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Filed under: maritime heritage | Tags: maritime heritage, National Museum of American History, On the Water, Smithsonian
On May 20th, the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History opened a new permanent exhibition, On the Water. While I haven’t had the chance to visit the museum, I’ve spent some time on the companion website and all I can say is that it really should be called MaritimeHistoripedia!
From the museum’s press release:
“The maritime influence on American history is one of the most compelling chapters in the national story,” said Museum Director Brent D. Glass. “‘On the Water’ will transport visitors to places they have never been, allowing them to experience life at sea through the experiences of real people and objects from one of the Smithsonian’s oldest collections.”
And from the museum’s website:
Marine transportation and waterborne commerce underlie American history like a strong and steady ocean current. Maritime trade established major cities, created connections between people and places and opened the continent. Visitors to this new permanent exhibition will explore life and work on the nation’s waterways, discovering the stories of whaling crews, fishermen, shipbuilders, merchant mariners, passengers, and many others. From 18th-century sailing ships, 19th-century steamboats and fishing craft to today’s mega containerships, the exhibition will reveal America’s maritime connections through objects, documents, audiovisual programs, and interactives. Visitors will discover the continuous and significant role maritime activity has played in American lives.
If you enjoy reading the Sea-Fever blog, you’re going to love exploring On the Water. But make sure you’re wearing you Internet PFD, because you could drown in the depth of information anchored there. Things are organized by period:
- 1450-1800 Living in the Atlantic World
- 1800-1850 Maritime Nation
- 1870-1969 Fishing for a Living
- 1820-1940 Inland Waterways
- 1870-1969 Ocean Crossings
- 1917-1945 Answering the Call
- Present Day Modern Maritime America
As well as by theme:
You can also search the museum’s vast maritime collection filtered by keywords and eras that reflect National Standards for U.S. History, Grades 5-12. Video and audio clips are extensively and effectively used throughout the website and there’s some great age appropriate learning resources available for educators and families too.
One of my favorite things about On the Water is the way they’ve create a mash-up of several popular social media websites to engage and enlist visitors in adding to America’s rich maritime story. Visitors are invited to upload photos to Flickr.com and post them to the OTW snapshots group which is linked to the below Google Map.
On the Water is a fantastic website for anyone interested in America’s rich maritime heritage. Take the plunge, the water’s great.
YouTube – Smithsonian goes On the Water
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The ‘Age of Kings’ lasted until 509 BC when the ‘Ancient Brutus’ drove King Tarquin from Rome and established the Roman Republic.
As Rome spread its rule throughout Italy, they battled invading tribes from Gaul (modern France), defeated Hannibal in the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, thus ending the Second Punic War with the Carthaginians, and put down slave uprisings, most notable the one led by Spartacus in 71 BC.
In 52 BC, Julius Caesar conquered Gaul, then became engaged in a civil war when his enemies in the Roman Senate challenged him. He won, defeating Pompey the Great in the battle at Pharsalus in Greece in 48 BC. After this war, he forgave many of the Roman senators and nobleman who fought against him on the side of Pompey. However, they still considered him an enemy. When Caesar returned to Rome, many in the Senate were plotting against him and devising plots to assassinate him.
In 44 BC, Caesar is assassinated in Rome. In his will he adopts his eighteen-year-old great nephew, Octavian, as his son. Armed only with Caesar’s name and his own personal charisma he goes on a path of vengeance that doesn’t end until he takes Caesar’s place.
In 27 BC, Octavian takes the the name Caesar Augustus when he becomes Rome’s first Emperor, thus marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. | <urn:uuid:245fe744-1333-4881-bcdf-f02d718849fa> | {
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Physicians advise a healthy diet for many reasons beyond prevention of weight gain. When we eat, our bodies go into overtime to digest the food and absorb the essential nutrients and vitamins. A hormone imbalance or medical issue with any of the organs involved in digestion can cause complications after eating, including extreme dizziness.
There are many medical conditions that can cause dizziness after eating including gastritis, osteoarthritis and heart disease. The most common cause for dizziness after eating is hypoglycaemia.
Carbohydrates convert to glucose in the bloodstream. The pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin in response to the blood glucose. The insulin bonds with the blood glucose which then converts to energy to feed the body.
After eating a meal, particularly a meal high in carbohydrates, the pancreas goes into overtime to produce enough insulin to keep up with the rising blood glucose levels. It frequently secretes too much insulin sending blood glucose levels below normal range.
Hypoglycaemia that occurs only after eating a meal in an otherwise healthy person is called reactive hypoglycaemia. According to the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, diabetes-related hypoglycaemia can also result in dizziness after eating.
If blood glucose levels fall below 70 mg/dl (milligrams of glucose to decilitres of blood), ingestion of simple carbohydrates such as juice, hard candy or regular soda is called for. Consult a physician for an in-depth exam and treatment plan.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:9315fde8-648f-4f38-9413-1c75a4be789d> | {
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Intrathecal Drug Delivery
The Center for Neuromodulation offers intrathecal drug delivery, sometimes referred to as a "pain pump," to patients with intractable cancer pain or severe pain from benign causes such as post-laminectomy syndrome (otherwise known as failed back syndrome) or complex regional pain syndrome. Common medications used in intrathecal delivery systems to treat pain are lidocaine, morphine, and phenol.
Intrathecal drug delivery is also used to treat certain neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury that can cause spasticity of muscles in the body. Baclofin is the drug most commonly used in intrathecal delivery systems to treat spasticity.
How Does Intrathecal Drug Therapy Work?
Intrathecal is a medical term that denotes the space between a membrane covering the spinal cord and the spinal cord. It is in this space that drugs are often injected before surgery or to relieve severe pain. This targeted delivery of drugs directly into the fluid that bathes the spinal cord (cerebral spinal fluid) allows patients who suffer from severe pain to get pain relief at much lower doses of medication than if administered orally or by systemic (body wide) injection.
Intrathecal drug delivery systems require a pump to be implanted into the patient’s abdominal area under the skin. The pump is attached to a catheter (tiny tube) that is inserted into the intrathecal space and emits small doses of medication at timed intervals. A physician programs the amount of medication that is released and the times it is released. Re-programming can occur as needed, to either lessen or increase dosages and time between doses based upon an individual patient’s responses.
The medication reservoir within the pump can hold enough medication to last for several months and can easily be refilled with a simple needle injection through the skin on an outpatient basis.
Benefits of Drug Delivery
“When patients reach dosages of pain medications during standard medical therapy that increase the side effects to untenable levels, intrathecal drug delivery is considered because we can achieve high levels of the drug right where it is needed with systemic side effects,” says Dr. Brian Kopell, Director of the Center for Neuromodulation at Mount Sinai Hospital.
Side effects for high doses of pain medications that are taken orally or given intravenously and travel throughout the body can cause the following:
By contrast, drugs delivered directly to the intrathecal space come in doses so low these side effects are rare, while pain control is often greatly enhanced.
Studies generally show that well over half of patients that receive intrathecal drug delivery for pain report increased ability to carry out daily living tasks and experienced lower levels of disability one year out.
Center for Neuromodulation
5 East 98th Street
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LED based lights are a brilliant opportunity for improving many aspects of film making.
They are solid state and can be designed to be very robust, last for well over 20,000 hours, use as little as a tenth of the power of the lights they replace, can be tuned to deliver accurate sunlight balanced light, and do not generate the heat typical of other lights.
As with any new technology, there is a learning curve to properly spec and design LED lights for cinema applications. The major pitfalls include;
1 - high speed cameras can see flickering from the PWM (pulse width modulation) control
2 - beam patterns with artifacts that detract from the scene being lit
3 - poor color rendering, causing skin tones to look greenish
1- PWM - that flickering you sometimes see with LEDs
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is the most common method for controlling LED light output. By pulsing the power and adjusting the pulse manufacturers can easily and cost effectively increase or decrease the light output. But PWM control is not ideal for film. It can conflict with the sampling rate of the cameras causing visible flickering. The solution is analog control of LEDs, which is less common and more expensive, but well understood as a design approach.
The challenge with analog control is, once the power drops below about 50%, LEDs can ex-perience a color shift that does not occur with PWM control. To manage this color shift, ad-vanced control strategies marry PWM with analog control below 50% power levels to main-tain correct color rendering as the power drops.
2 - Beam patterns:
LEDs, unlike HID lamps which suspend the arc, or light source, in space, generate light di-rectly off the chip. This creates a challenge for light modifiers, which must be completely re-thought to work effectively with LEDs. Optics that work great for managing a suspended point of light, fail when tried on LEDs. Fortunately there are new optics being developed for LED lights that are appearing every year. A common example is the application of Fresnel lenes. In testing fresnel lenses with LED sources, one sees color shifts as well as rings of light variations as the lens is moved in or out. Leds are a distributed light source and not a point light source which requires a different optic approach. The application of fresnel lenses, which need to be specifically designed for the particular LED or LED array, only work well at a precise distance from the source if artifacts and light rings are to be avoided. A moveable fresnel is not a good concept when married with LED lights. Fortunately there are a range of neat light modifiers that are designed to work with specific LEDs and LED arrays to narrow the typically wide beam (120 degree native), to specified beam angles.
3- Color rendering and film
There is a great deal of discussion in the industry about accurate color rendering. As camera sensors have advanced, the importance of balanced color from LEDs becomes critical. Cheap LEDs can do a very poor job of delivering good color and the old ways of measuring color rendering, such as CRI (color rendering index), can be cheated by LEDs. So a high CRI does not necessarily mean good color from your light source. There are a number of emerging methods such as TLCI (TV light color index) that do a better job of ensuring the light source will perform well on camera.
But before we get into the science of good color from LEDs, lets review some basics. First; a lumen is defined as all the light visible to the human eye. This is a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum (shown below). Conventional lights emit infrared as well as ultra-violet light which heats the subject it is pointed at, but adds no value to subject illumination. LEDs are designed to emit primarily only visible light, which is part of their efficiency advantage.
So the first and most basic measurement that manufacturers should report is their lumen output. This is the useable light that our eyes can see. It has nothing to do with watts.
Second we need to make sure the light source is balanced. The basic measure is CRI, which for cinema, should be 90 or better. In addition to CRI, the TLCI measure (TV Light Color In-dex) should be 85 or better to ensure that no color correction is needed. Beyond that, the color temperature required is important well understand and thankfully easy to specify with LEDs.
A bit of the science behind LEDs:
Below is a chromaticity diagram. This is easily generated for any light source by placing the light in a “lumen sphere” and measuring the light. The CRI as well as the TLCI indexes can easily be generated from the data captured when chromaticity is measured for a light source. The diagram shows that a white light is some combination of all the visibly spectrum of light. White light is shown in the center, while pure or saturated colors are around the perimeter.
The Black Body Line (BBL) is plotted on a chromaticity diagram and relates to the color emitted by metal that is heated. Think of a blacksmith shop; as he heats the metal it glows red, then yellow and then white. This is shown as the black line starting on the right side of the chromaticity diagram, moving from the perimeter of the plot to the center. This color measurement is captured as degrees Kelvin, with “white hot” being in the center at 10,000º Kelvin. The sun is classified as 5600º to 5700º Kelvin and Tungsten light is 2700º Kelvin.
This Black Body Line relates to cinema lighting in that LED sources “binned” above the black body line start to generate the greenish hues film makers complain about. It is clear to see why. As you move above the black body line, you are moving into the yellow/green area of the chromaticity plot. The TLCI attempts to predict the light performance of any measured light using a formula calculated off the chromaticity data used to generate the plot for a given light source. Manufacturers have an easy way to ensure a high TLCI. They just need to specify a tightly binned LED that is sorted just below the black body line. For cinema ap-plications, tighter bins that live just below the black body line will generate the best color rendering for CMOS sensors and will rate the best on TLCI index.
In summary, switching to LEDs as a light source allows smaller, more powerful and more robust lights that will last. The first way to compare lights is by raw lumens, or visible light generated from a fixture. Second, buyers need to understand the color temperature they are looking for, which can range from sunlight balanced (5600ºK) to (Tungsten 2700º K). Next is the quality of the light. Does it render colors well? Measures of CRI and TLCI over 90 are best in class. And finally pay attention to make sure the light is pared with appropriately designed light modifiers, is driven by electronic circuitry that manages the light to minimize color shift without flicker.
Learn more at LM.TL/broadcastlights
Light & Motion Industries
711 Neeson Road
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Overweight and obesity
Around 50 % of adults in Sweden are overweight or obese. Obesity is among the main five risk factors in Sweden for healthy years of life being lost.
A high body mass index (BMI ≥ 25) is associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases. Overweight means having a BMI value between 25 and 29.9, while obesity means having a BMI value of 30 or higher.
The prevalence of obesity has increased among adults during the period 2004–2016, and was 15 percent among both women and men in 2016. Obesity is more common among older people than among young people. In the age group 45–84 years, 19 percent are obese, compared to 8 percent among 16–29-year-olds. Obesity is also more common among persons with short-term education, compared to persons with long-term education. There has been no change in the prevalence of overweight during 2004–2016. The most recent survey in 2016 showed that 28 percent of women and 42 percent of men were overweight.
The Public Health Agency of Sweden works to promote health and prevent diseases. We do this by monitoring the health status of the population and analysing underlying factors. We are a national focal point for WHO's work concerning non-communicable diseases and for the work on health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) within the EU and the WHO European Region. | <urn:uuid:ffa195b6-f47d-47f8-8b94-f9319a023b33> | {
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Believe it or not, many Alaskans are prone to cavities, tooth decay, and other dental maladies just by living year round up here in the 49th State.
The reason has to do with Vitamin D deficiency.
Vitamin D is a crucial nutrient the body needs for a wide variety things, including healthy teeth and bones. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium, which is what keeps teeth and bones strong. Without Vitamin D, your body cannot absorb calcium, no matter how many calcium supplements you take. In fact, this is a big reason why a lot of milk is sold with Vitamin D added.
Without enough Vitamin D, you may also suffer from bone loss in your jaws, resulting in loosening teeth, and eventually having your teeth fall out.
People naturally create Vitamin D in their bodies through exposure to sunlight. Just by being outside in the sun and letting it shine on your face, neck, and arms for 15 minutes is enough generate enough Vitamin D for a day. But here in Anchorage, where we get only 5-7 hours of sunlight during December and January, it’s difficult to get enough sunlight exposure.
How To Tell if You Might Have Vitamin D Deficiency
Bleeding gums and tooth decay are the first signs of Vitamin D deficiency. If you are experiencing this, ask yourself if you’ve been getting at least 15 minutes of sunlight each day. If you are not getting enough sunlight, you may be deficient. Definitely give our office a call and let us do an examination.
Depression, back pain, loss of energy, hair loss, and slow wound healing are also symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency. Again, if you’re experiencing these symptoms, ask yourself if you’ve been getting enough sunlight each day. If you don’t, it may very well be a lack of sufficient Vitamin D.
Depending on how severe your symptoms may be, the solution is not always to get more sunlight. You should see a physician first for an examination just to make sure.
What if It’s Not Possible to Get More Sunlight?
If you simply cannot get outside under the sun, try these options instead…
- East fresh fish, salmon and tuna in particular. This is your best choice.
- Milk enriched with Vitamin D (if you are lactose tolerant).
- Cereals fortified with Vitamin D
- Vitamin D supplements (only if you cannot consume any of the above). | <urn:uuid:0e4756f9-6b17-4f0c-91e5-46d233fb85f3> | {
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- An ambrosia beetle (family Platypodidae), specifically the larva, which makes minute round holes in timber.More example sentences
- Pinhole borers infect only green timber and standing trees, and die out as the wood dries.
- Among the most common of these associated with dead/dying pines in Alabama are southern pine sawyer, ambrosia beetles, and pinhole borers.
More definitions of pinhole borerDefinition of pinhole borer in:
- The British & World English dictionary | <urn:uuid:fc590378-d2e7-4e35-915f-23f8dc049c45> | {
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Monday, June 01, 2009
Booknotes - "No Holier Spot of Ground"
No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments and Cemeteries of South Carolina by museum curator Kristina Dunn Johnson (The History Press, 2009) is a pictorial history of South Carolina's Confederate monuments and resting places, as well as an examination of the statewide movement that created them. Not meant to be considered a definitive compilation [the author recommends Robert Seigler's Passing the Silent Cup: A Guide to Confederate Monuments in South Carolina as the best reference], Johnson, using a variety of published and unpublished sources, adopts a selective approach, one that allows a deeper exploration into meaning and trends. As with most titles from this publisher, this volume is abundantly illustrated with dozens of photos of monuments, gravesites, and dedication ceremonies. | <urn:uuid:59f76c4b-ed6e-4914-bb30-f35809e36afb> | {
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Dissolved oxygen is critical to the survival of Chesapeake Bay's aquatic life. The amount of dissolved oxygen needed before aquatic organisms are stressed, or even die, varies from species to species.
Chesapeake Bay - Indicator Details:
Dissolved oxygen was measured at approximately 144 stations, up to 7 times between June and September 2011, using a water quality probe from the bottom to the surface of the water column at one meter intervals. The proportion of time that dissolved oxygen was below the threshold at each station was calculated and then interpolated to provide estimates between the stations.
This map shows average bottom dissolved oxygen levels for summer (June to September) 2011. The most extensive areas of low average dissolved oxygen occurred in the deeper channels of the mainstem Bay, lower Potomac River, and the Rappahannock River. Small areas of low dissolved oxygen were also observed in the lower reaches of many smaller tributaries including the Chester, Patapsco, and Choptank Rivers.
Low dissolved oxygen in the Bay's mainstem is controlled primarily by the quantity of organic matter and nutrients flowing out of the Susquehanna River during the preceding spring. While this map provides a broad-level assessment of dissolved oxygen in the Bay, it does not accurately capture small and short-term low dissolved oxygen events that are often attributed to causing fish kills.
Dissolved oxygen was measured at approximately 144 stations, up to 7 times between June and September, using a water quality probe from the bottom to the surface of the water column at one meter intervals. Average dissolved oxygen levels at each station were calculated and levels between stations estimated using spatial interpolation software.
Comparison of Bay Health Index scores for 2011 () compared to ()
|0 20 40 60 80 100|
|Upper Western Shore|
|Lower Eastern Shore (Tangier)|
|Upper Eastern Shore|
|Lower Western Shore (MD)|
|Patapsco and Back Rivers|
This figure ranks each region from best to worst dissolved oxygen scores for 2011. As the number of sampling times and locations that dissolved oxygen is below the threshold is relatively few, the scores for most regions are relatively high. However, as shown on the threshold map, many regions of the Bay have dissolved oxygen levels that are frequently below the threshold. The highest ranked regions in 2011 were the Upper Western Shore and James River regions. The lowest ranked regions in 2011 were the Patuxent, the Lower Western Shore (MD), and the Patapsco and Back Rivers.
This graph is dynamic, you can: a) show and hide items by clicking them in the legend, b) select year range (click and drag), and c) export as an image.
|Designated Use||Season||Criteria Thresholds (mg L-1)‡|
‡ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2003) | <urn:uuid:068512c2-71e0-431e-9317-74572f56103f> | {
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Editor’s Note: Dr. John Ward is a research scientist at the Mekong Region Futures Institute specializing in integrated natural resource management. He spoke with VOA’s Neou Vannarin about the future of the Mekong, the effects of climate change, hydropower development, and the impact on the environment and people of the region.
VOA: So, Based on your experience, what are the main problems for the Mekong river as a whole?
JW: I think that the most important question with any river system is how much is society prepared to modify the Mekong system? And by modify I mean building dams, how much to take away and how much water is required to maintain the river as a functioning system. This is really something we haven’t looked at very carefully. Then we have different societies, we have Cambodian society and the Chinese society, Laos society. They need to discuss within those countries what’s needed to be resolved on this and how much to modify the system. At the moment, it is very much an ad hoc process. There is perhaps some planning within countries but there is very little planning within countries and between countries. So that’s where this trans-boundary problem starts to arise, and what we are seeing now is that with the very latest severe El Nino, those problems have become accelerated, exacerbated and much more amplified, and we have to see those, for example, as with the Tonle Sap and also Thailand. with the most severe drought that we experienced. And what sort of happens is that it’s going beyond the adaptive capacity of countries to manage this, particularly with small farmers, rural households. It exceeded their capacity to manage this process. That, to me, is the problem. We don’t have those arrangements to actually coordinate between countries and within countries.
The view of sunrise from the Laotian side of the Mekong river on July 25, 2016. (Neou Vannarin/VOA Khmer)
VOA: Do you think water diversion projects will have negative effects across the Mekong region?
JW: It’s gonna change. It’s very dependent on where people are located and what they are doing on the Mekong river. Really, for a very long time, the Mekong was a relatively unmodified system. There was nothing like irrigation, particularly upstream. There weren’t a lot of dams. It’s been very rapid development. All of the sudden, very rapidly they have to manage a hardly developed river system. At the moment the institutions aren’t capable of managing that very well. So up to now, we have essentially a voluntary arrangement where countries manage the river according to the [Mekong River Commission] 1995 Agreement, which is okay for a while. But now, we start to see bilateral arrangements starting to come out, which go beyond the MRC agreement, it would seem. And the institution that we have, the legal system, the legal framework, both between countries and within countries, isn’t sufficient to manage this very rapid mobilization and development of resources. This is really the problem that we have to address at the moment. The MRC has done a very good job as a technical advisory body. But it has never the executive power, it’s never had the capacity to enforce or to manage whatever happen to the river.
VOA: Do you think the MRC has worked?
JW: At the moment, there are unilateral decisions and also some bilateral arrangements and agreements, which seem to be starting to occur. Previous to that, the MRC agreement would have prime notification and some consultation would have been required. Now, the Laos government insists that they went through that process. Similarly with the Thai [government] with the water diversion. Their argument is that it doesn’t actually require prime notification. So I think there has been a different interpretation as to what the MRC agreement was about. And the non-defined agreement allows the different interpretations to occur because there is no rights sanctions or enforcement or rights to veto. There is no organizing body to manage the whole MRC agreement.
VOA: What are the major problems with the MRC?
JW: Countries down the Mekong, they want to develop their economy . They want to go from least developed country status to developed country status. And the Mekong water resource is seen as a vital part in achieving that, whether it’s industry or agriculture. But of course the environment has a legitimate claim as being one of the uses of the river. So it’s a dependent ecosystem and so forth. They also have a right to claim the water of the Mekong. And, unfortunately, the environment does not have a voice at the moment, or at least it has a very quiet voice. So as far as all this process goes. We have all these competing interests, competing requirement of the countries as to how the Mekong is used. But the environment is already one part and has a very quiet voice in how the Mekong is utilized. When we talk about some of the rights of the river, the environment also has the right to the water of the river. And that hasn’t been negotiated very well at all.
VOA: Should Mekong Subregion countries learn from other countries?
JW: Absolutely, yes. Other countries have gone through this. They have gone through a relatively unmodified river system to a highly developed one. And there are lots of lessons to learn from that. In other words, how to avoid all the problems in the first place. It’s very difficult once you have a very developed system, for example, how do you get rid of the dam? What has the dam been doing? It’s very difficult to get rid of it. So better to avoid the problems in the first place. Certainly in the US, in Europe, in Asia and Australia, there are a lot of examples where they have trans-boundary problems like the Mekong and lots of lessons to be learned. How to avoid the problems in the first place.
VOA: There are a lot of claims that mega projects like the Thai water diversion project and the Xayaburi dam in Laos will benefit only the rich. What is your view on that?
JW: I have heard these claims. This is commonly articulated. We don’t know enough about the program of the diversion, of where it’s going to go at this stage to make any sort of claim about that. In other words, there’s not enough information to make an impartial judgment. This is from a scientific perspective. We don’t have enough information simply to say who will benefit or who won’t benefit. Having access to that information, that would be very useful.
VOA: What should Mekong countries do in terms of policy and strategy?
JW: It’s not really what they should do. It’s experience that we’re seeing that has been successful in other places. I mean if you’re going to copy someone or use information from other countries. It’s good to look that what’s worked and do that and avoid things that haven’t worked. So we mustn’t say should or shouldn’t. I’m saying ‘look at the evidence that’s around and use that in the best possible way.’ | <urn:uuid:e3b6db64-51d6-4e9e-97a4-83d0696d42a6> | {
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Explore the long discussion surrounding genetically modified (GM) foods and how technological advances have affected what we put into our bodies – from irradiation, genetic modification, nutrient fortification, fertilizers, pesticides, additives and preservatives. Discover the benefits of such advances including the end of famine, improved food safety and what some have deemed a more abundant future. Learn to explain to your clients the risks and benefits of pest and microbe control, food fortification and additives that may impact the nutritional content and safety of their food.
You will learn:
- Relationship among nutrition, health, food and agriculture
- To distinguish between concepts of absolute risk, acceptable risk and risk vs. benefit
- Current information about organic food including nutrition, taste, safety and understanding new USDA national standards for labeling of organic foods
- Debates regarding genetically modified foods, and pros and cons of select arguments
- Regulatory procedures of nutrients, antimicrobials, antioxidants, artificial colors and flavors, and controversial health and safety issues of iron, nitrates, BHA and BHT, sulfites and human intolerance of additives and preservatives
- How pesticides are used in food production | <urn:uuid:56982949-04a6-4e69-b540-54a9158eee4e> | {
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This article originally appeared in the July 17, 1948, issue.
In July, 1848, the same year in which Karl Marx issued his Communist Manifesto, a group of determined American women gathered at Seneca Falls, New York, to issue what Mary R. Beard has called “a startling manifesto of woman’s rights.” Elizabeth Cady Stanton instigated the Seneca meeting; and her Declaration of Sentiments has had in some ways as profound an influence on human thought and behavior as Jefferson’s demand for political freedom in the Declaration of Independence or Marx’s insistence on economic liberty in the Communist Manifesto. Elizabeth Cady Stanton maintained that both ideas were fine but that their application should not be limited to the male half of the human race.
The first woman’s-rights convention was conceived at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840. There the veteran crusader, Lucretia Mott, met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who was twenty-two years her junior. Mrs. Stanton had already proved herself a rebel by forsaking orthodox religion, by attending woman’s-rights lectures, and by flouting the wishes of her father by marrying the fiery young Abolitionist, Henry Stanton. Elizabeth, a gay young bride on her honeymoon, was highly receptive to the ideas of Lucretia Mott. The friendship of the two women was sealed when, after a heated debate, British officialdom excluded them and the other American women as official delegates from the convention–because they were women. Even William Lloyd Garrison, the giant of the convention, could not alter the decision; he could only protest by taking his place in the balcony with the women. Then Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth put their heads together and decided to stage a convention of their own when they returned to America–not to free the black man but all women.
It was eight years before they carried out their resolution. Lucretia was meanwhile absorbed in anti-slavery work and Elizabeth all but immersed in the problems of domesticity and a growing family. In 1848 the dynamic pair met again and this time set a definite time and place for the convention. Mrs. Stanton drafted an unsigned invitation to the public. It announced a conference “to discuss…the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women,” and was published in the Seneca County Courier.
During the next few weeks Elizabeth worked evenings on the details of the meeting. Her lawyer husband helped and supported her until she submitted for his approval Resolution No. 9: “Resolved: that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure for themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.” | <urn:uuid:d5780714-ccb6-419c-9978-190fdbc23153> | {
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March 27 (Reuters) - The spillage of industrial waste water at Suncor Energy Inc's main oil sands project had a limited impact on the local river, Canada's No. 1 oil producer said.
Waste water from Suncor's oil sands operation north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, escaped on Monday morning when a pipe broke after freezing.
The Athabasca River is the main source of drinking water for aboriginal and other communities downstream and has been the subject of several controversial reports on its water quality.
"Based on modeling, preliminary volume calculations and the current flow rate of the river, the process affected water may have had a short term, negligible impact on the river," company spokeswoman Sneh Seetal said in an emailed statement on Wednesday.
An estimated 350 cubic metres of contaminated water was released into the river over a 10-hour period, the company said, adding that it did not contain tar-like bitumen.
Oil sands firms store contaminated water, a byproduct of stripping bitumen from the sands, in holding ponds.
Those ponds became the focus of environmental protests in 2008, when 1,600 ducks died after landing on a tailings pond operated by Syncrude Canada Ltd.
While new regulations introduced after the mass duck deaths aim to eliminate the toxic ponds, they remain controversial because of the risk of spills into the Athabasca River.
"This process affected water was mixed with treated water, prior to entering the river," Suncor said. "The ratio was approximately six parts treated water to one part process-affected water." | <urn:uuid:251939e3-b8e0-472e-8a1c-7a2f83c53a8c> | {
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Zimbabwe has a substantial and diverse manufacturing base, which is partly a legacy of the international sanctions imposed over the five years prior to Independence. Industry accounted for only 14% of GDP in 2000, Manufacturing was at its lowest level in 15 years in 2000 due to civil unrest . Food and beverages, mineral procesing , chemical and petroleum products, and textiles account for the majority of the value added by manufacturing. Lower level of cosumer demand because of high prices have affected producers of many household goods , clothing, footwear, drink,and tobacco products.The Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Corporation (ZISCO) was operating at 30%in 1996,and supplied 60% of local need.The Zimchem chemical refinery processes a range of chemical products , Cement is produced in large quantities . Zimabwe also has a substamntioal cottom and textile industry.The textiles industry has lost some 17,000 jobs in recent years to foreign competition from south Africa, which used subsidies, export incentives , and tariff protection to support its textile industry. The gold mining industry faced collapse and closure in 2000 because of a lack of foreign exchange. Gold output dropped by half in that year, and 46,000 jobs were in peril. The tobacco industry was .in danger of foreclosuredue to farms repatiation . As of 2002, the dire condition of economy was damaging the operation and viability of the manufacturing , construction, and mining sectors, in addition to agriculture. In 2000, manufacturing contracted at least 10.5%. . | <urn:uuid:efb14cd0-1378-4b7d-9b07-92c9fa8c836e> | {
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What Other Parents Are Reading
A lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is a part of the body's immune system and helps filter out bacteria, viruses, and other unwanted substances.
Most of the time, we're not aware of the inner workings of our lymphatic systems unless the lymph nodes, or glands, become swollen. This often happens during illness — a sign that the lymphatic system is working hard to filter harmful substances out of the body.
About Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which cancer cells form in the lymphatic system and start to grow uncontrollably.
There are several different types of lymphomas. Some involve lymphoid cells (called Reed-Sternberg cells) and are grouped under the heading of Hodgkin lymphoma.
All other forms of lymphoma fall into the non-Hodgkin grouping. The different forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are characterized by the malignant growth of white blood cells that live in the lymph nodes, called lymphocytes.
The exact cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unclear, but doctors have identified some risk factors, such as:
- having conditions that weaken the immune system, like AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
- taking immune-suppressing medications after organ transplants
- exposure to certain viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (the virus that usually causes mono)
- having a sibling with the disease
Although no lifestyle factors have been definitively linked to childhood lymphomas, kids who have received either radiation treatments or chemotherapy for other types of cancer seem to have a higher risk of developing lymphoma later in life.
In most cases of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, doctors are never able to determine a specific cause for the disorder. Not knowing the cause, however, doesn’t change the fact that experts are getting better and better at treating the problem.
Regular pediatric checkups may spot early symptoms of lymphoma in cases where this cancer is linked to the treatments or conditions mentioned above.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma vary depending on the type of lymphoma and where a tumor is located. Some kids might have stomach pain, constipation, and decreased appetite. Others may have trouble breathing, difficulty swallowing, coughing, wheezing, or chest pain.
Other symptoms can include:
- painless swollen lymph nodes
- fever, chills, or night sweats
- itchy skin
- weight loss despite eating normally
- bone or joint pain
- recurring infections
Some kids' first symptom is swollen lymph nodes — usually in the neck, armpits, and groin. Of course, swollen lymph nodes do not usually mean cancer — they're most often a sign of a common illness, like an infection. In fact, all of the symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma also can be caused by other conditions, which is why only a doctor can determine what's really wrong.
After performing a thorough evaluation, which includes a medical history and physical examination, a doctor who suspects non-Hodgkin lymphoma will refer the child to an oncologist, or cancer doctor.
The oncologist may perform a biopsy, or tissue sample, of lymph nodes. During a biopsy, a tiny bit of tissue is removed from the body and sent out to a laboratory for analysis. Depending on the type of biopsy ordered, the patient may be given local anesthesia (where only a part of the body is numbed) or general anesthesia (where the patient is asleep) to ensure there's no pain.
Biopsies used to test for non-Hodgkin lymphoma include:
- excisional biopsy, in which the skin is opened to remove an entire lymph node
- incisional biopsy, the removal of only a part of the lymph node
- bone marrow biopsy, where a needle is used to take samples of the soft tissue found inside a bone
- fine needle aspiration, in which a very thin needle is used to suction out a small amount of tissue from the lymph node
Other tests used to diagnose non-Hodgkin lymphoma include:
- blood tests
- a chest X-ray, a simple procedure in which the person lies on a table while an X-ray machine takes an image of the chest
- a computerized tomography (CT or CAT) scan, which rotates around the patient and creates an X-ray picture of the inside of the body from different angles
- an ultrasound, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create pictures of the inside of the body
- a magnetic resonance imaging (or MRI) scan, which uses magnets and radio waves to allow doctors to see inside the body.
- a gallium scan, which uses the injection of a material known as gallium to help show tumors and inflammation
- a bone scan to detect bone changes
- a positron emission tomography (PET) scan, which can tell the difference between normal and abnormal cells based on metabolic activity
Treatment of childhood lymphoma is largely determined by staging. Staging is a way to categorize or classify patients according to how extensive the disease is at the time of diagnosis.
The four stages of lymphoma range from Stage I (cancer involving only one area of lymph nodes or only one organ outside the lymph nodes) to Stage IV (cancer has spread, or metastasized, to one or more tissues or organs outside the lymphatic system). The stage at diagnosis can help doctors choose appropriate treatments and predict how someone with lymphoma will do in the long term.
The most common treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is chemotherapy (medication that kills or stops the growth of cancer cells), though some patients will receive radiation therapy.
Kids who receive very aggressive treatments may undergo bone marrow or stem cell transplants to replace cells damaged by high doses of chemo or radiation. These transplants involve taking the cells from bone marrow or blood that has either been donated or taken from the patient and inserting them into the patient's bloodstream.
In a few special situations (such as high-risk patients or those whose cancer has come back), doctors will use immunotherapy (or biological therapy) to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In immunotherapy, doctors use substances that occur naturally in the body to build up someone's natural resistance to disease. Although these substances occur naturally in the body, the ones used in this procedure are often manufactured in a laboratory.
Children treated with chemotherapy or radiation for non-Hodgkin lymphoma usually experience side effects. Most are temporary — although, as with all medical treatments, each child is unique and experiences side effects differently. The severity of side effects and how long they last depends on the individual and the medicines and treatments used.
The most common short-term side effects of chemo are nausea (although medications can treat this), vomiting, a lowering of blood counts resulting in an increased risk for infection or bleeding, or a flu-like feeling. Some kids feel weak or dizzy after their treatments, or run a fever. Others get sores in their mouths or suddenly don't feel much like eating. It's also common for kids to lose some or all of their hair.
The short-term side effects of radiation can be similar to those of chemotherapy, but usually are more localized, meaning they affect only the area that receives the radiation treatment. Kids can continue to feel side effects for weeks after their treatment ends.
Most kids with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are cured. Some with severe disease, however, will have a relapse (reoccurrence of the cancer) that doesn't respond to conventional treatments. For them, bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants may be performed.
Reviewed by: Jonathan L. Powell, MD
Date reviewed: March 2012
- Stem Cell Transplants
- Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Radiation Therapy
- Balancing Academics and Serious Illness
- Cancer Center
- Cancer: Jen's Story (Video)
- Getting a CAT Scan (Video)
- Getting an MRI (Video)
- Getting an X-ray (Video)
- Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Amanda's Hodgkin's Story
- Cancer Center
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Note: All information on KidsHealth® is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995- The Nemours Foundation. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:08987b99-df87-4f81-8be4-5ddcfa48e8da> | {
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By David Fowler
I just read an interesting article by Van den Broeck et al. published on the National Center for Biotechnology Information website.
The article hypothesizes that the breeding of wheat may have contributed to the prevalence of Celiac Disease. Conversely, if gluten has been inadvertently breed in to wheat, it can be breed out. Scientifically, an interesting idea, but controversial as many feel that genetic modification is what got us into this problem in the first place and there are unknown consequences of reducing or eliminating gluten in wheat.
The article is accessible for non-medical types and a good read. Below is the full abstract and a link to the original tests.
Gluten proteins from wheat can induce celiac disease (CD) in genetically susceptible individuals. Specific gluten peptides can be presented by antigen presenting cells to gluten-sensitive T-cell lymphocytes leading to CD. During the last decades, a significant increase has been observed in the prevalence of CD. This may partly be attributed to an increase in awareness and to improved diagnostic techniques, but increased wheat and gluten consumption is also considered a major cause. To analyze whether wheat breeding contributed to the increase of the prevalence of CD, we have compared the genetic diversity of gluten proteins for the presence of two CD epitopes (Glia-α9 and Glia-α20) in 36 modern European wheat varieties and in 50 landraces representing the wheat varieties grown up to around a century ago. Glia-α9 is a major (immunodominant) epitope that is recognized by the majority of CD patients. The minor Glia-α20 was included as a technical reference. Overall, the presence of the Glia-α9 epitope was higher in the modern varieties, whereas the presence of the Glia-α20 epitope was lower, as compared to the landraces. This suggests that modern wheat breeding practices may have led to an increased exposure to CD epitopes. On the other hand, some modern varieties and landraces have been identified that have relatively low contents of both epitopes. Such selected lines may serve as a start to breed wheat for the introduction of ‘low CD toxic’ as a new breeding trait. Large-scale culture and consumption of such varieties would considerably aid in decreasing the prevalence of CD.
Read the full article http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2963738/ | <urn:uuid:e168a8ef-a7df-43c7-be65-7dee7c1a3c65> | {
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Grades PreK - 1
Grade level Equivalent: Not Available
Lexile Measure®: Not Available
DRA: Not Available
Guided Reading: Not Available
- Comedy and Humor
- Word Recognition
- Opposites and Contrasts
About This Book
2013 Theodor Seuss Geisel Award Winner
Three side-splitting stories in one great picture book!
In three laugh-out-loud situations, an irresistible cast of colorful birds illustrate the concepts of "up," "tall" and "high." First, a short peacock proves that he may not be tall, but he definitely isn't small. Then, a resourceful bird helps his penguin friend find a way to fly. Finally, two birds want to live in the same tree, but what goes up must come down! Each short story features a flap that reveals a surprise twist.
With fun fold-outs, easy-to-read text, and a hilarious cast of characters, these stories beg preschoolers and emerging readers to act them out again and again. | <urn:uuid:808b83d1-5b96-4c29-87af-6a5cbaae4d05> | {
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June 10, 2013
John O. Dabiri, Professor of Aeronautics and Bioengineering, has big plans for a high school in San Pedro, military bases in California, and a small village on Bristol Bay, Alaska. "We have been able to demonstrate that using wind turbines that are 30 feet tall, as opposed to 300 feet tall, could generate sufficient power for wind-farm applications," Dabiri says. "One of the areas where these smaller turbines can have an immediate impact is in the military." The Office of Naval Research is funding a three-year project by Dabiri's group to test the smaller vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and to further develop software tools to determine their optimal placement. "We believe that these smaller turbines provide the opportunity to generate renewable power while being complementary to the ongoing activities at the base," Dabiri explains. [Learn More]
John Dabiri with three of the vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) at his experimental wind farm in Northern Los Angeles County. | <urn:uuid:2670abba-b7b4-4fdd-ab7a-a84deeee4fb1> | {
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Are you suffering from common cold? Is it been months you haven’t got relief from your cough? Do you feel irritation and swelling in your throat? If these are the symptoms you diagnose yourself with then you may need to take it seriously as get it checked by a specialist. You doctor may diagnose you with the medical condition – Bronchitis.
People generally get confused with bronchitis and common cold. A common cold usually stays for three to four days; however Bronchitis if not diagnosed at an early stage can lead to a permanent medical condition. Bronchitis is a lung disease that causes irritation in your air sacs and makes it difficult for you to breathe. There are two types of bronchitis which are severe in varying degrees. Let’s find out about its symptoms and How To Treat Bronchitis.
Types Of Bronchitis
A person if diagnosed with bronchitis may have either of the two:
• Chronic bronchitis
• Acute bronchitis
A more severe lung condition, chronic bronchitis results in excess secretion of the mucus in the air sacs along with a persistent cough that produces mucus for more than three months and comes back year after year. While diagnosing chronic bronchitis, the doctor first rules out the possibility of having some of the similar symptom disease like cancer, tuberculosis, lung disease or heart disease.
Regular smoking or inhaling pollutants in the air may cause chronic bronchitis or it may be a result of few acute bronchitis attacks. Also known as smoker’s cough, if this medical condition becomes constant then it may thicken your bronchial lining making it difficult for the person to breathe. However, people who are suffering from constant cough but have no other respiratory infections should be checked for the likelihood chances of having postnasal drip, gatroesophageal reflux or asthma.
Acute bronchitis is a very common viral lung infection which is unresponsive to the antibiotics. However, when a person comes for the diagnosis of this medical condition, they are prescribed with antibiotics. It is not easy to diagnose bronchitis as people usually misunderstand it as a common cold. However, this condition along with a severe cold can lead to flu or start with no infection at al all. It can be a result of smoking, bacterial or viral infections or inhaling the air pollutants. In some cases acute bronchitis is a result of flu or severe cold which can be treated by over the counter drugs.
How To Treat Bronchitis?
Acute bronchitis may be treated with over the counter drugs or drinking lots of fluids. However chronic bronchitis which is a series of acute bronchitis or inhaling contaminated air or smoking heavily is a more serious medical condition which needs professional medical attention.
• It is proven that people who smoke heavily or consumes marijuana suffers from chronic bronchitis. If you have a habit of smoking and no other factor can be diagnosed for the cause of bronchitis, the first step towards its treatment is to stop smoking.
• To improve this condition, you doctor may prescribe you with some medications that will open up the blocked air sacs and the obstructive mucus to let it easily flow out of your system thereby giving you space to breathe. The doctor may advise you to keep a steam vaporizer which could help you ease the chest congestion.
Some people may also be diagnosed with Asthmatic Bronchitis which also involves clogging of the respiratory tract or the air sacs. The normal mucus production from the bronchial tubes usually covers the lungs, trachea and other organs of the respiratory system. This overproduced mucus in the presence of smoke, irritants or air pollutants blocks the air sacs making it difficult for the person to breathe. Some people may come across a few of these asthmatic bronchitis symptoms like shortness of breath, wheezing, chest discomfort, fatigue, pain, weight loss, etc and some are diagnosed with more severe symptoms. Patients of asthmatic bronchitis are advised to stay clear of the dust, smoke, air pollutants or any other irritants that may irk up the air sacs and causes breathing problems.
With these helpful treatments one may overcome the pain and irritations of persistent cold know as bronchitis. | <urn:uuid:057f06b5-bc1b-484f-bbce-4c11015b8ccc> | {
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Sinusitis Symptoms, Sinusitis Treatment
Sinusitis is caused by infection of the air space sinuses of your face. Behind your brow line and behind each cheek are hollow cavities called sinuses. They reduce the weight of your skull and resonate your voice like speaker boxes. The sinuses are lined by moist tissue like the inside of your mouth and can be infected by germs.
The symptoms of sinusitis can range from:
- Pain over the face and forehead. The nerves which supply your sinuses also supply your ears and teeth which can cause sinusitis pain to sometimes feel as if it is coming from your cheeks, upper teeth or ears.
- Frontal forehead headaches when the frontal sinuses are affected.
- Runny nose. In bacterial sinusitis this forward flow is typically green or yellow.
- Post nasal drip with a scratchy throat as gooey material from your sinuses slides backwards down your throat.
- Stuffy nose from blocked nostrils and swollen sinuses..
- Hoarse voice from sinus slime cascading onto your vocal cords.
- Throbbing pain on leaning forward from pressure in your sinuses.
- Upset stomach from swallowing snot.
- Antibiotics kill bacteria which live on mucus in sinusitis.
- Saline nose rinses e.g. Neti pot help by washing out bacteria and snot from sinusitis.
- Steam inhalation treatment works by making snot runny making it easier to blow out through your nose.
- Steroid anti inflammatory nasal sprays treat sinusitis by turning off your sinus taps i.e. drying out the sinus cavities by slowing mucus production.
- In rare cases of refractory or recurrent sinusitis, surgical treatment to open up and aerate the sinuses may be undertaken.
Sinusitis Home Remedies
- Saline nose irrigation
- Steam Inhalation
- Neti Pot
Doctor Secrets! "Giving up smoking can reduce the frequency and severity of sinusitis attacks." | <urn:uuid:9d7f5731-2d77-4b1f-bc9e-5d4beea3361f> | {
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Their findings indicated that a variation in the gene ENPP1 was as much as 13 percent more common in people with type 2 diabetes and those at greater risk for the disease. The gene ENPP1 encodes a protein that blocks the action of insulin.
"This important study uncovers one of the genes that appears to predispose to type 2 diabetes,” said Dr. Scott Grundy, director of UT Southwestern's Center for Human Nutrition and the study's senior author.
In the study, the researchers evaluated a specific gene in three study groups - South Asians, South Asians living in Dallas and Caucasians living in Dallas. Some study subjects suffered from type 2 diabetes, others had risk factors for the disease, while still others showed no signs of diabetes or any apparent risk factors.
"The implication from our study is that if a person has this gene variation, then - without waiting for the development of insulin resistance - he or she should be encouraged to follow lifestyle changes that could help prevent the onset of diabetes,” said Dr. Nicola Abate, associate professor of internal medicine in the Center for Human Nutrition and the study's lead author.
Certain ethnic populations appear to have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, whether overweight or not, particularly South Asians - people originating from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Results showed the presence of the ENPP1 variant in 25 percent of the nondiabetic group and in 34 percent of the diabetic group of South Asians living in India; in 33 percent and 45 percent, respectively, in the nondiabetic and diabetic South Asians in Dallas; and 26 percent and 39 percent, respectively, in the nondiabetic and diabetic Caucasians.
Dr. Abate and his associates have demonstrated that this gene's effects on insulin resistance have biological significance in that its abnormalities make it more likely that people will develop diabetes,” Dr. Grundy said.
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The future is now and the job market is growing every day for those with unique tech skill sets. The coolest tech jobs of the future start with a computer science degree but are remarkably different and diverse. Here are some of the coolest computer science degree jobs of the future, in no particular order.
1. Food Engineer
Using 3D printing technology to create food will require a chemistry and engineering background as well as computer skills. Food engineers may create unique culinary creations for restaurants. Or they may discover how to incorporate vegetables and other healthy ingredients into food in a tasty way that people will actually eat. There may come a day when everyone has a 3D food printer in the kitchen to just press a button and make food, but until then, food engineers will lead the way.
2. Personal Web Manager
As social media and personal web presences continue to expand exponentially, personal web managers will monitor people’s online reputations to be sure they are presenting themselves well and not posting anything they shouldn’t. Part publicist, part hacker and part guidance counselor, personal web managers will need tech skills along with a strong sense of what the public will see as offensive or immoral.
3. Commercial Civilian Drone Operator
Drones are coming to the skies. They can deliver goods faster and more efficiently and pilots will be needed to operate them safely. Even passenger planes may be able to be flown
remotely in the future. A pilot’s license plus significant computer and tech experience will be needed for these positions. A computer science degree could give you a distinct advantage in this field.
4. Digital Currency Advisor
The increased popularity of digital currencies not controlled by governments (i.e. Bitcoin) will lead to the rise of digital currency advisors who know all the ins and outs of various crypto-currencies and can keep you from losing your shirt by helping you maintain a diverse portfolio. This position will combine a finance degree with computer security knowledge and experience.
5. Digital Locksmith
When technology fails, a digital locksmith will be needed to circumvent security protocols. They can open locks on cars, houses or businesses. Some hacking experience, as well as computer security knowledge, will be necessary.
6. Virtual Reality Designer
Besides using virtual reality in video games, people will be using it for things like looking at a hotel room before you book or seeing the view of a concert or sporting event from your seat before you choose it. Museums may be able to recreate historical venues or scenes and there will be many more uses for VR technology that no one has even dreamed up yet.
7. AI Expert
Artificial Intelligence and machine learning will revolutionize both how people live their lives and how businesses function in the coming years. Machines can be much more efficient than their
human counterparts and function virtually error-free outside technical glitches and breakdowns. AI skills will be in high demand, so this is a good area to get into now while the technology is still young and developing.
Get The Knowledge You Need With A Computer Science Degree
Florida Institute of Technology offers Computer Science degrees that incorporate the latest technologies and provide a foundation for many of the jobs of the future.Learn more about our Computer Science program to see if we might be a good fit for your needs. | <urn:uuid:bf34d410-c176-4ee0-9b4f-6231a0cd953e> | {
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While a book featuring a thousand photographs of whale tails may never be a best seller, researchers in this field say it has become a valuable scientific tool. It has added the personal touch to marine mammal study - allowing scientists to identify individual humpback whales by distinctive markings on their flukes, or tails, and thus track their movements around the Atlantic.
Using ''Humpback Whales: A Catalogue of Individuals Identified by Fluke Photographs,'' researchers are getting a better understanding of that species.
So far they have:
* Found that North Atlantic humpbacks seem to be divided into distinct ''stocks,'' each with its own breeding and feeding grounds.
* Discovered that the fluke patterns of the whales can change over time, but usually not enough to hinder identification.
* Identified an estimated one-third of the humpbacks in the North Atlantic.
This information will be valuable to scientists working to protect humpbacks, which are threatened by offshore development and pollution.
Even before Melville's tale of ''Moby Dick,'' the great white sperm whale, whalers and researchers had noticed that they could identify individual whales by distinctive markings. Not until 1975, however, did scientists make significant use of the markings for research purposes.
The effort is led by Allied Whale, a loosely knit organization of specialists and amateur researchers, which scientists call a model of scientific cooperation. The group, based at the College of the Atlantic (COA) in Bar Harbor , Maine, is led by Prof. Steven Katona.
''Allied Whale is a model for collaboration,'' says Dr. Charles Mayo, director of cetacean research at the Center for Coastal Studies in Provincetown, Mass. ''We don't see this kind of collaboration in other sciences, not even in other aspects of whale research.''
Professor Katona says the group's cooperative nature is partly due to practical considerations. Marine mammal research was a relatively new field when Allied Whale started in 1972, and ''we weren't competing with anybody for anything,'' Katona explains. ''Few people on the East Coast, or anywhere, were working on whales. And we do some very tedious work.''
Cooperation was also ''in the spirit of the times,'' he says. Started in 1972 - the year when Earth Day was first observed and when the Marine Mammal Protection Act was passed - the organization grew out of a workshop for students interested in studying whales and stopping whaling.
Today, the fluke photographs have become the centerpiece of the cooperative effort. Using the photographs, researchers are tracking the huge marine mammals on their twice-yearly 4,000-mile migrations.
While only about 1,000 different whales were included in the 1980 catalog, researchers at Allied Whale now have photos of almost 3,000 different humpbacks on file (possibly one-third of the humpback population in the Atlantic north of the equator).
Most of the photos have come from professional researchers like Mayo, but many of the 175 contributors have been sailors or amateur whale watchers. Since no single observer could cover the entire Atlantic, Allied Whale researchers welcome photographs from anyone who has photographed a humpback.
New photos trickle into Katona's office at the rate of five or six a week. ''It's a little like having a pen pal when you get a photograph from someone you don't know, and never heard of before,'' he says.
The new photos are compared with the others in the collection - a process that takes up to 45 minutes. If the whale has not been photographed before, it is given a catalog number and added to the collection.
Because of their markings, humpbacks are the easiest whales to identify individually, Katona says. The unique patterns on their flukes - which can be 15 -feet wide - are created by pigmentation patterns, the growth of marine organisms such as barnacles on the skin, and scars. While the markings can change over time, one humpback was identified by its fluke pattern after 14 years. Some humpbacks have unmistakable markings - like those that lose one side of their tail to a ship's propeller.
Findings from the fluke project suggest that whales live in groups that return to the same areas yearly to breed or feed. Humpbacks that breed in the shallow seas near the Dominican Republic, for instance, spend their summers feeding off the coast of New England in the Gulf of Maine.
With their numbers depleted after more than a century of whaling, the largest remaining population of humpbacks lives in the Atlantic north of the equator. Increasingly, however, these animals are facing problems created by pollution and offshore development. Scientists hope learning about individual whales will help them protect the species.
''The humpback may not really be endangered in 1984,'' says Professor Katona, ''but we have to take the long view. What happens in 2084 is what we worry about and what matters. We're talking about an animal that has been on earth for millions of years, and we'd like it to be here for a few more million.'' | <urn:uuid:b7666810-4089-4f90-8a24-f1518f19a51f> | {
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Muscari blooms in the beds at White Rock Pier. Hardy and blue, these mid-spring flowers grow and spread easily from bulbs. They can thrive under shrubs, as they are doing here, tucked in beneath a huge clump of euphorbia.
These little flowers resemble hyacinths, but are about the size of small grapes. Hence the name.
The word hyacinth comes from the Greek hyakinthos, but it pre-dates Hellenic times. Jacinth, a variant, is an old name for a precious stone, likely zircon, possibly sapphire. This gem was believed to protect against the evil eye.
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Do you ever wonder what the world would look like if humans were gone? You don't have to imagine anymore. There are certain places - some have been fairly well-documented - which show exactly what that world would look like.
Famous monuments of historical significance are usually very well-preserved, but many lesser-known locations have been forgotten by people for many years, and are stunning in their own way.
Abandoned places can be both ghastly and charming at the same time. They become dusty, with cracks on the walls, full of shattered windows and with trees growing inside, or possibly underwater. But at one time, hundreds (or even possibly thousands) of residents were living and working there. It's both nostalgic and intriguing.
People are fascinated by castles, islands, and even entire cities where locals just picked up and left. Exploring long untouched places can be thrilling. Learn about history and feel the story behind these 25 fascinating, unusual structures.
Kolmanskop was once the site of a diamond rush and a bustling city for German miners, according to Namibian.org. Eventually, it peaked and saw its decline after World War I when inhabitants left in search of new diamond deposits. Many of the buildings still stand, but much of the city has been claimed by sand. It gives off eerie vibes that attract curious souls - including ghost hunters - from all over the world.
This 'city' is Turkey's religious ghost town. Formerly known as Levissi (when the Greeks occupied it), Kayaköy was a flourishing community of around 10,000 inhabitants until the early 1920's, according to the BBC. After the massive bloodshed from the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), hundreds of thousands of Greeks fled the violence in Turkey. This led to a mutual compulsory population exchange in order to stop the bloodshed, and residents eventually abandoned Kayaköy.
Hashima Island, Japan
Hashima Island is one of more than 500 unpopulated islands in Nagasaki Prefecture, standing at 40 square miles in size. It was home to a major coal mining operation managed by Mitsubishi until 1974. It was actually one of the most densely populated places in world history with 83,500 people per square kilometer at its peak. The island is also known as "Battleship Island," named after its external appearance.
Buzludzha Monument, Buzludzha Peak, Bulgaria
If you look at this monument from afar, it looks like a space station. It's where the Battle of Shipka, one of the most significant in Bulgarian history, was fought. The monument was a movie location for the action thriller Mechanic: Resurrection, starring Jason Statham and Jessica Alba.
Christ of the Abyss, Italy
Flooded and then cemented to the sea floor of the Mediterranean over half a century ago, the underwater statue of Cristo degli Abissi is one of the most famous dive destinations in the entire country. It is found in the waters between Camogli and Portofino, and it commemorates the diver (and the first Italian to use scuba gear), Dario Gonzetti, who died during a dive near the spot in 1950.
SS Ayrfield Shipwreck, Sydney, Australia
This famous shipwreck is better known as the "floating forest." Many tourists and local photographers go to see the giant mangrove trees that are now growing in the over 100-year-old transport ship. Homebush Bay, located in the heart of Sydney, was designated a shipwreck yard in 1966. The SS Ayrfield, built in 1911 and deployed for wartime activities, was supposed to be dismantled in 1972, but the ship yard closed too soon.
Bannerman Castle, Fishkill, New York
This Scottish-style castle, set 50 miles north of New York City, was built by Francis Bannerman in 1901. He made his money by supplying military goods and used the castle as storage for arms and ammunition. After his death in 1918, construction stopped and the destruction of the castle began. An explosion and a fire took its toll. Visitors can explore the island and abandoned castle through guided tours.
Hirta Island, Scotland
Hirta was once home to a thriving community. Stone tools and Bronze Age quarry found on Mullach Sgar, a mountain on Hirta, suggest people had lived on the islands for at least two millennia, if not more, according to Atlas Obscura. The early 20th century saw a gradual erosion of the islanders' traditional ways of life, which included sheep farming, weaving, and fishing.
Bodiam Castle, England
If you ever want a glimpse of medieval splendor, visit Bodiam Castle. It's surrounded by lavish green foliage which is famous in the region of East Sussex. The castle was built by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, who had once been a knight of Edward III, in in 1385, mainly with the intention of defending this area against the potentially invading armies of France during The Hundred Years War.
Miranda Castle, Celles, Belgium
The "Noisy Castle," which has been silent for a quarter of a century, was built in the 19th-century in a neo-Gothic style. It was in danger of being demolished after a severe storm in 2006 damaged the structure, according to The Weather Channel. Families used to go in the summer and German troops occupied it for a bit during World War Two. It was renamed the "noisy castle" after being turned into an orphanage from the 1950s to the 1970s. The castle was abandoned in 1991 after unsuccessful attempts to sell it and turn it into a hotel, and it was demolished in 2017.
The Maunsell Sea Forts, United Kingdom
The armed towers were built in the Thames and Mersey estuaries during World War II to help defend the U.K. Ultimately, all the sea forts were decommissioned by the late 1950s. People were once able to take a look inside, but nowadays organized tours are rare.
City Hall Subway Station, New York, New York
City Hall was the ceremonial terminal of the first subway project in New York, according to Columbia University. It has a sharply curved platform, a Guastavino tile arched ceiling, skylights (blackened in World War II), and plaques praising the work and those involved. It was in service from 1904 until 1945. The New York City Transit Museum holds tours occasionally, and you can also catch a quick glimpse by taking the 6 train downtown, and staying on it while it loops through the station back to the uptown track.
Felix Lipov / Shutterstock.com
Valle dei Mulini, Italy
This old Italian mill was once a grain mill powered by spring waters. There were several flour mills, built from stone as far back as the 13th century. They ground all the types of wheat needed by locals, according to Atlas Obscura. After the milling of flour was largely shifted to nearby pasta mills, the sunken area became obsolete, and the buildings were closed and abandoned in the 1940s.
Great Train Graveyard, Bolivia
This junkyard is where many of Bolivia's locamotives were left to die. The train cemetery is just outside of the city of Uyuni, which is known for its stunning salt flats. Most of the engines and rail cars date back to the 19th century and were imported from Britain. Some locomotives, however, still look as if they have a few more trips in them, despite all the rust and holes.
This is probably one of the most famous abandoned places in the world. The Ukraine city of Pripyat was once home to over 49,000 residents, until it was evacuated and abandoned following the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. Although the area remains abandoned, it's been deemed safe to visit and some brave outfitters offer guided tours of the site.
The cliffside Italian town of Craco has been a ghost town since the final inhabitants abandoned the city in 1980. The town's sewer and water systems compromised the ground of the already earthquake-prone hills, causing unpredictable landslides. Visitors can still explore the town on a guided tour, and despite the danger, some movies have been filmed here, such as Quantum of Solace.
Ross Island, India
You can't help but feel as if you are in the Jungle Book movie when visiting this island. Ross Island was the former British administrative headquarters for the Andaman Islands. It was even once nicknamed the "Paris of the East." What remains are old houses, a church, a bazaar, several stores, a large swimming pool, and a small hospital. Visitors are welcome to visit, and there are a few brick walkways traversing the settlement.
Kilchurn Castle, Scotland
Kilchurn Castle was built in the mid-1400s but was abandoned in the 1700s, according to Visit Scotland. The castle comprised a five-story tower-house at one corner of an irregular-shaped courtyard. The tower house still stands substantially complete, overshadowing the rest of the complex. The castle is one of the most photographed structures in the country because of its dramatic situation - at the head of Loch Awe, with the peak of Ben Cruachan visible.
Spreepark, Berlin, Germany
With its rusting rides and a Ferris wheel turning idly in the wind, this eerie, defunct amusement park fascinates locals and tourists alike. It opened in 1969, and was the only park of its type in both East and West Berlin. The park eventually closed after the owner went bankrupt. The abandoned dinosaur attractions, Ferris wheels, and swan boats give a cold, creepy chill to anyone who dares enter the desolate park.
Claire Carrion / Shutterstock.com
Nara Dreamland, Nara, Japan
Nara Dreamland opened in 1961, and has been closed since 2006. It was designed after Disneyland, and the entrance looks suspiciously similar to Sleeping Beauty's castle. The wooden rollercoaster is reminiscent the famous Cyclone coaster in New York's Coney Island amusement park. Nara Dreamland could not keep up after Universal Studio Japan opened in Osaka, and thus shut its doors, leaving behind eerie reminders of its storied past. Demolition on the park began in 2016. If you're looking for a fun place to go that's still open, check out these unique attractions at Disney theme parks around the world. | <urn:uuid:937add21-1a36-4574-a7f1-14d781111b07> | {
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and the Rightward Turn in Today's Politics
by Dan T. Carter
In the spring of 2005, Georgia's Republican-controlled legislature passed a law requiring all voters to appear at their proper polling place carrying either a Georgia driver's license or an official photo ID issued by the Georgia Department of Motor Vehicles.1
We don't have any work by social scientists to show the impact such a law would have because no American voter has ever been required to have an official photo ID for voting. But a survey by the American Association of Retired Persons found there were more than 150,000 Georgians over the age of 60 who cast their vote in the 2004 election, but lacked a driver's license. The League of Women Voters pointed out the particularly onerous impact the measure would have upon poor, rural and minority voters. In the state of Georgia, for example, there are over 159 counties but only 56 DMV offices. These offices are not equitably distributed—multiple offices are sprinkled in the predominantly white suburban counties surrounding the city of Atlanta but there is not one in the majority black city.
Applicants for these identity cards would have to obtain their birth certificate at a cost of up to $32, travel an average of 15 to 30 miles, usually to locations lacking public transportation, wait as long as three hours, and pay a fee of $8. The impact is particularly onerous upon African Americans of voting age who are significantly less likely to have a driver's license than whites and according to the 2000 census—are five times more likely to lack access to a car than white Georgians. The disparate impact is made worse in the case of older black Georgians, who were often delivered by midwives before the state required a birth certificate or official registration.2
According to Republican Governor Sonny Perdue and his House and Senate leaders, this "reform" measure was a necessary safeguard to stop individuals from assuming the identity of legitimate voters, casting illegal ballots and thus corrupting the political process.
There was, however, a problem with this argument. When asked for examples of such voter fraud during the brief legislative hearings, proponents of the measure could not cite a single example in which one voter had masqueraded as another. As Georgia's Secretary of State noted, there have been a number of cases of voter fraud in Georgia over the last twenty years, but most of these involved the misuse of absentee ballots. And yet the same legislation that required voters to bring an official photo ID to the polling place explicitly rejected any requirements for absentee voters and, in fact, made it far easier to vote by absentee ballot.
How many individuals would be disenfranchised by the new voter ID law? Three percent? Four per cent? There is no way to know for sure, but we have seen in recent elections that even a one per cent change in the vote may be critical.
You don't have to be a cynic to see the purpose of the Georgia Voter ID requirement. The individuals most negatively affected by the legislation are more likely to vote Democratic. People who cast absentee ballots are more likely to vote Republican. The only corruption here is the naked abuse of political power by the majority party.3 Only a last minute decision by a federal district court judge in late October stopped the law from being enforced during the November municipal elections. In ruling on the suit, waged by the American Civil Liberties Union and the NAACP, he likened the law to the old Jim Crow-era poll tax. Still a few months before, the U.S. Justice Department had given the law its blessing.
No single example of contemporary American politics can fully capture all the dimensions of that steady shift to the right in the United States, but I have chosen this vignette because it involves the right to vote, arguably one of the most fundamental rights in a democracy. If that right can be rolled back, then who can doubt that we are in the midst of a great political reaction.
When and where did this counter-revolution gain its traction?
In 1989, I set out to write a study of the improbable career of Alabama's George Wallace—a four-time candidate for the presidency who, at one point, had the expressed support of a quarter of America's white voters and very nearly threw the 1968 election into the House of Representatives. Initially I was intrigued by the fact that he had been relegated to the sidelines of American history. In most of the initial historical accounts of the period, anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy received far more attention than the Wallace movement.
The reasons for his relative obscurity were not hard to find. Technically a Democrat for most of his career, members of that party have hardly been anxious to embrace him as one of their own. And, even though Republicans shamelessly borrowed many of his ideas, they too spurned any identification with this crude redneck— gauche, coarse and hardly suitable for inclusion with the likes of Robert Taft, Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan. Without worshipful acolytes, he was left to wander on the margins of our historical memory.
As I examined his career, however, I came to believe that his role was even greater than I had thought—primarily as one of the principle originators of a new and inverted form of populist politics.
There is good reason to be leery of an adjective and noun that has been elastic enough to describe historical actors as diverse as George McGovern, the late Bella Abzug, Pat Buchanan, France's Jean-Marie Le Pen and Venezuela's Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Writing in the early 1970s, historian C. Vann Woodward acknowledged there was a considerable leap between the politics of the 1960s and 1970s and the provincial language and sometimes cranky ideas that shaped the grievances of late nineteenth century farmers. But there was a connection, he argued. The original populists spoke for the little man against the establishment, the provinces against the metropolis, the poor and deprived against the rich and privileged. The issues they addressed centered on the unequal distribution of wealth and income, and the unjust distribution of power. These issues included prices, wages, money, taxes, unemployment, monopoly, big business corruption of government and government selling out to business.4
And their ideas resonated long after the movement itself disappeared.
If Woodward defended these late nineteenth century reformers, he acknowledged that other scholars saw them in a more unfavorable light. Populist leaders may have defended workers and agricultural producers, but they sometimes seemed afflicted by conspiratorial delusions, nostalgic dreams of a golden age that never was and hostility to industrial progress. And there is no doubt that some of them were racist, anti-Semitic and xenophobic.
Whatever their multiple personalities, none of these earlier populists embraced bankers, oil companies, free-market capitalism and government policies that slavishly catered to big business.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, George Wallace helped upend this long-standing tradition.
For the most part, we still remember Wallace through the prism of race. After his 1958 race for the governorship, swearing to his friends that his opponent had "outniggered me" and "I'll never be outniggered again." At his inaugural address, which included the famous declaration "Segregation today, Segregation Tomorrow, Segregation Forever." Wallace standing at the Schoolhouse Door, and later running for the presidency in 1964 and showing surprising strength in the North by attacking the pending Civil Rights bill of that year.
And then there was the coda to his career: his 1972 near death at the hands of a deranged would-be assassin that led to the redeemed George Wallace, repenting his earlier racist sins and running and winning the Alabama governorship in the late 1970s and 1980s with overwhelming black support.
That we remember; the beginning, the end. It's the middle part that is often ignored.
So let us briefly look back to his 1968 third party run for the Presidency.
The election, you may recall, was one of the most tumultuous in our modern history. Lyndon Johnson had been forced to withdraw from the Presidential race; Robert Kennedy had been assassinated and a bitterly divided Democratic Party had nominated Vice President Hubert Humphrey for the Presidency. Meanwhile, the Republican Party, led by a reborn Richard Nixon, settled down for what seemed an inevitable victory.
And then came Wallace. As he campaigned across America, the crowds began to grow: from 5,000 to 10,000 to monster rallies with as many as 30,000 followers chanting their support.
His campaign benefited from white backlash to the urban race riots of the 1960s, new challenges to de facto housing, employment and educational discrimination in the North and the linkage of blackness with rising criminality and welfare costs in the minds of many white Americans.
With an instinctive sense for language, he exploited these racial fears through the skillful use of what soon came to be called coded language. He railed against federal, state and local officials for their timid response to Molotov-throwing urban rioters, but he never referred to them explicitly in racial terms.
He talked about brutal and marauding criminals who transformed America's urban streets into war zones. But he did not directly mention race.
He constantly complained of shiftless free-loaders, collecting their welfare checks—paid for by the hard-working American. But he scrupulously avoided using racial language to describe this new parasitic welfare class.
Even when he dealt with explicit racial issues, he always insisted that his objections to busing or affirmative action had nothing to do with race, but fairness for white as well as black Americans.
So it is clear that race remained a central element of his appeal.
But his exploitation of a new form of "populist" conservatism represented more than the exploitation of racial issues.
Wallace was not an analytical thinker but he knew that a substantial percentage of the American electorate despised the civil rights agitators, anti-war demonstrators, bra-burning feminists, and longhaired hippy students as symptoms of a fundamental decline in the traditional compass of God, family (the patriarchal family, that is), and love of country. They believed that decline was reflected in the rising crime rates, legalization of abortion, a rise in out-of-wedlock pregnancies, increase in divorce rates, the Supreme Court's decision against school prayer, and the proliferation of "obscene" literature and films. Even when local communities seemed untouched, the nightly news vividly brought home the sights and sounds of a social revolution into the living rooms of millions of Americans.
Perhaps Wallace's greatest contribution was his appropriation of classic populist language in claiming to speak for the forgotten Americans—what he called in every speech the "average man in the street, the man in the textile mill, the man in the steel mill, the barber, the beautician, the policeman on the beat." (He proved to have a much more sensitive ear to the electorate than Barry Goldwater who said many of the same things, but in a language that often seemed to appeal only to readers of the National Review and the nearest Country Club locker room.)
In speaking for what he called working and middle America, the fiery Alabama governor used the language of populism— its attacks on shadowy and evil conspirators, its sense of victimhood—but the villains were no longer Wall Street Bankers and malefactors of great wealth.
His target was that alien city on the Potomac, Washington, D.C., where a shadowy coven of liberals—bearded, briefcasecarrying bureaucrats, cowardly politicians and arrogant judges—ran roughshod over the rights and freedoms of the American people, issuing judicial edicts that were little more than exercises in social engineering; decisions that turned the notion of equality on its head and forced state and local governments and school boards to engage in contorted plans to fit a preconceived blueprint for racial equality and in the process trampled the rights of working people who often had to bear the burden— and the financial costs—of their decisions. The wealthy liberals who backed higher taxes for welfare abusers (again, no race mentioned) could afford to pay the bill; when out of touch judges ordered busing, well-to-do liberals could send their kids to private schools and live in communities in which they escaped the consequences of their left-wing politics.
The federal courts were a special target for Wallace. These were the "judicial activists" who used meaningless technicalities to turn criminals loose in the streets. As they forbade children from bowing their heads in school prayer they unleashed a torrent of pornography upon the streets of America on the fatuous grounds of the First Amendment. (Wallace, I should note, was the first American politician to testify in favor of a school prayer constitutional amendment).
"Question authority" was the slogan of a new, emancipated class of intellectuals and social liberals in the 1960s. For that generation, and I was certainly a part of it, there was something enormously liberating about throwing off what seemed to be the repressive prejudices of an older generation. Liberation was possible in our politics and in our own lives. But Wallace looked out upon the disorderly political landscape of the 1960s and instinctively sensed that millions of Americans were gripped by a sense of betrayal. Discipline, hard work, self-control, and yes, traditions of racial hierarchy and patriarchy were still embraced emotionally as essential shelters in a world of turmoil and change.
By September of 1968, major polls showed him at 21%, neck and neck with Hubert Humphrey among decided voters, and only 9% behind Richard Nixon.
Wallace had discovered what journalists eventually came to call "the social issues": a vague conglomeration of fears and apprehensions revolving around the notion that traditional standards of morality were crumbling. He didn't know these were "wedge" issues—he just knew they worked.
On election day, many would-be Wallace voters returned to the two major parties and his final vote was a little less than 14 per cent. But I believe his success in that election was one of the factors that set in motion a major realignment of American politics. It is obvious when you read Richard Nixon's memos and review conversations with his staff that Wallace's success was a key factor in encouraging Nixon and the Republican Party to adopt a political strategy based upon combining traditional Republican conservatism with a solid Republican South and angry white working class Democrats mobilized by these new social issues. By the 1972 presidential campaign, Wallace seldom gave a speech without complaining that Nixon and his vice-President Spiro Agnew had cribbed his ideas.
In 1980 and 1984, Ronald Reagan's sweep of the old Democratic South and his appeal to traditionally Democratic blue collar and working class voters laid the foundation for today's Republican dominance in American politics.
As a historian, reading backward from the present, it is all too easy to see this as an inevitable trend in American politics. From Goldwater to Wallace to Nixon to Reagan to Bush I and Bush II. The trajectory has its byways—Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton—but always it turns to the right.
And yet there seems nothing historically inevitable about this process. Beginning as early as the early 1970s, there were a number of pocketbook issues that should have benefited the "old populism." The purchasing power of middle income and lower middle income families rose 40 per cent between 1947 and 1966, an average of more than 2 per cent per year. But that steady ascension came to a stop between 1966 and 1972, when actual purchasing power remained stable and failed to decline only because of the accelerating entry of women into the workforce. During the 1980s, globalization in the labor market placed a lid on wages even as the Reagan administration adopted policies that exacerbated the growing divide with the wealthy and upper middle class on one side and the struggling middle and working classes and the poor. By the middle of the 1980s, we were already on our way to the creation of a society divided between Wal- Mart and Saks Fifth Avenue. And nothing fundamentally has changed over the last 20 years, as working and middle class income stagnates and productivity gains go directly into the bank accounts of the already super rich.
At the same time, a new entrepeneurial class and its ideological allies unapologetically practices a ruthless form of capitalism that treats workers as another factor of production—to be discarded when they are no longer useful. Even as they have kept up a steady barrage of attacks against "government," however, they have successfully bent the state to their own interests in a way that would have left the legendary Robber Barons gasping with envy. It is difficult to imagine a group of men—and they are mostly men— who are further away from the producer class of hardworking Americans extolled by the populists.
But there was magic in this new rancid populism, to borrow William Greider's apt phrase. And the magic still works.
Witness the passage of the Georgia Voter ID law this past spring. Within hours after Republicans introduced the measure in the Georgia House, the black caucus began pointing to the discriminatory consequences of the legislation. As it quickly moved through the state house and senate, members of the black caucus were joined in opposition by more than two dozen civic groups, including the AARP of Georgia and the League of Women Voters.
Immediately, however, Republicans and their conservative allies went on the attack. The opponents of such "good government reform" were defenders of the tired old corrupt political system, subservient to the liberal elites and pandering, as the House Republican leader said, to "special interest groups." Certain words began regularly appearing. A prominent conservative columnist in the Atlanta Journal Constitution called the Democratic house minority leader a "notorious race baiter" for pointing out that the ID law would disproportionately affect African Americans; the opponents of the measure were "aggressors" against needed reform; they were "ruthlessly conspiring" with liberal elites; they were nothing more than professional "microphone-grabbers who gain financially and politically by stoking the fears of the ignorant and insecure," "promoting victimhood," all the while building a moneymaking industry that made its profits "selling racial pessimism."
These quotes are not from far right mouthpieces like Atlanta talk-show host Neal Boortz. (He complained that the measure did not go far enough by taking away the vote from welfare recipients.)5 They are from main-line conservative journalists and politicians who have learned the lessons first taught by Newt Gingrich in his famous seminars for young Republicans in the late 1980s. You may recall that Gingrich distributed to aspiring Republican candidates a list of 58 words that were always to be used in referring to Democrats or liberals, among them: sick, traitors, corrupt, bizarre, cheat, steal, devour, self-serving, criminal rights, soft-on-crime, free loader, greed….6
Proponents of the new restrictive voter requirements had the added support and legitimacy of more than 500 conservative and right-wing foundations and think tanks which conservatives have created at a cost of more than $2 billion over the last 35 years.7 Well before the introduction of the Georgia Voter ID measure the Cato Institute had issued its position paper on election procedures, insisting that any complaint of discrimination was nothing more than the "rhetoric of victimization." Scholars at other conservative think tanks have agreed, repeatedly deploying social science analysis to "prove" that there is no evidence that African Americans continue to suffer from structural or deliberate discrimination. As Abigail Thernstrom, a Manhattan Institute Fellow has argued in a series of well-placed op-ed pieces this summer, Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act was not only superfluous, it had done "more harm than good." The "era of redneck registrars, fraudulent literacy tests, violence, and intimidation at the polls is over, she assured readers of the Richmond Times- Dispatch."8 The states should be "free to make their own decisions about voting equipment and voter registration systems" without federal interference.9
The success of conservatives in framing the issue in Georgia was made easier because television stations, in their state and local coverage, gave the issue their usual short shrift, a garbled forty or fifty seconds at most, following the now familiar: "he said," "she said" and then on to the latest multi-car accident or celebrity trial. With the partial exception of the Atlanta Journal Constitution, the print media was little better. Listening to television or reading the state's newspapers, the average consumer of news would have absolutely no sense that there are things that we used to call facts; there were only opinions. When asked to choose between the opinions of those who supported an honest ballot and the opinions of defenders of the status quo who were pandering to special interests, it was no contest. By the time the issue came to a vote in the legislature, a poll commissioned by the Atlanta Journal Constitution showed that four out of five Georgians—including a majority of black Georgians—supported the new voter legislation.10 Truth, in philosopher Theodor Adorno's formulation, had simply become an artifact of power—or in less elevated language—the outcome of the best marketing campaign.11
Events can quickly change. Chronologically, it is only a few years from William McKinley to Theodore Roosevelt; Calvin Coolidge to Franklin Delano Roosevelt. And who in 1953 could have anticipated the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965?
Hope springs eternal; it has to if you live—as I do—in one of the reddest states in the union. But I believe in honesty, and the truth is: I find my optimism challenged by what I see on every hand.
I look out at the faces of my students: polite, anxious to please, even intellectually curious on occasion. But the great passions of my lifetime—racial and economic justice—seem antiquated and irrelevant and debates over the relationship between political policies and economic inequality and injustice are as incomprehensible as a discussion of the seventeenth century controversy surrounding Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomians.
And I certainly don't want to single out my students; they are simply responding to the world of their parents and their friends. Nearly a century ago, Walter Lippman noted the political advantages of creating what he called a "fear economy." By making voters fearful of losing their jobs, fearful that their old age will not be secured, fearful that their children will lack opportunity, they become, in Lippman's nineteenth century language, a "servile and dreaming race," clinging desperately to the niche on which they precariously hang.
And even the prescient Lippman could not envision the political dividends of a permanent war on terror.
At the same time, the corruption of both political parties by vested economic interests continues apace, without restraint from an electorate increasingly adrift, cut loose from the anchors of old institutions that once bound them to an understanding of their self-interest. This has happened even—ironically—as millions of Americans accept an economic theology that insists that a market ruled by self-interest will cure all our social ills and usher in the kingdom of heaven on earth.
And of course we are all being swept downstream into a political culture in which entertainment, politics, makebelieve, and breaking news have become as indistinguishable from each other as from the commercials that separate each meaningless and disconnected factoid.
As one of my conservative friends, said: so much indignation, so little time.
And yet. And yet.
In 1955, at a meeting of the Southern Historical Association in Memphis, Tenn., the novelist William Faulkner shared the platform with a group of black and white educators. His very presence was a daring act of defiance at a time when whites across the region were rallying to the defense of racial segregation and the White Citizens Councils—Klansmen in business suits— ruled his home state. This was not an easy choice for Faulkner. While he was a Nobel Prize winner in literature, he lived in Oxford, Miss. Most of his friends and neighbors believed that segregation was right and just and moral. If he was emmeshed in a quarrel with his region, it was a lover's quarrel for he was Southern to the core.
But when it came his turn to speak, he did not mince words. Whatever the difficulties of ending segregation, he said, it was essential to recognize the core of segregation's inhumanity. Those who loved the South had a special obligation to "speak now against the day, when our Southern people who will resist to the last these inevitable changes… say, "Why didn't someone tell us this before? Tell us this in time."
In the end—whether optimistic or pessimistic —our obligation as scholars, as citizens, as human beings, remains unchanged. We must speak now—and act—against the day when a future generation asks: "Why didn't someone tell us this before? Tell us this in time."
Dan T. Carter is the author of The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics, and From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963- 1994, among other books. He is Educational Foundation Professor in the University of South Carolina's Department of History. This article began as a plenary talk delivered to the American Sociological Association in August 2005.
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Voice: 617.666.5300 • Fax: 617.666.6622 • [email protected] | <urn:uuid:f807ec73-9f23-4396-a042-472d32fbf21b> | {
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Why? Is the hijab, which, after all, is similar to the veil or babushka traditionally worn in pre-WWII Europe by many woman, so offensive to the modern-day European?
This touches on several factors:
- In some countries, due to the Enlightenment rejection of clericalism, all religious symbols were banned in official offices. This was done to limit or eliminate the influence of Catholic clergy in governmental affairs.
- France is most involved in the school ban; every French child wears a uniform to school. It is considered VERY important to have every child in a uniform, and no deviations are permitted. This is a long-standing cultural issue; adherence to this policy is one of the ways that France has integrated its ethnics into the French culture. In France, in every location, the curriculum is absolutely rigid; every 3rd grade student will be on the same page of the same book on the same day. Likewise, all aspects of school are regimented, and the dress code is one of those aspects.
- There have been robberies and terrorist attacks by men wearing the hijab or burka. Because of that, the momentum for banning the distinctive dress has grown. However, the native uneasiness with the clothing preceded the illegal activities.
- In some European countries (notably France, Sweden, and Norway), any woman NOT covering up is considered fair game for rape. The sharp increase in rapes in those countries is almost all due to attacks by Muslims on uncovered women.
Burka has been resisted in schools and courts. In schools, teachers have been told not to wear it, due to difficulty communicating while veiled (one of them was a teacher whose job was to teach the children English - her speech was muffled while veiled). In courts, our tradition of facing our accusers was the stopping point. If veiled, verifying identity is a problem.
Most normal activities are hard to perform while heavily veiled. Driving can be dangerous. Even walking has its hazards, as sights and sounds of approaching cars can be limited.
In hot weather, the burka would be nearly intolerable, and, for those nearby, the odor of a sweaty women would be unpleasant. Getting sufficient vitamin D while veiled requires supplementing; deficiencies are common in veiled women.
There have been legal challenges in the US to have access to public swimming pools during specified times "women-only". This limits the freedoms of our non-veiled citizens to pools they paid for.
Girls participating in sports have sued to keep wearing the hijab, despite the potential for injury during contact.
I'm on the side of banning the burka. It's an unnecessary limitation on women's freedom, and the potential for using it during the commission of a crime is not solely theoretical. Additionally, it makes it easy to cover up domestic violence under the bag.
In sports, I'm in favor of letting the leagues set their own rules for dress, as they currently do. In schools, the hijab causes no problems (so far), but authorities should be on the lookout for students experiencing discrimination or bullying due to NOT veiling. I see no problem with schools altering their dress code to allow a single color and style for hijabs, if desired. | <urn:uuid:1cfb116d-2bad-49ce-a55c-3175f0c59265> | {
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EPA and FDA Issue New Draft Guidelines For Pregnant Women Who Eat Fish
Posted on June 10, 2014
Ever since the news got out about how much mercury is in seafood, pregnant women have been avoiding it. Mercury can cause severe brain damage to a developing fetus. Unfortunately, our oceans' fish are contaminated with mercury and other pollutants. The FDA and EPA got the mercury message out, but now the agencies are unhappy that pregnant women are avoiding seafood. So the agencies have issued new guidelines which say that pregnant women should eat low-mercury containing seafood, but avoid fish which are high in mercury. The agencies say the nutritional benefits from most seafood outweigh any mercury risks.The draft advice warns pregnant to avoid four types of fish: tilefish from the Gulf of Mexico, shark; swordfish; and king mackerel. It also warns pregnant women to limit consumption of white (albacore) tuna to 6 ounces a week. The whiter the tuna, the older the tuna. Light tuna is younger and has less mercury per ounce.
So what are pregnant supposed to eat? Now they say to choose shrimp, pollock, salmon, canned light tuna, tilapia, catfish and cod. They also say to keep up with advisories from local authorities about fish from local streams, rivers and lakes.
Mercury is toxic to humans, there is no "safe level." The idea that pregnant women have to eat fish during their pregnancy is absurd. There are plenty of other protein sources for those that wish to avoid fish completely. The World Health Organization states:
- Exposure to mercury -- even small amounts -- may cause serious health problems, and is a threat to the development of the child in utero and early in life.
- Mercury may have toxic effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems, and on lungs, kidneys, skin and eyes.
- Mercury is considered by WHO as one of the top ten chemicals or groups of chemicals of major public health concern.
- People are mainly exposed to methylmercury, an organic compound, when they eat fish and shellfish that contain the compound. | <urn:uuid:4666afc8-695f-475f-b007-aed0122adb49> | {
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Installing a LAMP Server on Ubuntu
Why Install LAMP on Ubuntu?
Why should you install LAMP on Ubuntu? When working on web development, I prefer to work within the privacy of my own development environment located on my computer. I'd rather make the majority of my mistakes where no one else can see them rather than out in the wild of the Internet. In order to have that private development environment, I install a LAMP configuration. If you're not familiar with LAMP, it stands for Linux, Apache, MySQL, php (and/or Perl). LAMP is one of the most common web hosting platforms on the Internet, so it's a great environment to build and test your website.
Follow these step by step instructions to install and configure LAMP on Ubuntu 12.04-Precise Pangolin. This process has also been tested and works on Linux Mint 13, 14, and 15, Ubuntu 12.10-Quantal Quetzal and Ubuntu 13.04 Raring Ringtail. If you have a reasonably fast broadband connection, you should be done in less than half an hour.
Install LAMP on Ubuntu
The developers at Ubuntu have made it really easy to install and configure the packages for LAMP with a single terminal command. So open up a terminal window and let's get started.
Yes, you read that right. Don't leave out the caret (^) at the end. The command won't work without it. It's magical!
The apt package manager will now show the packages to be installed and ask for confirmation. Hit <Enter> to confirm and continue with the install.
After some time downloading packages, you will be prompted to set a password for the root user for MySQL.
Enter the password you want to use for MySQL. Do not leave it blank. You'll be prompted a second time to confirm your password.
After confirming your password, apt will continue installing the remaining packages.
Your LAMP installation is now complete. Wow, that was easy! Now there's just a few more steps to get things configured to make it easy to work with your system.
Open a web browser window and enter the address http://localhost/. You should see a web page that says "It Works!"
Now that you've confirmed that the Apache web server works, you want to make sure that your php installation is working. To do that you need to create a file in /var/www called testing.php. You can use your favorite text editor as root, or you can use the following terminal command:
After that you need to restart the Apache web server.
Go back to your web browser and enter the address http://localhost/testing.php/ and you should see a page displaying information about your php installation.
Fix Apache fully qualified domain name
You may have noticed an error message from Apache about the server's fully qualified domain name.
apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
This is not a big deal, but if it bothers you, you can fix it with the following commands.
Now reload the Apache web server.
You should no longer see the error message.
Since this tutorial is for setting up a local web development environment, the MySQL needs to be bound to the localhost IP address. By default this should be 127.0.0.1 on your system. Just in case, you can verify it with these commands.
You should see something like
::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
You now want to verify that you have the correct bind address in MySQL's my.cnf file.
You should see:
bind-address = 127.0.0.1
If the bind address doesn't match the one set for localhost on your system, you'll need to edit /etc/mysql/my.cnf as root to correct it.
You don't need to install phpMyAdmin, but unless you're a wizard with SQL, you'll want it to do administrative tasks on your MySQL databases.
You can install phpMyAdmin with this terminal command:
You'll be prompted to confirm that you want to install the packages. Hit <Enter> to continue.
You'll next be prompted to select a web server to configure with phpMyAdmin. This is important! Use the arrow keys on your keyboard to highlight apache2 and then used the space bar to select it. Then hit <Enter> to continue. Make sure to click the picture below to see it in full size to see what I'm describing.
The next screen will ask if you want to configure phpMyAdmin with a database called dbconfig-common. Select "Yes" and hit <Enter>.
You'll next be prompted to enter the MySQL root password you created earlier so that the new database can be created. So enter your MySQL root password and hit <Enter>.
The next prompt is to create a MySQL application password for phpMyAdmin. You can hit <Enter> if you want a random password to be created. I usually use the same password that I used for the MySQL root password. It's probably not the greatest idea in terms of security, but since this is for a closed development environment, it's probably low risk.
Finally, you'll be prompted to confirm your MySQL application password. Type the same password as the previous step and hit <Enter>.
Installing and configuring phpMyAdmin is now complete.
The last step is to make sure that phpMyAdmin is working. Open a web browser and enter the address http://localhost/phpmyadmin/. You should see a page that looks like this.
You should now be able to log in with the username root and the root password that you created earlier.
Congratulations, you are now done installing and configuring LAMP and phpMyAdmin on Ubuntu 12.04. You can now start building the local version of your website. If you are only working on one site, you can place your files in /var/www. Note that /var/www is owned by the user and group root, so you will either need to copy files over as root, or change the ownership and/or permissions of that directory so you can write your files there. As an alternative, you can do some additional Apache configuration so that you can keep your files somewhere under your home directory. You can even set up multiple sites that way. | <urn:uuid:09394a7f-f46e-4d73-ae24-791ace37b2f9> | {
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But whatever comfort he felt was only an illusion. Politicians in the 18th-century British Empire were as stubborn and as impervious to reason as those in the 21st-century American one. They had convinced themselves that the “troubles” in the colonies had nothing to do with the Empire’s abuses and tyranny; instead, a couple of Boston’s malcontents were stirring up their countrymen. Arrest those ringleaders, and everyone else would settle down to loyal subjugation once again.
As Longfellow said, “You know the rest.” Many Americans, not just Hancock and Adams, despised the brutal, dictatorial Empire and were determined to live free of it. Some of these folks dispatched a couple others to warn everyone that the King’s bully-boys were marching out of Boston to disarm the colonists. They would also seize Hancock and Adams for trial in Britain.
Jefferson later listed these kangaroo courts among the Declaration’s indictments of King George III’s administration: “For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses…” And still later, the Founders tried to quash such jostling for a venue more favorable to the government than to the accused. Their Constitution orders that “The Trial of all Crimes … shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed…”
Meanwhile, the colonies boasted courts that functioned perfectly well, according to British tradition and precedence. Indeed, the Crown had won two signal victories from them within the last few years.
In 1761, colonial lawyer James Otis had argued against Writs of Assistance: “A man’s house is his castle…,” he told Massachusetts’ Superior Court. “This writ, if it should be declared legal, would totally annihilate this privilege. Customhouse officers may enter our houses when they please; we are commanded to permit their entry. Their menial servants may enter, may break locks, bars, and everything in their way; and whether they break through malice or revenge, no man, no court may inquire. Bare suspicion without oath is sufficient.” You no doubt recognize this hallmark of tyranny: warrantless searches without oath are precisely what the Transportation Security Administration inflicts on victims today.
Despite eloquence that had John Adams rhapsodizing, “Then and there, the child Independence was born,” Otis lost the case.
His admirer had better luck a decade later, though this time he was arguing for the Crown, or at least for its employees. When the Redcoats who had fired on protestors at the Boston Massacre were tried, John Adams defended them against charges of murder. And won.
Clearly, courts in Boston could prosecute — to the government’s satisfaction if no one else’s -— even those cases of special interest to the Crown. So why would the Administration have hauled Sam Adams and John Hancock overseas upon arresting them?
For the same reason that Congress insists on trying suspected terrorists in military commissions instead of existing American courts: politicians want to be absolutely certain the “right” verdict is returned. So certain, in fact, that they “intervened and imposed restrictions blocking the administration from bringing any Guantanamo detainees to trial in the United States,” as the thwarted Attorney General, Eric Holder, put it.
Nor are they shy about admitting their motives. "It's unfortunate that it took the Obama administration more than two years to figure out what the majority of Americans already know: that 9-11 conspirator Khalid Sheikh Mohammed is not a common criminal, he's a war criminal," House Judiciary Committee Chairman Lamar Smith, (R-Texas) said in a statement. "I hope the Obama administration will stop playing politics with our national security and start treating foreign terrorists like enemy combatants."
Really, Lamar? And just where does the Constitution you swore to uphold recognize either the category of “enemy combatant” or your power to classify poor cusses as such — and then deny them due process, habeas corpus and whatever other rights you disdain that day?
Even more blatant is the loathsome Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.): “I have always said that the perpetrators of this horrible crime should get the ultimate penalty, and I believe this proposal by the administration can make that happen," he smirked. Perhaps this despot ought to read the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendments to note their remarkable phrasing: the subjects of their protections are “person[s]” and “the accused” but never “citizens.” In other words, the Feds may not flout the restraints the Constitution places on them, regardless of the identity of the “accused,” even if he is a mere “person” rather than a citizen.
This is not to praise Obama or that racist demagogue, Eric Holder. "We were prepared to bring a powerful case against the 9/11 defendants in federal court … ," Holder said … "Unfortunately, members of Congress have intervened…"
Does this bozo seriously expect us to believe that Congress’ authority suddenly dazzles his boss when it comes to yanking “terrorists” back to Gitmo, though Obama didn’t even deign to notice the legislature’s existence when bombing Libya? It suits the Administration’s purposes — and I don’t pretend to be corrupt or venal enough to decipher what those may be — to defy the Constitution and deny these defendants their rights, or it would thumb its nose at Congress, as usual.
The five “terrorists” may be guilty of what Our Rulers allege. Fine. Put them on trial — real trial, in regular, established courts — and prove it. But “military commissions” mock justice, truth, the rule of law, and everything decent, to say nothing of the Constitution.
During this month of Revolutionary significance, we remember an earlier empire’s atrocities and compare them against those of a contemporary one: warrantless searches “without oath” and the transporting of suspects beyond seas for trial. This time, those suspects are foreign terrorists; next time, as in 1775, they may be domestic ones. | <urn:uuid:ace663d5-b8c9-4525-a8e2-65ffa7e6cd62> | {
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Defining basic perforation patterns
Requirements which are not covered by or do not conform to these criteria should always be specified by submitting a drawing of the full sheet, with unperforated margins clearly marked, together with details of the required perforated pattern and its orientation relative to the sheet.
The basic perforation patterns most commonly used can be defined by determining the following criteria:
1. Hole shape – Hole size – Orientation of hole relative to edge of plate
2. Hole pattern – Distance between hole centres (pitch)
3. Orientation of pattern relative to edge of plate
4. Plain (unperforated) margins between holes and edges of sheet
Length (of sheet/plate) = will always be taken to be the longer of the two dimensions
Width or height (of sheet/plate) = the shorter of the two dimensions
Pitch = measurement from centreline of one hole to centreline of next hole
Bridge = measurement from edge of one hole to edge of adjacent hole – ie the amount of solid material between holes
Hole types are described according to shape and orientation;
R = Circular (Round)
C = Square
CD = Square, diagonals parallel to panel edges
H = Hexagonal
LR = Round ended slots (‘Obrounds’)
LC = Square ended slots
Hole sizes are specified in millimetres, width (w1) x length (w2), following the shape code for the hole.
Hole Pattern & Pitch
Following the code for hole shape and size, the pattern is specified using codes for arrangement (pattern) and spacing between hole centres (pitch)
For the T pattern (60º staggered pitch) and square U pattern (pitches equal in both directions), only the pitch p is stated.
For shapes R, C, CD, H in the U or Z arrangements, both pitch p1 & p2 are stated as p1 x p2 with the shorter pitch p1 stated first.
If relevant to the requirement, the pattern should be defined further by specifying whether the straight row of holes should run parallel to the long side or short side of the panel.
Plain Margins should be specified along long and short sides of the panel, or each panel side if the margins or sides are not symmetrical about the centre lines of the panel.
Open Areas for perforating patterns
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The events that led to Malloy’s death began in January 1933. He was, at the time, alcoholic and homeless. Five men who were acquainted with him, Tony Marino, Joseph Murphy, Francis Pasqua, Hershey Green, and Daniel Kriesberg (later dubbed “the Murder Trust” by the headlines), plotted to take out three life insurance policies on Malloy and then get him to drink himself to death. The first part of the plot was successful (probably achieved with the aid of a corrupt insurance agent), and they stood to gain over $3,500 (almost $57,000 today) if Malloy died an accidental death.
Marino owned a speakeasy and gave Malloy unlimited credit, thinking Malloy would abuse it and drink himself to death. Although Malloy drank for a majority of his waking day, it did not kill him. To remedy this, antifreeze was substituted for liquor, but still, Malloy would drink until he passed out, wake up, and came back for more. Antifreeze was substituted with turpentine, followed by horseliniment, and finally mixed in rat poison. Still, Malloy lived.
The group then tried raw oysters soaked in methanol. This idea apparently came from Pasqua, who saw a man die after eating oysters with whiskey. Then came a sandwich of spoiled sardines mixed with poison.
When that failed, they decided that it was unlikely that anything Malloy ingested was going to kill him, so the Murder Trust decided to freeze him to death. On a night when the temperature reached -14 °F, Malloy drank until he passed out, was carried to a park, dumped in the snow, and had five gallons of water poured on his bare chest. (The gang had successfully used a similar method on their first victim the previous year.) Nevertheless, Malloy reappeared the following day for his drink. The next attempt on his life came when they hit him with Green’s taxi, moving at 45 miles per hour. This put Malloy in the hospital for three weeks. The gang presumed he was dead but was unable to collect the policy on him. When he again appeared at the bar, they decided on one last approach.
On February 22, after he passed out for the night, they took him to Murphy’s room, put a hose in his mouth that was connected to the gas jet, and turned it on. This finally killed Malloy.
He was pronounced dead of lobar pneumonia and quickly buried. However, the members of the Murder Trust proved to be their own worst enemies—they talked too much and squabbled among themselves. Eventually police heard the rumors of what they did, and upon learning that a Michael Malloy had died that night, they had the body exhumed. The five men were put on trial. Green went to prison, and the other four members were executed in the electric chair at Sing Sing. | <urn:uuid:31710a2f-415f-4768-aa31-a6e8da639266> | {
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Author : Robert H. Abeles, Perry A. Frey, William P. Jencks
ISBN : 0867202122
ISBN13 : 9780867202120
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Pub
Publication date : March 1, 1992
Edition : 01
Binding : Hardcover
Dimensions : 2 by 8.75 by 11.50 in.
Weight : 5.1 lbs
Book condition : Used. Good. Some highlights inside.
Note : For a first course in basic biochemistry. Written by leaders in the field. Features a mechanistic, rather than descriptive approach. This book is not a compendium of facts. Instead, it explains how those chemical reactions occur which are responsible for the functioning of living systems. | <urn:uuid:75377e1d-9e05-4bc5-9771-5a981a11f21f> | {
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It’s a popular Southern expression, although I suspect it’s nearly universal. But we need to make sure ending sentences with at is a custom we stop practicing.
I’ve heard it my entire life. I don’t remember for sure, but there’s a reasonable chance that when I was a baby in my crib and I overheard someone construct a sentence like, “Where’s his toy at?” I probably started crying. When I was a baby, of course, I wouldn’t have been able to point out the grammatical error that had just been committed, but I at least knew it sounded like a horrible mistake.
“Where is he at?”
“Where is she at?”
“Where are they at?”
Behind the at.
Yes, it’s an old grammar joke. But it’s true. So why is ending sentences with at such a problem? For two reasons: the first is that it is generally improper to end sentences with prepositions. This rule is a little fluid, however, in conversational English. There’s that famous quote attributed to Winston Churchill, a man known for his beautiful use of the English language, who was criticized for ending a sentence with a preposition. Angry with his detractor, Churchill supposedly said, “This is something up with which I shall not put.”
I don’t know that it’s true, but it sounds like something Churchill might have said.
Ending a sentence with a preposition, while generally frowned upon in writing class, may be a better choice than an otherwise awkwardly arranged sentence that would result from not ending a sentence with a preposition.
The bigger reason ending a sentence with at is a problem is that it’s redundant: Where means “at what location”. So asking, “Where is it?” means “At what location is it?” You wouldn’t ask it that way, of course, but you certainly wouldn’t ask, “At what location is it at?” unless you were seriously trying for a smack upside the head. (And you’d deserve one, too.)
As lazy as the general public seems to be when it comes to using our language correctly, I’ve always found a little amusement in the sentence, “Where is he at?” (Amusement that follows the initial cringe, I might add.) Saying, “Where is he at?” means you’ve put in
25% 33% more effort than necessary. You’ve wasted energy for no good reason.
And you still deserve that smack upside the head. | <urn:uuid:477cb33c-0ffa-431c-be24-ca31d1dd39b4> | {
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Peoria’s History with Antislavery
January 22, 2014
Did you know Peoria was not friendly to abolitionists prior to the Civil War? Have you ever wondered what life was like for an abolitionist in Peoria during those times? What about how the antislavery movement affected our town? Dr. Stacey Robertson, Oglesby Professor of American Heritage and Interim Dean of the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences at Bradley, will be sharing those stories and more this weekend.
Her presentation, "Ruffians and Wiseacres: Peoria’s History with Antislavery", happens at 2pm at the main branch of the Peoria Public Library this Saturday as part of the library's exhibit called “Changing America: The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 and the March on Washington, 1963”. The library's exhibit coincides with Bradley's year long theme of celebrating Civil Rights. | <urn:uuid:ec876ed5-d2a4-405e-9336-e55aa9e104c8> | {
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Facts about Data Visualization
What exactly is data visualization?
Data visualization is a term that refers to any kind of technology that makes it easier for business executives and end users to arrange data in a more understandable manner. This way, data can be prepared, presented and digested with the business context in mind. It features more than the graphs and charts that the excel spreadsheet can be used for. It can offer more and open more information that make it much easier to determine correlations, trends and patterns which are particularly important in a business analysis.
The main objective of data visualization is to communicate information and ideas that will ultimately drive action. Therefore, understanding the criteria for valuable insights and getting a full grasp of the reasons behind the construction of data visualization is crucial. This way, efficiency and impact can be maximized.
Without a structure, information can be nothing more than a bunch of unrelated details that do not make any sense. With the help of data visualization however, they can be given more structure and made more relevant.
Why is data visualization important?
There are three main reasons and purposes that data visualization can fulfill. One, it is useful for confirmation. Two, it comes in handy in serving the purpose of education. Three, it is essential for exploration.
Assumptions are nothing but unfounded claims and hunches without proper data to back it up. And no business in the right mind will allow the entire investment to rely on nothing more than assumptions. Visualization on the other hand, can help verify these assumptions to provide management a more reliable basis for making their decisions regardless if it is about the competition, the customers or the marketing approach.
Data Visualization also proves importance in the purpose of education. It can come in the form of reporting. That is to further establish an existing system or model. But it can also help in the development of new insights where a new system can be established to further enhance operations.
Finally, data visualization offers a helping hand in the purpose of exploration. It can pave the way to new discoveries and ideas for the ultimate objective of improvement applicable to every aspect of the business.
How to maximize data visualization impact?
There are a couple of factors that need to be duly considered in the process of visualization as well. This is to ensure that the effectiveness of the end product is maximized.
The value of visualization for instance, heavily depends on the quality of the underlying data. To make the analysis more accurate and the findings more reliable, particular attention has to be spent on the gathering of data itself. This is to make sure the conclusions made from the visualization are nothing less than accurate. The context and the biases shall be taken into account as well as they can present certain challenges to data interpretation. | <urn:uuid:33969d9b-e7cf-4e0f-9589-4033a7cf857f> | {
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What is in this article?:
- Total removal is goal for resistant weed population
- Few herbicides
- Herbicide resistant weeds are prolific seed producers.
- Abusing the chemistry may create significant problems within three years.
- Rotating mode of action is a critical management tool.
Tom Eubank, Mississippi State University; Shannon Morsello, Syngenta; and Jason Boyd, Mississippi State University, pose following a panel discussion on herbicide resistant weed control at the annual Ag Technology conference in Commerce, Texas.,
Grant no mercy to suspected herbicide-resistant weeds. If it’s alive after harvest or remains green in-season following prescribed herbicide applications, do whatever is necessary to remove the offensive pest from the field.
It’s a numbers game, says Jason Bond, Mississippi State University weed scientist out of the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville. If an average of 1.5 female Palmer amaranth plants escape control in a field (in a non-competitive environment), they can produce up to 2 million seed in the first year. In year two, if a producer accomplishes 99.9 percent weed control, as many as 1,000 plants may survive. If just 400 of those are female, they may produce as many as 160 million seed.
“We can’t count the number of seed that could survive in year three,” he said.
Bond, who has had ample experience with glyphosate-resistant weeds, especially Palmer amaranth or pigweed, in Mississippi cotton and soybeans fields, told a group of Texas farmers that if they let the weeds get a head start they’ll soon see more weed in their fields than crop.
“Herbicides do not create resistant weeds,” Bond said at the annual Ag Technology Conference in Commerce, Texas. “We create resistant weeds through selection pressure.”
Using the same herbicide or the same mode of action over and over allows weeds that are resistant to that product to survive while the weeds susceptible to the material die. In several years, a field is infested with weeds that can no longer be controlled by a particular herbicide.
“The resistance is already present in the weed population,” Bond said. “Abusing the chemistry may create significant problems within three years.” | <urn:uuid:9e712412-3ac3-4e74-8218-fdbe3736defd> | {
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England and Jamaica, 1837 to 1840. There are three narrators: the young poet Elizabeth Barrett, before she married Robert Browning, and two former female slaves on the Jamaican sugar plantations, owned by the wealthy Barrett family – Sheba and Kaydia. Elizabeth’s story is told through her diary and correspondence and covers a period when she is prostrate with a typically Victorian illness and is attempting to recover her health in Torquay. Both Sheba and Kaydia tells their tales in an opaque Jamaican patois stream-of-consciousness which is challenging to read and understand. The Jamaican stories are of continuing brutality and harshness, with both women forced to have sexual relations and bear the children of the predatory white masters including Elizabeth’s much-loved brother Sam. Elizabeth, meanwhile, wallows in her frustration, missing her father and brothers. It is only towards the end of the novel, when rumours of elements of her family’s misconduct reach her does she begin to comprehend how their immense wealth and her comfortable standard of living have been founded upon the exploitation of human misery.
The novel demands an attentive reader, but I am not sure it works. The three strands are rather too isolated. And with about half the novel written in patois, it is rather cryptic and slow going (and I am a frequent visitor to Jamaica and have some awareness of the dialect). The author also seems to occasionally forget that her narrator is speaking patois and there are frequent phrases of elegant description of the natural beauty of Jamaica in conventional English which I cannot see either Sheba or Kaydia articulating. | <urn:uuid:01871c6c-eb13-4800-abda-2bbb84996ecf> | {
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Poaching is the hunting, killing, or capturing of protected animals, and although it's illegal in most countries, it's still occurring in many places.
This week, four rhinos were killed in the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy in Kenya.
And the BBC reports that in the last five years, the number of rhinos killed in South Africa has risen from 13 to 588.
Now the World Wildlife Fund is working on some new technology to help them track and stop poachers, with a little help from Google.
The search engine is providing the WWF with $5 million under their new Global Impact Awards program. The money will go towards technology like aerial surveillance and radio-frequency ID tags to keep an eye on areas where poachers operate and to track animals in their natural environment.
The WWF plans sound ambitious: they want to put sensors on animals and in their environments.
Those sensors would be monitored by aerial drones that will detect poachers and send a message back to mobile ranger patrols, who will then go out into the field and catch them.
They also plan to test analytical software like the Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) to put the data together. The ultimate goal is "to create an efficient, effective network that can be adopted globally."
Right now, the plan is to put the tech in place at four separate sites in Asia and Africa, according to Google.
Carter Roberts, the president of the WWF, said in a statement that the world is facing an unprecedented poaching crisis.
"We need solutions that are as sophisticated as the threats we face," he said. "This pushes the envelope in the fight against wildlife crime."
This is not the only initiative Google is funding. They've also announced that they'll be supporting the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, a mobile payment initiative in Kenya called Give Directly, charity:water, Consortium for the Barcode of Life (an effort to protect endangered species using technology), Equal Opportunity Schools, and DonorsChoose.org.
You can read about all the initiatives here. | <urn:uuid:eeca6751-8a42-497c-818b-4c082fabeb42> | {
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Halloween is fast approaching and so is the candy-coma. How many of us can remember the excitement of dressing up and bringing home buckets of candy that we hoped would last forever? We want our kids to make memories and enjoy the festivities, but without carrying the candy with us into the New Year (much less into December)! Here is a fun art project to get your kids involved in paring down their candy collection while also practicing how to give something they value to others.
The 3 containers are labeled with the words “Keep”, “Give”, and “Toss”. Of course there is candy they will want to keep, but they can also help you determine what needs to be tossed (for example, candy with opened wrappers or candy/bubblegum that is past its prime and too hard to eat safely). The third category is “Give”. There are programs out there that will send leftover candy to troops overseas (http://www.halloweencandybuyback.com/about.html) or you can contact a local nursing home, homeless shelter, or soup kitchen.
- 3 containers for candy sorting (I used empty 32oz yogurt containers)
- Construction paper
- Permanent markers (black and metallic)
- Wooden popsicle or craft sticks
- Acrylic or craft paint
- Paintbrushes or sponges
- Glitter glue
- Buttons or pompoms for decoration
- Craft glue
Step 1: Cut the construction paper to fit around the containers and tape the paper into place.
Step 2: Line up 10 popsicle or craft sticks and tape them together the make one label. Do this 3 times (one for each container).
Step 3: Pick a Halloween-themed object to paint on each label (ideas include candy, pumpkins, bugs, ghosts, and jack-o-lanterns). Once the paint is dry, outline what you painted with glitter glue. Use the markers to write “Keep”, “Give”, and “Toss” on the labels.
Step 4: Use the craft glue to attach the labels to the containers. They will need time to dry, so this is good project to do while talking to your kids about planning to sort their candy after they bring it home.
When the Halloween decorations come down, you can take the construction paper off of the containers and flatly store the labels for next year. Get creative and you might end up with a new Halloween tradition that includes giving to others!
Robin Winningham is a mother and full-time artist in Charlotte, NC. She is also the owner of It’s an Art Party and specializes in mobile birthday art parties and art tutoring lessons for children ages 4 and up. Visit her website www.robinwinninghamart.com to see her artwork and check out http://www.itsanartparty.com to learn more about art parties and art lessons. | <urn:uuid:c0f570c9-b41a-47d8-8ab1-17c7379dd314> | {
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I started some popcorn for my garden earlier this May and happened upon an albino corn! Not producing any chlorophyll with which to photosynthesize, the seedling died a few days after this picture was taken. This provides interesting insight into how far the energy stored in the seed of the corn will take the seedling. With only the energy from its seed, and no energy from photosynthesis, the corn will grow to as big as you see the albino corn in this picture. While the seedling can uptake some nutrients from the soil, there is no source of C6H1206, (glucose). This 1955 article by Heinz Seltman describes the fate that awaited my albino corn: "After 12 days the growth tips of the older leaves of the albino seedlings showed necrotic areas. Rates of growth of the albino plants decreased from 12 to 15 days and death occurred approximately 20 days after zero time." I had already removed the plants that I needed from the flat so these seedlings continued to grow undisturbed after this picture was taken. Sure enough the albino seedling met its inescapable fate. It is currently little more than a crispy whisp of dead plant tissue while it's compatriots are still alive in the flat.
Interestingly just because the albino plant produces no chlorophyll does not mean it cannot sense light. This picture from the previously mentioned Seltman article shows how albino corn grown in the dark still exhibits etiolation:
While for corn, albinism means certain death, there are some species of plants which produce no chlorophyll and lead long healthy lives. They survive via parasitism. Check out this happy albino, Knapweed Broomrape (Orobanche elatior):
Even more spectacular looking is Monotropa uniflora:
|Credit Gary Munroe| | <urn:uuid:afe1a077-f704-454c-a00c-a6756223ee0d> | {
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Pulmonary Pneumonia TB Asthma COPD
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Structure of Respiratory Lobule (3)
Respiratory bronchiole, alveoli, pulmonary capillaries
Alveolar sac is separated by septa which contains
Capillary Network-blood is exposed to air on both sides
Type I cells are for?
Type II cells are for?
Surfactant Production which keep alveoli patent
How does air get into lungs? (hint: Intrapulmonary or alveolar pressure, intrapleural and intrathoracic pressure)
Intrapulmonary pressure or alveolar pressure is the same as atmospheric pressure
Intrapleural (-4) and Intrathoracic pressure are negative
Which anatomical structure plays a major role in ventilation?
Which other muscles paly a role in ventilation besides the diaphragm?
Which muscles are not involved in normal ventilation?
What is lung compliance?
It refers to the ease with which the lungs can be inflated
Which 2 fibers determine lung compliance?
Elastin and Collagen Fibers
What is the role of surfactant?
Prevents the lungs from collapsing
Describe Tidal, Inspiratory Reserve, Expiratory Reserve, and Residual
Tidal is normal respiration; 500mL
Inspiratory Reserve- max air inspired at the end of nl respiration
Expiratory Reserve- max air exhaled after nl expiration
Residual Volume- the amt. of air that can not be breathed in or out of the lung with maximal effort
Total Lung Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
- Total lung capacity- amt of max air inspired
- Vital Capacity- max air exhaled after max inspiration
- Inspiratory Capacity- max air inhaled starting from resting inspiratory position
- Functional residual Capacity- the amt of air remaining after nl respiration
What is FVC?
the air you can breathe out
What is FEV1?
The amount you breathe out in 1 min
A decrease in FEF (25-75%) is mainly a problem with which airways?
If you have a decrease in FEV1/FVC, which lung d/o is this indicative of?
Obstructive (Asthma, COPD, Bronchiectasis, CF)
If the FEV1/FVC ratio is nl, but FVC and FEV1 are decreased, what lung d/o is this indicative of?
Restrictive (Sarcoidosis, Occupational, Interstitial)
Ventilation and Perfusion
Describe gravity's role on the lung and intrapleural pressure at the apex. What does this result in (hint: alveoli)
Gravity when standing exerts a downward pull on the lungs creating a neg intrapleural pressure at the apices which expands the alveoli making them less compliant
Ventilation and Perfusion
Where is blood flow less? In the upper or base of the lung?
What can cause a decrease in diffusion of gases?
A thick septa
Matching of ventilation and perfusion depends on?
anatomical dead space (the air in trachea and large/med bronchioles)
What is alveolar dead space?
The air that doesn't partake in gas exchange
What is physiological dead space?
Anatomic + Alveolar
What is shunting?
Blood moving from R to L without being oxygenated
Mismatching of ventilation and perfusion is do to what (2)?
What could this lead to/
dead air space and shunting, which can lead to cyanosis
Pneumonia is an infection due to inflammation of the parenchymal structures such as?
The alveoli and bronchioles. It is not an airway problem
Pneumonia can be either infectious or non infectious. Give examples
- Infectious-bacterial or viral
- Non infectious- gastric aspiration
How are pneumona bacterial infections caused (4)?
Which is the most common?
- Inhalation from air-MOST COMMON
- Aspiration from previously colonised airway-if host defense is down the bacteria can spread from colonization
- Direct spread- injury to chest wall/trauma
- Hematogenous- through the blood
What would you like to do?
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Why There Is No Such Thing As Health For All
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So many different health talk options are available today. Several health talk online programs focused specifically on one area of health. General health talk shows might not be suited to your needs. In fact, health talk topics are so diverse that general health talks can be unreliable. General advice on health for all does exist, but most of these tips are common sense. General health for all advice includes making sure that you avoid eating fatty, salty or sugary foods for every meal. Another piece of advice on health for all is to avoid burning yourself every time you cook in the kitchen, and making sure that you immediately bandage wound.
However, once you get past the common sense of health for all tips, universal advice begins to go away. The cardiovascular health tips that work for your neighbor might not be healthy for you. Some people have bodies constructed to handle several hours each week of running or other cardio. You may benefit more from lifting weights, doing yoga or trying other stretching exercises. Each person has a physiology that is unique to them. This is why the health advice you follow should be custom tailored to your health.
Of course, getting too specific with your health advice may not be useful. If you worry so much about your own health that you have several medical experts you visit on a regular basis, you could end up causing yourself stress. Constant stressing over your health can actually harm your overall well being.
Parents typically want to find tips on health for all kids. These do exist, but it is important to get a good sense of the unique health of your child at a young age. If you are able to determine early that your child has allergies, for example, you may be able to help them avoid future allergic reactions. Some of the tips on health for all kids include providing them with healthy dieting habits while they are toddlers. The sooner children learn to avoid junk food, the sooner they become independently responsible for their eating habits.
Learn more about excellent health tips by checking out online radio programs. You may also want to find blogs or networks designed to help you stay current on health advice. Specialized advice should always come from a licensed professional, so find local options to help you with unique health advice. | <urn:uuid:471d0ae8-fe48-4437-b17a-124c79456823> | {
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Pronunciation: (sek'tur),[key] —n. 1. Geom.a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle.
2. a mathematical instrument consisting of two flat rulers hinged together at one end and bearing various scales.
3. Mach.a device used in connection with an index plate, consisting of two arms rotating about the center of the plate and set to indicate the angle through which the work is indexed.
4. Mil.a designated defense area, usually in a combat zone, within which a particular military unit operates and for which it is responsible.
5. Astron.an instrument shaped like a sector of a circle, having a variable central angle and sights along the two straight sides, for measuring the angular distance between two celestial bodies.
6. a distinct part, esp. of society or of a nation's economy: the housing sector; the educational sector. 7. a section or zone, as of a city.
8. Computers.a portion of a larger block of storage, as 1/128 of a track or disk. | <urn:uuid:57c6b815-34e0-4026-bd6e-f234aa62cc55> | {
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Decontamination in toxicology cases (Proceedings)
All patients should be stabilized prior to attempts at decontamination. Once stabilization has been accomplished, decontamination should be considered to prevent systemic absorption of the toxicant. The specific method of decontamination chosen in each case must be guided by the species exposed and the exposure circumstances. When a patient has ingested a potentially toxic dose of a substance, the clinician has many options for decontamination including dilution, induction of emesis, gastric lavage, the use of adsorbents, cathartics, and administration of enemas. In many cases, the best treatment plan will include more than one of these methods.
Dilution using a small amount of milk or water is recommended in cases where irritant or corrosive materials have been ingested. A dose of 2-6 ml/kg is suggested, which for an average-sized cat, would be approximately only 1 – 2 teaspoons. Using only a small amount is important since using excessive amounts could lead to vomiting and re-exposure of the esophagus to the damaging material. Juicy fruits and vegetables can be fed to accomplish dilution in some patients, especially birds and reptiles. Dilution is not appropriate in patients who are at an increased risk for aspiration, including those who are actively seizing or obtunded. Dilution with milk, yogurt and cottage cheese has been useful in cases of oral irritation following ingestion of plants containing insoluble calcium oxalate crystals (Philodendron species, for example.
Emetics are usually most effective if used within 2-3 hours after the ingestion but in some cases, emesis may be effective even after that time frame. If the substance ingested could coalesce to form a bezoar in the stomach or a timed-released medication was ingested, emesis may be effective later than 3 hours after the ingestion. Chocolate and chewable medications are examples of products which may form bezoars. Emetics generally empty 40-60% of the stomach contents. Feeding a small moist meal before inducing vomiting can increase the chances of an adequate emesis.Animals which are able to vomit safely include dogs, cats, ferrets, and potbelly pigs. Emetics should not be used in birds, rodents, rabbits, horses or ruminants. Rodents are unable to vomit. Rabbits have a thin-walled stomach putting them at risk for gastric rupture if they vomit.
Induction of emesis is contraindicated with ingestion of corrosive agents including alkalis and acids. The protective epithelial lining of the esophagus may be damaged initially when one of these products is swallowed. The muscular layer of the esophagus may be exposed and at risk for ulceration, perforation and scarring if vomiting does occur. Emesis is also not recommended after petroleum distillate ingestion due to the risk of aspiration. The clinician must also take into account when deciding whether to induce emesis, any pre-existing conditions of the patient that can cause vomiting to be hazardous including severe cardiac disease or seizure disorder. In all instances the attending veterinarian must carefully weigh the benefits of emesis against the risks. Emesis may not be needed if the animal has already vomited and is not appropriate if the animal is already exhibiting clinical signs such as coma, seizures or recumbency, which make emesis hazardous. Additionally, if the patient has ingested a CNS stimulant and is already agitated, the additional stimulation of vomiting could lead to seizures.
Hydrogen peroxide, apomorphine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride are commonly used emetics in the veterinary clinical setting. Preliminary data obtained from the ASPCA Animal Poison Control's toxicology database indicate that hydrogen peroxide and apomorphine are effective emetics in dogs. Emesis was successful in ninety-two percent of dogs when administered either 3% hydrogen peroxide or apomorphine. No significant adverse effects were reported in dogs after emetic use. Apomorphine was poorly effective as an emetic in cats and using it in cats is controversial. Xylazine was an effective emetic in only fifty-seven percent of cats. When emesis was successfully induced, sixty-eight percent of patients vomited some portion of the ingested toxicant. | <urn:uuid:eb96dbe6-0f7f-49b9-9eee-c784894e23b8> | {
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How is this useful to us? Well, we can actually use this equation to approximate values of the function near point a. Take a look at this graph.
Notice that for x values near point a, we see that the function and the tangent line is relatively close to each other. Because of this, we are able to write that the function is approximately equal to the tangent line near point a. In other words,
where ≈ is the approximately symbol. This equation is known as the linear approximation formula. It is linear in a sense that the tangent is a straight line and we are using it to approximate the function. Using this approximation, we are able to approximate values that cannot be done by hand. For example, the square root of 2 or the natural log of 5 can all be approximated! One important thing to note is that this approximation only works for x values near point a. If you have a x value far from point a, then the approximation becomes really inaccurate.
Now don't we take a look at a few examples of finding the linearization of a function and then look at how to use linear approximation!
Find the linearization of L(x) of the function at a
Question 1: Consider the function
Let's say that we want to find the linearization of the function at point a=4.
To find the linearization L(x), recall that
Notice that in order to calculate L(x), we need f(a), f'(a) and a. Afterwards, were going to have to plug in everything in the formula to find L(x). Hence, I created these steps:
Step 1: Find a
Step 2: Find f(a)
Step 3: Find f'(a).
Step 4: Plug all three into the formula to find L(x)
Let's follow these steps!
Step 1: Luckily a = 4 is given to us in the question, so we don't have to look for it.
Know that the derivative of square roots is
And so plugging in x=a gives us:
Since we know a, f(a), and f'(a), we can now plug it into L(x) to find the linearization of f(x).
So L(x)=41x+1 is the linearization of this function at point x=4. In addition, it is also the tangent line of the function at point x=4.
How to do linear approximation
Remember earlier we said that we could use the equation of the tangent line to approximate values of the function near a? Let's try this with the linearization we found earlier. Recall that
Now, let's say I want to approximate f(4.04). If you were to plug this into the original function, then you would get 4.04 . This would be really hard to compute without a calculator. However, using linear approximation, we can say that
We just approximated the f(4.04) without a calculator! Now let's actually see how close we were to the exact value of f(4.04). Notice that f(4.04) = 4.04 = 2.00997512422... So we are really close! We were only off when we've got to the second decimal place!
Now so far, these questions gave us a function and a point to work with. What if none of these were given at all? What if the question only tells us to estimate a number?
Use Linear approximation to estimate a number
Suppose we want to estimate 10. How would we do it? We would need to use the linear approximation
Equation 3: Estimate with linear approx. pt.1
but we don't even have a function and a point to work with. This means we have to make them ourselves. This leads us to do the following steps:
We know that linear approximation is just an estimation of the function's value at a specified point. However, how do we know that if our estimation is an overestimate or an underestimate? We calculate the second derivative and look at the concavity.
Concave up vs Concave down
If the second derivative of the function is greater than 0 for values near a, then the function is concave up. This means that our approximation will be an underestimate. In other words,
Why? Let's take a look at this graph.
Notice that f(x) is concave upward and the tangent line is right under f(x). Let's say were to use the tangent line to approximate f(x). Then the y values of the tangent line are always going to be less than the actual value of f(x). Hence, we have an underestimate
Now if the second derivative of the function is less than 0 for values near a, then the function is concave down. This means that our approximation will be an overestimate. In other words,
Again, why? Let's take a look at another graph.
Notice that f(x) is concave downward and the tangent line is right above f(x). Again, let's say that we are going to use the tangent line to approximate f(x). Then the y values of the tangent line are always going to be greater than the actual value of f(x). Hence, we have an overestimate.
So if you ever need to see if your value is an underestimation or an overestimation, make sure you follow these steps:
Step 1: Find the second derivative
Step 2: look at the concavity of the function near point a
Step 3: Confirm that it is an underestimate/overestimate
Let's take a look at an example:
Question 3: Let f(x) = x and a = 4. If we linear approximate f(4.04), would it be an overestimate or an underestimate?
Step 1: See that
So the second derivative is
Notice that a=4, so we want to look at positive values of x near 4. Now look at the second derivative. When x is positive, we see that
Hence, it is concave down
We know that if the function is concave down, then the tangent line will be above the function. Hence, using the tangent line as an approximation will give an overestimated value.
Not only can we approximate values with linear approximation, but we can also approximate with differentials. To approximate, we use the following formula
where dy and dx are differentials, and f'(x) is the derivative of f in terms of x. Since we are dealing with very small changes in x and y, then we are going to use the fact that:
However, most of the questions we do involve setting
So using these facts will lead us to have:
This approximation is very useful when approximating the change of y. Keep in mind back then they didn't have calculators, so this is the best approximation they could get for functions with square roots or natural logs.
Most of the time you will have to look for f'(x) and Δx yourself. In other words, follow these steps to approximate Δy!
Step 1: Find Δx
Step 2: Find f'(x)
Step 3: Plug everything into the formula to find dy. dy will be the approximation for Δy.
Let's look at an example of using this approximation:
Question 4: Consider the function y = ln(x + 1). Suppose x changes from 0 to 0.01. Approximate Δy.
Step 1: Notice that x changes from 0 to 0.01, so the change in x would be:
The derivative would be:
Plugging everything in we have:
Hence, Δy ≈ 0.01
However, most of the time we want to estimate a value of the function, and not the change of the value. Hence we will add both sides of the equation by y, which gives us:
which is the same as:
This equation is a bit hard to read, so we are going to rearrange it even more. Let's try to get rid of y and Δy. Notice that Δy+ y is basically the same as finding the value of the function at Δx+x. In other words,
Hence substituting this in our approximation above will give us:
where f(Δx+x) is value we are trying to estimate. How do we use this formula? I recommend following these steps:
Step 1: Set the number equal to f(Δx+x). Find Δx, x, and f(x).
Step 2: Calculate f'(x)
Step 3: Use the formula to approximate the number
Let's use these steps for the following question.
Question 5: Use differentials to approximate 10.
Step 1: Compare f(Δx+x) with 10. Since 10 has a square root and 9 is a perfect square that is closest to 10, then let
See that there is no choice but to let Δx = 1
See that the derivative gives:
So this implies
Plugging everything into the formula gives us:
Hence, we just approximated the number.
One interesting thing to note is that linear approximation and differentials both give the same result for 10.
If you want to learn more about differentials, click this link:
Realize that the approximation becomes more and more accurate as we pick x values that are closer to a. In other words if we take the limit as x→a, then they will equal. So
Now we are going to put this aside and use it later, and actually look at l'hopital's rule. We are going to assume a couple things here. Suppose that f(x) and g(x) are continuously differentiable at a real number a, f(a)=g(a)=0, and g'(a) ≠ 0. Then,
Now notice that we can apply the formula that we derived earlier right here. So now
Now instead of writing f'(a) and g'(a), we can apply limits as x→a (because we know f and g are differentiable). So
We always want to apply l'hoptial's rule when we encounter indeterminate limits. There are two types of indeterminate forms. These indeterminate forms would be:
A lot of people make the mistake of using l'hopital's rule without even checking if it is an indeterminate limit. So make sure you check it first! Otherwise, it will not work and you will get the wrong answer. Here is a guide to using l'hopital's rule:
Step 1: Evaluate the limit directly.
Step 2: Check if it is one of the indeterminate forms. If it is, go to step 3.
Step 3: Use l'hopital's rule.
Step 4: Check if you get another indeterminate form. Repeat Step 3 if you do.
Let's take a look at a few examples using these steps.
Question 6: Evaluate the limit
Step 1: Evaluating the limit directly gives us
Yes, it is one of the indeterminate forms.
Applying l'hopital's rule we have:
one is not an indeterminate form, so we are done and the answer is 1.
Now that question was a little bit easy, so why don't we take a look at something that is a bit harder.
Question 7: Evaluate the limit
Step 1: Evaluating the limit directly we see that:
This is an indeterminate form, so go to step 3.
Applying l'hopital's rule we have
This is another indeterminate form. So we have to go back to step 3 and apply l'hoptial's rules again.
Applying l'hopital's rule again we have:
Infinity is not an indeterminate form, so we are done and the answer is ∞
In this section, we will learn how to approximate unknown values of a function given known values using Linear Approximation. Linear Approximation has another name as Tangent Line Approximation because what we are really working with is the idea of local linearity, which means that if we zoom in really closely on a point along a curve, we will see a tiny line segment that has a slope equivalent to the slope of the tangent line at that point.
Use a linear approximation to estimate a given number:
1) identify the corresponding function
2) pick an appropriate "a", such that:
-"a" is within a reasonable range
-f(a) is easy to evaluate
3) set up the linear approximation formula:
- for x near a:f(x)≈f(a)+f′(a)(x−a)
4) estimate the given number!
Introduction to Linear Approximations
What is a linear approximation?
Linear Approximation – Lesson Overview.
Apply Linear Approximations and Discuss How to Choose "a"
Consider the function f(x)=x.
Sketch the graph
Find the linearization of the function f(x)=x at a=4, and illustrate the tangent
line on the graph.
Use the linear approximation to estimate the numbers:
Are these approximations overestimates or underestimates?
Use the same linear approximation to estimate the number 10.2, and comment on the accuracy of the approximation. How can the approximation be improved?
Linearization of Radical Functions
Use a linear approximation to estimate: 68
Linearization of Polynomial Functions
Use a linear approximation to estimate: (2.01)6
Linearization of Rational Functions
Use a linear approximation to estimate: 971
Linearization of Exponential Functions
Use a linear approximation to estimate: e0.025
Linearization of Logarithmic Functions
Use a linear approximation to estimate: ln0.98
Linearization of Trigonometric Functions
Use a linear approximation to estimate: sin24° | <urn:uuid:a77daf91-72d1-4b80-99a5-3644a9848446> | {
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MRC report estimates of fluorosis prevalence in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas (2002)
After the York review of water fluoridation was published in 2000, the Department of Health asked the Medical Research Council (MRC) to consider its findings and make recommendations on priorities for further research. (1)
Prevalence higher in areas with natural fluoridation that in areas served by community water fluoridation schemes
With regard to dental fluorosis, the MRC asked the York team to undertake further analysis to compare prevalence rates for naturally and artificially fluoridated areas. This work revealed that the risk of cosmetically significant fluorosis was greater in naturally fluoridated areas than in artificially fluoridated areas, even when the fluoride concentrations in water were exactly the same.
York estimates based on combined data from naturally and artificially fluoridated areas
York’s original estimates had suggested that there might be a 12% prevalence of fluorosis of aesthetic concern in artificially fluoridated areas. However, these calculations had combined data from both naturally and artificially fluoridated areas.
MRC focus on results of European studies
Many of the studies of naturally fluoridated areas that were reviewed by the York team had taken place in countries with hotter climates than the UK and where water intake is typically higher and the risk of fluorosis correspondingly greater at any given fluoride concentration. The relevance of the York figures was therefore called into question.
This led the MRC to look specifically at data from European sources, including the study illustrated on this page. Taking account of such information, the MRC suggested that a more realistic prevalence figure for fluorosis of aesthetic concern would be around 3% to 4% in artificially fluoridated areas and around 1% in non-fluoridated areas.
Medical Research Council (2002): Working group report: Water fluoridation and health.
STUDY OF SEVEN EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES: PREVALENCE OF COSMETICALLY SIGNIFICANT DENTAL FLUOROSIS | <urn:uuid:726d9a52-01ae-4629-aba4-ecc494c21c1b> | {
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The Badaga script is a relatively recent creation. It was developed over approximately 40 years by Yogesh Raj Kadasoley, and officially released in 2012. The script is designed for writing the Badaga language, a Dravidian language spoken in Tamil Nadu in South India. The Badaga people primarily worship the Hindu goddess Hethai.
Previously, the language was written in the Kannada script, and it is currently most often written in the Tamil script.
This is not the first script designed exclusively for the Badaga language. In 2009, Anandhan Raju designed a Badaga script based on the shapes of Tamil characters.
This script is not currently recognized by ISO 15924, but is included in ScriptSource for research purposes. If you have any information on this script, please add the information to the site. Your contributions can be a great help in refining and expanding the ISO 15924 standard. | <urn:uuid:a88d38b7-7eee-4048-aa1a-1a400970af82> | {
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Scientists and farmers around the world are debating a very serious subject. Cow farts. Yes, really, they're talking about farting cows. They're talking about cow burps as well, and sheep burps, and even sheep farts.
Why? Good question. Let's start with a look at the science behind wind.
Farts and burps are basically pockets of gas that get released from human and animal bodies.
Some gas is swallowed, like oxygen, when we eat or talk. Some of it is created inside our bodies as we digest food.
This gassy mixture isn't useful, so our bodies push it out and away as best they can... in burps and farts. Got it so far? Hope you're not giggling by the way, this is very serious science.
One of the gases found in farts and burps is called 'methane'. A certain amount of methane in the atmosphere is natural, and is a good thing. Along with other so-called 'greenhouse gases' methane collects in the sky and traps warm air around our planet.
Problems begin when the layer of greenhouse gases gets too thick and traps too much heat. This is called 'global warming'.
It's now a proven fact that our planet is warming up very quickly. And, most scientists agree that this is because of greenhouse gases, including methane. Which takes us back to our farting farm animals.
A scientific report has claimed that dairy cows in California were producing almost 20 pounds (in weight, that's almost 10 kg) of gas every year, each. That's a huge, huge amount.
If that figure is accurate, it could mean that cow farts were causing more global warming than pollution from cars in that region, as millions of cows live there.
Trouble is, some farmers don't believe the report. They reckon their cows are far less windy than that and are questioning the way the research was done.
Scientists around the world have known for years that animal wind could be a problem. What they can't agree on is how much of a problem. It's very difficult to measure just how much methane an animal is burping and farting out.
Even if scientists manage to measure the size of the farts or burps, they then have to work out how much methane they contain.
Another problem is that methane doesn't only come from windy animals. It's released when rubbish is processed for instance... which means more measuring and more debate.
So how would you do it? (Take a measurement we mean, not fart.)
Got any bright ideas? As you'll know from science lessons it's very important to take accurate measurements when you're running an experiment. Otherwise, other scientists won't take your results seriously.
How might you capture any released wind, without hurting the animals and whilst making sure the conditions were similar to their field?
Would you be able to tell if a cow was holding its farts in until you'd gone?
How would you make sure your sheep wasn't too shy to burp? It may sound silly, but making test conditions natural is a problem scientists grapple with.
Back to being serious... funny though farts and burps can be, especially at certain moments in the school day, this is a real worry for farmers and scientists.
Global warming is a major problem, but we need our cows and sheep and they need to burp and fart. There's work going on to see if changing their food can make their farts and burps less potent - we'll keep you posted on that.
If you want to find out more about pollution, greenhouse gases or animals, why not visit your local science centre or natural history museum?
One last thing - keep your fart-measuring inventions as theory only won't you? We don't want to hear about sheep or cows being chased around fields by over-keen Show Me surfers - farm animals like a quiet life.
If you want to know more, the Science Museum has more information - including a top ten of animals that fart! You can also have a go at spotting other things that impact the climate at Glasgow Science Centre's Climate Change Challenge.
- Scientists and farmers around the world are debating a very serious subject. Cow farts. Yes, really, they're talking about farting cows. They're talking about cow burps as well, and sheep burps, and even sheep farts. | <urn:uuid:9a10e962-f0e2-47d3-b89c-6f20960059fa> | {
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Chasing a place on the podium isn’t possible without the proper fuel for your body. Whether you’re going for the gold or just passing the pigskin in honor of the big game, athletes and amateurs alike need the right combination of nutrients to take on their training, and sports nutritionists across the nation are recommending one vegetable in particular to get them there — potatoes! Here’s why:
* Carbohydrate — Potatoes are a nutrient-dense vegetable with 26 grams of quality carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important for optimal physical and mental performance as the primary fuel for your brain and a key source of energy for muscles. And, because your body’s own stores of carbohydrates are limited and may be depleted — even in a single session of intense and/or prolonged exercise — it’s important to replenish them.
* Potassium — Did you know a medium-sized potato with the skin has more potassium than a medium-sized banana? A medium (5.2 ounce) skin-on potato contains 620 mg of potassium, an important electrolyte that aids in muscle, cardiovascular and nervous system function. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines mention potassium as an under-consumed nutrient of concern, and recommend consuming foods with high levels of potassium such as white potatoes.
* Energy — Potatoes are more energy-packed than any other popular vegetable. Adequate energy intake supports optimal body functions and it’s critical to take in the appropriate number of calories to match the demands of the day, especially while training.
Partial to pasta or rice? With as much — if not more — of several essential vitamins and minerals found in spaghetti, brown rice or whole wheat bread, potatoes are a smart addition to your other favorite performance foods (compared on a per-serving basis). What’s more, a medium Russet potato with the skin has more vitamin C and potassium than a medium sweet potato.
There is a medal-worthy potato option to fit your tastes (and schedule) no matter what sport is your specialty. Leslie Bonci, registered dietitian and nutrition consultant for the Kansas City Chiefs and the WNBA, says, “I love potatoes for their versatility, affordability and applicability to all types of culinary options. The carbohydrate, fiber and potassium make them a great choice for workouts and offer a change of pace and taste from other sports-focused foods.” She created a recipe for portable and crunchy On-the-Go Potatoes for a quick savory snack for mid-hike or mid-bike that’s ready in just about 30 minutes. Gearing up for a busy week? Make a batch of On-the-Go Potatoes on Sunday and freeze them. Defrost throughout the week by leaving in the refrigerator overnight, and then simply re-heat in the toaster oven (or enjoy cold).
Yield: 8 servings (about 5 potatoes per serving)
24 oz. petite yellow potatoes (about 40 petite potatoes)
2 tablespoons olive oil
2 tablespoons soy sauce
1 cup panko crumbs
1/4 cup tuxedo sesame seeds
2 teaspoons Chinese 5-Spice seasoning mix
Put potatoes in a bowl and toss with the olive oil and soy sauce. Mix to coat well.
In a separate bowl, combine panko bread crumbs, sesame seeds and 5-spice seasoning and mix well.
In small batches, put the potatoes in the bread crumb mixture and roll around to coat well.
Transfer to a cookie sheet. Bake at 450 degrees for 20 to 25 minutes, until cooked through.
Per serving (8 servings; about 5 potatoes per serving): Calories 174, Fat: 5.7 g, Cholesterol: 0 mg, Sodium: 257 mg, Carbohydrates: 26.8 g, Fiber: 2.5 g, Potassium: 485 mg, Protein: 4.3 g, Vitamin C: 7 mg | <urn:uuid:dc1dc701-579c-4801-873d-cb2bc3e315f4> | {
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CCSS.Math.Content.1.G.A.2 Compose two-dimensional shapes (rectangles, squares, trapezoids, triangles, half-circles, and quarter-circles) or three-dimensional shapes (cubes, right rectangular prisms, right circular cones, and right circular cylinders) to create a composite shape, and compose new shapes from the composite shape.
CCSS.Math.Content.2.G.A.1 Recognize and draw shapes having specified attributes, such as a given number of angles or a given number of equal faces.1 Identify triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and cubes.
All About Shapes Use this as a geometry dictionary where your students can record each shape as they learn about its attributes.
Attribute Chart & Shape Cards Students choose a card and identify the shape and the attributes. The shapes are designed to be printed in color and laminated.
Geobard Task Cards These cards are designed to present your students with tasks when at the geoboard center.
Problem Solving Students use shape tiles to solve the word problems.
Matching Students play memory or go fish with these colorful cards. Just print and laminate.
Separate Students use shape tiles to determine what shapes compose each larger shape.
Shapes All Around Us Take students on a hunt in your school or home for objects that look like the shapes you are studying.
Shape Sort Mat Students place each shape in the correct location on the work mat.
Tell About the Shapes Students identify the features of each 3D shape.
Have beginning learners? We also have an introduction to 2D shapes post… http://www.thecurriculumcorner.com/2012/05/10/introduction-to-2d-shapes/ | <urn:uuid:9b1c6aa4-6a32-4e25-9cc2-5280ae7c9605> | {
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The Center For Financial Literacy
Champlain College's nationally acclaimed, one-of-a-kind financial literacy program hopes to increase knowledge of money matters in classrooms across Vermont, ensure college students graduate with the skills to make sound decisions about spending, credit and investments, and help adults navigate difficult financial situations like buying a home and saving for retirement. The Center for Financial Literacy is a partnership among several financial institutions, non-profit entities and governmental agencies.
The Center is designed to promote and develop financial literacy skills in K-12 students, college students, teachers (K-12 and college) and adults. The Center will also advocate for more financial education opportunities at the local, state and national level. The Center has launched a variety of programs aimed at increasing the personal finance sophistication of our citizens.
A lack of knowledge about credit, investing and financial planning is at the heart of the recent economic downturn. "The Great Recession demonstrated that our citizens struggle when making complex financial decisions that are critical to their well being. Some of our economic problems were created by bad actors, focused on personal gain, but so many others were created by good people making poorly informed personal financial decisions," notes the Center's director, John Pelletier.
John Pelletier of Stowe, Director of the Center for Financial Literacy at Champlain College, is a former chief operating officer and chief legal officer at some of the largest asset management firms in the U. S.. | <urn:uuid:019bfeeb-6636-4895-835c-2a3faecbd8fa> | {
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As I have spoken at conferences over the years, people have often come up to me and said:
“When I am talking to someone who believes in an old earth, one of the things I say to them, as a young-earth creationist, is that God didn’t make Adam a baby—He made him an adult. And when He created the universe, He created it fully functional, with the appearance of age—even though it wasn’t old.”
Does the Creation Look Old?
My response often shocks these speakers: “By saying the universe looks old, you are trusting that dating methods can give us an apparent old age for the universe—but they can’t.”
Let me explain. When people say the universe has “apparent age,” usually they are assuming, for whatever reason, that the universe “looks old.” I have often found that, unconsciously, such people have already accepted that the fallible dating methods of scientists can give great ages for the earth. So if they believe what the Scripture says about a young universe, they have to explain away this apparent great age.
Does the universe really look old, or have we simply been indoctrinated to believe it looks old? Would the Creator God of the Bible, who does not lie, really deceive us into thinking that the universe looks old—when according to the Bible’s account of history, He created it only about 6,000 years ago? What would a “young universe” look like, anyway?
Creation scientists have written many articles to clearly show that all dating methods (other than the record of history given in the Bible) are based on fallible assumptions and can’t be trusted to give absolute dates about the past.1 Also, dozens and dozens of dating methods contradict an old universe and actually support a young age.2 (For example, the oceans would be much saltier if salts had been accumulating in them for hundred of millions of years, and many short-lived comets circling the sun should have broken up if they were more than a few thousand years old.)
“Mature”—Not “Apparent Age”
When God created the stars, He obviously created them mature and fully functional and for a specific purpose—to be for signs and for seasons. When God created Adam and Eve and told them to be fruitful and multiply, He gave them mature bodies that were ready to produce children.
Some people conclude that God would have created them with the appearance of age, say 20 or 30 years old. But would “age” have any effect on Adam’s body before he sinned? If the first people—and the universe—were originally designed to last forever, would you expect to see any difference between a man at age 30 or at age 3,000?
When doctors look at the human body today, they can estimate age from various evidences in the body. But before sin, nothing aged—everything was created “very good.” The human body did not experience the effects of sin or aging.
What would a doctor from today’s fallen world say if he looked at Adam and Eve’s bodies just after they were created? This doctor would be very confused. Such perfect bodies would show no degenerative aging, and he would be shocked to learn that these adults were less than a day old.
Now it is true that, when God created the earth the first day of Creation Week, it wasn’t fully functional. God deliberately prepared the earth and created the various kinds of living things over six days. However, at every stage of creation, everything God did was “good,” and all was functional for His created purposes. The creation was then finished—mature, but not with so-called “apparent age.” When Adam and his first descendants looked at the earth, they did not assume apparent age because they knew, based on God’s word, that creation had taken place recently.
What Would a Young Creation Look Like?
The sun, moon, and stars would be in place fully formed and functioning perfectly.
The dry land would have soil ready for plants. The various original plants, including trees, would have mature fruit to nourish Adam and Eve and the animals. Perhaps trees even had tree rings, as a regular part of the tree’s structure. Adam and Eve and the animals were created mature and fully functional so they could reproduce. But none of these things were “old” or “looked old.”
God Does Not Deceive
“God is not a man that He should lie” (Numbers 23:19). God did not deceive us by making a universe that looks old. No, He gave mankind the truth about creation. Only later did the devil deceive Eve about the accuracy of God’s word. Her husband, Adam, then rebelled against God, bringing a curse upon the whole universe. This curse radically changed the appearance and function of the universe. “The whole creation groans and labors with birth pangs together until now” (Romans 8:22).
The world is now an aging, fallen creation—not a creation with great age. | <urn:uuid:d9e5da7a-d15c-46cc-a014-f3001e7ea0c7> | {
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Engraving a cornerstone for the ages
James C. Humes of Pueblo is visiting historian at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs.
Following tradition, George Washington’s farewell address is read in the Senate each year.
Actually it wasn’t a speech but an 18th century version of today’s op-ed article that was printed in the “American Daily Advertiser” on Sept. 19, 1796. It was passed out in the streets of Philadelphia as President Washington’s carriage was rolling home to Mount Vernon. And it was largely written by Alexander Hamilton.
The idea of a valedictory was first suggested to him by James Madison at the end of his first term. But Washington yielded to his sense of duty and decided to serve for another four years.
He felt that the republic was too fragile because conflict between France and Britain threatened to embroil the young nation.
Of all the heroic qualities Washington possessed, one was not a thick skin. A proud man, he was sensitive to the innuendo and calumnies bruited about by the partisans of Thomas Jefferson’s fledgling Democratic-Republican Party. Washington had once admired his younger fellow Virginian plantation owner. He had valued Jefferson’s erudition and he had appointed him his secretary of state when Alexander Hamilton was pushing John Jay for the top cabinet post. Jay who had been Hamilton’s co-author of the Federalist Papers had served as foreign secretary under the Articles of Confederation.
But Washington had become estranged from his fellow Virginian who played the anti-Royalist card in his campaign to build up his new party in the young nation.
When Washington set down his thoughts in 1796, he wrote that he had done his best and noted that he had arrived at an age when retirement was necessary and that in any case rotation in office helps sustain liberty. He then came to his central concern, a warning that the country should avoid unnecessary alliances. What followed was a bitter outburst from the usually stoic Washington. He penned a spate of words that only proved what they tried to deny.
Washington had shared Alexander Hamilton’s vision of a commercial and manufacturing America. He chose Hamilton’s view of America’s future, not Jefferson’s of small farmers. Hamilton had returned from his Treasury office in Philadelphia to his New York law office. The 40-year-old Hamilton must have winced as he read the letter packet from President Washington. For the disciplined general to give vent to such an emotional tirade was not typical. The essence of Washington was his bearing, the fixed blue eyes that instilled in people a sense of awe.
Hamilton was the arch-foe of Jefferson’s new Democratic-Republican Party. Hamilton was a Federalist but even more so an imperialist, the first in America. He was the bastard son of a Scottish merchant and his creole mistress. Hamilton had no roots in the colonies. He was not a Virginian like Washington or a “Massachusetts man” like John Adams. He was an American.
Washington realized on reading Hamilton’s draft that it was right to scrap his emotional defense. Washington also agreed with Hamilton’s statement that the central government must be “strong enough” to withstand the “enterprises of faction.” Washington left untouched Hamilton’s assertion on the importance of establishing public credit. He also left intact the key phrases of Hamilton’s principles of foreign policy.
In Washington’s request of him to fashion a draft of a Farewell Address, Hamilton saw an opportunity to write a political equivalent of a last will and testament. By making the Farewell Address a set of foreign policy principles, he could finesse Washington’s defensive outburst.
The first problem was how to begin — or rather how to turn farewell sentiments into foreign policy principles. As a practicing trial lawyer, Hamilton knew how to establish the authority of a star witness. Here Hamilton was raising Washington above the political controversies of the day and imputing to him the lofty objective that only disinterest in office and denial of any further ambition can impart.
Washington had advised neutrality on the basis of his experience. Hamilton would lift it to the realm of political science. What seemed practical to Washington was treated by Hamilton as immutable principle. In revising Washington’s first draft for a valedictory, Hamilton transformed it into a political testament. “Excessive partiality for one nation and excessive delight for another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and high motives on their own. The great role of conduct for us in regards to foreign Nations is extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political conversation as possible.”
Washington grasped Hamilton’s reasoning that our special geography afforded us a diplomatic advantage:
“Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand on foreign ground? Why by intertwining our destiny with that of any part of Europe entangle our peace and prosperity in the tide of European ambition, rivalship, humor or caprice?”
But Washington did not sense from Hamilton’s draft that he was positioning himself as the patriarch passing down the tablet for the ages. Rather, he saw himself as an elder statesman guarding his most important accomplishment: the Act of Neutrality of 1793. But actually the words in time became the Gospel of Saint George with Hamilton as the apostle writing the epistle.
Jefferson would paraphrase in his first inaugural saying “no entangling alliances.” Monroe would codify it in the Monroe Doctrine. Later foreign policy statements of both Polk and Cleveland would be rooted in this Farewell Address. Woodrow Wilson would interpret no entangling alliances as no covert alliances.
Franklin Roosevelt would take “no entangling alliances” as no alliances with the Axis as a justification for the Lend Lease Act of 1941.
If Alexander Hamilton is the first presidential speechwriter, he also may be the greatest. He took the authority and prestige of George Washington to engrave a cornerstone of American foreign policy for the ages.
Columns which appear on the editorial page and in other sections of The Chieftain are the opinions of the authors. | <urn:uuid:ea279b88-69d8-4424-95f7-23b6c9dc5019> | {
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Ngorongoro once rose much, much higher than the 7500 foot rim.
Photo: Andy Biggs
Today, the Ngorongoro Crater’s rim rises just 7,500 feet above sea level; visitors might experience chilly nights, and anyone peering from the rim down to the crater floor, which sinks 2,000 feet below, might have a momentary sense of vertigo…but then again, maybe not. In the Great Rift Valley, where mountains—even volcanoes—are common, the crater rim only qualifies for “hill” height these days.
Once, though, the slopes reached much higher. In fact, if Ngorongoro hadn’t collapsed, we might have been calling it (and not Kilimanjaro) “the Roof of Africa.”
The entire length of the Great Rift Valley—actually a system of rifts which run generally north to south from Eritrea all the way to Mozambique, resulting from the spreading of two tectonic plates deep underground—is studded with volcanoes. Most of these are now dormant, like Kilimanjaro, though some, like Ol Doinyo Lengai, are still very much active.
The volcano at Ngorongoro was once part of this chain, but over time, lava flows beneath it retreated. Today, the crater is what’s known as a volcanic caldera, a depression formed when a volcano collapses (at 10 miles in diameter, the Ngorongoro crater is the largest intact caldera in the world).
The mountain had been topped by a solid cap of lava, but without the support of the pressurized magma beneath it, it could no longer support itself, and somewhere between 2 and 3 million years ago, the mountaintop collapsed into the crater we know today.
While the crater rim isn’t particularly high, geologists believe the mountain would have rivaled Kilimanjaro (which tops out at 19,341 feet) before its collapse; it’s possible it would have reached even higher!
Zebras and wildebeest on the floor of Ngorongoro Crater
Photo by Thomson Safaris guest, Helen Parrish
Instead, Ngorongoro today is ringed with gentle slopes covered year-round in lush vegetation, and houses some 30,000 mammals in just over 100 square miles. It’s one of the last places on earth where a traveler can hope to see all of the “big five” species (lion, leopard, African buffalo, black rhinoceros, and elephant) in one day.
So while it may no longer rival Kili’s height, the crater—with its unmatched wildlife viewing and unique, lush landscape—is definitely just as capable of taking your breath away! | <urn:uuid:e5a64e80-d860-4ca1-a842-c4c834bf34c6> | {
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In our time, it is traditional to give our children Hebrew names; boys are given their names when they have their B’rit Milah – circumcision – and girls at a special naming ceremony. In reality, many in our community were never given a Hebrew name by their parents, or people have forgotten the Hebrew name that they were given. I have had to provide witnesses to the signing of a ketubah (the traditional marriage agreement) a Hebrew name so that they can sign the document. I have officiated at funerals needing to insert the Hebrew name of the deceased into the liturgy and there was no one who knew the Hebrew name of the deceased.
On happier occasions, when we call people up to the Torah for an Aliyah we use their Hebrew names. When individuals are ill we say [sing] a mi shebeyrach after first announcing all of those who are ill. At NJC we commonly use English names, but it is more traditional to use Hebrew names. Yes, I know that God understands our prayers in English, but there is something very moving about following a very old tradition and knowing that we are using a custom – minhag – that our ancestors did long ago, even when they were in Babylonia.
I will be conducting a workshop on Monday, January 28th at 7:30 pm to explain how many of our Hebrew names came about. I will provide those who attend with suggestions for where they can research the meaning of their names or select an appropriate Hebrew name. We will start to compile a file of everyone’s Hebrew names that can be used on appropriate occasions. Later in the year, we will have a special group naming for those in our community who receive Hebrew names.
Please email me at [email protected] or call me at (985) 400-3959 to let me know that you are planning on attending so that I can prepare enough material.
Rabbi John R. Nimon
(Rav Yisrael Yehudah Leib ben Yosef v’Ester) | <urn:uuid:73c81142-0bdd-48f5-bd7f-49aaa234e1b9> | {
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Medical Definition of tegmen tympani
: a thin plate of bone that covers the middle ear and separates it from the cranial cavity
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up tegmen tympani? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:904ede4a-5bbb-4f6f-8db5-5ae6b761cd93> | {
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In England, in 2014, around 10% of all households (2.4 million households) were estimated to be in fuel poverty. In West Sussex, the percentage of fuel poor households was estimated to be 7.7% (27,400 fuel poor households).
Fuel poverty in England is measured using an indicator called Low Income High Costs. This accounts for the fact that fuel poverty is distinct from what we might consider to be poverty more generally. Not all poor households will be fuel poor, and some households that would not be considered poor, can be pushed into fuel poverty if energy costs are too high.
Under the Low Income High Cost indicator, a household is considered to be fuel poor if:
- The household requires fuel costs that are above average (the national median level)
- Were the household to spend that amount, they would be left with a residual income below the official poverty line.
There are three key elements in determining whether a household is fuel poor:
- Household Income
- Household Energy Requirements
- Fuel Prices
The Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy also publishes annual statistics on the number and proportion of households that are fuel poor in local authorities, lower super outputs areas (LSOA), parliamentary constituencies, counties and regions. The sub-regional statistics aim to complement these National Statistics, by estimating the proportion of fuel poor households at smaller geographical areas, for example Lower Super Output Area (LSOA).
The sub-regional fuel poverty analyses are based on national data drawn from the English Housing Survey (EHS). To convert this analyses to numbers of fuel poor households, the percentage is applied to an estimate of household totals using the 2011 Census which are benchmarked to the national fuel poverty figures. For full details on the methodology used to calculate the estimates please go to the Department of Energy & Climate Change documentation by clicking here.
The table below shows the estimated household fuel poverty for West Sussex districts. The proportion of households estimated to be fuel poor was lowest in Adur and Crawley (6.8%) and highest in Chichester (9.5%).
|District||Estimated number of Fuel Poor Households||Proportion of households fuel poor (%)|
The maps below show the percentage and estimated number of Fuel Poor households in 2014, for each LSOA in West Sussex. These maps indicate wide variation across the county and that areas in the west of the county appear to have a higher proportion of households which are fuel poor according to the Low Income High Cost indicator compared to areas along the coast and Crawley. For example, in Chichester 007B (in the Funtington ward), one in four households was estimated to be in fuel poverty. | <urn:uuid:3e34e7f0-2133-4f12-8e3e-e3da23ba9323> | {
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Has your daily backstroke left bacteria swimming in your ear? Swimmer's ear, a bacterial or fungal infection of the outer ear canal, causes painful, swollen or itchy ears or redness in the ear area. Other symptoms include mild hearing loss or a milky discharge.
Use over-the-counter antiseptic ear drops or apply a drop or two of isopropyl alcohol with a medicine dropper in the ear canal. Shake your head to swish about the drops and then tilt the head to allow the canal to drain out. The ear drops or alcohol dry up excess water and help kill bacteria.
Ease the pain with a heating pad or hot water bottle.
Visit a doctor for a proper diagnosis, especially if the lymph glands are swollen, if the ear is swollen shut or extremely painful, or if a fever accompanies the infection. A doctor may prescribe antibiotics (drops or oral), corticosteroid ear drops to reduce swelling, or medication to reduce pain
Avoid swimming or submersion in water for at least 10 days after treatment to allow the ear to fully dry out and heal.
To prevent swimmer's ear, wear a swimming cap. After a swim, shake and tilt your head to remove water from the ears. If water remains, use a hair dryer on a low setting or antiseptic ear drops (or alcohol) to dry out the ears. | <urn:uuid:29fa04e6-7436-4855-b37f-8c96265f9686> | {
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Cancer is the foremost causation of death in dogs, particularly over the age of ten. The current rate of cancer in canines hovers around 50 percent. Abdominal, bone, breast, testicular and Lymphoma are some of the most common cancers for dogs, all of which are treatable when detected early.
The causation of cancer is not widely known, though DNA, over exposure to certain chemicals or UV and some viral infections have been linked to the disease. Cancer occurs when abnormal genes attack cells that then grow at an abnormal rate and infect tissue and surrounding areas. Cases of cancer being inherited have been documented but this is still being studied more aggressively.
Because the rate of cancers in dogs is so prevalent, regular check-ups are vital so detection can be caught as early as possible. Detecting cancer in your canine can be tricky but not impossible. Oral cancers will often present signs such as excessive drooling, oral bleeding or difficulty in swallowing. Limb weakness or rigidity is sometimes an indication of bone cancer. Finding sores and open wounds on your pet could possibly be a sign of skin cancer. As with all diseases, the signs and symptoms are complex and varied, but any change in your pets appearance and behavior is usually an implication that something is going on and its best to have them looked at as soon as possible.
If it is determined that your beloved pet has cancer there are many treatments available today, all of which are similar to the treatments humans receive such as chemotherapy, radiation and surgeries. Side effects of some of the treatments are also the same as with humans and include nausea, vomiting, hair loss and decrease in appetite.
Deciding on a treatment plan for your inflicted pet will most likely be a difficult path. It can also be very costly. Together, you and trained veterinary doctors will evaluate your dog’s stage of cancer, overall health and treatment options. This will assist in weighing important factors such as emotional well being and financial commitments and strain. Dogs who are diagnosed with cancer need a constant support system and aftercare, as cancer can often cause other health issues simultaneously, and the older the dog, the more prevalent these secondary diseases are. It is important to carefully compare and weigh all treatment options and couple that with what you as the canine owner can realistically manage.
Survival rate in dogs with cancer is dependent on many variables such as the age of the dog during onset, the overall health of your dog, the type of cancer inflicting him or her and the stage of detection. Many of the most common cancers have a survival rate of upwards of 60 percent with proper treatment and early detection. Again, this is something that should be assessed and evaluated by a trained veterinary medical professional who can assist you with determining the best course of action once your dog is diagnosed. | <urn:uuid:e2eea874-167f-4062-ba24-705cf08891f8> | {
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Handle operations implemented by file descriptors (FDs)
- stdin :: Handle
- stdout :: Handle
- stderr :: Handle
- openFile :: FilePath -> IOMode -> IO Handle
- openBinaryFile :: FilePath -> IOMode -> IO Handle
- mkHandleFromFD :: FD -> IODeviceType -> FilePath -> IOMode -> Bool -> Maybe TextEncoding -> IO Handle
- fdToHandle :: FD -> IO Handle
- fdToHandle' :: CInt -> Maybe IODeviceType -> Bool -> FilePath -> IOMode -> Bool -> IO Handle
- isEOF :: IO Bool
file mode allocates and returns a new, open
handle to manage the file
file. It manages input if
ReadMode, output if
and both input and output if mode is
If the file does not exist and it is opened for output, it should be
created as a new file. If
WriteMode and the file
already exists, then it should be truncated to zero length.
Some operating systems delete empty files, so there is no guarantee
that the file will exist following an
WriteMode unless it is subsequently written to successfully.
The handle is positioned at the end of the file if
AppendMode, and otherwise at the beginning (in which case its
internal position is 0).
The initial buffer mode is implementation-dependent.
This operation may fail with:
isAlreadyInUseErrorif the file is already open and cannot be reopened;
isDoesNotExistErrorif the file does not exist; or
isPermissionErrorif the user does not have permission to open the file.
Note: if you will be working with files containing binary data, you'll want to
openFile, but open the file in binary mode.
On Windows, reading a file in text mode (which is the default)
will translate CRLF to LF, and writing will translate LF to CRLF.
This is usually what you want with text files. With binary files
this is undesirable; also, as usual under Microsoft operating systems,
text mode treats control-Z as EOF. Binary mode turns off all special
treatment of end-of-line and end-of-file characters.
Turn an existing file descriptor into a Handle. This is used by various external libraries to make Handles.
Makes a binary Handle. This is for historical reasons; it should probably be a text Handle with the default encoding and newline translation instead.
Old API kept to avoid breaking clients | <urn:uuid:e92c354c-c8f2-4f46-a9e1-723ea122653c> | {
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Feeding opportunities of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in freshwater wetlands in south Florida are closely linked to hydrologic conditions. In the Everglades, seasonally and annually fluctuating surface water levels affect populations of aquatic organisms that alligators consume. Since prey becomes more concentrated when water depth decreases, we hypothesized an inverse relationship between body condition and water depth in the Everglades. On average, condition of adult alligators in the dry season was significantly higher than in the wet season, but this was not the case for juveniles/subadults. The correlation between body condition and measured water depth at capture locations was weak; however, there was a significant negative correlation between the condition and predicted water depth prior to capture for all animals except for spring juveniles/subadults which had a weak positive condition-water depth relationship. Overall, a relatively strong inverse correlation occurred at 10-49 days prior to the capture day, suggesting that current body condition of alligators may depend on feeding opportunities during that period. Fitted regression of body condition on water depth (mean depth of 10 days when condition-water depth correlation was greatest) resulted in a significantly negative slope, except for spring adult females and spring juveniles/subadults for which slopes were not significantly different from zero. Our results imply that water management practices may be critical for alligators in the Everglades since water depth can affect animal condition in a relatively short period of time.
Additional publication details
Relationship between body condition of American alligators and water depth in the Everglades, Florida | <urn:uuid:2f90adf0-9e9f-447e-baee-a5af14e31bfc> | {
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All the evidence to date shows that value-added techniques are being employed responsibly
In one suburban school district, teachers across the system were ranked and evaluated according to the contribution they had made to student learning–based on a value-added analysis of state test results. When they were ranked again the next year, the results were very similar except for one teacher who moved from a top rank to a very low rank. When the school superintendent looked at the results, he immediately identified the teacher–her husband had died during the second year of rankings.
What does this anecdote illustrate? For starters, that value-added assessments can misidentify good and bad teachers–and that the discrepancies can be cleared up by local administrators. More important, however, was the fact that the findings were robust; teachers’ rankings were similar across three years of analysis. Moreover, these rankings were used to grant a standard reward to a top group of teachers, not to make fine distinctions in the amount of compensation that teachers received. In other words, the results of value-added analysis, when examined over a period of two or three years, were stable and were used in a way that respected the margin of error involved in using these statistical techniques.
Critics of value-added assessment tend to embrace the concept but don’t want the results gleaned from such analysis to be used for accountability purposes–and especially don’t want to use the results to reward or sanction teachers. But teachers are the dominant school input, in terms of both spending and impact on student learning. Excluding them essentially leaves the education system without accountability.
The main concern with value-added assessment is that the technique exacerbates the amount of random error involved in measuring student performance. The risk is that teachers and schools may be wrongfully rewarded or punished because value-added techniques either over- or underestimated their students’ learning gains. However, no intelligent users of standardized testing would make policy choices based on a single year’s result or small differences among schools and teachers. Texas, for example, rewards schools based on value-added achievement gains calculated using two-stage regression analysis. The state does not hand out awards based on decimal-point differences among schools; officials reward a previously set percentage of top-ranking schools. The point here is that most of the statistical objections to value-added measurements assume a misuse of the analysis. The statistical “noise” involved in measuring value-added should preclude decisions that are based on small, unreplicated analysis; it should not preclude decisions that are based on gross findings.
Confidence in gross findings can be developed by replication, by averaging results over several time periods, and by using several measures of the development of human capital–not tests alone, but also attendance rates, dropout rates, and promotion rates (a very high-quality assessment will track indicators of human capital such as post-secondary school earnings and higher-education outcomes as well). The richer the measures used, the less weight there is on the psychometric concerns involving test scores. The alternative is to rest teacher compensation on factors that have little to do with student learning. It is now well established, for example, that the number of degrees teachers possess and the number of hours teachers spend in education courses are unrelated to student learning. Put another way, an important criterion in the determination of a teacher’s salary does not have any bearing on the ability of the teacher to develop human capital. We know that because it has been replicated in many studies in many school districts, even though salary schedules have yet to reflect this information.
Critics often cite the difficulty of comparing the results of large and small schools and comparing one subject with another. It is essential in the debate over the usefulness of the value-added assessment approach that the unit of observation and the comparison group be specified. If, as has been the case in a number of places, the comparison group is all the teachers in a given grade in the school district–with, say, the top 15 percent of the 4th grade teachers receiving an award–what is the significance of a big or small school? The class is the unit, and class size tends to be uniform within a school district. At the high-school level, the comparison group is likely to be, for example, all history teachers or all science teachers across the district. The award-receiving group is a percentage of that comparison group, and it is not affected by the test scores in another subject.
If multiple factors are used for assessment, efforts to check on robustness are made, only extreme performances are rewarded or sanctioned, and comparison groups are selected carefully, the technical psychometric points raised by critics should not swamp the incentive and information benefits of performance-based compensation plans for teachers. If we are ready to determine reading programs, language labs, class sizes, and the use of computerized learning on the basis of value-added assessments, we should be ready to reward teachers using the same techniques.
There is already considerable evidence from several places–such as Tennessee and Florida, where value-added analysis has been used for accountability purposes–that low-achieving students are the main beneficiaries of the changes that occur when these techniques are implemented. When low-achieving students are taught the same body of knowledge over and over again, and when they are taught how to work under a time constraint, they benefit. Value-added assessment techniques reveal that information.
The Illusion of Transparency
Critics of value-added assessment say that it is just too complicated for teachers and the public to understand the results these systems will generate. In other words, the results will not be transparent. But if transparency is the criterion that trumps all other criteria, we would be compelled to use an assessment method that we know to be wrong. For example, there is no satisfactory way to make judgments about which method of teaching reading is superior–whole language or phonics–without factoring in the socioeconomic, school, and teacher characteristics of each of the groups of students in the experiment. Statistical controls must be used if the assessments of teachers, schools, or programs are to be accurate, even though very few educators understand the statistical principles and methods involved. I do not require a transparent understanding of the efficacy of the flu shot I take, nor do I require a transparent understanding of the operating characteristics of my car; I trust the experts on the techniques. So must it be in educational evaluation.
The problems with the use of value-added assessments, even for teachers, are greatly exaggerated, and the alternatives are simply untenable.
One proposed alternative is the use of one or more methods of subjective evaluation. Other teachers, students, and/or parents can be surveyed to make the judgments. Most of those surveys focus on whether respondents like the teacher, are happy in the classroom, or equally soft attributes. They do not really determine what kind of learning gains a certain teacher is eliciting relative to other teachers. Most people look back at their primary and secondary schooling and identify an extremely demanding teacher (whom they disliked at the time) as the one who made the biggest contribution to their educational development.
A second possibility is to set up a standard–some threshold–of student achievement as an absolute hurdle to define adequate performance. The problems with this are legion. How should the threshold be determined? Those who want to be rewarded set lower thresholds than those who watch budgets. The threshold becomes a major bargaining tool, quite divorced from the informed decisionmaking objective. What incentives for improvement are there for those who crossed the threshold?
Basically, subjective evaluation allows the information essential to the rational allocation of educational resources to be derived politically rather than scientifically.
The state of American public education has been deplored by critics for many years. The notion that student learning has remained somewhat stagnant over the past century, though the country has spent steadily more real resources on education, is a matter of profound concern. This surely indicates that we do not know a lot about what works and what doesn’t.
We need to know if we are to change the pattern. We must have calibrated results; we must use sophisticated statistical methods to interpret the data; we need to use multiple measures of performance; and we need to implement the analysis in ways that are appropriate to the quality of the information. And teachers, the most important school-controlled input into the educational process, cannot be exempt from this information-gathering activity. Our current unhappy results are consistent with the subjective and/or unsophisticated tools we use for assessing effectiveness and creating incentives.
-Anita A. Summers is a professor emeritus of public policy and management at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.
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In the meantime check the site regularly for new articles, blog postings, and reader comments | <urn:uuid:1fad1f69-1777-4635-9b36-45789d11008e> | {
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Liquid cooling is a popular way to get a bit of extra performance out of your computer. Usually this is done in desktops, where a special heat sink with copper tubing is glued to the CPU, and the copper tubes are plumbed to a radiator. If you want dive deeper into the world of liquid cooling, you can alternatively submerge your entire computer in a bath of mineral oil like [Timm] has done.
The computer in question here is a Raspberry Pi, and it’s being housed in a purpose-built laser cut acrylic case full of mineral oil. As a SoC, it’s easier to submerge the entire computer than it is to get a tiny liquid-cooled heat sink for the processor. While we’ve seen other builds like this before, [Timm] has taken a different approach to accessing the GPIO, USB, and other connectors through the oil bath. The ports are desoldered from the board and a purpose-built header is soldered on. From there, the wires can be routed out of the liquid and sealed off.
One other detail used here that we haven’t seen in builds like this before was the practice of “rounding” the flat ribbon cable typically used for GPIO. Back in the days of IDE cables, it was common to cut the individual wires apart and re-bundle them into a cylindrical shape. Now that SATA is more popular this practice has been largely forgotten, but in this build [Timm] uses it to improve the mineral oil circulation and make the build easier to manage. | <urn:uuid:ac09a9c3-16f8-4d02-a428-cfc9fc439112> | {
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Is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive and irreversible destruction
of the kidneys.
Your kidneys are essential parts of your body. They have several
- helping maintain the balance of minerals and
electrolytes in your body, such as calcium, sodium, and potassium
- playing an essential role in the production of
red blood cells
- maintaining the delicate acid-base balance of
- excreting water-soluble wastes from your body
Damaged kidneys lose their ability to perform these functions. The
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that at least 20 million
Americans have CKD.
Causes Chronic Kidney Disease?
The most common causes of CKD are high blood pressure and diabetes.
Each kidney contains about 1 million tiny filtering units called
nephrons. Any disease that injures or scars these filtering units can cause
kidney disease. Diabetes and high blood pressure can both damage your nephrons.
High blood pressure can also damage the blood vessels of your
kidneys, heart, and brain. This is key because blood vessel diseases are generally
dangerous to your kidneys. The kidneys are highly vascularized, meaning they
contain lots of blood vessels.
Autoimmune diseases such
as lupus can damage blood vessels and can make antibodies against kidney
There are various other causes of CKD. Polycystic kidney disease
is a hereditary cause of CKD. Glomerulonephritis can be due to lupus. It can
also appear after a streptococcal infection.
Is at Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease?
The risk of CKD increases for those over the age of 65. It runs
in families. It’s more likely to occur in African-Americans, Native Americans,
and Asian-Americans. Other risk factors for CKD include:
- cigarette smoking
- high cholesterol
- diabetes (types 1 and 2)
- autoimmune disease
- obstructive kidney disease, including bladder
obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- cirrhosis and liver failure
- narrowing of the artery that supplies your
- kidney cancer
- bladder cancer
- kidney stones
- kidney infection
- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- vesicoureteral reflux, which occurs when urine
flows back into your kidney
Are the Symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease?
CKD doesn’t cause any symptoms until most of your kidney is
destroyed. Once the kidney is severely damaged, the symptoms of CKD can
- swelling around your eyes, which is called
- swelling of your legs, which is called pedal
- shortness of breath
- vomiting, especially in the morning and after
- a urine-like odor to your breath
- bone pain
- abnormally dark or light skin
- an ashen cast to your skin, which is called
- mental cloudiness
- numbness in your hands and feet
- restless leg syndrome
- brittle hair and nails
- weight loss
- a loss of muscle mass
- muscle twitching and cramps
- easy bruising and bleeding
- blood in your stools
- excessive thirst
- low level of interest in sex, impotence
- sleep apnea
You may also have the symptoms of any diseases that are contributing
to your kidney problems.
Is Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of CKD starts with a medical history. A family
history of kidney failure can raise suspicions, as can a history of high blood
pressure or diabetes. However, other tests are necessary to confirm that you
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A complete blood count (CBC) can show anemia. Your kidneys make
erythropoietin, which is a hormone. This hormone stimulates your bone marrow to
make red blood cells. When your kidney is severely damaged, your ability to make
erythropoietin decreases. This causes a decline in red blood cells known as
CKD can affect your electrolyte levels. Potassium may be high and
bicarbonate levels may be low if you have CKD. There may also be an increase of
acid in the blood.
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) can become elevated when your kidney
starts to fail. Normally, your kidney clears the products of protein breakdown
from your blood. However, after kidney damage, these byproducts build up. Urea
is one byproduct of protein breakdown. Urea is what gives urine its odor.
As kidney function declines, your creatinine increases. This
protein is also related to muscle mass.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
The kidney and the parathyroid glands interact through the
regulation of calcium and phosphorus. A change in kidney function affects the
release of PTH. This affects calcium levels throughout your body.
When your kidney progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), it
no longer excretes enough phosphorus and it impairs vitamin D synthesis. Your
bones may release calcium. This causes your bones to become weak over time.
Renal Flow and Scan
This is an imaging study of kidney function.
This noninvasive test provides images to help determine whether
there’s an obstruction.
Additional tests for CKD include:
- a kidney biopsy
- a bone density test
- an abdominal CT scan
- an abdominal MRI
Is the Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease?
CKD is chronic and irreversible. Treatment focuses on improving
the underlying disease.
Treatment can also prevent and manage complications of CKD, such
- fluid overload
- congestive heart failure
- brittle bones
- weight loss
- electrolyte imbalance
Control of underlying problems, such as hypertension and
diabetes, can slow the progress of kidney damage.
Once your kidney function reduces to 10 percent or less, the symptoms
become obvious. At this point, you may need dialysis or a kidney transplant.
ESRD occurs when your kidneys clearly begin to shut down. The
treatment for CKD and ESRD includes:
- quitting smoking if you smoke
- restricting fat in your diet
- restricting salt in your diet to control blood
pressure and prevent fluid overload
- restricting protein in your diet (but still
getting adequate calories to maintain your weight)
- restricting potassium in your diet
- getting adequate exercise
- getting dialysis to purify your blood
- getting a kidney transplant
- restricting your fluids to prevent fluid
- restricting carbohydrates if you have diabetes
- controlling diabetes if you have it
- controlling your blood pressure
- taking iron and vitamin supplements to manage
- getting erythropoietin injections to stimulate the
production of red blood cells
- taking calcium and vitamin D supplements
- taking phosphate binders
- taking stool softeners for constipation
- taking antihistamines for itching
You may be more susceptible to infection if you have CKD or ESRD.
Doctors recommend that you get the following vaccinations:
- pneumococcal vaccine
- hepatitis B vaccine
- influenza vaccine
- H1N1 (swine flu) vaccine
Can I Prevent Chronic Kidney Disease?
You can’t always prevent CKD. However, controlling conditions
like high blood pressure and diabetes can help. You should get regular screenings
for CKD if you’re at high risk. Getting an early diagnosis of CKD can help slow | <urn:uuid:7335faca-b9e0-42d4-918c-5d1a39f75971> | {
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Minnesota: Bacterial Resistance Prompts Concern
Health officials in Minnesota say they are seeing increasing evidence of antibiotic resistance in disease-causing bacteria in the state, prompting a reminder to health care providers and patients about the importance of using antibiotics carefully and appropriately.
A report in this week's New England Journal of Medicine details the finding by health officials in Minnesota, North Dakota and the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta of an antibiotic-resistant strain of bacterium, Neisseria meningitidis, that causes meningococcal disease. In a related occurrence, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) on Tuesday sent an alert to infection control professionals and health care providers regarding a very resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.
The bacteria N. meningitidis can cause meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia and joint infections. These infections can be life-threatening. The resistant strain of N. meningitidis was discovered during an investigation and follow-up of three cases of the disease in 2007 (Jan. '07-Jan. '08). The cases, two in western Minnesota and one in North Dakota, were not related or linked, (except that the first case attended a daycare where an adult worker died of probable meningococcal disease in 2006). All three had the same strain of the bacterium and all proved to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, the antibiotic most often recommended for preventing infections in adult close contacts of infected persons. These were the first strains of N. meningititidis in North America found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, a commonly used antibiotic.
"This is extremely concerning because ciprofloxacin-resistance in a related bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, rose very quickly over a few years, and ciprofloxacin is no longer recommended to treat gonococcal infections" said Ruth Lynfield, state epidemiologist with MDH. "This finding further stresses the importance of using antibiotics judiciously. We've lost an important tool here for fighting disease causing bacteria and we need to preserve the effectiveness of the tools we have. That's why we need to be extremely careful how we use antibiotics."
Scientists contend that overuse and misuse of antibiotics contributes to bacteria's ability to adapt and mutate to resistant strains in order to survive. Details of the investigation and a discussion of how the bacteria may have become resistant can be found in the report at The New England Journal of Medicine.
After discovery of the resistant strain, the state health departments in North Dakota and Minnesota advised health care providers in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota to use alternative antibiotics as preventive treatment for people who had close contact with someone diagnosed with meningococcal disease. In addition, the CDC recommended increased nationwide surveillance for antibiotic-resistant meningococcal bacteria.
In another instance, a highly resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a disease-causing bacterium, was recently identified in Minnesota, health officials reported. This strain, called carbapenemase- producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) is resistant to almost all classes of antibiotics. This type of resistance is especially concerning because it can spread to other similar bacteria making them also resistant. "This is the first time we've identified KPC in Minnesota," said Lynfield. "However, KPC has been responsible for hospital outbreaks in other parts of the country where infections caused by this strain were associated with increased severity of illness and death. In addition, these bacteria have been shown to spread readily between patients."
While resistant N. meningitidis and KPC are very different pathogens, their emergence demonstrates the problem presented by increasing antibiotic resistance, health officials said. Preserving the effectiveness of antibiotics is essential – and everyone (not just clinicians) has a responsibility to use them appropriately.
Minnesota health officials recommend the following:
* Patients should not insist on antibiotics. Let health care providers decide if an antibiotic is needed to treat an illness.
* Many respiratory infections such as influenza or acute bronchitis are caused by viruses. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections - not infections caused by viruses.
* Clinicians should increase efforts to diagnose the cause of infections and tailor treatment to the specific illness.
* Infection prevention and control measures in health care, including acute care and long-term care facilities, are very important.
* Practice basic infection prevention measures such as good hand washing, covering your cough, staying home and away from others when you're sick, and getting recommended vaccines. | <urn:uuid:382ed3f6-46a0-4988-8cee-4c9262c64786> | {
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This one is tough because it takes 5 hours to get it done, with one short break of 30 minutes in between. The difficulty corresponds more or less to what I expected, with absolutely no surprise in reading comprehension. The first text was about quantum computing. The second one (with some paragraphs extracted from the main text) was an article written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez about Julio Cortazar. The third task contained texts about son and danzon (Caribbean dances).
The listening comprehension was a bit more difficult. Apart from the fact that the recordings are played on a common computer using regular speakers, one of the recordings was extremely hard to understand because of the background noise and there was another one with music on the background (intentionally
Almost all of the recordings, except one, had Latin American accents. I'm used to European Spanish but it wasn't a big deal.
As for the written production, this was definitely the most demanding task. It tests the ability to process various inputs (texts, audio) and produce three texts. In my test, specifically, the following ones were required:
- newspaper article about sustainable tourism (400 - 450 words),
- press release about literary contest (150 - 250 words)
- article about after-school activities of the children (200 - 250 words).
That's a lot of output, lot of handwriting (legible!
) and a lot of stress. After all the previous parts, I was quite tired and personally I think that this was the most difficult part for all of us.Preparation
I used Preparacion al DELE C2 for acquiring the advanced vocabulary and get familiar with the exam format. In the last four months I used Cronometro C2 that focuses on the specific skills tested in the exam.
I also went through all the texts I wrote together with my tutor, which is something I really recommend. There's no need to practice the reading and listening comprehension with somebody, in my opinion, but have the texts checked and practice the oral output with a native tutor is extremely useful.
And now... let's wait for 2 months to get the results | <urn:uuid:a9ae6c02-f6f8-4140-a68d-8f3188b79e17> | {
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Undulatus asperatus (or alternately, asperatus) is a rare, newly recognized cloud formation, that was proposed in 2009 as the first cloud formation added to the International Cloud Atlas of the World Meteorological Organization since cirrus intortus was added in 1951. The name translates approximately as "roughened or agitated waves". Although they appear dark and storm-like, the clouds tend to dissipate without a storm forming. The ominous-looking clouds have been particularly common in the Plains states of the United States, often during the morning or midday hours following convective thunderstorm activity. As of June 2009, the Royal Meteorological Society is gathering evidence of the type of weather patterns in which undulatus asperatus clouds appear, so as to study how they form and decide whether they are distinct from other undulatus clouds.
Click here to view pictures taken of the clouds on June 7th.
Do you want to learn more about clouds?
- The cloudspotter's guide : the science, history, and culture of clouds by Gavin Pretor-Pinney ; chapter illustrations by Bill Sanderson.
- Instant weather forecasting : a 24-colour photograph guide to weather forecasting from the clouds by Alan Watts.
Find this article at | <urn:uuid:4c1cf440-1d01-40bc-83d0-4d9a065ec349> | {
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We won't find out who won the presidential race until Nov. 6 (or later), but the election has actually already started. As of last weekend, people in 25 states can already vote through excuse-free absentee ballots or early in-person voting. That means six weeks before Election Day, half the country can cast ballots — and skip the presidential debates, ignore unpredictable world events and hidden videos, and TiVO away the political ads. And a record 35 percent of voters probably will cast their ballots early, according to George Mason University's Michael McDonald. "This is a problem for many reasons," says Matt Lewis at The Daily Caller. Among them: Early voting is expensive for states and campaigns, sends voters to the polls prematurely, and most importantly, "doesn't work." In fact, "researchers at the University of Wisconsin demonstrated that early voting can actually depress turnout" — largely by mitigating get-out-the-vote efforts, and diminishing the civic engagement attraction of Election Day. Could the effort to expand voting opportunities actually be bad for democracy?
Yes. Early voting is a "travesty": The first problem with early voting is that it isn't fair, says Ed Lasky at American Thinker. Letting people lock in their votes before the "debates can enlighten voters," ads can educate them, and bad jobs numbers can reflect poorly on the incumbent "is a travesty." Then there's the issue of fraud with absentee ballots. Yet sadly, "few critics have pointed out how damaging early voting can be to our democracy."
"The early voting travesty"
Huh? Early voting is good for democracy: Most of the opposition's reasons are nonsense, says Jazz Shaw at Hot Air. Absentee-ballot fraud is a myth, the cost issue is either the campaigns' problem or up to the voters of each state, and the study about early voting depressing turnout "relies on torturing the data with so many vague and glossy 'variables'... that it becomes a very murky soup." Besides, as a general rule, opposing "extended voting opportunities is an idea which immediately sets off alarms for me," as it should for anyone who values participatory democracy.
"Should there be early voting?"
Like it or not, early voting may kill Election Day: Early voting is gaining ground — and that's kind of sad for civic engagement, University of Wisconsin political scientist Barry Burden tells the AP. "Before early voting took off, you could go into your workplace and see co-workers with 'I voted' stickers on their lapels," and "your children's school might be a polling place." Election Day was a community and media event, and it was "hard to miss." If early voting eventually relegates the first Tuesday in November to the nostalgia bin, many "people who are on the edge of voting" probably won't cross the finish line.
"Vote early: Skip the lines, maybe the debates, too"
THE WEEK'S AUDIOPHILE PODCASTS: LISTEN SMARTER
- How the South's ugly racial history is haunting ObamaCare
- 43 TV shows to watch in 2014
- The real story behind Deliver Us From Evil
- Feast your eyes on this beautiful linguistic family tree
- If Democrats abandon immigration reform after Tuesday's likely loss, they will turn 2016 into a debacle
- What if Leo Strauss was right?
- The culture war finally comes to the Catholic Church
- Beware of Splenda: The backlash against artificial sugars
- 6 things the happiest families all have in common
- How to be the most productive person in your office — and still get home by 5:30 p.m.
Subscribe to the Week | <urn:uuid:dc62bbf6-f08f-45c2-b27e-a655c0964028> | {
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I did a post last year that took a look at volcanoes from the perspective of a heat engine, something that transferred warmer material to its colder surroundings. As such, they are not an earth-only phenomenon. This includes the terrestrial planets, Pluto and some of the larger moons. When the vents are large enough, we call those things volcanoes. When they are smaller, we call them vents, geysers, plumes, etc. https://volcanohotspot.wordpress.com/2016/06/27/volcanoes-as-heat-engines/
We have such a body around 384,000 km above our heads called the moon. It is tidally locked, so we see one face (the near side). And that face is pock-marked with basalt filled impact basins. If there was that much basalt billions of years ago, where did it come from? Better yet, what other volcanic structures are there up there? Finally, is there any current volcanic activity on the moon?
One of the things we have found with the last half century of space exploration, is the closer we look at bodies that are not the earth, the more incorrect our initial assumptions about those bodies becomes.
For example, little Mercury hosts a variety of unexpected ancient volcanic activity. The closest planet to the sun also appears to have water ice at the permanently shadowed poles. Venus is not a jungle planet. Rather it is very close to the classic description of Hell, with a thick, heavy CO2 layer that acts like a liquid ocean at its surface, and volcanic activity that resurfaces the entire planet from time to time. Mars is not a dry, barren planet at all, as the closer we look at it, the more water ice we find. Even the near earth asteroids participate, with fully half of them thought to be inactive comets.
The point I am trying to make however poorly, is that as we look at things with new eyes, new knowledge, more times than not our initial assumptions turn out to be wrong.
With that in mind, let’s take a look at volcanic activity on the moon.
The Earth – Moon system has been called a double planet due to the significant size of the moon compared to that of earth. The only other planet even close (and yes, I assume a dwarf planet is still a type of planet) is Pluto – Charon. The difference is that the center of rotation of the Earth – Moon system is under the surface of the Earth, while that of Pluto – Charon is in space between the two bodies.
So how do you form such a system?
For this, we have to go back to the formation of the solar system itself some 4.6 billion years ago.
It began with a large, cold cloud of dust and gas. Something pushed the cloud, likely the shock wave from one to several nearby supernova, and it started to collapse and rotate. Very shortly, the cloud arranged itself into what is called an accretion disk with what was to become the sun in the center. The collapse was quick and violent, generating heat and triggering fusion in the very center of the proto-sun.
As you traveled out in the disk away from the sun, temperatures dropped quickly. There is a zone where rocky elements predominate, a zone where water and other gasses predominate, and a zone where ices predominate. The bits of dust and gas started to gather together and build solid objects. Initially, the clumping was electrostatic in nature (we’ve seen this sort of clumping in ISS experiments). As the grains got larger, they started creating their own gravity, accelerating the growth. Once the planetesimals got large enough, they started attracting gas in the disk and clearing lanes. We’ve seen this around other newly formed stars.
The first two planetesimals were also the largest – Jupiter and Saturn. They formed as quickly as 10 million years. And their gravity influenced the growth and early history of the rest of the solar system.
Toward the end of the growth process, the solar system was an incredibly violent place. The growing planetesimals collided with one another. The larger and faster the participants, the more violent the collision. We can see results of the violence everywhere we look. The Pluto – Charon system appears to be the remains of a collision, as its axis of rotation is rotated over 100 degrees from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic (plane of the accretion disk). Something hit Uranus hard enough to turn it on its side too. Something hit Mars on its north pole that was large enough to turn most of the northern hemisphere into a basin. Several somethings hit Vesta and removed a significant portion of its southern hemisphere. All of this took place over the first 100 Ma of the solar system’s formation.
And then we get to the Earth – Moon system. Best description of its formation is the impact of a large body, something the size of Mars, in a glancing blow, destroying itself, and sending sufficient material into orbit of the newly formed system to form the moon.
The nature of that impact is still under intense discussion, with the older slow, glancing blow impact theory being replaced in recent years with a higher velocity, more direct impact. For purposes of this discussion, the details of the impact don’t much matter, as we know some portion of whatever was removed from both bodies ended up in orbit around the newly formed, larger body, and some percentage of it ended up forming the moon.
So we have a gravitationally captured ring or a synestia of solid, liquid, and gaseous rock and metal around the center of the collision. Some unknown percentage of that material falls back onto the surface. The rest of it quickly collects into one or more proto-moons, which in turn combine into the body we see today.
Initially, much of both bodies was molten. The moon forms some 20 – 30,000 km from the earth. Tidal forces quickly lock its rotation rate to one hemisphere facing the earth continuously. Tidal forces also start marching it outward. Being that close, the moon raised significant tides on the surface. The small distance between the two molten bodies has been suggested by some as one of several reasons the crust on the moon is thinner on the near side and thicker on the far side.
Over time, both bodies cool, creating solid surfaces, an atmosphere and oceans on the Earth.
While all this is taking place, interaction with the accretion disk has started moving Jupiter inward. It got within 1.5 Astronomical units (AU), around the current orbit of Mars, before gravitational interaction with Saturn started moving both planets outward ending up at their current locations. Needless to say, this movement wreaked havoc with the new solar system, scattering planets, asteroids, comets, and planetesimals all over the place. This period, some 3.8 – 4 billion years ago is called the Late Heavy Bombardment, with comets and asteroids ejected from their original orbits. A lot of them were ejected from the solar system. A lot of them entered the inner system, colliding with the newly formed planets. It is this bombardment that created the basalt filled impact basins on the near side of the moon. It is this bombardment thought to supply much of the waters of the oceans on earth.
Smaller bodies like the moon cool quicker, and do not have the heat output over geologic time or oceans necessary to set up active plate tectonic systems. As such, outside a few compressional grabens, it has not had significant tectonic activity within the last 3 billion years. The moon is thought to have shrunk some 180 m as it cooled, driving early tectonic activity. We see the effects of this shrinkage with linear scarps, fault lines, and grabens.
Magma sources for the flood basalts surfacing the mare were initially thought to be a combination of deep melting due to the impact events and a release of residual magma from the interior to the surface. Like most initial guesses, this has been updated with analysis of actual samples telling us that the basalt magma came from the interior of the moon. Typical mare samples date around 3.5 billion years. The youngest mare flow is thought to date around 1 billion years.
The flood basalts cover nearly a third of the near side and less than 2% of the far side, leading to the conclusion that the primary factors controlling volcanic activity on the moon are surface elevation (lower on the near side) and crust thickness (thicker on the far side).
A combination of low gravity and very low water content on the moon tend to drive eruptive activity to be more effusive than we see on the earth. The lack of an atmosphere leads to frothing of basalt magmas at the tip of rising dikes. The deeper the magma source, the more water, up to 150 ppm on average, is mixed with the magmas. This caused significant explosive pyroclastic eruptions toward the later stages of flood basalt activity.
Volcanic activity listed next is roughly in order of when the activity was most prevalent. The vast majority of lunar volcanic activity took place between 3 – 4 billion years ago, with the commonly accepted end of lunar volcanism being 1 – 1.5 billion years ago. Some of the most recent cone, dome, IMP, and TLP activity may date as recently as a few tens of millions of years.
There are 23 Maria on the moon, the vast majority of them on the near side. Diameters range from 132 – 2,568 km. There are another 20 smaller basaltic plains called Lacus ranging in diameter from 50 – 396 km. All are thought to be formed by massive impact events.
One of the things that happen when a crater of 20 km in diameter is formed, is that the crater rim slumps as surrounding rock is not strong enough to support a raised rim. Generally the larger the crater, the more pronounced the slumping. As you get over 100 km in diameter, magma formation, lava flows, and possible density current involvement due to frothing of the magma becomes more likely. The crater is then floored by some combination of impact-created breccias, fallback breccias, post impact basalts and ignimbrites.
The magmas filling the maria are primarily interior magmas. The impact events tend to create deep fissures into the cooling crust and upper mantle allowing deeper magmas to reach the interior bowl of the crater. Typical flow thicknesses appears to be 10 – 20 m. The majority of the flood basalt activity went on for nearly a billion years, mostly stopping some 3 billion years ago. Smoothness of the maria demonstrates the fluidity of the lavas. Elevation differences less than 150 m over a distance of 500 km are common.
While the most vigorous portions of the basalt flows into the maria were initially described as forming lava lakes, because they inundated neighboring craters, at this point, it appears the maria were filled by massive individual flows layered one on another. Later lava flows are easier to identify as individual lava flows. The smallest mapped basalt flow into Mare Imbrium is nearly the same size as the Columbia River Basalts.
Mare basalts may be more extensive than currently thought, extending under some of the highlands mountains which may be debris from basin formation. This is a possible explanation for dark halo craters in the neighboring highlands.
The mare basalts may end up being quite thin, especially around the edges of the filled basins. Depths toward the centers are not so readily determined. Average depths of the flood basalts in the maria is in the neighborhood of 2 km.
The oldest mare basalt dated from an Apollo sample is 3.85 billion years for an Imbrium basalt, which is a bit older than the generally accepted date for the impact event. More than 20 distinct basaltic types have been identified from Apollo samples. They show extreme variation in titanium content. Depths for the magma source is in the vicinity of 400 km. Note that the basin-filling eruptions started some 600 Ma after the formation of the moon itself, so there is a high likelihood that a significant portion of the interior of the moon was still molten.
The chemical composition and temperature of lunar basalts defines their viscosity. The basalts are low in aluminum and alkali elements and high in iron. This coupled with relatively high temperatures give them a very low viscosity similar to motor oil at room temperature, about ten times more fluid than terrestrial lavas.
Sinuous Rilles and Lava Tubes
Rilles are linear features on the lunar surface. There are generally two types ; straight and sinuous. Straight rilles are generally thought to be grabens, fault troughs, and are not generally connected to volcanic activity.
Sinuous rilles and lava tubes are connected to volcanic activity. They can be quite large. Most have a small pit at one end. Rilles and lava tubes are thought to be two flavors of what we see here on earth with highly effusive basalt eruptions. Rilles are simply lava tubes without roofs. In most instances, it appears the lava flow has cut a channel into older lava flows underneath it.
The majority of rilles are at the edges of the lunar maria or their boundaries with other maria. There are numerous rilles in the floors of lunar craters. Rilles and lava tubes do not appear to be features formed early in the moon’s eruptive history.
The length of lunar rilles is astounding. The longest is some 566 km. In contrast, the longest lava tube on earth at Barker’s Cave in Australia, is 35 km long. There are more than 200 sinuous rilles known. They vary in width from 160 m to 4.3 km. Oceanus Procellarum contains 48% of the rilles, with most of those associated with known volcanic centers within Procellarum KREEP Terrain, the Aristarchus Plateau, and the Marius Hills.
Most of these formed between 3.0 – 3.8 billion years ago. Some associated with the Aristarchus Plateau may be as recent as 1.0 – 1.5 billion years ago.
Lava flows here in Earth are generally additive, as they add new layers on top of older, cooled flows. The larger lunar rilles carried very hot lavas, which were able to cut channels into older, cold lava flows.
Apollo 15 landed on the edge of Hadley Rille. Due to the loose debris and the steep slopes, they did not sample the bedrock cut by flowing lava into the rille.
The final type of flowing lava construct is the lava tube. If the roof is intact, they are very difficult to observe from orbit. Fortunately, we have been able to start identifying them when portions of the roofs have collapsed. In some cases, this gives us a twisting line of small craters. In others, it is a single round hole (black pit) in the lunar regolith, called a window or a skylight. One has been identified in Marius Hills. Gravity sensing spacecraft like Grail helped identify at least 10 candidates for subsurface lava tubes.
The discovery of lunar lava tubes triggered a speculative cottage industry suggesting their use as habitats for future lunar visitors.
Pyroclastics and Dark Mantling Deposits
There are nearly 100 known explosive or pyroclastic eruption deposits. They are spread widely and intermixed with products of more effusive eruptions which have covered older deposits. They are generally very dark and smooth. While pyroclastics are widely dispersed, the dark deposits are thought to be volcanic vents.
The Apollo 17 Taurus – Littrow landing site is one of the most famous pyroclastic sites. It was chosen as a landing site because it was thought to be a young volcanic deposit. Actual dating of the samples showed it dated at 3.5 billion years.
The extreme darkness ends up being due to black glass beads. There were also orange beads collected at Taurus – Littrow. The beads are thought to be a product of fire fountain eruptions lasting days or weeks. Quenched glass is rapidly cooled. Beads are more slowly cooled. Generally, the darker the beads, the higher the titanium content.
The source of the pyroclastic magmas is thought to be very deep, perhaps more than 400 km, as they represent ancient volcanic materials which have a higher volatile content than more recent magmas.
As we have not gone to the moon in nearly half a century, most of the recent analysis of these deposits have been done remotely. Analysis of the remote sensing is informed by that actual samples taken from Taurus – Littrow.
Pyroclastic deposits are divided into two types – regional (over 1,000 km2) and localized (less than 1,000 km2). The regional deposits are thought to have been emplaced by fire fountain or Strombolian style eruptions. The localized deposits are thought to be the product of intermittently explosive or Vulcanian style eruptions, with explosive decompression acting to remove a plug of lava in a conduit.
There are also a small number of pyroclastic deposits on the lunar far side. Most are found on the near side around the periphery of the maria.
Remote sensing from India’s Chandrayaan-1 orbiter suggest a widespread occurrence of water in pyroclastic materials from deep sources. Water up to 150 ppm in the large deposits with local values in the 300 – 400 ppm range is in line with estimates of bulk water abundance in lunar mantle. This means that the water-bearing volcanic glasses from the Apollo samples are not an anomaly, and pyroclastic eruptions may represent a significant pathway for transport of water to the surface.
Cones and Domes
While the moon does have the functional equivalent of cinder cones, domes, and shield volcanoes, the volcanic action behind their formation is different.
The majority of erupted material on the moon was placed on the surface as flood basalts and pyroclastic flows. As the temperature of the magmas decreased, we start seeing more recognizable volcanic structures. Cones, domes, and shield volcanoes were formed with cool magmas toward the end of active eruptible life for that particular volume of magma.
Cones and domes are fairly low and wide, seldom more than a few hundred meters high, and in the range of 10 – 20 km in diameter. Sometimes they have a small central crater on top. Sometimes they don’t. I haven’t found anything so far describing calderas. Many of the cones are horseshoe-shaped, perhaps created by breaching by lava flows like we see in cinder / scoria cones on the Earth. The gentle slopes of these volcanic structures make them difficult to observe during most of the lunar day. Best observation is early in the morning or late in the afternoon when the sun is low.
The Marius Hills in Oceanus Procellarum is the largest group of cones and domes on the moon.
Cones are slightly steeper, associated with pyroclastic deposits, and appear to be formed by magmas with higher volatile contents.
Most domes are found in clusters and those clusters in turn are found around the borders of the lunar maria.
A 2013 paper by Spudis et al. described large regional rises in the lunar maria measuring tens to hundreds of kilometers in diameter and up to several kilometers in height as shield volcanoes. Like the domes and cones, they are found at the edges of the maria. Volcanic centers include Mons Rumker, Marius Hills, the Aristarchus Plateau, Hortensius, and Cauchy.
Marius Hills has long been known as a volcanic center with over 300 cones, domes, numerous sinuous rilles, and collapse pits. It is the site of some of the youngest lunar lava flows. The entire complex is on an elliptical topographic rise 330 km across. The rise tops out 2.2 km above the surrounding mare plain. The structure has been dated 2.5 – 3.3 billion years for its main lavas, and activity as recent as 0.8 – 1.1 billion years. The complex is also on top of a pair of gravity anomalies. The abundant cones suggest an extended magma evolution and partial crystallization.
Rumker has up to 30 domes over 70 km in diameter. It is 1,000 – 1,200 above the surrounding mare surface. Rumker looks like a miniature version of Marius Hills, though does not have any rilles.
Cauchy is the largest of the newly detected shields with numerous cones, domes, and sinuous rilles. It occupies the eastern half of Mare Tranquillitatis, 560 km across and 1.8 km high.
The Aristarchus Plateau is different, occupying the uplift of a structural block caused by the formation of the Imbrium basin. It has been covered with the products of massive eruptions and is the source of a regional pyroclastic deposit covering 49,000 km2. The Plateau has been described as a proto-shield, formation halted partway. It measures 240 km in diameter up to 2 km high.
Irregular Mare Patches
Irregular mare patches (IMPs) appear to be the remains of small basaltic eruptions scattered across the volcanic plains. There are at least 70 of these features observed so far. IMPs are thought to be remnants of small basaltic eruptions. Like the cone, dome, and shield volcano activity, these tend to be located around the periphery of the lunar maria. IMPs are small, which is why they were discovered relatively late in lunar exploration. They average around 500 across.
The best known IMP, Ina or Ina-D was first spotted by Apollo 15. Originally thought to be the collapsed summit of a low shield volcano, the lack of craters suggest this is much younger than the surrounding mare basalt.
IMPs have smooth deposits which are sometimes connected to the surrounding mare basalt, and rough-looking deposits that end at steep edges of the smooth deposits. To some, it looks like the smooth materials are covering portions of the rough materials. Topographic measurements indicate that the smooth deposits average 8 m thick (2 – 20 m), or about the average thickness of lunar basalt flows.
Slopes at the edges of the smooth deposits are measured at 30 – 35 degrees, higher than the natural angle of repose. This is also used as evidence that these are relatively young features. This along with crater counts confirm that Ina may be as young as 33 Ma. Crater count modeling on other IMPs range between 18 – 58 Ma.
The study of IMPs suggest that young, small volume extrusions of mare basalt still happen. And if they do, this means that lunar volcanism didn’t stop quickly, but tailed off slowly over time. It also means that it may not be done yet. One anomaly from Apollo 15 and 17 heat flow measurements from buried thermometers in the regolith was that temperatures recorded were a bit higher than models suggested. This was written off as the result of local anomalies. Perhaps the measurements were accurate and the lunar interior is still hotter than expected.
Transient Lunar Phenomena (TLP)
This last category may include volcanic activity and / or outgassing of some sort. TLPs have been observed on the moon since 1540, perhaps as far back as 1178. They are a combination of quick flashes due to impacts on the lunar system, to changes in overall luminosity or colors of patches on the lunar surface. Descriptions use terms like mists, clouds and volcanoes for the events. Length of the events range from a few second flash to a few hours brightening.
The first reports were by five Canterbury monks on June 18, 1178 who reported a flaming torch springing from the crescent moon. This torch was tied in 1976 to an impact that created a 22 km diameter crater Giordano Bruno.
Over the years, numerous impact events have been observed by amateur astronomers, much like asteroid and comet impact transients on Jupiter.
The longer events are more difficult to explain and may involve some sort of gas release. A third of the 579 recorded events took place in the vicinity of Aristarchus crater on the near side. One was observed while Apollo 11 was orbiting the moon. They looked in that direction and reported the following:
“Hey, Houston, I’m looking north up toward Aristarchus now, and there’s an area that is considerably more illuminated than the surrounding area. It seems to have a slight amount of fluorescence.” NASA, Apollo 11 Transcripts
Apollo 15 reported a significant rise in alpha particles as it passed over the area. Alpha particles are caused by radioactive decay of Radon-222 which has a half-life just under 4 days. http://www.armaghplanet.com/blog/whatever-happened-to-transient-lunar-phenomena.html
Another possible description is electrostatically charged lunar dust, which is kicked high above the lunar surface at sunrise. https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/30mar_moonfountains
At this point, the actual cause of the longer lived phenomena is unknown, though we have pretty good explanations for the short events (impact) and Apollo astronauts have observed the electrostatically levitating dust at sunrise. Nobody has tied outgassing or an eruption to a TLP yet.
For a seemingly dead body, the moon has quite the volcanic history. After its formation, the creation of the large impact basins of the maria triggered a billion years of flood basalt eruptions. As the volume of available magma tailed off, and that magma cooled, we started seeing more familiar volcanic activity and structures – pyroclastic flows, rilles, lava tubes, cones, domes, and shield volcanoes. We may or may not be past the end of volcanic activity on the moon, but the existence of IMPs and TLPs argue otherwise.
We simply don’t have enough information on the volcanic centers at Aristarchus, Marius Hills, Rumker, or Cauchy to know how recent the activity is. There are a lot of reasons for a return to the moon. Geologic study of volcanism is one of them. | <urn:uuid:07ba2e24-74d7-4bcc-8193-67515e3812c8> | {
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While exercise is good for everyone, those with an immediate relative – mother, father or sibling – with Type-2 diabetes need to exercise more than others to derive the same preventive benefit, says a study.
The cause of Type-2 diabetes is linked to both genetics and lifestyle. If you have an immediate relative with the condition, the risk of contracting the diabetes is about three times higher. Preventive treatments involve eating healthier and exercising more.
For this study, researchers at Lund University in Sweden analysed the effects of exercise in people with increased risk of Type-2 diabetes caused by being immediately related to someone with the disease.
The participants consisted of a total of 50 unfit, slightly overweight but completely healthy men in their 40s who, for seven months, exercised regularly at a fitness centre.
Half of them belonged to the risk group and the other half served as a control group who did not have relatives with Type-2 diabetes.
The participants were offered three training sessions per week, including a spinning class and two aerobics classes, during which their exercise intensity and energy consumption was measured.
The exercise routine for both groups was equally hard, but the risk group attended more sessions and as a group expended more energy than the control group.
After making adjustments to account for the differences, the results showed that both groups benefited from exercising — they all lost weight, reduced their waist size and increased their fitness.
“The difference was that participants from the risk group had to exercise more to achieve the same results as the participants from the control group,” said lead researcher Ola Hansson from Lund University.
“We now hope to continue with further studies, including examining whether exercise intensity rather than volume is a crucial factor in determining how the risk group responds to exercise,” Hansson said.
The findings appeared in the Journal of Applied Physiology. | <urn:uuid:564cea52-8707-4012-8709-15e204ea367d> | {
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Diagnosing Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A diagnosis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma often begins with the patient experiencing non-specific signs and symptoms of the disease.
These non-specific symptoms include:
- Swollen, painless lymph nodes
- Unexplained weight loss
- Drenching night sweats
- Unexplained itching
- Unexplained lower back pain
- Pain in the lymph nodes on consuming alcohol
Again, these are non-specific symptoms, meaning that for the most part, they could be symptoms of things other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma. For this reason, experiencing some of these symptoms is reason to see a doctor.
A clinical exam is what the doctor takes you through while you’re there in his or her exam room. This should include a physical examination of lymph node regions in the neck and clavicle, as well as physical exams of the spleen and liver.
Doctors will also collect a medical history as well as a history of symptoms. Doctors try to rule out as much as possible before arriving at a suspected diagnosis. This is a process of elimination known as differential diagnosis, and it includes both the clinical exam as well as the lab tests and scans.
In an effort to rule out other potential diagnoses, a doctor will order some lab tests. As part of the essential work-up of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. according to the guidelines set forth by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the doctor should order the following:
A Complete Blood Count (CBC) measures red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, average red blood cell size (MCV), hemoglobin amount per red blood cell (MCH), platelets count and the amount of hemoglobin relative to the size of the cell (hemoglobin concentration) per red blood cell (MCHC).
Other blood tests, which are part of a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) include:
- ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, sometimes called a ‘sed rate’). This is a blood test that indirectly measures inflammation in the body
- LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) test. This is a liver function test that measures how much of the protein LDH is in the blood and is a measure of tissue damage
- Albumin test. This is another liver function test. Albumin is a protein made by the liver and a drop in levels of this protein in the blood can have prognostic significance.
- BUN test. This stands for blood urea nitrogen. Urea nitrogen is the product of protein breakdown. It, along with a creatinine blood test are used to assess kidney function
None of these tests, individually, will be good enough to diagnose Hodgkin’s lymphoma. They are used as investigational techniques to give a physician potential prognostic indicators.
Continuing the process of differential diagnosis for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a doctor will likely order:
The biopsy — or surgical removal of tissue from the body — is the gold standard in cancer diagnosis. In the case of Hodgkin’s, this means an excisional biopsy, or the complete removal of a whole lymph node suspected of being cancerous (don’t worry, you have hundreds of lymph nodes). A pathologist will examine the node for the presence of what are called Reed-Sternberg cells. These cells are the hallmark of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
You might wonder why a doctor doesn’t jump right to the biopsy if there is such a thing as a hallmark of a disease like this, but Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a very rare disease, and many of the symptoms can mean many other things. It would be irresponsible to go straight to such a surgical procedure, because the odds are that most patients will not have Hodgkin’s lymphoma, even if they are showing some of the early symptoms.
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Neutrophils Ref. Range between 38% and 80% of the WBC Most common granulocyte (55-70% of all leukocytes are neutrophils) Attracted to sites of injury and infection. Percentage is often… | <urn:uuid:9eab6881-4298-4e52-9e39-7cdff5b574a7> | {
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On September 15th, President Bush proposed $1.9 billion in funding for displaced students. According the White House fact sheet from the President’s Katrina Recovery speech, “This funding would be used to reimburse school districts for the unexpected costs associated with educating additional children for the 2005-06 school year, such as teacher salaries, transportation, materials and equipment, special services for children with disabilities, supplemental educational services, and counseling. To ensure that displaced families have maximum flexibility to meet the education needs of their children, the President’s proposal would provide compensation to displaced families for enrollment in private, including parochial, schools.”
President Bush’s proposal would allow the money to follow the child into any school. This model follows the federal funding model for college students. According to Clint Bolick, writing in a September 15th Washington Times editorial, the 73,000 college students displaced by the storm can use their federal aid anywhere, at public, private or religious schools.
Following President Bush’s lead and using the college system as a model, the funding for each displaced K-12 student in Mississippi should follow that child into any public, private, or charter school.
Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour possesses broad emergency powers. State per-pupil funding was already appropriated for education before the hurricane struck. The governor should use his emergency authority to ensure that the funds will follow the children to whatever schools—public, private or charter—that can quickly enroll children. The Mississippi per-pupil spending average should follow each child into the school of his or her parents’ choice. There are three strategies the governor could employ to offer displaced Mississippi children more permanent choices and school placements.
First, the state of Mississippi could move from an enrollment system based on residential address to a true public school choice open enrollment system with a weighted student formula funding mechanism. Mississippi could adopt the decentralized school management system that was pioneered in Edmonton, Canada by superintendent Mike Strembitsky in 1976. Strembitsky developed the weighted student formula (WSF), also known as student-based budgeting, in which each student receives an allocation-weighted according to his or her specific needs-that follows the student all the way to the school. Families are free to choose any public school, and principals have a great deal of discretion over their school budget, which is an aggregation of all the individual student allocations. In the Seattle system, for example, students are assigned “weights” for supplementary funds for categories such as poverty, limited English proficiency, and special education.
A crucial component of decentralized management is to adopt a user-friendly method of school choice, in which parents may choose to send their child to any school within the state without seeking permission from the central office. Decentralized management is a growing trend in the United States. To date the WSF has been implemented in Cincinnati, Houston, St. Paul, San Francisco, Seattle and Oakland. In 2006 it is being implemented statewide in Hawaii and pilot programs are underway in Boston, Chicago, and New York City. A weighted student formula would allow any Mississippi school to accept students and to be paid based on the individual characteristics of students.
Secondly, Mississippi could create a corporate tax credit scholarship to offer scholarships to displaced students who want to attend or remain in a school of their choice. This program could be modeled after the Florida corporate tax credit program. In Florida the corporations that donate to Scholarship Funding Organizations (SFOs) are entitled to a tax credit on the Florida corporate income tax (Florida has no personal income tax) equal to the amount of their donations, up to $5 million per corporation per year. SFOs use this money to fund scholarships to allow low-income students (those participating in the federal free and reduced lunch program) to attend private schools (religious or non-religious), or to fund transportation to another public school. The private-school scholarship is equal to $3,500 or the total tuition and fees of the private school, whichever is less; the funding for transportation to attend another public school is equal to $500.
The third option is that the governor of Mississippi could create a statewide voucher program modeled after the Ohio statewide voucher program. Gov. Robert Taft (R) recently signed into law a new program providing scholarships for students in low-performing schools. Beginning in fiscal year 2007, up to 14,000 students will be awarded scholarships ranging from $4,250 to $5,000 to attend private schools. Mississippi’s governor could create a similar type of voucher program for displaced students. Allowing $5,000 to follow each Mississippi child into the school of their choice.
Lisa Snell is director of education and child welfare at Reason Foundation. | <urn:uuid:b6a9f2d9-6513-476f-80f5-3cde9e7819c3> | {
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To help class members gain a greater understanding of the priesthood and seek the blessings that come from using it righteously.
Prayerfully study the following scriptures and other materials:
Review the material for this lesson in the Class Member Study Guide (35686). Plan ways to refer to the material during the lesson.
Suggestions for Lesson Development
As appropriate, use the following activity or one of your own to begin the lesson.
Invite class members to share reasons why they are grateful to be members of the Church. Write their responses on the chalkboard.
Which of these things would be possible without the priesthood?
Most likely, none of the things class members have listed would be possible without the priesthood. For example, if class members express gratitude for eternal marriage, point out that this would not be possible without the sealing power of the priesthood. Even something as simple as unity in the Church would not be possible without prophets, apostles, and other priesthood leaders, who help us gain a “unity of the faith” (Ephesians 4:13; see also verses Ephesians 4:10–12).
Explain that this lesson discusses the priesthood and some of the covenants and blessings that are associated with it.
Discussion and Application
Prayerfully select the lesson material that will best meet class members’ needs. Encourage class members to share experiences that relate to the scriptural principles.
1. Order in the restoration of the priesthood and its offices
The Aaronic Priesthood and the Melchizedek Priesthood were restored to the earth in 1829 (see lesson 8). Following the organization of the Church in 1830, the Lord gradually revealed priesthood offices, quorums, and councils as needed to provide leadership for the growth of the Church. The following time line summarizes this restoration. Write it on the chalkboard and review it with class members. The scripture references may be omitted from the chalkboard.
Aaronic Priesthood: 15 May 1829 (D&C 13)
Melchizedek Priesthood: May or June 1829 (D&C 128:20)
Apostles, elders, priests, teachers, and deacons: April 1830 (D&C 20:38–60)
Bishop: 4 February 1831 (D&C 41:9–10)
High priests: June 1831 (heading to D&C 52)
Patriarch: 18 December 1833 (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith , 38–39)
High council: 17 February 1834 (D&C 102)
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles: 1835 (D&C 107:23–24)
Seventies: 1835 (D&C 107:25)
First Quorum of the Seventy: 1835 (D&C 107:26, 93–97)
Explain that in our day the Lord continues to give revelations about the organization and responsibilities of the priesthood to guide the growth of the Church. One example of this is the calling of Area Authority Seventies and the accompanying organization of the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Quorums of the Seventy in 1997 (see lesson 42, pages 247–48).
2. The oath and covenant of the priesthood
Write Oath and Covenant of the Priesthood on the chalkboard. Explain that in addition to revelations about priesthood offices and government, the Lord revealed principles about receiving and exercising the priesthood. For example, He revealed the oath and covenant of the priesthood, which is found in D&C 84:33–44. These verses outline (1) the covenants a man makes with the Lord when he receives the Melchizedek Priesthood and (2) the covenants the Lord makes with faithful Melchizedek Priesthood holders.
Elder Carlos E. Asay of the Seventy said: “Of all the holy agreements pertaining to the gospel of Jesus Christ, few, if any, would transcend in importance the oath and covenant of the priesthood. It is certainly one of the most sacred agreements, for it involves the sharing of heavenly powers and man’s upward reaching toward eternal goals” (in Conference Report, Oct. 1985, 56; or Ensign, Nov. 1985, 43).
As you discuss the oath and covenant of the priesthood, emphasize that “the blessings of the priesthood are not confined to men alone. These blessings are also poured out … upon all the faithful women of the Church. … The Lord offers to his daughters every spiritual gift and blessing that can be obtained by his sons, for neither is the man without the woman, nor the woman without the man in the Lord” (Joseph Fielding Smith, in Conference Report, Apr. 1970, 59; or Improvement Era, June 1970, 66; see also Alma 32:23).
Write Priesthood holders covenant to on the chalkboard. What do priesthood holders promise as part of the oath and covenant of the priesthood? (See D&C 84:33, 36, 39–44. Summarize class members’ responses on the chalkboard.)
Priesthood holders covenant to:
Be faithful in obtaining the Aaronic Priesthood and the Melchizedek Priesthood (verse 33).
Magnify their callings (verse 33).
Receive the Lord’s servants (verse 36).
Give diligent heed to the words of eternal life (verses 43–44).
President Gordon B. Hinckley said: “We magnify our priesthood and enlarge our calling when we serve with diligence and enthusiasm in those responsibilities to which we are called by proper authority. … We magnify our calling, we enlarge the potential of our priesthood when we reach out to those in distress and give strength to those who falter. … We magnify our calling when we walk with honesty and integrity” (in Conference Report, Apr. 1989, 63; or Ensign, May 1989, 48–49).
How have you been blessed by someone who magnified his or her calling?
Explain that as we magnify our callings, it is important that we find the correct balance so we do not neglect our families. Elder Neal A. Maxwell of the Quorum of the Twelve said:
“Sometimes, unintentionally, even certain extracurricular Church activities, insensitively administered, can hamper family life. Instructively, after the resurrected Jesus taught the Nephites, He said, ‘Go ye unto your homes, and ponder upon the things which I have said,’ and pray and prepare ‘for the morrow’ (3 Nephi 17:3). Jesus did not say go to your civic clubs, town meetings, or even stake centers!” (in Conference Report, Apr. 1994, 120; or Ensign, May 1994, 89).
What does it mean to receive the Lord’s servants? (D&C 84:36). Explain that as we accept the message and ordinances of the gospel from the Lord’s servants, we also receive the Lord.
Write The Lord covenants to on the chalkboard. What blessings does the Lord promise as part of the oath and covenant of the priesthood? (See D&C 84:33–34, 38, 42. Summarize class members’ responses on the chalkboard.)
The Lord covenants to:
Sanctify us by the Spirit (verse 33).
Renew our bodies (verse 33).
Give us the blessings promised to Abraham and his posterity (verse 34).
Make us His elect, or chosen (verse 34).
Give us all that the Father has (verse 38).
Give His angels charge over us (verse 42).
The Lord promises that if we are faithful, we will become “the seed of Abraham … and the elect of God” (D&C 84:33–34). What are the blessings and responsibilities of the seed of Abraham? (See Abraham 2:9–11.) Abraham 2:11 indicates that “all the families of the earth [will] be blessed” through the priesthood. How can this be accomplished?
The crowning promise in the oath and covenant of the priesthood is that we can receive “all that [the] Father hath” (D&C 84:38). How can knowledge of this promise help us in times of adversity? How can it help us in times of plenty?
3. Principles for using the priesthood
Teach and discuss D&C 121:34–46. Explain that in these verses the Lord reveals principles for using the priesthood. He also reveals promises to those who use it righteously. In addition to their application to priesthood holders, these principles apply generally to all human relationships. Therefore, they are also important for those who do not hold the priesthood.
In D&C 121:34–40, the Lord reveals why some priesthood holders are not able to exercise the priesthood with power. According to these verses, what prevents them from doing this? (Answers could include setting their hearts on the things of the world, aspiring to the honors of men, attempting to cover sins, gratifying pride or vain ambition, and exercising unrighteous dominion.)
What are some examples of caring too much for “the things of this world”? (D&C 121:35). How can seeking what the world offers keep us from receiving what the Lord offers? How can a person overcome this problem?
What are some ways that people “exercise unrighteous dominion”? (D&C 121:39; see also verse D&C 121:37). What are the consequences of doing this? How can a person overcome a tendency to exercise unrighteous dominion?
Emphasize that the priesthood may be used only in righteousness and a spirit of love as a means of serving and blessing others. Elder M. Russell Ballard of the Quorum of the Twelve said:
“Those who hold the priesthood must never forget that they have no right to wield priesthood authority like a club over the heads of others in the family or in Church callings. … Any man who … seeks to use the priesthood in any degree of unrighteousness in the Church or in the home simply does not understand the nature of his authority. Priesthood is for service, not servitude; compassion, not compulsion; caring, not control” (in Conference Report, Oct. 1993, 105; or Ensign, Nov. 1993, 78).
In D&C 121:41–42, the Lord reveals principles that will help priesthood holders exercise the priesthood with power. What are these principles? How can we apply these principles as we interact with family members, neighbors, associates at work, and others?
You may want to discuss how to apply these principles in specific situations, such as when helping a child make a decision or complete a task, when making decisions in Church councils, when someone has failed to fulfill an assignment, or when there are serious differences of opinion.
What principles for giving correction or discipline are revealed in D&C 121:43–44? (Explain that betimes means “promptly” or “soon.” In the context of this passage, with sharpness means “clearly” or “precisely,” not “severely” or “roughly.”) What experiences in your life have confirmed the importance of these principles? How do the consequences of disciplining with love differ from the consequences of disciplining with anger?
What does it mean to “let virtue garnish thy thoughts unceasingly”? (D&C 121:45). How can we keep evil or unvirtuous thoughts out of our minds? (See D&C 27:15–18.) How can we more actively fill our minds with virtuous thoughts?
What does the Lord promise if we are “full of charity” and “let virtue garnish [our] thoughts unceasingly”? (See D&C 121:45–46.) What does it mean to be confident in the presence of God? (See the following quotation.) What blessings do we receive when the Holy Ghost is our constant companion?
While serving in the Quorum of the Twelve, Elder Gordon B. Hinckley said: “It has been my privilege on various occasions to converse with Presidents of the United States and important men in other governments. At the close of each such occasion I have reflected on the rewarding experience of standing with confidence in the presence of an acknowledged leader. And then I have thought, what a wonderful thing, what a marvelous thing it would be to stand with confidence—unafraid and unashamed and unembarrassed—in the presence of God. This is the promise held out to every virtuous man and woman” (in Conference Report, Oct. 1970, 66; or Improvement Era, Dec. 1970, 73).
Bear testimony of the importance of the priesthood. Express your gratitude for the oath and covenant of the priesthood and for the blessings the Lord promises if we are faithful. Encourage class members to seek more fully the blessings of the priesthood.
Additional Teaching Ideas
You may want to use one or both of the following ideas to supplement the suggested lesson outline.
1. Presiding quorums in the Church
An important part of the restoration of priesthood authority was the organization of the presiding quorums of the Church. Counselors had been called to assist the Prophet Joseph as early as March 1832 (D&C 81:1), and the First Presidency was formally organized one year later (see the heading to D&C 90). In February 1835, twelve men were called and ordained to be Apostles, and the Quorum of the Twelve was formed. Soon afterward, the Prophet organized the First Quorum of the Seventy.
What are the responsibilities of members of the Quorums of the Seventy? (See D&C 107:25–26, 34, 38, 97.)
How are our lives blessed by the service of the presiding officers of the Church?
2. The importance of priesthood service
Invite a priesthood holder in the ward to share a priesthood experience with the class, such as administering the sacrament to a homebound person, assisting with a priesthood blessing, or serving a mission. Have this priesthood holder discuss the feelings he had as he provided this service. Have him bear his testimony of the priesthood and the importance of using the priesthood to serve others. | <urn:uuid:9940167f-113b-4d9a-9b3f-7819d4d6ded8> | {
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Definition of declare
1a : to make known formally, officially, or explicitly publicly declared her opposition to the planb : to make known as a determination The judge declared the defendant fit to stand trial. She was declared the rightful heir to the throne.
2 obsolete : to make clear
3 : to make evident : show a glimpse of his head in outline … declared his present state of mind — Osbert Sitwell
4 : to state emphatically : affirm declares his innocence “You are quite a quiz, I do declare!” — Charles Dickens
5 : to make a full statement of (one's taxable or dutiable property) Large purchases must be declared at customs.
7 : to make payable declare a dividend
1 : to make a declaration poetry … evokes rather than merely declares — C. S. Kilby
declarableplay \-ˈkler-ə-bəl\ adjective
Examples of declare in a sentence
The government has just declared a state of emergency.
He openly declared his love for her.
They failed to declare all of their earnings on their tax return.
Large purchases must be declared at customs.
Do you have anything to declare?
Origin and Etymology of declare
Middle English, from Anglo-French & Latin; Anglo-French declarer, from Latin declarare, from de- + clarare to make visible, from clarus clear — more at clear
First Known Use: 14th century
Synonym Discussion of declare
synonyms see in addition assert
DECLARE Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of declare for English Language Learners
: to say or state (something) in an official or public way
: to say (something) in a strong and confident way
: to tell the government about (money you have earned or received) in order to pay taxes
DECLARE Defined for Kids
Definition of declare for Students
1 : to make known in a clear or formal way The judges declared the race a tie.
2 : to state as if certain “I look and smell,” Aunt Sponge declared, “as lovely as a rose!” — Roald Dahl, James and the Giant Peach
Legal Definition of declare
1 : to make known formally, officially, or explicitly declaring who shall then act as President — U.S. Constitution amend. XX
2a : to make a full statement of (one's taxable property) didn't declare some of his income b : to state the value of (one's taxable or dutiable property) declared the diamond earrings
3 : to make payable declare dividends
Seen and Heard
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Animal Species:Caper White Butterfly
The Caper White lives mainly west of the Great Dividing Range, where it feeds on caper shrubs, but is sometimes blown towards Sydney while on its northward migration in about November.
Standard Common Name
Adult Caper White Butterflies are mostly white with black margins to their upper wings and yellow-orange, black and white underwings. The caterpillars are dark brown to olive green with white and yellow dots.
Caper White caterpillars are associated with caper plants that grow in the northern parts of inland New South Wales and in Queensland.
Caper White Butterflies live in urban areas, forests and woodlands.
In spring many Caper White Butterflies migrate to where caper shrubs and creepers are more common. They usually fly inland, west of the Great Dividing Range, but a westerly wind may blow them off course and they may then be seen by people living along the coast. They maintain a rapid flight about 2 m - 3 m above the ground during the day, resting on shrubs and trees at night.
Migrations in New South Wales have been observed moving in a southerly direction during November and December. However, in the Australia Capital Territory, north-easterly flights have been observed, and both northerly and southerly flights have be reported near Sydney.
Numbers in migrations can be very large. In some cases, the adult butterflies can clog car radiators, causing overheating.
An interesting feature of this species is that it regularly migrates to areas where there are no food plants for its caterpillars. It is not understood why this behaviour has evolved.
Feeding and Diet
The caterpillars of the Caper White Butterfly eat only plants belonging to the caper family (Capparis spp). These include native capers and warrior bushes. In fact, the caterpillars often occur in such large numbers on their food plants that they completely strip them of edible leaves. However the plants normally recover from this seemingly destructive behaviour.
Predators, Parasites and Diseases
Predators feed on Caper Whites at various stages of their life cycle. Many invertebrates feed on the eggs and emerging larvae, wasps and flies eat the caterpillars, and birds eat the emerging butterflies. | <urn:uuid:34bccb5b-90a3-49c3-a066-d26d034dbcce> | {
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NEW YORK: People who suffered a heart attack lived longer when their dose of a medication known as a beta-blocker was a quarter of the amount commonly prescribed, researchers said.
The study in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology journal involved more than 6,000 patients whose survival post-heart attack was compared according to the amount of beta-blockers they were prescribed afterward.
Beta-blockers help ward off heart failure by stopping the effect of adrenaline on the heart and preventing arrhythmia or irregular heartbeat. They are prescribed to nearly everyone who has had a heart attack.
The study found that patients taking one-fourth the dose tested in large clinical trials had a 20 to 25 percent increase in survival, compared to those on the standard dose.
The findings came as a surprise to lead investigator Jeffrey Goldberger, a professor of medicine in cardiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
He began the study after discovering heart attack patients were being treated with much lower doses of beta-blockers than were used in clinical trials.
“We expected to see patients treated with the lower doses to have worse survival,” said Goldberger.
“We were shocked to discover they survived just as well, and possibly even better.”
The study of 6,682 people showed that of those people who received the full dose, 14.7 percent died within two years.
Among those taking a half dose, 12.9 percent died in two years and for those taking a quarter dose, 9.5 percent died.
Earlier clinical trials did not assess the most appropriate beta-blocker doses for individual patients.
Goldberger said new studies should be launched to figure out how to best treat patients and avoid side effects such as fatigue, sexual dysfunction and depression.
“There is probably not one right dose for every single patient,” Goldberger said.
“It doesn’t make sense that the same dose will work for an 80-year-old frail man who had a small heart attack as a burly 40-year-old man with a huge heart attack.” | <urn:uuid:cbb8ccb2-8ed1-41d9-be3f-b7726fca9dd4> | {
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Two of the most important developmental theorists are jean piaget and piaget and erikson's influence on psychological development is clearly education view. Jean piaget was born in neuchatel, the work of jean piaget essay 1849 words classroom observation analysis jean piaget's stages of cognitive development. Structured development jean piaget’s theories of development centered on structure the concept of structure introduced four stages of development, according to. | <urn:uuid:2067cff5-2dc6-43a9-b630-1a6ae85f3ae4> | {
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October–the time of year when this blog sometimes takes a turn towards such things as local legends, folklore and cemeteries. With that in mind, not too long ago, I sought out the oldest cemeteries in 14 towns on the South Shore of Massachusetts. That is, the oldest in each town, not simply the oldest in the region, which would all be grouped along the coast and would leave out many of the “newer” inland towns. To present these sites in chronological order is almost impossible as the dates of establishment for some of the earliest burying grounds are rather muddy. Perhaps it makes most sense to present them geographically, roughly from north to south. In part one, I’ll cover the cemeteries in the northern half of South Shore.
Hingham Cemetery: Located behind the Old Ship Church at 107 Main Street. This Massachusetts Bay Colony town first began to be settled by English colonists in 1633 and then was more firmly established with the arrival of a group of settlers in 1635 (one segment of the Great Migration) from the vicinity of Hingham, England led by Rev. Peter Hobart. The first meetinghouse was built at some point not long after this (about where the Old Derby Academy building is now) with the burying ground being established behind it. The oldest known burial here is that of William Hersey, died 1638, but his original stone does not survive. The oldest marker is for Thomas Barnes, died 1672, which (as far as I have been able to determine) is the oldest grave marker in the South Shore region. His stone, however, is not in its original location, having been moved along with several other stones when the adjacent road was altered in the 1830s. Hingham’s second meeting house, known as the Old Ship Church, built 1681, is the oldest church in New England (perhaps, by some estimations, in the nation) and is well worth a look. Other notable sites here include the grave of Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln who received the British surrender during ceremonies at Yorktown, and the grave of Massachusetts Civil War Governor John A. Andrew.
Cohasset Central Cemetery: Located along Joy Place on a set of steep knolls abutting Cohasset harbor, this is one of the most picturesque cemeteries on the South Shore (maybe second only to Burial Hill in Plymouth). Cohasset was originally known as the Second Parish of Hingham, set off as a separate town in 1770. Portions of Cohasset were divided up for cattle pasture in the 1630s but the area was not settled by the English until 1670. Some of the earliest inhabitants of the Second Parish were interred in Hingham’s burying ground. The first known burial here in Cohasset took place in 1705 (Margaret Tower), but her stone has been proved to be a later addition. The oldest extant marker is for Sarah Pratt, died 1706. Also of significance here is a memorial placed over the grave of 45 out of the 99 victims of the 1849 wreck of the St. John, a famine ship from Ireland. Thoreau, who visited Cohasset on his way to the Cape just days after the disaster, devoted a chapter of Cape Cod to dramatic scenes he witnessed in the wake of the terrible shipwreck. The graves of Major General Zealous B. Tower (great name) who had an accomplished record during the Civil War, and Sgt. Levi Gaylord, a Civil War Medal of Honor recipient from Cohasset, are located here as well.
Scituate, Men of Kent Cemetery: Located on Meetinghouse Lane near Scituate harbor. Scituate was settled early and somewhat informally, as an offshoot of the village of Plymouth. Around 1626, several Plymouth settlers, including William Gillson, Anthony Annabel, Nathaniel Tilden, Edward Foster, Henry Rowley and others had established dwellings and small farms here. These men were from Kent County, England, and were therefore known as the “Men of Kent.” By 1633 others had joined them and land was officially granted to these planters to set up a small township in that year. A meetinghouse had already been built along what is now Meeting House Lane around 1628. The burying ground was likely established shortly thereafter. The oldest stone in the cemetery is that of Capt. John Williams who died June 22, 1694, aged 70.
Norwell, Second Church Cemetery: Located at the corner of Main Street and Trunnel Lane, this small, abandoned and overgrown cemetery has a forlorn quality that stands in contrast to other manicured cemeteries in this survey. It thus has its own sort of charm about it, being difficult to spot and the few remaining stones appearing all the more ancient. This is not the first cemetery established within the bounds of what is now Norwell. In 1644, settlers in this area organized as the parish of South Scituate, built a meeting house and established the Second Church Graveyard at Wilson Hill, just down the street from this site (at the corner of Main Street and Old Meetinghouse Lane). No trace of that first cemetery survives, all the grave markers are long gone, though one might presume that some of the interred remain. The Second Church Cemetery is therefore the oldest existing cemetery in Norwell, established sometime around 1680. The oldest stone is that of William Barrels, died 1689.
Hanover Center Cemetery: Located behind the First Congregational Church at 547 Hanover Street. What is now Hanover was the westernmost part of Scituate until it was set off as an independent town in 1727. The area was settled by English colonists around 1649 but early settlers were presumably buried in Scituate as no established church existed in Hanover at that time. The oldest stone in the cemetery is that of Thomas Ramsdell, died 1727. Historian L. Vernon Briggs speculates that the were some burials here prior to that. Hanover, like many of these South Shore towns, was heavily involved in shipbuilding and a quaint epitaph on one stone reflects this culture: “The immortal part of Mrs. Olive Josselyn left it’s clay tenement to moulder into dust till it shall again by its Master Builder be repaired and fitted up for Immortality.”
Hanson, Fern Hill Cemetery: Located on High Street, the oldest section of this large cemetery (still in use) is atop a knoll known as “Gravely Hill.” The area was originally part of Duxbury, then part of Pembroke when that town was set off in 1712. Hanson at that time was known as the west precinct of Pembroke and constructed its own meetinghouse in 1746. The precinct was not set off as the town of Hanson until 1820. The burying ground on Gravely Hill came into use slightly before the construction of the first meetinghouse. The oldest stone here is that of Isaac Cushing, died 1745 at age two. There is a truly unique and mysterious stone here, that of Capt. Richard Chapman which is, at times, decorated by a British flag. The stone reads, “In memory of Capt. Richard Chapman belonging to Whitby, Yorkshire in England, who died in Pembroke, Nov. the 2nd, 1778 in the 34th year of age. By Strangers honored and mourned.” I do not know the full story on this individual and cannot find it published anywhere, however the oral tradition I’ve heard is that he was an officer in the British army during the Revolution who somehow ended up in Hanson, fell ill, and died very far from home. Questions abound.
Pembroke, Center Cemetery: Located across from the Pembroke Town Hall, 100 Center Street. Part of Duxbury until 1712, Pembroke was settled by English colonists beginning in the late 17th century. The first meetinghouse was constructed in 1708 on the site of the existing First Church, while Pembroke was still a precinct of Duxbury, and the burying ground was likely established about the same time adjacent to the meetinghouse. According to legend, the site had earlier been used as a Native burying ground. The earliest known burial here was that of Anne Thomas who died in 1715. Her stone does not survive. The oldest stone is that of William Tubbs who died in 1718.
Lucinda Day, “Hingham Cemetery Facts”
Cohasset Central Cemetery Association, “History of the Cemetery”; E. Victor Bigelow, A Narrative History of the Town of Cohasset, Massachusetts, (1956).
Samuel Deane, History of Scituate, Massachusetts, from its first settlement to 1831, (1831), pp. 8-9, 30
Norwell Historical Society and Norwell Cemetery Commission, “Historic Cemeteries in Norwell”
L. Vernon Briggs, The Church and Cemetery Records of Hanover, Mass: History and records of the First Congregational Church, Hanover, Mass., 1727-1865, and inscriptions from the headstones and tombs in the cemetery at Centre Hanover, Mass., 1727-1894, (1895) pp. xi, 257.
Duane Hamilton Hurd, History of Plymouth County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men, Part 1, (1884), pp. 340-344
Hurd, pp. 233-236; Karen Cross Proctor, Pembroke, (2008), p. 50 | <urn:uuid:ce42d05d-aaad-4d58-b5c3-b5249c0a5d6a> | {
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GPS technology has broadly advanced science and society's ability to pinpoint precise information, from driving directions to tracking ground motions during earthquakes. A new technique led by a researcher at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego stands to improve weather models and hurricane forecasting by detecting precise conditions in the atmosphere through a new GPS system aboard airplanes.
The first demonstration of the technique, detailed in the journal Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), is pushing the project's leaders toward a goal of broadly implementing the technology in the near future on commercial aircraft.
Current measurement systems that use GPS satellite signals as a source to probe the atmosphere rely on GPS receivers that are fixed to ground and can't measure over the ocean, or they rely on GPS receivers that are also on satellites that are expensive to launch and only occasionally measure in regions near storms. The new system, led by Scripps Institution of Oceanography geophysicist Jennifer Haase and her colleagues, captures detailed meteorological readings at different elevations at targeted areas of interest, such as over the Atlantic Ocean in regions where hurricanes might develop.
"This field campaign demonstrated the potential for creating an entirely new operational atmospheric observing system for precise moisture profiling from commercial aircraft," said Haase, an associate researcher with the Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Physics and Planetary Physics (IGPP) at Scripps. "Having dense, detailed information about the vertical moisture distribution close to the storms is an important advancement, so if you put this information into a weather model it will actually have an impact and improve the forecast."
"These are exciting results, especially given the complications involved in working from an airplane," says Eric DeWeaver, program director in the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences, which funded the research. "Satellite-based measurements are now regularly used for weather forecasting and have a big impact, but airplanes can go beyond satellites in making observations that are targeted right where you want them."
The GRL paper details a 2010 flight campaign aboard NSF aircraft and subsequent data analysis that demonstrated for the first time that atmospheric information could be captured by an airborne GPS device. The instrumentation, which the scientists labeled "GISMOS" (GNSS [Global Navigation Satellite System] Instrument System for Multistatic and Occultation Sensing), increased the number of atmospheric profiles for studying the evolution of tropical storms by more than 50 percent.
"We're looking at how moisture evolves so when we see tropical waves moving across the Atlantic, we can learn more about which one is going to turn into a hurricane," said Haase. "So being able to look at what happens in these events at the early stages will give us a lot longer lead time for hurricane warnings."
"This is another case where the effective use of GPS has the potential to improve the forecast and therefore save lives," said Richard Anthes, president emeritus of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, which currently runs the satellite based GPS measurements system called COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate).
While the current GISMOS design occupies a refrigerator's worth of space, Haase and her colleagues are working to miniaturize the technology to shoe box size. From there, the system can more feasibly fit onto commercial aircraft, with hundreds of daily flights and a potential flood of new atmospheric data to greatly improve hurricane forecasting and weather models.
The technology also could improve interpretation of long-term climate models by advancing scientists' understanding of factors such as the moisture conditions that are favorable for hurricane development.
Paytsar Muradyan, who recently received a Ph.D. from Purdue University in atmospheric sciences, started working with Haase in 2007 as a graduate student during the formative stages of GISMOS's design and development. She eventually flew with the group in the 2010 campaign and took away a wealth of experience from the demands of the project.
"It was a lot of responsibility but certainly rewarding to work with a group of world-known scientists in an interdisciplinary project," said Muradyan.
In addition to Haase and Muradyan, coauthors of the project include students Brian Murphy and Kuo-Nung Wang, and Professor James Garrison of Purdue University; F. Felipe Nievinski of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente (Brazil); and Professor Kristine Larson of the University of Colorado, Boulder.
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This winter we had a theme of snow globes! We made snow globe cards for our Holiday Card Exchange. The third grade team decided to do a writing activity that students would imagine themselves in a snow globe! We watched some animated videos of what some snow globes could look like and what could be in a snow globe. We then brainstormed what life would be like in a snow globe, what we would do, what it would look like, who would be with us and how we got into a snow globe!
The students loved this assignment! Then, of course, we had to do a craft to go with our writing! We found a delightful craft where we turn kids pictures into a snow globe! Students had to dress warm, but in Arizona it is hard to dress warm when it is still 80 degrees outside!
Watch the animoto video of our craft. Parents, be looking for these coming home in January! I am sure you will be just as excited to read these papers as you are to see the cute crafts!
What would you do if you lived in a snow globe?
What would your snow globe look like? | <urn:uuid:bed044fe-438d-453e-bf2b-c3d985c6ba32> | {
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Hill Family History
The very first record of the family name HILL was found in Worcestershire, England, prior to 1100.
Early recorded Hills were Gilbert del Hil (Pipe Rolls in Norfolk, 1191), Rogerus filius Hille (Curia Rolls for
Devonshire, 1221), and a Simon Hille (Hundred Rolls for Worcestershire, 1273). Their ancestral roots are
traced back to Norman origin (probalby Danish as most Norman French were Vikings from Denmark; some
were Norweigen) where the name was probably Hildebrand - from a Germanic personal name composed of
the elements hild (strife, battle) and brand (fire sword), a common name in Norman France. Alternately,
the name could have come from the Old English "hyll" (hill) or as an abbreviation of Hillary. The ancient
family motto was Avancez, (French, meaning "Advance").
Our branch of the Hill family departed England in 1634, or shortly after, with the many Catholics that
were escaping the then current religious persecutions and settled in St. Mary's County, Maryland, a
chartered colony founded by the Lords Baltimore. Themselves Catholic, they made their colony a haven for
other Catholics although, under the colony's charter, all faiths were welcomed and religious freedom was
The earliest recorded land owning Hill in St. Mary's was Clement Hill, who married Elizabeth Hatton in
1674. Assuming he was around 25 at his wedding, his birth year was c.1650, making him possibly the
Hill, or the son of the Hill that emigrated from England. According to his will of 1702, he owned
DelaBrooke Manor (1687; 750 acres), Waterford (1707; 800 acres), Hill's Camp (1708; 1,000 acres in
what is now Baltimore County), Friends Hope (1708; 1,400 acres on the south side of the eastern branch
of the Potomac River in what is now Prince George's County), and the Hazard (1710; 257 acres). If (and
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Voting is no simple, single-issue game. Instead, it requires of the electorate both breadth of information and serious discernment about issues and priorities. In order to help readers make informed choices in November, we composed a short list of issues we think are important and asked experts to focus briefly on one of them. What follows are three: on jobs, income inequality and global trade.
How to Create Jobs
By Teresa Ghilarducci and Richard McGahey
Four-and-a-half years after the Great Recession began and more than two years since the official recovery started in March 2009, 19 million Americans who want a job cannot find one. Many economists (including myself) are frustrated because, while there are many effective ways to create jobs, political polarization in Congress has blocked necessary action to address the economic and human costs of unemployment. Below are four specific ideas about how jobs could be created now, with increased borrowing by the federal government.
1. States could extend the school day and school year by 25 percent, hiring new teachers and support personnel. That would be a triple win: for children, for working parents and for women, who would likely obtain many of the new education jobs. It also would improve the educational performance of students, especially those in poor neighborhoods, which would help their future employment prospects.
2. The federal government must provide another round of aid to cities and states because state and local governments cannot legally run annual deficits. In order to balance their budgets, states and cities are laying off essential public workers. In 2010, for example, Newark, N.J., laid off 167 police officers; the following year crime in that city rose by 21 percent.
Cuts like these also hurt the economy. Had public employment remained level throughout the recession, instead of declining by over 700,000 jobs, our national unemployment rate would be close to 7 percent at this point rather than at May’s level of 8.2 percent.
3. Governments at all levels should make major investments in America’s aging infrastructure. Bernard L. Schwartz, a retired industrialist, and others have called for major public investments in our roads, bridges, airports and water and electricity systems through a national infrastructure bank, monitored through a separate Congressional capital budget. This would help our long-term economic future and provide jobs in construction, where unemployment in June was close to 13 percent.
4. Tax policy can also be used to create jobs, though that method is less effective than direct spending. Still, by extending unemployment benefits and lowering the payroll tax for workers, Congress and the Obama administration created around one million jobs and added a full percentage point to gross domestic product growth in 2012 alone.
There are many other good ideas for job creation, including retrofitting houses to save energy and to accommodate the elderly and disabled. The Annie E. Casey Foundation recently released a list of job creation measures that could expand our physical and human infrastructure, educate children and adults and maintain and improve our infrastructure and public spaces.
Job growth should be financed by increased federal borrowing, which we can easily afford. Interest rates remain at a very low level, and U.S. debt is still viewed as the world’s most secure option, especially given the ongoing financial crisis in Europe. When the economy does return to robust growth, the federal deficit must of course be dealt with—but not until then.
In recessions, tax cuts and government deficits can help restore growth, but they are no substitute for a government’s investment in the important things we cannot buy in private markets with our tax breaks, things like bridge and road repairs, public parks and schooling for the nation’s children. For these we need the political will to borrow money to pay our own workers to build, teach, care and guard.
In short, we do not lack effective ideas for immediate job creation. We lack the political will to create jobs.
Teresa Ghilarducciholds the Irene and Bernard L. Schwartz Chair of Economic Policy Analysis at The New School for Social Research. Richard McGahey is a professor at the Milano School of Urban Policy, The New School and formerly economic policy advisor for the late Senator Edward Kennedy.
By Charles K. Wilber
Most people favor equality of opportunity, at least in principle. Few, however, believe equality of outcome is possible or even desirable. While it is possible that attempts to force equality of opportunity through governmental intervention in the market might reduce individual incentives, which in turn might reduce output, it is already clear that inequality itself distorts incentives and restricts opportunities. How does this apply in the United States?
Compare two groups of children. The first group is born into wealthy families with parents willing and able to provide books, museum visits and high-quality schooling at private universities. The second group has parents who struggle to put food on the table, who live in areas where the schools are run down and understaffed, and where expectations are low and hope for the future not reinforced at home or at school. Children from the first group almost invariably do better economically than those of the second. While some children from very disadvantaged backgrounds achieve success, most do not. The truth is that our vaunted social mobility is mostly a myth.
In fact the United States has less social mobility than most other developed countries. Ron Haskins and Isabel Sawhill of the Brookings Institution show in their book, Creating an Opportunity Society, how poorly the United States does. For example, 42 percent of those born in the bottom fifth of the income distribution remain there as adults. Only 6 percent of those born into a family from the bottom fifth climb to the top fifth as adults. The United States (with 42 percent of its population mired in the bottom fifth) has the least mobility when compared to Denmark at 25 percent, Sweden at 26, Finland at 28, Norway at 28 and Britain at 30.
Extreme income inequality also shifts ever more political power from lower- and middle-class households to the richest. The recent Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, which made possible the growth in “super-PAC” spending, is making this problem worse by increasing the importance of money in politics.
The disparity in the distribution of wealth (total assets) is even greater than the disparity in income—so great, in fact, that the richest 400 people in the United States control more wealth than the entire bottom 50 percent of households. A number of these 400 are pouring in millions of dollars to influence elections, which allows them to change the rules in their favor—banning collective bargaining by public employees in Wisconsin, for example, and enacting so-called right-to-work laws in Indiana.
Some claim that inequality is not a problem, that because the rich invest and create jobs, helping them helps everyone. From the past 40 years, however, there is little evidence to support this claim. Real median household income has declined over the last decade; before that it had been stagnant since the 1970s. Wages for males with a high school education have fallen substantially over the same period. Most of the benefits of U.S. economic growth have gone to those in the top percentile of the income distribution. By 2007, just one out of 100 Americans (the top 1 percent) received nearly a quarter of all personal income, more than the bottom 50 percent of households put together.
Charles K. Wilber is emeritus professor of economics and a fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana.
Commerce as Compromise
By Daniel Finn
People often misunderstand international trade because they misunderstand domestic commerce. Cheaper transportation of goods by 19th-century railroads, for example, made it possible for wheat to be grown by those who grew it most efficiently—Midwestern farmers. The lower price of flour allowed the budgets of consumers in the East to stretch farther, giving them just as real a rise in economic well-being as a wage increase would have given. The U.S. Constitution prevented eastern states from levying protectionist taxes on wheat from the Midwest to shield their own wheat farmers, who as a result had to find other work. Consumers were the winners.
Trade is also why the 19th-century unification of Germany increased economic well-being there. It removed the perennial taxes and paperwork imposed on imports by tiny governmental districts. Europe today is worried about the Greek financial crisis largely because it threatens to dissolve the euro-zone agreements that make trade and travel easier.
The loss of jobs is typically the main complaint against trade, and it is a very real concern. Yet independent studies (those not paid for by interested parties) have shown that trade tends to create (some) more jobs than it destroys. The problem is that the jobs lost in the United States are low-skilled, which leaves the working poor to bear the burden of trade. Since our government decided to expand trade, we are morally obliged to use part of the gains from trade to fully fund the shamefully inadequate “trade adjustment assistance” (used for retraining and relocation) for those unemployed because of trade.
When employment is lost here due to trade, jobs are created abroad. This is a real moral gain in poor nations. Hundreds of millions of very poor people now have greater economic well-being because they make things we buy. The common good today is global.
Most trade agreements are rightly criticized for ignoring the abuse of workers and of the environment. The World Trade Organization avoids such “non-trade” issues to prevent selfish protectionism, a well-founded fear. Nonetheless, trade agreements and the W.T.O. must include basic labor and environmental standards.
Some criticize the use of fuel for the ships that carry 90 percent of the goods exchanged in international trade, but ships are remarkably efficient. Given, for instance, the fact that ships generate less than 4 percent of world carbon-dioxide emissions, improvements in auto and truck mileage would do far more for the environment than would a reduction in trade. Then there is the energy used in production in different nations. It takes less energy to produce sugar from cane in the hot sunshine of Brazil and ship it to the United States than to produce sugar from beets in Minnesota.
Which brings us to a final issue: U.S. subsidies and trade barriers. Both should be cut back dramatically. The United States spends about $25 billion each year on agricultural subsidies, but only $1 in $10 goes to a needy farmer. And subsidized U.S. farm products undercut local farmers in the global South. The U.S. exclusion of textiles and sugar similarly hurts the people we should be helping. Our brothers and sisters in the developing world can and should be producing many of the products we buy.
Daniel Finn is a professor of theology and the William E. and Virginia Clemens Professor of Economics and the Liberal Arts at St. John’s University in Collegeville, Minn. He is a past president of the Catholic Theological Society of America, the Society of Christian Ethics and the Association for Social Economics. | <urn:uuid:a9d1b205-ca9e-4d20-ad94-456b8556c69b> | {
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Hydrocephalus is a buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling.
Hydrocephalus means "water on the brain."
Water on the brain
Hydrocephalus is due to a problem with the flow of the fluid that surrounds the brain. This fluid is called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord, and helps cushion the brain.
CSF normally moves through the brain and the spinal cord, and is soaked into the bloodstream. CSF levels in the brain can rise if:
Too much CSF puts puts pressure on the brain. This pushes the brain up against the skull and damage brain tissue.
Hydrocephalus may begin while the baby is growing in the womb. It is common in babies who have a myelomeningocele, a birth defect in which the spinal column does not close properly.
Hydrocephalus may also be due to:
In young children, hydrocephalus may result from the following conditions:
Hydrocephalus most often occurs in children, but may also occur in adults and the elderly. See: Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Symptoms of hydrocephalus depend on:
In infants with hydrocephalus, it causes the fontanelle (soft spot) to bulge and the head to be larger than expected. Early symptoms may also include:
Symptoms that may occur in older children can include:
The doctor or nurse will examine the baby. This may show:
Head circumference measurements, repeated over time, may show that the head is getting bigger.
A head CT scan is one of the best tests for identifying hydrocephalus. Other tests that may be done include:
The goal of treatment is to reduce or prevent brain damage by improving the flow of CSF.
Surgery may be done to remove a blockage, if possible.
If not, a flexible tube called a shunt may be placed in the brain to re-route the flow of CSF. The shunt sends CSF to another part of the body, such as the belly area, where it can be absorbed.
Other treatments may include:
The child will need regular check-ups to make sure there are no further problems. Tests are regularly done to check the child's developmental and for intellectual, neurological, or physical problems.
Visiting nurses, social services, support groups, and local agencies can provide emotional support and assist with the care of a child with hydrocephalus who has significant brain damage.
Without treatment, up to 6 in 10 people with hydrocephalus will die. Those who survive have different amounts of intellectual, physical, and neurological disabilities.
The outlook depends on the cause. Hydrocephalus that is not due to an infection has the best outlook. Persons with hydrocephalus caused by tumors usually do very poorly.
Most children with hydrocephalus that survive for 1 year will have a fairly normal life span.
The shunt may become blocked. Symptoms of such a blockage include headache and vomiting. Surgeons may be able to help the shunt open without having to replace it.
There may be other problems with the shunt, such as kinking, tube separation, or infection in the area of the shunt.
Other complications may include:
Seek immediate medical care if your child has any symptoms of this disorder. Go to the emergency room or call 911 if emergency symptoms occur, which include:
You should also call your health care provider if the child has been diagnosed with hydrocephalus and the condition gets worse and you are unable to care for him or her at home.
Protect the head of an infant or child from injury. Prompt treatment of infections and other disorders associated with hydrocephalus may reduce the risk of developing the disorder.
Kinsman SL, Johnston MV. Hydrocephalus. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 585.11.
Rosenberg GA. Brain edema and disorders of cerebrospinal fluid circulation. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2008:chap 63. | <urn:uuid:e01d22dd-1532-4b4f-b577-44782f938c5e> | {
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Article courtesy of the Chicago Tribune
Love is such an intense emotion that losing someone you love can cause profound grief. All of us grieve differently, and in some people, the emotional and psychological impact of grief can manifest itself physically by triggering a heart attack or causing a serious–albeit temporary–disease of the heart muscle.
Heart Attack Risk Rises
Researchers at Harvard Medical School have shown that the chance of having a heart attack is 21 times higher than normal during the first 24 hours following the death of a loved one. And while grief does not disappear overnight, neither does the risk of heart attack; it starts dropping on the second day, but remains nearly six times above normal for a week, and may still be higher than normal 30 days after the loved one has passed away.
The risk of having a grief-related heart attack varies, with the greatest risk found in those who are already at risk because of existing heart disease or its risk factors.
According to the researchers, heart attacks are likely triggered by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure that are a natural response to psychological stress.
And yes, the study, published last year in Circulation, also seems to show that it is possible to die of a broken heart. The researchers determined that the risk of dying from heart disease in the months following the death of a loved one increases 20 percent to 53 percent.
December 12, 2013 //
by Brentin Mock, Of the 6.8 million uninsured African-Americans who are eligible for health insur...
December 11, 2013 //
Jeffrey Young WASHINGTON -- More than two months after Obamacare's ugly debut, the number of Amer... | <urn:uuid:4f4e42cd-8098-4920-aa6c-15381284b68a> | {
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||This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia. (August 2011)|
Type of site
|Internet encyclopedia project|
Japanese Wikipedia (ウィキペディア日本語版 Wikipedia Nihongo-ban?, literally "Wikipedia: Japanese-language version") is the Japanese-language edition of Wikipedia, a free, open-content encyclopedia. It has over 953,000 articles, as of March 2015. Started in September 2002, the edition attained the 200,000 article mark in April 2006 and the 500,000 article mark in June 2008.
In March 2001, three non-English editions of Wikipedia were created, namely, the German, the Catalan, and the Japanese Wikipedias. The original site address of the Japanese Wikipedia was http://nihongo.wikipedia.com and all pages were written in the Latin alphabet or romaji, as the software did not work with Japanese characters at the time. The home page also showed an early attempt at creating a vertical text.
The first article was named "Nihongo no Funimekusu". Until late December in that year, there were only two articles.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2008)|
On January 31, 2003, a Japanese online magazine, Wired News Japanese edition, covered Wikipedia. After that, the number of participants started to increase considerably and many pages about the Wikipedia project were translated or created.
On February 12, 2003, the Japanese edition of Wikipedia reached the 1000-page milestone, two years after the English edition. Given that accomplishment, Slashdot Japan posted a story about the Japanese Wikipedia. Several days after that, the number of participants doubled, attesting to the power of the Slashdot effect. Because of this exposure, a variety of articles started to appear, among them physics, biology, information technology, literature, music, games, manga, and celebrities.
On July 15, 2003 the Japanese Wikipedia reached 10,000 articles, four months and three days after the 1000-article milestone, beating the time it took the English Wikipedia to achieve the same feat. By early 2004 the Japanese Wikipedia contained 30,000 articles. The increase in both articles and contributors was steady after that, and by late September it had reached 75,000 articles.
The major force behind the expansion appeared to be a number of links at Yahoo! Japan News. It is unknown exactly when Yahoo! started to put links to the edition in their articles, but as of August 2004[update], dozens of news articles posted on Yahoo! Japan contained links to the edition to explain terms in the articles. Lately,[when?] the developers of Wikipedia have noticed that certain spikes in server usage correspond to the publishing of Yahoo! Japan news articles containing links to Wikipedia.
In September 2004, the Japanese Wikipedia was awarded the "2004 Web Creation Award Web-Person Special Prize" from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project.
|This article is outdated. (June 2012)|
The Japanese Wikipedia is different from this English Wikipedia in a number of ways.
- An edit is kept only if it is legal under both Japanese and United States laws, to account for the fact that the vast majority of contributors live in Japan. This has two major consequences:
- The fair use provisions of US law are not considered to be applicable. Articles and media files which do not have a GFDL-compatible license are prohibited, even if they would be legal under the "fair use" doctrine in the US.
- Materials considered illegal cannot be kept in the archive, even reverted by oneself but caught in history archive. If an illegal edit is inserted between valid versions, a SysOp may remove specific revisions by deleting the article temporarily and restoring valid revisions.
- Quotation is discouraged. There is controversy over the GFDL compatibility of quotations. Articles that contain quotations will be deleted unless they meet all the following legal requirements:
- The source is clearly referred to.
- The quotation is necessary.
- The quoting and quoted works can respectively be regarded as the principal and subordinate both in quantity and quality.
- The quoting and quoted works are clearly distinguishable.
- Cut-and-paste moves within Wikipedias, including merging, splitting, and translation from other language are not allowed unless the original article source and date is explicitly referred to in the edit summary, because such moves are considered to be GFDL violations. Articles created in such a manner will be deleted. A comparable policy is in place on the English Wikipedia, but it is only casually enforced.
- IP users' contributions are high compared to other major language versions of Wikipedia (see graph).
- The Japanese Wikipedia has the lowest number of administrators per active users (only 0.4%).
- Edit wars are strongly frowned upon. Articles may be protected as a result of an edit war with as little as three or four edits. Protected pages will not be unprotected unless someone explicitly requests it. Perhaps because of this, as of September 2005[update] the Japanese Wikipedia had the second-highest number of articles protected for over two weeks, after the German Wikipedia. In May 2008, 0.0906% of articles were fully protected (only editable by admins), which was by far the highest percentage among the ten largest Wikipedias. Articles on sensitive topics, such as Japan's World War II war crimes and current territorial disputes, are almost always under lengthy protection.
- Articles will be deleted if they contain the names of private citizens, unless they are public figures. An article about Shosei Koda, a Japanese citizen kidnapped in Iraq, does not refer to him by name, but former Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda's name may be mentioned due to his public position. Convicted criminals and their victims are considered private citizens, even if the case was extensively covered in Japanese media, and their names may not be published until their death.
- The edition stresses the fact that it is not a news bulletin, and discourages edits on current events.
- In keeping with the strong aversion to edit wars, the administrators react negatively to cases where many minor edits are made to a single article in a short period of time.
- Japan-centered, due to the majority of users living in Japan. When referring to places outside of Japan they are often called "overseas", and references to Japanese perspective on articles are common. They are trying to discourage this tendency.
- Wikipedians in Japanese Wikipedia generally do not create independent lists of volumes of manga, or episodes of anime, however there are exceptions, e.g. ja:Q.E.D. 証明終了のエピソード一覧 and ja:ONE PIECE (アニメ) のエピソード一覧. Articles about manga works usually do not contain lists of chapters. Also lists of episodes of anime embedded in related articles and independent lists of episodes of anime do not contain plot synopsis.
Andrew Lih wrote that in influence from 2channel (2ch) resulted in many Japanese Wikipedia editors being unregistered and anonymous. Because of the lack of registered users, Japanese Wikipedia editors as a whole interact less with the international Wikipedia community and the Wikimedia Foundation than editors of other Wikipedias do. Lih also wrote that Japanese Wikipedia users are less likely to engage in edit wars than users on Wikipedias of Western languages, and typically they would instead make alternative drafts of articles on their own userspaces.
Jimmy Wales has pointed out on a conference that Japanese Wikipedia is significantly more dominated by articles about pop culture than other Wikipedia projects, and according to one of his slides, as a New York Times journalist saw it, "barely 20 percent" of the articles on Japanese Wikipedia were about anything else. In relation to this, Japanese Wikipedia is known to have a poor number of moderators as of early March 2010.
Nobuo Ikeda, a known public policy academic and media critic in Japan, has suggested an ongoing 2channel-ization phenomenon on the Japanese Wikipedia. Ikeda argues that by allowing anonymous IP users, the community spawns a type of culture seen in the likes of anonymous message boards such as 2channel, where hate speech, personal attacks and derogatory expressions are common, and also the source of entertainment. He also remarks on the "emotional-outlet"/"get rid of stress" aspect of Japanese internet culture where 90% of blogs are anonymous, compared to the U.S. where 80% of blogs are expressed under one's own name. Ikeda's arguments are not the only sources hinting cultural correlation, influence, overlapping users from 2channel.
In 2006 Kizu Naoko (木津 尚子?), a Japanese Wikipedian, stated that on the Japanese Wikipedia most users start out as page editors and uploaders of images, and that the majority of people continue to serve in those roles. Some people apply to become administrators. Kizu said "Unfortunately, some apply for this role out of a desire for power! And then are surprised when they get rejected. (This is a kind of ‘regressive career path’—from an immature editor to a banned one!)"
- Lih, Andrew. The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. Hyperion, New York City. 2009. First Edition. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 (alkaline paper).
- メインページ. Wikipedia (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- From the Wayback Machine: An early English Wikipedia "HomePage" dated 2001-03-30, with links to sister projects in "Deutsch (German)", "Catalan", and "Nihongo (Japanese)".
- An early Japanese language Wikipedia HomePage (revision #3), dated 2001-03-20 23:00, using Romanized Japanese. A subsequent version (revision #5, dated 2001-03-23 14:52) attempts at vertical text.
- ギョーム・ブランシャー. "on the Web Advertising Bureau". Award.wab.ne.jp. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- "JAA English site". Jaa.or.jp. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- 46% of the total contributions, compared to 31%, 28% and 19% of English, German and French editions. See Wikistats, ja, en, de, fr (May 31, 2008; English stats updated to October 2006, German February 2008).
- "List of Wikipedias by speakers per article". Meta.wikimedia.org. 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- Erik Möller: Wikipedia page protection report Wikitech-l mailing list, Sep 14 00:39:12 UTC 2005
- Tim 'avatar' Bartel: Entsperrung der Wikipedia WikiDE-l mailing list, 2008-05-28 07:45:55 GMT (in German)
- Česky. "Wikipedia:存命人物の伝記 - Wikipedia" (in Japanese). Ja.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- Lih, p. 145.
- Lih, p. 146.
- Wikipedia Looks Hard at Its Culture, August 30, 2009, NYTimes.com
- 悩むウィキペディア 少ない管理人 芸能系ばかり人気. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-12.[dead link]
- "Japanese Find a Forum to Vent Most-Secret Feelings". Nytimes.com. 2004-05-09. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- "2channel-ization of Wikipedia, Nobuo Ikeda's official blog, 2006, Japanese". Blog.goo.ne.jp. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- "About Japanese Wikipedia, Hatena Keyword, Japanese". D.hatena.ne.jp. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- "Japanese Wikipedia is like honey bucket of Japanese internet." (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-10-23. interview with Kazuhiko Nishi (in Japanese). J-CAST News.
- "How and Why Wikipedia Works: An Interview with Angela Beesley, Elisabeth Bauer, and Kizu Naoko." (Archive) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wikis (WikiSym), 21-23 Aug. 2006, Odense, Denmark, ACM Press, 2006. Page 3-8. Retrieved on October 31, 2011.
|Japanese edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|
- (Japanese) Japanese Wikipedia
- (Japanese) Japanese Wikipedia mobile version
- A guide to the Japanese Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:119d500e-500c-4591-999e-1cc981053ac9> | {
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N-Ocular Stereo for Real-Time Human Tracking
In recent years, various systems using multiple vision sensors have been proposed in the area of computer vision. For example, several systems track people or automobiles in the real environment with multiple vision sensors [32, 141, 169, 51, 189] while other systems analyze their behaviors . Compared with systems using a single vision sensor [243, 116, 140, 156], these systems are able to observe a moving target in a large space for a long time. However, they need to use many vision sensors to seamlessly cover the entire space, since a single standard vision sensor itself has a narrow range of view. On the other hand, an omnidirectional vision sensor (ODVS) provides a wide field of view of up to a 360° at a time. In addition, use of multiple ODVSs provide rich and redundant visual information, which enables robust recognition of the targets. Thus, multiple ODVSs opens up a new application area of computer vision with their wide range of view.
KeywordsTarget Location Azimuth Angle Gesture Recognition Error Compensation Vision Sensor
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Search the Collection
31 portraits matching these criteria:
- subject matching 'Regency Ireland'
Ireland in 1790 was in theory a separate kingdom to Britain. It was ruled by the British monarch, as it had been for hundreds of years, but had a Parliament of its own in Dublin which since 1782 had the right to pass its own legislation. The large majority of the population were Catholic but since the late seventeenth century and the passing of the 'Penal Laws', all political power was reserved for Anglo-Irish members of the Protestant Church of Ireland. It was during the Regency period that simmering unrest at this state of affairs was to explode in the Rebellion of 1798.
by William Owen
oil on canvas, exhibited 1817 | <urn:uuid:b6c7fb27-1fae-40b6-9824-c0a42d17c7c9> | {
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Yellow Sugarcane Aphids in a CO2-Enriched and Warmer World
Auad, A.M., Fonseca, M.G., Resende, T.T. and Maddalena, I.S.CP. 2012. Effect of climate change on longevity and reproduction of Sipha flava (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Florida Entomologist 95: 433-444.
Very briefly, in the present study the four Brazilian researchers set out to investigate the "effects of elevated CO2 alone and in combination with elevated temperature on the interactions of S. flava and one of its hosts," choosing, not surprisingly, P. purpureum as the guinea pig of their study. So what did the results reveal?
Auad et al. discovered that "the combination of elevated CO2 and high temperature significantly decreased the duration of nymphal stadia," as well as "the longevity and reproductive success of S. flava," such that "adults produced fewer nymphs in an environment with elevated CO2 and high temperature than an environment with elevated CO2 and lower fluctuating temperatures."
The four researchers conclude by stating that based on their observations, "S. flava populations will significantly decrease under future climatic conditions when both the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and temperature are projected to increase."
Breen, J.P. and Teets, G.L. 1986. Relationships of the yellow sugarcane aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) density to sorghum damage. Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 1106-1110.
Webster, J.A. 1990. Yellow sugarcane aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae): detection and mechanisms of resistance among Ethiopian sorghum lines. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 1053-1057. | <urn:uuid:159fb0ad-2177-4095-8281-5c457324b0fc> | {
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AAS271 Lecture Notes and Study Guides
AAS271 Lecture Notes and Study Guides AAS271
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AAS271 Intro to African American Studies Professor Kha beer Class Notes for Exam 1 Naming and History 0 African longest name in the US 0 Wanted to be named African because land of their origin AfricanAfroAfricoAmerica Colored Negro Moor Ethiopian Black African American Mulatto Creole 0 Chocolate Hi yellow Redbone Light skin 0 Africa was thought to be uncivilized 0 That s why they didn t want to be called AfricanAmerican Negro Came from the Portuguese word used to describe Africans Became synonym for slaves Advocated for the n to be capitalized Moor o Iberian Peninsula Broad term for Muslim Became rationalize dark skin 0 Ethiopian 0 European Christian perspective 0 Find African American people black identity Creole Depends on where you are different meanings 0 Race o Is a social category 0 Not a DNA thing Isn t a biological truth o Is a social reality humans have come to identify people 0 Terms used for AfricanAmerican race Mulatto Mixed Race 0 Chocolate What Is African Studies 0 What is African Studies Broad eld of study that combines several disciplines for the sole purpose of studying Africa and its people origins history culture experiences contributions 0 The Problem of Africa 0 What is Africa s place in world history In the world today 0 Africa has no History 0 George Willhelm Fredrich o Hegel important European philosopher 0 quotAt this point we leave Africa For it is no historical part of the world it has no movement or development to exhibitquot The Philosophy of History 99 0 quotHistorical movements in it that is in its northern belong to the Asiatic or European worldquot Hege99 quotAfropessismquot quotSee and thenquot Africa always some kind of strife and struggle in Africa pic of young children in Africa with helper opposed to a place of possibilities and opportunities 0 White Mans Burden Picture of women buying African baby on the market 0 Poem quotServe your captive s needsquot Euphuism for imperialism This doesn t make sense 0 You wouldn t be helping someone by imprisoning them 0 mperiaized and domination of white men over other people 0 Inferior superior ObjectivityUniversality Epistemology What counts as knowledge 0 If they cant have oral history then much would have been lost because lots of things happened Epistemology as what counts as knowledge Afrocentricity expanding what counts as knowledge 0 Methodology 0 What are your tools 0 Oral or written history 0 Oral history ways that history is transmitted 0 Written from perspective 0 What we write depends on perspective 0 We all see the world from our perspective 0 These forms are both vaid forms of historical recoection The Problem of Blackness 0 Black Pathology vs White Normativity Eurocentricity Black Pathology 0 Opposite of white normativity think of it as a disease ony escapeifaccept 0 White Normativity Universal and objective Idea or particular way of being in the world that is ideal the way things should be 0 Double Consciousness WEB Dubois Challenging the Concepts 0 Development of the Discipline 0 18831915 0 quotThe common objective was to de ne and describe the rule of AfroAmerican in the Nation 0 1915 0 Common objective was quotsave and publish the records of the Negro that the race may not become a minor factor in the thought of the world 0 19351960 Questioning epistemologyblacks should not quotdepend on the majority group for de nition of themselves of social realityquot 0 1960 Present 0 Local and global lenses multiple methods and analytical perspective 0 What are the challenges of the 2lst century 0 1894 Purdue graduates rst black male student David Robert Lewis 0 1942 Purdue total campus population 6687 black population 12 4 o 1965 20176 Black Population 129 06 o 2013 36774 Black Population 1721 46 0 quotSoft moneyquot 0 Can stop nding right away 0 You have to pursue Not a guarantee 0 Could dry up 0 Effects from soft money Harder to recruit faculty 0 Stability of research Institution lack of support Naming African Studies 0 Black Studies Africology PanAfrican studies AfricanAmerican and African Studies 0 What s the core Motivate different names 0 Creating an identity or history point or make index 0 Afrocentricity o Placing African ideals at the center of any analysis of African culture and behavior Epistemology African as subjects not objects 0 quotMany ways of knowingquot quotThe system exists because of racism not the other way aroundquot Since its been Eurocentric African just been an object rather than a subject 0 Afrocentric Africans are subject not objects 0 They make choices and make things happen in the world from in their own paradigms Need to make the center one that comes from that experience 0 Circle Between Lines 3rd paragraph pg 11 quotAll differences exist Zimbabwe All people descend from the continent are Africaquot Isn t Afrocentricity just as biased Refer to last sentences Afrocentricity is about expanding o If we learn these histories everyone will bene t 0 Circle Between Lines Talks about writing 0 Pg 17 written oralkinetic that your body has what s measurable is not sufficient Ended of Afro opening by expanding what counts as knowledge 0 To be African is to be Afrocentricquot o No 0 You have to be taught this theory of knowledge Music Video KRS In 1933 Carter G Woodson published the Mis Education of the Negro in his book he noted o In the description of the various parts of the world geography The parts inhabited by the Caucasian were treated in detail less attention was given to the yellow people still less to the red very little to the brown and particularly none to the black race 0 How much has changed in school education between Woodson 1933 and KRS one 1989 Since KRS one KRS it has changed but not a lot they teach you but not in depth in geography What is he meaning in his song What does he mean by quotyou must learnquot 0 Names all names you have to earn about African American History Preventing future violence line about Jews Idea that everybody must learn What kind of facts must be learned 0 Accuracy of location 0 Important African Americans who contributed to history 0 Knowing the world in detail and not shorting a part of the world 0 Knowing the timeline Also need to learn purpose of rediscovering Is this an example of Afrocentricity Yes Afrocentricity Concept theory method a way of interpreting info in order to study any of the behavior tradition customs in order to understand that you have to understand African ideals comes from o Fundamentally challenging that European and white people are superior to African Descent people Afrocentricity sees itself not as replacing ideology but expanding and opening up Black Feminism Womanism African Womanism Centering the black woman s perspective What is this perspective 0 lntersectionality Bothand race and gender and class as simultaneous points of experience and oppression o Additive Eitheror race or class or gender Multiple levels of Analysis 0 Individual Communal Systemic System itself embedded attitudes beliefs quotPersonal is Politicalquot Person experience a source of political inferior Analysis personal experiences are re ected Black Feminism quotStruggle against racism sexism and social class exploitationquot quotRefusal to be silencedquot quotPersonal is politicalquot o quotEmpowerment in everyday lifequot Collins 742 Womanism 0 Holistic Community centered Inclusive Africana Womanism Complex realities of black women can never be adequately addressed through a framework whose origin erased them Africana Ethnicity and Culture Afrocentric cosmology 0 Must rst ght battle of racism saying we cant get to the gender unless race issue is addressed SoladaritylsForWhiteWomen Twitter Campaign 0 One way for white people other way for black people 0 Care about the wrong thing Responds to limitations of White Feminism Race Class 0 Community Black Male Chauvinism double standard again 0 Black Feminism Respond the experience black men has dominated not as male struggle is struggle for all of us 0 Should be done with all of us in mind On Naming Slave Bondspeople Enslaved African Enslaved African American 0 Slavery in African Eastern Trade 0 Didn t lose your identity of human being 0 You may become a family member 0 Still had rights as human 0 Characteristics of TransAtlantic Slavery Race based Seen as exhaustible workforce Question of humanity Slavery on other continents was different 0 Would enslave white and black people 0 What made you a save 0 Race based 0 Could be captured 0 Born into it condition of the mother 0 Property 0 Trans Atlantic quotTriangular Tradequot 0 Race based Perpetuity ongoing no end no clause 0 lnvented 15th century through 1810 0 Main Sources of Supply 0 6 regions on continent of Africa where people are coming from o 12 million people 0 Controversy The Number Game o How many Africans were taken o Is this calculation based on all available data or effort to down play the number and slave trade 0 Destinations 0 95 outside of the US 5 US quotSeasoning Breedingquot 0 Cotton vs Sugar Cadbbean Where you were seasoning breaking in slaves United States 0 Breeding 0 Making more slaves Creatingreplenishing slave population vs replenish through getting new slaves quotLets Get Freequot Resistance and Revolution Queen Nzingha 1633 o Ruler but diplomat Negotiated with Portuguese Toussaint L ouverture 17911804 Shaped the Americas perform ritual 0 Haiti resisted in the past Haiti Revolution Bahia Brazil 1807 1809 1814 1816 o 1835 religious element Slave Muslims The Book of Negros Includes name and description of black people who left New York to go to Europe Black loyalists Slave owners try to take them back some were unsuccessful 0 Were fugitives who lied who they were Denmark Vessey 1821 0 Led one of largest revolts in US history in Charleston South Carolina Inspired by what he hears about in Haiti 0 9000 slaves midnight on second Sunday Ultimately not successful because a spy gave it away 0 Continue to plansomeone else plan 0 He and others were hanged Vessey source of inspiration 0 quotLet my people goquot Institution of liberation and protest quotCurse of Hamquot Institution of accommodation and subjugation 12 Years A Slave Notes Solomon Northup Middle class 0 Free man by his father 0 lgnorant Never counseled a slave Worked on the railroad Played violin 0 Farmer Wife was different ethnicity and worked as a cook James Burch Domestic Slave Trade 0 quotSecond Middle Passagequot 0 Well known slave dealer 0 Beat Solomon for telling him he was a freeman o Kept them in captivity in DC Settings 0 DC Williams Slave Pen 0 Richmond Virginia 0 Norfolk Virginia 0 New Orleans Louisiana Arthur 0 Other slave with Solomon 0 Born a freeman in Norfolk 0 Had a family and kids 0 Same life story as Solomon 0 He got rescued by a friend after he got off the boat in new Orleans Escape plan 0 Going to hid on the boat and try to steal their guns before they can run off 0 Write a letter to his family Reaches them but have no way of knowing where he was pg44 Platt Name Change 0 Changed his name to Platt because it would strip his identity o If they called him Northup someone might identify him 0 Power You are mine I name you Clem Ray 0 Gets sent to Burch Doesn t end up on the boat 0 He escapes walks to Canada he lodges at Solomon s brotherin law s house pg 36 Why was there so much brutality Beat the humanity out of people Brutality is something both physical emotional psychological Threat of rebellion resistance threat of escape was always there 0 Theophilus Freeman Selling Solomon Eliza and the kids Stopping her from crying Distributor Purchases enslaved Africans and then resells them Creates a boutique has Solomon play the violin Randall and Emily Eliza was suppose to be free but her slave master died and his kids sold her Elisha Perry was her master Randall was a boy child Has relationship with her and its transgressed against society but there still his property Came out of racial order because had power between them 0 Conditions of Slavery Complex set of relationships that emerged from reproduced and resisted the racial order quotIn the antebellum south slavery provided the economic foundation that supported the dominant planter ruling class Under slavery the structure of white supremacy was hierarchical and patriarchal resting on male privilege and masculinity honor entrenched economic power and raw force Black people necessarily developed their sense of identity family relations etcquot 0 Quote from Randall Pg 50 He understands he has to be a man Maturity He s consulting his mother 0 Quote from Emily Pg 53 She doesn t understand yet Light skin and nice hair She will be worth a lot of money when she s older Ages are different 0 Ford Tibeats Chapin Epps O 0 Ford 0 O 0 Owners overseers p 147 Drivers p 148 Patrollers p 156 Christian Good person Generous Kindness 0 I m kind to people who I own but only because it bene ts my pro t margin more likely to repro t off your investment pg 98 Tibeats Ford gets into debt so he sells Northup to Tibeats Northup beats Tibeats Chapin Is an overseer o Helps Northup stay alive saves his life 0 Argument that he still has debt so someone will have to pay for him and then Tibeats will be in debt 0 Last slave owner 0 Mean cruel drunk 0 Evil of being a slave owner Rapes woman terrorizes them 0 Initially an overseer got the plantation from marrying his wife Overseers Oversee they watch the slaves make sure the slave are performing labor Overseers are usually white deer Followed behind the slave Was under the overseer Was usually another slave 34 of white Americans did not own slaves What was their relationship to slavery They would perform roles Gain from the products that they slaves are picking Armsby 0 Poor White working in the eld 0 Wanting to move up to whatever work force 0 Was going to tell on Solomon to move up What does Epps believe Platt Believes because he told him I never lied to you before Epps has incentive to believe Solomon because he invested a lot in Solomon Armsby became despicable to him Percentages of labor that you re doing all the time o 55 Cotton 0 15 Domestic Servants 10 Tobacco 10 Sugar rice Hemp 10 Trade and Industries Working in the elds and scared you re not doing enough work Basket of cotton with fear Always approach the gin house with fear pg 109 Live under constant surveillance 0 Responses to Slavery AuntPhebepg122 0 Put in the kitchen Sly old creature Seemed quiet didn t say anything 0 When she wasn t by owners she talked all the time Wiley pg 1578 Celeste I09 161163 0 Got iron neck brace on Unnamed 148 0 Armed resistance Beats the overseer and cuts up into pieces Platt Patsey Uncle Abram pg 149 0 Fake being hit 0 Platt pretends to beat him Armed resistance lnfanticide Arson Flight MaHnge ng Accommodation Sabotage Poisoning The Differences about being in the eld and being in the house Being in the house you watch more closely what you do Tasks would be different Increased level of surveillance Patsey quotQueen of the eldquot Picks the most cotton Subjected to sexual violence It s the love and the hate Mistress Epps hates her 0 CharlotteHarriet Shaw pg 169 Slave for Shaw Had sexual relations and he marries her Patsey would go to her and talk to her Both have been raped by their master Where Patsey gets her soap from They were sexual objects Madam McCoy pg 190 Angel slave owner Based on the story of Margaret Garner Her husband and kids plotted to leave Kentucky for Ohio reached it and crossed the Ohio river get to other side and split apart Margaret and her children and husband Becomes clear they re not going to make to freedom so she kills the younger daughter but then she cant kill the other children because she gets stopped Trial she was charged for theft because her kids were slave owner s property Poem quotI will do a deed for freedomquot 0 White Woman in this Society Ch 20 Exam39 Did not have power over white men but had power over slaves Cared about slavery Don t have as much rights Where do they t in this hierarchy Does bene t from a system of slavery o Afrocentricity Desire of AfricanAmericans to learn culture center their experience expanding open up epistemology African Descent fundamentally shifting what knowledges and how we think about theoretical approach what counts as knowledge understand other contributions other groups of other color bene t as well from theoretical approach AASZ71 Exam 2 Notes 10162014 13th Amendment Abolished slavery 14th Amendment 0 Clause 1 de nes what a citizen is 0 Clause 2 protection against state a state cannot limit your rights 0 Clause 3 forbid the states to deny any person anything without due process cannot punish you for a crime without a trial 0 Clause 4 forbids states to deny equal protection of the law cannot protect a certain group of people and not another 0 Clause 5 granted Congress the power to enforce the amendment 15th Amendment 0 gave blacks the right to vote The Black Cult 0 The rights of freeman The can t vote they can t own property can t sue anyone can t enter into contracts can t be a witness Civil Rights Act of 1866 0 Federal act Jim Crow Law 0 The rights were taken back after the Civil Rights Act of 1866 0 After inauguration of Rutherford B Hayes in 1877 Mandated segregation of the races separate bathrooms schools water fountains etc 0 Need to do research on this Literacy Test 0 Made them read and recite the constitution Poll Test 0 Had to pay some amount of money to vote Grandfather Clause o If your grandfather voted you can vote o If he didn t vote you can t vote The New Negro World War 1 0 Fight for democracy 0 Shows hypocrisy of the US o Blacks were very patriotic willing to ght and help make weapons Deepened their passion to ght the white supremacy 0 Race Consciousness 0 Being aware of your physical characteristics your history your race etc o Attempt to transform the stereotype Artistic Expression 0 Magazines Harlem Renaissance o A rebirth of Harlem Because of great migration Harlem becomes a place where a lot of blacks are 0 See an emergence of art music etc Gender and Sexuality Gender 0 Roles behaviors activities and attributes that a society considers appropriate for those identi ed as men and those identi ed as women 0 Wearing skirts in America is considered gendered for women it s normal in America that women wear skirts and men don t 0 In other countries the sarong is worn by both men and women and would not be considered normal in America 0 Gender expressiongender identity You may be born a female but dress and act as if you are a male 0 Hypodescent Ideas of gender and sexuality work in this way women sometimes become a symbol or metaphors of quotwhat makes this place why it is and why these other peoples or places are different or dangerousquot Sexuality o Aspects of personal and social life which have erotic signi cance 0 The idea of what and who you desire and when you desire those things 0 Jackson and Scott 1996 Blackness White Gaze l Sexuality A Triangular Relationship 0 The gaze is always judgingmeasuring how black people express their gender and sexuality Reverse Gender and Deny Sexuality o Emasculating black men and making men out of black women 0 Uncle Tom Wants to be white thinks he is white was white had a reverse Michael Jackson disease Black men asexual and loyal to whites at all costs 0 Mammy Black women as asexual nurturing dutiful servant Hattie McDaniel was the rst black woman to win an Oscar played Mammy o Jezebel Black women as hypersexual quotthese women are going to come violate and manipulate your young and impressionable childrenquot In our society it is not appropriate to have those deviant desires Halle Berry won second Oscar as a black woman 0 Sapphire Black woman as uniquely and inappropriately angry Picture on the cover of quotThe New Yorkerquot that depicted Michelle Obama Ready to go to war battle confrontation with anyone quotshe s angry and there s just no reason for itquot Afro symbolizes de ance Name Sapphire comes from an early television show Amos and Andy 0 Tragic Mulatto Dangerous displaced The movie quotBele about when people were speaking out about how slavery was wrong black woman got pregnant with white man s baby and then died man wanted to take care of the mulatto baby but the uncle did not allow it because she was mulatto The term mulatto which we don t use anymore is tragic there were fears of blackwhite mixing 0 Django Unchained Sam Jackson s character quotWhite man has power and authority and my loyalty is to himquot 0 Dear White People Movie Experience of blacks at Ivy League colleges Deviant and Dangerous Sexuality Vogue Magazine cover w LeBron and Gisele vs King Kong scene 0 Portraying LeBron James as a monkey like King Kong s desire for a white woman Portrays black sexuality as animalistic primitive dangerous deviant quotMedia and Popular Culture are Primary Sites for the dissemination and construction of common sense notions of Black Womanhoodquot p 117 and Manhood lntersectionality Bothand race AND gender AND class as simultaneous points of experience AND oppression What is considered appropriate for blackness What is considered appropriate for females What is considered appropriate for blackness AND femaleness Black Womanhood Male Gaze l Sexuality Triangular Relationship 0 quotWhere my girls atquot Questions from Class Discussion 0 If objecti cation is not a big deal to some women does that mean it is not a real issue 0 It is obviously still an issue If kids are going to grow up listening to music that constantly object es women they will continue to think it is okay to objectify women How does Beyonce s pregnancy compare to the response to Lauryn Hill s pregnancies 0 People were happy for Beyonce because they wanted her to have a baby but people told Lauryn Hill to get an abortion because they wanted her to focus on her career rather than a baby Beyonce was married to ja yZ so it was a quotpower baby In America marriage is still the most legitimate form of a relationship and the point is that Beyonce was married and Lauryn was not Why is it that we might not have noticed the connections between Scary Spice and the mad black woman stereotype Is the author making too much of it or is it because black women as scary spice made sense and was so unnoticeable 0 I never even noticed that one of the Spice Girls was black As a kid I didn t sit in front of the TVand go quotthat one is white and that one is black they were just the Spice Girls to me What if a black woman wants to show her sexuality What if she wants to wear animal print because she likes it 0 If you try to show your sexuality through apparel people are going to judge it anyway There is no answer to this question 12 Years A Slave by Soloman Northup AASZ71 Intro to AfricanAmerican Studies Book Review Study Guide The Book At A Glance Solomon Northup s 12 Years a Slave recounts the author s life story as a free black man from the North who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in the preCivil War South The son of an emancipated slave Northup was born free He lived worked and married in upstate New York where his family resided He was a multifaceted laborer and also an accomplished violin player In 1841 two con men offered him lucrative work playing ddle in a circus so he traveled with them to Washington DC where he was drugged kidnapped and subsequently sold as a slave into the Red River region of Louisiana For the next twelve years he survived as the human property of several different slave masters with the bqu of his bondage lived under the cruel ownership of a southern planter named Edwin Epps In January 1853 Northup was nally freed by Northern friends who came to his rescue He returned home to his family in New York and there with the help of editor David Wilson wrote his account in 12 Years a Slave Major Characters Solomon Northup aka Flatt A free black man who lived in the northern United States in the 1800s Solomon was kidnapped in 1841 at age 33 and sold into slavery in the South where he lived until he was rescued by friends in 1853 Solomon was married to Anne Hampton Northup and with her had three children Elizabeth Margaret and Alonzo The author of the memoir 12 Years a Slave he chronicled his experience and ultimate emancipation as part of the abolitionist movement in the mid1800s Henry B Northup A white man related to the family that owned Solomon s father as a slave and from the family from which Solomon took his last name A lawyer he journeyed south to rescue Solomon from captivity Merrill Brown One of two white con men who with Abram Hamilton deceived Solomon Northup and orchestrated his kidnapping About 40 years old short and thick set Brown with Hamilton promised Northup lucrative work as a violin player in a circus and thereby convinced him to accompany them to Washington DC There they drugged him and allegedly sold him to slave traderJames H Burch while he was unconscious Abram Hamilton With Merrill Brown cokidnapper of Solomon Northup Around 25 years old tall thin and somewhat effeminate James H Burch A brutal slave dealer who rst kept Solomon Northup in captivity in Washington DC A business partner with Theophilus Freeman of New Orleans Burch was white around 40 years old and a large powerful man with chestnut hair slightly gray Burch shackled Northup in a hidden slave pen and then apparently enraged by Northup s claims that he was a free man beat and whipped Solomon into submission After the brutal beating Burch threatened to kill Solomon if he ever mentioned his freedom or background again Believing that threat applied to all slavers Northup never spoke to anyone again of his being born free until nearly 12 years later Upon being emancipated Northup and his lawyer pressed criminal charges against Burch and his accomplice Ebenezer Radburn However Burch prevailed in the proceedings by hiring false witnesses to testify on his behalf Eliza Berry A fellow black captive in James H Burch s Washington DC slave pen and lifelong friend to Solomon Northup She was the mother of both Randall Berry and Emily Berry She had been the slave and mistress of a rich white man named Elisha Berry who treated her kindly and fathered her daughter Emily Elisha Berry promised emancipation for Eliza and her children upon his death however when he passed away his heirs reneged on that promise Under the ruse of taking her to get her free papers the heirs sold Eliza and her children into Burch s slave pen From there she was sent downriver where Theophilus Freeman cruelly separated her from her children She was sold with Solomon Northup to William Ford in Louisiana She never recovered from the emotional devastation of losing her children mourning them the rest of her life and dying without ever seeing Randall or Emily again Theophilus Freeman A New Orleans Louisiana white slave trader who worked in association with James H Burch He took possession of Solomon Northup in New Orleans and there forcibly assigned him the name Platt He ran the slave auction that sold Platt to William Ford of Louisiana He was responsible also for separating Eliza Berry from her children William Ford The white man who bought Solomon Northup and Eliza Berry from Theophilus Freeman Described by Northup as a noble candid Christian manquot he owned a large plantation as well as a lumber mill in the quotGreat Pine Woodsquot in the parish of Avoyelles on the right bank of the Red River in central Louisiana Highly regarded by Northup as a fair and kind slave owner he rescued Solomon from John M Tibeats and others on several occasions He was forced to sell Northup after facing nancial setbacks He later became a Baptist preacher john M Tibeats A white carpenter who worked for William Ford In 1842 he took possession of Solomon Northup as payment of a debt by William Ford Described as a quotquicktempered spiteful manquot Tibeats was Northup s archenemy More than once he tried to kill Solomon out of anger but was prevented each time Eventually he sold Solomon to the cruel cotton planter Edwin Epps Mr Chapin William Ford s white overseer on the Bayou Boeuf plantation Described as quota kindlydisposed manquot When John M Tibeats tried to lynch and hang Solomon Northup it was Chapin who rescued him at gunpoint from Tibeats gang He then sent word to William Ford who came to Solomon s aid Edwin Epps Solomon Northup s nal and cruelest master A cotton planter he owned Northup for about ten years before the slave was freed by his friends from the North Epps was heavy tall with high cheekbones and blue eyes A frequent drunk he was given to ts of rage and violent mirth He delighted in both whipping his slaves and in making them dance all night in false exhibitions of happiness Cunning shrewd and merciless he was known as a quotnigger breakerquot His own slaves nicknamed him quotOld Hogjawquot He was guilty of frequently raping and whipping the slave girl Patsey Mistress Epps Edwin Epps wife Welleducated attractive and from a respected family she was generally kind to her husband s slaves except Patsey whom she hated as a jealous rival Unable to convince her husband to sell Patsey she instead insisted that her husband punish Patsey with frequent whippings and deprivations When Edwin Epps tried to attack Solomon Northup with a knife she argued in Solomon s defense Patsey A 23yearold black slave of Edwin Epps and the most tragic gure in 12 Years a Slave Naturally quota joyous creature a laughing lighthearted girlquot frequent beatings and abuse made her despondent and suicidal as the years went on She was a victim of repeated rapings by Edwin Epps and also of the jealous cruelty of Epps wife Because she was the fastest most productive cotton picker on Epps plantation Epps refused to sell her despite his wife s constant demands in that regard Solomon was forced to brutally whip a naked and helpless Patsey while Edwin Epps and Mistress Epps goaded him on Armsby A poor white man who worked alongside eld slaves at Edwin Epps plantation for a short time Solomon Northup asked him to mail a secret letter in return for payment Armsby promised to deliver the letter from Solomon to the post of ce However Armsby betrayed his promise and instead reported the incident to Edwin Epps Mr Bass A white carpenter working to build a house on the Epps plantation Bass was a native of Canada and an outspoken abolitionist Solomon Northup con ded in him and he responded with loyalty and help At great risk to his own safety Bass wrote and mailed letters to Northup s friends in the North and was instrumental in helping those friends nd and rescue Solomon from slavery Minor Characters David Wilson Solomon Northup s white editor and transcriber Northup dictated his story to Wilson who wrote it down and prepared it for publication under the title 12 Years a Slave Anne Hampton Northup Solomon s wife and the mother of his three children A black woman of mixedrace ancestry she worked as a cook Cephas Parker and William Perry Coowners of stores where Solomon Northup and his family shopped and friends to whom Solomon addressed his letter for help Elizabeth Northup Solomon s oldest child she was 10 when her father was kidnapped Margaret Northup Solomon s second child she was 8 when her father was kidnapped Alonzo Northup Solomon s youngest child he was 5 when his father was kidnapped Ebenezer Radburn Accomplice ofJames H Burch who was a Washington DC slave dealer Clemens Ray A fellow black captive in Burch s Washington DC slave pen Randall Berry Eliza s treasured son and a captive in Burch s Washington DC slave pen Emily Berry Eliza s daughter about 7 or 8 years old and a fellow captive in Burch s slave pen Robert A captive with Solomon Northup he was a coconspirator in an aborted plan of revolt against his white captors He died from smallpox before the plan could be carried out Arthur A captive with Solomon Northup he was a coconspirator in an aborted plan of revolt against his white captors He was rescued by friends in New Orleans Peter Tanner William Ford s brotherinlaw he took possession of Solomon Northup for a short time He used the whip the Bible and wooden stocks as means of keeping his slaves subdued Abram An elderly slave of Edwin Epps of failing strength and mental faculties Kind hearted but absentminded and a great admirer of philosophy and General Jackson he was sometimes called quotUncle Abramquot Wiley A 48yearold eld slave of Edwin Epps and married to Phebe He tried to run away once but was returned to Epps and beaten severely as punishment Phebe A house slave of Edwin Epps married to Wiley mother of Bob and Henry and sometimes called quotAunt Phebequot Bob A eld slave of Edwin Epps and Phebe s son by a former husband Henry A eld slave of Edwin Epps and Phebe s son by a former husband Edward A house slave of Edwin Epps and the son of Wiley and Phebe Harriet Shaw Black wife of the white Mr Shaw and a friend to Patsey Young Master Epps The son of Edwin and Mistress Epps A bright energetic boy of 10 or 12 years who imitated with joy the cruelties of his father john P Waddill A lawyer in Marksville Louisiana who assisted Henry B Northup in rescuing Solomon Northup Benjamin 0 Shekels A slave trader and witness on behalf ofjames H Burch during the trial ofjames H Burch and Ebenezer Radburn Benjamin A Thorn A witness on behalf ofjames H Burch during the trial Solomon Northup Staunton Margaret Northup s son and Solomon Northup s grandson Character Map 1gul39iiiiliia in Fari Slave mar Hiri i Eitiid Eitiimn m Jmea Ha Eumh IZELWE39 iiazien ameii Hainnr i iHiziariihLupa iLawaari Julin iiL Tihgaza39is C13 rpEntari39EIava rmer cruel Edi39uii39iil39l Epp i ElanFE i39i39 EF ausi ii Fi BELIEFS 11mm anquot E ium mi Miarump jiiii frEE black man kidnapped int slawaw I in amed 1e E1155 WIquotaim carpenter abli nniaii Misstrea Eppa iffiiiie if Edwin E 3i Hueyquot QEIE39E39EJ Book Summary 1 Solomon Northup Free Man In Chapters l and II Northup tells of his life as a free black man living in upstate New York Born in July 1808 he was the son of an emancipated slave He grew up working on a farm at his father s side and also was educated to a degree of competence in reading and writing Additionally he learned to play the violin a skill that would be both a blessing and curse to him in coming years At age 21 he married Anne Hampton and they settled down to raise a family Solomon worked in many trades including farming lumberjacking and performing on the violin while Anne earned money as a cook They had three children In 1841 Solomon met two white men who offered him lucrative work with a circus if he would travel with them to Washington DC Unsuspecting he joined them in their travels and in Washington DC after a day of unusual revelry and drinking became terribly ill On his way to see a doctor he passed out When he woke up Solomon Northup was alone chained in darkness 2 Solomon Northup Captive This second period of 12 Years a Slave told in Chapters Ill VI relates how Solomon nds himself a prisoner in the slave pen ofJames H Burch a brutal slave trader in Washington DC When Solomon protests his captivity and asserts his right to freedom Burch responds by beating him into submission and threatening to kill him if he ever mentions his freedom again At length Solomon is allowed to join the other slaves being held by Burch and he discovers just how hopeless his situation is Surrounded by slaves and a few other kidnap victims he is transported downriver eventually landing in New Orleans Louisiana Solomon and the rest of Burch s gangquot are transferred into the slave pen of Burch s associate Theophilus Freeman Freeman changes Solomon s name to Platt thereby erasing any connection to his past Solomon is put up for sale but his sale is delayed when he contracts smallpox which nearly kills him After he nally recovers he is sold along with a slave girl named Eliza to a man named William Ford 3 Solomon Northup Slave Next begins the third leg of Solomon Northup s journey told in Chapters VII XI Solomon is now a full edged slave named Platt working on the plantation and lumber mill of William Ford deep in the heart of Louisiana Ford is a kindly master devout in his Christian faith and given to generosity toward his slaves Solomon nds it almost a pleasure to be in Ford s service and even gures out a way for Ford to save considerable time and money by transporting lumber via waterway instead of by land Solomon is wellliked by Ford in return However a series of nancial missteps result in Ford selling Platt to a cruel carpenter named John M Tibeats Tibeats soon becomes Platt s worst enemy constantly threatening and berating him While working on a project Tibeats becomes so enraged that he attempts to whip Platt Platt is the stronger of the two though and he turns the tables on his new master whipping him instead Hellbent on revenge Tibeats twice attempts to murder Platt Only the intervention of William Ford and his overseer Mr Chapin saves the slave s life Unable to kill him yet bearing murderous hatred toward him Tibeats sells Platt to the notorious quotnigger breakerquot Edwin Epps 4 Solomon Northup Slave Under Edwin Epps The fourth phase of Solomon Northup s 12 Years a Slave told in Chapters XII XX focuses on the ten years he lived under the tyranny of Edwin Epps on two different plantations in Bayou Boeuf along the banks of the Red River in Louisiana Epps is indeed a cruel master A whip is his constant companion and he uses it almost daily on his slaves Solomon describes his life under Epps in detail relating stories of abuse humiliation and deprivation among all the slaves Patsey a slave girl gets the worst of Epps treatment She is repeatedly raped by him and also whipped by him at the insistence of his jealous wife At the worst point she visits a friend at a nearby plantation simply to get a bar of soap because Epps wife won t allow her to have any When Patsey returns Epps is furious thinking her guilty of a sexual encounter Platt is forced to whip a naked helpless Patsey while she screams for mercy The years pass by and Solomon almost loses hope Then he meets a carpenter named Bass an abolitionist from Canada who is hired to work on a building project for Epps Bass learns of Solomon s story and decides to help He sends letters to Solomon s friends in the North asking them to come and rescue the slave from his captivity 5 Solomon Northup Free Man Again The nal section of 12 Years ofSave Chapters XXI and XXII and Appendix tells of Solomon s escape from captivity Thanks to the faithfulness of Bass Solomon s friends in the North are alerted to his location and come to set him free Henry B Northup a white man who is a relative of the person who once owned Solomon s father gathers legal support and travels to Louisiana to nd the slave After some searching he nds quotPlattquot and with the help of a local sheriff emancipates him from the clutches of Edwin Epps They travel back to New York stopping for a time in Washington DC to pursue legal charges againstJames H Burch for his role in the kidnapping of Solomon Northup In the end though Burch is acquitted because of false witnesses and racist bias in the courtroom After that Solomon is nally reunited with his family in Saratoga Springs New York where he nds that his daughter has married and he is now a grandfather His grandson has been named in his honor Solomon Northup Staunton Three Most Important Aspects of the Book 12 Years a Slave presents a startlingly accurate and veri able account of the common slave experience in the United States in the antebellum preCivil War South From start to nish basic facts about the time the places the people and the practices of the day are incorporated sometimes in excessive detail into Northup s story He speaks with authority on all subjects of his enslavement naming names and pointing out landmarks along the way In doing so he dares skeptics to refute his story knowing that public records and common knowledge would defend it For example when Northup accuses a wicked slave trader of keeping him captive in Washington DC he not only names that slaver he names the slaver s accomplice identi es exactly where the slave pen is hidden and describes the physical structure of the slave pen in detail The result During the trial that took place after Northup had been freed that slave trader couldn t deny having kept Northup as his captive in that nowexposed slave pen Additionally the accuracy of and factual detail in 12 Years a Slave have kept this book prominent as a reliable historical reference on slavery for more than 150 years since it rst debuted 12 Years a Slave serves as a timeless indictment of the practice of quotchattel bondagequot or human slavery Northup s detailing the abuses he endured and those he was forced to in ict provides a warning to all generations of the moral costs that slavery exacts from everyone involved The slave himself or herself is degraded made to suffer awful torments and cruelly robbed of physical emotional and spiritual riches Still the slave is not the only one who suffers By participating in slavery the master is morally degraded and emotionally desensitized His religion is made hypocrisy His family legacy is robbed of basic human graces like love justice and integrity In this respect Northup s 12 Years a Slave is notable for giving human faces to the evil that was once common practice and for sounding a constant warning of the awful consequences of chattel bondage 12 Years a Slave is a testimony to the power of the human spirit and the enduring determination of hope Solomon Northup is deceived kidnapped abused removed from family deprived of identity and beaten into a long weary unjusti ed submission Yet he is never broken Even in his worst days of sorrow lived under the cruelties of Edwin Epps he never gives up hope that one day he will be free He never loses faith in his friends constantly assured that if he can only get word to the North then they will indeed come to his rescue And they do In the end Solomon Northup s heartbreaking journey uplifts because in his testimony is evidence that faith and hope can endure and triumph Primary Setting The Red River region of Louisiana Secondary Settings Saratoga Springs New York Washington DC New Orleans Louisiana Major Thematic Topics Slavery as a moral cancer freedom injustice the inherent dignity of all humanity the place of women in society religion and slavery man s inhumanity to man slavery s toll on servant and master alike Major symbols Chains the whip the Bible water the swamp Chapter Summaries Chapter 1 Solomon Northup begins 12 Years a Slave by clearly stating his goal in writing quotMy object is to give a candid and truthful statement of facts to repeat the story of my life without exaggerationquot Northup then tells of his family history Solomon s father Mintus served the white Northup family in New York until he was emancipated upon the death of his master Solomon was born free to Mintus in July 1808 in Minerva New York He grew up working as a farmer alongside his father until Mintus died in 1829 Soon after Solomon married Anne Hampton eventually setting up home in Saratoga Springs New York Anne established herself as a cook Solomon labored in various industries and became known as a ne violin player They started a family and Northup set about living a life lled with nothing but the common hopes and loves and labors of an obscure colored man making his humble progress in the worldquot Chapter 2 Chapter II reveals how Solomon Northup came to be lured away from his home in Saratoga Springs and subsequently kidnapped and forced into slavery In March 1841 Northup was unemployed and looking for work While walking in Saratoga Springs he met Merrill Brown and Abram Hamilton two quotgentlemen of respectable appearancequot They asked about his experience as a violin player and offered Solomon lucrative pay to join them in working for a circus in New York City Solomon eagerly accepted The three men traveled to New York City but the circus was not there Brown and Hamilton then urged Solomon to go farther to Washington DC which at the time was slave territory At this point Northup was not suspicious of them whatsoever After a day of celebration in Washington DC Northup began to feel sick though not drunk On the way to see the physician he passed out eventually waking up in darkness and in chains Chapter 3 Now begins Solomon Northup s true 12year agony initiated by the appearance of James H Burch Following the night of being ill Solomon awakens in a cell where he is held captive in chains In time his cell opens and a harshlooking man enters quotJames H Burcha wellknown slavedealer in Washingtonquot Burch is accompanied by his lackey Ebenezer Radburn Northup immediately begins protesting his imprisonment quotAgain and again asserted l was no man s slavequot In response Burch beats Northup mercilessly with a wooden paddle and a quotcato ninetailsquot whip until Solomon is completely subdued Then Burch threatens to murder Solomon if Solomon ever mentions freedom again Over the next several days Solomon is allowed to move around He discovers that he is being held in quotWilliam s Slave Penquot in Washington DC He meets other captives including Clemens Ray Eliza Berry and Eliza s children Northup nishes this chapter by brie y summarizing Eliza s story She had been the slave and mistress of a rich white man who also fathered Eliza s daughter Emily Her master promised that upon his death Eliza and her children would be set free After his death though his soninlaw reneged on that promise and instead sold Eliza and her children to Burch leaving her only to mourn the impending separation of her family at a future slave sale Northup ends this chapter with the heartbreaking news that quotEliza is now deadal her fears were realizedquot Chapter 4 Eliza spends her rst night in Burch s slave pen mourning her situation and the deception that delivered her children into this place The next midnight in the cover of darkness Burch and Radburn move Solomon Eliza and the other slaves to a steamboat moored on the Potomac River In the morning they sail downriver eventually transferring to stagecoaches and then to railcars until they reach Richmond Virginia Here the slaves are transferred to the pen of Mr Goodin When Solomon lets slip that he is from New York Burch again threatens to kill him In Goodin s slave pen Northup meets other black captives including a free man named Robert who like Solomon has been kidnapped and sold into slavery In the morning all the slaves except Clemens Ray are marched through Richmond and forced to board the brig Orleans and continue sailing farther downriver Burch takes Clemens Ray and returns with him to Washington DC Northup comments with satisfaction that he later discovers that Ray escaped slavery and found freedom in Canada Chapter 5 The brig Orleans and its slave cargo continue down the James River nally clocking in Norfolk Virginia There more slaves are brought on board including a large black man named Arthur who like Northup has been kidnapped from freedom The whole company continues downriver and Northup gives detailed descriptions of life on the ship during the journey As he befriends Arthur and Robert the three of them plot to overthrow their captors and escape Those plans are thwarted however when Robert unexpectedly contracts smallpox and dies A white sailor named John Manning learns of Northup s plight and is moved to help him When the ship reaches port at New Orleans Manning delivers a letter on Solomon s behalf to the post of ce The letter reaches Northup s friends in New York but they are unable to determine where he has been taken As a result no one comes to Solomon s rescue at this time In New Orleans Arthur is rescued by white friends who have come to set him free Solomon and the rest of Burch s slaves are delivered to a slave trader named Theophilus Freeman Freeman forcibly changes Northup s name to Platt ln despair Platt spends an entire night in prayer quotTo the Almighty Father of us all the freeman and the slave l poured forth supplications of a broken spiritquot Chapter 6 Northup opens Chapter VI with a deriding sarcastic description of New Orleans slave pen keeper Theophilus Freeman He describes the white man s morning routine as being out among his animalsquot early and quick to kick or whip young and old alike Next he details the preparations Freeman requires to get his property ready for the sales roomquot Part of that includes making slaves dance for prospective customers and in that effort Solomon s ability to play the violin sets him apart Buyers come with frequency to Freeman s sales floor over the next days One man is interested in Platt but the price is too high Other humans are sold including Eliza s son Randall Eliza s separation from her son is told in heartbreaking detail quotDon t cry mamaquot Randall says while being taken away quotI will be a good boyquot After a time another man closes a deal with Theophilus to purchase Platt and Eliza Again the mother is distraught this time at being separated from her daughter Emily Moved by her sorrow the white man offers to buy Emily as well but Freeman adamantly refuses to sell In the end they are forced to leave without the child Eliza weeping and Emily s tiny voice calling desperately for her mother to come back Northup reveals that Eliza never saw nor heard of her children again Chapter 7 Platt and Eliza now named quotDradeyquot are transported by their new owner William Ford to his home in the quotGreat Pine Woodsquot on the banks of the Red River in the Avoyelles and Bayou Boeuf region of central Louisiana According to Northup quotthere never was a more kind noble candid Christian man than William Fordquot When they reach the Ford plantation they are greeted warmly and treated kindly by both William Ford s wife and by his slaves Eliza is assigned to work in the house Platt is sent to work in Ford s lumber mill This continues through the summer of 1841 On Sundays Master Ford makes a habit of gathering his slaves for a church service preaching to them from the Bible and encouraging moral behavior In gratitude for Ford s kindness Platt devises a way to transport lumber via waterway instead of over land thereby saving the master a lot of money Platt also earns himself a reputation as the quotsmartest nigger in the Pine Woodsquot as a result of this success Eventually Platt is assigned to work with one of Ford s hired hands a shorttempered white carpenter named John M Tibeats Chapter 8 Bad luck comes to the Ford estate and as a result of nancial missteps William Ford is forced to sell Platt to his carpenter John M Tibeats With his new master Platt goes to work on Ford s Bayou Boeuf plantation 27 miles away There Platt and Tibeats engage in several building projects for Ford Platt nds Tibeats to be almost the opposite of William Ford in manner and conduct Tibeats is abusive bitter angry never satis ed and unreasonable in his demands After a perceived slight Tibeats is enraged and tries to whip Platt but the slave being stronger than the master Platt turns the tables In his own t of anger Platt instead whips Tibeats quotuntil my right arm achedquot After the beating Tibeats leaves the plantation swearing he will have revenge Tibeats returns soon after with two white henchmen in tow They tie up Platt and prepare to hang him from a nearby tree Finally William Ford s white overseer Mr Chapin intervenes Threatening to shoot Tibeats he rescues Platt from hanging and chases away the three men He also sends word to William Ford that Tibeats is quottrying to murder Plattquot lnexplicably though Chapin leaves Platt bound and immobile in the yard Chapter 9 It is still early in the day and Platt is left bound and immobile in the yard where Tibeats and Chapin have left him Throughout noontime and the rest of the day the sun beats down on him His arms and legs swell and ache from poor circulation caused by the tight ropes around him Though nearby Chapin refuses to alleviate Platt s pain quotwhy he suffered me to remain in agony the whole weary day I never knewquot Northup says At the hottest part of the day another slave named Rachel ventures to at least give him a sip of water and then quickly retreats Platt spends his day in meditation on the awfulness of his situation and comments wryly came not to the conclusion even once that the southern slave fed clothed whipped and protected by his master is happier than the free colored citizen of the Northquot At long last William Ford arrives and cuts Platt free A few days after that Tibeats hires Platt out to Ford s brotherinlaw Peter Tanner Tanner is hard and demanding but keeps Platt in relative safety on his plantation Chapter 10 Platt spends a month in relative safety at Tanner s plantation before returning to work for Tibeats It takes only a few days for Tibeats to become violent again After a minor disagreement Tibeats attacks Platt with a hatchet Again the slave is able to disarm the master but unlike before Platt acts only in selfdefense this time Enraged Tibeats attempts to kill Platt with an axe Platt prevents Tibeats from using the axe and nally begins to choke the life out of his master Platt nally releases Tibeats alive and runs away The next hours are lled with danger and fear as Platt must brave the Great Pacoudrie Swamp with its poisonous snakes and alligators to escape the dogs Tibeats has sent to hunt him down At last after a long and frightful night he nds his way back to William Ford s home where he is given shelter and safety at least for the moment Chapter 11 At William Ford s plantation Platt is given shelter and treated with kindness which he tries to repay by working in Ford s wife s garden After four days William Ford accompanies Platt back to Tibeats and the plantation in Bayou Boeuf There Ford lectures Tibeats on the proper treatment of slaves urging him to treat Platt humanely Tibeats apparently listens and Platt is spared punishment for running away Tibeats subsequently hires Platt out to a Mr Eldret for work clearing trees in Big Cane Break 38 miles away The work is hard but satisfying and Platt is treated fairly by Eldret They are joined by four quotlumberwomenquot black slaves whom Platt is impressed to note are quotequal to any manquot At length Platt s hard work earns him a weekend pass to visit William Ford s home While there he reunites with Eliza and observes that she has become a shell of the woman she once was He reports that she later dies in sorrow and agony in the service of a cruel master On his way back to Big Cane Break he meets Tibeats who informs Platt that he s been sold to the planter Edwin Epps Chapter 12 Now begins the last worst and longest phase of Solomon Northup s odyssey as a slave He is taken to Edwin Epps plantation nearby on Bayou Huff Power At rst he is pleased to be freed of Tibeats erratic cruelty but Epps proves to be an even worse human being than Tibeats Northup describes his new master as quotportlyquot repulsive and a drunk who enjoys whipping his slaves just for the pleasure of hearing them screech and screamquot After this introduction to Edwin Epps Northup digresses into a detailed description of the daytoday duties on Epps cotton plantation along with descriptions of agricultural labors slave living conditions and even commentary on gardens and growing owers Most important though is his introduction in this chapter to the slave girl Patsey quotthe most remarkable cotton picker on Bayou Boeufquot She will play a large role in the rest of Solomon Northup s story Chapter 13 Upon arriving at Epps plantation Platt is instructed to make an axe handle He makes a curved one similar to what he d known in the North Epps used to seeing only straight handles is surprised and impressed by Platt s work Platt then becomes very ill and almost dies before Epps nally calls a doctor to help After he recovers Platt is put to work picking cotton in the eld a job to which he is poorly suited At length Epps assigns him to other hard labors instead Epps is known as a quotnigger breakerquot and on his farm it was rarely that a day passed without one or more whippingsquot Slaves were whipped for falling short of their cotton picking quotas for breaking a branch in the eld for appearing to be idle in the eld for quarrelling with cabinmates and more When drunk Epps also had a peculiar habit of rousing his slaves at all times of the night and forcing them to dance for his entertainment Those who danced too slowly were whipped Platt was required to play the violin Northup nishes this chapter by introducing the other slaves on Epps plantation including Abram Wiley Phebe Bob Henry Edward and Patsey Patsey is given special attention described as quota splendid animalquot skillful industrious and the best cotton picker of all She is also the most abused of all Epps slaves a victim of her master s frequent rapes and the hatred of her master s wife Chapter 14 A blight of caterpillars destroys the cotton crops of Epps and his neighbors As a result Platt is hired out to Judge Turner s sugar plantation to earn money for Epps Unlike at cotton picking Platt is a natural at harvesting sugar cane ln Judge Turner s service Platt becomes an overseer of sorts and is given the responsibility of whipping any of his fellow slaves who are deemed to be standing idlequot He s also allowed to play his violin for special occasions and given wages for any work done on the Sabbath With his quotSunday moneyquot and earnings from violin playing Platt amasses a small but signi cant amount of money Because of this he writes he was quotlooked upon by my fellows as a millionairethe wealthiest nigger on Bayou Boeufquot During this time Northup risks asking a ship captain to smuggle him back to the North but the captain declines out of fear Upon returning to Epps farm Platt nds Patsey hardpressed between her master s sexual violence and the jealous hatred of Epps wife Though Epps refuses to sell Patsey he does indulge his wife s whim by ogging Patsey when Mistress Epps demands it Platt can do nothing for Patsey but he does use his ingenuity to invent sh traps for himself and the other slaves With these traps in place the slaves gain a steady source of free fresh sh to add to their meager diet Lastly Northup tells the scandalous tale of a nearby plantation owner who kills a rival and is made into something of a local hero as a result Chapter 15 Epps hires out Platt each year to work in sugar cane plantations In this capacity Platt is put in charge of a gang of up to 100 slaves for three years in a row At this point Northup interrupts his narrative to give a detailed report on the common practices for cultivating sugar cane Northup then tells what Christmas holidays were like on Epps farm During this season Epps slaves are granted three days off the only time off they get the entire year One plantation in the area hosts a celebration for all the surrounding slaves lnvariably Platt is called upon to play violin for these Christmas events There are unspeakable delights for Christmas supper and there s dancing and courting and slave girls with their hair twined up in their best red ribbons There are even marriages from time to time Still despite the happiness of this season Northup points out it only exists for three days of the year Chapter 16 On Epps plantation Platt is made a driver in the elds Drivers are black slaves who assist the white overseer and quotare compelled to do the whipping of their several gangsquot Platt performs this duty reluctantly but quotdared not show any lenityquot to his fellow slaves when Epps is present If Epps is absent though or at a distance Platt tries to soften the blows of the whip to spare the slaves as best he can Platt also tries to help Patsey avoid torment by Epps or his wife On one occasion this angers an intoxicated Epps to the point that he tries to kill Platt with a knife Platt is too fast and is able to avoid the knife thrusts of the drunken man It becomes almost a deadly game Epps chasing Platt dodging until Mistress Epps nally intervenes to rescue Platt from her husband Epps hires a poor white man named Armsby to work in the elds with the slaves Platt risks asking Armsby to mail a letter for him and Armsby agrees to in return for payment Armsby then betrays Platt s plan to Epps Epps is suspicious of Platt but in the end the slave is able to convince his master that Armsby is a liar After that Platt is fearful he will be caught and punished by his master for any attempts to escape or wors that he will never be rescued at all Chapter 17 Northup now recalls the sad fate of fellow slave Wiley One night Wiley sneaks away to another plantation for a social visit He loses track of time and is late returning On his way back Wiley is caught by a roving gang of white patrollers They whip him severely and return him to Epps who adds another ogging ln desperation days later Wiley runs away for good To everyone s surprise he actually escapes and is not seen for three weeks He nally returns carrying a message from Mistress Epps uncle asking Edwin Epps not to punish the former runaway However Epps in icts quotone of those inhuman oggings to which the poor slave is so often subjectedquot Northup then re ects on the dangers of trying to escape slavery relating gruesome stories of those he s known who tried to run With great contempt he tells of Lew Cheney a black slave who stoked a rebellion and then betrayed all his black companions His black followers were rounded up tortured and executed in reprisal while Cheney himself was rewarded by his white masters The chapter ends with commentary on the near hopelessness of a potential slave insurrection and with a warning that white masters may someday yet be objects of the black slave s vengeance Chapter 18 Northup relates more stories of brutality from his time as a slave on Epps plantation At one point a white tanner named Mr O Niel inquires about buying Platt from Epps Platt comments privately to Phebe that he would be happy with that arrangement but Mistress Epps overhears him and tells her husband Epps refuses to sell Platt and is enraged that Platt would dare to dream of serving another master He punishes Platt with a merciless whipping Another time Epps grows angry at Abram s elderly confusion and punishes him by stabbing him in the back with a knife wounding him severely Patsey also suffers from Epps unreasonable anger One day she goes to a nearby plantation to get soap When she returns Epps is furious with her accusing her of having an affair with the white master of that plantation He has her stripped naked and tied to four stakes in the ground Then he forces Platt to administer a brutal whipping At last Platt can do no more and Epps himself picks up the whip and continues beating Patsey with an unnatural fury until he is nally too exhausted to beat her anymore Patsey is never the same again Northup ends this chapter by telling of Epps oldest son a boy about 10 or 12 years old An admirer of his father the boy gleefully rides into the cotton elds with a whip in his hand often beating and cursing the slaves while his father looks on laughing Chapter 19 It is now summer of 1852 and Platt has been a slave for more than a decade Epps hires a crew of carpenters to build a house on his property and among the crew is a white man named Bass Platt is assigned to work with Bass and discovers that he is from Canada and an abolitionist at heart He overhears Bass and Epps have many friendly arguments about the bene ts and evils of slavery Platt decides to risk asking Bass for help Bass proves to be a faithful friend and secretly sends letters on Northup s behalf to Northup s friends in Saratoga Springs New York Both men wait to hear word in return but there is no response By summer s end Platt is almost ready to give up hope but Bass encourages him His work done on the house Bass leaves Epps plantation but promises to return at Christmas when they will consider what else they can do to keep pursuing the slave s rightful freedom Chapter 20 In December 1852 Bass returns to check on Platt Much to both men s disappointment Bass reports that there has been no response to the letters they sent to the North during the past summer Bass however is not ready to give up He promises to travel to Saratoga Springs where he will try to contact Northup s friends personally He tells Platt he is determined to see him freed from slavery and encourages him to keep up hope At Christmas Platt is hired out to play violin for several celebrations After the holiday Platt returns to work in Epps elds One Saturday he s whipped for oversleeping Sunday he spends in misery from the pain of his whipping and from the sorrow of the apparent failure of Bass letters Monday morning January 3 1853 begins like any other day on Epps plantation until Northup writes in his memoir quotLooking up we saw two men approaching us through the cotton eldquot Chapter 21 Chapter XXI is a ashback that tells the story of Bass letters from the Northern side lling in the gaps that Platt and Bass couldn t know from their location in the South Bass letters arrived in Saratoga Springs New York and were immediately forwarded to Northup s wife Anne She in turn shared them right away with Henry B Northup a lawyer and relative of the family that had once owned Solomon s father Mintus Henry Northup spent several months preparing the case to prove Solomon s status as a free man and with the support of the governor of New York and other government of cials traveled to Louisiana to rescue Solomon In Louisiana a chance meeting with Bass provided the critical information Henry Northup needed to nd Solomon on Epps plantation Enlisting the help of the local sheriff he went there and rescued Solomon on January 3 1853 over Epps great objections and threat of legal action On January 4 1853 they boarded a steamer headed for the North Solomon Northup was nally free Chapter 22 On their way back to Saratoga Springs New York Solomon Northup and Henry B Northup make two signi cant stops First in New Orleans they secure an of cial certi cation from the State of Louisiana verifying that Solomon is indeed a free black man Next they travel to Washington DC where they stay for a time in an attempt to pursue criminal prosecution againstJames H Burch the slave trader guilty of kidnapping and initially enslaving Solomon Burch s trial is something of a circus Faced with overwhelming evidence against him Burch can t deny that he kept Northup a prisoner Remarkably Burch is allowed to testify on his own behalf but Northup being black is not The white man s defense then centers on the ludicrous assertion that the black Northup told Burch he was a slave and that in fact he would like to go southquot The result is that Burch is absolved of all charges against him and justice is left unsatis ed Unsuccessful in prosecuting his kidnappers Northup continues upriver to New York where he is nally reunited with his family and where he meets his grandson Solomon Northup Staunton for the rst time He closes his memoir with a few nal comments and a wish quothenceforward to lead an upright though lowly lifequot
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ERIC Number: ED350769
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1992
Reference Count: N/A
Integrating Transition Planning into the IEP Process.
West, Lynda L.; And Others
The purpose of this guide is to assist those involved in the transition planning process to help students with disabilities achieve a smooth transition from school to adult life. The guide addresses topics that deal with the preparation of students with disabilities as they leave high school. The guide's eight chapters deal with: (1) defining transition and transition planning and outlining relevant legislation; (2) transition and self-advocacy, and the student's rights and responsibilities at the Individualized Education Program (IEP) meeting; (3) identification of needs and student assessment, including methods of collecting data, how to use assessment data, and types of assessment; (4) individual planning for transition, focusing on targeted outcomes and roles and responsibilities of IEP team members; (5) curriculum for successful transition, which includes functional curriculum, daily living skills, social skills, occupational skills, and other topics; (6) support services in secondary and postsecondary settings; (7) transition planning and interagency cooperation; and (8) program evaluation and follow-up, which emphasizes the need for student follow-up as a necessary part of transition. An appendix provides three sample IEPs. (Contains 28 references.) (JDD)
Descriptors: Curriculum, Disabilities, Education Work Relationship, Educational Legislation, Educational Planning, Federal Legislation, High Schools, Individualized Education Programs, Integrated Activities, Needs Assessment, Program Development, Program Evaluation, Pupil Personnel Services, Self Advocacy, Student Evaluation, Student Needs, Student Personnel Services, Student Responsibility, Student Rights, Transitional Programs
Council for Exceptional Children, Publication Sales, 1920 Association Dr., Reston, VA 22091-1589 (Stock No. P386; $15.70, $11 members).
Publication Type: Guides - Non-Classroom
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Parents; Practitioners
Authoring Institution: Council for Exceptional Children, Reston, VA. Div. on Career Development. | <urn:uuid:5f1803a6-ccd5-4449-b82a-82e38ccfb739> | {
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Department of Health, Physical Education & Nursing: Health
- I. Course Number and Title
- HLTH120N Nutrition
- II. Number of Credits
- 3 credits
- III. Minimum Number of Instructional Minutes Per Semester
- 2250 minutes
- IV. Prerequisites
- V. Other Pertinent Information
- While nursing students must take HLTH120N and not HLTH120, this course is open to all students.
- VI. Catalog Course Description
- This course is an introduction to nutrition as a health science that examines the nutrients essential to human life. The metabolic action, requirements, and food sources of the nutrients are studied. Needs and behavior patterns in children and adults are used to illustrate the relationship between diet and health.
- VII. Required Course Content and Direction
- Course Learning Goals
- learn and practice valid nutritional habits.
- be motivated to develop positive attitudes that promote a healthy lifestyle.
- comprehend nutrition as a significant health science and the relationship it has to the prevention and treatment of disease.
- learn the fundamental biochemical and metabolic actions of the nutrients.
- learn the numerous social, psychological, and physiological variables that cause or influence food preferences and biases.
- learn to analyze scientific criteria that help to insure nutritional information is valid and reliable.
- learn the lifelong health benefits that accrue to the individual who makes a lifetime habit of practicing valid nutritional behavior.
- be expected to demonstrate an accurate knowledge of the chemical structure, functions and metabolic action of: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water in the human body.
- learn how to perform a computerized dietary analysis of his/her diet and to make modifications to it in order for the diet to become healthier.
- learn the specific nutritional requirements and problems associated with: pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and senior citizens.
- learn how the science of nutrition interrelates to medical and allied health professions.
- Core Learning Goals(if applicable)
- develop attitudes, values, and skills which promote physical and emotional well-being to extend over the course of their lives.
- recognize the components of wellness, exercise, and diet that contribute to life long physical, and mental wellness. (1)
- practice wise choices regarding exercise and diet. (1)
- apply appropriate skills to manage stress and anxiety in order to maintain holistic health. (1)
- describe the links between behavior and health over the course of a life time. (1)
- integrate and /or combine knowledge from multiple sources to create new knowledge.
- reason from what they know to form new knowledge, draw conclusions, solve problems, explain , decide, and /or predict. (Inductive and/or Deductive Reasoning Skills)
- determine the nature and extent of the information needed.
- determine the technologies and information formats appropriate for the information identified.
- access needed information effectively and efficiently.
- evaluate information and its sources critically and incorporate selected information into their knowledge base and value system.
- develop an understanding of many of the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information and access and use information legally and ethically.
Students will be able to:
Personal Health: The students will:
Core Learning Objectives:
Personal Health: The students will be able to:
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: The student will be able to:
Information Literacy: The student will be able to:
Planned Sequence of Topics and/or Learning Activities:
The Nutrients: chemical nature, definitions, classifications, food sources, metabolism, functions, health problems, deficiencies, requirements, interactions, and controversies.
- Lipids (Fats, Oils, Sterols)
- Minerals and Water
Energy Metabolism and the role of the nutrients.
- Glycolysis and Anaerobic Metabolism
- Aerobic Metabolism
- Decarboxylation of Pyruvate to Acetyl
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Nutrient requirements and interactions
- Body composition and weight control
Selected nutrition topics. The subjects included in this section are introduced as they interact with the above sections or independently as separate study units.
- Nutrition misinformation and fads
- Food additives and supplements
- FDA and other government agencies
- Evaluation of nutrition information
- Nutrition and children
- Psychological conditioning
- Acceptance and rejection of new foods
- Food allergies
- Weight control (body fatness)
- Adolescence - adults - elderly
Dietary Analysis: Students are required to conduct a 3-day dietary analysis of their personal eating habits.
Assessment Methods for Core Learning Goals:
Reference, Resource, or Learning Materials to be used by Students:
- The required textbook is selected by the full-time faculty teaching this course and is specified in the course format. These details and others will be clarified in the Course Format created by each instructor and distributed to each student upon enrollment and attendance in class.
- Application software that is supplied with the required textbook will be used by the student to analyze their personal eating habits.
- Some sections, such as Distance Learning classes, will be required to purchase and use the Student Study Guide that parallels the organization of the textbook.
- VIII. Teaching Methods Employed
- Lecture and seminar discussions.
- Instructional videos.
- Application software is utilized to analyze personal eating habits.
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Galina Chumak is proud to be Greek, however foolish she knows that pride may be. It wasn’t anything she did, she points out, just the circumstance of birth into what may be Ukraine’s oldest existing ethnic group. The Greeks arrived in present-day Ukraine before the Tatars, before the Russians, before the Jews, possibly even before the Ukrainians themselves.
They were settlers from the civilization that we think of today as ancient Greece. They came to the Crimea — a dramatically mountainous peninsula that juts into the Black Sea — in the 5th century B.C., or maybe even the 7th, or just possibly, says Chumak, who once worked on archaeological digs there, the 9th. That would be before Homer got around to composing “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey.”
There are about 91,000 Greeks in Ukraine, according to the last census, but they don’t live in the Crimea anymore, and that fact lies at the heart of one of those arguments that Ukrainian Greeks love to bat around, and have been doing so ever since they left there in 1778.
What’s indisputable, though, is that when they got to the region around today’s Donetsk, in easternmost Ukraine, after a harrowing two-year trek, they were most definitely the first settlers, clearing virgin land at the behest of its new ruler, an empress far away on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
Irony is a Greek word, so that’s Irony No. 1. The Crimean Greeks lived for about 300 years under the rule of the Muslim Khanate, and when imperial Russia made a move to conquer the Crimea they asked Catherine the Great, fellow Orthodox Christian, to offer them her protection.
Sure, she said (or words to that effect). You’ll be best off if you leave your homes of the past two millenniums and set up shop in this other land I’ve just acquired, far to the east. Oh, and that means all of you. Now.
“She awarded lands to the Greeks,” exclaimed Yelena Prodan, head of the Donetsk Greek Society, at a board meeting one night recently. “Orthodox Greeks were rescued from the Muslims.”
“We were deported,” Chumak replied. “People died from the cold, the lack of shelter.”
“They made themselves at home,” said Ivan Makmak, gesticulating. “And only the best, the most cunning, the strongest survived,” he added, looking on the bright side.
Starting on the shores of the Sea of Azov, the Greeks settled in villages on the steppe. They were exempt from conscription, which was a plus, and they prospered. When the city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by the Welshman John Hughes, as a coal center, they began migrating into town.
They kept their native language — or, actually, languages. Those whose families came from the coastal towns of the Crimea spoke a Greek that was heavily influenced by the Turkic language of the Khans. Those whose roots were in the remote mountains spoke a language that’s descended directly from ancient Greek — closer to it, probably, than you’d hear in Athens today.
And that gets at Irony No. 2, but first, a word about the Soviets.
In the 1920s, in the first blush of the proletarian revolution, the early Soviet Union strongly encouraged the development of ethnic cultures, a sort of de-Russification after czarist rule. Here, a Greek theater opened, as did Greek schools and Greek newspapers. Greek poets flourished.
Then in 1937, Joseph Stalin decided that this was, in fact, criminal behavior. About 20,000 Greeks were executed, Prodan said, others deported to Kazakhstan or Siberia. Vasily Gala, just to take one example, was a poet who helped run a Greek newspaper. One day he was arrested and then shot, “just because he was Greek,” said his great-niece, Tatyana Patricha, who today carries on his work by editing Donetsk’s monthly Greek newspaper.
But the paper, called Kambana, from the Greek word for bell, is published in Russian, because so many have lost touch with their native tongue.
“After 1937, people were afraid of saying they were Greeks,” Prodan said. But deep in the villages, within their own homes, families kept the old memories, and the old languages, alive.
Chumak, 64, spent every summer with relatives in a little village that had originally been named Karan, after the Crimean village, near Balaclava, that their ancestors had left behind. She heard the stories. They argued over Catherine. They pointed out to her a photo of her mother’s aunt, who they said had walked to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage in 1896.
Chumak got a job with the Ministry of Culture and for the past eight years has been director of the Donetsk Regional Arts Museum. But for the previous 30 years, she had worked with archaeologists in the Crimea. She found her family’s original village there; only an abandoned church remains.
It was no longer dangerous to be Greek by that time, but it was tricky. “In the Soviet Union, people could only tiptoe up to their history,” she said. “Now they can study it openly.”
And there’s the problem and the second irony. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, suddenly all the walls were down. You were free to be Greek. It was easy to go to Greece; Greeks came to Donetsk. Schools opened to teach Greek to a younger generation — but they teach modern Greek, to foster ties to the people of the ancient homeland. Museums and cultural festivals have sprung up to revivify Greek identity here — yet there’s a real danger that in the slowly dying villages, the indigenous Greek dialects, with centuries of history behind them, could wither away to nothing.
Then again, contemporary Greece is having problems of its own, so the cultural onslaught may slacken for a while.
“I’m proud to be Greek,” Chumak said. “But I’m happy to be Ukrainian.” | <urn:uuid:44cd4fe3-eeb7-40f1-ab2c-faed68beb68e> | {
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Sagittarius A* is a 4 million solar mass supermassive black hole located in the centre of the galaxy. A disk of young stars surrounds Sagittarius A* and within the inner radius of this disk is a group of stars known as the S-stars. The S-stars are the closest stars known to orbit the supermassive black hole and they are young main sequence stars that are each several times more massive than the Sun. With new instruments, more stars with lower masses are expected to be found orbiting even closer to Sagittarius A*.
Figure: An infrared image of the galactic centre.
Stars orbiting sufficiently close to Sagittarius A* can accumulate tidal heating from multiple close approaches with the supermassive black hole. The amount of accumulated tidal heating can eventually disrupt the star even though its closest approach is a few times the tidal disruption distance which is the distance within which the gravity of the supermassive black hole becomes sufficiently strong to unbind the star. With each close approach, the star experiences tidal heating which causes the deposition and accumulation of heat in the star’s interior. As a result of this added source of energy, the star expands and becomes more bloated which reduces the binding energy of the star. Furthermore, tidal heating becomes stronger as the size of the star increases. This results in a runaway process and after a sufficient number of close approaches; the star becomes unbound, leading to its disruption.
Massive stars are more susceptible to eventual disruption by accumulate tidal heating. This is because the tidal disruption distance is larger for a massive star than for a low mass star. As a result, a low mass star can get closer to Sagittarius A* before being subjected to tidal disruption. Such a mechanism may explain the lack of high mass stars existing very close to Sagittarius A*. In light of new instruments that can detect lower mass stars, it can be conceived that there could be an increase in the fraction of low mass stars closer to Sagittarius A* since low mass stars can approach closer to the supermassive black hole without being disrupted by accumulate tidal heating.
Gongjie Li & Abraham Loeb (2012), “Accumulated Tidal Heating of Stars Over Multiple Pericenter Passages Near SgrA*”, arXiv:1209.1104 [astro-ph.GA] | <urn:uuid:8fb6f644-3245-4b49-a2f6-077faa0e32ed> | {
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The concept of money or wealth is an aspect of life that has existed, and will continue to exist until the end of time. Money creates nations, it controls people, and can turn good people cruel. However, throughout history, different nations have had different concepts of “money”, and what value it actually has. For example, when we think of money here in the United States, we think of paper dollar bills. However, in the past, there have been more unusual types of currency in history, such as the tribes of the island of Yap using giant stone “coins’ referenced in Milton Friedman’s article “The Island of Stone Money”. As Friedman speaks about in his article, even though the natives never moved or traded these large stone coins, the residents recognized their value and ownership through word of tongue and acknowledgement. One of the best examples of how the natives use each other’s word for value is the story mentioned by Friedman about one of the most wealthy families on the island. The way the natives get these stones is to travel to another island to mine the stone, and then travel back home with the stone, to then have it claimed by someone on the island to who it should go to. Accidents do occur though, and one of the largest stones yet was lost from the boat and submerged underwater never to be seen again for quite some time. Those who mined it came back and explained the situation, and even though the stone was missing, the natives acknowledged its value through word and life continued on without any actual proof. While, this may seem primitive to those who read the article, is it really that much different to how money is handled today?
When we think of those who are extremely wealthy in our world today or ourselves, how do we value the wealth? Do we actually count their dollar bills, is it a number in a bank account, or what they actually own? In all honesty it is all three, however for most people their actual money is in a bank account. Citizens give their money to their bank to store so they don’t have to worry about losing it, and what they get back is the number they deposited. In some ways this is similar to how those on Yap Island conducted business. At the end of the day, money is just an object, and the more you have of it, the wealthier you are. This is similar to the situation on Yap Island, where your value is tied within these stone coins, and the larger it is the more money you have. Another similarity between the Yap natives and our current form of economics is how the money can become defaced. Early in the 20th century, the island of Yap was eventually claimed by Germany, and the island’s roads were in rough shape. Early on the natives of Yap were not willing to fix the roads, so the Germans had to find a way to get them to work. They learned the value of the stone coins to the natives and decided to defaced them, by painting a large black X on them. This, in turn, got the natives to do the work as the Germans promised they would remove the marks if the work was completed. This is similar to our world to our world today, as we are threatened daily to work to pay for stuff, as well as money damaged is therefore worthless. Money, just like in the past, has been something that has always more word of mouth, or even non existent, than an actual physical thing.
In terms of a more recent example of currency that is more “word of mouth”, or a fallacy than an actual physical thing would be the emergence of “Bit Coin”. Now whether or not you believe in actually investing in Bit Coin is up to the investor, but according to Jeff Reeves and his article “Bitcoin has no place in your-or any-portfolio”, it is not a wise idea, due to the fact that it is essentially nothing physical. Just like your bank account is nothing physical, Bit Coin is basically just a form of virtual currency that constantly gains and loses value. Now in contrast to current US cash, and the stone coins of the Yaps, Bit Coin can’t necessarily be damaged or defaced, but it most definitely can be stolen. Even though Bit Coin is completely virtual and something created a 100 years later, it is still handled very similarly to how money was handled back then.
Even though Bit Coin is something that can’t be defaced or marked, defacing or changing money for personal gain or advantage is a practice that has been happening throughout history. Another great example of this would be the U.S government in the early 1930s, and how they used marking money to their advantage. As stated by Friedman in his article, the U.S government did not want to take the time or resources to ship back the French’s gold so they came up with the solution of marking the gold as France’s gold, and marking their gold as U.S gold. Even though the gold was still technically France’s gold, it still worked more in the favor of the U.S government as they were still in possession of the gold themselves. Now, in comparison to the Yap natives, you could say, like the natives, the U.S government preferred physical cash as opposed to modern money that doesn’t really exist, however value is still word of mouth or because of a market, similar again to the island of Yap.
Money is an aspect of life that will never go away as long as their is mankind. We rely on some form of currency everyday in our lives, and is an essential part of us as human beings. No matter who or how you value it, at the end of the day it makes the world go round.
Friedman, Milton. “The Island of Stone Money.” Diss. Hoover Institution, Stanford University , 1991.
The Invention of Money. (2018, February 19). Retrieved from https://www.thisamericanlife.org/423/the-invention-of-money
Reeves, J. (2015, January 31). Bitcoin has no place in your – or any – portfolio. Retrieved from https://www.marketwatch.com/story/bitcoin-has-no-place-in-any-portfolio-2015-01-28 | <urn:uuid:ceec4758-55b6-412b-b561-e2079a1e966e> | {
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Joséphine Léocadie Andrée Lumière
Famous film baby
The celebrated baby in the Lumière film Le Repas de bébé (Baby’s Breakfast), Andrée Lumière was born on 22 June 1894, just days before Edison’s Kinetoscope appeared at the offices of le Petit Parisien in Paris. Shortly afterwards, the Lumière brothers commenced their Cinématographe project. Just before her first birthday, Andrée appeared in two films screened for the Congress of French Photographic Societies in Lyons; Le Repas de bébé and Pêche aux poissons rouge. At the now famous 28 December 1895 show in Paris, a wider public was able to see these films, and Le Repas de bébé has since become one of the iconic motion pictures of the beginnings of cinema.
We see young Andrée with her parents, Auguste and Marguerite, enjoying their breakfast in the open air in the garden of their home at Lyons, in the Spring of 1895. Uncle Louis is operating the camera. Auguste energetically spoons baby food into his daughter’s mouth, and then hands her a biscuit. She is about to nibble it, but becomes aware of someone on the other side of the camera - her aunt Rose, perhaps - and offers it to them instead. Scenes like this would become the mainstay of generations of amateur moviemakers worldwide. Pêche aux poissons rouge (Fishing for Goldfish), filmed at about the same time shows Andrée, supported by her father and very camera-aware, dipping her hands into a large goldfish bowl. In the behavioural study Querelle enfantine (Children’s Quarrel) (1896) Andrée shares the scene with (most likely) Louis’s daughter Suzanne, three months younger. The two children, in their crinkly lace summer bonnets, are seated next to each other with their playthings. A feisty Andrée reaches over to take something from her resistant cousin and fails, so slaps her face. Suzanne starts to cry and grabs Andrée’s spoon, leading to more slapping and further crying as she retrieves it, and peace is restored. Finally, most likely as a response to a call from the director, Andrée turns to look at the camera.
The young Lumière children and their Koehler and Winckler cousins would appear in other 1895 films, including Enfants aux jouets. In Retour d'une promenade en mer (1896) the children greet the arrival of a boat on the quay at Le Ciotat, the Lumières’ summer retreat; they later appear at the resort’s railway station, amongst those awaiting the famous train in the third and most commonly shown version of L'arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat (1897). Premiers pas de bébé (Baby’s first steps), released in 1897, has Andrée’s cousin Madeleine Koehler toddling along a concrete path, and being allowed by her nursemaid to trip into a huge crack; evidently a ‘set-up’. She would later star in La petite fille et son chat (1899). Despite being articificially arranged, these shorts reflect the comfortable lifestyle of a bourgeois French family in the closing years of the 19th century, providing a unique record. They signalled an avalanche of ‘baby films’, from Robert Paul’s Twins’ Tea Party (1896) to American Mutoscope’s When Babies Quarrel (1899) and beyond.
With the development of the Lumière Autochrome system of colour photography (invented in 1903) we see Andrée - a principal subject in the family’s own photographs taken with the process - blossom from child to young woman, posing with a red parasol or colourful dress. For some years she assisted her father in his medical research work, but died tragically young during the influenza pandemic of 1918. | <urn:uuid:73c81438-3e57-4c0d-9d3f-c37ae9b64337> | {
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State Health Department Awards West Nile Virus Prevention Grants
2012 saw the second highest number of West Nile virus cases in Illinois
The Illinois Department of Public Health awarded West Nile virus grants totaling $3.4 million to 90 certified local health departments throughout Illinois. The grants are based on West Nile virus activity surveillance for the previous three years, along with population. Local health departments will use the funding to enhance prevention programs that include testing of birds and mosquitoes for West Nile virus, and to control larval mosquitoes. The grants may also be used to provide information to the public and investigate human West Nile virus cases.
“Last year, Illinois experienced the second highest number of human West Nile virus cases, second only to the 2002 outbreak,” said Illinois Department of Public Health Director Dr. LaMar Hasbrouck. “Our local health departments around the state are on the front lines in the fight against West Nile virus and it is important they have the resources necessary to monitor mosquito activity, take steps to reduce the mosquito population and investigate human infections.”
For the 2012 season, Illinois reported 290 human cases of West Nile disease and 12 deaths. The state followed a nationwide trend and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ranked fourth in the country for the total number of human cases. The age range for Illinois cases was nine to 89 years with roughly 78 percent of the cases in people 45 years and older.
Last summer we saw hot, dry conditions, which often results in more West Nile virus cases. Although people usually notice mosquitoes during rainy conditions, those mosquitoes are what are commonly called floodwater mosquitoes and typically do not carry West Nile disease. In hot, dry weather, mosquitoes that carry West Nile disease breed in stagnant water, like street catch basins and ditches, and multiply rapidly.
As temperatures warm up, remember to take some simple precautions to reduce the number of mosquitoes around your home and protect yourself from being bitten. Precautions include practicing the three “R’s” – reduce, repel and report.
REDUCE exposure - avoid being outdoors when mosquitoes are most active, especially between dusk and dawn.
Make sure doors and windows have tight-fitting screens. Repair or replace screens that have tears or other openings. Try to keep doors and windows shut, especially at night.
Eliminate all sources of standing water where mosquitoes can breed, including water in bird baths, ponds, flowerpots, wading pools, old tires and any other receptacles.
REPEL - when outdoors, wear shoes and socks, long pants and a long-sleeved shirt, and apply insect repellent that contains DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus or IR 3535, according to label instructions. Consult a physician before using repellents on infants.
REPORT – beginning May 1, report dead birds to your local health department. In communities where there are organized mosquito control programs, contact your municipal government about areas of stagnant water in roadside ditches, flooded yards and similar locations that may produce mosquitoes. | <urn:uuid:2c01bc48-4977-45f8-83b9-599d5d5e3b78> | {
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Printing in C#
This sample shows you how to print a text box contents in C# and .NET.
Components, components, components. Using components is the difference between writing an application in one week vs. an application in a few hours. Printing is all carried out through components included in the toolbox. The main component that talks to the printer is the PrintDocument component. To use this component, just call the Print function and intercept the PrintPage event. Below are the routines that do this:
protected void PrintFile_Click (object sender, System.EventArgs e)
printDialog1.Document = ThePrintDocument;
string strText = this.richTextBox1.Text;
myReader = new StringReader(strText);
if (printDialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
protected void ThePrintDocument_PrintPage (object sender,System.Drawing.Printing.PrintPageEventArgs ev)
float linesPerPage = 0;
float yPosition = 0;
int count = 0;
float leftMargin = ev.MarginBounds.Left;
float topMargin = ev.MarginBounds.Top;
string line = null;
Font printFont = this.richTextBox1.Font;
SolidBrush myBrush = new SolidBrush(Color.Black);
// Work out the number of lines per page, using the MarginBounds.
linesPerPage = ev.MarginBounds.Height / printFont.GetHeight(ev.Graphics);
// Iterate over the string using the StringReader, printing each line.
while(count < linesPerPage && ((line=myReader.ReadLine()) != null))
// calculate the next line position based on the height of the font according to the printing device
yPosition = topMargin + (count * printFont.GetHeight(ev.Graphics));
// draw the next line in the rich edit control
ev.Graphics.DrawString(line, printFont, myBrush, leftMargin, yPosition, new StringFormat());
// If there are more lines, print another page.
if (line != null)
ev.HasMorePages = true;
ev.HasMorePages = false;
PrintFile_Click is called from the Print Menu. This routine first assigns the PrintDialog component to the document being printed. The dialog is shown using ShowDialog so the user can set their print settings and to decide whether to print or not. After ThePrintDocument.Print is called, the printing process begins. The PrintPage event is automatically called by the system to print the desired page information. The PrintPageEventArgs ev contains the Device Contexts ev.Graphics to use for drawing to the Printer. In this example we read each line of text from the rich text edit control using a StringReader. The StringReader class gives us the ability to treat a string like a stream and take advantage of the ReadLine function of the StringReader for reading each line out of the text edit control. We can calculate the position of the lines based on margins and the height of the font. It's interesting to note, that in order to predict the font height for the printer, we pass it the Device context of the printer in the GetHeight function (printFont.GetHeight(ev.Graphics())). This is because the font height on the screen pixels is different than the font height in printer pixels. The PrintPageEventArg attribute HasMorePages is continually set so that the PrintPage Event is triggered if their are more lines in the textbox than the current page can hold .
PrintPreview behaves a heck of a lot like Print as seen below:
protected void PreviewFile_Click (object sender, System.EventArgs e)
string strText = this.richTextBox1.Text; // read string from editor window
myReader = new StringReader(strText);
PrintPreviewDialog printPreviewDialog1 = new PrintPreviewDialog(); // instantiate new print preview dialog
printPreviewDialog1.Document = this.ThePrintDocument ;
printPreviewDialog1.BorderStyle = FormBorderStyle.Fixed3D ;
printPreviewDialog1.ShowDialog(); // Show the print preview dialog, uses print page event to draw preview screen
The PrintPreview component also triggers the PrintPage event, but instead of outputting to the printer it outputs to the Print Preview Screen.
Other Editor Functions
The Open and Save menu items use streams to read and write the files. The persistence of files is discussed in other articles on this site. See Using ListView in C#. In future articles we will add find/replace functionality to this text editor to make it a bit more powerful. | <urn:uuid:b26aca3e-937f-460a-ab39-625ff09e1cd0> | {
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The Nine Ministers (Chinese: 九卿) was the collective name for nine high officials in the imperial government of the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), who each headed a specialized ministry and were subordinates to the Three Councillors of State. The nine ranking ministers in English, as translated by historian Rafe de Crespigny, are:
- The Minister of Ceremonies (太常)
- The Minister of the Household (光祿勳)
- The Minister of the Guards (衛尉)
- The Minister Coachman (太僕)
- The Minister of Justice (廷尉)
- The Minister Herald (大鴻臚)
- The Minister of the Imperial Clan (宗正)
- The Minister of Finance (大司農)
- The Minister Steward (少府)
The term Nine Ministers could also refer to the nine high-ranking officials in the Ming dynasty, namely, the respective functional heads of the Six Ministries, the Censorate, the Office of Transmission, and the Grand Court of Revision.
Minister of Ceremonies
The Minister of Ceremonies, usually described as a chief priest in the government, was responsible for ceremonies in the imperial ancestral temples and in charge of astronomy, astrology, and the daily records of the emperor's activities. He also supervised the operation of the Imperial Academy, selecting and examining the students. If they were suitable, he was also responsible to report their eligibility for office to the emperor.
In the Han dynasty civil service officials were classified in twenty grades (reduced to sixteen after 32 BC) expressed by the official's annual salary in terms of so many Dan (石) or Chinese bushels, extending from the ten-thousand-bushel at the top to the one-hundred-bushel at the bottom. Under this scheme, each of the nine ministers held the rank of the full-two-thousand-bushel.
During the Ming dynasty the officialdom was classified in nine grades, each grade subdivided into two degrees, extending from grade 1a at the top to grade 9b at the bottom. Under this system, the Ministers of the Six Ministries all held rank 3a, and rose to 2a after the abolishment of the Chancellor in 1380. The Censor-in-Chief, head of the Censorate, had a rank of 1b before 1380 and 2a after. The functional heads of the Grand Court of Revision and the Office of Transmission both held a rank of 3a.
- de Crespigny (2007), 1221–1224. Alternative translations exist, for example Wang (1949), on pages 150–151, provides different English renditions for the Nine Ministers:
- the Minister of Ceremonies (太常)
- the Supervisor of Attendants (光祿勳)
- the Commandant of Guards (衛尉)
- the Grand Servant (太僕)
- the Commandant of Justice (廷尉)
- the Grand Herald (大鴻臚)
- Director of the Imperial Clan (宗正)
- the Grand Minister of Agriculture (大司農)
- the Small Treasurer (少府).
- Hucker (1958), 65.
- Wang, 151-152.
- Wang, 137.
- Wang, 150–151
- Hucker, 11.
- Hucker, 32.
- Hucker, 49.
- Hucker, 37.
- Hucker, 56.
- Crespigny, Rafe de. (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 90-04-15605-4.
- Hucker, Charles O. (December 1958). "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 21) 21: 1–66. doi:10.2307/2718619. JSTOR 2718619.
- Wang, Yu-Ch'uan (June 1949). "An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1/2) 12 (1/2): 134–187. doi:10.2307/2718206. JSTOR 2718206. | <urn:uuid:ce942ecb-753c-4feb-8f16-6aca70b07ed6> | {
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