishing is recent and, more important, part of the same endgame that has dragged all of humanity into the Age of Tuna. Before 1800, Japanese tuna sushi didn’t even exist.
Trevor Corson is an East Asia scholar turned popular nonfiction writer and author of the 2007 book “The Story of Sushi,” and for select groups he will act as a “sushi concierge,” hosting dinners often at the Jewel Bako Japanese restaurant in Manhattan’s East Village, one of which I attended this past winter. A Corson-guided meal aims to reveal the historical truth of tuna and to represent the very different fish that were the staples of sushi in earlier times. Plate by plate I watched as Corson walked a group of Manhattan professionals through a traditional Edo-period meal of snappers, jacks and other white-fleshed, smaller fish that most definitely did not include “red” tuna. Afterward, Corson sent me an excerpt from a 1999 Japanese anthology titled “Fish Experts Teach the Secrets of the Deliciousness of Fish” to further underline his point. “Originally, fish with red flesh were looked down on in Japan as a low-class food, and white fish were much preferred,” one of the book’s contributors, Michiyo Murata, writes. “Fish with red flesh tended to spoil quickly and develop a noticeable stench, so in the days before refrigeration the Japanese aristocracy despised them, and this attitude was adopted by the citizens of Edo [old Tokyo].” Other Japanese scholars like the sushi historian Masuo Yoshino confirm this. Murata, meanwhile, goes on to note that tuna were introduced into sushi only 170 years ago, when a large catch came into Edo one season. On that day a local sushi chef marinated a few pieces of tuna in soy sauce and served it as “nigiri sushi.” The practice caught on. Occasionally a big bluefin became sushi, but Corson notes these fish were nicknamed shibi — “four days” — because chefs would bury them for four days to mellow their bloody taste.
By the 1930s, tuna sushi was commonplace in Japan, but demand could be met by local supplies of tuna, including the Pacific bluefin species, which dwells in Japan’s coastal waters. It was World War II that took tuna fishing to the next level. “To recover from the devastation of the war,” Ziro Suzuki, formerly of the Japanese Far Seas Research Laboratory, wrote me, “Japanese fishermen needed more tunas to secure food for domestic demand and also to earn more money by exporting tunas for canning industries in Europe and the U.S. Those needs urged the expansion of fishing grounds outside of the historic grounds of the western Pacific.” But this next fishing expansion was technological as well as territorial. Throughout the postwar period, the Japanese perfected industrial long-lining, a practice that employs thousands of baited hooks. In the 1970s Japanese manufacturers developed lightweight, high-strength polymers that were in turn spun into extensive drift nets that could be many miles long. Though drift nets were banned in the high seas by the early ’90s, in the 1970s hundreds of miles of them were often deployed in a single night. When drift nets and long lines were coupled with at-sea freezing technology invented around the same time, Japanese fishermen were able to fish the farthest reaches of the oceans while keeping their frozen tuna sushi-ready for as long as a year.
A major yield of all of this Japanese fishing effort was yellowfin tuna. Though they ate bluefin, Japanese did not hold them in high regard before the 1960s, and it took a confluence of socioeconomic factors in both Japan and the West to bring bluefin to the fore. By the late 1960s, sportfishing for giant bluefin tuna was starting in earnest off Nova Scotia, New England and Long Island. Like the Japanese at the time, North Americans had little regard for bluefin on the plate, usually discarding them after capture.
Bluefin sportfishing’s rise, however, coincided with Japan’s export boom. In the 1960s and ’70s, Japanese planes stuffed with electronics unloaded in the U.S. and returned empty — a huge waste of fuel. But when a Japanese entrepreneur realized he could buy New England and Canadian bluefin for a song, he started filling up all those empty cargo holds with tuna. Exposure to beef and other fatty meats during the U.S. occupation had already drawn the Japanese to appreciate bluefin’s fatty belly (otoro, in sushi terms). The Atlantic bluefin, the biggest bluefin, became the most favored of all. This appreciation boomeranged stateside when Americans started to develop their own raw-fish habit in the late 1970s.
Added to the already significant fishing pressure from the tuna canning industry, Japan’s and now the West’s sushi jones has come to stress populations of large tuna around the world, starting with the most environmentally sensitive Atlantic bluefin but with the risk of spreading to other species. In fact, one subpopulation of Atlantic bluefin has already vanished after heavy fishing by Japanese long-liners: The bluefin that used to congregate off Brazil disappeared in the early bluefin boom of the 1970s. The remaining Atlantic bluefin stocks are trending similarly, and the two other species of bluefin — the Pacific, which ranges between California and Japan, and the southern bluefin, which plies the waters around Australia — are not far behind. In the United States, the direct fishing pressure on bluefin continues — but perhaps a larger problem is that a large quantity of North American bluefin are caught accidentally as “by-catch” when industrial long-liners deploy their legions of hooks in search of yellowfin tuna over the bluefin’s spawning grounds in the Gulf of Mexico. By law, nearly all bluefin caught as by-catch must be dumped back into the sea. Usually by that point they are already dead.
All of this has led the bluefin to become a cause célèbre among conservation groups and the target of several organized “save the bluefin” campaigns. None of them have influenced Japanese consumers. In the case of Nobu, after numerous exchanges with Greenpeace, the sushi restaurant’s owners remained unpersuaded of the need to stop serving the fish. Their only concession was a haiku-esque warning on the menus of its London eateries:
Is an environmentally threatened species
Please ask your server for an alternative.”
Is an environmentally threatened species
Please ask your server for an alternative.”
Willie Mackenzie of Greenpeace U.K. responded angrily in a note to Ritchie Notar: “Despite the assurances that you take these issues seriously and that you want Nobu to be a leader in this field, you have essentially tried to abdicate responsibility by suggesting that it is down to your customers to decide if they want to eat an endangered species.”
AWAY FROM RESTAURANT menus and the entree preferences of individual consumers, more far-ranging choices are presenting themselves to humanity than picking a California roll or a sliver of otoro. These are choices that will shape the fate of not just Atlantic bluefin tuna, not just all tunas, but all the great sea creatures — sharks, swordfish, marlin, even whales. For every one of these animals is highly migratory and roams the high seas, the vast, ownerless seascape that makes up some 60 percent of the oceans.
Until the 1970s, fishing in the high seas tended to be based on the principles of Hugo Grotius’s 1609 treatise “Mare Liberum” — a document that advocated free use of the oceans by all. But in the last 40 years, Grotius’s “free sea” has grown progressively more circumscribed. Today, high-seas and highly migratory fish are overseen by 18 regional fisheries-management organizations. These “consensus-oriented” institutions, in which each member nation has equal status, can be guided more by political horse-trading than by sound science. A former chairman of the scientific committee of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (or Iccat), the body responsible for Atlantic bluefin, told me, “Even though scientific advice says you should stick to a specific catch number, in order to negotiate a deal they tend to nudge that number over a little bit.” That little nudge can be enough to put a population of tuna in jeopardy.
In 2008 Iccat set Atlantic bluefin catch limits that were nearly double what its own scientists recommended. Conservationists howled, and the quotas were reduced sharply. But by the time Iccat met again, in November 2009, environmentalists had come to home in on the historic mismanagement of Atlantic bluefin, many of them arguing that a simple reduction in catch quotas for the coming fishing season was not enough — that in fact a zero-catch quota was the only thing that would stave off the fish’s extinction. Iccat rejected the zero-quota idea. This in turn forced a much more high-pitched confrontation this spring between parties like Japan, which seems to feel that fishery-management problems can be resolved within the status quo, and those who are looking to take the high seas in a profoundly different direction.
The debate was joined when delegates gathered this past March in Doha, Qatar, for a meeting of the United Nations Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna, or Cites (pronounced SY-tees). It was a meeting that, for fish, could have been as important as the 1982 meeting of the International Whaling Commission that voted to establish a moratorium on commercial whaling worldwide. For if conservationists got their way, Atlantic bluefin would be included in the Cites treaty’s Appendix One — a result that would ban the international trade of the tuna and put them under the jurisdiction of the same U.N. body that oversees tigers, white rhinos and giant pandas. It would be the beginning of a process that would transition Atlantic bluefin tuna from seafood to wildlife.
It is precisely this kind of recasting that happened with whales in the 1980s, and Japan was intent on avoiding a similar recategorization with Atlantic bluefin tuna. As Masanori Miyahara, the director of the Fisheries Agency of Japan, put it to me: “Cites Appendix One is too inflexible . . . once a species is listed in a Cites appendix, it will never be delisted or down-listed as the history of Cites clearly shows.” In other words, once a fish becomes wildlife, it will stay wildlife. A Cites treaty would also allow those countries that happen to have bluefin in their territorial waters to continue to catch them for their own market while excluding all the other treaty member nations — a result that Masanori would surely find not only unfair but also capable of leading to further overfishing. (The European Union has indicated it will continue to catch its allowable quota even if a Cites resolution is passed.)
Japan’s touchiness about fairness on the high seas is understandable given its dependence on seafood. Its per capita seafood consumption is among the highest of any industrialized country. And Japan has not been blind to the problems that come with overfishing and excessively large fishing fleets. Indeed, in the last few years it has tried to rein in its industrial fishing effort, decommissioning vessels, literally pulling hooks out of the water. But this has failed to resolve another problem of the Age of Tuna. Just as the industrialized countries are starting to realize the need for more sensible management of the high seas, developing countries are heading in the opposite direction. “Developing countries firmly believe they have a right to expand their fisheries and that developed countries should reduce their fishing effort to compensate,” Ziro Suzuki wrote me. “In the process of trying to resolve the conflict of interest, the stocks become overfished, and overall fishing effort grows to an unacceptable level. . . . It’s really just another example of the North-South problem, just like CO2 emissions.”
The conflict between the developing and developed world plays an increasingly greater role in tuna negotiations, and at a certain point it is hard to figure out who is manipulating whom in an intrigue involving 175 countries, each trying to game the system. Representatives from both the WWF and the Pew Environment Group told me of a curious imbroglio as the Qatar Cites meeting neared its vote on bluefin. Japanese delegation members supposedly told African representatives that European bluefin fleets would relocate to the coast of Africa and catch African yellowfin tuna if the Cites bluefin motion passed. This despite the fact that European vessels are geared up specifically for bluefin fishing and lack the capacity to pursue yellowfin. Masanori Miyahara of the Fisheries Agency of Japan dismissed this claim as “completely wrong and unfounded. We never told such a thing to anybody. We even haven’t thought such an idea, ever.”
True or not, African nations lined up with Japan. After Libya and Sudan forced a vote, the Atlantic bluefin’s Cites Appendix One listing was rejected by a large majority.
Delegates flew away from Qatar with the status quo in place. The monthlong bluefin purse-seining season set earlier by Iccat for the Mediterranean would stand as it was with quotas above what many scientists had recommended. A month after the Cites meeting, BP’s Horizon Deepwater oil rig collapsed into the sea and spewed oil into the only bluefin spawning ground in the Americas just as the few remaining North American stock giant bluefin were preparing to mate in the Gulf of Mexico. Though the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service has been deeply critical of the Mediterranean bluefin catch — in 2007, it went so far as to call for a moratorium — it has been noncommittal about the American fishery. When I asked the Fisheries Service if it would consider closing the bluefin season on the heels of the BP spill, I was offered a statement, part of which, recast in verse form, has an almost Nobu-type haiku quality:
“N.O.A.A. Fisheries is carefully monitoring
The spawning of bluefin tuna in the Gulf of Mexico
By collecting larval samples and analyzing reports from scientific observers.”
The spawning of bluefin tuna in the Gulf of Mexico
By collecting larval samples and analyzing reports from scientific observers.”
It seems then that no single nation is ready to commit to a sustainable future for the fish. Some would argue that extirpation might just have to be the bluefin’s fate. Other, smaller tuna might be better suited to industrial exploitation. The bigeye and yellowfin tuna generally grow faster and spawn earlier. And indeed these lesser tuna are already starting to fill in for the bluefin’s absence. In the United States most Americans usually end up eating bigeye when they order otoro — the fatty zebra-striped flesh that fetches the highest price on most sushi menus nowadays. But major populations of bigeye tuna are also declining. Should they go away, it’s hard to say what would come next.
How then do we get ourselves out of the Age of Tuna with our moral center and our food supply intact? Can we develop a civilized hunter-gatherer relationship with tuna and indeed with all other fish and reach a point of equilibrium with our last wild food? Can the management bodies that have overseen the collapse of the most magnificent food fish we’ve ever known be trusted to manage what is left in its wake?
The answer depends on where you fall on the fairly broad political spectrum of the world’s different tuna watchers. The Fisheries Agency of Japan maintains that “Japan is committed to ensure the recovery” of the Atlantic bluefin and has stipulated it will support a complete shutdown of the bluefin fishery at next fall’s Iccat meeting, should the scientific committee recommend it. Greenpeace meanwhile has punted on the bluefin political process. “Others have failed our oceans,” Oliver Knowles told the press as he prepared his mini armada off Malta, “so Greenpeace will act.” Greenpeace is calling for a radical realignment of the high seas, to take stewardship away from regional fisheries-management organizations and establish 40 percent of the world’s ocean territory as a marine reserve, a kind of Antarctica-style agreement with shades of whale, where nations, instead of bargaining over quotas, would simply not be able to do any fishing at all in large areas of the oceans. Most other environmental organizations are behind the marine-reserve idea, but they vary in opinion on how big those reserves should be. The Blue Ocean Institute calls for a five-year moratorium on Atlantic bluefin fishing everywhere. The WWF further advocates that the industrial fishing methods that spread during the Age of Tuna — the drift nets, long lines, purse seines and spotter planes — be done away with. In their view, the “artisanal” single-hook-and-line fishing practices of old are the only way to sustainably hunt big and naturally scarce predators like bluefin.
But if we are to embark on a global project of ramping down tuna fishing, what are we to eat?
Until the modern era, the response to wild-game decline has been a primitive one: widespread destruction of the animals that can’t stand up to our hunting followed by the selection of a handful of ones that we can tame. Out of the many mammals that our forebears ate before the last ice age, humans selected four — cows, pigs, sheep and goats — to be their principal meats. Out of all the many birds that darkened the primeval skies, humans chose four — chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese — to be their poultry.
And indeed, this is a process that is taking shape rapidly with fish. Atlantic salmon are now commercially extinct throughout almost the entirety of their range but have become one of the most widely farmed fish in the world.
But while leaps have been made in taming marine fish, tuna, particularly bluefin tuna, may not make very much sense for the farm. Bluefin ranching as it is practiced in the Mediterranean, and with the Pacific bluefin in Japan and the southern bluefin in Australia, rightly faces strong environmental criticisms since it relies on catching juveniles from the wild and denies those baby bluefin a chance to reach adulthood and breed. Now, however, the final steps of fully taming or “closing the life cycle” of bluefin tuna are under way, which will make it possible for bluefin to be grown from an egg in a laboratory to a full-size adult. In such a system, an isolated “domestic” family of bluefin can be established that need not have any interaction with the wild at all. For several years Japan has been producing small amounts of closed-life-cycle Pacific bluefin (known as Kindai tuna in the market). In Europe and Australia, scientists have used light-manipulation technology as well as time-release hormone implants invented by the Israeli endocrinologist Yonathan Zohar to bring about the first large-scale captive spawning of Atlantic and southern bluefin.
But there are considerable complications ahead. As Richard Smullen, an Australia-based feed-company specialist working to come up with a suitable diet for farmed bluefin, explained: “The thing is the metabolic rate of these fish is very high compared to other fish; they swim fast, they heat their brains and vital organs and are warmer than the surrounding water, so this is energetically expensive. An analogy is like trying to feed an ultramarathon runner — they have the potential to eat a lot and not put on any weight.” Though Smullen says that it is possible to bring feed-conversion ratios for bluefin down, currently it may take 15 pounds of feed to produce a single pound of tuna, roughly 10 times as much as is needed for farmed salmon.
As fisheries decline globally, more and more countries are trying to replace their wild fish with farmed ones. Today 30 million tons of small forage fish are removed from the oceans yearly, with the majority of it going to feed farmed fish. If we end up farming bluefin on the same scale as we now farm salmon, the tuna, with its poor feed-conversion rate, may end up taking the food of the remaining wild fish that we haven’t yet got around to catching.
In addition there is little evidence to suggest that taming a species saves its wild forebear. Tiger farms in China have not halted tiger declines in the wild. Hundreds of millions of farmed Atlantic salmon have not stanched wild Atlantic salmon’s continued decline. Just because we can tame something doesn’t mean we should. The example of whales again rises. As the science historian D. Graham Burnett points out in a coming book on the Save the Whales movement, collaborations between American nuclear scientists and marine biologists were once proposed in the 1960s whereby tropical atolls, leveled by nuclear testing, could be used as giant corrals for the commercial farming of cetaceans. But fortunately for the whale — and I think for us too — we have come to see the whale not as something we fish for, not as something we farm, but as something we appreciate and maybe empathize with. Instead of expanding our stomachs or our wallets, whales have expanded our consciousness, our very humanity. So we have to ask ourselves, is there any rational argument for humans to eat bluefin tuna, wild, ranched or farmed? Is the fish really so special that no substitute will do? If the Japanese adapted to a higher-fat diet in half a century, could they and all sushi lovers not shift gears again and adapt to a sustainable diet?
It was in answer to these questions that I went looking for a farmed fish that could satisfy tuna-eaters at the sushi bar. A fish that had the dense “bite” of tuna but with a smaller ecological footprint — a Volkswagen instead of a Hummer.
My search led me to the coast of the Big Island of Hawaii, where I motored with a tall, optimistic Australian named Neil Anthony Sims. As we donned wetsuits, fins and scuba tanks, Sims rejoiced in telling me tales of his adopted land. Eventually we spat in our masks, adjusted our regulators and dived into the water above Sims’s farm — a huge underwater ziggurat that is the center of his company, Kona Blue Water Farms.
Until recently, most of the fish we’ve chosen to domesticate have been accidents. Salmon, striped bass, trout — we have chosen those species because we knew them as wild game. We seldom considered their biological profiles or whether they jibed well with the ecological limitations of a crowded planet.
But Neil Sims was a fisheries biologist before he was a fish farmer. And it was his direct personal experience with the limitations of fisheries management that persuaded him that fish farming, done right, was a better choice than fish catching.
Sims began his career in the remote Cook Islands of the South Pacific. There he was responsible for managing a giant snail called a trochus that produces an attractive pearly shell, valuable to native jewelers. Over half a decade, he implemented numerous management strategies. Nothing worked — not even shortening the harvest season drastically. The day after one season ended, he came across a bare-chested Polynesian elder who had pulled his dugout canoe onto the beach. Sims looked inside the boat and saw it filled with trochus.
“I yelled at him,” Sims remembers. “Then he yelled at me. He started to cry. Then I started to cry, and then the old bugger finally says: ‘Why? Why did you close the season? There are still some left!’ ” This moment prompted him to look beyond fishing, to an entirely different approach.
Sims was drawn to Hawaii, with its deep near-shore waters and strong currents — attributes favorable to aquaculture that he believed could make ocean farming sustainable. But the fish farming he found on arrival in Hawaii didn’t impress him. “People were trying milkfish and mullet,” Sims recalled. “They start with the letter ‘m’ and they’re all really kind of hmmmmm in the mouth, if you know what I mean.” Sims found the fish too bony and small, with loose, mushy flesh. This was important. Sims’s long-standing beat in the South Pacific had persuaded him that “there was an opportunity for a high-value, sushi-quality fish,” a fish that could fit into the dense-flesh category that the Age of Tuna had cultivated in Japan and indeed throughout the developed world.
After parsing many species he came across Seriola rivoliana. Known in Hawaii as kahala, it is a speedy, firm-fleshed animal of the same family as yellowtail and amberjack. They are only very distantly related to tuna and do not have tuna’s ruby red color, but they still have dense flesh and could easily pass for white albacore sushi. The fat content in Sims’s farmed kahala is around 30 percent, and indeed it is the presence of fat that accounts for much of a sushi fish’s tunalike flavor.
Sims was further intrigued when he found that kahala had barely been fished commercially. In their wild form kahala can carry ciguatera poison — a toxin sometimes deadly to humans that kahala ingest when they feed around coral reefs. But when kahala are isolated away from reefs and fed a traditional aquaculture diet of soy and fishmeal, they are ciguatera-free. (Sims asserts that ciguatera has never been detected in the flesh of his fish.) Since they have not been fished commercially, wild kahala populations are large and unlikely to be severely damaged through interaction with farmed fish. Moreover, kahala are much more “feed efficient” than tuna. The amount of fish required to produce a pound of kahala ranges from 1.6 pounds to 2 pounds, an order of magnitude better than bluefin. And Sims recently began feed trials using diets that contain no directly harvested forage fish. Lastly, unlike tuna, which require a tremendous investment in spawning technology, kahala are naturally fecund: they breed frequently, at least weekly, throughout the year.
THERE ARE, OF COURSE, those who would disagree with Sims’s approach. When I asked Casson Trenor, author of the 2009 book “Sustainable Sushi,” for his impression of the kahala as a farmed fish, he responded that the farming of any carnivore is “fighting the current.” “You may have a farm that has a more efficient protein ratio,” Trenor wrote me, “but produces more waste streams. Perhaps you have a feed pellet that knocks your feed conversion ratio down to 1 to 1, but you continue to host a rampant parasite infestation. . . . We need to identify fish that through their physiology and life history actually lend themselves to clean farming operations.” Trenor’s own compromise is to serve wild “small format” tuna like skipjack or albacore, fish that he feels can embrace the “principles of seasonality, local awareness and sustainability” that sushi originally expressed before it was “transformed through cultural misinterpretation and overzealous globalization into exactly the opposite.”
But as I plunged into the calm blue waters off Kona and inflated my diving vest to gain equilibrium in the water column, I couldn’t help thinking that in a world of environmental evils prosecuted against fish, the farming of a more efficient carnivore than a bluefin under the stewardship of a knowledgeable, environmentally conscious biologist was a good deal better than the rapacious industrial harvesting of “large format” tuna. Looking down at this “cathedral” of fish, as Sims called it, the possibility of a certain balance presented itself. Using technology developed over the last 10 years, Kona Blue has constructed diamond-shape cages that can be moored in the open ocean away from sensitive coastal areas. As I glided down, past the fish swimming in unison in their net pen, I felt a cautious optimism. The site of these pens had been carefully chosen; the swift currents meant that nutrients did not accumulate below the pens. And regular monitoring has found the fish to have no internal parasites, unlike the wild kahala. Sims’s commitment to transparency is also encouraging. He regularly posts water-quality reports on his Web site and presumably will do the same as the operation expands.
Sims waved me over to the side of the net pen. I floated above him, close enough to see that the fish actually seemed to recognize him. In what he would later describe to me as the “rock-star effect,” the fish crowded to be close to him. Sims spread his arms out wide and seemed to take in their adulation.
Sims has trademarked his kahala with the name Kona Kampachi — “Kona” for its point of origin, “Kampachi” for the similar animal in Japan. They retail for $18 to $20 a pound in fillet form and to date have a tenuous foot in the market. Production reached more than a million pounds in 2008, about a third of the amount of bluefin caught in American waters that year. After a hiatus during most of 2009 and the first part of 2010 while Sims reconfigured his cages, the product will be reintroduced this July with even more capacity. Kona Kampachi may not have the rich ruby color of tuna (a color that is often enhanced artificially by “gassing” with carbon monoxide), but it is an extremely pleasant sushi experience. It satisfies the sashimi yen that has been created over the last 30 years — the yen for the firm, energy-rich musculature of a fast-swimming open-ocean fish.
Can we embrace a new set of species that we don’t know intimately in their wild form? Can we come to an understanding of which fish work for us as “seafood” and which fish don’t? I would hope so. The survival of the wild ocean could very well depend on it. I took one more look at Neil Sims floating with arms outstretched, his kahala finning in the current, each one mutely appraising this conductor of a silent concert. The only sound was the whir of bubbles rising by my ears.
SEAFOOD. HOW MANY species suffer those two mean English syllables? Other languages are no kinder. Romance European cultures use the expression “sea fruit,” while Slavs say “sea gifts.” So-called vegetarians rue the killing of farmed terrestrial animals but regularly eat wild fish. Kosher laws mandating merciful animal slaughter don’t apply to fish.
These thoughts were in my head recently when I got perhaps my last look at a wild bluefin tuna, just a month before the Deepwater Horizon rig exploded and collapsed into the Gulf of Mexico. I was 20-odd miles off the coast of Cape Hatteras, N.C., aboard the Sensation, a vessel chartered by the Tag-a-Giant Foundation, a nonprofit organization trying to decode the complex migration patterns of the bluefin and help lay the scientific foundation for the fish’s protection. Tag-a-Giant had been fishing for a couple days, and many people had sat in the fighting chair I now occupied, reeling in tuna after tuna. But for me this was a first. I had never caught a bluefin before.
In the past I would have wanted to savor the fight, to do battle with the fish with lighter, more “sporting” tackle. But considering everything I’d learned about tuna, humans and the chances of the great fish’s survival, it suddenly seemed infinitely more appropriate to fight this tuna with the full expression of humanity’s power. For in the end tuna are no match for us. We have in this final phase of exploitation achieved dominion over the entirety of the watery world, from inland lakes and rivers to the littoral zone to the continental shelf out to the abyss of the high seas. Sitting in the huge fighting chair with the huge rod and reel, in the well of the huge sportfishing vessel, it was inescapably apparent who had the edge.
As my bluefin breached, one of the scientists opened a door at the stern of the boat. A blue vinyl mat was laid down on the deck. The fish came through the door, still “hot,” banging its tail excitedly. But in an instant a biologist named Andre Boustany placed a moist cover over the tuna’s giant eye and a hydration hose in its mouth. The tuna motor mellowed, and at last the fish was beatifically still.
“Do you want to tag him?” Boustany asked me.
I took the sharp four-inch needle from his hand and positioned it just behind the fish’s dorsal fin. Pricking the skin slightly I started to pull my hand away.
“No,” Boustany said, “you gotta really stick it in there.”
Applying more pressure, I felt the needle slide into the flank, felt the resistance of the dense sushi flesh, raw and red and most certainly delicious. But for the first time in my life I felt tuna flesh for what it was: a living, perfect expression of a miraculous adaptation. An adaptation that allows bluefin to cross oceans at the speed of a battleship. An adaptation that should be savored in its own right as the most miraculous engine of a most miraculous animal, not as food.
Perhaps people will never come to feel about a tuna the way they have come to feel about whales. Whales are, after all, mammals: they have large brains; they nurse their young and breed slowly. All of that ensconces them in a kind of empathic cocoon, the warmth of which even the warmest-blooded tuna may never occupy. But what we can perhaps be persuaded to feel, viscerally, is that industrial fishing as it is practiced today against the bluefin and indeed against all the world’s great fish, the very tigers and lions of our era, is an act unbefitting our sentience. An act as pointless, small-minded and shortsighted as launching a harpoon into the flank of a whale.
[This article is adapted from his book “Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food,” which will be published next month by Penguin Press.] | <urn:uuid:45960810-bed0-4118-9f7d-1dfd716b36f8> | {
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It appears that every curriculum nowadays is geared toward improving problem-solving and critical-thinking skills.
It appears that every curriculum nowadays is geared toward improving problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. Today, coursework does not concentrate so much on memorization as it has in the past. Now the focus is on how well we are able to use critical-thinking skills.
If you are unclear about the definition of critical thinking and problem solving, allow me to define them for you in simple terms. The skills involve the process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing and synthesizing through observation, experience, reflection and reasoning to guide a set of beliefs and actions. A shorter definition of critical thinking and problem solving would be the ability to gather information and make appropriate decisions.
Schools are now focused on real-life experiences to help young students in their everyday life to meet the challenges of the real world. This is why it is so important for students to understand the steps in problem solving and critical thinking.
I do not want to misguide anyone into thinking that memorization skills and other skills are non-essential. They are important, too, but the emphasis now has shifted somewhat. Students must know how to research and process information that will resolve complicated issues.
Below are some steps to consider when engaging in critical thinking and problem solving:
* Gathering facts/information.
* Analyzing information to determine facts.
* Having knowledge of methods of logical inquiry.
* Drawing an opinion or proposing a theory.
* Reflecting by expressing the opinion.
* Making an observation, when appropriate.
* Exploring evidence.
* Drawing on ones own experiences.
* Learning from past practices/history.
* Figuring out what is reasonable.
* Having an objective viewpoint/contrast.
* Having a course of action and strategy.
* Being able to apply the skills.
* Knowing the consequences and impact of a decision.
* Making an evaluation.
* Knowing the outcome or result.
Once students have determined the right application process in how to arrive at the right decision, then it becomes practical to apply these steps in our everyday life. This is the process of critical thinking.
Today's standardized test will give students situations to solve by using their critical-thinking skills. It would be prudent for students now to become familiar with these terms and learn as much as possible for the coming years ahead.
It is important to know that we all use our problem-solving skills daily, and for many of us, we are successful at using these skills. However, perfection is always a goal. We want to sharpen these skills to give us the best opportunities for success.
With this being said, I want to encourage every student to review the aforementioned skills and apply them in your reading, science, math and history classes as well as in your everyday life. These skills will broaden your understanding of concepts and improve your abstract thinking.
This is a win-win approach to learning.
Philoron A. Wright Sr. is assistant to the superintendent of community and schools for Alachua County Public Schools. | <urn:uuid:d790b89f-f911-42ff-b7bc-935a87282503> | {
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To understand the drivers and consequences of climate change on timescales important to humans, the paleoclimate of ice cores, the glacial system and local climate patterns were analysed from Skinner Saddle. GPR/GPS (8, 35, 200 and 500MHz) survey was carried out to provide an image of the internal layering of the glacier and the topography of the ice-rock interface beneath. A 17m firn core was ... recovered and analysed for oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios, major cations, anions and methylsulfonates, trace elements and cations, dust concentration and mineralogy. An automatic weather station was installed as of 1 November, 2007, measuring air temperature, snow accumulation and air temperature, dew point temperature, solar radiation (incoming) and snow temperature. It is planned to recover an intermediate deep ice core (~400m) from this location. | <urn:uuid:2f1c2c6d-3bd3-4ada-9cc1-ce8f902c51d5> | {
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Jenti Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Jenti Name Meaning
Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). Many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to Britain and Ireland.
Similar surnames: Jent, Jenni, Jentz, Venti, Mente, Dent, Vento, Kent, Gent, Jette | <urn:uuid:89ce16f7-e7a8-4456-b867-505fb9db5bd0> | {
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Nancy Dreschel has long been interested in the ways people and animals interact. She got her degree in veterinary medicine from Cornell University, but her lifelong interest in behavior led her to return to graduate school five years ago to pursue a PhD in biobehavioral health at Penn State University. She, her husband and their two sons share their home with one dog, two cats, four fish and a mouse.
In her recent study, "Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers,"* Dr. Dreschel investigated stress responses—pacing, salivating, panting, trembling, whining, hiding, increased salivary cortisol levels—of dogs with thunderstorm phobia and their human caregivers when both were exposed to simulated thunderstorms. Listening to a simulated storm elicited behavioral and physiological responses in nearly all the dogs, but not in their human caregivers. The way the dogs responded was not influenced by their caregivers’ reactions, or by how close the relationship was between person and dog. But dogs who lived with other dogs had less change in salivary cortisol levels and a more complete return to baseline levels by 40 minutes after the simulated thunderstorm than did dogs in single-dog households. Dogs in multidog households had slightly higher baseline levels of salivary cortisol. (For more, see “Is a Dog a Dog’s Best Friend?,” Jan/Feb 06.) The Bark recently interviewed Dr. Dreschel about her work.
Bark: How did you get interested in this subject?
Nancy Dreschel: My colleague Dr. Doug Granger, and the Behavioral Endocrinology Laboratory at Penn State are well known for their research on salivary hormone measurement, particularly in children. I was struck by the ease of saliva collection and thought that it would be a nice, noninvasive way to measure stress in dogs as well as in people. Thunderstorm phobia seems to be particularly frustrating for people and particularly stressful for dogs. I feel strongly about the humane use of animals and am interested in developing tools to measure stress in welfare situations.
B: How do you define stress?
ND: In order to define stress, I think you first have to understand that all aspects of living systems are [intended to be] in balance. Things constantly affect our physiological and psychological states, and our bodies respond to keep everything in homeostasis, or equilibrium. I define stress as being anything that knocks this off, including immune stressors (being exposed to a virulent disease), environmental stressors (being wet and standing outside on a 20-degrees-below-zero day) or mental stressors (enduring a thunderstorm if you are terrified of them).
B: Could baseline cortisol levels be affected by the difficulty that some people had in collecting the samples—wouldn’t the “phobic” dog demonstrate stress simply as a result of the collection process itself?
ND: Specimens collected on the control day did not show any increase in cortisol, which is what would be expected if the collection method itself caused stress. [On the control day, there was no simulated thunderstorm.] It should be noted that these dogs were behaviorally quite normal, other than their very specific fear of storms.
B: Are you familiar with any other studies that have measured the cortisol levels in multidog households?
ND: No—this was the first (and only) study I know of to measure cortisol in a home situation. Salivary cortisol has been measured in shelters and research facilities, however.
B: What sorts of clinical applications do you imagine could result from your research on dogs with thunderstorm phobia?
ND: Collecting saliva from dogs is a minimally invasive procedure that can be done by regular people in a number of different settings. I could see this procedure being used in studies of dogs with anxiety, in stressful situations and in welfare applications. I also think it could possibly be used to determine if dogs on medication for anxiety or fear are responding physiologically as well as behaviorally.
B: What kind of treatment program do you advise for people whose dogs have thunderstorm phobia? | <urn:uuid:5704edc6-1450-49c7-9580-1bacba18149f> | {
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1. The first
armed drones were created to get Osama bin Laden.
In 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton's administration shut down an operation to kill the al Qaeda leader in Afghanistan with cruise missiles, given collateral damage estimates of 300 casualties and only 50 percent confidence in the intelligence. As the 9/11 Commission noted, "After this episode Pentagon planners intensified efforts to find a more precise alternative." In 2000 and 2001, the U.S. Air Force struggled to reconfigure a Hellfire anti-tank missile to fit onto a Predator surveillance drone. Meeting one week before the 9/11 attacks, the National Security Council agreed that the armed Predator was not ready to be operationally deployed. The first known killing by armed drones occurred in November 2001, when a Predator targeted Mohammed Atef, a top al Qaeda military commander, in Afghanistan.
drones tend to crash.
On Dec. 4, an RQ-170 Sentinel surveillance drone crashed in Iran; a U.S. official involved in the program blamed a lost data link and another unspecific malfunction. Two weeks later, an unarmed Reaper drone crashed at the end of a runway in the Seychelles. "This should not be a surprise," a defense official told Aviation Week & Space Technology, saying the United States had already lost more than 50 drones. As of July 2010, the Air Force had identified 79 drone accidents costing at least $1 million each. The primary reasons for the crashes: bad weather, loss or disruption of communications links, and "human error factors," according to the Air Force. As Lt. Gen. David Deptula, former Air Force deputy chief of staff for intelligence, has noted with refreshing honesty, "Some of the [drones] that we have today, you put in a high-threat environment, and they'll start falling from the sky like rain." | <urn:uuid:7b412309-80e5-41e0-8a00-1e93d7746798> | {
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3. Ditch the Bottled Water
Yes, you should definitely be drinking water, but you shouldn’t let your hydration habit kill the planet. Bottled water is a double negative: the plastic used to make the bottles is made from petroleum, and most bottles end up in the trash instead of recycling.
A more environmentally and wallet-friendly solution is to buy a water filtration pitcher or a reusable filtered water bottle. This ensures that you can guzzle all the filtered water you need in a sustainable, environmentally-friendly way.
4. The Three Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
This tip almost goes without saying. Almost. Western countries are known for excessive and wasteful consumption; Americans alone create 4.4 pounds of waste each per day. You can change this by actively reducing how much you use; be conscious of what you buy and use, don’t use products with excessive packaging or other wasted materials.
Take time to reuse whatever you can, like plastic bags, paper bags, and water. Whatever you can’t reuse, make sure you either compost or recycle.
5. Unplug When Not in Use
Powered down electronics and appliances still use energy when they’re plugged in, known as vampire or standby energy, and can not only drain your wallet, but also waste fossil fuel generated energy. Appliances and electronics such as your TV, home computer, printer, coffeemaker, cell phone charger, and internet all use energy even when they’re turned off. The only way to avoid this is to unplug your appliances and electronics when you’re not using them. Is this a pain? Yes, but it’s definitely less painful than long-term CO2 emission. Oh, and don’t forget to recycle your electronics when you’re done with them.
Reducing your carbon footprint doesn’t have to be a painful, life-altering decision. There are plenty of little, everyday habits you can change in order to “go green.” If you feel like committing to all five of these steps is too much, try taking them one at a time. | <urn:uuid:407838d3-e7c5-452f-8267-d8f41902944c> | {
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Keep bird feeders clean, keep birds safe
It's the Halloween horror show coming to a bird feeder near you. Opening shot: Birds dropping like flies.
I usually preach about this topic in winter, but this year decided to start encouraging your commitment to clean feeders before the cold-weather brings more feathered friends to your restaurant.
Perhaps there should be an Avian Health Department.
Feeder birds see feeders as an easy source of food. The majority of visitors belong to flocks, so there's bound to be space issues at feeders.
If you see them bumping and aggressively pecking at each other, they're trying to create space. All of this creates stress, good neither for birds nor humans.
Birds aren't aware of the dangers of eating seeds that are on top of feces, or that mold is dangerous to their health, or that they may be infected by parasites and bacteria by coming in contact with a sick bird in the communal feeding area.
It's not too hard to pick out a sick bird among others of its kind. They are less active, feed less, aren't as aggressive as the healthy birds, and sometimes appear disinterested in flight.
Birds can die quickly from the most common bird-feeder disease, salmonellosis. You don't notice an individual bird's death, but you might notice when the number of flocking birds fall off. By then, it's too late.
If you see a sick bird at your feeder or a dead one nearby, take action. Take your feeders down, dispose of the seeds, and clean the feeders. Wait until they are perfectly dry before hanging back up.
Even more, don't put them up for a week, let the flock disperse. Then put them up. Birds will find them.
This is about your commitment to minimizing the danger to the birds you love. Why invite them to the restaurant if bacteria and parasites are part of the menu?
It's about discarding old seeds and hulls and changing the water. It's about cleaning the feeder. Put that chore on the calendar. Program your electronic devise to remind you once a month.
Feeder cleaning is annoying and messy, but do it anyway. Mix 1 part household bleach with 9 parts water. Find a container that will allow you to put enough disinfectant to immerse the feed for a few minutes.
Use an old toothbrush and scrub everything. Rinse thoroughly and dry completely before setting it out.
Don't forget the water container. Change it daily, wipe it clean and rinse it each time.
Having read this column, you can no longer plead ignorance when the Ghosts of Birds Past visit in your Halloween night dreams, displaying their warts and lesions and fungus, asking why you invited them to feed at contaminated feeders.
Don't have a good answer, do you?
Columnist Sharon Wootton can be reached at 360-468-3964 or www.songandword.com.
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Abolishing America, Cont`d: Black History…or Red?
Black History Month, previously
known as “February,” hasn`t even begun yet, and already
the Public Broadcasting System is treating the nation to
propaganda fests about the
Emmett Till case of 1954 and the anti-black “hate
Jasper, Texas of 1998.
Martin Luther King Day, just concluded, was merely a
walk-up to what will be a month-long wallow in white
guilt and anti-white hatred.
One icon of the “civil rights
movement” who will be featured is Rosa Parks, the little
old black lady of Montgomery, Alabama, whose quiet and
heroic refusal to give up her seat and move to the back
of the bus has become to civil rights mythology what
George Washington and the cherry tree was to the Old
As it turns out, neither myth is
true, but the facts in the Rosa Parks case are a good
bit more sinister.
A book published in 1995,
“Speak Now against the Day,” by John Egerton informs
us that Mrs. Parks, so far from being a simple black
woman, was in fact an officer of the local NAACP.
If that suggests that she mounted a
rather more artful act of civil disobedience than the
legend acknowledges, it`s because such is precisely the
Mr. Egerton shows that Mrs. Parks
was in fact an alumna of an institution in Monteagle,
Tennessee, known as the
Highlander Folk School, usually and
not inaccurately described as a “communist training
school.” Highlander was founded and run by a gentleman
Myles Horton, who was never actually a member of the
Communist Party but told a veteran Red pal that he
didn`t join so he could avoid having the label pinned on
him. For all practical purposes, Horton was a communist.
As Mr. Egerton writes,
“Highlander had started summer workshops on school
desegregation in 1954, right after the Brown decision.
The Montgomery NAACP wanted to send a delegate to
Highlander the next year. They chose their youth
director, Rosa Parks.”
Mr. Egerton`s book contains a
photograph of Mrs. Parks with Horton at the school in
1957, but her first training session took place only a
few months before she sat down in the front of the bus
in December, 1955.
Her action is widely and probably
rightly regarded as the beginning of the civil rights
movement in the South. Was it in fact an act of
In 1957 a photograph was taken of
an audience at the school that showed Martin Luther King
sitting in the front row. Right next to him was a
comrade named Abner Berry, the correspondent of the
Communist Party`s official newspaper, the Daily Worker.
In the 1950s King`s enemies plastered it all over the
South to discredit King and his movement. It did
discredit them—at least in
those quarters that thought hanging out with
Communists was discreditable.
Today, fewer people think so, and
the discovery, from opened Soviet archives, that
communists really did penetrate
high levels of the U.S. government and the
atom bomb project, falls on ears that don`t want to
hear about it. But it`s also clear that they
penetrated—and used—the civil rights movement as well.
well documented that King himself was surrounded by
known communists like Stanley Levison and Hunter
Pitts O`Dell, the latter actually a member of the
party`s national committee in 1961. King`s
bitterly anti-American speech on the Vietnam war,
praising Ho Chi Minh and comparing American soldiers to
Nazi storm troopers, in 1967 was written by Levison,
whose influence on King was the
main reason for
FBI surveillance of him.
Today, Americans have been so
brainwashed by the propaganda of the left, communist or
not, that they`re likely to regard the Reds in the civil
rights movement as the real heroes who led the fight
against murderous bigots in Southern backwaters.
Immersed in white guilt, a vast number of Americans now
accept that the entire history of their nation up to the
1960s was a
dark age of repression and hatred, with only a few
bright spots like Abraham Lincoln and the crusade
Having lost their own history,
Americans can no longer expect to keep the nation their
history created and defined. That, of course, was the
whole point—to strip away the real past as well as the
legends that allow Americans to exist as a people and to
put in their place new myths—and a new population—that
will give birth to a new order that Myles Horton and his
comrades would have liked. It`s an amazing story, about
how an entire people was bamboozled out of its own
heritage and its own country. Some day, when we have a
good conservative administration in Washington, the
Public Broadcasting System ought to make a film about
January 27, 2003 | <urn:uuid:d8d71063-fd7a-4dbe-b4ab-0e7c51bd32cc> | {
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Ginger for Arthritis Pain: Will it Work?
Ginger is a flowering plant native to several Asian countries, as well as West Africa and the Caribbean. It has been used in traditional Asian medicine for centuries and has been applied to treat a range of conditions from motion sickness to digestive problems.
- Studies have shown that ginger can have a positive impact on reducing inflammation and discomfort in people with arthritis when compared to control groups.
- The medicinal properties of ginger are derived from the root or rhizome of the plant, and its stem.
- Ginger is best consumed raw but is available in powder form, capsules, and oils, or as juice.
How does ginger work?
Inflammation is an essential immune response that allows the body to heal wounds and fight infections. The capacity for ginger to reduce inflammation is what underlies many of its medical uses.
Inflammation describes the self-protective process by which the body releases white blood cells to combat infection and clear out harmful organisms, such as bacteria.
Inflammation can cause discomfort, particularly when it is chronic. Inflammation is common in many types of arthritis and contributes towards pain around the affected joints.
The primary therapeutic goal of treating arthritis is to minimize the discomfort it causes, as there are currently no cures for the condition.
What does the evidence say?
Ginger is generally considered beneficial for treating the symptoms of arthritis, not the cause.
One study included 247 participants with a common type of arthritis called osteoarthritis. The study found that those given ginger capsules twice a day for 6 months had a significantly greater reduction in pain than a control group. However, these participants were also more likely to experience side effects, such as heartburn, than the control group.
Other studies have indicated that ginger may be comparable to ibuprofen in terms of effectiveness.
A recent review concluded that people with osteoarthritis experienced a 30 percent greater pain reduction than a control group, and they were twice as likely to discontinue their treatment compared to a control group.
The benefits of consuming ginger are not restricted to osteoarthritis but can also reduce inflammation in other common forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
These pain-relieving properties of ginger have been extended to the treatment of muscular pain. A 2010 study found that consuming either raw or heated ginger caused a moderate to a large reduction in muscular pain, following an injury.
The overall consensus
The majority of current studies indicate the benefits of ginger, but some studies have also found no effect of ginger on relieving pain or reducing inflammation in arthritis.
While more research is needed to provide any definitive answers, ginger is not considered harmful and is more likely to be useful in managing the symptoms of arthritis.
How to take ginger
Ginger can be consumed raw or in powdered form. It can be consumed on its own and can be readily bought, as a capsule for oral consumption.
People use ginger in cooking, particularly in Asian dishes, such as stir-fry or curry. Alternatively, it can be brewed, as a tea, or made into syrup to flavor cold drinks.
Ginger can also be applied directly to inflamed areas of the body in the form of a cream or oil.
Dosage should be kept around 2-4 grams (g), taken up to 3 times per day. However, it is recommended not to exceed 4 g per day.
Is it safe?
To avoid the risk of an allergic reaction when taking ginger, test a product containing ginger oil on the skin. If a reaction occurs, it may be a sign of a ginger allergy.
The consumption of ginger is considered to be safe in small doses. Side effects are mild and rare, typically only occurring when more than 4 g are consumed per day.
If ginger is consumed orally, these side effects are usually gastrointestinal issues, for example, heartburn or indigestion.
Applying ginger to the skin can result in other side effects, including irritation and rashes.
It is important to consult with a doctor before taking ginger, as it may not be appropriate for everyone. Caution is used with individuals who have:
- blood disorders
Ginger can also interfere with certain medications, including blood-thinning drugs.
Furthermore, it is possible to be allergic to ginger. This can be determined by applying a small amount of ginger cream to the skin. If any side effects, such as skin irritation or rashes appear within 24 hours, it may be a sign of an allergy.
Is it worth taking?
Assuming there are no allergies, adding ginger to a person’s diet is the safest way to introduce the medicinal effects of ginger to the body.
Supplements, herbs, and topical creams with ginger in them are not monitored by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and there may be concerns with safety, purity, or quality.
Using up to 4 g of ginger per day could be beneficial for managing symptoms of arthritis, and this quantity is relatively safe to consume. Ginger is easy to ingest as a capsule, apply to skin or incorporate into a healthful diet.
For most people, it is worth trying ginger and seeing how the body responds. However, it is sensible to seek advice from a doctor before taking ginger, to check it is appropriate.
There are also several notable alternatives to ginger. Examples include turmeric, cinnamon, cayenne or garlic. These spices have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may be useful in treating arthritis.
Other methods of arthritis relief
One way of stopping the discomfort of arthritis is to reduce inflammation around the joints.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, can be used to reduce inflammation. NSAIDs operate by disrupting the production of enzymes that cause inflammation and discomfort.
The compounds in ginger have also been found to inhibit these troublesome enzymes and may function in a similar way to NSAIDs.
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Alagarswami, K and Chellam, A and Victor, A C C and Dharmaraj, S and Velayudhan, T S and Gandhi, A D (1987) Pearl oyster resources of India. CMFRI Bulletin - Pearl culture, 39. pp. 37-48.
The pearl oysters belong to the genus Pinctada Roding under the family Pteriidae. They enjoy a world wide distribution occurring in almost all the seas of the tropical belt and also in the subtropical region. Six species of pearl oysters occur in the Indian waters viz., Pinctada fucata (Gould), P. margaritifera (Linnaeus), P. chemnitzii (Philippi), P. sugillata (Reeve), P. anomioides (Reeve) and P. atropurpurea (Dunker), of which P. fucata alone has contributed to the pearl fisheries in the Gulf of Mannar and Gulf of Kutch. P. fucata is distributed in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Pearl oyster; resource; India|
|Subjects:||Molluscan Fisheries > Pearl oyster|
|Divisions:||CMFRI-Cochin > Marine Capture > Molluscan Fisheries|
|Depositing User:||Dr. V Mohan|
|Date Deposited:||24 Aug 2010 10:50|
|Last Modified:||09 Sep 2015 15:18|
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El Yunque National Forest
The El Yunque National Forest quarter is the first of 2012 and the 11th overall in the America the Beautiful Quarters® Program. El Yunque National Forest, located in Puerto Rico, is the sole tropical rainforest in the U.S. National Forest System. Despite the forest's relatively small 28,000-acre size, it is significant for its immense biodiversity and is popular with visitors for its year-round tropical climate. More than 1 million visitors from all over the world visit the forest each year to sample its eco-tourism pleasures while developing a greater understanding of its ecological importance by walking along the many beautiful trails. It was first established as a national site on January 17, 1903 (32 Stat. 2029).
The reverse design depicts a Coqui tree frog sitting on a leaf and a Puerto Rican parrot behind an epiphyte plant with tropical flora in the background. The Puerto Rican parrot is a highly endangered species unique to Puerto Rico, and its recovery began with the few birds left in El Yunque. Inscriptions are EL YUNQUE, PUERTO RICO, 2012 and E PLURIBUS UNUM. Design candidates were developed in consultation with representatives of El Yunque National Forest.
America the Beautiful Quarters® Program products
Browse our Online Store for all the latest America the Beautiful Quarters Program products. From annual sets to bags and rolls to our America the Beautiful subscription program, we have everything you need. | <urn:uuid:8c003f34-5802-4b41-a25a-c1b7f855b1b9> | {
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Talk to your kids about…
Based on the bestseller, Queen Bees and Wannabes: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boyfriends and Other Realities of Adolescence, the smart and matter-of-fact script addresses the unkind realities teens often have to face, including cliques, bullying, graphic sexual conversations, name calling and the spread of unfounded rumors. Although cliques are often maligned, why are they so common, especially in school settings? Are there any advantages to belonging to a group?
How do the girls interactions with one another differ from the boys? How does Regina maintain her position of power among her friends and in the school? What elements or personal traits contribute to her popularity?
Girl empowerment, often portrayed as increased sexuality and crudeness, is a prevalent theme in much of entertainment today. Despite that, what game does Cady play to win Aarons attention? What qualities do you think portray real strength in female characters? | <urn:uuid:2bf1bb3f-b5ec-4af6-82c4-79bb0f40f98d> | {
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History of Sierra County..Before it was Sierra County, Pt. 2
In 1598, Don Juan de Onate led as many as 500 people into New Mexico, intent on creating a permanent colony. While native people and the Spanish had used the trails along the river for decades, Onate took his wagons through the Jornada del Muerto, establishing El Camino Real de la Tierra Adentro, a road used continuously until the railroad arrived in the 1880s. He chose to use the dry Jornada through Sierra County because the land along the river was full of deep arroyos, scree-covered escarpments, and quicksand.
The Spanish demanded tribute from the Puebloans, virtually enslaving them. The Apaches acquired Spanish horses and raided Spanish settlements. The socio-economic equilibrium of the native peoples was destroyed. By 1680, they so resented the Spanish intruders, the Puebloans revolted and forced them to retreat to Mexico. As they moved south to El Paso, the Spanish were joined by the Piro people. Except for the Apaches, Sierra County was empty of people. But the Spanish returned twelve years later, this time to stay. | <urn:uuid:12a8e0f0-b750-4f95-bed4-4988a09d9116> | {
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Central to distributism is decentralization. Instead of few owning much, many should own little, especially regarding land. Private property provides a “stable condition of things [man] finds solely in the earth and its fruits.“ The land’s produce can be consumed or sold, providing sustenance and potentially income. “Hence, man not only should possess the fruits of the earth, but also the very soil…” This is very different from the large agricultural system today where immense tracts of land are privately owned and in production of a few crops like corn or soybeans. Many men with small acreage working in a local economy would generate a greater variety in each farm. This image of a community of small farms is idealized in the village. If land ownership, however, is not a reality for many, private agreements may help to create stable rights to land that will reach the same ends as ownership, perhaps even the creation of village-like communities. In fact, firm contracts between farmers and landowners would mirror the village systems of the Middle Ages more than each farmer owning the land. Looking to the slow rise of medieval villages (and considering their lasting grip on the imagination) can provide individuals with direction and lessons for moving to the land in a lasting arrangement, overcoming the property barrier.
Why The Village?
The medieval village carries with it a caricature of savagery and superstition. The truth, however, is even more fantastic than the caricature. The villages of the Middles Ages are the richest example thriving culture rooted in land, tradition and faith that peaked in the thirteenth century, the “culmination of the middle ages.” The fruits defend this truth: The thirteenth century birthed representative governments, guilds of master craftsmen (from where we still retain the word “mister,” or master); there were saintly kings like St. Louis of France and St. Ferdinand of Spain; saints like Francis and Dominic; theologians like Aquinas, Scotus and Bonaventure; masters of the arts like Giotto and Dante. Some testaments, perhaps the most amazing, are carved in stone: the gothic Cathedral.
Faith was literally central in the village hub, the parish church, and in the thirteenth century alone twenty Cathedrals were erected in England. Modern man, master of useful and tall office space, conceives an awe in his heart at the site of these testaments of a culture. Yet it was not a traveling team of experts and officials erecting them, but each village and its inhabitants. “The men who worked around the Cathedrals were given opportunities to express themselves and the best that was in them as no class of workmen before or since have ever had the opportunity.” From the intricate ironwork of door handles to the sacred art to the bells in the tallest tower to the sea of hand made tiles on the floor – each piece was crafted locally. To duplicate one today would necessitate experts the world over.
Cathedrals were possible because small villages were teaming with craftsman, artists and farmers. Village harmony did not merely produce a reasonable and sustainable economy, but joyful men. This was a time when rainy England was “Merrie England.” James J. Walsh, commenting on the men that build the Cathedrals, compares the workman of a medieval village with those of today, and considers what made them so merry:
“It is easy to understand that workman would be profoundly merry at heart when they had the consciousness of accomplishing such good work. Men must have almost tardily quitted their labor in the evening while they hoped and strove to accomplish something that would be worthy of the magnificent building in which so many of their fellow workman were achieving triumphs of handcraftsmanship. Each went home to rest for the night, but also to dream over what he might be able to do and awoke in the morning with the thought that possibly to-day would see some noteworthy result. This represents the ideal of the workman’s life. He has an interest quite apart from the mere making of money. The picture of the modern workman by contrast looks vain and sordid. The vast majority of our workmen labor merely because they must make enough money to-day, in order that they may be able to buy food enough so as to get strength for work to-morrow. Of interest there is very little. Day after day there is the task of providing for self and others. Only this and nothing more. Is it any wonder that there should be social unrest and discontentment? How can workmen be merry unless with the artificial stimulus of strong drink, when there is nothing for them to look forward to except days and weeks and years of labor succeeding one another remorselessly, and with not surcease until Nature puts in her effective demand for rest, or the inevitable comes.”
Some may claim the village is romanticized – that romance clouds truth; that they were superstitious, fearful and filthy. But these accomplishments and the social memory of the village proves that, like the love of a marriage, the romantic was the true and the trepidation is the exception. Those who dismiss medieval villagers as superstitious serfs “know nothing at all of the lives of the towns of the Middles Ages and are able to appreciate not even the slightest degree the wonderful system … that made life so much fuller of possibilities … for all classes and for happiness in life, than any other period of which we know. This phase … is at once the most interesting, the most significant for future generations, and the most important in its lessons for all time.”
Steps towards a cultural renewal, however, cannot start with merely founding a village. The founding of anything great is the end of many steps, not the first. Thus, in reality the village is not a pattern to be mimicked, but a sign of hope, a testament to what man does when man thrives as man. A true distributist is not placing his hope in villages made by men, but in men that make villages:
“So if I am told at the start: ‘You do not think Socialism or reformed Capitalism will save England; do you really think Distributism will save England?’ I answer, ‘No, I think Englishmen will save England, if they begin to have half a chance.’”
It is right, therefore, to say that what is described below is a looking to the wisdom of ages past, and knowing that men of today are men of at least similar substance, and therefore capable of learning from their fathers.
Wake again, Teutonic Father-ages,
Speak again, beloved primeval creeds;
Flash ancestral spirit from your pages,
Wake the greedy age to noble deeds. (Epmietheus.)
There will we find laws which shall interpret,
Through the simpler past, existing life;
Delving up from mines and fairy caverns
Charmed blades to cut the age’s strife. (Rev. Charles Kingsley)
The Fall of Rome and Rise of the Village
With the image of the village in mind, with its craftsmen and small farms, considering the history of its creation is in order. Moving forward, it must again be noted that what is sought in learning about the village is the ends that property provides: free cultivation of the fruits of the earth in an economic and social arrangement lasting enough to produce culture.
A fact often missed in discussions about private property and villages is that most of the property that was cultivated in places like England was not actually owned by the farmers. Their arrangement with landowners was, however, mutually enriching and as rooted as an ancient vineyard. Though today all social and economic systems of the Middle Ages are swept into the definition of “feudalism,” this fails to acknowledge the variety of arrangements and the clear benefit this afforded the peasants, as these arrangements between classes were the basis of the village. This mutual agreement, however, was born from a much less mutual though somewhat agreed arrangement: slavery.
In fact, the word village is derived from the Latin word villae, which was a Roman system that remained in place even after the fall of Rome and the rise of Byzantium between the fourth and sixth centuries. Villas (the English version of the word) were large estates owned by a sole proprietor (a dominus, or “lord”) and worked by slaves. The agrarian life, however, was not primarily for local sustainability, but for export and the general wealth of the lord. What was given the slaves was given so that they might produce more, not thrive as men. Slavery and other forms of servitude were often undesirable, but they afforded a certain sense of stability in the world of constant war and invasion that follows the fall of Rome. The peasant class was “at once exploited and protected,” but their stability was lasting enough for culture to develop and they helped build the foundation of Christendom itself. Slavery prior to the rise of Christianity was an assumed part of life. Few questioned it. Jesus freely speaks of slavery as a matter-of-fact human institution (Matthew 25:45-51). St. Paul even provides moral guidelines for those living in this state.
As Rome declined the Church’s influence grew. This influence reached deep into rural life as the sees of bishops became less centered around cities and more of a countryside reality, with monasteries gaining significant sway. In fact, if cities remained at all after the fall of Rome it was because the bishop was there. Western Europe was transforming as monastic influences from Ireland, but even more so from Benedictine Italy, compounded in places like England. The Church’s anthropological philosophies grew roots in more and more minds. Rulers and inhabitants tasted the grace of sacraments, and traditional slavery became distasteful. Landowners did not have to free their slaves, but they had to answer for their treatment and acknowledge they were indeed men like themselves, and that for Christians the deepest reality (deeper than the economic system of the time) was that there was “no more slave and freemen” even when their was.
The second move towards freeing the slaves of the giant estate was more pragmatic. As Rome fell and Moslem imperialism cut off the Mediterranean (the main trade route from West to East), economies became more localized and dependent upon themselves. From this came a more communal agrarian state. Replacing international trade as a source of wealth for estate owners, land became “the sole source of subsistence and the sole condition of wealth,” and all relied on what could be produced and traded locally, as opposed to produced in large quantities by slaves and shipped to Byzantium. Lords of the land became dependant on the slaves and a more closed economy developed, requiring more sustainable and mutually enriching practices for men and the land. Merchant traders became husbands (“house-bounds”) of the land and estate owners, cutoff from international trade, did the same. “[They] did not do so because of choice but from necessity…” No longer could proprietors keep slaves in production for the sake of export, but he became, in a sense, enslaved to his slaves. He needed them to reap the fruits of the land and they needed him for protection from foreign invaders.
“By the ninth century, when this process had been gradually at work for … three hundred years, one fixed form of productive unit began to be apparent throughout Western Christendom.” This unit was the village. The lord still owned the land, but the inhabitants were no longer slaves. In fact, the dependence of the lord on his people gave rise to the people themselves having permanent rights to cultivate the land and later even owning small parts of it. The lands had distinct divisions of rights and customs that ensured that the lord of the land and the peasants had sufficient produce and that the land itself was cared for and not worked as to deplete its fruitfulness.
The first of three divisions was the domain (the lord’s land), which was privately reserved to the landowner, though still often worked by the peasants in a form of employment. The second division, though still legally the lord’s, was reserved in apparent perpetuity for the villagers, who had now worked the land for generations. The land reserved for them was completely for their own private cultivation and sustenance. Modern equivalents would call them “homesteads,” though there is still remnants of the tradition in the English word “yard,” derived from name of these lands: “yardlands.” The yardlands were essentially small farms set aside for support of the family. A third division of land was the “common lands” where both the lord and the people had rights. These lands helped sustain villages and the lord and had specific guidelines for what could be produced on it. “For instance, in a certain village, if there was a beech pasture for three hundred swine, the lord might put in but fifty: two hundred and fifty were the rights of the ‘village.’” Overgrazing or mistreating the land was a direct threat to food security and was not tolerated.
Thus the villae became a village, and the slave a yeoman. To this day the word village brings to mind images of harmony and simplicity. The community was strong and vibrant and the sustainable agrarian culture grew other needs that were filled locally: metal-working, clothing, construction, etc. This came about in stages, the most important of which was the rights to farm the land. Even if later land was purchased and privately owned by the farmer, while this was of course better, it was of little change. What was important was the ability to cultivate the fruits of the earth freely.
The dismantling of this culture took much less time than building. There were a succession of revolutions that took apart each key piece: The Protestant Reformation removed the deep religious unity and in some cases removed the land and power from villages and guilds; the French revolution further removed religion from the public square and moved man into a spirit of contempt for the past (rejection of tradition); the industrial revolution took men from their homes and crafts, hurting the family deeply; the sexual revolution completed the breakdown of the family and healthy sexuality.
How to Build a Village
The Church now continues to insist that revivals of culture depend completely on the revival of families, and even the rural character of the past. “The rural family,” said Pope Benedict, “needs to regain its rightful place at the heart of society.” Culture based on families can be developed by following the process of building that brought us to places like Merrie England. This process can be divided and turned into four guiding principles. The first principle is the most critical, because it answers the problem of land ownership, but the second two are integral to thriving on the land after families arrive.
The first principle is the development of landowner and farmer relationships. Land is the critical ingredient to regaining a culture of rural families, but it is also the biggest hurdle. When economies closed after the rise of Islam in the seventh century, those who owned the land and those who were formerly slaves (and sometimes still) created the mutually enriching relationship that became villages. Today, as economic conditions worsen, a return to the land for many of the masses that work in the industrialized system seems viable and almost inevitable. Large estate owners may be very interested in having small farms checker their land. This principle also assumes that the recovery of agrarian culture is necessary. Just as the village had its start in farming, the same is true today for cultural renewal. Traditions of leasing land are already present in the US, but much more creative leases may be needed to help answer other issues. However, this approach does not require any legal or political adjustment in many rural settings where codes and ordinances already favor agriculture.
The nascent village of medieval times and the rights they worked out can serve as a model. A landowner can retain certain land for himself alone (which could perhaps be worked in a part-time employment of those living on the land). The other divisions would be the “common lands” where a percentage of produce is given to the landowner (perhaps the lease agreement is a cash value, but is paid with produce at market price). Then those living on the land could have permanent homes and yardlands for their own “homesteading.” In essence, the landowner would be keeping the land, but giving part of it away in the form of farming rights to the permanent families (and the agreement would need to be able to survive if the land was sold). Along with permanent families there could easily be programs of apprenticeships and interns that would help cultivate the land in exchange for food and experience.
Legal and contractual foundations will need building, but the hope present in these arrangements is truly exciting. Despite Marxist and politically motivated assertions of class warfare, history shows that these relationships can prove fruitful for all. In fact, there are already examples of a coop approach (between farmer and owner) to land in place in the West, and the ideas should be more circulated amongst ditributist circles. The Church has "has always supported the model of cooperatives" and since land is the biggest hurdle, creative methods are in order. In the UK there is a program called Landshare, which links up landowners and small farmers for this very idea. Another example is the Community Land Trusts of the New Economic Institute which are forms “of common land ownership with a charter based on the principles of sustainable and ecologically-sound stewardship and use... Individual leaseholders own the buildings and other improvements on the land created by their labor and investment, but do not own the land itself." Farmers assume all liability for the operations and the lease is even transferable to heirs. By living in the home they are guaranteed the rights to farm the land, even if they do not technically own it. This arrangement of a trust or lease with a proprietor is very reminiscent of medieval villages and their legal and customary divisions of land.
The second principle is the emphasis on local economy. The relationship of landowners and workmen (and other landowners and other workmen), especially if seperated from other economies for imposed or chosen reasons, will naturally create local economy. Because “every economic decision has a moral consequence,” local systems must have consistent moral foundations, and “the canons of justice must be respected from the outset, as the economic process unfolds, and not just afterwards or incidentally.” As they did for the process of transforming slaves into yeoman, local economies of this sort can transform factory workers to agrarian craftsmen provided there is consistent and compatible philosophy and theology, though the religious uniformity of the villages of the Middle Ages would prove difficult. Yet medieval principles of the “common good” (another extract from the vocabulary of “common lands”) are very important as well as belief in men of good will.
This economy depends on the land being in sustainable use, and this is the third principle. Though environmentalist demand ecological stewardship for the sake of nature, sustainable stewardship in this discussion is primarily for the sake of man. In harmony with nature, as part of creation himself, man is at peace. Again, sustainable agriculture can help to bring men into harmony if they agree that the land is a treasure to be cultivated virtuously.
For this to happen, there must be a firm establishment of the workmen on the land, and that is the fourth principle: permanency. Even if this permanency varies in the future, there must be at least long-term agreements (in the case of a workman working a landowners land) that maintain a dependency on the land. This permanency will help to create sustainable attitudes, even in those who lack virtue because, as the medieval philosopher Duns Scouts pointed out: “a distinction of property is decidedly in accord with a peaceful social life. For the wicked take care only of what is their own…” He was speaking, of course, about the very villages and divisions of rights described above. If a man is permanent, and needs the land healthy so it will produce, he will be more likely to use sustainable practices.
The villages of the Middle Ages are not repeatable, but the events and circumstances that gave them birth have many parallels today. Like Rome, there are large world powers that appear increasingly unstable (the economic collapses of 2008 seem very repeatable, even likely so). Like the huge land estates during the fall of Rome, there are giant pieces of property that are not able to be fully realized by the landowner alone. Like the closing of the Mediterranean, there is even the parallel of a surge in Islamic power that creates instability in global markets.
Centralized power and wealth has proven unworkable, but as they fall men may cheerfully pick up the tools of their fathers and realize that they really don’t need banks that cannot fail and giant governments that wont admit failure. In other words, the fall of the giants may be the rise of the lowly. Men are creative, need friendship, and men need to eat - and in this are the basic ingredients of the village. These ingredients, like the fruits of the earth, simply need to be cultivated and harvested. Current economic disasters may be just the catalyst to this cultivation. The decline of the dollar may see to the raising of more barns. And herein is the most exhilarating hope: the associating of men for the common good. This “habit of cooperation” is part of the nature of man as a relational and communal creature.
Sadly, cooperation it is often coerced by the grace of disaster, as in the case of a hurricane (or flood or terrorist attack, etc.) when power goes off and screens don’t project anymore and men are forced to go outside to live and serve. The hurricane honeymoon of community seems to wane as fast as it waxes. However, the slow cultivation of the village ideal is not a honeymoon, but a cultural renewal. Workmen will associate with landowners to find land to cultivate; workmen will associate together to share costs of equipment and production; families will associate in leisure and festivity. When the big entities fall and can no longer hand out what is wanting or enslave men to wanting, men will hold hand out to neighbor and not to the distributer. Many speak today of answering needs, of ending the loneliness of suburbia and the boredom of the machine. But the need might actually be to simply need a neighbor again. The village is essentially an association of men that need each other, not merely for raising barns, but also to inhabit the pubs together.
Benedict. Charity in Truth: Caritas in Veritate. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2009.
Benedict, Pope. “Message to UN Director General of Food and Agriculture.” Lecture, United Nations, Rome, 2012.
Chesterton, G.K. Outline of Sanity. Norfolk: IHS Press, 2002. Amazon Kindle edition.
Hilaire Belloc. The Serville State. Central: Forgotten Books, 2012.
Jerret, Bede. Social Theories of the Middle Ages. Tacoma: Angelico Press, 2012.
Pirenne, Henri. Economic and Social History of Europe. New York: Harvest Books, 1933.
Pirenne, Henri. Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade. New York: Princeton University Press, 1969.
“Community Land Trusts.” New Economics Institute. http://neweconomicsinstitute.org/content/community-land-trusts (accessed November 4, 2012).
Walsh, James J. The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries. New York: Catholic Summer School Press, 1913.
Pope Leo XIII, “Rerum Novarum” (encyclical, Rome), 7.
RN 7
James J. Walsh, The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries (New York: Catholic Summer School Press, 1913), 5.
Walsh, 4
The Cathedral is the chief church of a diocese, where the bishops chair (the cathedra) is. Thus, this does not even account for mere parish churches.
Walsh, 125
Walsh, 127
G.K. Chesterton, Outline of Sanity (Norfolk: IHS Press, 2002), under “chapter 1,” Amazon Kindle edition.
Both excerpts were found in the proem of The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries
Hilaire Belloc, The Serville State (Central: Forgotten Books, 2012), 42.
Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Europe (New York: Harvest Books, 1933), 12.
Belloc, 32
That is to say it was an accepted reality, not a condoned or promoted system.
Henri Pirenne, Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (New York: Princeton University Press, 1969), 60.
Dawson, 181-184
Belloc, 45
Galatians 3:28, Knox
Pirenne. 10
Pirenne ,9-14
Pirenne, 11
Belloc, 44
Pirenne, 60
Belloc, 45
Pope Benedict, “Message to UN Director General of Food and Agriculture” (lecture, United Nations), emphasis added.
Pope Benedict, “Message to UN Director General of Food and Agriculture” (lecture, United Nations).
“Community Land Trusts,” New Economics Institute, http://neweconomicsinstitute.org/content/community-land-trusts (accessed November 4, 2012).
Benedict, Charity in Truth: Caritas in Veritate (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2009), 37.
Bede Jerret, Social Theories of the Middle Ages (Tacoma: Angelico Press, 2012), 125.
Pirenne, Medieval Cities, 120. | <urn:uuid:f1ff797e-9d4f-4024-9e0c-d886c6ecd57e> | {
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Here’s how mammals went from big gulps to small swallows
Researchers have found the earliest known evidence of a mammal predecessor with sophisticated bones at the back of the neck that allowed for swallowing food in the same way that modern mammals do.
Microdocodon gracilis, a 165-million-year-old fossil found in China, offers the best example yet of how mammals stopped gulping down their food whole and started chewing and swallowing in smaller bites. The tiny, shrew-like animal offers new insights into a key function that separates mammals from other vertebrates.
The discovery was announced July 18 in the journal Science. Yale’s Bhart-Anjan Bhullar, assistant professor of geology and geophysics and assistant curator at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, is co-lead author of the new study, which also includes researchers at the University of Chicago, the University of Bonn, and the Paleontological Museum of Liaoning in China. Earlier this year, Bhullar’s lab published a paper in the journal Nature that described the way the first mammals likely chewed their food.
“We mammals are quick-witted and surefooted compared to our cold-blooded ancestors. Our inner furnaces burn hot and fast, and they are always hungry for fuel,” Bhullar said. “We previously described how tiny, furry, near-mammals like Microdocodon were able to chew in the unique, efficient mammalian way, but this remarkable new specimen shows that the second part of the mammalian food-processing chain — powered swallowing — had also arisen prior to the proliferation of modern mammalian species. Equipped to chew thoroughly and swallow quickly, Microdocodon would have been a swift, smart, warm-blooded creature, able to thrive in a world filled with formidable reptilian predators and competitors.”
Microdocodon had tiny hyoid bones that linked the back of its mouth to openings in the esophagus and the larynx. Like modern mammals, their hyoid bones were jointed and arranged in a “U” shape. These bones were flexible enough to allow the throat muscles to transport and swallow smaller chunks of food and water.
Other vertebrates have a wide throat and hyoid bones that are rod-like and not jointed. That architecture only allows them to swallow food whole or in large chunks.
“Mammals have become so diverse today through the evolution of diverse ways to chew their food, whether it is insects, worms, meat, or plants. But no matter how differently mammals can chew, they all have to swallow in the same way,” said Zhe-Xi Luo of the University of Chicago, senior author of the study. “Essentially, the specialized way for mammals to chew and then swallow is all made possible by the agile hyoid bones at the back of the throat.”
Added Bhullar, “Hyoids and ear bones are all derivatives of the primordial vertebrate mouth and gill skeleton, with which our earliest fishlike ancestors fed and respired. The jointed, mobile hyoid of Microdocodon coexists with an archaic middle ear — still attached to the lower jaw. Therefore, the building of the modern mammal entailed serial repurposing of a truly ancient system.” | <urn:uuid:62dd88c3-4cf5-4da9-ab70-e7a825cc9b17> | {
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“Era of connectivity”- everything is connected via social media
* Marketing: identifying and meeting human and social needs. “Meeting needs profitably.” Taking a private or social need and making it profitable. * Marketing Management: art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. * Social role: marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, products and services of value with others. * Marketers market 10 entities: goods, services, events, experiences, persons, places, properties, organizations, information, and ideas. * Marketer: someone who seeks a response-attention, a purchase, a vote, donation- from another party, called the prospects (i.e. two parties trying to sell something= marketers) * Responsible for demand management. 8 Demand states:
* Negative demand: consumer dislike, pay to avoid product * Nonexistent demand: consumer unaware, not interested * Latent demand: consumer share a strong need, not satisfied with the current product * Declining demand: consumer purchase less frequent, or not at all * Irregular demand: consumer purchase varies on season, month, week , or even hourly * Full demand: consumers purchasing all products placed in the marketplace * Overfull demand: more consumers would like to buy the product then can be produced * Unwholesome demand: consumer attracted to products that have undesirable social consequence * **Marketers must identify underlying cause of demand state and determine a plan of action to shift demand to a more desired state *
Marketing: Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners,...
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Flashcards in Thyroid Deck (33):
How is thyroid hormone produced in the body?
The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone so the pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulating hormone which causes the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones which has negative feedback on the pituitary gland for thyroid stimulating hormone
How does T4 (levothyroxine) work?
It gets converted to T3 and rT3 (when body is ill) at the site of action
How does T4 circulate throughout the body?
On the protein thyroglobulin. If there is not enough of the protein, more will be free to do work.
What are the half lives of the thyroid hormones? How long will it take to reach steady state?
T4 has a half life of 7 days. T3 has a half life of 1 day. It takes about 5 half lives to get to steady state.
Must wait 1 month (5 half lives) to see if drug treatment is working/dosage is correct
What are the serum levels in hypothyroidism?
Low T4, low or normal T3, high TSH and low thyroglobulin
What are the serum levels in hyperthyroidism?
High T4, high T3, low TSH and high thyroglobulin
How does hypothyroidism present?
Slowing of body functions, heart, mental acuity, strength, response to catecholamines (SNS), cold and scaly skin, sparse hair, tiredness, fatigue, weight gain, saddle nose, thickened lips (due to build up of fluid)
Often misdiagnosed as dementia
What causes hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Antibodies work against and shut down thyroid production and thyroglobulin
What are some symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Slower metabolism, reduced CNS activity-weight gain, fatigue, depression, bradycardia, constipation
But can also have short term reactive hyperthyroidism causing mania, tachycarida, panic attacks
Gets misdiagnosed as bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression
How is Hasimoto's thyroiditis detected?
Presence of specific antibodies
Will also see increased TSH ad thyroglobulin and lymphocyte invasion of the thyroid gland
Ultrasound will show an enlarged thyroid gland
Radioactive iodine uptake scan will show diffuse uptake in thyroid gland
What are some precautions when treating hypothyroidism?
Thyroid hormone increase adrenergic sensitivity to catecholamines (hyper SNS response)
Thyroid hormones doesn't cross the placenta
How can thyroid problems affect a pregnancy?
Hypothyroid will make you have difficulty getting pregnant
Hyperthyroid can cause an abortion
Monitor dose regimen carefully during pregnancy
How is hypothyroidism treated?
If due to iodine deficiency, add iodine to the diet
In gland failure, give levothyroxine (T4) because long half-life, given at birth, lag before effects are observed and body converts it to T3 as required
What should be done if you are giving levothyroxine in cardiovascular disease?
Give T4 slowly so it doesn't worsen the heart
What is Graves Disease?
The most common form of hyperthyroidism in which antibodies are activating to the TSH receptor causing more T3 and T4 to be made.
How does the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism change with age?
Less than 40 years old has mainly nervous system effects
More than 40 years old has mainly cardiovascular effects (catecholamine response)
Have to get up and eat at night, always hungry, 10-15 lb weight loss
What is 1st line treatment for Grave's disease?
Radioiodine (3 choices-131 I used most commonly due to 8 day half life)
Surgery can also be done (risky)
How does radioiodine work?
Ionizing radiation destroys the gland. Goes right to the thyroid gland, stays there for a month or so and then leaves with the thyroid gland partially or fully destroyed.
What are precautions in treatment with radioiodine?
There is a delay in therapeutic response (2-6 months which may need other pharm intervention in meantime), radiation induced thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer, contraindicated in pregnancy and children
What is the 1st line treatment in mild Grave's disease or pregnancy?
The thioamide drugs: PTU (1st line-feel better faster)
Methimazole (Carbimazole precursor) is a 2nd line
How do the thioamide drugs work?
Competitive inhibitor of peroxidase which interferes with organification of iodine, blocks MIT conversion to DIT, inhibits coupling of iodinated tyrosines, inhibit conversion from T4 to T3 (PTU)
What does onset of thioamide drugs require?
Depletion of thyroid hormone stores
How does the dosing between the thioamide drugs differ?
Methimazole is give once daily while PTU is given every 8 hours or 3 times daily
How is thioamide drug dosing adjusted?
Adjusted and/or reduced every 4-6 weeks
What are the side effects of thioamide drugs?
Fever, rash, arthritis-like symptoms
Leukopenia (wait until patient gets sick to do something)
Agranulocytosis (rare and usually reversible)
What occurs during a thyroid storm?
Greatly increased blood temperature, shortness of breath, anxiety, sweating, tachycardia, chest pain, MI
What is given during a thyroid storm?
Propranolol to decrease the cardiovascular symptoms/toxicity and some suppression of T4 to T3 conversion
How does dexamethasone affect thyroid hormone?
Inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3
How does lithium affect thyroid hormone?
Inhibits the secretion and degradation in peripheral tissue
How do sulfonamides affect thyroid hormone?
Interfere with organification of iodine
How does long term sodium nitroprusside affect thyroid hormone?
Thiocyanate accumulation inhibits iodine uptake of the thyroid
How does amiodarone affect thyroid hormone?
Contains lots of iodide
Large doses of iodide decreases degranulation of thyroglobulin and gland vascularity. Useful prior to surgery. | <urn:uuid:39310bda-a166-490b-a7ee-ad5c4e47607b> | {
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What Is Cognitive Therapy?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a relatively short-term, focused psychotherapy for a wide range of psychological problems including depression, anxiety, anger, marital conflict, loneliness, panic, fears, eating disorders, substance abuse, alcohol abuse and dependence and personality problems. The focus of therapy is on how you are thinking, behaving, and communicating today rather than on your early childhood experiences. The therapist assists the patient in identifying specific distortions (using cognitive assessment) and biases in thinking and provides guidance on how to change this thinking.
Cognitive therapy helps the patient learn effective self-help skills that are used in homework assignments that help you change the way you think, feel and behave now. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is action-oriented, practical, rational, and helps the patient gain independence and effectiveness in dealing with real-life issues.
Many people wonder what to expect when they begin therapy. Although your individual experience will vary depending on the problems and goals that you have, many patients can expect the following:
Initial Assessment | Reading Material | Periodic Assessment | Plan of Treatment | Self-Help | Agenda-setting | Aren't my emotions important? | Isn't Medication Important? | Why Cognitive Therapy? | What about Group Therapy? | Learn More about CBT
Initial Assessment: You will be asked to complete a number of self-report forms. These forms assess your presenting problem and your history of problems. These standardized questionnaires assess depression, anxiety, emotions, decision making, personality, relationship issues, substance abuse, and other problems. After your therapist has reviewed these forms you can work together to determine what areas need work and what your "symptom level" is prior to treatment. In this way, you can also assess whether you are making progress.
Reading Material: You and your therapist can decide together what additional reading material can help you understand your problem. This website is an excellent source of information on a great number of issues---so you should take some time and examine the content of our extensive readings on this website. We also have books available for purchase and other reading material on a number of problems. We will try to suggest readings that reflect scientifically based approaches to depression, anxiety, relationship issues and other problems.
Periodic Assessments: Periodically your therapist may have you fill out additional forms in the course of treatment to see what is changing and what still needs to change. This allows you and your therapist the opportunity to see what is really going on. You can learn if your depression, anxiety or emotional responses are changing. You may also want to set some goals for your behavior---for example, projects that you want to get done or things that you are procrastinating on.
Plan of Treatment: You and your therapist can work together to set up a problem list or goals that you want to work on. These problems might include procrastination, self-esteem, sadness, inactivity, anxiety, relationship conflicts, or any problems that you think you need help with. Over the course of treatment you and your therapist can devise plans and techniques to address these problems.
Self-Help: A great deal of research shows that patients who actively do self-help homework are more likely to improve and maintain their improvement. You and your therapist can develop techniques and interventions that you can practice outside of therapy sessions to help you feel more effective in handling your emotions, negative thoughts, relationships and behavioral problems. Self-help builds a sense of self-effectiveness.
Agenda-setting: Although you and your therapist will want to be open to dealing with your immediate concerns as they arise in the session, we recommend that you come to each session with one or two issues that you want to address for that meeting. In addition to your topics, you and your therapist will want to review your feelings about the last session, any self-help you used, and your plans for the coming week, including additonal self-help.
Aren't my emotions important? Our group uses the latest work on emotional processing to enhance the humane nature of your experience. We emphasize the importance of compassion and validation in therapy and encourage you to direct compassion and validation toward yourself when you are feeling down. In addition, our approach emphasizes how you think and deal with your emotions. For example, we will examine if you feel ashamed or confused about the way you feel. We will also examine your beliefs that your emotions are out of control or dangerous. In fact, our view is that your emotions are the central part of your experience and they often contain information about what you need. Your therapist can help tailor your therapy to help you understand and respect your emotional experiences--without feeling overwhelmed by that experience.
Isn't Medication Important? Medication can often help you get a better handle on your problems. Therefore, you will want to consider medication as part of your treatment. Not all patients need to take medication---in fact, for depression and anxiety, many people get better without medication. However, it may be a valuable additional tool that you can use. We can provide you with referrals to leading psychopharmacologists in the area for a medication consultation. Some patients---for example, those with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia--- should take medication as an essential part of their overall treatment program.
Why Cognitive Therapy? As you know, there are many kinds of therapy that are available. Our group focuses on a wide range of different kinds of cognitive and behavioral therapies---in order to find the treatment best suited for you. The exciting thing about cognitive- behavioral therapy is that it actually works. This conclusion is based on a great deal of scientific research. Numerous outcome studies show that cognitive therapy is as or more effective than medication in the treatment of depression, anxiety, obsessions, and other fears and does not have the negative side-effects of medications. Furthermore, it is often superior to other treatments in preventing relapse because patients learn self-help in therapy. Many patients choose to combine cognitive-behavioral therapy with medication. Cognitive therapy is the most widely tested form of psychotherapy for depression and the anxiety disorders. Recent research shows that cognitive therapy can also be used with medication for patients with bipolar disorder (manic depression) and schizophrenia.
Want to learn about the History of Cognitive Therapy? Click Here
How effective is cognitive therapy? Click here to find out
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What about Group Therapy?
The institute currently offers groups in Dialectical behavior therapy.
How can I learn more about cognitive-behavioral therapy?
Depending on the problems that you want to solve, your therapist can recommend a number of books or readings for you. We believe that the more you know about yourself, the better off you will be. We hope that you can learn to become your own therapist. To read more about how to identify your negative thinking, you can read the chapter, "Eliciting Thoughts and Assumptions," in Robert Leahy's book, Cognitive Therapy Techniques. You can also read his blog post on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Proven Effectiveness
This excerpt is posted with permission of Guilford Publications, Inc. and is subject to copyright law and restricted from further use. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission of the publisher. To obtain permission please contact Guilford Publications, Inc. at the address below or e-mail: [email protected] This book may be ordered directly from Guilford Publishing at http://www.Guilford.com
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All Content on this website is copyrighted © Robert L. Leahy, PhD. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:65144263-271f-443b-bd43-d14f777d5808> | {
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Definition - What does iPhone 3G mean?
An iPhone 3G is the second generation of iPhone by Apple. This phone combines several devices into one: a digital camera (with no support for video recording), a tablet PC, an iPod, and a cell phone.
The battery is sealed into the phone’s body and all applications are vetted by Apple and may only be installed through the company's proprietary App Store. Apple has discontinued software updates for the iPhone 3G; the iOS 4.2.1, released in November 2010, is the last version of the iOS designed to support the iPhone 3G. The iOS 4.3, released in March 2011, is not compatible with the iPhone 3G.
This term is also known as the iPhone 3.
Techopedia explains iPhone 3G
The iPhone 3G provides better transmission for many radio receivers than the first generation iPhone. It was available in two models, 8 GB and 16 GB. It was first introduced in June 2008 in 22 countries and was succeeded by the iPhone 3GS, which came out in June 2010. The iPhone 3G uses Apple’s iOS, which was updated to iOS 4.0 in 2010. The iPhone 3G hit the market with a pre-installed iPhone OS 2.0, which paved the way for the introduction of the App Store, push-email support, MobileMe service and Microsoft Exchange Server's (MXS) ActiveSync support, in conjunction with other additional features and bug fixes.
iPhone 3G includes a 3.6 inch touchscreen with 320x480 (HVGA) resolution at 163 ppi and comes with a scratch-proof glass display cover. The capacitive touch screen is built to enable multi-touch sensing. The phone also features a 128 MB eDRAM, Samsung 32-bit RISC ARM11 620 MHz processor, and a PowerVR MBX Lite 3D graphics processing unit.
The iPhone 3G connects to the Internet using 3G mobile broadband technologies or Wi-Fi. It features GPS technology, but does not support Flash, Java, or multimedia message service. Although it features Bluetooth built-in capability for wireless earpieces, it does not support stereo audio, laptop tethering, or FTP. IPhone 3G users cannot use software that is not distributed via Apple's App Store.
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Free 30 Day Trial – Turbonomic: | <urn:uuid:b95bf1e0-6a52-4c31-b835-06e8c6ee318d> | {
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Ultracapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage
Back to Basics: Cost, power, performance advantages for hybridized energy storage using batteries and ultracapacitors.
Energy storage and power management options are many for engineers, across multiple industries and applications. Batteries offer simplicity along with low cycle life, temperature sensitivities, and inefficiencies. Careful analyses of cost, power, and performance of combined battery/ultracapacitor solutions make a compelling case for hybridized energy storage.
Manufacturers evaluating hybrid battery/ultracapacitor energy storage often ask:
- Will it cost more?
- Will dual-storage systems be overly complex?
- What additional electronics will be required to balance two technologies in one component?
- What is the timeline for developing a hybrid solution?
When traditional batteries are paired with ultracapacitors optimized for higher voltage levels:
Ultracapacitors are more attractive than batteries. Price of these components has fallen 99% in the past decade, while battery costs have fallen 30%-40% in the same time period. That trend will likely continue as the price of raw materials falls and the market continues its widespread adoption of ultracapacitors.
While batteries alone are a simpler system, in application they fail to measure up in almost every way to a hybrid component.
In most applications, a primary energy source handles a continuous energy demand. At times, there are peak power demands, and engineers can either size batteries to handle peak demands or use ultracapacitors to bridge the demand. Using ultracapacitors also allows downsizing of the primary energy source.
High-power ultracapacitors provide burst power required by high current demands associated with acceleration, starting, steering, and regeneration. Pairing a capacitor with a battery improves the power density of the hybrid supply, which has the added advantage of allowing the battery to operate without seeing the large current spikes that would be present in the absence of the capacitor.
Extend battery life
A hybridized approach allows a battery to perform better and for longer periods of time when paired with an ultracapacitor. An ultracapacitor enables the battery to do what it was designed to do: provide high-energy density.
For example, an accelerating hybrid vehicle creates an enormous demand for amps (current). Putting ultracapacitors in parallel with batteries and control electronics allows ultracapacitors to provide high current, enabling the battery to become strictly an energy source, rather than an energy and power source.
Since ultracapacitors have a much lower internal resistance and much faster charge rate than batteries, they make battery-powered systems run more efficiently. Ultracapacitors make batteries last longer because they do the brunt of the work when the load is initially switched on and allow the battery to pick up load gradually, preventing high current draws from the battery. Avoiding high current drain on batteries avoids thermal, chemical, and mechanical stresses. Current spike (and internal temperature) reductions extend battery life as much as 400%, depending on the application.
A typical starter battery will degrade quickly if it is required to supply high current for any length of time. So-called deep cycle batteries are designed specifically to supply higher currents, but even such batteries, with thicker lead plates, are not immune from damage due to repeated deep cycling. A parallel configuration of a battery with an ultracapacitor can dramatically reduce the deep cycling of the battery under heavy load conditions. Doing so extends the life of the hybrid power supply and provides a more efficient supply. Hybrid design also can decrease the warranty and replacement cost of the batteries, making the system economically attractive.
Cycles and Celsius
Ultracapacitors also perform under a wider range of climate conditions than a battery, with a comfortable range of 70 ºC to -40 ºC. Batteries claim a range of 60 degC to -20 degC, but at and below zero, batteries lose most of their available energy.
Ultracapacitors also deliver greater return in cycle life. Batteries rely on a chemical reaction to dissipate stored energy and have life of hundreds to low thousands of cycles. Ultracapacitors store energy in an electrostatic field, allowing life of more than a million cycles.
Ultracapacitors offer 95%-98% efficiencies, and lead-acid batteries top out at 70%. Combined ultracapacitors and battery energy storage systems can reduce the size, weight, and number of batteries in a system. Hybridizations are more efficient and use fewer materials. They can also extend the cycle life of the battery component, which makes the whole system “greener.”
While a dual-technology system is not as simple to deal with as a hybrid one, the payoffs are too significant to ignore. In a hybrid energy storage system, both elements work together to help the other, resulting in a more efficient system with a longer, better performing lifespan.
Brendan Andrews is vice president of sales and marketing at Ioxus Inc. and also responsible for education.
At a glance
- Ultracapacitors offer 95%-98% efficiencies, and lead-acid batteries top out at 70%.
- In the last 10 years ultracapacitor prices have fallen 99%; batteries prices have fallen 30%-40%.
- In a hybrid energy storage system, reductions in battery current spikes (and internal temperature) extend battery life as much as 400%, depending on the application.
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Annual Salary Survey
Before the calendar turned, 2016 already had the makings of a pivotal year for manufacturing, and for the world.
There were the big events for the year, including the United States as Partner Country at Hannover Messe in April and the 2016 International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago in September. There's also the matter of the U.S. presidential elections in November, which promise to shape policy in manufacturing for years to come.
But the year started with global economic turmoil, as a slowdown in Chinese manufacturing triggered a worldwide stock hiccup that sent values plummeting. The continued plunge in world oil prices has resulted in a slowdown in exploration and, by extension, the manufacture of exploration equipment.
Read more: 2015 Salary Survey | <urn:uuid:d721db93-1cdd-448e-ab1a-e1ffc1b71c9b> | {
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With increased demand to lower emissions from diesel engines, the flexibility and improved performance offered by electronic control was an important driver for many engine manufacturers to introduce electronically controlled fuel injection systems in the late 1980s and early 1990s. An important tool for lowering emissions from diesel engines produced during this period was fuel injection timing that could be varied over the speed and load range of the engine. While injection timing could be varied with a purely mechanical approach, electronic control offered a much more flexible and a potentially simpler way to achieve this while also providing the option of introducing a number of other desirable features. Some of the first electronically controlled fuel injection systems in heavy-duty engines appeared in the Detroit Diesel Series 92 in 1985 and the Series 60 in 1987 . Caterpillar applied it to the 3176 in 1988 .
The unit injectors used in these engines lent themselves well to early adoption of solenoid actuated electronic fuel injectors. Solenoid actuator designs of that period were still relatively large and bulky and a unit injector for a heavy-duty engine provided ample room for it. It took several years for manufacturers to refine the actuator design to make it compact enough to use in common rail systems for light-duty applications and to produce a heavy-duty unit injector, Delphi’s E1 in 2000, which replaced the bulky side mounted actuator with a more compact design that could be integrated into the injector body.
Manufacturer’s quickly learned that electronic control offered not only the ability to control injection timing according to speed and load but also according to the type of driving the vehicle was experiencing. In the 1990s, it was common to program engine controllers to adjust injection timing to optimize fuel consumption in heavy-duty diesel engines when the operating conditions indicated highway cruise conditions. In some cases, this injection timing conflicted with that required to meet regulated emission limits.
As emission regulations continued to tighten, the demands placed on fuel systems increased further and it was not sufficient to simply provide flexibility in injection timing control. Additional drivers that pushed the evolution of diesel fuel injection systems included:
A number of major engine manufacturers developed their own, often unique fuel injection systems. The following are examples of internally designed injection systems:
In other cases, major heavy-duty engine manufacturers were able to acquire patented technologies and further develop the concepts for their own engine line. An example is the Bendix Diesel Engine Controls unit injector system that was licensed by Cummins and used in the CELECT unit injector.
While this paper outlines the evolution of electronic fuel injection systems for two specific engine manufacturers—Cummins and Caterpillar—it should be acknowledged this by no means covers the entire range of injection systems available in heavy-duty diesel engines. Fuel systems from suppliers such as Bosch, Delphi, Siemens/Continental, Denso and others are also very common. | <urn:uuid:91cabab5-4db5-4cac-b0d2-62f4416261f4> | {
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The myth of the cave in The Republic is a story about some people who were brought up in the dark. They were confined to one space and were unable to even move their heads. The only thing they could see was shadows which were made by people who were outside of the cave. One of the people in the cave somehow manages to get out and learns the truth about life. There are several different interpretations of the myth of the cave.
One interpretation is that the myth has a religious theme. The people are in the dark and finally one is brought out into the light. Another interpretation is that the person who got out of the cave symbolizes a person who is looking for something different and has the courage to seek the unknown. The last interpretation is that the myth symbolizes the journey of scientific discovery. While these interpretations are interesting I feel like they’re lacking something. None of them really seem in place with what the rest of The Republic is about. The Republic is primarily a political text, but none of the interpretations really have anything to do with politics.
In my interpretation, the myth is directly related to politics. In Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, he writes a section about political science. He writes that political science is not a suitable field for a young person because they are too emotional and politics require action (1095a1-10). I think that the enslaved people in the myth are young people. "He would need to grow accustomed to the light before he could see things in the upper world outside the cave (516a)". A person needs to gain some life experience before they can get into politics and become a capable leader. They have to grow up and watch other people working to gain experience in order to go into politics. The one who gets out is the one who is most suitable to lead. He does not just sit around waiting for something, he goes and does. Politics requires action and that’s just what this character did. Plato writes, “The intellectuals will take no practical action of their own accord (519b)”. The other people who were in the cave did nothing but learn from these shadows, while the other person got up and acted.
Earlier in the text Socrates had said that he felt that a leader leads like a parent. They are looking out for the greater good and not just what is best for themselves. In the myth, the liberated person does not go back into the cave. This person, who in my interpretation is the leader, is looking out for what’s best for the other people in the cave. When a caterpillar builds itself a cocoon and grows into a butterfly, someone could very easily open up the cocoon for him so that he doesn’t have to open it himself. But that would do him no good. The butterfly needs to strengthen his wings in order to fly. Just like here. The liberated “leader” could have gone back and told the rest of the slaves what he had learned, but it would have done them no good. They need to find that out on their own. A parent looks out for the greater good of his or her children and this leader is looking out for the greater good of his former peers.
At the end of the myth Plato writes, “You must therefore each descend in turn and live with your fellows in the cave and get used to seeing in the dark; once you get used to it you will see a thousand times better and they do (520c)”. Plato is letting it be known that it doesn’t just take a person of action and a person looking out for the greater good of his people to be a good leader. In order to be a good leader the person must be grounded as well. He must understand his people and what they have to deal with. In order to make well-informed decisions a leader needs to experience certain things.
The myth brings the text full circle. The text began with Socrates’ opinions on what a leader is. Now the text is explaining what a good leader is.
All quotes from Plato's The Republic
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Living in a society where the police had no discretion and, instead, had to enforce every law to the letter would have its good points and its bad points. On the good side, there would be little or no doubt about the point at which you would be judged to have broken the law. There would also be no feeling that the law was being applied unfairly. On the bad side, the system would become more impersonal and incidents that felt very unjust would surely occur with greater frequency.
In our current system, it is not always easy to know how far you can bend the law before you are liable to get in trouble. The clearest example of this is in traffic laws. It is not common for the police to stop people who are, for example, going 5 miles per hour over the speed limit on the freeway. But it is possible and it causes there to be an element of doubt in a person’s mind. The element of doubt also allows for the perception of unfairness. You might get pulled over for going 5 miles over the limit and feel as if the police are persecuting you because they would not have stopped someone else for doing the same. This is particularly a problem among members of racial minorities who tend to feel that they are getting singled out for poor treatment. Neither of these types of situation would happen if police had no discretion. There might also be less crime as people would know that they could not get away with anything.
On the other side, a system with no flexibility will often seem unjust. For example, going by the strict letter of the law, the police might have to arrest and detain a 10 year old who shoplifted a piece of candy. In the current system, they might bring the child home and talk to the parent without actually putting the child into the juvenile justice system. This sort of seemingly just act would be impossible.
Thus, there would clearly be good and bad aspects to life in such a situation.
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Searching for similarities in protein and DNA databases has become a routine procedure in Molecular Biology. The Smith-Waterman algorithm has been available for more than 25 years. It is based on a dynamic programming approach that explores all the possible alignments between two sequences; as a result it returns the optimal local alignment. Unfortunately, the computational cost is very high, requiring a number of operations proportional to the product of the length of two sequences. Furthermore, the exponential growth of protein and DNA databases makes the Smith-Waterman algorithm unrealistic for searching similarities in large sets of sequences. For these reasons heuristic approaches such as those implemented in FASTA and BLAST tend to be preferred, allowing faster execution times at the cost of reduced sensitivity. The main motivation of our work is to exploit the huge computational power of commonly available graphic cards, to develop high performance solutions for sequence alignment.
In this paper we present what we believe is the fastest solution of the exact Smith-Waterman algorithm running on commodity hardware. It is implemented in the recently released CUDA programming environment by NVidia. CUDA allows direct access to the hardware primitives of the last-generation Graphics Processing Units (GPU) G80. Speeds of more than 3.5 GCUPS (Giga Cell Updates Per Second) are achieved on a workstation running two GeForce 8800 GTX. Exhaustive tests have been done to compare our implementation to SSEARCH and BLAST, running on a 3 GHz Intel Pentium IV processor. Our solution was also compared to a recently published GPU implementation and to a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) solution. These tests show that our implementation performs from 2 to 30 times faster than any other previous attempt available on commodity hardware.
The results show that graphic cards are now sufficiently advanced to be used as efficient hardware accelerators for sequence alignment. Their performance is better than any alternative available on commodity hardware platforms. The solution presented in this paper allows large scale alignments to be performed at low cost, using the exact Smith-Waterman algorithm instead of the largely adopted heuristic approaches.
Searching databases of DNA and protein sequences is one of the fundamental tasks in bioinformatics. The Smith-Waterman algorithm guarantees the maximal sensitivity for local sequence alignments, but it is slow. It should be further considered that biological databases are growing at a very fast exponential rate, which is greater than the rate of improvement of microprocessors. This trend results in longer time and/or more expensive hardware to manage the problem. Special-purpose hardware implementations, as for instance super-computers or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are certainly interesting options, but they tend to be very expensive and not suitable for many users.
For the above reasons, many widespread solutions running on common microprocessors now use some heuristic approaches to reduce the computational cost of sequence alignment. Thus a reduced execution time is reached at the expense of sensitivity. FASTA (Pearson and Lipman, 1988) and BLAST (Altschul et al., 1997) are up to 40 times faster than the best known straight forward CPU implementation of Smith-Waterman.
A number of efforts have also been made to obtain faster implementations of the Smith-Waterman algorithm on commodity hardware. Farrar exploits Intel SSE2, which is the multimedia extension of the CPU. Its implementation is up to 13 times faster than SSEARCH (a quasi-standard implementation of Smith-Waterman).
To our knowledge, the only previous attempt to implement Smith-Waterman on a GPU was done by W. Liu et al. (2006) . Their solution relies on OpenGL that has some intrinsic limits as it is based on the graphics pipeline. Thus, a conversion of the problem to the graphical domain is needed, as well as a reverse procedure to convert back the results. Although that approach is up to 5 times faster than SSEARCH, it is considerably slower than BLAST.
In this paper we present the first solution based on commodity hardware that efficiently computes the exact Smith-Waterman alignment. It runs from 2 to 30 times faster than any previous implementation on general-purpose hardware.
The Smith-Waterman algorithm
The Smith-Waterman algorithm is designed to find the optimal local alignment between two sequences. It was proposed by Smith and Waterman (1981) and enhanced by Gotoh (1982) . The alignment of two sequences is based on the computation of an alignment matrix. The number of its columns and rows is given by the number of the residues in the query and database sequences respectively. The computation is based on a substitution matrix and on a gap-penalty function.
• A: a1a2a3….an is the first sequence,
• B: b1b2b3….bm is the second sequence,
• W(ai, bj) is the substitution matrix,
• Ginit and Gext are the penalties for starting and continuing a gap,
the alignment scores ending with a gap along A and B are
Finally the alignment scores of the sub-sequences Ai, Bj are:
where 1≤i≤n and 1≤j≤m. The values for E, F and H are 0 when i<1 and j<1. The maximum value of the alignment matrix gives the degree of similarity between A and B.
An important point to be considered is that any cell of the alignment matrix can be computed only after the values of the left and above cells are known, as shown in Figure 1. Different cells can be simultaneously processed only if they are on the same anti-diagonal.
Figure 1. Smith-Waterman data dependencies. Each cell of the alignment matrix depends on the cells on the left and above it. Independent data can be found only on the same anti-diagonal.
CUDA programming model
The two major GPU vendors, NVidia and AMD, recently announced their new developing platforms, respectively CUDA and CTM . Unlike previous GPU programming models, these are proprietary approaches designed to allow a direct access to their specific graphics hardware. Therefore, there is no compatibility between the two platforms. CUDA is an extension of the C programming language; CTM is a virtual machine running proprietary assembler code. However, both platforms overcome some important restrictions on previous GPGPU approaches, in particular those set by the traditional graphics pipeline and the relative programming interfaces like OpenGL and Direct3D.
We selected NVidia GeForce 8800 and its CUDA platform to design our Smith-Waterman implementation because it is the first available GPU on the market capable of an internal integer representation of data.
In CUDA, the GPU is viewed as a compute device suitable for parallel data applications. It has its own device random access memory and may run a very high number of threads in parallel (Figure 2). Threads are grouped in blocks and many blocks may run in a grid of blocks. Such structured sets of threads may be launched on a kernel of code, processesing the data stored in the device memory. Threads of the same block share data through fast shared on-chip memory and can be synchronized through synchronization points. An important aspect of CUDA programming is the management of the memory spaces that have different characteristics and performances:
Figure 2. CUDA architecture. New CUDA compatible GPUs are implemented as a set of multiprocessors. Each multiprocessor has several ALUs (Arithmetic Logic Unit) that, at any given clock cycle, execute the same instructions but on different data. Each ALU can access (read and write) the multiprocessor shared memory and the device RAM.
• Read-write per-thread registers (fast, very limited size)
• Read-write per-thread local memory (slow, not cached, limited size)
• Read-write per-block shared memory (fast, very limited size)
• Read-write per-grid global memory (slow, not cached, large size)
• Read-only per-grid constant memory (slow but cached, limited size)
• Read-only per-grid texture memory (slow but cached, large size)
The proper choice of the memory to be used in each kernel depends on many factors such as the speed, the amount needed, and the operations to be performed on the stored data. An important restriction is the limited size of shared memory, which is the only available read-write cache. Unlike the CPU programming model, here the programmer needs to explicitly copy data from the global memory to the cache (shared memory) and backwards. But this new architecture allows the access to memory in a really general way, so both scatter and gather operations are available. Gather is the ability to read any memory cell during the run of the kernel code. Scatter is the ability to randomly access any memory cell for writing. The unavailability of scatter was one of the major limitations of OpenGL when applied to GPGPU applications. The main point in approaching CUDA is that the overall performance of the applications dramatically depends on the management of the memory, which is much more complex than in the CPUs.
Results and discussion
Exhaustive tests have been performed to compare the implementation of Smith-Waterman in CUDA with:
• the results of W. Liu as reported in his paper . His solution was implemented in OpenGL and was tested on a NVidia GeForce 7900 GPU
• the results of the SIMD implementation by Farrar as reported in his paper . His tests were run on a 2.4 GHz Xeon Core 2 Duo processor.
We have tested our solution on a workstation, having the 2.4 GHz Intel Q6600 processor and two NVidia GeForce 8800 GTX graphic cards. We have measured the performance by running the application both on single and on double GPU configurations. By doubling the computing resources we observed that the overall performance of the application also doubles. This shows that the solution can benefit from a nearly linear speed improvement when adding more graphic boards to the system. It must be mentioned that the Nvidia SLI option, available for multi-GPU systems, is designed for OpenGL. Therefore, SLI must be disabled for CUDA, which requires direct programming of every installed GPU.
Smith-Waterman in CUDA vs. Liu's implementation
For this test five protein sequences of different length (from 63 to 511 residues) were run against the SwissProt database (Dec. 2006 – 250,296 proteins and 91,694,534 amino acids). The substitution matrix BLOSUM50 with a gap-open penalty of 10 and a gap-extension penalty of 2 were used. The resulting MCUPS for each of the 5 query sequences are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on single and double GPU vs. Liu's solution implemented in OpenGL
Liu obtained on the same sequences an average of 392.2 MCUPS and a peak of 533 MCUPS. Our solution on a single GPU was completed in a time of 63.5 sec with an average of 1830 MCUPS and a peak of 1889 MCUPS. Our implementation on two GPUs achieved a search time of 33.63 sec with an average of 3480 MCUPS and a peak of 3612 MCUPS. These results indicate that our implementation of Smith-Waterman is up to 18 times faster than that of Liu.
Smith-Waterman in CUDA vs. BLAST and SSEARCH
For this test we used the same sequences, database and substitution matrix described in the previous paragraph. SSEARCH completed the search in 960 sec with an average of 119.2 MCUPS and a peak of 123 MCUPS. BLAST completed the search in 53.3 sec with an average of 2018 MCUPS and a peak of 2691 MCUPS.
Figure 3. Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on single and double GPU vs. BLAST and SSEARCH. Substitution matrix used: BLOSUM50. Gap-open penalty: 10. Gap-extension penalty: 2.
Database used: SwissProt (Dec. 2006 – 250,296 proteins and 91,694,534 amino acids).
* Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on an NVidia GeForce 8800 GTX
** Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on two NVidia GeForce 8800 GTX
Table 2. Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on single and double GPU vs. BLAST and SSEARCH
Smith-Waterman in CUDA vs. Farrar's implementation
This last test was done running 11 sequences of different length (from 143 to 567 residues) against the SwissProt database (Rel. 49.1 – 208,005 proteins and 75,841,138 amino acids). The substitution matrix is the BLOSUM50 with a gap-open penalty of 10 and a gap-extension penalty of 2.
The Farrar's approach is based on the following consideration: for most cells in the alignment matrix, F remains at zero and does not contribute to the value of H. Only when H is greater than Ginit + Gext will F start to influence the value of H. So firstly F is not considered. Then, if required, a second step tries to correct the introduced errors. Farrar's solution completed the search in 161 sec with an average of 1630 MCUPS and a peak of 2045 MCUPS. Our solution running on a single GPU turned in a slightly better time of 154.95 sec with an average of 1783.3 MCUPS and a peak of 1845 MCUPS. On two GPU devices the search was completed in 79.65 sec with an average of 3792.2 MCUPS and a peak of 3575 MCUPS. The search times and resulting MCUPS are shown in Figure 4 and Table 3.
Figure 4. Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on single and double GPU vs. Farrar's solution. Substitution matrix used: BLOSUM50. Gap-open penalty: 10. Gap-extension penalty: 2.
Database used: SwissProt (Rel. 49.1 – 208,005 proteins and 75,841,138 amino acids).
* Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on an NVidia GeForce 8800 GTX
** Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on two NVidia GeForce 8800 GTX
Table 3. Smith-Waterman in CUDA running on single and double GPU vs. Farrar's solution
Farrar's solution improves its performances on the longer sequences, but on the average, it takes longer than our solution running even on a single GPU. So Smith-Waterman in CUDA is up to 3 times faster than Farrar's implementation.
Up to now the huge computational power of the GPUs was hampered by the limited programming model of OpenGL which is unsuitable for efficient general-purpose computing.
The results of this work show that the new CUDA compatible graphic cards are now advanced enough to be considered as efficient hardware accelerators for the Smith-Waterman algorithm. High speed can be obtained with the greatest sensitivity. But this work also opens interesting perspectives as similar strategies of acceleration could be applied to a number widely used algorithms in bioinformatics. Thus equal investments in terms of hardware may lead to much better performances. Future work of our team is planned in the direction of accelerating BLAST.
When calculating Hij the value from the substitution matrix W(qi, dj) is added to Hi−1, j−1. As suggested by Rognes and Seeberg , to avoid the lookup of W(qi, dj) in the internal cycle of the algorithm, we pre-compute a query profile parallel to the query sequence for each possible residue.
The query profile, shown in Figure 5, can be considered as a query-specific substitution matrix computed only once for the entire database. The score for matching symbol A (for alanine) in the database sequence with each of the symbols in the query sequence is stored sequentially in the first matrix row. The scores for matching symbol B are stored in the next row, and so on.
Figure 5. Query-profile. Example of query profile for the protein 029181. For each amino acid, a profile row is filled with the scores obtained matching that amino acid with the query residues, based on the given substitution matrix.
In this way we replace random accesses to the substitution matrix with sequential ones to the query profile. This solution exploits the cache of the GPU texture memory space where the query profile is stored.
Smith-Waterman in CUDA
A great number of parallel threads have to be launched simultaneously to fully exploit the huge computational power of the GPU. The strategy adopted in our implementation in CUDA was to make each GPU thread compute the whole alignment of the query sequence with one database sequence. As explained in the section about the CUDA programming model, the threads are grouped in a grid of blocks when running on the graphics card. In order to make the most efficient use of the GPU resources the computing time of all the threads in the same grid must be as near as possible. For this reason we found it was important to pre-order the sequences of the database in function of their length. So when running, the adjacent threads will need to align the query sequence with two database queries having the nearest possible sizes.
Following is the optimal configuration of threads allowing for the best performance:
• number of threads per block: 64
• number of blocks: 450
• total number of threads per grid: 28800
The ordered database is stored in the global GPU memory, while the query-profile is saved into a texture. For each alignment the matrix is computed column by column in order parallel to the query sequence. To compute a column we need all the H and E values from the previous one. We store them in the local memory of the thread. More precisely, we use two buffers: one for the previous values and one for the newly computed ones. At the end of each column we swap them and so on. Local memory is not cached, so it is very important to choose the right access pattern to this space. The GPU is able to read and write up to 128 bits of the local memory with a single instruction. So each thread reads at once four H and four E values (16 bits long) from the loading buffer plus the respective four values from the profile. It computes the four results for the new column, then it stores them in the storing buffer. To fully take advantage of the memory bandwidth of the graphics card we package the profile in the texture, saving four successive values (always minor than 255) into the four bytes of a single unsigned integer. Thus, each thread can gather all the data needed to compute four cells of the alignment matrix with only two read instructions (one from the local buffer and one from the texture).
Figure 6. Kernel pseudo code. Each thread executes this code on a different database sequence. The pseudo-code for the Smith-Waterman implementation is made up of the outer loop, which cycles on the database sequence characters, followed by the inner loop, which does the basic dynamic programming calculations.
Figure 7. Smith-Waterman in CUDA functioning. Each thread gathers four E and H values from the load buffer (first read operation) and four values from the profile (second read operation: the four values are packaged in a single unsigned integer of the query-profile). The Smith-Waterman algorithm is then applied to these data and the results are saved in the storing buffer (a single write operation). The alignment also requires two supplementary values: an f_north and an h_north. In this case, there is no need to save an entire column, but only two temporary numbers updated at each cell computation.
Before running Smith-Waterman, the implementation automatically detects the number of computational resources available. A dynamic load balancing is achieved according to the number of devices and their computational power. The database is split in the same number of segments as the number of GPUs. Each GPU then computes the alignment of the query with one database segment. The size of the segment depends upon the power of that GPU. The speed of each device is computed after every alignment. A new partitioning of the database is done for the successive query on the base of a weighted average of the performances detected during previous runs. Pre-fixed weights are used for the first run.
List of abbreviations used
CTM – Close To Metal
CUDA – Compute Unified Device Architecture
SIMD – Single Instruction, Multiple Data
GPU – Graphics Processing Unit
GPGPU – General Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Unit
CPU – Central Processing Unit
CUPS – Cells Updates Per Second
SSE – Streaming SIMD Extensions
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
SAM coordinated the study, designed the strategies of parallelization and the architecture of the solution and contributed to writing the manuscript. GV provided the idea for the study, contributed to discussions, analysed the results and contributed to revising of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors wish to thank Antonio Mariano for helping in the implementation of the algorithm. This work was supported by PRIN2005 to GV.
This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 9 Supplement 2, 2008: Italian Society of Bioinformatics (BITS): Annual Meeting 2007. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/9?issue=S2
Liu W, Schmidt B, Voss G, Schroeder A, Muller-Wittig W: Bio-Sequence Database Scanning On GPU. In Proceeding of the 20th IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium: 2006(IPDSP 2006) (HICOMB Workshop. Rhode Island, Greece; 2006.
Methods Enzymol 1990, 183:63-98. PubMed Abstract | <urn:uuid:620866d3-de78-4d23-9f5e-e3d48037ed4a> | {
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Date: March 12, 2003
Soil loss adds to gardening, yard chores this spring
(RICHMOND, VA) - It's probably not surprising to find erosion in your yard following some unusually frequent precipitation. Exposed roots, stones or rocks, narrow rills, gullies or built-up silt in low areas result from erosion.
[Good for you if you thought ahead and mulched bare areas to prevent erosion. If not, remember this tip next fall when you collect leaves - don't lose them to the landfill; keep them for mulch and to make soil amendments for your garden.]
Erosion is a destructive process. Besides exposing plants and looking bad, soil that washes away ends up as sediment in nearby waters. A solution is groundcovers - any plant material that covers the ground surface so you can't see the soil and keeps rain from striking directly upon it.
Turf grass is the most common groundcover, but in Virginia you have options for other low-growing plants native to your area. Groundcovers provide many benefits, such as conserving soil moisture during periods of extreme heat and filling narrow, odd-shaped areas that are hard to mow or edge.
Once eroded areas are fixed, think about your lawn's health as spring approaches. Start by calling your local Cooperative Extension office about a soil test kit.
The test results tell you in plain language if lime is needed to restore the soil's natural chemical balance. The report also tells you what type fertilizer you need and how much.
Don't automatically fertilize in the spring. Closely follow recommendations covering the proper time of year to apply fertilizer. Doing so assures the greatest plant response with the least chance of damage or drainage water pollution.
It's pretty safe to wait until summer to fertilize warm-season grasses such as Bermuda grass and zoysia grass. Wait even longer - September through November is best - to fertilize cool-season grasses like tall fescue, perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass.
Spend less on fertilizer and plastic bags by leaving grass clippings on the lawn after mowing. Proper mowing is very important: Cut no more than one-third of the grass plant at any mowing. A typical quarter-acre lot generates 3,500-4,000 pounds of grass clippings per year! Now consider the disposal costs.
For a month-by-month guide to an environmentally sound lawn and garden or a lawn fertilization brochure, contact the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation at 1-877-42WATER. Or call your local Virginia Cooperative Extension agent. Add hardy plants to your landscape - request regional (mountain, Piedmont and coastal) native plant lists from DCR - or contact the Virginia Native Plant Society at (540) 837-1600.-30- | <urn:uuid:11c4c28f-f420-401d-b469-cf6fef4313d5> | {
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Information on one of Japan's newest rockets was stolen from a desktop computer that was infected with malware, according to a published report that cited officials from the country's space agency.
The computer, located in the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Tsukuba Space Center northeast of Tokyo, was found to be collecting data and transmitting it to computers outside the agency, according to a story published Friday morning by the New York Times. The computer was disinfected after malware was found on it on November 21, and an investigation failed to find any other infected machines.
Some of the data siphoned out of the computer involved Epsilon, a solid-fuel rocket still under development, according to the post. It is ostensibly intended to launch satellite and space probes, although solid-fuel rockets of its size can also be used militarily for intercontinental ballistic missiles. Epsilon also has the ability to be remotely controlled by a personal computer. Its first launch is scheduled for about a year from now.
Over the past decade, incidents involving computer-based espionage have grown increasingly common. A variety of targets from around the world, including those in private industry, government agencies, and human rights organizations, have frequently been hit, with evidence often implicating actors linked to the Chinese government. Highly sophisticated malware dubbed Flame, which reportedly was jointly developed by the US and Israeli governments, has also been used to spy on Iran.
On Friday, researchers from antivirus provider Kaspersky Lab, published details on a targeted attack on Syria's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
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U.S.-Canada-Mexico Fact Sheet on Trade and Migration
Canada and Mexico’s importance to the United States is more than simply a border-state phenomenon. The trading relationship between United States and Canada represents the largest bilateral flow of income, goods, and services in the world. Meanwhile, Mexico is the United States’ second largest trading partner. Between NAFTA coming into effect and 2003, two-way trade between Canada and Mexico more than doubled.
The temporary visa category created for Mexican and Canadian NAFTA Professional Workers enabled 92,951 Canadians and 2,571 Mexicans to enter the United States on visas in 2001. In 2002, Mexico was the country of origin of the largest number of legal immigrant admissions to the U.S, and Mexicans represented about 29.8 percent of the total foreign-born population. In comparison, Canadian immigrant admissions were only 1.8 percent of total legal admissions.
This fact sheet provides a snapshot of the demographics, trade relationships, and migration flows between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico in 2003. | <urn:uuid:dcce5a62-5ea1-49f8-aadd-6207a77eda1b> | {
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If NethServer is also the DHCP server on the network, all the machines will be configured to use the server itself for name resolution.
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l’Aïd el-Fitr – Eid ul-Fitr – عيد الفطر (Arabic: عيد الفطر ‘Īdu ul-Fiṭr), often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim holiday that marks the end of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting. Eid is an Arabic word meaning “festivity”, while Fiṭr means “to break fast”; and so the holiday symbolizes the breaking of the fasting period. It is celebrated after the end of the Islamic month of Ramadan, on the first day of Shawwal.
Eid ul-Fitr lasts for three days of celebration and is sometimes also known as the “Smaller Eid” (Arabic: العيد الصغير al-‘īdu ṣ-ṣaghīr) as compared to the Eid ul-Adha that lasts four days and is called the “Greater Eid” (Arabic: العيد الكبير al-‘īdu l-kabīr).
Muslims are commanded by the Qur’an to complete their fast on the last day of Ramadan and then recite the Takbir all throughout the period of Eid[Qur'an 2:185 (Translated by Shakir)].
Common greetings during this holiday are the Arabic greeting ‘Īd mubārak (“Blessed Eid”) or ‘Īd sa‘īd (“Happy Eid”). In addition, many countries have their own greetings based on local language and traditions.
Typically, Muslims wake up early in the morning and have a small breakfast (as a sign of not being on a fast on that day) of preferably the date fruit, before attending a special Eid prayer (salah) that is performed in congregation at mosques or open areas like fields, squares etc. Muslims are encouraged to dress in their best clothes (new if possible) for the occasion. No adhan or iqama is to be pronounced for this Eid prayer, and it consists of only two raka’ahs. The Eid prayer is followed by the khutbah (sermon) and then a supplication (dua’) asking for forgiveness, mercy and help for all living beings across the world. The khutbah also instructs Muslims as to the performance of rituals of Eid, such as the zakat. It is then customary to embrace the persons sitting on either side of oneself, whilst greeting them. After the prayers, people also visit their relatives, friends and acquaintances and some people also pay visits to the graveyards (ziyarat al-qubur).
The Takbir and other Rituals
The Takbir is recited after having confirmation that the moon of Shawwal is sighted on the eve of the last day of Ramadan. It continues until the start of the Eid prayer. Before the Eid prayer begins, every Muslim who is able must pay Zakat al-fitr, an alms for the month of Ramadan. This equates to about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) of a basic foodstuff (wheat, barley, dates, raisins, etc.), or its cash equivalent, and is typically collected at the mosque. This is distributed to needy local Muslims prior to the start of the Eid prayer. It can be given at any time during the month of Ramadan and is often given early, so the recipient can use it for Eid purchases. This is distinct from Zakat based on wealth, which must be paid to a worthy charity. The Takbir consists of:
Allaahu akbar, Allaahu akbar, Allaahu akbar الله أكبر الله أكبر الله أكبر laa ilaaha illAllaah لا إله إلا الله Allaahu akbar, Allaahu akbar الله أكبر الله أكبر wa li-illaahil-hamd ولله الحمد
- God is the Greatest, God is the Greatest, God is the Greatest,
- There is no deity but God
- God is the Greatest, God is the Greatest
- and to God goes all praise
Allaahu akbar, Allaahu akbar الله أكبر الله أكبر laa ilaaha illAllaah لا إله إلا الله wAllaahu akbar, Allaahu akbar والله أكبر الله أكبر wa li-illaahil-hamd ولله الحمد alhamdulillaah `alaa maa hadaanaa, wa lahul-shukru `ala maa awlaanaa الحمدلله على ما هدانا و له الشكر على ما اولانا
- God is the Greatest, God is the Greatest,
- There is no deity but God
- and God is the Greatest, God is the Greatest
- and to God goes all praise, (We) sing the praises of God because He has shown us the Right Path. (We) gratefully thank Him because He takes care of us and looks after our interests.
Eid al-Fitr marks the end of the fasting of Ramadan. This has to do with the communal aspects of the fast, which expresses many of the basic values of the Muslim community. Fasting is believed by some scholars to extol fundamental distinctions, lauding the power of the spiritual realm, while acknowledging the subordination of the physical realm.
The Islamic tradition also associates events with the occasion. For example, on Eid al-Fitr, the angel Gabriel descended with white clothes for each of prophet Muhammad’s grandsons.
Practices by country
Afghanistan is a Muslim country and religion plays a very important part in the way of life. Afghans observe all religious days and festivals, which are based on the lunar calendar. The two most important festivals are Eid-ul-Fitr (also called Eid-e-Ramazan) and Eid-e-Qorban (sometimes called Eid-ul-Adha).
Eid-ul-Fitr, marks the end of Ramadaan, the month of fasting. Children receive new clothing and families visit relatives and friends. Presents are not exchanged but in recent years the practice of sending Eid cards has increased considerably.
Eid-e-Qorban is the major festival marking the end of the Haj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, and lasts for four days. Again, children receive new clothing and friends and relatives are visited. At each Eid, tea, nuts, sweets and sugared almonds called noql are served to visitors and guests. Often special sweets and pastries are also prepared; halwa-e-swanak, sheer payra, goash-e-feel and others. Many Afghans sacrifice a lamb or calf at Eid-e-Qorban, which takes its name from the word qorban, meaning sacrifice. The meat is distributed among the poor, relatives and neighbours.
There is a Khutbah (sermon) in which the Imam gives advice to the Muslim community and usually Muslims are encouraged to end any past animosities they may have. He then goes on to the khutbah and then the prayer itself. When the local imam declares Eid ul-Fitr everyone greets and hugs each other. As Eid ul-Fitr is not a recognised public holiday in the United Kingdom, Muslims are obliged to attend the morning prayer. In a large ethnically Muslim area, normally schools and local businesses give exemptions to the Muslim community to take three days off. In the rest of the UK it is not recognised as it is not on a fixed date as it is decided by the sighting of the moon on the night before.
During the morning, men (mainly South Asian) usually wear Thobe, Jubba, Sharwani or Punjabi, and women usually wear shalwar kameez. Men go to the mosque for the Eid prayers, after which people greet each other. After this many will go to a local cemetery to pay respect and to remember the deceased. When they return home they will greet the family and friend and also other Muslims and visit relatives across the city. People cook traditional food for their relatives. Dishes such as Samosas, Simeya,Rice and Handesh are particularly popular.
North American Muslims typically celebrate the day in a quiet way. Because the day depends on the sighting of the moon, often families are not aware that the next day will be Eid until the night before. Most check with members of the community to see if the moon has been sighted by anyone. Different methods for determining the end of Ramadan and the beginning of Shawwal are used in each particular community. Because the day is determined by the natural phenomenon of sighting the crescent moon, North Americans on the eastern coast of the continent may celebrate Eid on a different day than those on the western coast.
The end of Ramadan is announced via e-mail, postings on websites, or chain phone calls to all members of a Muslim community. Working persons usually attempt to make arrangements for a lighter work day on the days that may possibly be the Eid day, but many North American Muslims are often noted to not be able to take the entire day off.
North American Muslims usually wake early, have a small breakfast and attend mosques for the Eid prayers.
New York City’s iconic Empire State Building was lit in green in honor of Eid-al-Fitr from October 12-14, 2007.
Traditional Bayram wishes from the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, stating “Let us love, Let us be loved”, in the form of mahya lights stretched across the minarets of the Blue Mosque in Istanbul
In the Republic of Turkey, where Ramadan celebrations are infused with more national traditions, and where country-wide celebrations, religious and secular alike, are altogether referred to as Bayram, it is customary for people to greet one another with “Bayramınız Kutlu Olsun” (“May Your Bayram Be Celebrated”), “Mutlu Bayramlar” (“Happy Bayram”), or the more religious “Bayramınız Mübarek Olsun” (May Your Bayram Be Holy”, i.e. “Holy Bayram Upon You”), while enjoying a number of local customs.
Referred to as both Şeker Bayramı (“Bayram of Sweets”) or Ramazan Bayramı (“Ramadan Bayram”), Eid in Turkey is a beloved public holiday, where schools and government offices are generally closed for the entire period of the celebrations.
It is a time for people to attend prayer services, put on their best clothes (referred to as “Bayramlık”, often purchased just for the occasion) and to visit all their loved ones (such as friends, relatives and neighbors) and pay their respects to the deceased with organized visits to cemeteries, where large, temporary bazaars of flowers, water (for watering the plants adorning a grave), and prayer books are set up for the three-day occasion. The first day of the Bayram is generally regarded as the most important, with all members of the family waking up early, and the men going to their neighborhood mosque for the special Bayram prayer.
It is regarded as especially important to honor elderly citizens by kissing their right hand and placing it on one’s forehead while wishing them Bayram greetings. It is also customary for young children to go around their neighborhood, door to door, and wish everyone a happy Bayram, for which they are awarded candy, chocolates, traditional sweets such as Baklava and Turkish Delight, or a small amount of money at every door, in an almost Halloween-like fashion.
Municipalities all around the country organize fundraising events for the poor, in addition to public shows such as concerts or more traditional forms of entertainment such as the Karagöz and Hacivat shadow-theatre and even performances by the Mehter – the Janissary Band that was founded during the days of the Ottoman Empire.
Helping the less fortunate, ending past animosities and making up, organizing breakfasts and dinners for loved ones and putting together neighborhood celebrations are all part of the joyous occasion, where homes and streets are decorated and lit up for the celebrations, and television and radio channels continuously broadcast a variety of special Bayram programs, which include movie specials, musical programming and celebratory addresses from celebrities and politicians alike.
In the predominantly Shia culture of Iran, Eid is a highly personal event, and celebrations are often more muted. Called Eyde Fetr by most Iranians, charity is important on that day. Visiting the elderly and gathering with families and friends is also very common. Typically, each Muslim family gives food to those in need. Payment of fitra or fetriye is obligatory for each Muslim. Often meat or ghorbani (literally translated as sacrifice, for it is usually a young lamb or calf that is sacrificed for the occasion), which is an expensive food item in Iran, will be given by those in wealthier families to those who have less. The offering of meat is generally a part of the Eid-ul-Azha celebrations and sacrifices (Kurbani) are generally not given during the Eid-ul-fitr celebrations.
Public Eid prayers are held in every Mosque and in public places. The biggest prayer is held in Mosalla (a spacious place for prayer) where the Supreme Leader leads the prayer.
In Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal, the night before Eid is called Chand Raat, which means, night of the moon. People often visit bazaars and shopping malls, with their families and children, for last minute Eid shopping. Women, especially young girls, often paint each others’ hands with traditional “henna” and wear colourful bangles.
During Eid, the traditional greeting is Eid Mubarak, and frequently also includes a formal embrace. Gifts are frequently given—new clothes are traditional—and it is also common for children to be given small sums of money (Eidi) by their elders.It is common for children to “salam” parents and adult relatives, they usually get money from the adult relative, if the family is middle class or wealthy.
After the Eid prayers, it is common for families to visit graveyards and pray for the salvation of departed family members.
Special celebratory dishes in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, and Fiji include sivayyan, a dish of fine, toasted sweet vermicelli noodles with milk & dried fruit. In Bangladesh, the dish is called shemai.
Some people also avail themselves of this opportunity to distribute Zakat, the Islamic obligatory alms tax on one’s wealth, to the needy.
In India the some popular places where Muslims congregate to celebrate Eid at this time are the Jama Masjid in New Delhi, in Kolkata there is a prayer held on the Red Road. People can be spotted in thousands, there is a lot of excitement in the celebration of this festival. Eid is a public holiday and is celebrated all over India. Even non-Muslims visit their Muslim friends on this occasion, to convey their good wishes.
Unlike rest of the Muslim world, South Asians celebrate Eid-ul-fitr for three days.
Eid Ul-Fitr meal, Malaysia
In Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, Eid is also commonly known as Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Hari Raya Idul Fitri or Hari Raya Puasa. Hari Raya literally means ‘Celebration Day’. Muslims in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore celebrate Eid like other Muslims throughout the world. It is the biggest holiday in Indonesia and one of the biggest in Malaysia and is the most awaited one. Shopping malls and bazaars are filled with people days ahead of Hari Raya, causing a distinctive festive atmosphere throughout the country. Many banks, government and private offices are closed for this holiday.
The night before Eid is with the takbir which is held in the mosques or musallas. In many parts of Indonesia as well as Malaysia, especially in rural areas, pelita or panjut or lampu colok (as known by Malay-Singaporeans) (oil lamps, similiar to tiki torches) are lit up and placed outside and around the house. Eid also witnesses a huge temporary migratory pattern of Muslims, from big metropolitan cities to rural areas to celebrate the Eid with family members because the majority of Muslims are from rural areas. This is known as balik kampung in Malaysia or mudik in Indonesia — it means going back to the hometown. Special dishes like ketupat, dodol, lemang (a type of glutinous rice cake cooked in bamboo) and other Indo-Malay (and in the case of Malaysia, also Nyonya) delicacies are served during this day.
It is common to greet people with “Selamat Hari Raya Idul Fitri” or “Salam Aidilfitri” (in Malaysia) which means “Happy Eid”. Muslims also greet one another with “mohon maaf lahir dan batin” in Indonesia and “maaf zahir dan batin” in Malaysia, which means “Forgive my physical and emotional (wrongdoings)”, because Eid ul-Fitr is not only for celebrations but also the time for Muslims to ask for forgiveness for any sin which they may have committed but was cleansed as a result of the fasting in the Muslim month of Ramadan.
It is customary for Muslim-Indonesians and Muslim-Malaysians to wear traditional cultural outfits on the Eid. The outfit for men is called baju melayu or baju koko which is worn together with kain samping (made out of songket) and songkok (a dark coloured headgear); in Indonesia the men will usually wear pants with similar color to the shirt or (normal black pants) and a (black head cover called) [Peci]. The women in Indonesia and Malaysia wear what is known as baju kurung and baju kebaya. It is a common practice however for the Muslim-Malays in Singapore to refer to the baju kurung in reference to the type of outfit, worn by men.
For the non-Malay Muslims, they would sometimes don costumes that are peculiar to their respective culture and tradition.
Once the prayer is completed, it is also common for Muslims in Indonesia and Malaysia to visit the graves of loved ones. During this visit, they clean the grave, recite Ya-Seen, a chapter (surah) from the Qur’an and also perform the tahlil ceremony. All these are done to ask God to forgive the dead and also those who are living for all their sins.
The rest of the day is spent visiting relatives or serving visitors. Eid ul-Fitr is a very joyous day for children for on this day adults are especially generous. In Malaysia, children will be given token sums of money, also known as “duit raya,” from their parents or elders.
In Indonesia there is a special ritual called halal bi-halal. During this, Muslim-Indonesians visit their elders, in the family, the neighborhood, or their work, and show respect to them. They will also seek reconciliation (if needed), and preserve or restore harmonious relations.
Burmese Muslims’ way of celebrating Eid
Burma or Myanmar
In Burma/Myanmar Eid ul-Fitr lasts for only one day of celebration for the Burmese Muslims. We call this day as Eid Nei’ (Nei’=day) or Eid Ka Lay (Ka Lay=small) or Shai Mai Eid (because Shai Mai or sayviah/ sweet vermicelli served with fried cashews, coconut shreds, raisins with milk is the main Burmese Muslim traditional food cooked during the Burmese Muslim Eids).
Although it is never a gazetted public holiday in Myanmar, most of the bosses have an understanding on the Burmese Muslims and usually even willing to give an unrecorded holiday to the Muslim staff. And they even used to take time off during the office hour to visit their Muslim staff usually also accompanied by other non-Muslim staff under them.
As there is no single Islamic authority in Myanmar to give a decision, it is sometimes difficult to get an agreement about the sighting of the moon for the Eid or the start of Ramadan. So even in a small town or a village, Eid could be celebrated on different days. So it is difficult for the successive governments to declare a holiday on Eid ul-Fitr.
But the Eid al-Adha “Festival of Sacrifice” or “Greater Eid” is a gazetted public Holiday. Burmese Muslims could celebrate as this annually falls on the 10th day of the month of Dhul Hijja (ذو الحجة) of the lunar Islamic calendar. The festivities last for one day only in Burma. It is easy for the Myanmar governments to declare a holiday because sighting of the moon is ten day’s earlier and the Eid al-Adha could be celebrate for three days. Usually they fixed the date following the Saudi authorities as Haj is more important for all of us.
Burmese Muslims are used to recite the Takbir during the prayers at Mosques, not loudly, all throughout the three day’s period of Eid.
Burmese Muslims are from Hanafi sect of Sunni Muslims. So we perform EidSalaah as Wajib (necessary and therefore to deliberately miss them is a sin) Namaz (Salaah) two rakat with six extra Takbirs only.
During Eid, the traditional greeting is giving Salaam only or sometimes saying Eid Mubarak. We say Assalamualaikum from the mouth and put our right hand on the forehead as if giving a salute, but usually there is no shaking hands and rarely only includes a formal embrace. Gifts or foods are frequently given to the elder relatives and even non-Muslim bosses and authorities, new clothes are traditionally meant for the family members and the workers or staff only but Burmese Muslim elders used to give Eidi to all the children. Children used to get more from their parents, quite a lot from the wealthy near relatives and friends but at least a token sum of small amount of money even from the strangers especially if they go around the neighborhood in groups purposely just to collect Eidi.
It is common for children and young people to go around giving “salaam” to parents, elder relatives and other elders in the neighborhood. During the Eid Burmese Muslims used to ask forgiveness from elders and try to forgive and forget the misunderstandings amongst each other. Asking for forgiveness is usually done to the parents and elders.
The followings are the delicacies Burmese Muslims usually cook for the Eid:
- Burmese Muslims bake the Sa-Nwin-Ma-Kin or Burmese Semolina Cake or Semolina Pudding or (Kuih) Sooji, using Sooji (Semolina), eggs, cream of wheat (Semolina), coconut cream, sugar, raisins and milk. It is topped with sesame seeds and baked with the charcoal slow fire above and below to made them like brownie golden cakes.
- This is also made as a delicacies called Halwa(In Burma this is referred to a loose form,something like smashed potato)without baking into a hard or firmer cake.
- Danbauk [dan pauʔ]) Htamin or Burmese Biryani Burmese-style biryani with either chicken or mutton served with mango pickle, fresh mint and green chili. It is also a Burmese Muslim favorite food cooked during Eid. Popular ingredients are cashew nuts, yogurt, raisins and peas, chicken, cloves, cinnamon, saffron and bay leaf. In Burmese biryani, the chicken is cooked with the rice. Biryani is also eaten with a salad of sliced onions and cucumber.
- Htawbat htamin, rice made with butter and mostly eaten with chicken curry.
- Various types of Khow suey, Burmese Khow Suey – Indian Style , are famous.
- Panthay khao swè [panθei kʰauʔ swɛ]), halal noodles with chicken and spices, often served by Chinese Muslims
- Ohn-no khao swè [ounnouʔ kʰauʔswɛ]), curried chicken and wheat noodles in a coconut milk broth similar to Malaysian laksa and Chiang Mai’s khao soi
- Seejet khao swè [sʰi tʃʰɛʔ kʰauʔ swɛ]), wheat noodles with duck or pork, fried garlic oil, soy sauce and chopped spring onions
- Jin thohk [dʒin θouʔ]), ginger salad with sesame seeds
- Jarzan hin, [dʒazan hin]) glass noodle soup with chicken, wood-ear mushrooms, dried flowers, onions, boiled egg, garnished with coriander, thin-sliced onions, crushed dried chilli and a dash of lime (Mandalay).
- Jauk-kyaw [tʃaoʔtʃau]), agar jelly usually set in two layers with coconut milk.
- Montletsaung [moun̰leʔsʰaun]), tapioca balls, glutinous rice, grated coconut and toasted sesame with jiggery syrup in coconut milk
- Samusa [sʰa mu sʰa̰]), Burmese-style samosa with mutton and onions served with fresh mint, green chilli, onions and lime
- Samusa thohk [sʰa mu sʰa̰ θouʔ]), samosa salad with onions, cabbage, fresh mint, potato curry, masala, chili powder, salt and lime.
- Shai Mai or Sa Wai or sayviah/ sweet vermicelli served with fried cashews, coconut shreds, raisins with milk is the main Burmese Muslim traditional food cooked during the Burmese Muslim Eids)
Sometimes Burmese Muslims pray or perform Eid salah (we called Eid Namaz)at Eidgah or Idgah at the open spaces outside or in the cities. Usually Burmese Muslim women are not allowed to pray together at the Masjids or Eidgah.
Traditionally Burmese Muslim women are also not allowed to enter the graveyards.
Burmese Muslims are usually forbidden by the religious authorities from decorating their homes with the lights, lamps or colourful electric bulbs. Both the children and the adults are also advised by the religious elders not to celebrate with the fireworks and firecrackers. Wishing friends and relatives with the Eid cards or sending Eid cards through internet is just a newly acquired culture for the Burmese Muslims.
Philippines, with a majority Christian population, has recognized Eid ul-Fitr as a regular holiday by virtue of Republic Act No. 9177 and signed on November 13, 2002. The law was enacted in deference to the Muslim-Filipino community and to promote peace among major religions in the Philippines. The first public holiday was set on December 6, 2002.
In China, out of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups, Eid ul-Fitr is celebrated by 10 ethnic groups that practice Islam which amount to 18 million of the total population according to official statistics. It is also a public holiday in China in certain regions, including two province prefecture level regions, Ningxia and Xinjiang. All residents in these areas are entitled of either a one-day or three-day holiday. Whereas outside the Muslim regions, only Muslims have a one-day holiday. In Xinjiang particularly, Eid ul-Fitr is even celebrated by Han Chinese population during which holiday supply such as mutton and beef is distributed to households as part of welfare scheme by government agencies, public and private institutions or businesses.
In the Yunnan province, Muslims are spread throughout the region. On Eid ul-Fitr, however, they travel to Sayyid ‘Ajjal’s grave, after their communal prayers. First there are readings from the Qur’an, then the tomb is cleaned (reminiscent of the historic annual Chinese Qingming festival in which people go their ancestors’ graves, sweep and clean the area and then make food offerings). Finally the accomplishments of the Sayyid ‘Ajall are told. In conclusion, a special service is held to honor the hundreds of thousands of Muslims killed during the Qing dynasty, and the hundreds killed during the Cultural Revolution.
They celebrate Eid in many countries in Africa.
Tunisia sees three to four days of celebration, with preparations starting several days earlier. Special biscuits are made to give to friends and relatives on the day. we can mention “Baklawa” and several kinds of “kaak”. The men will go to the mosque early in the morning, while the women either go with them or prepare their children with new outfits and toys to celebrate as well as a big family lunch generally in parents house.
In Cape Town, hundreds of people gather at Green Point for the sighting of the moon on the last day of Ramadan each year. The gathering brings together people from all walks of life, and everyone comes with something to share with others at the time of breaking the fast. The Magrib prayer is then conducted and the sighting of the moon is announced thereafter.
The Day of Eid ul-Fitr is celebrated by first attending the Mosque for Eid prayer. This is followed by visiting neighbours and family. Children receive presents and money from elder members of the family, relatives and neighbours. Most people wear new clothes with bright colours, while biscuits, cakes, samoosas, pies and tarts are presented to visitors as treats. Lunch is usually served in large family groups.
Nigeria is a secular environment. Therefore, as Muslims celebrate the festival, Christians also participate. the Eid is popularly known as “Small Sallah” and people generally greet each other with “Barka De Sallah” which means greetings on sallah in Hausa language. People Celebrate by observing the Eid prayer at designated praying grounds and then retire home to eat meals prepared by the women. The Federal holiday is typically 2 days in Nigeria. Nigerians travel to their respective hometowns irrespective of their religions during this Sallah especially if the holiday is continuous with a weekend.
In the Gregorian calendar
Although Eid ul-Fitr is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar falls approximately 11 days earlier each successive year, since the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Gregorian calendar is solar. Eid may also vary from country to country depending on whether the moon has been sighted or not. The future dates for the US are estimated at:
- 2009: 21 September
- 2010: 10 September
- 2011: 31 August
- 2012: 19 August
- 2013: 8 August
- 2014: 29 July
- 2015: 19 July
Eid ul-Fitr begins the night before each of the above dates, at sunset.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eid ul-fitr
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Children and old folks are given duit raya or gifts of money, in small envelopes. In recent years, many givers have opted for the Chinese practice of putting the money in ang pow packets; however instead of the usual red, the packets are green in colour.
This is also a time to forgive and forget past quarrels. Asking for pardon is done in order of seniority. The younger members of a family approach their elders (parents, grandparents etc) to seek forgiveness, to salam (Muslim equivalent of a handshake), then kiss the hands of the older person as a sign of respect.
The usual greeting (that is uttered with the salam) during Aidilfitri is “Selamat Hari Raya”, which means “Wishing you a joyous Hari Raya”.
Although the first three days are celebrated on a grander scale, many Muslims hold “open house” throughout the month, where friends and neighbours of other races are invited to join in the celebrations.
Hari Raya Puasa
Muslims celebrate the festival of Aidilfitri – popularly known as Hari Raya Puasa, or simply Hari Raya (Day of Celebration) in Malaysia – to mark the culmination of Ramadhan, the holy month of fasting.
It is a joyous occasion for Muslims, as it signifies a personal triumph, a victory of self-restraint and abstinence, symbolising purification and renewal.
Fasting during the month of Ramadhan is compulsory or wajib, whereby Muslims are required to abstain from satisfying their most basic needs and urges, daily, between sunrise and sunset. It is one of the five tenets of Islam; as is the paying of zakat (alms tax for the poor), which must be tithed by the end of Ramadhan.
In Malaysia, the period of fasting ends when the new moon is sighted on the evening of the last day of Ramadhan. The actual sighting is conducted by state appointed religious officials at various vantage points (usually at hilltops) throughout the country.
If the crescent is sighted, the following day is then declared the first day of Aidilfitri, which is also the beginning of the 10th month of the Muslim calendar Syawal.
A time to forgive and forget
Aidilfitri is celebrated for the whole month of Syawal, but in Malaysia, only the first two days are observed as public holidays. It is widely common however, to see Muslims taking the first week off from work.
Urbanites make their annual pilgrimage to their hometowns (this is popularly referred to as balik kampung), to be with parents, relatives and old friends. Thus, cities like Kuala Lumpur get relatively quiet during the festive season of Aidilfitri.
The Muslim community ushers in the first day of Aidilfitri by congregating at mosques for morning prayers. Everyone is usually decked out in their traditional best to mark the special occasion. Men are usually dressed in Baju Melayu, while the Baju Kurung, the quintessential Malay attire for females, is the prefered choice for the fairer sex.
Then it’s usually breakfast at home with the family, followed by a visit to the cemetery where deceased loved ones are remembered; graves are cleaned and cleared of overgrowth, and prayers are offered to Allah.
Before the big day
The joy of Hari Raya Puasa actually begins before the first day. A week or so before the big day, excitement mounts as the house is readied for the celebration with new furnishing and decorations.
Of particular interest are the last 10 days of Ramadan, where many keep vigil for Lailatul Qadr (The Night of Decree), the night when the Quran was sent down. It is believed that angels descend and shower blessings on that particular night, so homes are brightly decorated with oil lamps or pelita.
Mosques, as well as government and some commercial buildings, are also decorated and brightly lit to mark the auspicious day. The most predominant colour seen in decorations during this season is green which is commonly associated with Islamic items. It is often combined with yellow or gold.
As for motifs, by far the most frequently used symbol is that of the ketupat (rice cakes wrapped in coconut leaves); it is invariably used on Hari Raya greeting cards, hanging decorative items, and as a promotional image for the season.
The ketupat is traditional Hari Raya fare and is often served with beef rendang (beef cooked with spices and coconut milk) and/or satay (grilled meat on a skewer).
Other festive delicacies include lemang (glutinous rice cooked in bamboo tubes), serunding (dessicated coconut fried with chilli) and curry chicken. | <urn:uuid:63cab142-ad00-4a36-9722-be15b31f685c> | {
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Wayanad District, in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1 , 1980 as the 12th district, carved
out of Kozhikode and Kannur districts. The etymology of
the word Wayanad is Vayal (paddy) Naad (land); 'Land of Paddy Fields'. There are many
indigeneous tribals in this area. It is set lofty on the majestic
Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 Metres above
mean sea level.
District of Wayanad is on the southern tip of the Deccan plateau. On it’s North, South and West lie the districts of
Kannur, Malappuram and Kozhikode (Calicut). To it’s North and East, it borders the Karnataka districts
of Coorg and Mysore. Further to the southeast lies the Nilgiri district of
Kalpetta is the District Headquarters. Sultan Bathery and Mananthavady are the
The district enjoys uniformly pleasant climate throughout the year. The period
between Dec. and Feb. is rather chilly (avg. 150C ).
Cardamom, Coffee, Pepper, Tea, and Vanilla.
Average over 2300 mm. Wayanad, like the rest of Kerala gets two Monsoons: the SW
(Jun. - Sept.) and the NE (Oct. - Nov.). Lakkidi, the place which gets the
highest rainfall in the state is in Wayanad.
Light summer clothes for most of the year. However between Dec. and Feb. it is
advisable to carry warm clothes.
While Malayalam is the local language, English and Hindi are widely spoken and
understood. Kannada and Tamil are also understood towards border regions.
Major Tourist spots in wayanad
This perennial fresh water lake, nestled among wooded hills, is the only one of
its kind in Kerala. A fresh water aquarium with large variety of fish is an
added attraction. Tourists can also avail of boating facilities, children’s
park, and a shopping centre for handicrafts and spices.
The two caves are located at a height of 1000 metre on Ambukutty Hill near
Ambalavayal. The New Stone Age pictorial writings on the walls of these natural
caves at Edakkal are evidence of the civilisation that existed in Wayanad in
prehistoric times. The caves can be accessed only by a 1 km trekking trial from
Lakkidi is the gateway to Wayanad. It is situated 700 metre above mean sea
level, at the crest of the Thamarassery Ghat pass. Luxuriant forests, lofty
peaks, gurgling streams and a good number of monkeys on both sides give thrill
to the journey up the winding roads to this hill station. The 12 kilometre long
journey through ghat road with nine hairpin bends amidst thick forests is a
Rare species of birds can be sighted from the watch tower of this bird’s
sanctuary. This place can be accessed only by trekking.
Kuruva Dweep (island)
The Kuruva island is a 950 acre of ever green forest
lying on the tributaries of east flowing river Kabani. It is an ideal picnic
spot, far away from the disturbance of city life. The island is uninhabited.
Rare species of birds, orchids and herbs are found here.
Pazhassi Raja's Tomb
King Pazhassi, known as the “Lion of Kerala”, who
organised guerrilla type warfare against British East India Company, was
cremated in Mananthavady in 1805.
Thirunelli is situated north-east of Mananthavady
under the Brahmagiri hills in the reserve forests. The Temple is a marvel of temple architecture. The shrine is
shielded with 30 granite columns and the ground is paved with huge square pieces
of granite. The crystal clear waters of the Papanasini river running downhill
add to the enchantment of the place. Pakshipathalam, an interesting trekking
centre, is 7 kms. away from the temple.
Muthanga Wild Life Sanctuary
Thick forests covering an area of 345 sq. kms form
the Muthanga Wild Life Sanctuary – the biggest aboad of wild animals in north
Kerala. Elephant, spotted deer, bison, tiger, cheetah, wild bear, etc. are found
in this sanctuary. The forest department has facilities for providing elephant
rides to tourists. Muthanga, which is 16 kms east of Sulthan Bathery, is located
very near to the Karnataka boarder.
At 2100 metre above mean sea level, Chembra is the
highest peak in Wayanad and is an ideal area for trekking. Climbing this peak is
a challenging endeavour and would take a full day.
The waterfall at Soochippara near Meppadi is really a
treasure of nature. The stretch of waterfalls ranging at places from 100 to 300
feet height is a treat to the eyes. The pool below provides for water rafting,
swimming, bathing etc.
Banasura Sagar Dam
This is the largest earth dam in India. The topography here is such that many islands will be
formed in the upstream of the dam when the dam is full. These islands with the
background of the Banasura hill will provide an enchanting sight to tourists.
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About the Author
New Zealand's most famous writer, who was closely associated with D.H. Lawrence and something of a rival of Virginia Woolf. Mansfield's creative years were burdened with loneliness, illness, jealousy, alienation - all this reflected in her work with the bitter depiction of marital and family relationships of her middle-class characters. Her short stories are also notable for their use of stream of consciousness. Like the Russian writer Anton Chekhov, Mansfield depicted trivial events and subtle changes in human behavior.
Katherine Mansfield was born in Wellington, New Zealand, into a middle-class colonial family. Her father, Harold Beauchamp, was a banker and her mother, Annie Burnell Dyer, was of genteel origins. She lived for six years in the rural village of Karori. Later on Mansfield said "I imagine I was always writing. Twaddle it was, too. But better far write twaddle or anything, anything, than nothing at all." At the age of nine she had her first text published. As a first step to her rebellion against her background, she withdrew to London in 1903 and studied at Queen's College, where she joined the staff of the College Magazine. Back in New Zealand in 1906, she then took up music, and had affairs with both men and women. Her father denied her the opportunity to become a professional cello player - she was an accomplished violoncellist. In 1908 she studied typing and bookkeeping at Wellington Technical College. Her lifelong friend Ida Baker (L.M., Leslie Moore in her diary and correspondence) persuaded Mansfield's father to allow Katherine to move back to England, with an allowance of £100 a year. There she devoted herself to writing. Mansfield never visited New Zealand again.
After an unhappy marriage in 1909 to George Brown, whom she left a few days after the wedding, Mansfield toured for a while as an extra in opera. Before the marriage she had an affair with Garnett Trowell, a musician, and became pregnant. In Bavaria, where Mansfield spent some time, she suffered a miscarriage. During her stay in Germany she wrote satirical sketches of German characters, which were published in 1911 under the title In a German Pension. Earlier her stories had appeared in The New Age. On her return to London in 1910, Mansfield became ill with an untreated sexually transmitted disease, a condition which contributed to her weak health for the rest of her life. She attended literary parties without much enthusiasm: "Pretty rooms and pretty people, pretty coffee, and cigarettes out of a silver tankard... I was wretched."
In 1911 Mansfield met John Middleton Murray, a Socialist and former literary critic, who was first a tenant in her flat, then her lover. Mansfield co-edited and contributed to a series of journals. Until 1914 she published stories in Rhythm and The Blue Review. During the war she travelled restlessly between England and France. In 1915 she met her brother "Chummie". When he died in World War I, Mansfield focused her writing on New Zealand and her family. 'Prelude' (1916), one of her most famous stories, was written during this period. In 1918 Mansfield divorced her first husband and married John Murray. In the same year she was found to have tuberculosis.
Mansfied and Murray became closely associated with D.H. Lawrence and his wife Frieda. When Murray had an affair with the Princess Bibesco (née Asquith), Mansfield objected not to the affair but to her letters to Murray: "I am afraid you must stop writing these love letters to my husband while he and I live together. It is one of the things which is not done in our world." (from a letter to Princess Bibesco, 1921)
In her last years Mansfield lived much of her time in southern France and in Switzerland, seeking relief from tuberculosis. As a part of her treatment in 1922 at an institute, Mansfield had to spend a few hours every day on a platform suspended over a cow manger. She breathed odors emanating from below but the treatment did no good. Without the company of her literary friends, family, or her husband, she wrote much about her own roots and her childhood. Mansfield died of a pulmonary hemorrhage on January 9, 1923, in Gurdjieff Institute, near Fontainebleau, France. Her last words were: "I love the rain. I want the feeling of it on my face."
Mansfield's family memoirs were collected in Bliss (1920), which secured her reputation as a writer. In the next two years she did her best work, the peak of her achievement being the Garden Party (1922), which she wrote during the final stages of her illness. Only three volumes of Mansfield's stories were published during her lifetime. 'Miss Brill' was about a woman who enjoys the beginning of the Season. She goes to her "special" seat with her fur. She had taken it out of its box in the afternoon, shaken off the moth-powder, and given it a brush. She feels that she has a part in the play in the park, and somebody will notice if she isn't there. A couple sits near her. The girl laughs at her fur and the man says: "Why does she come here at all - who wants her? Why doesn't she keep her silly old mug at home?" Miss Brill hurries back home, unclasps the neckpiece quickly, and puts it in the box. "But when she put the lid on she thought she heard something crying." In 'The Garden Party' (1921) an extravagant garden-party is arranged on a beautiful day. Laura, the daughter of the party's hostess, hears of the accidental death of a young local working-class man, Mr. Scott. The man lived in the neighborhood. Laura wants to cancel the party, but her mother refuses to understand. She fills a basket with sandwiches, cakes, pastries and other food, goes to the widow's house, and sees the dead man in the bedroom where he is lying. "He was wonderful, beautiful. While they were laughing and while the band was playing, this marvel had come to the lane." Crying she tells her brother who is looking for her: "'It was simply marvellous. But, Laurie - ' She stopped, she looked at her brother. 'Isn't life,' she stammered, 'isn't life - ' But what life was she couldn't explain. No matter. He quite understood."
Mansfield was greatly influenced by Anton Chekhov
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Mobile Web Development
The mobile Web refers to access to the world wide web, i.e. the use of browser-based Internet services, from a handheld mobile device, such as a smartphone, a feature phone or a tablet computer, connected to a mobile network or other wireless network.
Traditionally, access to the Web has been via fixed-line services on large-screen laptops and desktop computers. However, the Web is becoming more accessible by portable and wireless devices. An early 2010 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) report said that with the current growth rates, web access by people on the go — via laptops and smart mobile devices – is likely to exceed web access from desktop computers within the next five years. The shift to mobile Web access has been accelerating with the rise since 2007 of larger multitouch smartphones, and of multitouch tablet computers since 2010. Both platforms provide better Internet access, screens, and mobile browsers- or application-based user Web experiences than previous generations of mobile devices have done. Web designers may work separately on such pages, or pages may be automatically converted as in Mobile Wikipedia.
The distinction between mobile Web applications and native applications is anticipated to become increasingly blurred, as mobile browsers gain direct access to the hardware of mobile devices (including accelerometers and GPS chips), and the speed and abilities of browser-based applications improve. Persistent storage and access to sophisticated user interface graphics functions may further reduce the need for the development of platform-specific native applications.
mobile web applications have gained popularity since the advent of iPhone and iPad, all the credit goes to Apple in this regard. But we should not forget Google's Android which helped users with low budget to use smart phone and devices. Microsoft was too late to follow all this.
Mobile web application development is a better choice for delivering content and shopping functions, since content can be easily accessed by search engines. It is easier to drive advertising traffic to a mobile landing page than to drive traffic to an app store to complete a download before visitors are able to interact with your content. These advantages make developing mobile web a popular solution.
mobile application development is becoming so poplar after the invention of iphone and its so easy to access internet and other flexible features over mobile and its became so popular as user can use different social media sites. now-a-days mobile becoming a source of internet marketing.
A mobile website design would help you increase the number of visitors who would more frequently visit your website.
A website which can be easily accessed by mobile gives away sign of confidence.
A mobile website design has a wider scope. It targets people who are constantly moving from one place t another which means it will easily gain more and more popularity.
Improved User Experience
Faster Download Speed
Engagement and Context.. etc
so mobile web development is getting popular and necessary now-a-days.
The Mobile devices have different hardware characteristics compared with desktop or laptop computers.
There are many features of mobile such as orientation of screen while rotates, Touch Screen for input, etc.
The API like Geolocation or orientation are not supported on desktops, and these APIs provides users new ways to interact with your site by using mobile devices.
According to the recent statistics published by Juniper Research, it has been estimated that there would be an exponential growth in the number of mobile web users by 2014. The number of mobile web users will climb up to 2.4 billion from 1.2 billion. Mobile Website Design is a new technology which is fast catching on with online businesses. Each day, new statistical data is confirming the rise in mobile usage. A mobile compatible website has become essential to reach out to new potential customers.
Last few years mobile web has significantly increased because people have skipped buying PCs and Laptops gone straight to be mobile. The main reason is faster mobile broadband connection and cheaper data service. So the web developers and designers can no longer afford to ignore it.
Mobile Applications are split into two broad categories:
Web-Based: These types of applications are accessed using browsers in mobile devices. The mobile development interface uses a collection of templates based on the jQuery Mobile framework. This framework is designed to seamlessly run and correctly deliver mobile web application on varied mobile devices with different operating systems. Because of a single codebase, a mobile web application can be accessed from any mobile device, irrespective of operating system. The process of accessing such applications is very simple. All that is needed is to have the correct URL, that you put into the mobile browser, and respective id with password. The application code is not stored on the device but is delivered by the application server. This way you can easily handle application updates. You only need to update the application on the server, allowing potentially thousands of users to enjoy the latest version. The second advantage to this approach is that you are not required to send updates to every client (as required in native applications), which ensures that the accessed application is current with all provided features. Oracle Corporation provides a simple free tool called Application Express (APEX) with its database that allows you to rapidly build web application that can be accessed on the desktop, a mobile device, or both. To build a mobile application in APEX, you use SQL and PL/SQL code. Here are some pros and cons to web-based applications:
- Updates are uploaded only to the application server and become instantly available for all platforms and devices.
- Same application code for all browser-enabled mobile device.
- Use of same application building procedures and core web technologies.
- Doesn’t need app store approval.
- To access these applications you need a reasonable Internet connection.
- Slower than native applications because these applications are based on interpreted code rather than compiled code.
- Not available in the app stores.
- Cannot interact with device hardware such as camera, microphone, compass, file uploading etc.
Native (On-Device): These applications are on the other side and are built for specific mobile operating system, such as Windows Mobile, Android, iOS, or BlackBerry. Native mobile applications are written for a specific target operating system in its own supported language. For instance, to develop an application for Windows device, you’ll use C# (C Sharp), for iOS devices it is Objective-C, and for Android, you need to be a master of Java. This means that your app is tied to a specific platform and won’t run on another. Native applications are downloaded and stored locally on the device. Because of this capability, these applications are considered better performers. Additionally, these applications have the biggest advantage to interact with different device hardware (camera, compass, accelerometer, and more). Using a local data store (SQL Lite), these applications can even work when disconnected from the Internet. As a developer you have to handle version discrepancies because updates of these applications are downloaded manually. Let’s see what pros and cons this category has:
- Being native, it performs better than its counterpart.
- Offline availability.
- Complete access to device’s hardware.
- Can be added to and searched in an app store.
- Expensive to develop.
- Single platform support. Need to build a separate app for a different OS, which means additional time and cost.
- To get space on the device’s app store, your app is required to undergo an approval process.
The content on mobile app development over the web are interesting and useful on mu way to work in web development.
In the recent time most of the users are using mobiles for surffing Internet and for attacting the visitors we have to provide them a mobile friendly site or we can also provide the mobile app for our visitors.
Hi there, I'm Mary thank you for this info about Mobile Web Development, I'm so glad it helps me on my web development learning for my company.
**Links removed by Site Administrator so it doesn't look like you're spamming us. Please don't post them again.**
I would like to prefer Responsive Website design. In Mobile website development, we need to create all things. And In Responsive, it only differs by CSS function. I hope that would be easier.
Mobile web development is really very helpful to produce traffic to your website because mostly users access internet on their mobile devices.
Mobile web development includes creating a mobile version of your website or creating apps for the same. It is of great benefit because the excess in the usage of smartphones helps to fetch more traffic
Users Browsing this Thread
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Microsoft Email Support
Get basic information and help to get started with email on your computer and phone. Learn where to get and how to set up Microsoft Windows Live Mail.
What happened to Hotmail, Windows Mail and Outlook Express?
Email is a message transmitted electronically between two devices over a network. An email message consists of a header which has the originator's email address, one or more recipient addresses, the date and time the message was sent and the message's subject. Email addresses consist of a name and domain name separated by an @ symbol. Every email also includes a message body which contains the message being sent.
What happened to Windows Mail and Outlook Express?
Windows Mail was the email program included with Windows Vista. Outlook Express was the email program included with Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows Me and Windows 98.
Hotmail was a free web-based email service that was replaced by Outlook.com. All Hotmail accounts will be automatically upgraded to Outlook.com, but you’ll keep your same login, password, saved emails, and rules.
Need help with Microsoft products for email?
Microsoft provides fully featured email applications which enable you to read email, manage your inbox, setup multiple email accounts, open attachments, and much more. For tips, tutorials, problems, and errors for Windows email clients, select the appropriate link below.
Learn more about Outlook.com
Learn More About Email
Mobile and email
Windows Phone 6.5 and email
Windows Phone and email
Setup your phone to sync your Hotmail inbox, calendar and contacts using ActiveSync
Learn more about using email on your Windows Phone
Email hoaxes and scams
Don't be fooled by false email
Computer viruses: description, prevention, and recovery
Think you have a virus on your computer?
Computer virus symptoms
Self support options
Windows Live Mail help and how to
Microsoft Hotmail help and how to
Microsoft Community: Hotmail
Microsoft Community: Outlook
Assisted supportContact a support professional by e-mail, online, or phone.
Windows Mail (Vista)
Outlook 2011 for Mac
Outlook Express 6.0 | <urn:uuid:53deb1c3-139f-4a05-b1c0-5adf99751b0f> | {
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It has happened to all of us at some point. You’re playing sports and a ball glances off the tip of your finger. Or you reach for something and jam the tip of your finger. Typically there is a lot of swelling and discomfort afterwards. But when is a jammed finger something more than a sprain and needs to be evaluated by a doctor?
The finger is a brilliantly designed machine with tendons running on both sides that allow you to flex and extend at each joint. Covering those tendons is
a sheath that allows smooth movement and pulleys that keep the tendons where they need to be for added mechanical advantage.
So when you jam your finger there are a lot of structures that could be damaged.
Injuries can occur at any of these structures. Most injuries are soft tissue injuries that heal well without surgery or immobilization.
However, there are several symptoms that should raise your suspicion for a more serious underlying injury and may require evaluation:
If so, you may have an underlying dislocation or fracture that needs to be seen at the emergency room or urgent care center. Joints need to be in a normal anatomic position to prevent further damage and preserve function.
If not, you may have an injury to either one of the flexor tendons, extensor tendons, or bones that they attach to. This needs to be evaluated on an urgent basis as well, as the sooner it can be evaluated and repaired the better chance of avoiding a loss of function.
Barring any of the above symptoms, jammed fingers should reliably improve over the course of a few days with rest, icing for swelling, and anti-inflammatories for pain control. Depending on the location of the injury and the structure injured, your finger may need to be immobilized for a period of time. Immobilization can include taping the injured finger to an adjacent finger, a splint for the end of the injured finger to keep the joint extended, or a cast that extends to the forearm. Periods of immobilization vary depending on the structure injured.
Prompt assessment and treatment are the keys to ensuring that serious injuries do not result in any disability and and maximize the opportunity for a full return of function. | <urn:uuid:6f52d0e9-5b08-4e02-8527-fe3e79a51280> | {
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ON THIS PAGE: You will learn about how doctors describe a cancer’s growth or spread. This is called the stage. To see other pages, use the menu on the side of your screen.
Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting other parts of the body. Doctors use diagnostic tests to find out the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all the tests are finished. Knowing the stage helps the doctor to decide what kind of treatment is best and can help predict a patient's prognosis, which is the chance of recovery. There are different stage descriptions for different types of cancer. For pancreatic cancer, it is important for the staging to be done at a center with experience in staging pancreatic cancer.
Doctors use several systems to stage pancreatic cancer. The method used to stage other cancers, called the TNM classification, is not often used for pancreatic cancer; however, for completeness, it is discussed below. The more common way to classify pancreatic cancer is to divide it into four categories based on whether it can be removed with surgery and where it has spread:
Resectable. This type of pancreatic cancer can be surgically removed. The tumor may be located only in the pancreas or extends beyond it, but it has not grown into important arteries or veins in the area. There is no evidence that the tumor has spread to areas outside of the pancreas. Approximately 10% to 15% of patients are diagnosed with this stage.
Borderline resectable. This category describes a tumor that may be difficult, or not possible, to remove surgically when it is first diagnosed, but if chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is able to shrink the tumor first, it may be able to be removed later with negative margins, which means that no visible cancer cells are left behind.
Locally advanced. This type is still located only in the area around the pancreas, but it cannot be surgically removed because it has grown into nearby arteries or veins or to nearby organs. However, there are no signs that it has spread to any distant parts of the body. Approximately 35% to 40% of patients are diagnosed with this stage.
Metastatic. The tumor has spread beyond the area of the pancreas and to other organs, such as the liver or distant areas of the abdomen. Approximately 45% to 55% of patients are diagnosed with this stage.
By classifying each cancer into one of these categories, the health care team can plan the best treatment strategy.
TNM Staging System
Doctors frequently use a tool called the TNM system to stage other types of cancer. Because doctors generally classify a tumor during surgery, and because many patients with pancreatic cancer do not receive surgery, the TNM system is not used as much for pancreatic cancer as it is for other cancers.
TNM is an abbreviation for tumor (T), node (N), and metastasis (M). Doctors look at these three factors to determine the stage of cancer:
- How large is the primary tumor and where is it located? (Tumor, T)
- Has the tumor spread to the lymph nodes? (Node, N)
- Has the cancer metastasized to other parts of the body? (Metastasis, M)
The results are combined to determine the stage of cancer for each person. There are five stages: stage 0 (zero) and stages I through IV (one through four). The stage provides a common way of describing the cancer, so doctors can work together to plan the best treatments. Here are more details on each part of the TNM system for pancreatic cancer:
Tumor. Using the TNM system, the "T" plus a letter or number (0 to 4) is used to describe the size and location of the tumor. This helps the doctor develop the best treatment plan for each patient. Specific tumor stage information listed below.
TX: The primary tumor cannot be evaluated.
T0: No evidence of cancer was found in the pancreas.
Tis: Refers to carcinoma in situ, which is very early cancer that has not spread.
T1: The tumor is in the pancreas only, and it is 2 centimeters (cm) or smaller in size.
T2: The tumor is in the pancreas only, and it is larger than 2 cm.
T3: The tumor extends beyond the pancreas, but the tumor does not involve the major arteries or veins near the pancreas.
T4: The tumor extends beyond the pancreas into major arteries or veins near the pancreas. A T4 tumor cannot be completely removed with surgery.
Node. The "N" in the TNM staging system is for lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are tiny, bean-shaped organs located throughout the body that help fight infection and disease as part of the body's immune system. In pancreatic cancer, regional lymph nodes are those lymph nodes near the pancreas and distant lymph nodes are those lymph nodes in other parts of the body.
NX: The regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated.
N0: Cancer was not found in the regional lymph nodes.
N1: Cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes.
Distant metastasis. The "M" in the TNM system indicates whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
MX: Distant metastasis cannot be evaluated.
M0: The disease has not spread to other parts of the body.
M1: Cancer has spread to another part of the body, including distant lymph nodes. Pancreatic cancer most commonly spreads to the liver, the lining of the abdominal cavity called the peritoneum, and lungs.
Cancer stage grouping
Doctors assign the stage of the cancer by combining the T, N, and M classifications.
Stage 0: Refers to cancer in situ, in which the cancer has not yet invaded outside the duct in which it started (Tis, N0, M0).
Stage IA: The tumor is 2 cm or smaller in the pancreas. It has not spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body (T1, N0, M0).
Stage IB: A tumor larger than 2 cm is in the pancreas. It has not spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body (T2, N0, M0).
Stage IIA: A tumor extends beyond the pancreas, but the tumor has not spread to nearby arteries or veins. It has not spread to any lymph nodes or other parts of the body (T3, N0, M0).
Stage IIB: A tumor of any size has not spread to nearby arteries or veins. It has spread to lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body (T1, T2, or T3; N1; M0).
Stage III: A tumor has spread to nearby arteries, veins, and/or lymph nodes but has not spread to other parts of the body (T4, N1, M0).
Stage IV: Any tumor that has spread to other parts of the body (any T, any N, M1).
Recurrent: Recurrent cancer is cancer that has come back after treatment. If there is a recurrence, the cancer may need to be staged again (called re-staging) using the system above.
Used with permission of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), Chicago, Illinois. The original source for this material is the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Seventh Edition (2010) published by Springer-Verlag New York, www.cancerstaging.net .
Information about the cancer’s stage will help the doctor recommend a treatment plan. The next section helps explain the treatment options for this type of cancer. Use the menu on the side of your screen to select Treatment Options, or you can select another section, to continue reading this guide. | <urn:uuid:7f0756fb-1aa1-4659-8c2c-533eb0302516> | {
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What are the guidelines on ALT attribute for the IMG element?
How to make website images accessible for use with screen readers.
Include an accurate and equivalent alt attribute to provide a description for images on a web page
The most common image formats supported by the web are: GIF, JPG, and PNG. Image type best practices:
The alt attribute should typically:
- Photograph: use a JPG because it has the most color depth.
- Icon that has clean, crisp colors and definition, use either GIF87a (non-interlaced) or GIF89a.
- Image that allows the visitor to view it as it loads you would choose the Interlaced gif (GIF89a).
- Irregular shape with sections that are invisible you would use a transparent GIF (GIF89a).
- Animated images, use GIF89a.
- Lossless image that is extensible and supports image depth beyond 256 colors, use PNG.
Image types and alt text samples
- Be accurate and equivalent in presenting the same content and function as presented by the image.
- Be succinct. This means the correct content (if there is content) and function (if there is a function) of the image should be presented as succinctly as is appropriate.
- NOT be redundant or provide the exact same information as text within the context of the image.
- NOT use the phrases "image of ..." or "graphic of ..." to describe the image.
Use a validator to verify that your code is accessible:
keywords: web accessibility, alt tag, alt attribute, alt text, alt tag
- The format for alt text is
< img src="image.gif" alt="descriptive text" / >
- Decorative images may be given an empty or null alt attribute e.g.,
- Images containing text, like a logo, should match the text in the image exactly e.g.,
alt="Name, address, phone number"
- Charts, graphs, and other images which contain text: It's probably best to include a description of the chart within the webpage.
- Images for navigation:
alt="Download help document" | <urn:uuid:c824b15b-a108-488d-86f2-fff25fc7d83b> | {
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By John Hofilena
Government sources have revealed that Japan plans to reject the recent decision by signatory countries of the 1973 pact that is officially called the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) that seeks to regulate international trading in sharks, whose populations have sharply declined due to over-hunting for the aquatic predators’ fins. These same sources say that Tokyo will file a reservation, similar to the nation’s rejection of the CITES agreement on whale hunting. The move will once again put Japan in the spotlight, as this is another evidence of the country’s negative attitude toward global efforts to preserve endangered marine resources.
Signatories to the 1973 CITES pact decided in March this year, at a conference in Bangkok, to heavily regulate exporting of sharks, and for countries to issue certificates of permission for international trade in sharks. This decision was supported by more than two-thirds of the voters. Japan’s impending reservation will be filed with the CITES secretariat, and argue that sharks and their trade should be managed under existing fishery management organs. This rejection of the regulation will cover three species of hammerhead shark, plus oceanic whitetip sharks and porbeagle sharks. Sources say that Japan will most likely accept the other decision to regulate trade of manta rays.
Data from Japan’s Fisheries Agency show that annual “harvests” of oceanic whitetip sharks in the country stand at about 40 tons in 2011, some of which have apparently been exported as shark fin products. Aside from Japan, China and India are affected by these new regulations, as their cultures are big patrons of delicacies which make use of the shark’s fins. Japan has already infamously rejected CITES decisions to ban trade in seven species of whales – including sperm and minke whales – and further rejecting the regulations to trade in basking sharks, whale sharks, great white sharks and seahorses. | <urn:uuid:a7028a94-19ec-4048-aaf1-9e19f885363f> | {
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Red light cameras are helping drivers remember that red means stop and are saving lives, according to a new study by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.
The study concludes that the cameras have reduced the rate of fatal crashes by 24 percent in 14 large cities that introduced red light cameras between 1996 and 2004.
"Red light cameras are working," said institute President Adrian Lund. "There are hundreds of people who are alive because some communities had the courage to use this method of enforcement."
In cities with the cameras, the study also noted drops in all fatal crashes at intersections with traffic signals, not just those caused by running red lights.
"We think that they are just paying more attention to intersections as they come up on them because they are more certain that if they violate the red light that they will get a ticket," Lund said.
The institute claims that the reduction translates into 159 lives saved over five years in those cities. If all large cities had cameras, a total of 815 lives could have been saved, according to the study.
In 2009, 676 people were killed and an estimated 113,000 injured in red light crashes, according the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System.
Researchers have known for some time that the cameras reduce crashes, but there are now enough cities with cameras to study whether they affect fatal crashes, Lund said. Red light cameras can be a cheaper and safer alternative to officers enforcing red light running, he added.
But some disagree.
Gary Biller, executive director of the National Motorists Association, a Wisconsin-based drivers' rights organization, disputed the institute's finding that the cameras have reduced deaths. He cited previous studies -- questioned by the institute -- that found that the cameras increase crashes, including rear-end collisions.
As for calling the cameras a low-cost solution, Biller added: "They're not low cost to the motorist."
Biller says less costly and more effective options include improving sight lines at intersections, lengthening yellow lights or using all-red delays in which all lights at an intersection simultaneously go red for a time.
The study looked at 99 cities with populations over 200,000. It compared two periods, 2004-2008, when the most recent fatal crash data were available, and 1992-1996, a period when the 14 cities had not begun red light camera programs.
Fatal red light crashes fell in most cities, but the rate fell 14 percent in the 48 cities without cameras and 35 percent in the 14 cities with cameras in the second period. The biggest drop in the rate of fatal crashes involving red light running was seen in Chandler, Ariz., where deaths dropped 79 percent.
Two cities, Raleigh, N.C., and Bakersfield, Calif., saw increases. That may be due to strong growth in those communities over two decades, Lund said. Baltimore saw a 14-percent drop in fatal red light crashes, but a 50-percent increase in fatal crashes at intersections with signals.
Red light cameras are the leading edge of automated law enforcement technologies but raise some concerns about safeguarding checks and balances, said American Civil Liberties Union privacy expert Jay Stanley. While he said a violation may be clear most of the time, there are some gray areas.
"People have special circumstances that come up and if there is a cop there you could explain to him," Stanley said. "Computers don't have that ability. Automated law enforcement in general raises questions about how people in special circumstances are treated fairly."
The study provides strong evidence that the cameras can save lives when used appropriately with the goal of making roads safer, said AAA Mid-Atlantic spokeswoman Ragina Averella. "However, without proper ... oversight these automated enforcement measures can sometimes be abused and become revenue generators instead of lifesavers at the expense of motorists," she said.
AAA supports red light cameras in most but not all cases when used for sound reasons.
Washington, D.C. Police Chief Cathy Lanier, who commanded that city's vehicular homicide unit in the late 1990s, said cameras conserve manpower and keep officers safe while reducing fatalities.
"I think there's no arguing with results," Lanier said. "With an automated system, we can do the enforcement without pulling officers out of the neighborhoods where they're doing crime fighting." | <urn:uuid:fba34e8b-1d67-4490-b235-c6b1b843c643> | {
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But and for Yet and Nor
What Is A Conjunction?Unknown - 2010
Teaches grammar using rhyming text, humor, and illustrations. Key conjunctions appear in color for easy identification.
Publisher: Minneapolis, MN : Millbrook Press, ©2010.
Characteristics: 1 online resource (31 pages) : color illustrations.
Alternative Title: What is a conjunction?
From the critics | <urn:uuid:e83428c2-7891-4424-9937-04d8683354b5> | {
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What is the relationship between formal individual literary creativity and the informal, traditional aesthetic standards of the writer's own community? We're about to find out. In conjunction with a novel study of Zora Neale Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching G-d, we will accomplish the following goals:
Define folklore, folk groups, tradition, and oral narrative.
Identify traditional elements in Their Eyes Were Watching G-d.
Analyze and understand the role of traditional folkways and folk speech in the overall literary impact of the novel.
Compare Zora Neale Hurston's work as a collector of folk narrative with her better-known status as a novelist.
Understand as both listeners and tellers the importance of voice, pacing, and other features of performance in oral narrative.
Transcribe orally given narrative into eye dialect.
What follows is an outline of assignments. Consider this your "syllabus" for the novel. After you finish reading, we will begin the following lessons:
Review and discuss folklore terminology; defining folk groups; folk groups in Their Eyes Were Watching G-d (extra copy of handout). Homework: Read Alice Walker's essay "Zora Neale Hurston: A Cautionary Tale and a Partisan View" in In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens, pp. 83-92.
Zora Neale Hurston: Novelist, Folklorist, Anthropologist; "A Genius of the South." Class discussion of Hurston's biography and Alice Walker's thoughts on Hurston. For homework, read Proposed Recording Expedition to the Floridas. Read the Notes. Click on the link that says "View text" and scroll down and begin reading when you see Corse's letter: "Dear Mr. Alsberg." Keep reading up to the end of "Sanctified Anthem." After you've read, hit the back button on your browser and click on the link that says "View images" if you like. You will find that the words you just read are a transcription of Hurston's typed notes (and you might find that seeing that makes it easier to read). Review Ethnic and Cultural Groups Recorded by the WPA in Florida. Be prepared to work with a partner during your next class in compiling information into your chart: "Folklore in Their Eyes Were Watching G-d" (extra copy).
We will listen to a folk song performed by Zora Neale Hurston. We are going to practice "transcription" -- writing down what we hear -- a method of gathering folklore employed by Hurston herself. Next, you will listen to several songs (see the radio blog to the right). Choose one that you want to transcribe. You will need to listen to it several times. After you have transcribed the song, rewrite it in "eye dialect." We will pass around our transcriptions and read them aloud, after which we will have a discussion about the transcriptions. Finally, we will view some of Hurston's own transcriptions and discuss.
Storytelling is an integral part of the African-American folklore tradition. I am going to perform a folktale, "Why Women Always Take Advantage of Men" in a storyteller fashion. Then you are going to break into groups of four and put together a performance of a folktale. After a group performs a folktale, the "audience" will attempt to transcribe a few lines from the performance from memory, highlighting any features you noticed as the group acted out the story.
Return to your handout "Folklore in Their Eyes Were Watching G-d." Complete the second part of the worksheet for homework.
Class discussion of the theme of storytelling and the role of "orality" in the novel.
Challenge: For extra credit, craft your own short story in which you draw on your own folk traditions and folk group affiliations to create believable characters, social relationships, conflicts, and dialogue. Refer to Chapters Five and Six of Their Eyes Were Watching G-d, which contain some of Hurston's liveliest evocations of folk life, for use as models. Drawing on the folk groups you identified and explored in lesson one, and the transcription activities from lesson three, create short stories in which eye dialect, traditional narratives such as jokes or family stories, and other aspects of oral tradition figure prominently. You may find it helpful to do some "ethnographic spying," interviewing or listening to your family or friends with tape recorder and/or notebook in hand to record credible and accurate details of folk speech. | <urn:uuid:afa3c596-8224-4161-bed0-e1a907b0bb25> | {
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Andhra Pradesh, state of India, located in the southeastern part of the subcontinent. It is bounded by the Indian states of Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the southwest and west, Telangana to the northwest and north, and Odisha to the northeast. The eastern boundary is a 600-mile (970-km) coastline along the Bay of Bengal. Telangana was a region within Andhra Pradesh for almost six decades, but in 2014 it was carved off to form a separate state. The capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana is Hyderabad, in west-central Telangana.
The state draws its name from the Andhra people, who have inhabited the area since antiquity and developed their own language, Telugu. Andhra Pradesh came into existence in its present form in 1956 as a result of the demand of the Andhras for a separate state. Although it is primarily agricultural, the state has some mining activity and a significant amount of industry. Area 106,204 square miles (275,068 square km). Pop. (2011) 84,665,533.
Relief, drainage, and soils
The state has three main physiographic regions: the coastal plain to the east, extending from the Bay of Bengal to the mountain ranges; the mountain ranges themselves, the Eastern Ghats, which form the western flank of the coastal plain; and, in the southwest, the plateau to the west of the Ghats. The coastal plain, also known as the Andhra region, runs almost the entire length of the state and is watered by several rivers, flowing from west to east through the hills into the bay. The deltas formed by the most important of those rivers—the Godavari and the Krishna—make up the central part of the plains, an area of fertile alluvial soil.
The Eastern Ghats are part of a larger mountain system extending from central India to the far south and running parallel to the east coast. Interrupted by the great river valleys, the mountains do not form a continuous range. They have highly porous soils on their flanks.
The plateau region in the southwestern portion of the state—part of the Deccan (peninsular India) and commonly called Rayalaseema—is composed of gneissic rock (gneiss being a foliated rock formed in Earth’s interior under conditions of heat and pressure). It is highest in the far southwest, where elevations exceed 2,000 feet (600 metres), sloping downward toward the northeast. The Penneru River forms the main drainage system. As the result of erosion, the plateau is a region of graded valleys, with red sandy soil and isolated hills. Black soil is also found in certain parts of the area.
A summer that lasts from March to June, a season of tropical rains that runs from July to September, and a winter that lasts from October to February constitute the three seasons of Andhra Pradesh. Summers are extraordinarily hot and humid, with maximum daily temperatures exceeding 95 °F (35 °C) and even surpassing 104 °F (40 °C) in the central portion of the state. Summer nightly minimums drop to below about 70 °F (20 °C) only in the far southwest. Winters are somewhat cooler, with January maximum temperatures between 86 and 95 °F (30 and 35 °C) in all but the northeastern portion of the state. Winter lows drop below about 60 °F (15 °C) only in the extreme northeast.
Annual precipitation, which derives largely from the southwest monsoon rains, generally decreases toward the southwestern plateau area. Coastal areas receive about 40 to 47 inches (1,000 to 1,200 mm) per year, while the westernmost part of the plateau may receive only half that much. Rainfall totals in portions of the northeastern mountains exceed 47 inches and can be as high as 55 inches (1,400 mm).
Plant and animal life
Mangrove swamps and palm trees fringe the coastal plain of Andhra Pradesh, while thorny vegetation covers the scattered hills of the plateau. About one-fifth of the state’s total area is forest-covered, with dense woodlands occurring primarily in the Eastern Ghats. The forests consist of both moist deciduous and dry savanna vegetation; teak, rosewood, wild fruit trees, and bamboo are plentiful. Elsewhere in the state, neem (which produces an aromatic oil), banyan, mango, and pipal (or Bo; Ficus religiosa) are among the common trees. Andhra Pradesh also has an array of flowering vegetation, including jasmine, rose, and a number of endemic species—particularly in the hilly region of the Eastern Ghats.
Test Your Knowledge
Gandhi and Indian History
Animal life, apart from common domestic types (dogs, cats, and cattle), includes tigers, blackbucks, hyenas, sloth bears, gaurs, and chital, which abound in the hills and forest areas. There also are dozens of species of birds, including flamingos and pelicans as well as some rare varieties, such as the Jerdon’s courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus), which is found in the thorny or scrub-covered areas surrounding the Eastern Ghats. The eastern coast is a nesting ground for sea turtles.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Agriculture, dominated by the production of food grains, is a major, although declining, sector of the state’s economy, in terms of value. Andhra Pradesh is one of the leading rice-growing states in the country and is a major producer of India’s tobacco. The state’s rivers—particularly the Godavari and the Krishna, but also the Penneru—account for its agricultural importance.
For a long time the rivers’ benefits were restricted to the coastal districts of the Andhra region, which had the best irrigation facilities. Beginning in the mid-20th century, however, great efforts were made to tap the waters of the Godavari, Krishna, Penneru, and other rivers by constructing dams and reservoirs that benefit both coastal and drier upland regions. Canal irrigation in the Rayalaseema region of the plateau has given rise to agro-industrial complexes rivaling those of coastal Andhra Pradesh. The Nagarjuna Sagar multipurpose project, diverting the waters of the Krishna for irrigation, has substantially increased the production of rice and sugarcane. Rice flour, rice-bran oil, paints and varnishes, soaps and detergents, cardboard and other packaging materials, and cattle feed are all produced from local paddy rice. Other agricultural commodities grown statewide include other cereal grains, pulses (peas, beans, and lentils), peanuts (groundnuts), corn (maize), and cotton—all of which are processed locally as well—and a variety of fruits and vegetables.
Animal husbandry has increased significantly in Andhra Pradesh, especially since the start of the 21st century. Livestock raising contributes roughly half as much in overall value as crop production. Animals raised include cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. Dairy and egg production have grown dramatically.
The woodlands of Andhra Pradesh annually yield high-quality timber, such as teak and eucalyptus. Non-timber forest products—including sal seeds (from which an edible oil is extracted), tendu leaves (for rolling cigarettes), gum karaya (a type of emulsifier), and bamboo—are also important.
With its long coastline and many rivers, the state has a significant and expanding fishing industry. Much of the yield is drawn from freshwater and marine aquaculture, but open-sea fisheries are significant as well. Prawns and shrimp are among the main products of the industry.
Resources and power
Among the state’s principal mineral resources are asbestos, mica, manganese, barite, and high-grade coal. Low-grade iron ore is found in the southern parts of the state. Andhra Pradesh produces a major share of the country’s barite. It is the only state in southern India that possesses significant coal reserves. In the early 21st century, large deposits of natural gas were discovered onshore and offshore in the basins of the Godavari and Krishna rivers. The diamond mines of Golconda were once renowned worldwide for producing the Koh-i-noor diamond and other famous stones; efforts have been made to revive production in the area. Quartz, limestone, and graphite also occur. The state has established a mining and metal-trading corporation to lead the exploitation of its mineral resources.
Most of Andhra Pradesh’s energy is produced by thermal generators in the public sector. Hydroelectric power stations—notably those on the Krishna River along the Telangana border at Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar—provide an important secondary source of energy. In addition, the government has established several wind farms. A number of private companies operate generators powered by natural gas; they also have worked to develop wind, biomass, and other nonconventional power sources.
Andhra Pradesh since the mid-20th century has become one of the most highly industrialized states in India. Industry—including mining, utilities, and construction as well as manufacturing—contributes roughly the same value to the state income as does agriculture, although manufacturing itself accounts for only a small proportion of the overall income. Industries such as shipbuilding, aeronautics, and the manufacture of electrical equipment, machine tools, and drugs have been established in the Visakhapatnam area. Private enterprises, many of them located in and around the urban agglomeration of Vijayawada and Guntur in the east-central region, produce chemicals, textiles, cement, fertilizers, processed foods, petroleum derivatives, and cigarettes.
A number of important enterprises of moderate size, such as sugar factories, are scattered across the medium-size and smaller urban areas. There is a mammoth steel plant at Visakhapatnam, where raw materials and port facilities are easily accessible; an oil refinery also is located there, as is a large shipbuilding yard. The increase in power generated by hydroelectric and thermoelectric projects since the late 20th century has benefited industrialization and irrigation.
The service sector is the largest component of Andhra Pradesh’s economy, accounting for more than half of its value. Banking and insurance, communications, and public administration are the three major components, with other services (including tourism-related activities) constituting the remainder of the value. Tourism has grown in importance, with visitors being drawn to the state’s Hindu and Buddhist cultural landmarks, natural areas in the mountains and elsewhere, and vibrant cities.
There are several airports in the state, notably at Vijayawada, Tirupati, and Visakhapatnam. An extensive road and rail system connects Andhra Pradesh with most other parts of India. Bus transportation, a large share of which is privately operated, offers facilities for express travel between various cities. The river canals in coastal areas, especially the saltwater Kommamur (Buckingham) Canal running parallel to the coast from the Krishna River south to Chennai (Madras) in Tamil Nadu, are used for cargo transportation. Visakhapatnam is a major international seaport.
Government and society
Andhra Pradesh is a constituent unit of the Republic of India, and, as such, its government structure, like that of most Indian states, is defined by the national constitution of 1950. A governor, appointed by the president of India, is the executive head of the state administration, but the real power is in the hands of a chief minister and a Council of Ministers responsible to the state legislature. The state has a unicameral legislature, the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), which is elected by adult suffrage from territorial constituencies. Members of the assembly serve for five-year terms, unless the assembly is dissolved prior to the next elections.
The administration is conducted by various ministries and departments, each under the direction of a minister assisted by a staff of permanent civil servants. The State Secretariat at Hyderabad supervises the administration of the state’s 13 districts. Local administration in each district is the responsibility of a district collector. Rural local government has been democratically decentralized by the introduction of a system in which local authorities operate at the village, block (a unit consisting of a group of villages), and district levels. Municipal bodies govern the urban areas.
The state judiciary is headed by a High Court, located in Hyderabad, which has jurisdiction for both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana; the High Court has original jurisdiction in some cases and exercises appellate and administrative control over the district and lower level courts. The High Court is itself subject to the appellate authority of the Supreme Court of India in certain matters. Visakhapatnam is the headquarters of the Indian Navy’s Eastern Naval Command.
Health and welfare
Government-supported health facilities expanded rapidly starting in the late 20th century. Under the Primary Health Centres program, medical help, both curative and preventive, was brought to many rural areas. Urban public medical centres, such as the King George Hospital at Visakhapatnam, have been expanded and upgraded, and specialized institutes, including those for treating specific diseases, have been opened. There is also a family-planning program. Medical aid is free to low-income groups, and several medical insurance plans cover various categories of employees.
Before the establishment of Andhra Pradesh, social welfare work in the region was mainly undertaken by private agencies. Since the mid-20th century, however, the magnitude of need and the scarcity of resources, both organizational and financial, led the state government to accept primary responsibility in that field. Public investment in social welfare accounts for a large proportion of the total amount spent on planning. There are social welfare programs for people with disabilities, for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and for other groups that are not fully integrated into the social structure. Such programs include, among others, those that reserve places in educational institutions, those that provide employment, and housing and land-distribution programs. A separate government department addresses women’s concerns. There remain, nevertheless, many privately run social organizations that operate alongside those of the government; the Andhra Mahila Sabha, for instance, broadly promotes women’s welfare.
The state’s educational system provides for 10 years of schooling followed by a two-year junior college course leading to undergraduate and postgraduate education. Primary school has been compulsory since 1961, and both primary and secondary school are provided free of charge. In the early 21st century the literacy rate exceeds two-thirds of the population, although male literacy is considerably higher than female.
Andhra Pradesh has dozens of colleges and universities, a number of which provide postgraduate instruction and research facilities. Many of them—including the English and Foreign Languages University (founded 1958), which is a nationally prominent institution, and the University of Hyderabad (1974)—are located in Hyderabad, the joint state capital. Since the late 20th century, technical education has received special attention in order to meet the demands of industrialization. Various industrial-training institutes offer vocational training, while the engineering colleges of the universities train advanced technical personnel. Scholarship programs are available for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other disadvantaged groups in all educational institutions that receive substantial financial assistance from state and federal agencies. Privately run facilities also operate at all levels.
The Andhras’ contribution to India’s cultural heritage is substantial. Architecture and painting have been highly developed arts in the region since ancient times. The kuchipudi style of dance is unique in the Indian tradition, while Karnatak (South Indian) music has derived much from Andhra roots. Many of southern India’s major composers of classical Indian music have been Andhras, and Telugu has been the language of most of the compositions. Telugu, one of the four literary languages of the Dravidian family, occupies a prestigious place among Indian languages, being renowned for its antiquity and admired by many for its mellifluous quality. Telugu literature was prominent in the Indian literary renaissance of the 19th and 20th centuries, as the writing resonated with a revolution in literary forms and expression, stimulated to a large degree by Western genres. Andhra Pradesh has many periodicals in English, Telugu, and Urdu. Muslim culture in the Telangana region further enriches the state’s cultural diversity.
Before Indian independence, arts and literature thrived mostly under the sponsorship of royal patrons and private organizations, many of which still function. Since independence, the state has created autonomous academies to revive, popularize, and promote fine arts, dance, drama, music, and literature. The conscious cultivation of cultural expression is more an urban than a rural phenomenon, for cultural performances, literary meetings, and religious discussions occur mostly in towns or cities. Cultural development in different parts of the state under different historical circumstances resulted in the occurrence of recognizable variations in dialect, in caste structure, and in other traditions, all of which ultimately served to diversify the rural arts. Rural cultural media such as balladry, puppetry, and storytelling are indigenous to the area; use of those media in social and political communication is also common. The penetration of the mass media, especially radio and television, and of Internet access into rural areas helped to bring an awareness of classical traditions to the rural communities and of rural arts to the urban population.
Although Sanskrit writings dating to about 1000 bce contain references to a people called “Andhras” living south of the central Indian mountain ranges, definitive historical evidence of the Andhras dates from the times of the Mauryan dynasty, which ruled in the north from the late 4th to the early 2nd century bce. The great Mauryan emperor Ashoka (reigned c. 265–238 bce) sent Buddhist missions to the Andhras in the south. About the 1st century ce the Satavahanas (or Satakarni), one of the most-renowned of the Andhra dynasties, came to power. Its members ruled over almost the entire Deccan plateau and even established trade relations with Rome. They were patrons of diverse religions and also were great builders; their principal city, Amaravati, contained Buddhist monuments that inaugurated a new style of architecture. Experts ascribe parts of the famous paintings in the Ajanta Caves of the Deccan (now in Maharashtra state) to the Andhra painters of that period. Buddhism prospered under the Andhras, and in their capital flourished the great Buddhist university of antiquity, where Nagarjuna (c. 150–250 ce), the founder of the Mahayana school of Buddhism, taught. The ruins of the university, at Nagarjunakonda, still reflect its former glory.
The Andhras continued to prosper over the next millennium, and in the 11th century the eastern Chalukya dynasty unified most of the Andhra area. Under the Chalukyas, Hinduism emerged as the dominant religion, and the first of the Telugu poets, Nannaya, began translating the Sanskrit epic, Mahabharata into Telugu, marking the birth of Telugu as a literary medium. During the 12th and 13th centuries the dynasty of the Kakatiyas of Warangal (now in Telangana) extended Andhra power militarily and culturally, and during their regime the commercial expansion of the Andhras toward Southeast Asia reached its peak.
By that time, however, followers of Islam had established themselves in the north, and their invasion of the south led to the fall of Warangal in 1323. But the rise of the kingdom of Vijayanagar, to the southwest of Warangal, arrested further expansion of the Muslim power for some time. Widely acclaimed not only as the greatest kingdom in Andhra history but also as one of the greatest in Indian history, Vijayanagar, under the rule of its preeminent king Krishna Deva Raya (reigned 1509–29), became synonymous with military glory, economic prosperity, good administration, and artistic splendour. Telugu literature, for instance, flourished during that period. The formation of an alliance between the various neighbouring Muslim principalities ultimately led to the fall of Vijayanagar in 1565, leaving the Muslims in control of the Andhra areas.
European traders began to involve themselves in Indian politics in the 17th century, as successive nizams (rulers) of Hyderabad, seeking to consolidate their kingdom against rivals, obtained first French and later British support. In exchange for their help, the British acquired from the nizam the coastal Andhra districts lying to the north of the city of Madras (now Chennai) and later the hinterland districts. Thus, the major part of the Andhra country came under British rule, part of what then was the Madras Presidency. The Telugu-speaking Telangana region, however, remained under the nizam’s dominion of Hyderabad, and the French acquired a few towns.
Indian nationalism arose during the 19th century, and the Andhras took a place at the forefront of the movement. Leaders such as Kandukuri Veeresalingam were pioneers in social reform. In the struggle against British rule, Andhra leaders played decisive roles. Pride in their historical and linguistic achievements led them to demand a separate province. Simultaneously, a movement was organized to unite the Telugu-speaking peoples living under British rule with those under the nizam’s administration.
After India gained independence in 1947, however, the region remained administratively and linguistically divided. In 1950 the southern and eastern Andhra portion was incorporated into Madras state, and the Telangana region became part of Hyderabad state. The Andhras’ demand for separate statehood became so insistent that, when the central government refused to comply, a local leader, Potti Sreeramulu, fasted to death in 1952 to dramatize the issue. The government finally acceded to the people’s request by creating, on October 1, 1953, Andhra state, which included the Telugu-speaking districts of the former Madras state to the south. That action paved the way for the formation of linguistic states throughout India, beginning in 1956 and continuing into the 21st century. Through the States Reorganization Act of 1956, the state of Hyderabad was split up, and its Telugu-speaking districts (constituting Telangana) were joined to the Andhra state on November 1, 1956, to form the new state of Andhra Pradesh.
A special feature of the new state government was the creation of regional committees for Telangana and Rayalaseema. The purpose of the committees was to ensure that the views of the people of those two regions were heard and that regional interests were protected, since the areas were economically and educationally less-advanced than the coastal Andhra areas. However, as it became apparent that Telangana (with the exception of Hyderabad city) was consistently lagging behind the coastal areas economically and socially, a movement arose in the late 1960s to separate Telangana from the rest of Andhra Pradesh.
Demonstrations by pro-separatists were forcefully put down by the government in late 1969, and the movement languished for a number of years. By the start of the 21st century, however, the demand for a Telangana separate from Andhra Pradesh had grown dramatically, spearheaded by the establishment in 2001 of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi, a political party dedicated to creating the new state. Years of discussions followed, as those in what would remain of Andhra Pradesh strongly opposed giving up to Telangana Hyderabad, the state’s most populous and economically important city. An agreement was finally reached that designated Hyderabad as capital of both states for 10 years, after which it would be the capital solely of Telangana. In February 2014 both chambers of the Indian parliament gave final approval for the creation of Telangana, which became India’s 29th state on June 2.
Since the creation of Andhra state in 1953 and its transformation into Andhra Pradesh three years later, control of the state’s government has largely been in the hands of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). However, the increasingly apparent disparities in the development of different parts of the state gave rise in the early 1980s to the Telugu Desam (“Telugu Nation”) Party (TDP), which advocated a reduced role for the national government in state affairs but not the separation of Telangana from Andhra Pradesh. The TDP ruled Andhra Pradesh for much of the late 20th and early 21st centuries under its leaders Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (the founder of the party) and then Nara Chandrababu Naidu before the Congress Party returned to power in 2004. Nonetheless, the TDP again took control of the government in 2014, with Naidu again becoming chief minister. | <urn:uuid:3f0396e6-d2a6-429d-95e7-1f32d6af43a6> | {
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Like many British Loyalists in the years prior to the Revolution, John Watts lost everything except his life. Forced to leave New York, the 131-acre Rose Hill Farm that he established in 1747 was sold off by the Committee of Forfeiture. The land today would stretch from approximately East 21st Street to East 30th Street.
Nicholas Cruger spend 144 pounds in 1786 for a parcel of Watts’ farm. Around four years later a handsome post-and-beam clapboard farmhouse appeared with a prominent Dutch-style hipped roof.
In 1811 the Commissioners’ Plan laid out the street grid of midtown Manhattan. Suddenly 29th Street, on paper, ran next to Cruger’s house. Within a few years the street on the paper plan would become an actual thoroughfare, with the house Nicholas Cruger built sitting oddly sidewise to the street.
By 1830 Joseph Haskett, a saddler, owned the property. As the city moved ever northward, eventually engulfing the wooden home, the character of the building changed. In 1905 three families were living here: a coach driver, Charles Barshfeld, truck driver Harry Jarvis , and Mary Decker, who was a bookbinder.
A mere five years later the population had doubled with six families crowded into the house, including a janitor, an elevated railroad guard and an upholsterer. A junk shop took over the street level around 1912.
The wooden farmhouse sat incongruously among its brick-and-stone urban neighbors until 1979 when Patrick and Linda Lyons purchased it for $80,000. Intent on making the well-worn house a home again, they initiated a 3-year renovation. Sadly, rather than restore the venerable old structure, they gutted it. Everything other than the timbered frame was dismantled and discarded – the clapboard siding, the plaster interior walls, the original six-over-six paned windows.
The reproduction elements, however, are faithful to the original structure.
The unexpected wooden farmhouse at No. 203 East 29th Street has changed hands a few times since its renovation. Because of the 1866 law prohibiting construction of frame structures in Manhattan, there are only a handful of wooden buildings to be found and stumbling upon this one is a true delight.
Photo NYPL Collection | <urn:uuid:24424fb7-9dc6-42ee-bc85-af5e05ee215e> | {
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Scientists have for the first time transformed human stem cells into functional lung and airway cells.
The advance, by Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) researchers, has significant potential for modelling lung disease, screening drugs, studying human lung development, and, ultimately, generating lung tissue for transplantation.
"Researchers have had relative success in turning human stem cells into heart cells, pancreatic beta cells, intestinal cells, liver cells, and nerve cells, raising all sorts of possibilities for regenerative medicine," said study leader.
"Now, we are finally able to make lung and airway cells. This is important because lung transplants have a particularly poor prognosis," said Snoeck, professor of medicine (in microbiology & immunology) and affiliated with the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and the Columbia Stem Cell
"Although any clinical application is still many years away, we can begin thinking about making autologous lung transplants - that is, transplants that use a patient's own skin cells to generate functional lung tissue," Snoeck said.
The research builds on Snoeck's 2011 discovery of a set of chemical factors that can turn human embryonic stem (ES) cells or human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into anterior foregut endoderm - precursors of lung and airway cells.
In the current study, Snoeck and his colleagues found new factors that can complete the transformation of human ES or PS cells into functional lung epithelial cells (cells that cover the lung surface).
The resultant cells were found to express markers of at least six types of lung and airway epithelial cells, particularly markers of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells.
Type 2 cells are important because they produce surfactant, a substance critical to maintain the lung alveoli, where gas exchange takes place; they also participate in
repair of the lung after injury and damage.
The findings have implications for the study of a number of lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), in which type 2 alveolar epithelial cells are thought to play a central role.
"No one knows what causes the disease, and there's no way to treat it," said Snoeck.
"Using this technology, researchers will finally be able to create laboratory models of IPF, study the disease at the molecular level, and screen drugs for possible treatments or cures," Snoeck said.
The study was published in the journal Nature Biotechnology. | <urn:uuid:7f3fd98b-e623-4b31-8c36-37cc0517e5a1> | {
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Starting around 16 weeks, external genitalia can be spotted. The 100 million neurons that form in the primary visual cortex develop between now and twenty-eight weeks. This continues for a year at the rate of ten billion new synapses a day
. The simple act of seeing demands half the neurons of the brain. In addition, respiration develops. The baby is now about the size of a grapefruit.
Baby's length (CTR): 4.57 in
Baby weighs: 3.53 oz | <urn:uuid:e47e3090-f811-4d29-8f32-56111159def3> | {
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Tissue culture or Micropropagation is one of the most fascinating methods of producing masses of plants is a very short time (respectably)
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation. Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation, including:
- The production of exact copies of plants that produce particularly good flowers, fruits, or have other desirable traits.
- To quickly produce mature plants.
- The production of multiples of plants in the absence of seeds or necessary pollinators to produce seeds.
- The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that have been genetically modified.
- The production of plants in sterile containers that allows them to be moved with greatly reduced chances of transmitting diseases, pests, and pathogens.
- The production of plants from seeds that otherwise have very low chances of germinating and growing, i.e.: orchids and nepenthes.
- To clean particular plants of viral and other infections and to quickly multiply these plants as 'cleaned stock' for horticulture and agriculture.
Most of my plants so far have been initiated by seeds, and then transfered to new flasks. Here is some photos so far!
Then after a few more weeks the plants are potted up! | <urn:uuid:134b9184-85f7-4955-948e-573878d38b53> | {
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