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MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs about 22 nt long that play key roles in almost all biological processes and diseases. The fluorescent labeling and lipofection are two common methods for changing the levels and locating the position of cellular miRNAs. Despite many studies about the mechanism of DNA/RNA lipofection, little is known about the characteristics, mechanisms and specificity of lipofection of fluorescent-labeled miRNAs.
Methods and Results
Therefore, miRNAs labeled with different fluorescent dyes were transfected into adherent and suspension cells using lipofection reagent. Then, the non-specific binding and its mechanism were investigated by flow cytometer and laser confocal microscopy. The results showed that miRNAs labeled with Cy5 (cyanine fluorescent dye) could firmly bind to the surface of adherent cells (Hela) and suspended cells (K562) even without lipofection reagent. The binding of miRNAs labeled with FAM (carboxyl fluorescein) to K562 cells was obvious, but it was not significant in Hela cells. After lipofectamine reagent was added, most of the fluorescently labeled miRNAs binding to the surface of Hela cells were transfected into intra-cell because of the high transfection efficiency, however, most of them were still binding to the surface of K562 cells. Moreover, the high-salt buffer which could destroy the electrostatic interactions did not affect the above-mentioned non-specific binding, but the organic solvent which could destroy the hydrophobic interactions eliminated it.
These results implied that the fluorescent-labeled miRNAs could non-specifically bind to the cell surface by hydrophobic interaction. It would lead to significant errors in the estimation of transfection efficiency only according to the cellular fluorescence intensity. Therefore, other methods to evaluate the transfection efficiency and more appropriate fluorescent dyes should be used according to the cell types for the accuracy of results.
Citation: Lu T, Lin Z, Ren J, Yao P, Wang X, Wang Z, et al. (2016) The Non-Specific Binding of Fluorescent-Labeled MiRNAs on Cell Surface by Hydrophobic Interaction. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0149751. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149751
Editor: Giovanni Camussi, University of Torino, ITALY
Received: September 16, 2015; Accepted: February 4, 2016; Published: March 1, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by 81370270, 91439111 (ZQY), 81570712, 81370890 (WZ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China, www.nsfc.gov.cn; JQ201519 (ZQY), ZR2010HL012, Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation; and 2012YD18079, Science and Technology Development Program of Shandong Province, www.sdstc.gov.cn. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA gene products about 22 nt long and regulate the expression of target genes by complementarily binding to their 3 'untranslated region (3'UTR) . MicroRNAs play important roles in almost all biological processes and the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and endocrine diseases. For example, the expression of miR-125b, miR-145, miR-21 and miR-155 was abnormal and it was closely related to the progression, metastasis and prognosis of breast cancer . Hyperglycemia promoted the development of diabetic complications by decreasing the expression of miR-1 in endothelial cells . Another study found that the dysregulation of miRNAs expression in peripheral regulatory T (Treg) cells of newly diagnosed patients with Graves ‘disease was associated with the inhibition of retinoic acid signaling pathway and was the major cause of dysfunction of Treg cells . Therefore, methods and technologies of miRNA research were studied in depth in order to better reveal the physiological and pathological significance of miRNAs. Currently, commonly used technologies in miRNA research included the detection of miRNA expression using gene chip, high throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR, discovery and verification of miRNA target genes using a dual luciferase reporter vector, high throughput sequencing of crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP), et.al, wherein the transfection and tracing of miRNA mimic or inhibitor were the key technologies for studying miRNA function .
Cationic liposomes are the most commonly used method for nucleic acid transfection and can efficiently deliver nucleic acids into cells. Its advantages are convenient, economical, efficient and so on [6, 7]. The positively charged cationic liposomes and negatively charged nucleic acid sequences can form liposome-nucleic acid complexes with positive net charge by electrostatic interactions. Then these complexes bind to cell surfaces and enter the cells by endocytosis . In some cells, such as primary cells and suspension cells, the transfection efficiency of cationic liposome-DNA complexes is very low. There are many reasons for the low transfection efficiency. For instance, the proliferation rate of primary cells is relatively low; the membrane composition of cells is different; the heparan sulfate proteoglycan on cell surfaces can interfere the binding of cationic liposomes-nucleic acid complexes to the cell membrane [9–11]. In addition, the fluorescent label is an important tracing technology and is widely used in real time PCR, flow cytometry, intracellular localization and detection of molecular interaction [12, 13]. Many fluorescent dyes can be used as markers. The cyanine fluorescent dye (Cy5 and Cy3) is composed of two indole rings and five or three methine groups. It can bind to nucleic acids and proteins in the ground state and its application is very wide. Its advantages include sharp absorption band, high extinction coefficient, less autofluorescence, great photostability and low pH sensitivity . Carboxyfluorescein (FAM) is another commonly used fluorescein derivative and its advantages include convenient synthesis, stability in water and so on. FAM can bind to biological macromolecules by two carboxyl groups and be widely used for labeling proteins and nucleic acids in biomedical research [15, 16].
The transfection of fluorescently labeled RNA is one of the commonly used methods to study gene function. There were a lot of studies for optimizing the experimental parameters and were also some studies on its characteristics and mechanism. However, the mechanism of how fluorescently labeled RNA molecules enter cells has remained controversial. Some studies showed that the nucleic acid molecules labeled with cyanine fluorescent dye Cy3 could freely enter cells, but other studies suggested they could not enter cells without liposome and endocytosis . The studies focusing on the specificity of transfection are still few so far. However, in some other studies, it was found that strong fluorescence signals were detected on cells when Cy5 or Cy3-labeled siRNA was electrically transfected into cells while the actual transfection efficiency was very low. There were similar results that Cy3-labeled RNA was transfected into Hela cells by lipofectamine [18, 19]. Despite this, the study of these phenomena and their mechanisms was still lacking. A studies suggested that there were nonspecific fluorescence signals when fluorescently labeled miRNAs were transfected into cells and the reason was that fluorescently labeled miRNAs were cleaved by RNAse in culture medium and the cleaved fragments with fluorescent labels diffused into the cells . However, many studies have shown that the plasma miRNAs were tolerant to RNAse and were stable for long time [21, 22]. Obviously, more in-depth study was needed in order to clarify the characteristics and specificity of liposomal transfection with fluorescently labeled RNAs, especially miRNAs.
In this study, the miRNAs labeled with different fluorescence dyes were transfected into adherent and suspension cells by liposomal transfection reagent. Then, the characteristics, specificity and potential mechanisms of liposomal transfection of fluorescent-labeled miRNAs were studied. Our results showed that the miRNAs labeled with some fluorescent dyes could bind to the cell surface even without the formation of positively charged liposome-miRNA complexes. The hydrophobic interactions played important roles in this binding process. Moreover, this non-specific binding was associated with cell types, the structure and hydrophobicity of fluorescent dyes. These results implied that it would lead to significant errors in the estimation of transfection efficiency only according to the cellular fluorescence intensity when fluorescently labeled miRNAs were transfected into cells. Therefore, other methods to evaluate the transfection efficiency and more appropriate fluorescent dyes should be used for the accuracy of results.
Materials and Methods
Cell treatment and transfection
K562 and Hela cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and were cultured in 1640 medium (Gibco, Life technology, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Thermo Scientific, USA) in a humidified incubator in 5% CO2 at 37°C. For transfection of miRNA, 2.5x105 K562 cells or 1x105 Hela cells were seeded on each well of 12-well plate. After culturing for 24 hours or adherent Hela cells reached approximately 70% confluency, cells were transfected under optimized transfection conditions. Briefly, 3μl lipofection reagent (Lipofectamine RNAiMAX, Invitrogen, USA) was diluted in 50ul serum free medium Opti-MEM (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Fluorescently labeled miRNAs (Cy5-miR363, Cy5-miR195, Cy5-miR1, FAM-miR195), short random sequence (Cy5-RS: 5’-UCACAACCUCC UAGAAAGAGUAGA-3’; FAM-RS: 5’-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3’) (Ribobio, Guangzhou, China) were also separately diluted in Opti-MEM at working concentration (100nM). Part of them was mixed with diluted RNAiMAX reagent and was allowed to stand for 5min at room temperature to form positively charged liposome-miRNA complexes. A part of K562 or Hela cells were separately mixed with different liposome-miRNA complexes and cultured for different times. A part of K562 or Hela cells were treated only with fluorescently labeled miRNAs for different times. In some experiments, K562 and Hela cells were treated with RNaseA (1mg/ml) for 30min (or methanol/high salt buffer for 10min) after incubation with fluorescently labeled miRNAs with or without transfection reagent.
Flow Cytometry analysis
Twenty four hours after different treatments, Hela cells were treated by trypsin (Gibco, Life technology, USA) and then Hela and K562 cells with different treatments were collected by centrifugation at 500 rpm for 5 minutes. After washing 3 times with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), the fluorescence signals of Cy5 and FAM were respectively detected at 633nm and 488nm wavelength by flow cytometry (BD FACSCalibur, USA). The data were analyzed by Flowjo Software 7.2 (Tree star, Inc. San Carlos, CA).
Laser confocal microscopy detection
Twenty four hours after different treatments, the treated Hela and K562 cells were washed 3 times with PBS and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min. After washing with PBS, some cells were directly analyzed by laser confocal microscope (LSM710, Carl Zeiss, Germany). The other cells were stained with 1ug/ml DAPI (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride) in methanol for 25 minutes at 37°C and then analyzed by LSM710. The fluorescence images of Cy5, FAM and DAPI were taken, respectively at 633 nm, 488 nm and 358 nm wavelengths. The total fluorescence intensity per cell (TFIPC) was calculated by ZEN 2009 Light Edition and Imagepro plus software (Media Cybernetics, USA).
High salt wash
To destroy the electrostatic interactions, the treated Hela and K562 cells were respectively washed with 20mM Tris-HCL/2M NaCl pH7.6 buffer or 10mM KH2PO4 350mM KCl pH5.0 buffer. After centrifugation and washing with PBS, the fluorescence signals of Cy5, FAM and DAPI in cells were analyzed using laser confocal microscopy or flow cytometry as described above.
Total RNA of Hela and K562 cells with different treatments were isolated according to the protocol of TRizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). RNA concentration was measured by NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific, Hudson, NH). A part of total RNA was reversely transcripted using a miRCURY LNA Universal cDNA synthesis kit (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantitative real time PCR of miRNA was performed using Exiqon’s SYBR Green Master Mix, specific LNA PCR primer sets were purchased from Exiqon, human U6 was used as reference. A part of total RNA was reversely transcripted by a RevertAid First Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Scientific, Hudson, NH). Then, quantitative real time PCR was carried out using Maxima SYBR Green/ROX qPCR Master Mix (Thermo Scientific, Hudson, NH) to detect the expression of TWF1, a target gene of miR1. The primer sequence was as follows: sense: 5’ -GGTGTGGACACTAAGCATCAAACACTACAAGG-3’; anti-sense: 5’-ATCTATTTCCA ACTGCA CATAGTTGAGCTGTC-3’. Human β-actin was used as reference. MiRNA and mRNA was amplified and detected in the IQ5 iCycler (BioRad, Hercules, CA). Results were analyzed by the BioRad standard software (BioRad, Hercules, CA). Experiments were repeated independently for three times.
MiRNA luciferase reporter assay
The sequences completely complementary to miR363 and miR195 were synthesized and inserted into the multiple cloning site of pGL3 vector (Promega, Madison, WI) to construct miRNA luciferase reporter vectors in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Then, these vectors were separately co-transfected with pRL-TK vector, which contains Renilla reniformis luciferase reporter gene and was used as an internal reference, into K562 and Hela cells using Nucleofector (Amaxa Biosystems, Cologne, Germany) as described in the manufacturer's protocol. Then, the transfected cells were incubated with Cy5-miR363 or FAM-miR195 with or without RNAiMAX reagent. The untreated cells were used as negative control and the cells only co-transfected with miRNA luciferase reporter vector and pRL-TK vector were used as positive control. Luciferase activity was assayed by Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega). The results were presented as 1-RRR (Relative Response Ratio). RRR = (firefly/Renilla of experimental sample–firefly/Renilla of negative control)/ (firefly/Renilla of positive control–firefly/Renilla of negative control). 1-RRR was positively correlated to the amount of intracellular miRNA. The smaller 1-RRR is, the less intracellular miRNA amount is, and vice versa. Experiments were repeated independently for three times.
Surface hydrophobicity detection of cell membrane
The hydrophobicity of membrane surface of K562 and Hela cells was assayed using microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon (MATH) that was modified according to the protocol described previously . Briefly, the cells were centrifuged and resuspended in PBS. The MATH assay hydrocarbon was a mixture of 50% v/v n-hexadecane/toluene (Sigma Chemical Louis, MO). In a clean borosilicate glass tube, 300 μL hydrocarbon was added to 5 mL cell suspension. After vortexing for 2 min, the tube was set aside to rest for 15 min for phase separation. Then, a sample of cell suspension was retrieved from the aqueous phase with a clean Pasteur pipet, while avoiding disturbing the hydrocarbon layer. The concentration of cells initially resuspended in PBS and retrieved from aqueous phase was counted using Z2 particle counter (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL). Adhesion of cells to the hydrocarbons was evaluated as the fraction partitioned to the hydrocarbon phase (FP = 1− Cf/Co), where Co is the concentration of cells in PBS before mixing and Cf is the cell concentration in aqueous phase after vortexing and phase separation. The larger FP is, the more hydrophobic the membrane surface is.
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)
The intracellular trafficking of fluorescently labeled miRNAs after incubating Hela cells and K562 cells with them was investigated in different time points using the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique as previously described . Briefly, cells were cultured in a glass bottom dish and were treated with Cy5-miR363 or FAM-miR195 with or without RNAiMAX. FRAP experiments were performed on a Zeiss LSM710 laser confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany) with 63x/1.4 NA oil-immersion objective. Three annular areas were set as background area, target area and control area. Bleaching was executed in the target area by using 488nm- line for FAM or 633nm- line for Cy5 with 40mW argon laser at 80% power and fluorescence recovery was monitored at lower (4%) laser power. Fluorescence intensity of the bleaching region was measured once per 4 seconds until 460 seconds in K562 cells and once per 6 seconds until 1380 seconds in Hela cells.
Hydrophilicity analysis of fluorescent dyes
The hydrophilicity of FAM and Cy5 were analyzed using MARVIN BEANS 16.4 (Chemaxon, Hungary) according to their chemical structures. As described in the software manual and reference , the Cl- concentration was set to 155 mM and concentration of Na + and K + was set to 162 mM and then the LogD value was calculated at pH 7.4. LogD represented the partition coefficient of substance in butanol -n- water and indicated the hydrophilicity, the larger the LogD, the stronger the hydrophobicity.
Non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNAs to cell surface independent of sequence
MiR-363 or miR-195 labeled with Cy5 was separately transfected into suspension K562 cells using lipofection reagent RNAiMAX. Then the fluorescence signals of Cy5 on K562 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The results showed that the percentage of Cy5-positive K562 cells was nearly 100% and this usually implied a nearly 100% transfection efficiency (Fig 1A and 1B). However, this implication was contradictory to the consistent conclusion that suspension cells were difficult to transfect and the transfection efficiency was very low [26, 27]. Therefore, MiR-363 or miR-195 labeled with Cy5 was separately incubated with K562 cells without RNAiMAX. The analysis of flow cytometry data showed similar results (Fig 1A and 1B). Clearly, these results suggested that the abnormally high percentage of Cy5 positive cells was probably not caused by the transfection with RNAiMAX but by the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNAs to cells. To confirm these results, the fluorescence signals of Cy5 in treated K562 cells were detected by laser scanning confocal microscope without nuclear staining by DAPI. The results were consistent with the above results, namely, the fluorescence signals of Cy5 could be detected in K562 cells treated by Cy5-labeled miR-363 and miR-195 with and without lipofection reagent RNAiMAX. Moreover, there was also no significant difference of TFIPC between different miRNAs with the same treatment (Fig 1C–1E).
K562 and Hela cells were separately incubated with Cy5-miR-363/ Cy5-miR-195 with or without RNAiMAX. Then the fluorescence signals of Cy5 on K562 and Hela cells were detected by flow cytometry (A, B) and laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) without nuclear staining using DAPI (C, D). Cy5-positive cells (%) and total fluorescence intensity/cell in each group were calculated and presented in figure. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA. ▲: P<0.05 compared with the groups of K562 cells transfected by Cy5-miR363 or Cy5-miR195 with and without RNAiMAX. ★: P<0.05 compared with the groups of Hela cells transfected by Cy5-miR363 or Cy5-miR195 with and without RNAiMAX. (E) The K562 and Hela cells with different treatments were scanned by LSCM without nuclear staining using DAPI. The Cy5 fluorescence image, transmitted light image and merged image of them were shown on figure.
The complex effects of type of fluorescent dyes and cells on the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNAs to cell surface
Since the transfection efficiency of nucleic acid was significantly different in adherent or suspension cells, Cy5-labeled miR-363 or miR-195 was separately transfected into suspension K562 cells and adherent Hela cells with and without lipofection reagent. Then the fluorescent signals of Cy5 in cells were detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that the percentage of cy5 positive cells in each group of Hela cells treated by Cy5-miR-363 and Cy5-miR-195 was greater than 95% regardless of with or without lipofection reagent. They were similar to the results of suspension K562 cells (Fig 1A and 1B). Moreover, the results of laser confocal microscopy showed that nearly all cells without nuclear staining by DAPI were Cy5-positive and the Cy5 fluorescence signals were in line with the characteristics of membrane staining except for the Hela cells treated with lipofection reagent. The TFIPC was not significantly different between Hela cells and the corresponding K562 cells (Fig 1C–1E).
To clarify whether the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNAs to cells was related to the types of fluorescent dye, the Cy5 and FAM labeled short random sequences, which were the analog of miRNA, were incubated with K562 and Hela cells with and without lipofectamine reagent RNAiMAX. FAM was another commonly used carboxyfluorescein. The results of flow cytometry analysis indicated that the ratios of Cy5-positive or FAM-positive K562 cells were all over 90% and were not significantly different between with and without RNAiMAX. However, the FAM-positive Hela cells were significantly different between with and without RNAiMAX. About 80% Hela cells treated with RNAiMAX and FAM-RS were FAM-positive while Hela cells treated with only FAM-RS were almost FAM negative and had no significant difference compared with control group. The ratios of Cy5-positive Hela cells were all over 90% regardless of RNAiMAX treatment (Fig 2A and 2B). The results of laser confocal microscope were also similar to them of flow cytometry. Namely, TFIPC was not significantly different between K562 cells treated with RNAiMAX+FAM-RS and with only FAM-RS. TFIPC of Hela cells treated with RNAiMAX+FAM-RS was significantly higher than only with FAM-RS (Fig 2C–2E). Additionally, the results of hydrophilic analysis of Cy5 and FAM demonstrated that Cy5 was strongly hydrophobic (LogD = 3.81) and FAM was strongly hydrophilic (LogD = -5.53) at about pH 7.0 (Fig 2F and 2G). Moreover, the signal of non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNAs to K562 or Hela cells was relatively stable. It continued to weaken and was nearly zero until Day 11. (Fig 3A and 3B). Furthermore, the results of FRAP experiments showed that this non-specific binding of fluorescent-labeled miRNAs on cell surface could not promote miRNAs entering cells (Fig 3C–3J). The results of MATH indicated that the membrane surface of K562 was more hydrophobic than it of Hela cells (S1 Fig).
The percentage of fluorescence-positive cells in each group of K562 cells (A) and Hela cells (B) treated by Cy5-RS and FAM-RS with and without RNAiMAX was analyzed using flow cytometry and shown on figure. (C) K562 cells or Hela cells were treated by FAM-RS with and without RNAiMAX. The images were scanned by LSCM without nuclear staining using DAPI. The FAM fluorescence image, transmitted light image and merged image of them were shown on figure. The total fluorescence intensity per cell (TFIPC) was also calculated in each group of K562 cells (D) and Hela cells (E) treated by Cy5-RS and FAM-RS with and without RNAiMAX. All statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA. ▲: P<0.05 compared with the groups of K562 or Hela cells transfected by Cy5-RS with and without RNAiMAX. ★: P<0.05 compared with K562 cells transfected by FAM-RS with and without RNAiMAX. △: P<0.05 compared with Hela cells transfected by FAM-RS and RNAiMAX. The structural formula and hydrophilic curve of Cy5 (F) and FAM (G) showed that Cy5 was strongly hydrophobic with LogD 3.81 and FAM was strongly hydrophilic with LogD -5.53 at pH = 7.0.
K562 and Hela cells were respectively incubated with Cy5-miR363, Cy5-miR195 and FAM-RS. Then, the total fluorescence intensity per K562 cell (A) and Hela cell (B) were detected once per two days using laser confocal microscopy. The results were presented as mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA was performed to assess significant differences between the fluorescence intensity of first day and it of other days. P<0.05 compared to the groups of K562 or Hela cells treated with Cy5-miR363 (▲), Cy5-miR195 (★) and FAM-RS (△) in other days. K562 cells were treated with FAM-miR195 (C, D) or Cy5-miR363 (E, F) with and without RNAiMAX reagent. Then, FRAP was performed as described in Materials and Methods. Total fluorescence intensity/cell was detected once per 4 seconds until 460 seconds. Results showed that fluorescence signals of the region where the fluorescence had been bleached by high-energy pulsed laser could not recover as time went by in all groups. Hela cells were also treated with FAM-miR195 (G, H) or Cy5-miR363 (I, J) with and without RNAiMAX reagent. FRAP was performed and total fluorescence intensity/cell was detected once per 6 seconds until 1380 seconds. In Hela cells treated only with Cy5-miR363 or FAM-miR195, the results were similar to that of K562 cells. In Hela cells treated with Cy5-miR363 or FAM-miR195 and RNAiMAX, fluorescence signals of the region where the fluorescence had been bleached recovered in about 16 minutes because of the high transfection efficiency of RNAiMAX in Hela cells. All results were presented as mean ± SD.
The important roles of hydrophobic interactions in non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNA to cell surface
Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are the most common cause of intermolecular interactions. High salt buffers and organic solvents can destroy them. To reveal the potential mechanisms of non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNA to cell surface, K562 and Hela cells that were treated by Cy5-miR363, Cy5-miR195 and FAM-RS with and without RNAiMAX were nuclear staining using DAPI which was dissolved in pure methanol. The results showed that the fluorescence intensity of cells treated with Cy5 or FAM labeled miRNAs was significantly higher than untreated cells. The TFIPC of K562 cells decreased significantly after nuclear staining using DAPI since the suspension cells were difficult to transfect. However, the fluorescence signals of Cy5 and FAM in Hela cells treated with RNAiMAX and fluorescent-labeled miRNAs was still very obvious after nuclear staining using DAPI. The fluorescence signals of Cy5 and FAM in Hela and K562 cells treated with only fluorescence-labeled miRNAs nearly disappeared after nuclear staining using DAPI (Fig 4A). In addition, the treatment with 4% paraformaldehyde in sample processing had no effect on the results. However, the effect of RNase treatment was similar to that of methanol treatment. Namely, RNase treatment was able to abrogate the non-specific binding in the same way of organic solvent (S2 Fig).
K562 and Hela cells were treated with FAM-RS, Cy5-miR195 and Cy5-miR363 with and without RNAiMAX. Part of them was nuclear-stained by DAPI that dissolved in pure methanol (A) or washed by the high salt buffer (cationic and anionic) (B) respectively. Then, the fluorescence signals of Cy5 and FAM were detected by LSCM. Total fluorescence intensity/cell of each group was calculated and presented in figure. Statistical analysis was performed by One-way ANOVA. The groups in the same color block were treated with the same fluorescently labeled RNA sequence. ▲: P<0.05 compared with the groups of K562 or Hela cells not indicated by solid black triangle. ★: P<0.05 between the groups of K562 and Hela cells with the same treatment.
The above groups were treated with high salt buffers that could destroy the electrostatic interactions. The results of laser confocal microscopy showed that a high salt solution had no effect on the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNAs to cell surfaces. The ratios of positive cells and TFIPC of Cy5 and FAM in K562 cells transfected by Cy5-miR363, Cy5-miR195 and FAM-RS were not significantly different in groups with and without RNAiMAX treatment. The results of Hela cells were similar to the aforesaid results. Namely, TFIPC of FAM in Hela cells without RNAiMAX treatment was almost zero and high salt solution had no effect on this outcome (Fig 4B). Clearly, these results indicated that hydrophobic interactions might play key roles in the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNAs to the cell surface.
To further confirm the above results, K562 and Hela cells that were treated by FAM-miR195 and Cy5-miR363 as described above. Then, the amount of these two miRNAs was assayed using qPCR and luciferase reporter assay. The results of qPCR were consistent with that of Fig 4 (Fig 5A and 5B). The results of luciferase reporter assay showed that the luciferase activity of all groups of K562 cells was not influenced by different treatments and 1-RRR of different treatment groups was not significantly different to each other. This is because the transfection efficiency of RNAiMAX in K562 cells is very low and fluorescent-labeled miRNAs cannot be transfected into K562 cells. On the contrary, the transfection efficiency of RNAiMAX in Hela cells is very high and fluorescent-labeled miRNAs were easily transfected into Hela cells. Therefore, methanol and high salt treatment could not influence the effects of miRNAs that had been transfected into Hela cells. Regardless of treatment of methanol/high salt, 1-RRR of Hela cells treated with fluorescently labeled miRNAs and RNAiMAX reagent was significantly higher than that of other groups of Hela cells. (S3 Fig).
K562 and Hela cells were treated with FAM-miR195 and Cy5-miR363 with and without RNAiMAX. Part of them was washed by methanol or high salt buffer (cationic and anionic) respectively. Then, the amount of these two miRNAs in cells with methanol washing (A) and high-salt washing (B) was assayed using real time PCR. The groups in the same color block were treated with the same fluorescently labeled RNA sequence. Results were presented as fold change of miRNA expression compared to untreated cells. Additionally, K562 and Hela cells were treated by Cy5-miR1 with and without RNAiMAX. Part of them was also washed by methanol or high salt buffer (cationic and anionic) respectively. Then, Twf1 (target gene of miR1) expression in all groups of K562 cells (C) and Hela cells (D) was detected using real time PCR. Results were presented as fold change of Twf1 expression compared to the untreated cells. A positive number indicated up-regulation and a negative number indicated down-regulation. All data were shown as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed by One-way ANOVA. ▲: P<0.05 compared with the groups of K562 or Hela cells not indicated by solid black triangle. ★: P<0.05 between the groups of K562 and Hela cells with the same treatment. *: P<0.05 compared with the groups of Hela cells not indicated by asterisk.
Additionally, the analysis of expression level of miRNA target gene might be another good index of transfection rate to distinguish the non-specific binding. Thus, the expression of Twf1, a target gene of miR1 was analyzed using qPCR. For K562 cells, miR1 could not enter cells and inhibit its target gene expression because of the low transfection efficiency of RNAiMAX. Therefore, although the fluorescence signal in K562 cells treated with Cy5-miR1 was significantly increased compared to untreated cells, Twf1 expression did not change. After treatment with methanol, the fluorescence signal was similar to untreated cells since the non-specifically binding of Cy5-miR1 was washed, whereas the Twf1 expression remained unchanged (S4 Fig and Fig 5C). For Hela cells, the results of cells without treatment of RNAiMAX were similar to that of corresponding K562 cells. However, because of the high transfection efficiency of RNAiMAX in Hela cells, Twf1 expression in Hela cells with treatment of RNAiMAX was significantly decreased regardless of methanol and high salt buffer treatment (S4 Fig and Fig 5D). All these results suggested that the fluorescent-labeled miRNAs could non-specifically bind to cell surface by hydrophobic interaction and organic solvent could reduce the non-specific binding to some extent.
Transfection of exogenous miRNAs is an important technology for functional studies of miRNAs and the transfection efficiency determines the success or failure of the experiments. Many fluorescent dyes can be labeled on nucleic acid sequences and indicate their locations, which can be used to assess the transfection efficiency of cells. Therefore, the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled nucleic acid sequences to the cell surface would seriously interfere with the results of the assessment. So far, some studies have reported that there were non-specific binding when fluorescently labeled siRNAs or miRNAs were transfected into different cells [17, 18]. The mRNAs labeled with Cy3, which is another cyanine fluorescent dye, could non-specifically bind to the cell surface when they were transfected into Hela cells with lipofectin . Another study found that there were also non-specific binding of fluorescently-labeled proteins to living cells . These results suggested that the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled biomolecules to the cell surface might be a widespread phenomenon. Our results also indicated the non-specific binding of fluorescent-labeled miRNAs to the cell surface, which was consistent with the previous studies. This study also showed that this non-specific binding was related not to the miRNA sequences but to the types of cells and fluorescent dyes. The non-specific binding of hydrophilic fluorescent dyes (e.g. FAM) was significantly weaker than that of hydrophobic fluorescent dyes (e.g. Cy5) and that in adherent cells which were easily transfected with nucleic acid sequences was also significantly weaker than that in suspension cells which were hard-to-transfect. These studies indicated that it would lead to significant errors in the estimation of transfection efficiency only according to the ratios of fluorescent-positive cells and would interfere with the subsequent experiments because of the non-specific interaction of the fluorescently labeled RNA with cells. However, the aforementioned non-specific interaction was not much reported and fully recognized until now. One of the reasons might be that PCR or Western Blot were often used for assessing transfection efficiency in many studies of miRNA function [29, 30]. Despite this, the ratio of fluorescent-positive cells was still used for assessing transfection efficiency in high-throughput studies in which the transfection efficiency needed to be evaluated quickly [31, 32]. Therefore, the non-specific binding described in this study should be paid more attention and be studied in-depth.
The mechanism studies of non-specific binding of fluorescently labeling miRNAs to cells are still few. Non-specific binding of biological macromolecules is a common phenomenon, which is mainly caused by non-covalent interactions between molecules (such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic force, hydrophobic force and van der Waals forces, etc). On the other hand, these non-covalent interactions are also important for the specific interactions between biological macromolecules. Of course, the structural adaptation of macromolecules is the basis for ensuring the specificity of interactions. The complexes of positively charged liposomes and negatively charged miRNAs labeled with fluorescent dyes are still positively charged. The cell surface is negatively charged and therefore the positively charged liposome-miRNA complexes can bind to cell surface by electrostatic interactions, then they enter cells through endocytosis. This is the main mechanism of liposomal transfection. However, our study showed that a high salt buffer, which could destroy the electrostatic interactions, could not reduce the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNA to the cell surface. This indicated that electrostatic interactions might not be the main reason for this non-specific binding. Some studies analyzed the interactions of T47D cells with proteins labeled by Alexa Fluor, Atto and cyanine dyes as well as their chemical properties. They found that hydrophobic fluorescent dyes could non-specifically bind to cells by hydrophobic interactions . Other studies demonstrated that water-soluble fluorescent dyes could also interact with the lipid bilayer . Our study was consistent with the aforementioned results. Namely, the hydrophobic interaction was the important reason for the non-specific binding of fluorescently-labeled miRNA to cells. The treatment of organic solvent could reduce the fluorescence signals caused by the non-specific binding to the cell surface. Moreover, this non-specific binding was closely related to the types of cells and fluorescent dyes. The non-specific bindings of hydrophobic fluorescent dyes to suspension cells were more obvious than that of hydrophilic fluorescent dyes to adherent cells. The mechanism of this difference was very complex. Our results indicated that non-specific binding occurred mainly on cell surface and hydrophobic interactions played a key role in it. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity of K562 cell membrane was stronger than that of HeLa cell membrane. Therefore, the different hydrophobicity of fluorescent dyes including Cy5 and FAM as well as of the membrane surface of might be involved in the non-specific bindings. Hydrophobic Cy5 could bind more tightly to K562 cells than to Hela cells because of the more hydrophobic surface of K562 cell membrane. Overall FAM is hydrophilic and its hydrophobic groups could still bind to the strong hydrophobic surface of K562 cell membrane, while the binding of FAM to the weak hydrophobic surface of HeLa cell membrane was relatively weak. However, it should be noted that this study only preliminarily investigated the non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNAs in the process of liposomal transfection and the studied fluorescent dyes, nucleic acid sequences and the cell types were relatively few. In fact, more in-depth study on this issue and its mechanism is currently underway in our lab.
In summary, the transfection of miRNA was one of the most commonly used methods for functional studies of miRNAs. The non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNA to cell surface would seriously affect the accuracy and reliability of the results. So far, studies on the mechanism of the above-mentioned non-specific binding have not been reported much and did not attract enough attention. To our knowledge, this study firstly revealed that the fluorescently labeled miRNAs could non-specifically bind to the cell surface by hydrophobic interaction and it was particularly significant in terms of suspension cells and hydrophobic fluorescent dyes. This non-specific binding could be removed by washing cells with organic solvents. Our study implied that the more appropriate fluorescent dyes should be selected in actual experiments according to the studied cell types for ensuring the accuracy of the results.
S1 Fig. Surface hydrophobicity assay of K562 and Hela cell membrane.
K562 and Hela cells were cultured in recommended conditions. Then, cells were harvested and resuspended in PBS. The cell surface hydrophobicity of K562 and Hela cells was evaluated using microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon (MATH) as described in Materials and Methods. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed by t test and p value was shown in figure. FP means the fraction partitioned to the hydrocarbon phase (FP = 1− Cf/Co), where Co is the concentration of cells in PBS before mixing and Cf is the cell concentration in aqueous phase after vortexing and phase separation.
S2 Fig. RNase treatment was able to abrogate the non-specific binding in the same way of organic solvent.
K562 and Hela cells were incubated with FAM-miR195 and Cy5-miR363 with and without RNAiMAX. Part of them was treated with RNaseA. Then, the amount of these two miRNAs in K562 cells (A) and Hela cells (B) was assayed using real time PCR. Results were presented as fold change of miRNA expression compared to control, namely, the untreated cells. Additionally, the fluorescence intensity of K562 cells (C) and Hela cells (D) was also detected by laser confocal microscopy. All data were presented as mean ± SD. All statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. ▲: P<0.05 compared with the groups of K562 or Hela cells not indicated by solid black triangle.
S3 Fig. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed the important roles of hydrophobic interaction in non-specific binding of fluorescently labeled miRNA to the cell surface.
The luciferase reporter vector pGL3-miR363 and pGL3-miR195 were separately co-transfected with pRL-TK vector into K562 and Hela cells using Amaxa Nucleofector. Then, the transfected cells were incubated with FAM-miR195 or Cy5-miR363 with or without RNAiMAX reagent. Part of cells was washed by methanol (A) or high salt buffer (cationic and anionic) (B) respectively. The untreated cells were used as negative control and the cells only co-transfected with pGL3-basic and pRL-TK vector were used as positive control. Luciferase activity was assayed by Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System. Results were presented as 1-RRR (Relative Response Ratio). RRR = (firefly/Renilla of experimental sample–firefly/Renilla of negative control)/(firefly/Renilla of positive control–firefly/Renilla of negative control). 1-RRR was positively correlated to the amount of intracellular miRNA. The smaller 1-RRR is, the less intracellular miRNA amount is, and vice versa. Data were presented as mean ± SD. All statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. ▲: P<0.05 compared with the groups of K562 or Hela cells not indicated by solid black triangle. ★: P<0.05 between the groups of K562 and Hela cells with the same treatment.
S4 Fig. Fluorescence signal of K562 and Hela cells treated with Cy5-miR1.
K562 and Hela cells were treated by Cy5-miR1 with and without RNAiMAX. Part of them was nuclear-stained by DAPI that dissolved in pure methanol or washed by the high salt buffer (cationic and anionic) respectively. Then, the fluorescence signals of Cy5 were detected by laser confocal microscopy. The total fluorescence intensity per cell of each group was calculated and presented in figure. Data were presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed by One-way ANOVA. ▲: P<0.05 compared with the groups of K562 or Hela cells not indicated by solid black triangle. ★: P<0.05 between the groups of K562 and Hela cells with the same treatment.
We would like to thank everyone involved in this work. We thank Jing Gao and Yan Gong for their help in the experiments.
Conceived and designed the experiments: QYZ ZW. Performed the experiments: TL ZWL. Analyzed the data: TL XWW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JWR PY. Wrote the paper: TL QYZ.
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purposes of drinking water protection, consideration of the relative cost-effectiveness of different strategies merits attention. For example, to what extent should limited financial resources be allocated between water system upgrades and source water protection in the region?
The use of cost-effectiveness as the primary method of evaluating options for achieving water quality objectives in the region is recommended. It should include an analysis of incremental costs to achieve elimination of low-probability contamination events. The committee also recommends the use of benefit-cost analysis in the evaluation of water quality improvement projects in the region, and in helping to set priorities. Although “state-of-the art” studies can be very expensive, it may be possible to gain useful information using “lower cost” methods. For example, “benefits transfers” is a method for estimating benefits of environmental quality improvements using results from other regions. The EPA’s (2000b) Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses describes methods and procedures for cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost studies.
Decision makers in the region may want to apply criteria beyond long-term cost-effectiveness and benefit-cost analysis to project evaluation. They may also have interest in metrics of performance beyond costs, benefits, or water quality indicators, such as equity, social justice, and other social objectives. To the extent that this is the case, multicriteria methods offer tools for systematic evaluation of water quality improvement projects and related decisions when there are multiple competing objectives. A brief introduction to the array of methods is presented in Janssen and Munda (1999).
As the CWARP process is being implemented, it is essential that it be integrated with the ongoing process of establishing total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for impaired streams being conducted by PADEP under requirements of the Clean Water Act. There are many parallels between CWARP and the process for establishing TMDLs. A TMDL defines the pollutant load that a waterbody can assimilate without causing violations of its water quality standards. The term TMDL also refers to a plan for those waters in violation of their water quality standards, in which the excess pollutant loading is allocated between contributing point sources and nonpoint sources and subsequent actions are taken to control and eliminate these excesses.
Although the TMDL program originated from the Clean Water Act (Section 303d), it was largely overlooked during the 1970s and 1980s as states focused on controlling point sources of pollution through compliance with NPDES permits (NRC, 2001). Beginning in the 1980s, citizen lawsuits forced EPA to develop guidance for the TMDL program, which is now considered pivotal in achieving the nation’s water quality goals.
The NRC (2001) review of the scientific basis of the TMDL program recommended that the program meet certain objectives, some of which are also an integral part of the CWARP approach recommended in this report. These objectives include the following:
improve the condition of waterbodies as measured by attainment of designated uses; | <urn:uuid:468374bf-e003-4656-abec-939163e20003> | {
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Asked by Anonymous
I was wondering when someone would come asking about this!
For those not aware, polyphasic sleep means sleeping multiple times during one 24-hour period. Doing so generally lets people spend less time sleeping overall. Here are a few examples of polyphasic schedules:
The most extreme form of polyphasic sleep, Uberman, is comprised of six 20-minute naps, totaling only 2 hours of sleep every day. I currently sleep on an Everyman schedule—I take three 20-minute naps every day and a 3 hour core sleep. This is my old monophasic schedule compared to the Everyman one I use now:
So to answer those questions…
If you are trying to remember which is a alpha bond and which is a Beta bond
The Beta bond kind of looks like
and Dave is a Beta kid
Some molecules are Alpha or Beta depending where the OH is up or down
So I remember the Alpha kids are down with the Beta kids all up in their session
H for hot so…
Alpha is the Hot and on top…. >.~
While Beta is hot on the bottom… ^….^
How Can You Learn New Things Faster.
Step 1. Choose the concept you want to understand.
Take a blank piece of paper and write that concept at the top of the page.
Step 2. Pretend you’re teaching the idea to someone else.
Write out an explanation of the topic, as if you were trying to teach it to a new student. When you explain the idea this way you get a better idea of what you understand and where you might have some gaps.
Step 3. If you get stuck, go back to the book.
Whenever you get stuck, go back to the source material and re-learn that part of the material until you get it enough that you can explain it on paper.
Step 4. Simplify your language.
The goal is to use your words, not the words of the source material. If your explanation is wordy or confusing, that’s an indication that you might not understand the idea as well as you thought – try to simplify the language or create an analogy to better understand it
Should do this on Notability ;)
I’ve decided to write a little post about silicone because that is what we get the most questions about! I hope this helps everyone out a little bit.
For decoden, you should always be using 100% silicone. Not acrylic, not latex. The reason we recommend 100% silicone is because it… | <urn:uuid:74fb1b2f-cc9a-4bcf-ba16-58ab42fba2f2> | {
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As well as many other automobile companies, the Rover which was founded in 1887 by John Kemp Starley and William Sutton, started with manufacturing of bicycles. The first car was created in 1889 and it was a common carriage with 8HP engine. Due to a whole number of smart technical solutions, the company managed to enter the middle class car market with production of such attractive and improved models as Rover Twelve Sedan (1911). Being equipped with a 28 HP engine the car could reach up to 80 km/h.
In 1918 the company introduced its Rover 14 model. Later a Norwegian engineer Peter Poppe developed a new Rover 14/45 which was fitted with a revolutionary overhead camshaft engine with hemispherical combustion chamber, but in 1925 it was replaced with a new 16/50 model, which was fitted with a revised 2,4L engine. In 1928 a 9/20 model, that hadn’t got much success, was also revised and got a new Rover Ten name alongside with a new engine.
In that same year of 1928 the world saw a legendary Rover 16hp Light Six model, which was equipped with a 6-cylinder engine, developed by Peter Poppe again. This time the car had got a much better engine and it even managed to give the dust to the legendary high-speed train - Blue Express, which at that time was plying across France – from Côte d'Azur to La Manche. The Rover was enjoying its fame!
In the 1930s the company tried to enter the upper middle class car market and stay there for some time. In 1932 a high-speed Rover 14 Speed made its debut. The car reached up to 130 km/h. It was a trendy model with soft leather upholstery, polished veneer inserts and luxurious decorative finishing. Due to this car the company gained the reputation of manufacturer of high-speed elegant cars with splendid interior. In 1934 the company upgraded its line-up. The 10,12 and 14 models got revised engines (1,4; 1,5 and 1,6 L correspondingly) and new design, all completed in one style. This series went down in history as P1 series.
Starting from 1939 the company had to manufacture products for military purposes. During the World War II the company delivered engines, aluminum airfoils for aircraft fleets and engine units for the English army. They also distinguished themselves for the deliveries of aircraft reaction turbines for the British Gloster fighters.
After the war the Rover launched P2 model into production, which was developed as early as in the early 40-s. So that to be able to survive in the hard post-war environment, they manufactured the first in company’s history left drive P2 car. As a result in 1946 almost 50% of all the cars produced were exported and in the next year the car export reached 75%.
In the late 1940s the Rover placed their bets on upper middle class cars. A new P3 model was finally equipped with fully metal body and independent front suspension as well as a hydromechanical drive for the front brake. The engine, that P3 was equipped with, was exactly the kind of an engine that those years were in need of. There were two car versions called according to their engines’ powers: Rover 60 and Rover 75 with 60 and 75 HP respectively. P3 model was in fact an interim model and it had been manufactured until the end of 1949, when it became clear that the car was out of date.
In 1949 the Rover turned out to be the leader of automobile design in Europe. It was aided by the Rover P4 which had been designed by a famous designer Maurice Wilks. A 75HP version of Rover 75 was fitted with a 6-cylinder engine that was taken from the previous model. In 1950 the hydromechanical brake drive inherited from P3 was replaced with fully hydraulic brake system.
In 1953 the versions of P4 60 with 4-cylinder engine and P4 90 with 6-cylinder engines appeared and by 1955 the exterior of the car had also changed greatly. In 1956 the car got a brake booster and a new more powerful version P4 105, which came both with a common manual transmission (P4 105S) and original Roverdrive automatic transmission (P4 105R). The latter one was the first model in company’s history to be fitted with automatic transmission. Pover P4 had been manufactured until 1964 and over its 15-year production it gained the reputation of a very quiet technically perfect and reliable model.
When Rover P5 saw the light in 1958, it was absolutely clear that it was a response to Jaguar’s more than successful Mk VIII. The P5’s design was created by David Buch and the car got a very modern and stylish look. The luxurious P5 was created for long-distance high-speed travelling with much comfort. In 1962 the P5 Coupe was first introduced to the market. In 1963 the engine got 134 HP and in 1966 the model was again revised. When in 1968 a new P5 with licensed Buick V8 engine saw the light, everybody was really amused and shocked. This engine had solved all the problems concerning the car performance! P5B modification (B stands for Buick) with 160 HP monster under the jacket could easily compete with any of Jaguar models. In general this model came out to be so successful that its production was stopped only in 1973 with almost 70 000 cars manufactured. Another evidence to the exceptional nature of this car model was that even the Queen drove these cars.
A new Rover P6 was introduced to the public in 1963. It was a good combination of a well-thought-out construction and high quality assembly that made this car a perfect example of an executive class car. The audience and mass-media couldn’t stop admiring the car and as early as in the year of its production the car won the first place at the first-ever-held Car of the Year competition. The exterior of Rover P6 3500S (the name of the version with V8 engine that was P6 equipped with in 1971) featured the increased diameter brake rotors and wider tires.
In 1966 the Rover joined the Leyland. Soon after, it was renamed as the British Leyland.
Rover SD1, which replaced two models at once (Rover P5 and Rover P6) and had the design that couldn’t but resemble of Ferrari Daytona’s design, was first introduced to the public in 1976 as an unusual hatchback with 3,5L V8 155 HP engine. Innovative design, upgraded interior and perfect road behavior helped it to win the Car of the Year prize in 1977 in Europe. The same year was marked with SD1 versions with 6-cylinder 2,4L and 2,6L models.
Alec Issigonis designed a Mini Rover for the company to come over the economic crisis of the 70-s. The car had been manufactured up to the year 2000.
The technical regulations of the British Body Championship that changed in 1983, made the Rover sports business unit design a new model which turned out to be incredibly fast. This car won a few competitions during its first year and the Championship of 1984 was won without scoring a point. The Rover car gained the same success at the German DTM of 1986 when it smashed BMW and Mercedes at their own field. For the new race car to pass through homologation, the company had to produce a loaded version of Rover SD1 Vitesse. The car lost some of its comfort but it showed excellent behavior on the road and reached 100 km/h in 7,5 seconds!
In 1984 the first fruit of cooperation with the Honda came to light and it was a compact front drive Rover 200, being a revised model of Honda Civic. The program of cooperation included the co-development of a conventional for the Rover company large sedan. Rover 800 Sedan rolled of the production line in 1986 and it was either fitted with 2,0 L Rover engine or V6 Honda engine. In 1989 Rover 200 was upgraded and the production of Rover 400 started, being the extension of the 200-series.
In the 1980s another very popular Rover model was produced – an amazing all-wheel-drive Rover Metro 6R4 with V 6-cylinder engine installed in the middle. In 1986 the automobile showroom in Turin saw the turbomotor 2,4 L version.
The Rover 600 produced in 1993 filled the gap between Rover 400 and Rover 800.
When in 1994 the Rover company got under control of the BMW, it then completely renewed its line-up: new models of 200 and 400 series were produced and company’s flagship was mounted with a pulling 2,5L K-series engine in 1996. Such an engine replaced the high-speed Honda V6 which didn’t match the style of the car any longer.
At the end of the year 1998 Rover 75 came into existence.
The beginning of the 21st century (in 2000 – 2005) was hard times for the Rover. BMW threw the company to the winds and the Rover shut down. Today the former pride of Great Britain – the Rover brand is owned by the Chinese SAIC. | <urn:uuid:55656c16-7e8d-4309-8d85-41c65bf1ce38> | {
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Japan has found a large deposit of rare earth minerals in its Pacific seabed, enough to supply its hi-tech industries for more than 200 years, a scientist said Friday.
Around 6.8 million tonnes of the valuable minerals, used in electric cars, iPods and lasers, are sitting under the seabed near a far eastern Japanese island, Tokyo University professor Yasuhiro Kato told AFP.
He said mud samples taken from an area near Minamitorishima island, some 2,000 kilometres (1,250 miles) southeast of Tokyo, indicated deposits amounted to around 220 times the average annual amount used by industry in Japan.
The seabed contained a substantial amount of dysprosium -- a rare earth mineral used in the engines for hybrid cars, he said.
"Specifically on dysprosium, I estimate at least 400 years worth of Japan's current consumption is in the deposits," said the professor, who examined mud samples taken from the seabed around 5,600 metres (18,300 feet) down.
"We can start drilling in the mud, using oil extraction technology, within three years at the earliest and start producing rare earth minerals within five years," he said.
The find would be the first time large scale rare-earth deposits had been discovered inside Japan's exclusive economic zone, local media said.
Rare earths are used to make a wide range of high tech products, including powerful magnets, batteries, LED lights, electric cars, iPods, lasers, wind turbines and missiles.
China currently produces more than 90 percent of the world's supply of rare earths, but has clamped down on exports of them in a move Beijing says is aimed at protecting its environment and conserving supplies.
But Japan, the European Union and the United States claim China is unfairly benefiting its own industries by restricting exports.
The confirmation of a significant find of rare earths in Japanese territory would be welcome news for Japan's hi-tech industries who were caught in a political spat between Tokyo and Beijing in 2010 when China squeezed supplies.
"I would like to see the Japanese government recognise the existence of the rare earth deposits and soon start making investment in developing the area," said professor Kato.
Explore further: India agrees to long-term supply of rare earths for Japan | <urn:uuid:772d1f66-457d-4caf-bc0b-04695e889c3b> | {
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Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers
Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers are acute viral diseases that lead often to severe illness and death in humans and other primates. The infections typically affect multiple organs in the body and are often accompanied by hemorrhage (bleeding). Once the virus has been transmitted from an animal host to a human, it can then spread through person-to-person contact.
Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers are acute diseases that often lead to severe illness and death in both humans and nonhuman primates. The diseases typically affect multiple organs in the body and are often accompanied by hemorrhage (bleeding). The illnesses are caused by filoviruses, the only two known members of the virus family Filoviridae.
Image: Transmission electron micrograph depicting a number of filamentous Marburg virions. Source: CDC; Credit: E. Palmer and R. Regnery.
Marburg hemorrhagic fever was first recognized in 1967, when laboratory workers in Germany and Yugoslavia developed a hemorrhagic illness after handling tissue from green monkeys. The outbreak resulted in 31 infections and 7 deaths. Researchers later identified the cause as a never-before-seen filovirus, termed “Marburg” after one of the outbreak locations.
Eleven years later, Ebola virus was identified when two outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred in northern Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) and southern Sudan. The causes of the outbreaks were identified as two different species of another novel filovirus, called “Ebola” after a river in northern Zaire. Both species proved to be highly lethal, as 90 percent of the Zairian cases and 50 percent of the Sudanese cases resulted in death.
There are five species of Ebola virus, named for the locations in which they were first recognized. Four of the five subtypes have caused disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan/Gulu, Ebola-Ivory Coast, and Ebola-Bundibugyo. The fifth, Ebola-Reston, has caused disease in nonhuman primates (gorillas, chimpanzees, and monkeys) but not in humans.
Filoviruses are believed to be zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted to humans by animals. The natural reservoirs, or animal hosts, of Ebola and Marburg viruses are not known. The viruses can replicate, or reproduce, in certain types of bats native to the areas where the viruses are found, so some researchers think that these bats could be the natural reservoirs.
Once the virus has been transmitted to a human, it can then be spread through person-to-person contact. People can be exposed to Ebola and Marburg viruses from direct contact with the blood or secretions of an infected person.
Nosocomial transmission, or the spread of disease within a healthcare setting, also occurs, making the use of protective clothing and the disposal of needles and syringes crucial to preventing the spread of infection.
Symptoms of Ebola hemorrhagic fever usually appear 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, sore throat, and weakness followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Other symptoms, including rash, red eyes, hiccups, and internal and external bleeding, may also occur.
Symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever appear 5 to 10 days after exposure to the virus. Symptoms appear suddenly and include fever, chills, headache, and muscle aches. Infected people may also develop a red rash usually on the chest, back, or stomach. Nausea, vomiting, chest pain, a sore throat, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may appear. Symptoms become increasingly severe and may include severe weight loss, delirium, shock, liver failure, and external bleeding.
Diagnosis of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers can be difficult because early symptoms are often similar to other infectious diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever.
If they suspect Ebola or Marburg infection, healthcare providers will isolate infected patients. Laboratory tests can confirm infection within a few days of the onset of symptoms.
Treatment and Prevention
There are no specific drugs to treat Ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fevers. If hospitalized, ill people can be given supportive care such as intravenous fluids.
The molecular events that affect disease transmission and human response to Ebola and Marburg viruses are poorly understood. Researchers in NIAID’s Division of Intramural Research and at the Institute’s Vaccine Research Center as well as NIAID-supported scientists at external institutions are studying all aspects of Ebola and Marburg viruses and how they cause disease.
Investigators are seeking better ways to diagnose and treat Ebola and Marburg fevers. For example, NIAID scientists, in collaboration with researchers at the NIAID-supported New England Regional Center of Excellence, are investigating molecules called cathepsin inhibitors. Cathepsins play an essential role in allowing the Ebola virus to enter and infect cells. Cathepsin inhibitors could be developed to keep the virus from entering cells and causing disease.
- Ebola’s Masking Technique Revealed
- ‘Broad Spectrum’ Antiviral Is Discovered That Fights Multitude of Viruses | <urn:uuid:dd79d92f-81ec-448d-9e37-60ef94064247> | {
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Italian battleship Roma (1940)
|Builder:||Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico|
|Laid down:||18 September 1938|
|Launched:||9 June 1940|
|Commissioned:||14 June 1942|
|In service:||21 August 1942|
|Fate:||Sunk 9 September 1943|
|Class & type:||Littorio-class battleship|
|Displacement:||Full load: 45,485 long tons (46,215 t)|
|Length:||240.7 m (790 ft)|
|Beam:||32.9 m (108 ft)|
|Draft:||9.6 m (31 ft)|
|Installed power:||8 × Yarrow boilers
128,000 shp (95,000 kW)
|Propulsion:||4 × steam turbines, 4 × shafts|
|Speed:||30 kn (35 mph; 56 km/h)|
|Armament:||3 × 3 381 mm (15.0 in)/50 cal guns
4 × 3 152 mm (6.0 in)/55 cal guns
4 × 1 120 mm (4.7 in)/40 guns for illumination
12 × 1 90 mm (3.5 in)/50 anti-aircraft guns
20 × 37 mm (1.5 in)/54 guns (8 × 2; 4 × 1)
10 × 2 20 mm (0.79 in)/65 guns
|Armor:||Main belt: 350 mm (14 in)
Deck: 162 mm (6.4 in)
Turrets: 350 mm
Conning tower: 260 mm (10 in)
|Aircraft carried:||3 aircraft (IMAM Ro.43 or Reggiane Re.2000)|
|Aviation facilities:||1 stern catapult|
Roma, named after two previous ships and the city of Rome,[N 1] was the fourth Vittorio Veneto-class battleship of Italy's Regia Marina (Royal Navy). The construction of both Roma and her sister ship Impero was planned due to rising tensions around the world and the navy's fear that two Vittorio Venetos and the older pre-First World War battleships were not enough to counter the British and French Mediterranean Fleets. As Roma was laid down almost four years after the first two ships of the class, some small improvements were made to the design, including additional freeboard added to the bow.
Roma was commissioned into the Regia Marina on 14 June 1942, but a severe fuel shortage in Italy at that time prevented her from being deployed; instead, along with her sister ships Vittorio Veneto and Littorio, she was used to bolster the anti-aircraft defenses of various Italian cities. In this role, she was severely damaged twice in June 1943 from bomber raids on La Spezia. After repairs in Genoa through all of July and part of August, Roma was deployed as the flagship of Admiral Carlo Bergamini in a large battle group that eventually comprised the three Vittorio Venetos, eight cruisers and eight destroyers. Their stated intent was attacking the Allied ships approaching Salerno to invade Italy (Operation "Avalanche") but, in reality, the Italian fleet was sailing to Malta to surrender following Italy's September 8, 1943 armistice with the Allies.
While the force was in the Strait of Bonifacio, Dornier Do 217s of the German Luftwaffe's specialist wing KG 100 — armed with Fritz X radio-controlled bombs—sighted the force. The first attack failed, but the second dealt Italia (ex-Littorio) and Roma much damage. The hit on Roma caused water to flood two boiler rooms and the after engine room, leaving the ship to limp along with two propellers, reduced power, and arc-induced fires in the stern of the ship. Shortly thereafter, another bomb slammed into the ship which detonated within the forward engine room, causing catastrophic flooding and the explosion of the #2 main turret's magazines, throwing the turret itself into the sea. Sinking by the bow and listing to starboard, Roma capsized and broke in two, carrying 1253 men—including Bergamini—down with her.
- For additional information, see Littorio-class battleship
The Italian leader Benito Mussolini did not authorize any large naval rearmament until 1933. Once he did, two old battleships of the Conte di Cavour class were sent to be modernized in the same year, and Vittorio Veneto and Littorio were laid down in 1934. In May 1935, the Italian Naval Ministry began preparing for a five-year naval building program that would include four battleships, three aircraft carriers, four cruisers, fifty-four submarines, and forty smaller ships. In December 1935, Admiral Domenico Cavagnari proposed to Mussolini that, among other things, two more battleships of the Littorio class be built to attempt to counter a possible Franco-British alliance—if the two countries combined forces, they would easily outnumber the Italian fleet. Mussolini postponed his decision, but later authorized planning for the two ships in January 1937. In December, they were approved and money was appropriated for them; they were named Roma and Impero ("Empire").
Laid down nearly four years after Vittorio Veneto and Littorio, Roma was able to incorporate a few design improvements. Her bow was noticeably redesigned to give Roma additional freeboard; partway into construction, it was modified on the basis of experience with Vittorio Veneto so that it had had a finer end at the waterline. She was also equipped with thirty-two rather than twenty-four 20 mm (0.79 in)/65 caliber Breda guns.[N 2]
Roma was 240.68 meters (789.6 ft) long overall and had a beam of 32.82 m (107.7 ft) and a draft of 9.6 m (31 ft). She was designed with a standard displacement of 40,992 long tons (41,650 t), a violation of the 35,000-long-ton (36,000 t) restriction of the Washington Naval Treaty; at full combat loading, she displaced 45,485 long tons (46,215 t). The ship was powered by four Belluzo geared steam turbines rated at 128,000 shaft horsepower (95,000 kW). Steam was provided by eight oil-fired Yarrow boilers. The engines provided a top speed of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) and a range of 3,920 mi (6,310 km; 3,410 nmi) at 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph). Roma had a crew of 1,830 to 1,950 if she had been completed.
Roma 's main armament consisted of nine 381-millimeter (15.0 in) 50-caliber Model 1934 guns in three triple turrets; two turrets were placed forward in a superfiring arrangement and the third was located aft. Her secondary anti-surface armament consisted of twelve 152 mm (6.0 in) /55 Model 1934/35 guns in four triple turrets amidships. These were supplemented by four 120 mm (4.7 in) /40 Model 1891/92 guns in single mounts; these guns were old weapons and were primarily intended to fire star shells. Roma was equipped with an anti-aircraft battery that comprised twelve 90 mm (3.5 in) /50 Model 1938 guns in single mounts, twenty 37 mm (1.5 in) /54 guns in eight twin and four single mounts, and sixteen 20 mm (0.79 in) /65 guns in eight twin mounts.
The ship was protected by a main armored belt that was 280 mm (11 in) with a second layer of steel that was 70 mm (2.8 in) thick. The main deck was 162 mm (6.4 in) thick in the central area of the ship and reduced to 45 mm (1.8 in) in less critical areas. The main battery turrets were 350 mm (14 in) thick and the lower turret structure was housed in barbettes that were also 350 mm thick. The secondary turrets had 280 mm thick faces and the conning tower had 260 mm (10 in) thick sides. Roma was fitted with a catapult on her stern and equipped with three IMAM Ro.43 reconnaissance float planes or Reggiane Re.2000 fighters.
Roma 's keel was laid by the Italian shipbuilder Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico on 18 September 1938 and she was launched on 9 June 1940. After just over two years of fitting-out, the new battleship was commissioned into the Regia Marina on 14 June 1942. She arrived in the major naval base of Taranto on 21 August of the same year and was assigned to the Ninth Naval Division. Although Roma took part in training exercises and was moved to various bases including Taranto, Naples and La Spezia, in the next year, she did not go on any combat missions as the Italian Navy was desperately short of fuel. In fact, by the end of 1942, the only combat-ready battleships in the navy were the three Vittorio Venetos because the fuel shortage had caused the four modernized battleships to be removed from service. When combined with a lack of capable vessels to escort the capital ships, the combat potential of the Italian Navy was virtually non-existent.
Roma and her two sisters were moved from Taranto to Naples on 12 November in response to the Allied invasion of North Africa; while en route, the three battleships were attacked by the British submarine HMS Umbra, though no hits were made. On 4 December, the United States launched a major air raid on Naples in an attempt to destroy the Italian fleet; one cruiser was destroyed and two others were damaged in the attack, as were four destroyers. Two days later, Roma was transferred with Vittorio Veneto and Littorio to La Spezia, where she became the flagship of the Regia Marina. They remained here through the first half of 1943 without going on any operations.
During this time, La Spezia was attacked many times by Allied bomber groups. Attacks on 14 and 19 April 1943 did not hit Roma, but an American raid on 5 June severely damaged both Vittorio Veneto and Roma. B-17 aircraft carrying 908 kg (2,002 lb) armor-piercing bombs damaged the stationary battleships with two bombs each. Roma suffered from two near hits on either side of her bow. The starboard-side bomb hit the ship but passed through the side of the hull before exploding. The ship began taking on water through leaks from frames 221 to 226—an area covering about 32 square feet (3.0 m2)—and through flooding from the bow to frame 212. The second bomb missed but exploded in the water near the hull. Leaks were discovered over a 30 sq ft (2.8 m2) area ranging from frames 198 and 207. Approximately 2,350 long tons (2,630 short tons; 2,390 t) of water entered the ship.
Roma was damaged again by two bombs in another raid on 23–24 June. One hit the ship aft and to starboard of the rear main battery turret and obliterated several staterooms, which were promptly flooded from broken piping. The second landed atop the rear turret itself, but little damage was suffered due to the heavy armor in that location. This attack did not seriously damage Roma or cause any flooding, but she nevertheless sailed to Genoa for repairs. Roma reached the city on 1 July and returned to La Spezia on 13 August once repairs were complete.
Along with many of the principal units of the Italian fleet—including Vittorio Veneto and Italia (the ex-Littorio)[N 3]—the cruisers Eugenio di Savoia, Raimondo Montecuccoli, and Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta, and eight destroyers—Roma sailed from La Spezia with Adone del Cima as captain and also as the flagship of Admiral Carlo Bergamini on 9 September 1943, a day after the proclamation of the 1943 Italian armistice. Joined by three additional cruisers from Genoa, Duca degli Abruzzi, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Attilio Regolo, the fleet first sailed towards Salerno in a deliberate diversion to convince the Germans that they were going to attack the Allied ships sailing to invade Italy as part of Operation "Avalanche". However, the Italian fleet was actually intending to break course and steam towards the British island of Malta to surrender. When Germany learned of the defection, the Luftwaffe sent Dornier Do 217s armed with Fritz X radio-controlled bombs to attack the ships. These aircraft caught up with the force when it was in the Strait of Bonifacio.
The Do 217s trailed the fleet for some time, but the Italian fleet did not open fire upon sighting them; they were trailing the fleet at such a distance that it was impossible to identify them as Allied or Axis, and Bergamini believed that they were the air cover promised to them by the Allies. However, an attack upon Italia and Roma at 1537 spurred the fleet into action, as the anti-aircraft batteries onboard opened fire and all ships began evasive maneuvers. About fifteen minutes after this, Italia was hit on the starboard side underneath her fore main turrets, while Roma was hit on the same side somewhere between frames 100 and 108. This bomb passed through the ship and exploded beneath the ships' keel, damaging the hull girder and allowing water to flood the after engine room and two boiler rooms. The flooding caused the inboard propellers to stop for want of power and started a large amount of arcing, which itself caused many electrical fires in the aft half of the ship.
Losing power and speed, Roma began to fall out of the battle group. Around 16:02, another Fritz X slammed into the starboard side of the Roma 's deck, between frames 123 and 136. It most likely detonated in the forward engine room, sparking flames, and causing heavy flooding in the magazines of main battery turret number two and the fore port side secondary battery turret, and putting even more pressure upon the previously stressed hull girder. Seconds after the initial blast, the number two 15 in turret was blown over the side by a massive explosion, this time from the detonation of that turret's magazines.
This caused additional catastrophic flooding in the bow, and the battleship began to go down by the bow while listing more and more to starboard. The ship quickly capsized and broke in two. The ship had a crew of 1,849 when she sailed; 596 survived with 1,253 men going down with Roma. In her 15-month service life, Roma made 20 sorties, mostly in transfers between bases (none were to go into combat), covering 2,492 mi (4,010 km) and using 3,320 tonnes (3,270 long tons; 3,660 short tons) of fuel oil in 133 hours of sailing.
The sunken vessel was found in June 2012 by the underwater robot 'Pluto Palla', designed by Italian engineer Guido Gay. It was discovered about 30 km (19 mi) off the northern coast of Sardinia at a depth of around 1,000 m (3,281 ft). On 10 September 2012 a memorial ceremony was held on an Italian frigate over the spot where Roma went down. Giampaolo Di Paola, himself a former naval officer and the time defence minister, at the ceremony described the dead sailors as "unwitting heroes who found their place in history because they carried out their duty right until the end".
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roma (ship, 1942).|
- In Latin and Italian, the city's name is Roma. Italian pronunciation: [ˈroːma]. While nominally the battleship were named for the ships and the city, Whitley claims that the name was also motivated by symbolism; when together, the choice of "Roma" and "Impero" (Empire) for the new battleships was meant to commemorate the King of Italy's crowning as the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1936 after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
- Whitley states that Roma was completed with 28 20 mm guns and the other two were originally equipped with 16, but Garzke & Dulin give 32 and 24.
- Littorio had been renamed on 25 July 1943 soon after the fall of Mussolini and the Fascist Party.
- Whitley, p. 171
- Knox, p. 20
- Garzke & Dulin, p. 404
- Garzke & Dulin, pp. 418–419, 426, 428
- Whitley, pp. 171–172
- Garzke & Dulin, pp. 418–419
- Garzke & Dulin, p. 435
- Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 289
- Gardiner & Chesneau, pp. 289–290
- Bagnasco & de Toro, p. 48
- Garzke & Dulin, pp. 392, 404
- Whitley, p. 178
- Rohwer, p. 212
- Rohwer, p. 217
- Garzke & Dulin, pp. 392, 403–404
- Garzke & Dulin, p. 403
- Garzke & Dulin, p. 405
- Wade, p. 225
- Garzke & Dulin, p. 407
- Garzke & Dulin, p. 410
- Squires, Nick (13 September 2012) "Massive Luftwaffe plane wreck 'found off Sardinian coast'". The Telegraph.
- Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-101-3. OCLC 12613723.
- Haworth, R.B. "Search results for "6114073" (Roma)" (Click on link for ship data). Miramar Ship Index. New Zealand Ship & Marine Society (Inc). Retrieved 21 November 2009.
- Knox, MacGregor (1982). Mussolini Unleashed, 1939-1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23917-6. OCLC 7775314.
- Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Whitley, M.J. (1998). Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-184-X. OCLC 40834665.
- Wade, Frank (2005) . A Midshipman's War: A Young Man in the Mediterranean Naval War 1941–1943. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford. ISBN 1-4120-7069-4. OCLC 64344050. | <urn:uuid:4ad5847a-c7cf-4b98-9f62-51848c9e1732> | {
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Medical Definition of Owren's disease
Biographical Note for owren's disease
Paul A. (1905–1990), Norwegian hematologist. Owren conducted research on diseases of the blood, blood coagulation, thrombosis, coronary artery disease, and anticoagulin therapy. In 1947 he published a monograph on blood coagulation in which he reported on his study of an abnormal bleeding tendency in a woman caused by a deficiency of a newly discovered coagulation-promoting globulin. He called this globulin factor V. The condition caused by a deficiency of factor V is called parahemophilia or Owren's disease.
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up Owren's disease? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:b62f0452-3c77-4c21-bdcc-89a366b72d14> | {
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Blake, Lillie Devereux
12 Aug. 1835–30 Dec. 1913
Lillie Devereux Blake, author and suffragist, the daughter of George Pollock and Sarah Elizabeth Johnson Devereux, was born in Raleigh, a descendant of two famous churchmen of New England. Although she was named Sarah Johnson for her mother, her father called her Lily (Lillie) because of her unusual fairness, and she continued through life as Lillie. Her father, a descendant of colonial Governor Thomas Pollock, inherited Runiroi Plantation in Bertie County and lived there from 1827 to 1837. The plantation was in a "rich, low savanna lying on the Roanoke River not far from the Great Dismal Swamp." To escape the summer heat and threat of malaria, the family frequently traveled north in the spring, and George Pollock Devereux died en route in 1837. Lillie and her mother continued their journey to Connecticut; soon after arriving there a second daughter, Georgiana, was born. The Carolina plantation was sold and the Devereuxs made their home in New Haven.
Family connections in New England and many acquaintances of prominence led to an active social life; Mrs. Devereux had the dubious distinction of refusing to entertain Charles Dickens on his American tour because he had no letter of introduction. Lillie and her sister attended the Misses Agthorp's school, where they took the usual lessons in music, dancing, and drawing, followed by instruction in mathematics and philosophy and "other courses pursued by young men in the sophomore and junior classes at Yale," under the tutelage of a young theological student from the university. Lillie was introduced to society at seventeen. According to her diary, she realized at sixteen "the position of my sex, feeling with indignation and humiliation . . . the role assigned to women." This conclusion remained with her, although she lived for several years a social life at watering places in Saratoga, Niagara, and West Point and visited New Orleans, Havana, and Philadelphia.
Lillie Devereux was twice married. Her first husband, Frank Geoffrey Quay Umstead, was the father of her two daughters, Elizabeth Johnson Devereux and Katherine Muhlenberg Johnson. He died, and she later married Grinfell Blake of Maine.
Suffering from ennui following confinement with her first daughter, Lillie began writing as a recreation. Thus began a literary career that became her chief means of support on the death of her first husband. Her spare time was spent in reading the classics and contemporary novels. She started writing a novel (Rockford ) while publishing more lucrative short stories under various pseudonyms—Essex, Charity Floyd, Di Fairfax, Violet, and Tiger Lily. Her publications in Harper's Weekly, the Saturday Evening Post, the New York Leader, the Sunday Times, and many other periodicals earned a small monthly income and allowed an independence, fulfilling her resolution to "owe her position to her own exertions and not to any man's protection." In 1861 she moved to Washington, D.C., upon receiving commissions to print letters from the national capital to the New York Evening Post, the New York World, and the Philadelphia Post. Again she moved among such distinguished personalities as Dr. Verdi (nephew of the composer), Governor Andrew Curtin of Pennsylvania, and Anthony Trollope. She visited the White House, describing people and dress at the presidential levees. Her description of President Lincoln noted his "kindness and sadness of expression." The War Press commissioned several serials and short stories, demanding "themes of blood and love." On a second stay in Washington in 1864, she renewed her visits to the capitol, meeting another native North Carolinian, Andrew Johnson, and being received by General Ulysses Grant. Still reading voluminously, "not even scorning dime novels," she was delighted with Darwin, Spencer, and Huxley. She wrote "patiently and continuously" for more than thirty years in fifty different magazines. By 1882 she had written approximately five hundred stories, articles, speeches, and lectures and five full-length novels. She wrote and spoke in the high-flown speech admired in her day.
Lillie's second career began in 1869, when she joined the woman's suffrage movement. Descriptions of early suffragists are found in her diary. Her first glimpse of Susan B. Anthony was recorded with amazement at Miss Anthony's attire of a "bloomer costume of printed dotted silk !" The early suffragists offered their contemporaries the choice of "Hoops and Stays or Blouses and Freedom"; the latter represented convenience, health, or a gesture of freedom. Lillie herself was described as beautifully dressed, but at about the age of fifty she discarded the fashionable, heavily-boned, wasp-waisted corsets, in favor of the "more healthful dress for females" encouraged by Dr. Lewis, a popular health adviser.
After visiting the Woman Suffrage Headquarters and meeting Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others prominent in the movement, Lillie decided, "They're ladies," and began to participate actively. Former society friends and relatives rejected her in her new-found field. Characteristically, she became completely involved. She studied and labored long and hard, "practicing gymnastics to expand my chest and strengthen my voice, exercising myself in elocution and studying politics, history and the laws, so I could deal with the questions of the day intelligently." A new social life evolved around an evening a week devoted to entertaining people important in literary and political life—Francis Brett Harte, Professor Goodyear, L. Bradford Prince (later governor of New Mexico), and Mrs. Frank Leslie, who made a financial success of her husband's publishing house.
Lillie played a prominent part in the National Woman's Suffrage Association and the American Woman's Suffrage Association. Her writing was channeled to the movement and included a contribution to the Woman's Bible, a publication based on Biblical criticism and ecclesiastical history, proving that there was "no explanation for the degraded status of women under all religious, and all so-called 'Holy Books.'" The book created a sensation when it was printed in 1895, with widespread coverage in New York papers. The clergy declared it the work of Satan.
Lillie—by then Mrs. Blake—was a natural organizer. She worked on the national level, but her chief success was in the state of New York. She championed the working people, particularly the women. Fettered for Life, or Her Lord and Master, published at her own expense, was an immediate success, selling thirteen hundred copies on the first day. An active lobbyist in the legislature, she pled for school suffrage, equality of property rights, women factory inspectors, women physicians in hospitals and insane institutions, and police matrons. A Committee on Legislative Advice was organized with her assistance, to help other suffragists; her leaflet of instructions was printed in the Woman's Journal. She succeeded in seeing the passage of legislation granting women the first vote in state elections and the right to become trustees of schools; with the support of Governor Theodore Roosevelt and over "the persistent opposition of the New York Police Department," a bill was passed providing for police matrons. Further legislation allowed women to retain citizenship following marriage to a foreigner, and her final accomplishment was the enactment of an equality of inheritance law by the New York assembly. Eventually the suffragist movement was accepted by "ladies of leisure," who were quickly recruited by Mrs. Blake. They met at the Plaza Hotel and made Sherry's their headquarters. Holidays and celebrations—Columbus Day and the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893—were used to further their goals. Pilgrim Mother's Day was celebrated, in imitation of the New England society for male descendants, by a dinner at the Plaza with important speakers, writers, lawyers, and authors.
At a 1907 testimonial dinner, Lillie Devereux Blake was recognized by a gift of one thousand dollars, which she spent on a trip to Europe. There she met with suffrage leaders in London. The following year she stopped writing and retired to a sanatorium, where she died. "Lillie Devereux Blake, Champion of Woman Kind," was memorialized the next spring in the Church of the Messiah.
Katherine Devereux Blake and Margaret Louise Wallace, Champion of Women: The Life of Lillie Devereux Blake (1943).
DAB, vol. 3 (1929).
Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences of Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1898).
Margaret Mordecai Devereux Papers, 1837-1856 (collection no. 02492-z). The Southern Historical Collection. Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/d/Devereux,Margaret_Mordecai.html (accessed April 12, 2013).
Short bio in Britannica: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68784/Lillie-Devereux-Blake
Lillie Devereux Blake, Grace Farrell, 2010: http://www.umass.edu/umpress/title/lillie-devereux-blake
Lillie Devereux Blake Papers, 1847-1986 (bulk 1847-1913), Missouri History Museum Archives: http://www.mohistory.org/files/archives_guides/Blake_Lillie_Devereux_Papers.pdf
Lillie Devereux Blake : retracing a life erased, Grace Farrell, 2002: http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocm49226345
"Our Forgotten Foremothers." by Lillie Devereux Blake. Publication: Eagle, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham, ed. The Congress of Women: Held in the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U. S. A., 1893.. Chicago, ILL: Monarch Book Company, 1894. pp. 32-35. Available from UPenn Libraries: http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/eagle/congress/blake.html
Lillie Devereux Blake, The Feminist Press, CUNY:Available from http://www.feministpress.org/books/lillie-devereux-blake (accessed April 12, 2013).
Lillie Devereux Blake. Courtesy of Lincoln Memorial University. Available from http://www.lmunet.edu/museum/exhibit/vex7/images/10300A97-7F5E-48D9-B2AB-095936564233.jpg (accessed April 12, 2013).
1 January 1979 | Crabtree, Beth | <urn:uuid:51eb6277-62a7-4413-b01f-98a38da698fd> | {
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The sand dunes in Lower Austria developed 35,000 to 10,000 years ago. This gigapan was taken in the area of Oberweiden, close to Vienna, where one of the biggest elevations of Lower Austria´s sand dunes can be found. Sand dunes are a valuable natural habitat that offers excellent living conditions for rare species. ...
Part of the largest natural sand dune in the eastern United States - and a state park (used for sightseeing, kite flying, hang gliding, etc.) The "haziness" along the top of the sand surface is moving sand - the wind was pretty strong and constant that day. The water visible in the background is Roanoke Sound. | <urn:uuid:a232305b-7bdb-44b1-957d-54ce7d9acc75> | {
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BOOKS FOR CHILDREN: “The Family Romanov: Murder, Rebellion and the Fall of Imperial Russia
If you've ever wondered about the true story of Anastasia (the non-animated version), read "The Family Romanov: Murder, Rebellion and the Fall of Imperial Russia."
Author Candace Fleming immediately presents the Romanov family's extreme wealth. In 1903, the palace in St. Petersburg stretched for three miles along the Neva River. The Russian empire covered one-sixth of the Earth's land surface.
The book also tells the story of the individuals: Tsar Nicholas II and his devoutly religious wife, Alexandra; the four daughters (Olga, Tatiana, Marie and Anastasia); and the long-awaited son, Alexei (who suffered from hemophilia).
Fleming also presents contrasts. Using excerpts from letters and diaries, she shows the dire poverty of the Russian peasants and working class. Using these seeds, she writes about the workers' strikes in 1905, the Bolshevik revolution and Lenin's rise to power in November 1917.
At a certain point, readers will sense that there's no hope for a happy ending, not for the people of Russia or for the family Romanov. Events only get worse when the family is captured and placed under house arrest, far away in the Ural Mountains.
Although Fleming includes many details about the revolution and the impact of the war, Fleming keeps the Romanov family central. For example, she includes a touching poem from Olga to her mother during her grief, descriptions of the daughters' interactions and the family's odd loyalty to the controversial "holy man" Rasputin.
The backbone of this readable book is Fleming's extensive primary source research, including Nicholas and Alexandra's letters, statements from guards, priests and cleaning women and accounts of the final murders of the Romanovs. Fleming also includes more than 70 photographs, helping us to wonder more about the family's life during these violent years.
I feel as if I'm only touching the tip of this incredible book. Fleming's work is a non-fiction treasure for young readers and adults alike.
"The Family Romanov: Murder, Rebellion, and the Fall of Imperial Russia." By Candace Fleming. Schwartz and Wade, 2014. 304 pp. | <urn:uuid:94bfc787-a927-49c2-be4c-097b7eae25eb> | {
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What is cerebral palsy?
Cerebral Palsy (“CP”) is a group of non-progressive neurodegenerative disorders. It is caused by brain abnormalities or injuries usually during birth or shortly after, although symptoms may not be detected until months or years later. The symptoms and prognosis of CP depend on the specific parts of the brain damaged.
There are several different types or forms of cerebral palsy:
- Spastic cerebral palsy – stiff muscles with jerky movements
- Athetoid cerebral palsy – uncontrolled movement, writhing
- Ataxic cerebral palsy – poor balance and coordination
- Mixed – a mix of the different forms of CP | <urn:uuid:0255f4c6-6e45-4ece-aea1-8672f864d9ae> | {
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As she was heading into the last week of school before Christmas break, Christy Palermo kept running into students with hands covered in paint and marker ink.
"I said, 'What are you doing?' And they said, 'Ms. Palermo, we're working on our project this weekend,'" she said.
By Dec. 21, the Wednesday before break, sixth-grade classrooms at Fremont Middle School were filled with handmade dinosaur sculptures and cardboard presentation boards, each completed in time for a parent night at the school.
Palermo, who teaches history at Fremont Middle, said the projects are the result of months of work with Project-Based Learning, a relatively new teaching technique at the school that takes a deep look at a single topic in every class.
This quarter, she said, sixth-graders learned about dinosaurs in each of their core classes, as well as a few electives.
"Our science teacher did a project with elements, and during the dinosaur PBL, he talked about carbon dating," Palermo said. "Our literature teacher did a lot of reading, she did poetry with dinosaurs, things like that. It's a schoolwide effort."
In art, students took part in a contest for their sculptures, which depicted "anything from a T-Rex to a pterodactyl to a stegosaurus," she said.
In her history class, Palermo said she talked about fossils, especially those that can be found in Kansas and closer to home in Fremont County.
"I had lots that didn't know beforehand," she said. "They knew a background of, 'Oh, dinosaurs are cool,' but how relevant it is to our region, they did not know."
Part of the learning also included a field trip to the Royal Gorge Dinosaur Experience, a Cañon City museum that opened in July.
As a result of the project, Palermo said they had real-world questions to ask.
"So, it wasn't just a boring field trip where you had the information handed to you. It was above and beyond critical thinking questions," she said.
And for Palermo,that's the goal -- she said the projects represent a shift in education, especially in the Florence-Penrose School District.
"It's a big part of our culture now, PBL," Palermo said. "We're hoping to implement it all the way to the high school, the district is."
Implemented at Fremont Middle last year, Project-Based Learning has been introduced by school districts across the country as a way to spend extended periods of time looking at real-world issues.
At Fremont Middle, it has been used to discuss subjects including mining and the presidential election. Next semester, Palermo said the school is planning to look at space and fishing through Parks and Wildlife.
"We're trying to get them to think outside of the box," said Brenda Hadley, who teaches sixth-grade English at the school. "Where are their strengths? How can they take the skills we're teaching them and apply them to other content areas, or out in the real world?"
Palermo added those are questions the entire district is trying to answer.
"Any kid can look up a piece of information on an iPad. It's now the way it is," she said. "But those critical thinking skills, that we're getting to do things, build things and look up things for themselves -- those are skills for the real world."
Sara Knuth: 719-276-7644, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:6e16910c-20d3-4c27-8a15-01bf3c5e6d49> | {
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There are many kinds of cancer. These tips focus on four types that are often associated with age.
Skin cancer signs -- the ABCD Guide
- A: Asymmetry. Irregularly shaped moles whose surface varies in texture and color.
- B: Border. Moles with irregular borders.
- C: Color. Moles that are black, brown, reddish or bluish.
- D: Diameter. Moles larger than 6mm, and established moles that change diameter.
Skin cancer prevention
- Stay out of the sun.
- Apply sunscreen with SPF 30 or more before going outdoors.
- Apply facial moisturizes with SPF 15 or more.
- Seek shade and cover up with hats, gloves, sunglasses and long-sleeved clothing.
Lung cancer signs
- Coughing, coughing up blood
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
Lung cancer prevention
- Do not smoke or use tobacco.
- Avoid second-hand smoke.
- Avoid asbestos and radon.
- Bowel movement changes: ongoing constipation or diarrhea; feeling like you cannot empty your bowel; rectal bleeding
- Changes in stool: dark patches of blood, or stools become long and thin.
- Abdominal discomfort or bloating.
- Loss of appetite or weight.
Colon cancer prevention
- Schedule a colonoscopy if you are 50 or older.
- Tell your doctor if there is a history of colon cancer in your family.
- Eat a high-fiber/low-fat, low-cholesterol diet
- Keep physically fit and maintain a healthy weight.
- Do not smoke.
- A lump in the breast or underarm.
- Armpit swelling.
- Breast pain or tenderness.
- Flattening or indentation on the breast.
- Change in breast size, shape or texture.
- Nipple becomes indrawn or dimpled; itches, burns, develops scaling, discharge or an ulcer.
Breast cancer prevention
- Perform monthly breast self-exams.
- Schedule a mammogram every year after turning 40.
- Limit alcohol to less than one drink a day.
- Maintain a healthy weight and eat a low-fat diet
- See your doctor about weighing the risks of long-term hormone therapy for menopausal | <urn:uuid:8da1610e-13cc-4326-8e46-21fadd473d26> | {
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Chapter 4 Box page95 page125
Different measures but both right
52% part faculty
70 % credit loads
Full time faculty in research
3 Purposes- Need more than one
Pro - Valuable in social science research. Breaks new ground. New theory
Con Seldom provides satisfactory answers. Can hint or suggest
Scientific Description more accurate than casual observation
Qualities are descriptive, but not good in why
Social issues connect to politics.
Logic of mathematical explination
Find factors account for causes
Changes in one are associated with changes in the other.
Associations are not necessarily causes of changes
McDonalds causes obesity
Necessary and sufficient cause
Necessary cause If present generate
Must be present for effect but not only
Effect to cause possible cause
Units of Analysis
Difference from unit of analysis and aggregate.. – Typical CRJ 300 –individual –unit of analysis
Look at individual groups- Lower income. More unemployment or type of work.
5. Social artifact.
Unit of analysis- Unlimited
Pitfalls about unit of analysis
False – What you learn about a group tells about the individual. P109
Cross sectional – snapshot
Trend – Changes over time. Very difficult and cost money at universities
Strategies – Identify units of analysis
Unit of analysis 14 women tom boy
Elements of research proposal
P144 Paper stop at 1 | <urn:uuid:b5700605-2506-4bd5-b977-389ca38a6304> | {
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Warfarin: Taking Your Medicine Safely
Warfarin is a medicine that helps prevent blood clots. Coumadin is the common brand name for warfarin. Because it prevents clots, it also helps prevent heart attacks, strokes, and other problems caused by blood clots.
It's important to know how to take warfarin safely.
How do you take warfarin safely?
Warfarin causes you to bleed more quickly when you're injured. So be sure to avoid doing things that increase your chances of bleeding. These are the four main steps you need to take:
- Get regular blood tests.
- Prevent falls and injuries.
- Be careful with other medicines.
- Eat a similar amount of vitamin K every day.
1. Get regular blood tests.
Regular blood tests will help your doctor make sure you are taking the right amount of warfarin.
Things like an infection or a small change in your diet can change the way warfarin works. So can other medicines that you are taking. That's why regular testing is so important. The tests tell your doctor whether your dose needs to be changed.
Don't change your dose or stop taking warfarin unless your doctor tells you to.
2. Prevent falls and injuries.
Make these changes in your life to prevent falls:
- Wear slippers or shoes that have nonskid soles.
- Use a cane or walker if you need one.
- Put things within easy reach so that you don't need to reach over your head for them.
- Keep a cordless phone and a flashlight with new batteries by your bed.
Make these changes in your home to prevent falls:
- Remove raised doorway thresholds, throw rugs, and clutter.
- Rearrange furniture and electrical cords to keep them out of walking paths.
- Keep stairways, porches, and outside walkways well lit. Use night-lights in hallways and bathrooms.
- Install sturdy handrails on stairways. Install grab handles and nonskid mats inside and outside your shower or tub and near the toilet.
- Add extra light switches if needed or use remote switches, such as sound-activated switches, on lights by doors and near your bed. Then you will not have to get up quickly to turn on the light or walk across the room in the dark.
- Repair loose carpet or raised areas in the floor that may cause you to trip.
- Use shower chairs and bath benches.
- Use nonskid floor wax. Wipe up spills right away, especially on ceramic tile floors.
- If you live in an area that gets snow and ice in the winter, have a family member or friend sprinkle salt or sand on slippery steps and sidewalks.
Make these changes to prevent injuries:
- Enjoy activities that have a lower risk of injury, like swimming and walking. Try to avoid activities or sports that put you at risk of injury. But if you take part in activities that put you at risk of falling or injury, be as safe as possible and wear protective equipment like helmets.
- Be extra careful when you work with sharp tools or power tools, such as saws.
- Use an electric razor, not a razor blade.
- Use waxed dental floss and a toothbrush with soft bristles.
- When you work outside, wear clothing that protects you, such as gloves, shoes, and long sleeves.
3. Be careful with other medicines.
Taking other medicines along with warfarin can cause a bad reaction. For example, some medicines can change the way warfarin works so you bleed too easily. Or warfarin can change the way the other medicine works.
Talk to your doctor before you start or stop taking any prescription medicines, over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbal products. If other doctors prescribe something for you, be sure they know that you take warfarin. Here are some examples of medicines that you need to be careful of:
- Over-the-counter medicines
- Aspirin and medicines that contain aspirin
- Other pain relievers, including other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (for example, Advil or Motrin) and naproxen (for example, Aleve)
- Vitamins and herbal products
- Garlic pills
- Green tea leaves. (Green tea leaves contain vitamin K before they are steeped in water, but a small serving of the hot tea itself does not.)
- Ginkgo biloba
- Prescription medicines
- Many medicines affect warfarin or are affected by warfarin.
- Make sure your doctor knows everything you are taking.
Follow these safety tips for taking medicines:
- Take your medicine at the same time each day. Most people take their warfarin in the evening.
- Don't start or stop taking any medicines, vitamins, or natural remedies unless you first talk to your doctor.
- If you take several medicines, use a daily medicine planner ( What is a PDF document? ) to keep track of them. It's a list of every medicine and vitamin you take, along with when and how often you take each one.
- Make sure that every doctor and dentist you see knows that you are taking warfarin.
What to do if you miss a dose of your warfarin
If you miss a dose of warfarin, the best thing to do is call your doctor. He or she can tell you exactly what to do so you don't take too much or too little. That way you'll stay as safe as possible.
But here are some general rules:
- If you remember it in the same day, take the missed dose. Then go back to your regular schedule.
- If it is the next day or almost time to take the next dose, do not take the missed dose. Do not double the dose to make up for the missed one. At your next regularly scheduled time, take your normal dose.
- If you miss your dose for 2 or more days, call your doctor.
4. Eat a similar amount of vitamin K every day.
Most people who take warfarin can eat normally. But make sure that you don't suddenly eat a lot more or a lot less food that is high in vitamin K than you usually do.
Vitamin K helps your blood to clot so wounds don't bleed too much. Warfarin makes blood clots form more slowly. Suddenly changing the amount of vitamin K you eat each day could keep warfarin from working well.
How to get a steady amount of vitamin K
- Don't suddenly change the amount of vitamin K in your diet. Try to keep the amount you eat about the same from day to day. For example, if you don't regularly eat leafy greens, such as spinach, don't suddenly add them to your diet or eat a lot at once.
- Learn which foods contain vitamin K.
- If you are used to eating foods that are high in vitamin K, you don't need to change your diet. What is important is to try to keep the amount about the same from day to day.
- If you take a multivitamin that contains vitamin K, be sure you take it every day.
- Check with your doctor before you take any supplements or herbal products. Some of these may contain vitamin K.
- Check with your doctor before you make big changes in what you eat, such as starting a diet to lose weight.
Foods with vitamin K
- You might limit foods that are high in vitamin K to about 1 serving a day. These foods have about 250 to 500 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin K in each serving. They include:
- Cooked leafy green vegetables. Examples are kale, spinach, turnip greens, collard greens, Swiss chard, and mustard greens. One serving is ½ cup.
- You might limit foods that are medium-high in vitamin K to about 3 servings a day. These foods have about 50 to 150 mcg of vitamin K in each serving. These include:
- Cooked brussels sprouts, broccoli, cabbage, and asparagus. One serving is ½ cup.
- Raw leafy green vegetables. Examples are spinach, green leaf lettuce, romaine lettuce, and endive. One serving is 1 cup.
More safety tips
Follow these general rules when you take warfarin:
- Wear a medical alert ID. These are bracelets, pendants, or charms that let others know you take warfarin. Ask your pharmacist for information about ordering one. Medical alert jewelry is also easy to find on the Internet.
- Don't smoke.Smoking affects how the body uses medicine, and it increases the blood's clotting effects.
- Limit alcohol. Alcohol can change how warfarin works. Limit alcohol to 2 drinks a day if you are a man, or 1 drink a day if you are a woman.
- Tell your doctor if you are not able to eatfor several days or if you have an upset stomach, diarrhea, or fever.
- Before a surgery or procedure, tell your doctors that you take warfarin. Your doctor will tell you if you should stop taking it before your surgery. Make sure that you understand exactly what your doctor wants you to do. Your doctor will tell you when it is safe to start taking warfarin again.
Advice for women
If you are pregnant, do not take warfarin. Warfarin can cause miscarriage or birth defects. If you are taking warfarin, talk to your doctor about how you can prevent pregnancy.
If you think you might be pregnant, call your doctor. If you are pregnant, you will take heparin during your pregnancy.
If you plan on getting pregnant, talk with your doctor. You and your doctor will decide which medicine you will take—warfarin or heparin—while trying to get pregnant.
Know the signs of bleeding
Call 911 or other emergency services right away if you have:
- A sudden, severe headache that is different from past headaches. (It may be a sign of bleeding in the brain.)
Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if you have:
- Any other abnormal bleeding, such as:
- Coughing up blood.
- Vomiting blood or what looks like coffee grounds.
- Stools that are black and look like tar or have streaks of blood.
- A nosebleed that doesn't stop quickly.
- Blood in your urine.
- Vaginal bleeding that is different (heavier, more frequent, at a different time of the month) than what you are used to.
- New bruises or blood spots under your skin without a known cause.
If you are injured, apply pressure to stop bleeding. Realize that it will take longer than you are used to for the bleeding to stop. If you can't get the bleeding to stop, call your doctor.
Other Works Consulted
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2010). Blood Thinner Pills: Your Guide to Using Them Safely (AHRQ Publication No. 09-0086-C). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available online: http://www.ahrq.gov/consumer/btpills.htm.
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
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Click on the links above for lesson activities in line with […]
The area of triangle PQR is 3√3 square centimetres. Angle PRQ is 60 degrees and RQ is 4 centimetres longer than PR.
Find the length of PQ.
Draw ΔPQR accurately.
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Take a sheet of A4 paper. First fold the top left corner to meet the bottom edge and press the fold flat. Then fold the top right corner to meet the edge that you folded down.
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Explain your findings about the four lines in this diagram and their gradients.
Match each sketch graph from column A below with a description and a fact about gradients from the other two columns.
If the output is 7 what was the input?
In Function 2, a is constant. If the input is 4 what is the output?
The functions from Function Machines 1 & 2 are combined to give Function […]
For cards to cut out and sort to do this activity click here.
What does this information tell you about the graphs of the 5 functions
For the Notes for Teachers click here. | <urn:uuid:24514cc7-cd83-4b39-a706-750b37a80b00> | {
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Acrimony in Bruton Parish Church
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In 1773 very little of a revolutionary nature was occurring in Williamsburg, but the city was not without its controversies and excitement. One of the more interesting events was Bruton Parish's search for a new rector.
The church had filled its vacant minister's position numerous times before with little difficulty. But this time the search involved a clash of personalities and religious doctrines. The status of holding the most coveted and powerful rectory in the colony intensified the controversy. This role-play activity will demonstrate to students the importance of religion in the eighteenth century and the involvement of citizens in the selection of the rector of Bruton Parish Church.
Three 45-50 minute class periods
As a result of this lesson, the student will be able to:
- explain and give examples of the meaning of the words acrimony and dilemma
- use critical thinking skills to draw conclusions about 18th-century people
- engage in a role-play activity in order to explore feelings, attitudes, values and problem solving strategies
Setting the Stage
Brainstorm with students the meaning of the word acrimony. Ask if they have ever been involved in an argument in which individuals were angry and quick tempered. Next ask them to define the word dilemma. Ask them if they have ever had to make a difficult decision in which it seemed impossible to arrive at satisfactory solution. Inform the students that in eighteenth-century Williamsburg, the parishioners of Bruton Parish Church were involved in a dilemma in which tempers reached the boiling point.
The dilemma was this: should the parish be led by the Rev. Mr. Samuel Henley, a moralist who held passionate views on religious toleration but who some parishoners felt had unorthodox theological views; or by the Rev. Mr. John Bracken, a newcomer, who was known to strictly adhere to the teachings of the established church? This controversy can best be described as a conflict between traditional religious beliefs and the new beliefs of the Enlightenment.
Divide class into six collaborative groups. Give each student a copy of the graphic organizer "The Role of the Vestry." Appoint a team leader and recorder for each group. When each group has completed this graphic organizer, ask each team leader to report back to the class. Before continuing, be sure that students understand that the Church of England was the state church of Virginia. There was no separation of church and state at this time.
Next give each student a copy of "The Candidates". Inform them that in a few minutes they will select the vestry for Bruton Parish Church for the year 1773. Ask them to read over silently "The Candidates". You may wish to discuss difficult vocabulary and the issue of bias with students. Then, in their own words, have students write an opinion of each candidate, why they came to that opinion and how they plan to vote when the vestry is asked to appoint a new rector. When they are finished with this activity, allow time for each student to share his or her thoughts.
Next have the class select twelve of its number to represent the vestry of Bruton Parish Church. Before continuing, ensure that all students understand the role of the vestry and its importance in eighteenth-century life (see notes on the vestry in "The Role of the Vestry.") Ask two members of the class who were not selected as vestrymen to represent the Rev. Mr. Henley and the Rev. Mr. Bracken. Inform these two "gentlemen" that they will deliver to the vestry a short speech explaining why they should be selected to be the new rector.
After the Reverends Mr. Henley and Bracken have delivered their speeches, have the vestry debate the following: "Should the parish be led by the Rev. Mr. Samuel Henley, a moralist who held passionate views on religious toleration but who some parishoners felt had unorthodox theological views; or by the Rev. Mr. John Bracken, a newcomer, who was known to strictly adhere to the teachings of the established church?" It is not necessary for them to come to a consensus.
Conduct the vestry vote. Following eighteenth-century voting procedures, the vote should be oral. When voting, each member of the vestry will give a reason for his vote. Ask members of the class who were not members of the vestry to comment on the decision made for them. Do they agree or disagree with this decision and why?
In conclusion, share with the students the following article that was printed in the Virginia Gazette:
June 12, 1773
The Vestry proceeded to the Choice of a Minister for Bruton Parish, in the Room of Mr. Johnson, deceased, when Mr. John Bracken was chosen, and accordingly sent for and came, when he agreed to perform all the Services of the Church, in the same Manner as before by his Predecessor; and in Case the Parishioners should choose to have a Lecturer for every Sunday Afternoon, that he would not refuse his Pulpit; all which he promised faithfully, and likewise to officiate to the End of the Year for the Benefit of Mrs. Johnson.
---Matthew Moody, Junior, C.V.
Virginia Gazette, December 16, 1773
Have students write a script based on this debate and present it as a reader's theater. If time permits, students could create puppets and present this as a puppet show.
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Exposure to air pollution not only affects our physical health but also reduces our intelligence levels, according to new findings from a study conducted in China. Participants showed a decline in cognitive performance in both verbal and math tests.
The study titled ‘The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance’ was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on August 27.
Estimations by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest that nearly seven million deaths around the world are caused by air pollution every year. Apart from leading to respiratory illnesses, exposure to pollutants can also damage our immune system, cause birth complications, increase the risk of heart-related problems, and more.
But how pollution could affect something like intelligence has not clearly been established yet. While past research has examined students alone, the new study tracked the long-term effects in people of all ages.
To understand how cognition could change when a person is exposed to polluted air over a long period, 20,000 people were asked to write tests measuring their language and arithmetic skills. The same participants, who were based in various Chinese counties, were tested in 2010 and 2014.
The longer a person was exposed to polluted air, the more damage they incurred with regard to their intelligence. Between the two tests, language ability faced more harm than mathematical ability. Age and gender were found to be factors as older adults and male participants experienced more damage than their counterparts.
To illustrate just how dangerous the exposure could be, the impact of high levels of air pollution was equated to losing one year of education. “But we know the effect is worse for the elderly, especially those over 64, and for men, and for those with low education,”said co-author Xi Chen from the Yale School of Public Health.
For these individuals, the loss may even be equivalent to a few years of education. Individuals with low levels of education were at risk because they were more likely to perform manual labour i.e. work outside all day long, thus being exposed to more pollution.
Air pollution around the world – The statistics
- About seven million people die every year from exposure to polluted air
- Air pollution caused 4.2 million deaths globally in 2016
- 91% of the world’s population lives in places where air quality exceeds WHO guideline limits
- 14 Indian cities are among the world’s 20 most polluted, with the northern city of Kanpur topping the list
- Nine out of 10 people in the world breathe polluted air
Source: World Health Organization
It was not only long-term effects as the researchers noted the possible risk of a short-term impact on intelligence. This can affect us in crucial situations, such as children being scheduled to write a really important exam on a day with particularly high levels of pollution.
“But there is no shortcut to solve this issue,” Chen said. “Governments really need to take concrete measures to reduce air pollution. That may benefit human capital, which is one of the most important driving forces of economic growth.”
While the study examined residents of China, the findings were relevant across most of the world with a strong emphasis on developing nations. According to a 2018 WHO report, nine out of ten people worldwide breathe polluted air.
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During 1775, the British impose a military lockdown of Boston. No one was allowed to enter or leave. During this time, George Washington is building the Continental army and comptemplating an attack on the British at Boston. George Hewes is trapped in Boston, but makes his escape and meets with Washington to describe the conditions in and around Boston. It was during this time, after escaping Boston, that Hewes carves his horn described elsewhere on this site.
Described by Hewes in the book “Traits of the Tea Party, Being A Memoir of George R. T. Hewes” by Thatcher;
… Under such circumstances as these, it may be imagined that it was neither an agreeable matter for the Whigs to remain in town, nor an easy one for them to escape. The regulations of the enemy, indeed, were becoming as strict as they could well be made, and it was at the imminent hazard, first of being shot in the act, and then of being shot in the failure, that any attempt could be made to elude them. Still, Hewes, who was weary of it, resolved to try, and some things occurred which rather favored the enterprise.
He succeeded in getting his family, who demanded his anxious attention, first of all, out to Wrentham. About this time, Governor Gage, seeing the severe distress of the inhabitants – and being especially touched, we presume, with the necessity of having the stores of the soldiery reinforced – issued a proclamation, by which he graciously gave to the former permission to go fishing, under certain restrictions, down the harbor, on especial condition of subjecting their returns to the satisfaction of the demands of the troops in the first instance (the British got first choice of the fish caught be the Bostonians).
It is another indication of the suffering of the poor people, that many of them were glad to avail themselves of this proposal, as humiliating as it was. Hewes had an especial reason for adopting it, which he did accordingly; going down frequently in a hired boat, or with some party, and – experienced as he had been in the business, of old – exerting himself with a success which speedily secured him quite a reputation as a fisherman.
Thus he had worked on for nine weeks, when the time for his plan arrived, and he went to the Admiral’s quarters, as usual, on Fort Hill, to get a pass – having already hired a boat of a Tory by the name of Gould, in Back Street (not far from Mr. Stone’s meeting house).
Hewes was a civil man, and he made his bow to the Admiral, and asked for his pass. The old gentleman, for some reason or other, looked more inquisitive than his wont.
“How many are going, Hewes?” he enquired, looking him sharp in the eye.
“Three, your honor,” said Hewes.
“And who will be skipper?”
“Your humble servant, Sir – for want of a better.”
“Very well, Mr. Skipper Hewes!” – and here he went on to remind him of the rules, and closed his discourse with warning him of all deserters, which, to be sure, had in several cases proved to be no joke, as Hewes well knew; “and now,” he added, with a profound emphasis, “I know what you want – I see it in the twinkling of your eye, Skipper; but mark what I tell you – if we catch you running off – look out! Skipper – that’s all – look out!”
Hewes took his pass, and went on to call on Shubael, to bid him good-bye. His boat was examined on the wharf by a soldier, who took it into his head to reconnoitre rather narrowly. It so happened that Hewes had concealed his whole bench of tools, in the course of the night, under a part of his deck. The soldier stamped on it, but concluded to let it pass. A little way down he saw Hartley, an acquaintance of his, who kept the hospital below, and learned from him that the violent north-east gale, which had blown all night, had driven the British fleet mostly into Nantasket. This favored him, and so did the wind’s chopping round suddenly to the north-west. He had now only a single guard-ship to pass. He ordered his two comrades below deck, and pushed boldly by. The captain ordered him alongside. He obeyed promptly. The directed him to call with his fish “when he came back,” and he promised to do so, and pushed on again, with a fine breeze in his sails, started his men out at a little distance, and gave three lusty cheers.
No pursuit was made.
He landed safely at Lynn, fastened his boat, started for Newhall’s tavern, met a sergeant and guard, who took them into custody over night, and then carried them before “the Committee,” (of Safety). This Committee sent them to Washington, who at this time made his personal quarters at a house well known to some of our elder citizens by the denomination of ‘Cragie’s”, and which, by the way, is still standing – on the Watertown road – and was pointed out by Mr. Hewes on his last visit to the city of his birth. Here they were paraded in a yard, and the General was called out to see them. He accosted them politely, and they pulled their hats off, which he immediately requestd them to replace, remarking with a sort of quiet smile of his own – as he probably noticed something peculiar in there expression – that “he was only a man.”
Parson Thatcher, who was much with Washington at this period, came up a moment after him, and Hewes had barely time to give a brief description of himself, when the good man, who knew the family, greatly relieved him by breaking out into a warm eulogy upon his uncle Robert. “A great Liberty-man” he called him.
Washington, upon this, invited Hewes into his parlor with him, alone. There he told him his story, every word of it, from beginning to end, and answered all of his questions besides. In Hewes’s language, “he didn’t laugh, to be sure, but looked amazing good natured, you may depend.” When the examination was over, it being now about noon, Washington called in the other men – of whom Hewes gave him some account – treated them all to a hearty mug of punch, and insisted on ther remaining also to dine, which they did. They sat at his own table, with Parson Thatcher, and perhaps a few more not recollected.
Hewes says that Madam Washington waited upon them at table all dinner-time, and was remarkable social – which accords with what is known of the admirable woman; and we embrace the opportunity with pleasure, to repeat the just compliment paid here (by her grandson, Mr. Custis, we conclude,) in a recent memoir. “the arrival of Lady Washington at camp,” he says, “was an event, much anticipated. The appearance of the Aid-de-camp, escorting the plain chariot, with the neat postillions, in their scarlet and white liveries, was deemed an epoch in the army, and served to diffuse a cheering influence amid the storm which hung over our destinies at Valley Forge, Morristown, and West Point. Lady Washington always remained at the head-quarters till the opening of the campaign, and often remarked, in after life, that it had been her fortune to hear the first cannon at the opening and the last at the close of the war.” She is known to have been with her husband at the date of the adventure of Hewes, now under discussion.
Washington’s manner was equally gratifying. He enquired concerning the condition of the several families of the little party, evidently with a view of doing whatever was necessary for their security. As they rose to go, he offered them money “to carry them home,” but they declined it. One of them had very poor shoes on, and he induced him, in a pleasant way, to take an order from him to a neighboring store, (where a new pair was furnished him,) upon which they took leave of their illustrious host, provided with passports through the lines, and greatly delighted with the visit. | <urn:uuid:df9762a5-185e-4a84-85dd-dba5b9d0963d> | {
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Female cats can produce three litters of kittens per year. According to the Oxford Lafayette Humane Society, one female cat and her offspring, when not spayed and neutered, can spawn some 420,000 new cats in seven years. Many of these kittens wind up being offered for adoption in animal shelters.
The Humane Society of the United States says there are 86.4 million cats living in homes in the United States and many more living stray on the streets or in animal shelters. The Oxford Lafayette Humane Society says the average animal in a shelter is less than 18 months old and that less than half of the animals who have been brought into shelters are ever adopted out. The animals who aren't adopted either stay in no-kill shelters or are euthanized when they do not find homes.
Kittens in Shelters
Kittens are young, cute, generally pretty healthy and have traditionally been more likely to find homes than adult cats are. Unfortunately, the odds of being adopted from a kill shelter are relatively slim. Less than half of the animals brought into a kill shelter are adopted back out. The Oxford Lafayette Humane Society produces figures showing that, nationally, only 16 percent of cats in homes came from a shelter.
Three to four million cats and dogs are adopted from shelters across the United States every year. Cats are generally less likely to be adopted then dogs, and adult cats are even less likely to be adopted than kittens. Of pets who are adopted, 20 percent are eventually surrendered back to a shelter.
Protecting Your Kittens
You can protect your kittens from winding up in a shelter by spaying or neutering all of your cats. If you do have a litter of kittens you should attempt to find them good homes. If you have a cat, keeping her inside will help make sure she never winds up unexpectedly pregnant or in a shelter. Placing a collar on your cat or having her microchipped with your information will help her find her way home if she's ever lost.
- John Foxx/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:de94a66e-ed2d-432e-85a3-c4300c95a265> | {
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Owls Speak Out
In an increasingly digital era where tech savviness is being developed at the expense of traditional skills associated with small- and large-group interactions, the Owls Speak Out public speaking initiative is a critical element of an Oakridge student’s education.
For the culmination of Owls Speak Out, current seniors work in groups of five to six students on a project of their choosing, and then each group presents their project to the student body, speaking about the process and outcomes of their work. The unique nature of each group leads to innovative projects that range from social service to documentary to career shadowing and beyond. The collaborative and cosmopolitan nature of these varied activities prepares students for the collegiate and professional environments they face later.
Through this experience, students are pushed to grow in each area of the six C’s: character, communication, collaboration, cosmopolitanism, critical thinking, and creativity. The program, empowering and introspective, prepares each student to be successful in whatever endeavor he or she chooses after graduation.
Owls Speak Out is one facet of a campus-wide public speaking initiative. In ECC and Lower School, speaking is presentation- and performance-based. The passion-based talk in Lower School is connected to Diffendoofer Day, an annual showcase of student interest and talent. Middle School students engage in public speaking, including the Children of the World Project in sixth grade and the Capstone Speeches in eighth grade. By the time students are seniors, Owls Speak Out represents a body of public speaking experiences from ECC through grade 12. | <urn:uuid:ac609eb1-af28-4aa5-864f-fb2d544d3c40> | {
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Anyone who has studied computers in school knows what HTTP stands for, i.e. Hypertext Transfer Protocol. But on some sites you see an extra little ‘s’ at the end. What’s that? It’s an extra layer of security called secured ‘socket’ layer. Using the HTTPS ensures that any data sent to the server is encrypted and only decrypts at the server. Set your default browser settings to use the secured ‘socket’ suffix on all sites that allow you to. | <urn:uuid:a934de87-e12a-4cc5-ba08-113565bc3916> | {
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Why Interoperability Must Be A Top Priority for the NHS
According to the findings of the 2018 NHS IT Leadership Survey, interoperability has become the highest single priority issue for NHS IT Leaders, and it’s no surprise as to why.
Interoperability is the ability of computer systems or software to exchange and make use of information, in a way which is meaningful.
With the vision of a people-powered health and care system, NHS England requires applications, data and processes to all work seamlessly for effective information sharing between care settings and organisations.
In order to optimise patient outcomes and quality of care, there is a need for IT systems across health and care to be interoperable with one another by allowing seamless data exchange from system to system and from primary to secondary care.
Benefits of Interoperability
Enabling systems to work together across organisational boundaries, interoperability leads to more effective healthcare delivery, better patient outcomes, and a host of other benefits including:
- Improves patient experience
- Provides accurate data across systems
- Reduces errors and improves efficiency
- Allows for accurate reporting
A Tech-First Vision
Recognising this, UK Health Minister, Matt Hancock set out a tech-first vision for future care provision, stating “Our ultimate objective is the provision of better care and improved health outcomes for people in England, but this cannot be done without a clear focus on improving the technology. The tech revolution is coming to the NHS. A modern technical architecture for the health and care service has huge potential to deliver better services and to unlock our innovations.”
In The Future of Healthcare policy paper, the Health Minister proposed that NHS digital services and IT systems will have to meet “a clear set of open standards” to ensure interoperability and updatability.
With the shift towards standardisation and information sharing between systems, outdated and obstructive NHS IT systems will soon become obsolete.
APIs For A People Powered Health and Care System
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) have an important part to play in achieving the vision of a people-powered health and care system. As a result, Elemental is committed to enhancing the API capabilities of our Core social prescribing platform.
We’ve been working closely with our customers, including The Life Rooms, part of Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust to seamlessly integrate with their existing I.T platform which was already used across the Life Rooms sites, where client information can be pushed and pulled. This means that The Life Rooms can use their existing system to access Elemental’s Core platform. As a result, the API streamlines functionality and flexibility, creating an efficient and secure experience for our customers.
Our platform is also accessible from within the EMIS Web system to support GP practices to make, manage and report on referrals to local social prescribing hubs in just 3 clicks with ease and confidence. Using our robust and secure API, GPs can make view the status of referrals at different stages, update a patient’s case file and monitor progress, all without leaving the EMIS Web system.
At Elemental, we’ve been working with the NHS, housing associations, district councils and VCSE sector for over five years. As such, we’ve made it part of our business model to create APIs that capture the functionality and security required to allow these organisations to deliver better health outcomes for communities.
Collaborative Co-Design and Interoperable Solutions
Because digitisation is about people and not just technology, we-co-designed our solution with service users and frontline staff to ensure that the digital social prescribing user journey is effective, correct and fully adaptable, creating a positive experience for patients.
The Elemental platform is designed to let data move freely to our customers. This is facilitated through two systems. Using a REST API, Elemental’s Core platform can meet the needs of very diverse customers within the NHS, Housing, Local Authority and VCSE sector so that they can access their data in the way in which they want, collate reports and make data-driven decisions.
The Elemental Integration Engine allows Elemental to interact with existing customer platforms, on an individual customer basis.
The two-way flow of information allows systems to talk to each other safely and securely, giving our customers confidence that the data they need to provide appropriate care in the community is up to date and in the right place.
This interoperability means our customers can:
- Pull updated data to their in-house software systems
- Send data from their existing, in-house software programs to Elemental, which then updates the data in the cloud
Interoperability Is Radically Reshaping Healthcare
Virtually every aspect of modern life has been and will continue to be, radically reshaped by innovation and technology, and healthcare is no exception.
Technology will play a central role in realising the NHS Long Term Plan and it is vital that we support the vision to enforce technology standards to ensure data is interoperable and accessible. Data interoperability gives us the opportunity to develop and connect innovative software solutions to improve patient care and outcomes.
More and more health and social care organisations are developing joint strategies for prevention and health improvement, e.g. STPs and trust mergers have already made great progress on interoperability and this has been a huge driver in working towards the vision of a people-powered health and care system. As we move towards enhancing how our communities integrate and connect, we believe interoperability must be a priority for the NHS. | <urn:uuid:9425b10b-c2ea-42f1-8b2e-b788ebca22cc> | {
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Research by the European Chemicals Agency has been looking into the dangers and toxicity of tattoo ink on the human body and whether the inks should be regulated.
The agency said: "Many reports show significant concerns for public health stemming from the composition of inks used for tattooing.
"The most severe concerns are allergies caused by the substances in the inks and possible carcinogenic, mutagenic or reproductively toxic effects."
Inks are not currently regulated in the EU. If any particular chemicals are found to be harmful as thought, they will be banned.
They added: "If it is found that a restriction is needed, a formal proposal to restrict the substances will be submitted within one year to initiate the process."
Research by the agency is to be published imminently and it has revealed that red ink has been linked to dermatitis - swelling and soreness - due to it containing mercury sulphide: "sulfate red has been classified as a carcinogen and as toxic to reproduction."
Meanwhile red, blue, green and purple ones are more likely to cause granulomas - little ridges of bumps on the skin.
In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) has also warned of the dangers of "black" or "neutral" henna, according to the Independent.
Different to authentic henna, which is orange in colour, this darker substance it may contain levels of a chemical dye "so powerful and toxic that it is illegal to use it on the skin". | <urn:uuid:8c8bb18c-d7ea-48a6-b5d0-1d9f2aa4d74f> | {
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In 1983, Congress created the Sole Community Hospital (SCH) program to support small rural hospitals for which “by reason of factors such as isolated location, weather conditions, travel conditions, or absence of other hospitals, is the sole source of inpatient hospital services reasonably available in a geographic area to Medicare beneficiaries.”
A SCH is often the only source of hospital care for isolated rural residents. As such, the Medicare hospital classification is intended to keep these institutions viable through certain payment enhancements and protections to the hospital. As part of a study on SCHs, the NC Rural Health Research and Policy Analysis Center produced the brief, “ Differences in Community Characteristics of Sole Community Hospitals,” to: 1) present a snapshot of SCHs and the communities served by them in 2015 (cross-sectional analysis) and 2) identify some trends in selected SCH and community characteristics between 2006 and 2015 (longitudinal analysis).
This brief is a companion to: The Financial Importance of the Sole Community Hospital Payment Designation. | <urn:uuid:418ca6ba-4ca3-4322-b752-fac79bd0de6f> | {
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Young writers for young writers (students who enter our writing contests are automatically enrolled) (no contest not enough entrires) middle school - poetry. Information about creative writing contests we encourage college and high school students to take part in the contest and high school creative writing contest. This is a page with helpful resources for students interested in poetry or writing, with listings of colleges, universities, scholarships, competitions, and other. The journal publishes the work of middle and high school students who are passionate about creative writing contest is open to students middle school. About the $1000 for 1000 words writing contest welcome aspiring young authors, and thank you for your interest in the $1000 for 1000 words creative writing contest. Put your skills to work with one of these fiction writing contests contests available for high school students fiction writing contests for high school. Creative writing scholarships and blogging the humanist magazine offers a creative writing scholarships for high school students in annual competition. I've been searching for writing contests for kids for my for kids’ writing creative kids for a day essay contest for students in grades.
This comprehensive list of homeschooled students' writing competitions and teaching younger students middle school homeschool student writing contests. 31 free writing contests: legitimate competitions with cash fiction and nonfiction writing contests for example, the erma bombeck writing competition. High school (students currently in grades 9-12) novel writing institute the creative writing department is located in the writing house, which is a sunny. Creative writing competitions. These middle school music writing prompts can be used with kids of all ages, but your junior highers should especially enjoy them creative writing contests for middle.
We have writing contests for elementary school students and middle school students it is our goal to help your student find their creative competition through. The white house recognized the paradigm challenge student stem contest in 2016. This list is devoted to college scholarships that can be won by elementary and middle school students essay writing contest scholarships for children who. A list of essays & writing contests open for homeschoolers from kindergarten through high school.
Learn how to win college scholarship money now with these 10 essay contests for high school sophomores writing contest middle school and high school students. A current list of writing contests for teens creative kids is looking for the very best material by students.
Cover story teaches middle school students to write by leading them through the process of creating, in one year, their own magazine. Stage of life hosts a monthly student writing contest for high school students and teenagers writing contest format is short-essay (500 words or less) winners.
We invite middle and high school students from around the world to participate in the 2018 bow seat ocean awareness student contest a creative challenge for.
You're never too young for scholarships for elementary and middle school students compete in this creative writing contest students may submit. Entrants must be high school students aged between 13 and 18 middle school and elementary school notes on creative writing institute contest. Middle school, high school, or ffrf student scholarship essay contests the distinguished artist award in creative writing is for high school seniors who. These programs are open to middle school and high school students scholarships for middle school and high and essay writing competition sponsored.
This writing contest asks students in mathcounts competition program national middle school coaching and program for middle school students that. The yes national student writing competition is an opportunity for middle school through university students to write for a real audience—not just you, the teacher. In order to apply for the lycoming college creative writing the new york city school playwriting contest, is open to all nyc students middle, and high school. Essay writing, stories, and other creative genres high school and college students young patriots essay contest prize: $3,000 open to: middle school. | <urn:uuid:53489c56-7bdf-421d-877b-5aaa198c148c> | {
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Breaking the Stigma of Mental Health. The Journey to #CureStigma
“There’s a virus that’s spreading amongst us. It’s not a disease, but it’s toxic. It’s not genetic, but we’re all at risk. You can contract it from a stranger or friend. You can catch it at the movies or from a friend. If you’ve spent one minute on the internet, then you’ve definitely been exposed. What is this virus? It’s stigma.”
1 in 5 Americans deal with mental health issues, and almost all have faced stigma from friends, peers, and strangers. Stigma promotes an environment of shame, fear, and silence. Stigma holds power to diminish self-esteem and robs individuals of social opportunities.
Within the past 50 years, we’ve made substantial progress in the services offered for those that deal with mental health issues. However, as a culture, we’ve made slow progress to explore the multifaceted dimensions of mental health. As a society, we’ve yet to talk about mental health openly without feeling uneasy. Physical ailments such as a broken bone or even a common cold have found a place in ‘normal’ conversation, yet conversations on mental health are still on the sidelines.
The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) is one of largest grassroots mental health organizations, advocating access to mental health services, treatment, support, and research. They’re also one of the many organizations blazing the path forward helping us change the conversation on mental health by starting with our selves to help identify our own stigma-- because our actions and words weigh heavily and have impact. How do we start? According to the NAMI website, these are some of the ways we can help #CureStigma:
Navigating life with a mental health condition can be tough, and the isolation, blame, and secrecy that is often encouraged by stigma can create considerable challenges to reaching out, getting needed support and living well. Together we can help #CureStigma and flip the script to help promote access to much-needed services those that are affected with mental health need.
FROM THE EDITOR
At Conscious, we feature powerful stories about global initiatives, innovation, community development, social impact and more. You can read more stories like this and connect with a growing community of global leaders when you join as a member. | <urn:uuid:0caa92b1-db5f-4eec-a614-53545b113f62> | {
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Air Force basic training is an eight-week process that teaches recruits a variety of necessary skills and information, including combat, handling weapons and the history of the Air Force. The process begins with an orientation, and graduation occurs during Week Seven.Continue Reading
At orientation, recruits receive haircuts and meet their military training instructors. Week One is Fall In week, where recruits learn basic information about life in the Air Force and perform physical conditioning. Week Two is the first Airmanship week, which involves learning about Air Force history and handling weapons. Recruits also learn about their roles in the Air Force during this week.
Week Three focuses on countering threats. Topics include mental preparation for combat and information on the many threats that recruits may encounter. Week Four involves basic war skills, such as first aid, firing positions and tactical movements. Week Five, which is one of the most challenging weeks, tests recruits in combat and other skills.
Week Six is the second Airmanship week. This week focuses on life skills, such as financial management and environmental awareness. Recruits also learn more about the history of the Air Force and receive physical evaluations.
Week Seven is Graduation week, where friends and family of recruits gather to celebrate what all the recruits have accomplished. As the final week, Week Eight is less restrictive for recruits and focuses on reinforcing Air Force values.Learn more about Military | <urn:uuid:9a57ec5a-d958-483b-a66f-87e48df0266c> | {
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(Editor's Note: This article was originally published on April 14, 2008. Your comments are welcome, but please be aware that authors of previously published articles may not be able to promptly respond to new questions or comments.)
We'll start with the most common three dangerous plants found in the landscape, but not necessarily in order of toxicity: Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and Poison Sumac. These plants are contact-poisonous, meaning they will cause an external reaction if touched. These plants are so widespread that they account for an estimated 10% loss of work time for the U.S. Forest Service.1 Firefighters battling the California fires are often disabled by the airborne toxins.
Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). "Leaves of three, let it be" is good advice! But it's interesting to learn that many people don't recognize this fast-growing intruder. Many homeowners mistake it for a close look-alike: Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), of which only the berries are toxic, and only if eaten.
Both plants are climbers, and both plants have brilliant red foliage in the fall. However, though the tiny, newly emerging leaves of Virginia Creeper are indeed three-lobed, if you follow the stem back toward older growth, you'll see five distinct leaves with toothed edges. In contrast, Poison Ivy has shiny leaves with smooth edges.
All parts of Poison Ivy are toxic (leaves, stems, roots, blooms, berries); the culprit is urushiol, a substance that seems to have an unlimited shelf-life. Individuals who are highly allergic to Poison Ivy can react to even the handling of dead leaves and stems, or petting a dog or cat that has brushed against the plant. Even people who are not normally sensitive can have severe reactions by breathing the smoke of burning Poison Ivy. Eradicating this weed from your landscape should be done thoroughly and with care. NEVER burn Poison Ivy. When working around it, cover up, wear gloves, and dispose of the plants in plastic bags. Some commercial products can be applied before contact to prevent or at least lessen exposure.
Poison Oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) is the western counterpoint of Poison Ivy. Poison Oak grows solely in the western United States, from southern British Columbia to northern Mexico; references also cite subspecies identified in Malaysia, China, and Japan. Poison oak can be difficult to identify because it displays in several forms: low ground cover, vining, or very mature specimens in shrub form. Leaves with three lobes are oak-shaped and shiny; the leaves turn brilliant red in fall. Poison Oak forms small white berries that remain on the stem after the leaves drop.
All parts of the plant are toxic and should be avoided. When taking Poison Oak from your property, exercise care, always cover up and wear gloves. NEVER burn either living plants or those that have been pulled or cut. Dispose of the materials in heavy plastic bags.
Special care should be taken in early spring when these plants emerge as new growth. They often blend in with the surrounding foliage and it only takes one brief contact for them to do their damage.
Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) is listed as one of the "U.S. Invasive Weeds"2 and is considered more virulent and dangerous than either Poison Oak or Poison Ivy. Poison Sumac can be small and shrubby, or grow up to 20 feet tall. The frond-like pinnate leaves are attractive, especially in fall when they turn scarlet. In June and July, the plant blooms, forming long panicles of yellow-green flowers. Poison Sumac grows as far west as Idaho (though only in the southern part); the plant prefers swamps and bogs, or other very wet soil.
The same precautions should be taken when working around Poison Sumac as with all other contact-poisonous plants. Use good sense and, when necessary, call in a professional to deal with large areas of poisonous materials. | <urn:uuid:4cb4d1ef-86ab-4cda-90c8-8a92061338f1> | {
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Bio 3105 - Transport
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The flashcards below were created by user
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. What would you like to do?
What are Rab proteins?
What is the Role of Rab in transport?
Direction of vesicles to correct location
How does Rab direct to the correct location?
- Rab binds to vesicle
- Vesicle reaches location
- Rab Effector acts like GAF
- Rab Dissociates
What is the role of snares in Membrane Fusion?
Mediating the Process
How do Viruses infect cells?
- Using a fusion protein that integrates to the membrane
- The Fusion protein then aids in vesicular fusion
What are Vesicles departing the ER and headed to the Golgi Network coated with?
What type of proteins are BiP and Calnexin?
Chaperones, used in protein folding
What is it called when vesicles fuse together?
Homotypic Membrane Fusion
What is the product of Homotypic Membrane Fusion?
Vesicular Tubular Clusters
What are ER bound Vesicles headed from the Golgi network Coated with?
What marks Proteins for return to the ER?
A K-del sequence
How does the KDEL sequence work?
- The sequence binds to KDEL Receptors which bind to Extracellular COP-I.
- A Vesicle is formed
How does an ER resident protein "know" not to bind to KDEL receptors when "home" in the ER?
- The PH of the ER inhibits binding of KDEL to KDEL receptors
- The different PH at the golgi allows binding
What is "Kin Recognition"?
Aggregation of Proteins with the same function
Which "end" of the Golgi apparatus is secretory?
The Trans face
Why does the Golgi consist of a number of Sacks?
The Golgi Apparatus is compartmentalized to allow for different environments suited to different enzymes.
How are vesicles and cisternae held in place?
Tethering by matrix proteins.
What does phosphorylation of Matrix proteins do?
What are some characteristics of Lysosomes?
- pH ~5
- Glycosylated Membranes (Protection)
In what three ways do Lysosomes get material?
Intake of a Macromolecular object which is taken into a vesicle which ultimately becomes a lysosome
Intake of extracellular particles by vesicle formation
Formation of a vesicle around an intracellular object that ultimately becomes a lysosome
What is the role of Mannose-6-phosphate in transport?
To bind to M6P receptors and guide the molecule to the lysosome
What is Transcytosis?
Movement across a cell (Vesicle)
How does LDL "packaged" cholesterol enter the cell?
- It is first endocytosed forming a clathrin coated vesicle
- The Vesicle loses it's clathrin forming an early endosome
- The LDL and receptor are dissociated in the early endosome
- The Receptor is recycled
- The Endosome becomes a Lysosome
- The LDL is broken down and it's cholesterol released
Label the Diagram of an LDL
- A - Cholesterol Molecule
- B - Phospholipid Monolayer
- C - Cholesteryl Ester Molecule
- D - Surface Protrusion on Protein
What is another name for the Sorting Vesicle?
What two processes does the LDL receptor undergo frequently?
- Down Regulation
- Up Regulation
What is up regulation?
The relocation of membrane bound particles from an Intracellular Vesicle to the Plasma Membrane.
Multivesicular Bodies and Late Endosomes fuse with Lysosomes. True or False?
False, it's on OR the other.
Can early Endosomes from different cellular locations fuse?
Yes, they fuse to create the late endosome
What are the two types of exocytotic secretion?
What would you like to do?
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Detailed maps that offer a fascinating glimpse into how every area of England and Wales developed from Victorian times to the 1950s are now available free online.
The six-inch to the mile series of Ordnance Survey maps show how towns and cities have spread into the countryside and how the road and rail network developed. Individual buildings and streets can be identified clearly and smaller features can be seen including post boxes, bollards on quaysides and mile posts. The maps can be viewed over time for each place of interest.
The maps also show all place names recorded by Ordnance Survey, including all street names in towns, and all smaller farms, hamlets and villages. The website allows viewers to zoom on the maps to pick out the detail they are interested in.
The maps were surveyed for the whole country twice — first between 1842-1893 and then between 1891-1914. They were subsequently updated regularly for urban or rapidly changing areas from 1914 to the 1940s. The result is that, for many towns there are three to five editions of mapping between the 1840s and the 1950s.
Search and explore at http://maps.nls.uk/os/6inch-england-and-wales/
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BY JARED SICHEL – Jewniverse
In 1954, one year before the debut of Sandy Koufax, Hank Greenberg was the General Manager of the Cleveland Indians. Under Bronx-born Greenberg, the Indians had more black ballplayers than any other team. Greenberg didn’t care whether his players were white or black—just that they were good at baseball. And good they were: The Indians won the American League pennant that year.
By that time, Greenberg already had a reputation as one of baseball’s greatest players—and as a proud American and Jew. He refused to play in a key pennant race game on Yom Kippur in 1934, and six years later, he became the first ballplayer to register for the draft. He ended up serving for 47 months—longer than any other MLB player during World War II. “My country comes first,” Greenberg famously said. | <urn:uuid:191153cc-8897-44a9-aefc-5c7419bc5e45> | {
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There are very many systems that are found in a car engine and some of them are usually used to manage the waste gases being produced by the engine. Normally, not all the waste gases have burn up completely and this is the reason why the secondary air injection pump comes in and makes sure that there is adequate supply of oxygen into the engine whereby all the exhaust gases that have not burnt up will be completely combusted. The incomplete combustion of the waste gases can release them in a harmful state to the atmosphere and this is the reason why they have to be stabilized before their release. When the secondary air injection pump has been damaged, the best option is to look for a place to get them repaired as soon as possible.
All car owners have to be made aware of this system and how it will help them in achieving all they want easily. The secondary air injection pump normally pumps in air into the exhaust system to burn up all the other gases that have undergone incomplete combustion and this has been really helpful to the environment. There is the secondary air injection system repair that people can utilize and it is really awesome to all the people who may be interested. Make sure that you read here for detailed information about this service and it is going to be really amazing to you.
The best repairs that are available for this system are those of the Toyota tundra secondary air injection system pumps. This is because they are available in any place where the repairs are possible as Toyota is a dominant car brand globally. This means that their products are available all over and people cannot miss to get the repair services for Toyota tundra secondary air injection systems. This system has to be repaired to ensure that it is in good shape that will suggest that the environment is also safe.
Exhaust gases are usually a composition of very many gases that are harmful to the atmosphere. They have to be reduced into less harmful forms with the help of the secondary air injection pumps and they are going to ensure that your car releases safe gases. Read here for more clarification about this service that is an initiative implemented by all car manufacturers with the aim of protecting the environment from harmful gases release. Learn more on this link: https://www.britannica.com/science/compressed-air. | <urn:uuid:18c13877-2cab-45ef-a611-69139e59dc7b> | {
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Click Image to Enlarge
At the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris, sits a bar made of 90% platinum and 10% iridium with two marks engraved very precisely into it. The bar is stored under very controlled conditions, and at 0° C the distance between the two marks represents one meter. For more than 70 years this bar served as the worldwide standard for this fundamental unit of measure in the SI system (International System of Units).
Why would so much effort go into defining a unit of length? The answer lies in part on a property that all materials possess: the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The vast majority of materials increase in size as their temperature increases and decrease in size as their temperature declines. For most metallic materials this value is approximately 10 x 10-6 m/moC. For most unfilled polymers the number is approximately an order of magnitude greater or about a tenth of a thousandth of an inch per inch per °C change in temperature.
A story from the world of producing and measuring close-tolerance parts provides an illustration of the importance of this property. In the first part of this series we reviewed a part molded from unfilled PBT polyester. This part was essentially a cylinder approximately 5 in. high and closed at the end at which it was gated. It had a critical depth dimension from the bottom flange to the other end of the part of 4.941 +0.008 in. Maintaining this dimension was a challenge every time the job ran, particularly since the nominal wall thickness was 0.250 in. and the part was not dimensionally stable until 2 hr after it was molded.
This uncertainty was solved by creating the graph of the critical dimension vs. time discussed in Part 1. But this part had presented a number of challenges over the years that always had us looking over our shoulders for some unexpected calamity.
These parts went out for a machining operation and then came back to our plant for a final inspection before being shipped to our customer. One day the parts came back from the machinist and were dropped off on the dock. It was mid-January in Wisconsin and the outside temperature was typical for that time of year: 10 F (-12 C), a full 35° C below room temperature.
Since the boxes were heavy, rather than haul the parts upstairs to the QC lab the quality person took the depth micrometer down to the dock and began to perform a final inspection on this critical dimension. Upon finding the parts to be undersized, he announced this with the singular delight that only a QC person can display when delivering bad news to the production staff. When I picked up a part to verify the measurement, I noticed that it was ice cold. I advised QC to take the parts to the lab and allow them to come to room temperature before measuring them. When they did, magically, the parts were to print again.
Looking at the properties of the PBT polyester in question, the behavior was predictable. With a CTE of 0.000075 in./in.°C, multiplied by a 35° C change in temperature and a length of nearly 5 in., the parts had “moved” almost 0.013 in., or almost the entire span of the print tolerance. This illustrates the importance of measuring critical dimensions at standardized conditions.
Occasionally you may see a print that actually calls out a temperature range at which dimensions are to be checked. This reflects an awareness of the importance of CTE to the size of the part, a factor that escapes many. As with all of the other considerations we have been discussing, the larger the part the more important this becomes.
This also relates to a lesson that was learned when we first began to perform SPC at the molding machines in the early 1980s. The importance of checking and charting critical dimensions while the parts were running was one of the big messages of SPC. So it made sense to put the inspection tools right at the press, where the operator could check and input the dimensions and observe the control charts as they developed. Some of the gauges were measuring critical dimensions to the tenths of thousandths of an inch. When we would analyze the data for Cp and Cpk values, we found disappointingly low process-capability results, even though the ranges for any given set of samples taken at a particular time did not suggest that this should be the case. In addition, when the parts collected for SPC over the course of a run were reviewed by the quality people after the fact, the variation was much smaller.
This was initially attributed to the greater expertise that the QC people brought to the measurement process and the fact that having a single person making all the measurements reduced some of the aspects of gauge repeatability and reproducibility. But further investigation showed that there was more to it. When the efforts to bring SPC to the production floor began, the plant had not yet gone through the conversion to a climate-controlled environment. Anyone who has worked in a molding plant without climate control knows that during the summer months, even in Wisconsin, the temperature in the building can vary significantly, from relatively cool conditions first thing in the morning to sweltering heat in early second shift.
Temperature gauges in the plant documented swings of as much as 50° F (28° C). When we looked at our control charts we could see the waveform associated with these temperature fluctuations superimposed onto the normal variation of our processes. Parts molded when the plant was at its hottest did not shrink as much as the parts molded when it was cooler simply because of the effects of the CTE. Not only did it make the process look less capable, it often gave the impression of a trend that the technicians and quality people reacted to that was not really there.
So in addition to all of the other considerations that we have discussed relating to dimensional stability, we must add one more: Even parts that have become stable will still produce different measurement results when checked under different environmental conditions. The CTE of the material, the size of the part, and even the orientation of the polymer relative to the dimension being checked, will all have an influence on the sensitivity of the measurements to the temperature at which these measurements are made.
Any process that involves melting and re-solidifying a polymer involves a compromise between achievi...
The degree to which molded parts shrink as they cool is largely dependent upon the composition of th...
After molding, acetal parts can continue to shrink at room temperature and even in the cold.
In the first three parts of this series we focused on those influences that cause molded parts to ge... | <urn:uuid:110a435e-d819-4b88-9670-4d9c6fd977e0> | {
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As is often the case with government reform efforts, the Kentucky General Assembly enacted ethics laws in response to an embarrassing scandal. “BOPTROT” was a federal investigation of the Kentucky legislature in the 1990s, so-named because it involved a powerful legislative committee, Business Organizations and Professions, and horse racing. It exposed 15 state lawmakers who sold their votes, some for as little as $100.
Following BOPTROT, the Kentucky General Assembly enacted laws restricting interactions between legislators and lobbyists. The reforms also required financial disclosure by legislators and detailed disclosure by lobbyists of their spending, whom they represent and how they are compensated.
Despite the post-BOPTROT reforms, this state of 4.4 million residents earned a grade of C− and a numerical rating of 71 for how well it ensures accountability in government, according to the State Integrity Investigation, a collaborative project of the Center for Public Integrity, Global Integrity and Public Radio International. Those scores rank Kentucky 19th among the 50 states. | <urn:uuid:63532a35-3612-4e6e-adf3-610ae8687629> | {
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Studies by NASA have shown that plants can reduce the levels of some common indoor pollutants like formaldehyde and benzene. Here are a few good tips to choosing and caring for your natural air filters.
Start with healthy plants
Check the leaves both top and bottom for insects. Also look closely in the place in which the leaf joins the stem. This is a great place for insects to hide. Brown edges or spots on leaves can be an indication of too much fertilizer, too much heat, or a disease problem. Look for plants with a uniform color. The lower leaves should not be yellow. Avoid wilting plants, and also those standing in water.
Consider the light
Most houseplants are considered high, medium or low light plants. Generally, the brightest light in your house will be a south-facing window and the lowest light levels are to the north. If you can cast a shadow with your hand, you can grow a low light plant! Because light often strikes the plant from only one side, rotating the plant will help to maintain an upright growth habit. See the table on the back for some great plant suggestions for your lighting. Generally, plants with variegated foliage and flowering houseplants require higher light levels.
Beware of temperature extremes and drafts
Plants vary in their requirements, but generally temperatures between 65-75°F are suitable. Keep in mind that night temperatures may be much lower than in the daytime, and windowsills may get very cold. Avoid heat ducts, tops of TVs, and doors opening to the outside air.
Use the proper soil when you repot
Artificial soil mixes are the best for general houseplant growth. Mixes high in peat moss with the addition of perlite allow for proper drainage and good aeration for plant roots. Better quality soils are sold by volume, not by weight. Special mixes are recommended for orchids, cactus and African violets. Pots for plants should always have drain holes. Repotting should be done when the plant roots begin to grow through the holes or when the plant becomes top heavy. Increase pot diameter by no more than 2" to prevent any overwatering problems, and be sure to loosen the existing roots from the ball before transplanting. This will enable the roots to spread and become established in the new pot.
Monitor for pests
Occasionally insects may be a problem. Common plant pests may include mealybug (white and cottony), aphids (small insects which can be green, black or brown), scale (an armored bump on a leaf or stem) mites (silvered foliage and/or webbing) and whitefly. These insects can often be controlled or prevented with a weekly misting, or washing with insecticidal soap. Heavier infestations may require a pesticide, but you must know what insect is causing the problem before you can treat it. Sometimes disposal of the plant is the best solution.
|Plant Name||Latin Name||Size|
|Rabbit's Foot Fern||Davallia||x||x||x|
|Schefflera, assorted||Umbella Tree||x||x||x||x|
|Cast Iron Plant||Aspidistra||x||x|
|Parlor Palm||Neanthe belle||x||x||x|
Prepared by Chris Mayer | <urn:uuid:36f6f66c-3e53-4606-9682-3d292ba2d9d0> | {
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Geomorphic features and geographic, compositional, and textural variation in the materials composing the ocean floor. Includes both large-scale structures (such as seamounts and rises) and fine-scale variations in rocks and deposits on the sea floor.
Downloadable files of digital bathymetry of U.S. waters, the Bering and Chukchi Seas, Bering Strait, and Gulf of Anadyr in polygon ARC/INFO. Coverage generated from both digital and paper bathymetry sources developed to support marine research.
A geologic and oceanographic study of the waters and Continental Shelf of Gulf of the Farallones adjacent to the San Francisco Bay region. The results of the study provide a scientific basis to evaluate and monitor human impact on the marine environment.
Interactive map server to view and create maps using available coastal and marine geology data sets of offshore and coastal U.S. and the Gulf of Mexico. Links to available data and metadata that can be downloaded.
GLORIA is a digital sidescan sonar capable of producing digital image maps of the sea floor from reflected sound waves. Site includes description of digital processing, mosaicking, and links to samples of image maps.
Investigation of the upper- and middle continental slope of the Mississippi Canyon, including the Gulf of Mexico, for the distribution of gas-hydrate deposits with links to a DEM image map, bathymetry data, and research technology. | <urn:uuid:4b09ce99-88f5-4a26-b2f6-1b00f0081c04> | {
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- (initial capital letter) a conventional title of respect for a man, prefixed to the name and to certain official designations (usually written as the abbreviation Mr.).
- Informal. sir (used in direct address and not followed by the name of the man addressed): Mister, is this your umbrella?
- (initial capital letter) a title prefixed to a mock surname that is used to represent possession of a particular attribute, identity, etc.: Mister Know-it-all.
- the informal or social title used in addressing a military warrant officer or any naval officer below the rank of commander.
- (especially in military schools and colleges)
- a term of respect used by cadets in addressing upperclassmen: used with surname.
- a term of disparagement used by upperclassmen in addressing cadets: Mister, tuck in that shirttail!
- Older Use. husband: You and the mister staying long?
- to address or speak of as “mister” or “Mr.”
Origin of mister1
- a spray, nozzle, or similar device for misting plants.
Origin of mister2
Examples from the Web for mister
Contemporary Examples of mister
Mister Ham in need of cash: That is something a lot of people will not believe.
And this week it was Mister Ham, General Delivery, United States.
“Maybe you need a good overcoat for Christmas,” Mister Ham was saying.
Nobody bothered to tell Mister Ham about it until the following August.
And it was sad, very sad, to be with Mister Ham Wednesday afternoon.
Historical Examples of mister
"Let's git out, mister," cried Old Bill, clutching Mortimer's arm.Thoroughbreds
W. A. Fraser
There is no need for Miss or Mister in the savage jungle, Virginia.The Monster Men
Edgar Rice Burroughs
So I sed to him, "Mister, did you lose anythin' 'round here any place?"Uncles Josh's Punkin Centre Stories
I don't believe you, Mister Duncan—or whatever your name is.The Fortune Hunter
Louis Joseph Vance
Mister Tom he locked him up last night in one of the south bedrooms.The Inn at the Red Oak
- an informal form of address for a man
- the official form of address for subordinate or senior warrant officers
- the official form of address for all officers in a merchant ship, other than the captain
- US navythe official form of address used by the commanding officer to his officers, esp to the more junior
- British the form of address for a surgeon
- the form of address for officials holding certain positionsmister chairman
- (tr) informal to call (someone) mister
Word Origin for mister
- the full form of Mr
as a title of courtesy before a man's Christian name, mid-15c., unaccented variant of master. As a form of address, without a name and with a tinge of rudeness, from 1760. | <urn:uuid:2f9e9cea-3328-4696-aa4b-19c648dcbb98> | {
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In a recent study, researchers at the University of Illinois put American psychologist Abraham Maslow’s proposed “hierarchy of needs” to the test. In 1943 Maslow proposed that all humans seek to fill basic needs. These needs ranged from the basics like food, sleep, and safety, to more abstract needs like love, belonging, esteem and self-actualization. Arranged in the form of a pyramid with the basic needs at the bottom, Maslow believed that the more needs people fulfilled, the happier they would be. Although the theory of needs has been taught for years, there was little to no scientific research to back it up—until now. Ed Diener, professor emeritus of psychology and colleagues used Gallup World Poll to conduct surveys in 155 countries between 2005 and 2010 to gather data about individual happiness. The questions in their poll addressed money, food, shelter, safety, social support, feeling respected, being self directed, having a sense of mastery, and the experience of positive or negative emotions. After analyzing the statistics, the researchers found that fulfilling a diversity of needs is universal and important to happiness, although the order in which the needs are met had little importance in overall satisfaction. Interestingly enough, the research also showed that “people have higher life evaluations when others in society also have their needs fulfilled,” which indicates happiness is not just an individual affair, but depends on the quality of life in your community.
How important is your community for you? | <urn:uuid:2f867c2a-e308-41a7-974e-f8e9b8b19ec1> | {
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“Blogging is quite simply, one of the most important things that an academic should be doing right now” (Dunleavy, 2014).
How can researchers provide information about their studies in ways that would be useful and interesting to prospective and current participants? With that question in my mind, I began to explore the potential for blogs as a bridge between researchers and participants. As with almost any online exploration, I discovered a much broader potential for blogs in the academic world.
Today’s researchers, scholars, and instructors are finding
many valuable ways to use blogs. I’ve come to realize that blogs play an important part in the publishing cycle and online ecosystem. It is not a matter of either/or: we need to find ways these different communication options fit with our career and research goals.
Blogs and Social Media
Before going any further with this discussion, it’s important to define blogs and to distinguish between blogs and social media.
Blogs, short for weblogs are personal online journals where entries are posted chronologically. Microblogs use the same principle but allow for very short entries. Blogs can be text only or embed or link to images or media. Some are public and others are only seen by subscribers or friend lists. (Salmons, 2016)
Bloggers can choose from a number of free or paid platforms where they can devise their own templates, adapt or use available templates. Popular platforms include WordPress, Blogger and Squarespace. Blogs are very flexible and users can create a wide variety of formats and styles of presentation. Some are very basic with simple narrative posts and others are complex with design features that include both static pages and time-sensitive posts. Bloggers use comment features to invite feedback or to interact with readers. Bloggers may choose to generate revenue with advertising and other promotions.
Bloggers are not limited by proscribed lengths, styles, features or page designs. This flexibility stands in contrast to posts made to social networking sites. Social networking sites are typically run as commercial platforms by large companies. These companies have determined ways to make a profit from user-generated material and are thus invested in allowing certain kinds of posts. Brands are built on the sites’ graphic design and features. Users of sites like Facebook can be surprised to login and find that their pages’ format has changed. They have become accustomed to seeing advertising on their walls, as well as links to other content the company has decided is of interest to users who fit a certain profile. Users of the microblog tool Twitter have become accustomed to the 140 character limitation.
Social networking sites and blogs are typically interconnected. Bloggers use social media in order to build an audience. They create posts that fit within the constraints of the social networking sites, but link back to the blog where they have the freedom to present information in the way they prefer. Bloggers can use social networking to interact with others and use their blogs to present more substantial writings and other expressions. The important point here is that by knowing the strengths and weaknesses of each type of site, we can make better choices about which best meets specific academic purposes.
Social Networking Sites
|Flexible formats and options for presenting narrative material of any length, attachments for download, graphics, photographs and/or media.
||Format options determined by commercial owner of site.
|Communication features determined by blogger, using free, open access plug-ins and software or professionally designed templates.
||Features and design options determined by commercial owner of site.
|Advertising determined by the blogger, who collects the revenue.
||Advertising determined by the commercial site, and the site collects the revenue.
|The blogger chooses what content to promote and what links to share.
||Commercial owner of site uses data analytics to select content and links aligned with visitors’ interests.
Table 1: Blogs and social networking sites
Academics and Blogs
I suggest that academics can use blogs in three main ways:
- Researcher-to-Researcher: Sharing and exchange.
- Researcher-to-Participants: Building credibility and “informing” participants
- Researcher-to-Public: Sharing findings, results and practical resources.
Researcher-to-Researcher: Academic bloggers communicate with each other for exchange and networking within or across disciplines. They present information in ways that build upon a shared foundation in the topics under discussion, and a shared understanding of the protocols and expectations for activities such as conducting research or teaching at the college level. They share resources, links to recent publications, calls for papers, or notices about upcoming conferences, or other opportunities of interest to other academics.
Researcher-to-Participants: Academic bloggers communicate with prospective or current participants. They present information in ways the study population will understand. Blogs intended for this purpose can introduce the study, develop the credibility of the researcher, be used to support recruitment efforts, and help to inform participants before and during the study.
Researcher-to-Public: Academic bloggers also communicate with the general public. They present information in ways that anyone would understand and find of interest. The researcher may translate academese or disciplinary jargon into more familiar terms. The researcher may offer recommendations for applying findings in practical ways. This type of blog is designed to share findings and/or to build awareness about the issues and problems under investigation.
Patrick Dunleavy introduced another way to categorize academic blogs, and I think his approach meshes well with mine. He distinguishes between them according to the number and type of all author: solo, collaborative, or multi-author (Dunleavy, 2014). Table 2 is adapted from his model. As an academic with an interest in blogging, you have the choice of either designing and launching your own solo blog, finding a group of like-minded writers who want to begin a collaborative blog, or looking for opportunities to contribute to a multi-author blog in your field. Alternatively, you can look for opportunities to contribute as a guest writer for blogs that focus on your area of interest.
|Type of blog and authorship
||The blog owner is responsible for direction of the content and writes the posts. Occasionally guests contribute. The blog or another serves as the editor, giving the site in personal style.
||Usually 2 to 10 authors generate and edit the blog’s content. Guest blogs or columns are written by regular contributors. Editorial roles may be rotated or shared.
||An editorial team commissions or collates contributions from many authors. Posts are professional edited and the site has strong production values and design. The blog may have a formal tie-in to a scholarly journal or trade publication.
|How do readers find the blog?
||Individual authors’ identities are key to the brand.
||Topic or disciplinary identities help to develop a brand.
||Strong branding, linked to university, media outlet or professional/scientific bodies or journals.
Table 2: Types of blogs identified by Patrick Dunleavy (2014). See the article for additional categories and the full table.
How might these categories inter-relate? A juxtaposition of Dunleavy’s and my categories for academic blogs is illustrated in Table 3. The columns are intended here not as a fixed set of boundaries but more as a continuum between on one end, the individual DIY blogger who is responsible for everything from choosing the domain name, platform, hosting service, and figuring out how to make it all work to a professional operation more comparable to a journal or magazine production.
||The researcher creates a blog where he or she posts information about research interests, projects, conference presentations and publications.
||Researchers with a shared interest, area of inquiry, methodology or discipline work together to create a blog about their individual or team research projects and related events and resources. The blog may serve as a channel for connecting with new research partners, conferences or funding opportunities.
|Professional society, association, or university group sponsors a blog for researchers working in a specific area of inquiry or discipline. Writing in the blog and any related publications is aimed at other scholars and academics in the field.
||Individual researchers or research teams use a blog to explain the purpose of the study and expectations, benefits and/or risks for participants. As appropriate, findings are shared with the participants. Links are shared on social networking sites.
||Announcements for opportunities to participate in studies are posted on the blog. Links are shared on social networking sites.
||The researcher creates a blog where he or she posts information about research findings and their application. The researcher may use the blog to promote his or her workshops or consultations about how to apply research findings. Links are shared on social networking sites.
||The group of collaborative researchers and writers creates a blog with the intention of disseminating research findings to those who can use them. The researchers may use the blog to promote workshops or consultations about how to apply research findings. Links are shared on social networking sites.
||Articles about application and practical use of research findings are featured on the organization’s blog. A blog may be one of many channels for reaching the public. Articles may be associated with products and services available for sale such as handbooks, workshops or training. Links are shared on social networking sites.
In another post, I shared a recorded presentation with specific examples (with links) for each of these types. Please share your favorite academic blogs and let me know how you think they would fit into these categories. Do you think the blogger or bloggers achieve their purpose? Why or why not? is coming up– let’s blog about academic blogging! Share your examples and follow me on @einterview to join the conversation.
Dunleavy, P. (2014). Shorter, better, faster, free: Blogging changes the nature of academic research, not just how it is communicated.
Salmons, J. (2016). Doing qualitative research online. London: SAGE Publications. | <urn:uuid:9ce0bbe1-ce4b-406a-a3a3-6d0bf5f59a9d> | {
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Editor's note: Pavlos Tsimas is a journalist and presenter at Greece's MEGA Channel, and author of the book "Diary of the Crisis" about Greece's financial meltdown.
Athens (CNN) -- The new Greek government, formed after four days of horse-trading by three party leaders, is the country's first coalition in 60 years. Since 1952, a combination of electoral systems and political polarization produced a comfortable single party majority every time an election was held in Greece.
This glorified tradition was supposed to provide the country with stable governments and strong leadership, as two big parties were alternating in power. But after 60 years -- or at least 38, counting from the collapse of the military dictatorship in 1974 -- it has provided the country with an ossified political class, inept public service, deep-routed clientelism and omnipresent corruption.
A retired public servant once described to me the process: "When parties alternate in power after an election, what goes on in the public service is a hand over from one mafia organization to its rival."
Ministers walk into their fiefs, escorted by dozens of political counselors who take over from the counselors of the previous minister and do the job, instead of the top public servants, who are discarded, unless they are party loyalists. Public service has thus become gradually annexed to a party system, distributing the spoils of power. Parliament has been subdued to party leaders, as members of the majority usually express loyalty to the leader, waiting their turn for a ministerial post.
Justice has been also partly subdued: since the heads of the three supreme courts are chosen by the government, career judges learn that they have to have friends in politics, if they wish to have a chance at the top jobs. The result of decades of single party majorities was a special brand of democratic regime. Let's call it "partitocracy:" Two big parties running the country -- and killing it softly, by bribing it to its death.
Does this explain Greece's present economic woes? In part, yes. Greece was the first victim of a euro-wide crisis, which would have hit its small, open, vulnerable economy even if the country were run by the wisest of men with the integrity of monks.
But partitocracy has certainly precipitated the crisis, made Greece the hardest hit among all peripheral economies and, most importantly, made it almost impossible for Greece to reform itself out of the crisis. Public service reform, tax collection reform, electoral law reform are made impossible, because an unreformed party system would always treat reform as a deadly threats.
So, yes! Forming a coalition government, with intra-party checks and balances and the presence of a newcomer, a party that has not participated as yet in corrupt party politics, might be good news for the country.
I am not sure the new government will prove able to negotiate a better deal with its European partners or lucky enough to live through a change in the core European policies that will address the fundamentals of the euro crisis. But I hope that at least it can rid Greece of its main plague: partitocracy. | <urn:uuid:d0eb17d1-3ba3-4610-9ed9-9900d2eaa290> | {
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(Germany 31 Jan 1891 – 29 Dec 1972)
30.6 x 22.9 cm image/sheet
Erich Buchholz occupied a central place in the international avant-garde in Berlin in the 1920s. His earliest prints are influenced by the work of the German Expressionists, particularly Franz Marc. In the period immediately after the First World War his art shifted from an expressionist style to non-objectivity. He is now regarded as one of the pioneers of geometric abstraction in Germany. The tendency to which Buchholz's abstract compositions most closely relate is Constructivism, although he denied any association with this movement. He arrived at his conclusions independently and was able to stress the spontaneous and intuitive aspect of his own creative process, as opposed to the intellectual and rational processes of Constructivism. | <urn:uuid:404771dc-4d5d-4869-8f53-c342c50cbce7> | {
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Published on April 21st, 2010 | by What2Learn0
ICT and the Icelandic Volcano
Iceland’s Eyjafjallajokull volcano erupted on 20th March 2010 after a period of growing seismic activity. The resultant ash cloud caused the stoppage of flights across the Atlantic Ocean and all around Europe.
The following resources have been developed to help ICT teachers take advantage of this huge news event and will develop student knowledge of how ICT is much more than the use of desktop computers in classrooms. They will understand how technology is being used to help people to monitor the eruption and the ash cloud, and to enable people to cope with the ban on flights. The resources provided should last students in Years 7-8 two lessons.
The following links to webcams looking at the Eyjafjallajokull volcano. Students can take a screenshot every few minutes and add them to PowerPoint slides to produce a time-lapse representation of how things are changing over time.
Volcano webcam 1
Volcano webcam 2
Volcano webcam 3
Discussion point: Get students to discuss the advantage of using webcams to monitor volcanic activity in this way.
The worksheet below was created to develop student knowledge of how ICT is being used to monitor volcanic activity and to help people cope with the problems being caused by the eruption of Eyjafjallajokull.
This worksheet should be seen as the starting point for the work produced. Students should supplement this by playing the learning games below and adding information about what they have learned to their presentation. They could also go on to do more open research on the topic.
Interactive learning games
The following learning games will develop student knowledge of how ICT can be used to monitor and cope with volcanic activity. The best way to play them is to unlock the new topic ‘The Icelandic Volcano’ by logging in to your free What2Learn account and entering share code 860932. This will mean that student attainment is recorded and rewarded in our award-winning system.
Alternatively, click the links to play the game without recording and rewarding scores.
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Causes of Impotence
There are many underlying physical and psychological causes of erectile dysfunction. Reduced blood flow to the penis and nerve damage are the most common physical ED causes. Underlying conditions associated with erectile dysfunction include the following:
- Vascular disease
- Hormone imbalances
- Neurologic conditions
- Pelvic trauma, surgery, radiation therapy
- Peyronie's disease
- Venous leak
- Psychological conditions
Arteriosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, causes a reduction in blood flow throughout the body and can lead to impotence. It is associated with age and accounts for 50 to 60 percent of impotence in men over 60.
Risk factors for arteriosclerosis include:
- Diabetes mellitus
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
Smoking, which can lead to any of the above risk factors, is perhaps the most significant risk factor for impotence related to arteriosclerosis.
Chronic high levels of blood sugar associated with diabetes often damage small blood vessels and nerves throughout the body, which can impair nerve impulses and blood flow necessary for erection. About 60 percent of men with diabetes experience impotence.
Over 200 commonly prescribed drugs are known to cause or contribute to impotence, including drugs for high blood pressure, heart medications, antidepressants, tranquilizers, and sedatives. A number of over-the-counter medications also can lead to impotence. Long-term use of alcohol and illicit drugs may affect the vascular and nervous systems and are associated with erectile dysfunction.
Hormone disorders account for fewer than 5 percent of cases of impotence. Testosterone deficiency, which occurs rarely, can result in a loss of libido (sexual desire) and loss of erection. Among other conditions, an excess of the hormone prolactin, caused by pituitary gland tumor, reduces levels of testosterone. Hormone imbalances can also result from kidney or liver disease.
Spinal cord and brain injuries (e.g., paraplegia, stroke) can cause impotence when they interrupt the transfer of nerve impulses from the brain to the penis. Other nerve disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, may also result in impotence.
Pelvic Trauma, Surgery, Radiation Therapy
Trauma to the pelvic region or spinal cord can damage veins and nerves needed for erection. Surgery of the colon, prostate, bladder, or rectum may damage the nerves and blood vessels involved in erection. Prostate and bladder cancer surgery often require removing tissue and nerves surrounding a tumor, which increases the risk for impotence.
New nerve-sparing techniques aimed at lowering the incidence of impotence to 40 to 60 percent are now being developed and used in these surgeries. Temporary impotence is also associated with these procedures, even those in which nerve-sparing techniques were used. It can take as long as 6 to 18 months for full erections to return.
Radical cystectomy (for bladder cancer) and prostatectomy (for prostate cancer) require cutting or removing nerves that control penile blood flow. These nerves do not control sensation in the penis and are not responsible for orgasms; only erection is affected by these procedures.
Radiation therapy for prostate or bladder cancer also can permanently damage these nerves.
Peyronie's disease is a rare inflammatory condition that causes scarring of erectile tissue. Scarring produces curvature of the penis that can interfere with sexual function and cause painful erections.
If the veins in the penis cannot prevent blood from leaving the penis during erection, erection cannot be maintained. Venous leak can be a result of injury, disease or damage to the veins in the penis.
Depression, guilt, worry, stress, and anxiety all contribute to loss of libido and erectile dysfunction. If a man experiences loss of erection, he may worry that it will happen again. This can produce anxiety associated with performance and may lead to chronic problems during sex. If the cycle is inescapable, it can result in impotence. Psychological factors in impotence are often secondary to physical causes, and they magnify their significance. | <urn:uuid:988e4e56-6433-4da9-bb97-9305d8065a7c> | {
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Murky Waters: The Dangers of Drunk Driving
When you drink in a gathering, you know you’re up for a lot of fun. Social gatherings can be a great source of interactivity and relaxation, especially with peers. However, it’s important to remember that alcohol has certain effects on your body and not tackling it carefully and driving while drunk can have repercussions. Here are the dangers of drunk driving:
According to the World Health Organization, much of road crashes in countries with a lot of traffic is in fact attributed to alcohol impairment. This can be an alarming fact when there’s an estimated 1.25 million people dying annually due to vehicle accidents, which means around 3,400 people die of these accidents everyday. You may risk becoming part of this statistic if you continue to pursue drunk driving.
As per the WHO report, the dangers of drunk driving in fact escalate depending on your blood alcohol concentration, or BAC. This is the statistic used to compare just how much alcohol is in your blood, and the particular statistic over which you are tested against when you’re caught drunk driving. The dangers of drunk driving increase the more BAC you have, which can be classified in these categories:
- BAC of 0.01 to 0.05, albeit small, already has a profound effect to the body. There’s a noticeable increase in respiration and heart rates as there’s a slow decrease in the functionalities of the brain center. This gives the body that mild sense of pleasure, relaxation, and elation. There’s a particular decrease in inhibitions and judgments, and even inconsistent effects on performing particular tasks.
- BAC of 0.06 to 0.10 is what is usually used to describe people who are tipsy as the physiological effects of alcohol start to take place and sedates the systems. This results in decreased alertness and attention, slower reaction speed, reduced muscle strength, and impaired coordination.
- BAC of 0.10 to 0.15 is what is usually used to describe people who are drunk or are close to getting drunk. Not only is there slurred speech or a dramatic slowing of their reaction speed, there’s actually impairment of visual functionality, balance, and movement.
- BAC of 0.16 to 0.29 is especially dangerous for drivers given this is extent of BAC that allows people to have severe motor impairments such as falling and staggering. This also impairs the senses, including the reduction of awareness when it comes to stimulation.
- BAC of 0.30 to 0.39 is a critical BAC level for others, because this gets them close to losing consciousness and a non responsive stupor. It’s said having a BAC of this level is comparable to anaesthesia put in your body when it comes to having a surgery. A lot of people actually die with this much BAC in their system.
- BAC of 0.40 and above actually is perhaps an extremely dangerous situation, as people with this much alcohol content not only have higher risks of being unconscious, but at worst there might be cessation of breathing and even cause respiratory failure.
As you’ve noticed, the dangers of drunk driving may depend just exactly on which level of the BAC you have. Unfortunately, given that driving is in itself a task that involves multitasking, have a significantly small BAC level may even still have effects on your overall performance as a driver.
When it comes to drunk driving, always remember that it’s considered illegal in a lot of places for the right reasons. The significant health risks of drunk driving are not just for you but for others, which can make alcohol and cars quite the dangerous combination when not handled properly. If you’re in need of legal assistance, click here to learn more. | <urn:uuid:df5487ea-f188-43a9-adcd-4ddcd4d84a71> | {
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Geographical position: Croatia extends from the foothills of the Julian Alps in the north-west and the Pannonian Plain in the east, over the Dinara mountain range in its central region, to the Adriatic coast in the south.
Area:56,542 km2, with an additional 31,067 km2 of territorial waters. Population: 4.381.352
Capital:Zagreb (770.058 inhabitants - the administrative, cultural, academic and communication centre of the country).
Length of coast:5,835 km - including 4,058 km of island, islet and reef coastline.
Number of islands, islets and reefs: 1,185. The largest islands are those of Krk and Cres. There are 67 inhabited islands.
Climate:Northern Croatia has a continental climate; Central Croatia has a semi-highland and highland climate, while the Croatian coast has a Mediterranean climate. Winter temperatures range from -1 to 30°C in the continental region, -5 to 0°C in the mountain region and 5 to 10°C in the coastal region. Summer temperatures range from 22 to 26°C in the continental region, 15 to 20°C in the mountain region and 26 to 30°C in the coastal region.
Population:The majority of the population are Croats. National minorities include Serbs, Moslems, Slovenes, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, and others.
Official language and alphabet: Croatian language and Latin alphabet. Religions: The majority of the population are Roman Catholics, and in addition there are a number of those of Orthodox faith, as well as Muslims, and Christians of other denominations. | <urn:uuid:a9bbf63c-2bb6-4874-bc48-f745849addaf> | {
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Padmini was the second wife of Maharaja of Mewar Rana Rawal Ratan Singh. Maharana Rana Rawal Ratan Singh had won her hand in marriage in a swayamwar. Maharani Padmini was daughter of Maharaja Gandharvasena and Maharani Jamvati of Kumbalgarh in Bikaner, Rajasthan. Rana Rawal Ratan Singh was already married to Queen Nagmati.
Allahuddin Khilji was the Sultan of Delhi and he had only one ambition in life to become a second Alexander the great and conquer as many kingdoms as possible. In 1303 he attacked Mewar whose king was Padmini’s husband Rana Rawal Ratan Singh. The siege took quite a few days and the Mewar army was very less in number compared to Alllahuddin’s army.
The supplies inside Chittorgarh was over after few weeks and Raja Ratan Rawal Singh gave orders to the army to open the gates and fight till death. The Rajputh army fought bravely but were outnumbered by Khilji’s army and Raja Ratan Singh lost his life in battle field. When the bravel Mewar men left for battle field the women of Mewar prepared a jauhar fire and after saying prayers jumped into it led by Maharani Padmini. The battle took place on 26th August 1303. 1600 Rajputh women jumped into the funeral pyre that day. Thus ended the life of Mewars brave Queen Padmini. In later centuries this act of Rani Padmini and other ladies would be emulated by the brave ladies of Rajputh kingdoms after defeat instead of falling into hands of the victorious Muslim rulers.
Alahuddhin Khiji handed the fort to Maldeo, the chief of Jalore and left after a few days back to Delhi.
Note1: As per some fables Raja Ratan Singh was captured by Allahuddin Khiji and kept as prisoner and demanded Rani padmini to come to him but was rescued by Mewar army. But there is no concrete proof of that fact.
Note2: Alahuddin Khilji never came face to face with Maharani Padmini or saw her face in reflection of mirror or water as some legends state
Note3: Alahuddin Khilji was not truly smitten by Maharani Padmini and that was not reason to attack Mewar. The reason was purely conquest of Mewar. These are all imaginary story created by later day writers | <urn:uuid:be2175c6-fa70-4d4c-89e0-bb100d288a27> | {
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Coleus was a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. In recent classifications, the genus is no longer recognized, and the formerly included species are instead placed in the genera Plectranthus and Solenostemon. Because the type species, Coleus amboinicus is now placed in Plectranthus, Coleus is regarded as a synonym of Plectranthus. The term "coleus" is often used as a common name for species formerly placed in the genus Coleus that are cultivated as ornamental plants, particularly Coleus blumei (Solenostemon scutellarioides), which is popular as a garden plant for its brightly colored foliage.
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Dudley Green's biography, published by The History Press , should appear in May this year, priced at £20. ISBN: 978 1 84588 625 7
This is from the publisher:
Patrick Brontë (1777–1861) was the father of the famous ‘Brontë Sisters,’ Anne, Charlotte and Emily, three of Victorian England’s greatest novelists, but he was a fascinating man in his own right and not nearly such an unsympathetic character as Elizabeth Gaskell’s Life of Charlotte Brontë would have us believe.
Born into poverty in Ireland, he won a scholarship to St John’s College, Cambridge, and was ordained into the Church of England. He was perpetual curate of Haworth in Yorkshire for forty-one years, bringing up four children, founding a school and campaigning for a proper water supply.
Although often portrayed as a somewhat fobidding figure, he was an opponent of capital punishment and the Poor Law Amendment Act, a supporter of limited Catholic emancipation and a writer of poetry.
This is the first serious biography of Patrick Brontë for more than forty years. | <urn:uuid:02069094-85c0-4854-9305-17ed40a6d286> | {
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Tertiary syphilis: Introduction
Tertiary syphilis: A condition which is characterized by late generalized syphilis with involvement of many organs and tissues.
More detailed information about the symptoms,
causes, and treatments of Tertiary syphilis is available below.
Symptoms of Tertiary syphilis
- Soft tumor-like growths on mucous membranes
- Soft tumor-like growths on internal organs
- Soft tumor-like growths on bone
- Soft tumor-like growths on skin
- more symptoms...»
Read more about symptoms of Tertiary syphilis
Treatments for Tertiary syphilis
- Parenteral penicillin G
- Late syphilis (Tertiary syphilis, neurosyphilis, syphilis >1yr or unknown duration)
- Benzathine penicillin IM weekly for 3 doses, or procaine penicillin daily for 15 days
- Repetition of blood tests - to ensure treatment successful; see tests for syphilis
- more treatments...»
Read more about treatments for Tertiary syphilis
Home Diagnostic Testing
Home medical testing related to Tertiary syphilis:
Wrongly Diagnosed with Tertiary syphilis?
Tertiary syphilis: Related Patient Stories
Tertiary syphilis: Complications
Read more about complications of Tertiary syphilis.
Causes of Tertiary syphilis
Read more about causes of Tertiary syphilis
Read more about causes of Tertiary syphilis.
Disease Topics Related To Tertiary syphilis
Research the causes of these diseases that are similar to, or related to, Tertiary syphilis:
Tertiary syphilis: Undiagnosed Conditions
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Misdiagnosis and Tertiary syphilis
Hidden diagnosis of chronic STD: The book "A Dose of Sanity" reports on a case of a many diagnosed
with depression, who was correctly diagnosed with seronegative syphilis (see ...read more »
Antibiotics often causes diarrhea: The use of antibiotics are very likely
to cause some level of diarrhea in patients.
The reason is that antibiotics kill off not only "bad" bacteria,
but...read more »
Read more about Misdiagnosis and Tertiary syphilis
Hospitals & Clinics: Tertiary syphilis
Research quality ratings and patient safety measures
for medical facilities in specialties related to Tertiary syphilis:
Hospital & Clinic quality ratings »
Choosing the Best Hospital:
More general information, not necessarily in relation to Tertiary syphilis,
on hospital performance and surgical care quality:
Evidence Based Medicine Research for Tertiary syphilis
Medical research articles related to Tertiary syphilis include:
Click here to find more evidence-based articles on the TRIP Database
Research about Tertiary syphilis
Visit our research pages for current research about Tertiary syphilis treatments.
Statistics for Tertiary syphilis
Tertiary syphilis: Broader Related Topics
Types of Tertiary syphilis
User Interactive Forums
Read about other experiences, ask a question about Tertiary syphilis, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Definitions of Tertiary syphilis:
The third stage; characterized by involvement of internal organs especially the brain and spinal cord as well as the heart and liver
- (Source - WordNet 2.1)
Tertiary syphilis is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Tertiary syphilis, or a subtype of Tertiary syphilis,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Source - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Contents for Tertiary syphilis:
» Next page: What is Tertiary syphilis?
Medical Tools & Articles:
Tools & Services:
Forums & Message Boards
- Ask or answer a question at the Boards: | <urn:uuid:ef227840-f684-49a5-8eb9-ac52344b48e3> | {
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Over the last 4 years Durham Wildlife Trust’s Heart of Durham Project, as a result of a generous donation from D’Oyley Carte, has been putting up tubes and specialised boxes at various woodland locations as part of their survey of looking for dormice in County Durham.
Now the Land of Oak and Iron project has also got involved, as the Forestry Commission provided this project with a 100 tubes for volunteers to put up in Strothers Hills Wood.
Volunteers with both projects regularly checking the tubes and boxes have found many variations of small droppings and are puzzled as to which mammal has been using their tubes.
In a copy of the Mammal Summer news 2017, an article caught the eye of Anne Porter Project Officer for the Heart of Durham Project and an idea was conceived.
On Wednesday the 29th of November volunteers met at Chopwell Forest School classroom to round up the year’s survey discoveries and to learn about the benefits of using GPS to locate tubes and boxes, but the main event was the construction of footprint tracking tubes.
A simple and hopefully effective method of identifying the mammals that might be frequenting the boxes and tubes consists of some domestic plastic drain pipe, recycled off cuts of timber and a plastic milk bottle top. Oh and some specialized inked paper!
So watch this space for future updates on how these tubes are working in tracking mammal footprints. Thank you to all the volunteers inolved in this day and the preparation of the materials. | <urn:uuid:debf8bf5-48ae-4b3f-b331-fdc507d23402> | {
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Biting midges are minute to tiny flies that can be severe biting pests of humans, pets, livestock, and wildlife. Their blood-sucking habits also raise concerns about possible involvement in the transmission of disease agents. You are encouraged to learn more about the biology of biting midges so that you can avoid being bitten and be better informed about their public health risk.
Biting midges are extremely annoying, but none are known to transmit disease agents to humans in the U.S. They have a much greater impact on non-human animals, both as biting pests and vectors of disease agents. In North America, the most important disease agent transmitted by biting midges is Blue Tongue virus. This virus is a major cause of disease in livestock in the western U. S., but it does not infect humans.
The bites of biting midges inflict a burning sensation and can cause different reactions in humans, ranging from a small reddish welt at the bite site to local allergic reactions that cause significant itching. When numerous, biting midges have a real impact on residents and visitors of the Atlantic Coast, Gulf Coast, San Francisco Bay region, and southwestern deserts, primarily by limiting outdoor activities.
Biting midge is a common name for pest species, but it is not the only one. For example, “no-see-ums” is used widely in the North America, “punkies” in the Northeast, “five-O’s (related to biting around 5 PM) in Florida and Alabama, “pinyon gnats” in the Southwest, and “moose flies” in Canada.
Biting midges are flies (Order Diptera) in the family Ceratopogonidae, which includes over 4, 000 species in 78 genera worldwide. Over 600 species in 36 genera have been described in North America, the vast majority of which either feed on other insects or other non-human animals. Species in only four genera of biting midges feed on the blood of mammals. The genera of greatest importance to human and livestock health in the U. S. are Culicoides, Leptoconops, and Forcipomyia. Very little information exists regarding biting midges in Indiana, but distribution data reveal that several species occur in the state.
The common name "sand fly" at times is applied to members of the biting midge family Ceratopogonidae and the black fly family Simuliidae, but it usually is reserved for blood-sucking species in the subfamily Phlebotominae of the family Psychodidae. There are an estimated 600 species of phlebotomine sand flies in the world, including 14 species in the U. S. Only one of these species bites humans, and it is not known to be involved in the transmission of disease agents.
Phlebotomine sand flies are known to be vectors of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that cause human disease in Asia, Africa, southern Europe, and Latin America. Their most important involvement is the transmission of protozoan species in the genus Leishmania. Depending on the species and region in which they are transmitted, Leishmania parasites can cause a serious disease known as "visceral leishmaniasis" or "Kala-Azar" plus several forms of disfiguring skin diseases collectively known as "cutaneous leishmaniasis."
Biting midges are very small, ranging in size from 1-3 mm in length. They typically are grayish, but more reddish when filled with blood. Wings of many species, including some that feed on humans, contain dark patterns, which give them a grayish appearance (Figure 1). The mouthparts of biting midges consist of a fleshy sheath inside of which are four, minute cutting blades that lacerate the skin, inflicting sharp, burning pain. Observant victims may notice tiny red “spots” that are biting midges filling with blood.
The majority of biting midge larvae resemble tiny, whitish “worms,” but those of certain species resemble miniature caterpillars that possess fleshy processes and “false legs” along the length of their bodies (Figure 2). Visible only with a microscope, biting midge larvae possess a pigmented head capsule and minute chewing mouthparts. Equally tiny, biting midge pupae resemble those of numerous related flies (Figure 2).
Biting midges undergo a type of development known as “complete metamorphosis.” This means the last larval stage molts into a non-feeding pupal stage that eventually transforms into a winged adult. Relatively few species have been studied, and the account below is based largely on pest species that have been reared in captivity.
Females typically require a blood meal for development of eggs, but those of a few species are capable of producing an initial batch of eggs without feeding. Eggs are laid in a mass on various moist surfaces and hatch in 2-7 days. There are four larval stages (Figure 2), with larval development completed in about two weeks to a year or more, depending on temperature and food supply. The pupal stage typically is formed in the same site as the last larval stage, and adults emerge in 2-3 days. Adults can live for two to seven weeks. Laboratory and field studies suggest that biting midges may complete two or more generations per calendar year. Last stage larvae over-winter and pupate the following spring to early summer.
Biting midge larvae develop in a variety of semi-aquatic or aquatic habitats, depending on the species. For example, larvae of some species of Culicoides are truly aquatic, developing both in streams and ponds, but those of most species are found in organically rich, semi-aquatic sites such as marshes, bogs, tree holes, and saturated rotting wood. Larvae of Culicoides species that are biting pests of livestock develop in saturated soil of wastewater ponds and sepage from watering troughs, both typically enriched with livestock manure. Larvae of Leptoconops species that bite humans develop in moist soil fissures, including in many areas of the arid western U. S. Larvae of Forcipomyia species develop in mosses, algae, rotting logs, and also in moist soil beneath fecal pats of cattle.
Male and female biting midges feed on plant sap and nectar, the primary energy sources for flight and for increased longevity of females. Egg production requires a protein source, which is obtained either from the body fluids of small insects or vertebrate blood. Male biting midges are not attracted to vertebrates, and their mouthparts are not capable of biting.
Females of pest species feed primarily on mammals, but birds, reptiles, and amphibians also are a source of blood meals. Some species are host specific, but others are opportunistic, feeding on a variety of vertebrates that they encounter, usually in response to carbon dioxide emitted by the host. Different species of biting midges have their peak feeding periods at different times of the day. For example, females of Leptoconops species feed during daylight. In contrast, females of Culicoides species typically do not begin to feed until dusk, and they continue feeding at night. Species of Culicoides that are major biting pests of humans are attracted to light and readily enter dwellings to feed.
Females of an important biting pest (Leptoconops kertszi) in semiarid regions of the southwest are known to disperse up to approximately 10 miles and can affect humans far from the site of larval development. In contrast, females of most species of Culicoides typically disperse no more than .5-1 mile from the site of larval development. In general, biting midges are weak fliers, and flight is greatly reduced or curtailed in windy conditions.
Humans have little or no influence over the vast majority of species of biting midges because the larvae develop in “natural habitats” mentioned above. A significant exception to this generalization pertains to certain species of Culicoides that are biting pests of livestock and vectors of Blue Tongue virus. For example, larvae of C. sonorensis develop in tremendous numbers in wastewater evaporation ponds associated with livestock production and also can be abundant in feces-contaminated mud associated with leaking watering troughs.
The feeding habits of relatively very few species of Ceratopogonidae have been studied in detail, but females of some are known to be predators, feeding on the body fluids of small insects that they capture. Larvae of some species of Ceratopogonidae also are known to be predators, feeding on protozoa, small worms, and tiny larvae of insects. Others are thought to feed on bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organic matter. Very few species have been reared under laboratory conditions, in large part because the food sources are unknown. Successful rearing has been limited to several pest species in the genus Culicoides, with the larvae being reared on nematode worms.
Control of biting midge larvae and adults is very difficult. The only species that can be controlled in the larval stages is C. sonorensis, a species associated with livestock production. Larval development is disrupted by modifying the bank structure of the wastewater ponds, the periodic altering of water levels, and the reduction of leakage from watering troughs.
Suppressing adult biting midges with insecticides has enjoyed limited success, and only under certain conditions. For example, temporary relief has followed aerial application of insecticides along the Atlantic Coast and Gulf Coast during evening hours, when biting midges are most active. However, the installation of window and door screens consisting of a mesh size smaller than normal window screen is much more effective in reducing bites because screens prevent female biting midges from entering dwellings. Similarly, people camping in the certain areas of the western U. S. should use tents outfitted with “biting midge screening” that consists of a mesh size smaller than normal window screening.
Repellents containing DEET (diethytoluamide) and clothing impregnated with DEET or permethrin provide only limited protection. Scheduling outdoor activities to avoid daily peaks of biting midges is the most effective way people can avoid being bitten.
A recent (2002) textbook by G. Mullen and L. Durden, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, has an excellent chapter devoted to biting midges that covers biology, behavior, medical and veterinary risk, and information on methods of personal protection and approaches to biting midge control.
The following website contains detailed information on biting midges. | <urn:uuid:c900fdd4-5fac-4b19-9150-929266151535> | {
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Four Week Quiz A
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through The Second Book Chapters XI-XV.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who arrived after these natives had visited the Puritans several times?
2. What was the name given to the outspoken men of faith?
3. What was the name of the group after it broke off from the established church?
4. What was the name given to the people who believed in the basis and origin of the Christian religion?
5. How long would the agreement stay in effect?
(a) 39 years.
(b) 10 years.
(c) 24 years.
(d) 18 years.
Short Answer Questions
1. Which adjective best describes the behavior of the crew aboard the Mayflower?
2. Where did the group intend to settle?
3. What word is used to describe the character of William Brewster?
4. What item(s) had been confiscated by the ship's crew?
5. The man was soon labeled as being ____.
This section contains 155 words
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Infographic: The History of Martyrdom
The number of Christians killed for their faith has been growing since the beginning of Christianity, in AD 33. ©2001 World Christian Trends, William Carey Library, David Barrett & Todd Johnson
The exact numbers are listed after the jump.
Posted by Susan Wunderink on May 11, 2009 12:20 PM
TagsAfrica, Archaeology, Asia, Australia, Bible, cartoon, chart, church life, churches, collage, crafts, design, drawing, Easter, Europe, exhibits, history, holidays, Holy Week, illumination, India, Jesus, Lent, ministry, movies, News, news, painting, paintings, photography, print, research, sculpture, South America, stained glass, U.S., woodblock, woodcut, worship | <urn:uuid:91b23f42-0204-41ff-a233-a2611feeb985> | {
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Eric Posner and Mitu Gulati Explain How Not to Solve the European Debt Crisis
The debt crisis in Europe presents a big political problem: Wealthy countries, chiefly Germany, must either agree to subsidize poor countries or abandon the euro so that Greece, Ireland, and other countries on the verge of default can reduce their debt payments by devaluing their currencies. The first option is politically explosive; the second is politically catastrophic. To duck this unwelcome choice, heads of government like German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy have proposed a variety of legal mechanisms that sound new and enticing. But these proposals are a smoke screen. The reality is that the necessary legal tools already exist, and they're not being used because they would actually make the crisis worse.
When creditors first lost confidence that Greece could repay its debts, the problem appeared to be internal. The Greek government had cooked the books, and once creditors discovered this, they refused to make new loans. Europe stepped in with loan subsidies, but only after a moment of hesitation that planted a seed of doubt for the creditors of other European countries. They realized that if Europe was unsure whether to bail out Greece, it might not bail out other countries in financial distress.
Next came Ireland, with less public debt than Greece, but a banking sector that had massively overlent during a bubble. Because a government can't let its banking system fail, creditors realized that Ireland would have to take on this massive debt, and the Greece crisis repeated itself. At this point, Merkel suggested that in future sovereign debt crises, the creditors should not be paid in full. This proved another serious mistake that pushed Irish banks—and hence the solvency of the Irish government—to the brink. | <urn:uuid:ae1374a7-8d9b-4a95-aca1-e7d28d7228ea> | {
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NOUN: A quarrelsome, scolding woman; a shrew.
ADJECTIVE: Shrewish; scolding.
ETYMOLOGY: From Middle English Termagaunt, imaginary Muslim deity portrayed as a violent and overbearing character in medieval mystery plays, alteration of Tervagant, from Old French.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by the Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Let's examine some examples from the Master himself. By George, I think I see future taglines in the first two paragraphs!
I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad, who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing, and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.
. . .
Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener with constant use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosopers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of His Majesty George the Third.
. . .
From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquility of the assemblage, and call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.
Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and the clamor of his wife, was to take a gun in hand, and stroll away into the woods.
What did you think he was going to do with the gun?
BTW, does anyone see the schwa (ə)? I can only see a box. Must be the furschlushinger font. | <urn:uuid:4add039a-7de1-478d-8594-ef203973c636> | {
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The Ichneumon wasps are insects classified in the parasitica group of the suborder Apocrita within the Order Hymenoptera. Sometimes incorrectly called Ichneumon flies, they are solitary insects, and most are parasitoids - the larvae feeding on or in another insect which finally dies. As with all hymenopterans, Ichneumons are closely related to ants and bees.
The superfamily Ichneumonoidea (consisting of two families: the Ichneumonidae and the Braconidae) has been estimated to contain well over 80,000 different species. Some members use many different insects as a host, others are very specific in host choice. Various Ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling aphids or pests such as flies or beetles.
Ichneumon species are highly diverse - ranging from 1/8-inch to 5 inches long. Most are slender, with many species having an extremely long ovipositor for laying eggs. The female finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. Upon hatching, the larval Ichneumon feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when they themselves are ready to pupate.
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3 weeks ago
Could the apps you have installed on your mobile phone be snooping on you? Based on the latest data from app security analytics firm Appthority, it's not merely possible; it's actually more than likely, particularly if you downloaded those apps for free.
According to Appthority's Winter 2014 App Reputation Report, released this week, 95 per cent of the top 200 free apps for iOS and Android exhibited at least one risky behavior. But so did 80 per cent of the top 200 paid apps, meaning pretty much all apps should be considered suspect.
The so-called risky behaviors Appthority identified in its study included location tracking, accessing the device's address book or contact list, single sign-on via social networks, identifying the user or the phone's unique identifier (UDID), in-app purchases, and sharing data with ad networks and analytics companies.
After analyzing the code of the top 200 free and paid apps on iOS and Android, Appthority concluded that all of these categories were commonplace, but the riskiest ones were particularly prevalent among free apps.
For example, 70 per cent of free apps tracked the user's location, compared to just 44 per cent of the paid apps studied. Similarly, more than half of all of the free apps used social network sign-ons, identified the user, offered in-app purchasing, or shared user data with ad networks – any of which could easily be abused by malicious apps. Less than half of paid apps displayed each of these behaviors. | <urn:uuid:8f5162d6-63e0-4c45-8bd1-c1bc9aeb8f52> | {
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President’s Service Blog: Relieving the Hunger
As we near the end of the year, many people around the world gather with family and friends to celebrate Christmas, Hanukkah, Diwali or other cultural holidays. Very often those celebrations involve the preparation of big meals, with everyone sitting around a table, enjoying food and fellowship. Sadly, that is not the reality for many families.
There are millions of people who don’t get enough to eat. And it isn’t only in developing countries. Consider the following statistics from the United States in 2009:
- 49 million people in the U.S. lived in households without enough food.
- Households with children were twice as likely not to have enough food.
- 4.8 million U.S. households used emergency food from a food pantry at least once that year.
Other developed nations around the world are experiencing similar statistics. In South Africa, Lions have been fighting to reduce hunger by providing meals for more than 37 years. You too can engage your community in hunger-related activities.
In December and January, let’s shine our Lions light on relieving hunger. With the global economic downturn, more families are finding it difficult to put food on the table. By supporting hunger relief organizations and local food pantries, we will address the hunger problem on a regular basis, not just during holidays. Collect food and nourish people today so they can find the strength for a healthier and happier tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:21d561c0-058f-4934-a30b-1c5575c3ca68> | {
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Boilers: Types, applications, and efficiencies
Steam boilers are applied in many applications for building heating and many forms of process heating and humidification systems. The use of steam boilers has dropped in recent years, but they still remain the choice method of distribution energy for heating in large facilities such as hospitals, campuses, and some downtown areas of major cities.
Steam boilers can be classified in several ways; however, they are either low pressure (15 psig or less) or high pressure (greater than 15 psig). They can be fire-tube Scotch marine with wet- or dry-back design, cast iron, or water tube design. Steam generating boilers require large volumes for the phase change of water to steam to reduce operational issues related to small water to steam interface area.
Steam boilers also require proper water chemistry for proper operation. Boiler feed water/makeup must be low in hardness (typically 2 grains/lb or less) with low total dissolve solids in order to reduce water surface tension. Water surface tension is a primary cause of water spouting within the boiler’s water to steam interface area. Increased “water spouting” can result in rapid fluctuation of the water level in the boiler, which is indicative of water carryover from the steam generation volume of the boiler into the steam piping header. Water carryover from the boiler to the steam header usually leads to the boiler shutting down on its low water safety. If the steam header becomes partially or fully water-logged, complete shutdown and drainage of the system is required.
Steam boilers and steam piping systems are large thermal flywheels. The system requires a substantial start-up time for boiler and piping system warmup. Large piping system usually require warmup in multiple sections to avoid or minimize vacuum (sub-atmospheric) pressure forming during the warmup process due to steam condensing back to water. Steam systems cannot react to rapidly changing system demands if the boilers are staged on from a cold state. Therefore, steam boiler staging is based upon weather, steam header pressure, and the boiler operator’s experience rather than the staging controls used in hot-water boiler systems.
While steam is an extremely effective method of transporting thermal energy (considering the latent heat of vaporization) and requires no pumping on the vapor side of the system, steam boiler systems are inherently inefficient. Recent experience indicates the natural gas to steam plant output (thermal efficiency) to range from 55% to 65% based on measured usage data for an 180,000 lb/hr plant.
Boilers and water-based heating systems are available in a wide variety of types and configurations. Determining the boiler type for a specific application is the responsibility of the consulting engineer in conjunction with the owner or operator of the facility. Applying the boiler in most efficient configuration is the responsibility of the consulting engineer.
The table of boiler types included in this article is not intended to be complete, but only a reference to basic types and configurations available. Fabrication materials vary between manufacturers along with patented designs.
The most efficiently designed boiler-based system uses the most efficient boiler and system configuration for the application. Controlling the system to meet the system demands is the major key to overall efficiency. Using the simplest but most effective boiler plant/system staging controls with the feedback of building heating requirements on a minute-by-minute basis is the key to optimizing any hydronic heating system’s efficiency. System feedback input includes continuous monitoring of flow requirements and supply-return water temperature differential, using this data to calculate real-time requirements of the facility, and then making decisions on the staging of entire heating plant.
Variable primary-only boiler systems can be accomplished. However, this must be achieved with the input of the boiler manufacturer’s engineering/applications group. Special attention must be given to maintain minimum tube velocity required by the boiler manufacturer.
Condensing boilers offer the greatest energy efficiency if properly applied. Small terminal coils (such as terminal boxes, finned tube radiation, cabinet heater, etc.) are not designed for low temperature water. Therefore, special care must be used in selecting these coils. Condensing boilers can be applied to existing systems if proper precautions are realized by the consulting engineer and the facility owner/operator. If the existing system is to take full advantage of the efficiency potential of these boilers, every coil must be evaluated for performance at the lower water temperatures. The alternative is to apply these boilers with the proper controls to allow for noncondensing water temperatures during peak heating periods.
Michael E. Myers is senior mechanical engineering manager at WD Partners in Dublin, Ohio, where he is responsible for managing and directing the mechanical engineering division. He has more than 33 years of experience in HVAC, plumbing, and fire protection engineering. He is a former ASHRAE distinguished lecturer, former ASHRAE chapter president and a previously published co-author on HVAC design. | <urn:uuid:c83bae37-0d04-4c58-81ac-9ca8aa4eed2a> | {
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ERIC Number: ED471867
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 2002-Aug
Reference Count: N/A
School Crime Patterns: A National Profile of U.S. Public High Schools Using Rates of Crime Reported to Police. Report on the Study on School Violence and Prevention.
Cantor, David; Wright, Mareena McKinley
This report profiles violence in U.S. public high schools. It is based on data taken from a U.S. Department of Education survey of school principals that asked about the number and types of crimes reported to police for the 1996-97 school year. The analysis shows that 60 percent of the violence occurred in 4 percent of the schools. The high schools were grouped by the nature and level of crimes occurring in the school: no crime, isolated crime, moderate crime, and violent crime. High schools in each group are described in terms of their student-population characteristics, community characteristics, and school-violence prevention efforts. The results indicate that high-violence schools differ markedly from the other schools. They tended to be located in urban areas, had a high percentage of minority students, and were situated in areas with high social disadvantage and residential mobility. However, 36 percent of the schools in the violent-crime group were located in rural areas. Schools in the violent-crime group appeared to put more emphasis on programs geared toward changing individual behavior, which contrasted with high schools in the other three groups, which placed a higher priority on prevention instruction and counselors within the school. The report suggests that methods to prevent violence be tailored to the level and type of crime problems that schools are experiencing. (RJM)
Descriptors: Educational Administration, Educational Assessment, Educational Environment, Elementary Secondary Education, Illegal Drug Use, National Surveys, Prevention, School Safety, School Security, Social Influences, Violence
ED Pubs, P.O. Box 1398, Jessup, MD 20794-1398. Tel: 877-433-7827 (Toll Free); TTY: 800-437-0833 (Toll Free); Fax: 301-470-1244; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS/publications.html. For full text: http://www.ed.gov/offices/OUS/PES/studies-school-violence/school-crime-pattern.pdf.
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: Department of Education, Washington, DC. Planning and Evaluation Service.
Authoring Institution: Westat, Inc., Rockville, MD.; Gottfredson Associates, Inc., Ellicott City, MD.
Note: In: Wide Scope, Questionable Quality: Three Reports from the Study on School Violence and Prevention; see EA 032 191. | <urn:uuid:7dcd2a4f-e249-4b5a-80e3-a4e2c38d7f1f> | {
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Herbicides are used to kill unwanted plants and weeds in pastures. They are applied during the growing season in order to impede the growth of an otherwise healthy plant. Selective herbicides destroy only the weeds and non-selective will destroy all vegetation. Herbicides are concentrated and are mixed with water to be broadcast across the pasture. There are many different types of herbicides that can be applied to kill the weeds in pastures
Cimarron is an herbicide that is used primarily on established Bermuda grass. The grass should be established for at least 60 days before the herbicide is applied. If it is applied earlier, the grass could die. Cimarron is applied to pastures to control chickweed, dandelion, buttercup, dogfennel, thistle and geraniums. 0.1 to 0.3 ounces is used for an acre. Add 4 to 5 ounces of herbicide per gallon of water along with 1 to 2 ounces of non-ionic surfactant. The surfactant helps to spread the herbicide evenly over the plant surfaces instead of the application beading up.
Milestone is applied to newly established pasture grass. It is used once the grass begins to take root and has grown 3 to 4 inches. Milestone is used to control thistle, buttercups, cocklebur, pigsweed, horsenettle and ironweed. Use 4 to 5 ounces per gallon of water along with 1 to 2 ounces of nonionic surfactant. Milestone can destroy some pasture grass but reseed of the area is possible. Apply 3 ounces per every acre of pasture.
PastureGard herbicide is used on established pasture grass only. Active ingredients are triclopyr and fluroxypyr. This herbicide is best used on brush and woody plants such as blackberry. It is best used in the summer after the plants have dropped their fruit. Mix 4 to 5 ounces of PastureGard per gallon of water along with 1 to 2 ounces of non-ionic surfactant. Spray approximately 7 ounces of mixture per acre.
Weedmaster herbicide contains the active ingredient of dicamba. This herbicide helps to control a wide range of weeds including brambles, horsenettles and other hard to control weeds. Mix 4 to 5 ounces of herbicide per gallon of water with 1 to 2 ounces of nonionic surfactant. Apply 3 to 4 pints per acre of pasture. Weedmaster will destroy all pasture grass including the weeds so reseeding will be necessary. You will need to wait at least one year before you can reseed. This herbicide is best used during the Summer months. Once the grass and weeds have died, allow the pasture to remain dormant. Reseeding should take place the following summer. | <urn:uuid:91a9cd95-2fff-4d34-809e-ff543bb2f152> | {
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1850 (dated) 10 x 12 in (25.4 x 30.48 cm)
A fine example S. A. Mitchell Senior's 1850 map of Denmark. Shows cities, roadways, rail lines, canals, and some topographical features. Color coded according to province, including the Duchy of Holstein. Includes parts of adjacent Sweden and Germany. Dated and copyrighted 1850.
Samuel Augustus Mitchell (March 20, 1792 - December 20, 1868) Senior began his map publishing career in the early 1830s. Having worked as a school teacher, Mitchell was frustrated with the low quality and inaccuracy of school texts of the period. His first maps were an attempt to rectify this problem. In the next 20 years Mitchell would become the most prominent American map publisher of the mid-19th century. Mitchell worked with prominent engravers J. H. Young, H. S. Tanner, and H. N. Burroughs before attaining the full copyright on his maps in 1847. In 1849 Mitchell teamed up with printer Cowperthwait & Company to produce the Mitchell's Universal Atlas and the Mitchell's General Atlas. In the late 1850s most of the Mitchell copyrights were bought by Desilver and Co. who continued to publish his maps, many with modified borders and color schemes, until Mitchell's son, Samuel Augustus Mitchell Junior, entered the picture. S.A. Mitchell Jr. purchased most of the copyrights back from Desilver and, from 1860 on, published his own New General Atlas. The younger Mitchell became as prominent as his father and published atlases well into the late 1880s when most of the copyrights were again sold and the Mitchell firm closed its doors for the final time.
Mitchell Sr., S. A.,A New Universal Atlas Containing Maps of the various Empires, Kingdoms, States and Republics Of The World. (1850 issue)
Very good. Overall toning. Blank on verso. | <urn:uuid:43bba54b-2c2b-433c-a063-1087667aaab8> | {
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The Liberty party was the first antislavery party. Formed at a national convention in Albany, New York, in April 1840, the party sought to achieve abolitionist goals through political means. Its first presidential candidate was a former Alabama slave holder, James G. Birney. The party drew a scant 7,000 votes nationally in that election, a figure that increased to approximately 62,000 in 1844.
Although numerically small, the Liberty party exerted considerable influence in a number of northern states, and some historians attribute Henry Clay's loss of the presidency in 1844 to the Liberty party, which took Whig votes away from Clay in New York State. In 1848, with the rise of northern concern about the expansion of slavery in the territories, most Liberty party members joined the more moderate Free Soil party, which appealed primarily to northern fears about the expansion of slavery. | <urn:uuid:8e0fa9fa-f8b7-4668-bc04-0b0776475442> | {
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Accounting has evolved since it was foremost developed and has continued to germinate. The purpose of this essay is to research and discourse why accounting, both fiscal and direction has changed over the last millenary. In order to accomplish this purpose an in-depth attack will be taken into the beginnings of accounting, its intent and demand. This will intend analyzing history documents which are evidence-based but are intertwined with value opinion. Many alternate theoretical and practical accounts are offered in literature for the development of accounting over clip. These class literatures will be evaluated and there theories will later be accepted or rejected.
In order to research the inquiry and because the definitions provided by accounting organic structures are themselves are capable to alter, it is important to first define accounting and its intent. The intent of accounting is to supply information based on relevant informations that aids users in doing economic determinations.
Fiscal accounting is designed chiefly to bring forth fiscal studies which provide information sing the house ‘s public presentation to external users such as Tax governments, Investors, Customers and Creditors. Financial Accounting is extremely regulated in order to guarantee they have certain features. These features enhance the utility of the fiscal studies to users. These features are relevancy, comparison, seasonableness, equity and objectiveness.
Management accounting is used to fix histories and studies that provide accurate and up to day of the month information that allows direction to do determinations.
Accounting developed as people needed a method of entering their assets and belongings. If belongings was recorded and accounted for, it would be easy to turn out legal ownership. Accountancy has been around for 1000s of old ages. Professor L. Plunkett of the College of Charleston calls accounting the “ oldest profession ”
In this millenary at that place have been infinite alterations and developments in accounting. From more crude methods of simple accounting for belongings and assets, in order to enter for grounds of legal ownership to a complex regulated signifier.
“ British Entrepreneurs and Pre-Industrial Revolution Evidence of Cost Management ” a paper by Richard K. Fleischman and Lee D. Parker examines the usage and developments of cost accounting in 1760 to 1850. The four chief countries looked at in cost direction will be: cost control techniques, accounting for overhead, bing for modus operandi and particular determination devising, and standard costing.
These houses used cost informations to command natural stuff input stuffs. The Fe houses broke down costs utilizing natural stuff controls, whilst taking into history the differential costs of excavation and smelting. Textile houses were concerned about the profitable natural mixtures and the cost of natural stuffs input. Marshall fabric house employ the practise of utilizing public presentation cards, which is an effectual method and is still used by houses today. Performance cards are used daily to supervise and command expenses.. These direction accounting practises benefited the concern greatly. It allowed marshal to be cost effectual and efficient by understating costs. Gregs was another fabric house which kept pay and disbursal books to cipher control costs. This helps to place tendencies, failings and countries for betterment. For illustration they experienced losingss in 1829 and where able to place and impute these to heightened production costs and out-of-date machinery.
The fabric and Fe houses were in a extremely competitory market, and so dependent on a market-driven pricing construction. This bit by bit changed as with houses utilizing merchandise bing to assistance in finding the optimal degree of end product. Boulton & A ; Watt and Wedgewood were able to cipher operating expenses such as mill costs, fixed costs and selling disbursal. This enabled
“ Industrial Revolution entrepreneurs employed cost analysis to back up perpendicular integrating and merchandise line determinations ” ( Fleischman 1990, P367 ) Decisions such as capital equipment purchases and mineral field rentals where taken after careful consideration of costing of options. This enabled them to warrant and do potentially better determinations as the quality of information on which to establish the determination on was better.
“ The usage of standard costing was associated with an consciousness of the cost salvaging available from appropriate stock list control processs. ” ( Richard K. Fleischman et la 1990 ) Standard bing saved the clip of really holding to roll up existent stock list costs. This is good for houses as they can make standard costs, which allow the concern to: place and extinguish disused points, budget and comparison with existent costs, gauge a monetary value more easy than ciphering a monetary value based on existent cost, create prognosiss for production.
An Archivist responds to the New Accounting History: The Case of the U.S. Men ‘s Clothing Industry is a paper by Thomas Tyson that uses factual grounds on the history of accounting to analyze the alterations. It focuses chiefly on the work forces ‘s vesture industry. Miller and O’Leary ( 1987 ) implied that “ the rule of criterion costs made it possible to attach to every person within the house norms and criterions of behaviouraˆ¦ Standard costing and budgeting made possible a pinpointing of duty for preventable inefficiencies at the degree of the really single from whom they derived ” this is true to an extent and can be seen in the British Railways Industry ‘s costing system. BRM failed to budget or utilize standard bing boulder clay they were forced to make so as a consequence of worsening net incomes. This fail mean preventable inefficiencies were non prevented.
Hopper and Armstrong province the ground for these alterations to direction accounting being due to the direct consequence of houses fighting. “ Accounting controls were non a effect of economic or technological jussive moods, but instead were rooted in battles as houses attempted to command labour procedures in assorted eras of capitalistic development. ” ( H & A ; A 1991, P. 405 )
Along with alterations in accounting, there came alterations in inventions in direction. “ Scientific direction sought to set up itself a right to interfere in people ‘s lives. This right was finally to be taken over by an ground forces of techniques of societal and economic life of the enterpriseaˆ¦ the undertaking of scientific direction helped to render evident and remediable the waste lying deep within the every move of the worker. ” ( Tyson. T, an archivists response to new accounting history ) it is by and large considered that Tysons paper is flawed.
Cost accounting in the ship building, technology and metals industries of the West of Scotland, “ The Workshops of the Empire ” , C1900-1960 is a paper by A.I.M. Fleming, S. Mckinstry and K. Wallace. The paper examines the nature and developments of bing systems employed in the ship building, technology and metals industries of the West of Scotland between the old ages c1900-1960. These developments can be seen as a patterned advance from the cost direction practises employed in fabric and Fe plants examined in the old paper, adapted to different industries.
There were developments necessitated by the fact that most work was contract-based or occupation based and so required a different method of cost accounting. Standard costing and budgetary control were rejected as a consequence of agnosticism over the relevancy of Taylorism and scientific direction to the country ‘s industries. As many of the occupations and contracts were alone, this may non hold been a bad thing.
The ship edifice industry split the ships costs into three chief constituents, Hull, Boilers and Engine. Each had a separate cost-book which recorded direct rewards and stuffs. This system allowed a comparing between the estimated direct costs and existent direct costs. A elaborate pay analysis book was kept, dividing pay cost for the three chief constituents ( hull, engine and boiler ) . The pay measure for each constituent was besides split into separate classs e.g. direct workers, category of workingman, patch work-based etc. This allowed them to maximize efficiency in footings of labor costs as staff and stuffs were already supervised. This besides reduced the hazard of larceny. “ There hence existed a system that enabled the trailing of costs versus estimation at premier cost degree on a progressive footing as contracts proceeded. ” ( K.Wallace & A ; Parker 2000, P363 )
The British Railway Industry tended to sell in fixed monetary value contracts. The Cost and Weight Book recorded the cost associated with each of the major constituent of the locomotor e.g. Boiler, firebox etc. This book had a rigorous templet each major constituent was printed on the left and separate costs where printed at the top. This format allowed comparing between different contract cost and comprehensibility. It besides allowed for good appraisal for future contract costs. This format has changed little in modern direction accounting. A failure of the company was to non to the full use this valuable information as they did non utilize budgeting, standard costing or fringy costing. “ Costss were non analysed by section or plants. ” ( K.wallace and Parker 2000 ) Not until the house began to worsen in 1960 did they present a signifier of “ simple ” budgeting. This failure to budget was a failing that was finally addressed but cost the house potency cost salvaging efficiencies.
“ The Industrial Revolution versus the Managerial Revolution: Distinguishing Difference in Accounting Practices ” a paper by Keith Hoskin and Richard Macve discusses the function of accounting as a manufacturer of Modern Managerialism. “ The accounting practises of authorship, analyzing and rating came to construction human activity for those who learned to larn under them, it is apprehensible how accounting could detect a new function in the concern context. ” ( Hoskin & A ; Macve, 1993, p 9 ) This statement indicates an evolving function of accounting in concern and act uponing the structuring of human activity. This theory was seen being employed at Springfield Armoury. The armory generated a big measures of accounting information “ costs were tracked, records of production were kept, full-cost estimations made for pricing determinations, including the application of charges for involvement and depreciation. ” ( Hoskin & A ; Macve, 1993, p 9 ) This was done in order to organize a “ complete system of answerability. ” This was an of import measure along with the debut of charges for involvement and depreciation.
This paper relates to economic rational theory which can be used to explicate the developments in direction accounting. Peoples make picks based on their “ rational mentality, available information and yesteryear experiences. ” ( Investopedia online, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rationaltheoryofexpectations.asp # axzz1g2suXeki )
As the consequence of extremely competitory markets and lifting labor costs reduced net incomes, houses developed cost direction techniques, such as: cost control to command and interrupt down the cost of single stuffs used, accounting for operating expenses which allows houses to factor costs such as fixed and mill costs into the merchandising monetary value and criterion costing which allows budgeting and comparing with existent costs.
An illustration of economic rational theory is the British Locomotive Company who learned from past experiences of losing cost salvaging for non utilizing budgeting, standard costing or fringy costing and as a consequence they introduce a signifier of “ simple ” budgeting. Economic rational besides drove the alterations in cloistered houses. Changes were introduced after rational mentality, failings and past weaknesss were identified were taken into history. Albion Motors and Monastic houses and Estates have besides made alterations based on their economic rational.
These alterations represent the development of direction accounting over the last millenary. In the paper “ The Industrial Revolution versus the Managerial Revolution ” we see important alterations to direction accounting because of a demand to command labor and maximize labour efficiency. This is because of the abolishment of bondage which means that employees must be paid. This means employees must maximize labour effectivity and efficiency. This led to the managerial revolution. Springfield armory used labour control to increase productiveness and cut down costs.
We see a development in cost direction practises in the in “ British Entrepreneurs and Pre-Industrial Revolution Evidence of Cost Management ” paper. Fleischman states the drawn-out period of diminution of market monetary values that affected the Fe industry houses from 1808 to 1830. “ The battle to get by with falling market monetary values caused houses in the industry to set about careful probes of their iron-making costs ” ( K.wallace and Parker 2000, P368 ) The diminution motivated these developments in cost direction. They were brought approximately by a demand to accommodate to other alterations in the market and economic system at the clip. The practises in usage at the clip were unequal and out-dated. The developments allowed them to break identify failings, which had the consequence of increasing production, efficiency, diminishing waste and assisting put a better merchandising monetary value.
In Cost accounting in the ship building, technology and metals industries of the West of Scotland, “ the Workshops of the Empire ” , C1900-1960 we see farther development of cost direction system. The ground for these specific developments was that ship building and railroad occupations where contract based and so it would non be ideal to utilize standard costing. It was necessary to utilize another method of cost accounting.
The first paper that will be discussed is “ The development of fiscal direction and control in cloistered houses and estates in England c.1200-1540 ” by Alisdair Dobie.
The alterations focus chiefly on the internal map of a monastery. These alterations are necessitated by “ altering influences and force per unit areas, economic and spiritual which arose from 1200 onwards. ” ( Dobie, 2008 P.2 )
Cloistered houses where non all the same, there were different orders. Each was governed by different sets of regulations. New orders were formed when there were perceived failings in established orders. These new orders introduced extra sets of regulations. “ Each Benedictine house was to a big extent independent and responsible for its ain personal businesss. “ ( Dobie 2008, P3 ) . This statement indicates a grade of answerability within the houses. As a consequence of weaknesss due to Benedictine self-regulation, new orders emerged which lead to each house organizing a subordinate portion of the whole order. This meant that each separate house was capable to review, ordinance and control from the order as a whole. These reviews were a signifier of audit from the order on the house. “ Changes in direction might change from order to order and house to house, depending upon single state of affairss, relevancy and demands. ” ( Dobie, 2008 P2 ) Changes were introduced after failings were identified, in order to go on betterment and convey together all houses from the same orders to utilizing the same set of regulations.
Fiscal direction and control alterations can be broken down into three classs: the safeguarding of the assets of the house ; the development of its resources ; and, the attempts to guarantee that all resources were used efficaciously and expeditiously. Safeguarding the assets of the house meant physically procuring and keeping them against for illustration “ invasion, decline or disaffection. ” ( Dobie, 2008 P4 ) Exploitation of resources meant doing full usage of land and estate. This was a response to neglecting grain monetary values and lifting labor costs. Efficiency and effectivity referred to the “ efficiency and effectual usage of resources by the house. ”
Other major developments during this clip were the standardization of histories which allowed comparison and relevancy, accounting was besides taught at university from the 14th century onwards.
A important development in the early millenary is seen in Renaissance Italy. There was a rise in trade and banking. A signifier of double-entry book maintaining was already being used by Bankss to maintain path of debitors and creditors.
Luca Pacioli, the Perfect Accountant is a paper by Dr F G Volmer, University of Limburg, which discusses the life and plants of Luca Pacioli. Pacioli ‘s work has had a great influence on accounting. His publication “ Summa De Arithmetica ” was widely recognised as a elephantine leap forward for double-entry book maintaining. Pacioli ‘s Summa was a conceptual model of best accounting and concern patterns. Summa was written in Tuscan and Venetian idioms. Pacioli used these alternatively of Latin to let the educated and non-educated to profit every bit from his work. Pacioli ‘s conceptual model is really similar to the FASB ‘s 1976 conceptual model. ” the rules of systematicalness, consistence and dependability so emerge. “ Every point must be consistently and carefully recorded in the stock list with all countermarks, full names and in every bit much item an as possibleaˆ¦ ” ( Volmer P7 )
200 old ages before Pacioli Italians bargainers began utilizing Arabic numbers in order to maintain path of net incomes alternatively of Roman numbers. This was an of import alteration. Arabic numbers were easier to understand and easier to utilize in an accounting format. This alteration is a measure in the way of modern twenty-four hours direction accounting where English Numberss which are similar to Arabic numbers are used for clerking.
Rouse and Rouse sum up Pacioli ‘s inventions under different headers: The usage of alphabetical order “ as a agency of set uping words and thoughts ” This development of a new visually orientated layout created an easy to utilize and understand templet for dual entry. “ Pacioli ‘s fully-developed double-entry system, with bi-lateral layout and systematic cross-referencing of debit and recognition, was a peculiar signifier of the new general textuality. ” This bi-lateral layout of the double-entry system is still in usage to this twenty-four hours. It allows cross-referencing of credits and debits which is peculiarly utile for to Bankss. This partly answers the chief inquiry as to why direction accounting has changed over the last millenary. Pacioli ‘s influential work resulted in necessary positive alterations in accounting. He introduced three books of record: the leger, the memoranda and the diary. These needed debit and recognition minutess to be balance. Books that did non equilibrate normally indicated an mistake.
Dowlais Iron Company: Accounting Policies and Procedures for Profit Measurement and Reporting Purposes by J. R. Edwards and C. Baber is a paper that shows development in both fiscal and direction accounting.
DIC implemented a robust system of direction accounting. Book-keepers were employed by DIC to keep the books of accounting on a rigorous dual entry footing ( a double-entry system developed by Luca Pacioli ) . This was a household concern, but the concern was treated as a separate legal entity. This is common in modern concerns as it allows limited liability for the proprietors. This can besides be seen when personal non-business minutess undertaken by proprietors were decently accounted for through the relevant spouse ‘s current history.
DIC adhered to three out of the four chief cardinal constructs of accounting when fixing fiscal statement. These were prudence, traveling concern and consistence. Less accent was placed on the usage of the accumulations concept, “ particularly in its application to the intervention of capital outgo ” ( Edwards and Baber 1979 P142 ) This is non unusual for concerns in the 1800s and was chiefly due to a perceived struggle between the accumulations and prudence constructs, with the prudence construct being considered more good. This contrasts with a more balanced usage of both constructs presently used today. The usage of these constructs shows a development of fiscal accounting within the administration.
DIC ‘s system of capital accounting is said to hold helped the house successfully turn to an huge size. This was funded through internal finance. The trust on internal finance led to jobs during the 1850s. A sequence of trading losingss drained the modesty financess. This led to DIC reorganizing the Works and turn to external finance. Net income returned to acceptable degrees in the mid-1860s
We see in the private legers that there were drumhead balance sheets till 1861 this suggested that there was information that the direction was trying to conceal. From 1861 onwards the company comptroller adopted the policy of adding the relevant narrative explicating each sum. This policy is still in usage today and shows further development in fiscal accounting at the clip. Companies summarise and unwrap important and relevant information associating to the figures in histories in the notes. This would hold been done to heighten the understandibility, leting for sums to be broken up and examined.
The fiscal coverage practises of British municipal corporations 1835-1933: a survey in accounting invention by Hugh M Coombs and John Richard Edwards is a paper in which we see the authorities carry throughing the function of a regulative organic structure. Developments were chiefly in response to “ turning cardinal authorities concern with corruptness, misdirection and deficiency of answerability. ” ( Combes & A ; Edwards, 1995 P2 ) This in short led to the debut of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. This act attempted to guarantee proper ordinance of municipal corporations. “ The borough hoarded wealths was obliged to: do “ true histories ” of all minutess, make books available for review by the council members, to fix an history for the council as and when required, to subject histories to hearers elected by the ratepayers, to subscribe and do to be printed a full abstract of his histories ‘ , and to do the histories available for review by ratepayers. ” ( H. M. Combes et La, 1995 ) This shows a fastening up of ordinance and an addition in answerability. It is a important development in fiscal accounting.
During this clip we besides see a move off from hard currency accounting to accumulations. The accumulations construct had antecedently been viewed with agnosticism as seen in Dowlais Iron Company as it conflicted with the prudence construct. Cash-based accounting was at times restrictive and its disadvantages far out manner its advantages. Accumulations based accounting on the other manus: “ protects against carelessness and abnormality by entering every measure of a dealing, enables the statement of an entity ‘s net income and loss and fiscal place ; it records values ; and it provides a stable and homogeneous footing for statistics. ” ( Combes & A ; Edwards, 1995 P2 )
The 2nd development during this clip was the usage of the dual accounting system of fiscal coverage. “ This system is able to unite the properties of charge/discharge accounting with commercial accounting. ” ( Combes & A ; Edwards, 1995 P3 ) It is a combination of stewardship orientation and net income computation orientation. The advantage of this system is that it would forestall anyone from being misled into presuming a connexion between outgo looking debited in the capital history and the existent value of plants associated with that outgo
In the paper “ Engineering civilization and accounting development at Albion Motors 1900- c.1970 ” by Sam McKinstry we see the relationship between Albion Motor ‘s accounting systems and its engineering-orientated civilization. This paper shows alterations in both fiscal and direction accounting. Albion motors used a well-developed dual entry system, a system no uncertainty derived from the work of Pacioli. Depreciation was besides charged on machinery, by measuring at that place utile life. Depreciation ranged from between 10 % and 33.3 % . Albion motors besides used one of the first houses to utilize full accumulations accounting, which is a clear alteration as houses had antecedently preferred to us prudence. Full histories were merely produced every fiscal twelvemonth, as was a full stock-taking. A works registry was kept and maintained by the technology section. This allowed for answerability and reduced the opportunities of fraud in the terminals.
Albion motors employed a extremely skilled but unqualified a company secretary and teller, although this was non uncommon at the clip when they became a public company they employed a hired comptroller. This is a important development as the qualified comptrollers ‘ engagement reinforces the respectability of the company ‘s fiscal histories. It is now indispensable for the public company accounts to be produced by person who is qualified to make so, as non to make so would take investors to oppugn their truth. The non-qualified employee responsible for all accounting from 1914 until 1950 was succeeded by a hired comptroller. This emphasizes the repute and influence of the profession of accounting. It is about 1950s that there is seen the outgrowth of the fiscal comptroller. The demand of the users of fiscal information is altering, the outgrowth of this new official function show that clearly. Investors ‘ assurance in fiscal studies is dependent on fiscal information holding features which are discussed in IAS 1. Fiscal information must be relevant, up to day of the month, dependable and free from prejudice. The fiscal comptroller is qualified to bring forth fiscal information that abides by these standards.
“ Christie Malry ‘s ain dual entry ” by B.S. Johnson: An reading as foucauldian disclosures a paper by Sam McKinstry that examines the work of the novelist B.S. Johnson. This paper discusses the thought that accounting can be used to convey certain information to certain people. In this instance the issue that the Double-entry system merely “ favors specific involvements in society and disadvantages others. ” ( McKinstry 2006 P990 ) This straight disagrees with public involvement theory which states that “ ordinance is ab initio put in topographic point to profit society as a whole. ” ( C. Deegan & A ; J Unerman 2006, P 65 ) This paper besides takes into history and makes mention to the work of Luca Pacioli in dual entry clerking. Malry adapts the dual entry system, change overing state of affairss in his life into pecuniary values and inputting these values as either debits or credits. This version was peculiarly of import in the context of British political relations and Industrial dealingss at the clip. “ these and other developments recharged and remorilised capitalist economy and retooled societal democratise political orientation and its political relations. ” ( McIlorys and Campbells 1999, P 93 ) .
Jointly these developments in fiscal accounting over the last millenary have resulted in fiscal accounting as we know it today. These alterations where brought approximately by a alteration in the demands of users of fiscal information and the identifying of failings.
We see many alterations in the fiscal direction of cloistered houses and estates at the start of the millenary. “ The early Time period of rapid growing in footings of new foundations was over, and the ulterior Middle-ages witnessed the response of administrations in their age of adulthood endeavoring to keep their intent and place. “ ( Dobie, 2008, P 3 ) Monasteries changed in order to accommodate and last the economic and faiths force per unit areas. These changed allowed them to keep their places survive the times. We see the debut of an audit map and the changing of ordinance to cover with the designation of failing. Other factors such as the Black Death epidemic which impacted on the economic system every bit good as the population influenced developments at the clip.
Luca Pacioli developed the double-entry system used at the clip by bargainers after placing room for betterment this system is similar to the 1 used today. He besides developed a conceptual model of accounting best practises. Its influence can clearly be seen in today ‘s IASB and FASB conceptual models.
In Dowlais Iron Company we see the implementing of a sophisticated fiscal coverage and direction accounting system which complimented the fiscal accounting system. These systems allowed them to the size and success that they did. “ it is improbable that any house would hold grown to the size and achieved the significance of DIC in the absence of a satisfactory system for entering both influxs and escapes of hard currency and other plus and motion of resources within the house ” ( Edwards and Baber 1979 P139 )
The Financial coverage practises of British municipal corporations in 1835-1933 show developments in the ordinance, revelation and controls in order to cover with corruptness, misdirection and deficiency of answerability in municipal corporations.
Political factors triggered by the two major wars impacted on both fiscal and direction accounting. This can be seen in “ Engineering civilization and accounting development at Albion motors ” a paper by Sam Mckinstry. World War 2 led to the debut of a War pension strategy, which is accounted for utilizing IAS 19. We besides see in 1950 the development of the function of the fiscal comptroller. The function of the fiscal comptroller is created chiefly to supply credibleness and reassurance to fiscal histories. The fiscal accounting is qualified to bring forth histories in conformity with ordinances, to give a true and just position of the house ‘s fundss in order to keep investor assurance. This is a part factor in accounting being the reputable profession it is today. This is unfastened to debate as it can be argued that this lone gives the semblance of respectability. As seen in the prostration of Enron the fiscal studies approved by the fiscal comptrollers did n’t give a true and just position of the administration.
Possible theories into grounds for these alterations are given in the demand for and supply of Accounting Theories: The Market for Excuses a paper by Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman. The paper discusses the inquiry of why accounting theories are preponderantly normative and why no general theory is by and large accepted. “ It is by and large concluded that accounting theory has had small substantial, direct impact on accounting practise or policy formation despite half a century of research ” ( R. L. Watts 1979, P 1 ) the theory of political procedure is one theorises the thought that persons with power in authorities will try to derive wealth through the influence and prescribe accounting processs that are in their ain best involvements. There is besides the thought that as persons have different involvements there will be a figure of different accounting theories on a individual issue. This “ prevents general understanding on accounting history. ” ( R. L. Watts 1979, P 273 ) This theory can be proven by looking at the recent dirt affecting MP ‘s disbursals. MPs influenced the ordinances on disbursals in their ain favor, in an effort to derive wealth. There was besides the issue that these single disbursal claims were non made public but were leaked. This shows that revelation demands were unequal, as a consequence of the designation of this failing ordinances have been tightened up. Another illustration of this is Ex-Prime Minister Tony Blair holding tax-payers wage for his security when he travels the universes for his ain fiscal additions. Blair ‘s constitutional reform of the Human Rights Act 1998 when he was in power gives him this right.
“ The demand for “ public interest-orientated accounting theories depends on the extent of the authorities ‘s function in the economic system. ” ( R. L. Watts 1979, P 275 ) a clear illustration of this is the adjusting of involvement rates in order to assist economic growing. Another illustration of this is the fiscal coverage practises of British municipal corporations 1835-1933, where there was corruptness, misdirection and deficiency of answerability. The authorities gave the semblance of moving in the public involvement but from farther analysis it can be seen that this statute law was a response to public protest. We can see that there was a grade of opportunism involved.
The motive for all the developments of in fiscal accounting can be examined utilizing Self-interest theory. In the narrative of Christie Malry the author kills himself because of a deficiency of acknowledgment of his work. Another illustration of this is Luca Pacioli work which benefited accounting greatly. His motive for this work was to have acknowledgment. An statement for Pacioli utilizing the Tuscan and Venetian linguistic communications in his book was that this would take to more acknowledgment for his work as more people could understand it, this is self-interest.
This can besides be seen in the accounting organic structures who work to stay reputable and influential. For illustration the ACCA and CIMA offer their ain peculiar makings in accounting. Why is at that place a demand for these makings when there have been comptrollers around for 100s of old ages without these makings? These administrations work to advance their ain importance and respectability and as a consequence the makings add importance and respectability to persons that gain them.
Influencing the development of accounting ordinance examined through gaining control theory. This is where the regulated seeks to “ gaining control ” the regulative organic structure, therefore act uponing the ordinances to their ain advantage. This poses a menace to the independency of the regulator. Capture theory links in with the demand for accounting theories
“ the lone accounting theory that will supply a set of anticipations that are consistent with ascertained phenomena is one based on opportunism ” ( W & A ; Z 1979 P. 301 ) This is Watts and Zimmerman ‘s statement, that it comes down to self-interest and other theories are at that place to supply the semblance of respectability.
In decision it can be seen that the development of both fiscal accounting and direction was down to many grounds. Changes where chiefly instigated by the designation of failing, a demand to accommodate and last, alterations in the economic system and jurisprudence. But the motive to do these developments was a consequence of opportunism and economic rational. For illustration Pacioli ‘s part to accounting came from a thrust for acknowledgment. Another illustration is the alterations cloistered houses whish were a consequence of mainly economic rational. Developments in accounting increasingly reflect the altering demands of users, economic, technological, cultural, societal and political environments | <urn:uuid:a398a536-04e6-47e0-91da-102e84d1d284> | {
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Residents of Western North Carolina know that our weather is hard to predict. So does NASA, which has launched a campaign aimed at better understanding precipitation patterns in the Appalachian Mountains:
Rain, ice, hail, severe winds, thunderstorms, and heavy fog — the Appalachian Mountains in the southeast United States have it all. On May 1, NASA begins a campaign in Western North Carolina to better understand the difficult-to-predict weather patterns of mountain regions. The field campaign serves as ground truth for measurements made by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission’s Core Observatory.
GPM is an international satellite mission to observe rain and snow around the world. The advanced instruments on the GPM Core Observatory satellite, launched Feb. 27, provide the next generation of precipitation measurements, including the new capability to detect snow and light rain.
“What we’re trying to do is study and learn about the precipitation from the summit to sea, how it evolves as it moves from the mountains to the plains,” said Walt Petersen of NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, who is leading the field campaign. “Then we use that information to improve satellite observations of precipitation and how those observations can best be used in applications like hydrologic models.”
Hydrologic models are used by water managers to predict where rainwater goes after it hits the ground – underground and into streams and rivers where it supplies freshwater to the region, or becomes a natural hazard. Evaluating and improving these models is an important part of the field campaign. … | <urn:uuid:c81753fc-4382-4894-a2d5-315340d58ebf> | {
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10 Strange And Interesting Facts About Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin, the brilliant naturalist whose works on the theory of evolution single-handedly founded modern biology, is one of the greatest scientists who ever lived. Revered by many and despised by some, his massive influence strongly remains in many aspects of our lives. In honor of his 205th birthday on February 12, let’s learn more about Charles Darwin, the life he led, and the legacy he left.
10 Darwin Was Mocked For Being Religious
The celebrated scientist is perhaps the most popular mascot for the atheist movement despite Darwin declaring himself agnostic during the later years of his life. He barely talked about his personal beliefs, except in his autobiography, and disliked talking about the implications of his theories on current theological doctrines, admitting that he knew very little about religion.
However, during his voyages, Darwin was known for being quite religious. In his autobiography, he recalled how he was mocked by officers of the HMS Beagle for believing that the Bible is a final authority on morality. Though he wasn’t very active in religious circles, the young Darwin had a firm conviction that God existed and that the soul is immortal. While in Brazil, the naturalist was so engrossed by the beauty of nature that he proclaimed it as the manifestation of a higher being.
Darwin had a difficult time making a transition to agnosticism. In fact, when he was beginning to question the existence of God, he said that he couldn’t appreciate the beauty of nature with the same religious vigor as he had when he was young. comparing the feeling to being “colorblind.”
9 Darwin Ate The Animals He Encountered
Darwin had a strange stomach for weird food. During his time in Cambridge, Darwin belonged to a culinary group called the Glutton Club whose members would meet each week to try various “exotic” dishes previously unknown to the human palate. To the Glutton Club, “exotic” isn’t just anything that isn’t crumpets and tea. The group is known to casually chow down meats of various wild birds like hawks and bitterns.
When the young naturalist was given the chance to go aboard the HMS Beagle, he rekindled his liking for undiscovered delicacies. During his trip, he was able to feast on armadillos, which he said “taste and look like duck.” He also had on his plate an unnamed, chocolate-colored rodent that he described as the best meat he ever tasted. Darwin would even discover a whole new species of a bird on his dinner plate, which would later be named after him: Rhea darwinii.
In Galapagos, Darwin rode tortoises and drank fluid from their bladders, which he described as “quite limpid and [having] only a very slightly bitter taste.” While on board the Beagle going to Tahiti, the crew lived on tortoise flesh for weeks, throwing the shells of the tortoise off the sea after they were done with them. His gastronomic exploits went even more extreme in South America, where he recalled eating a very white meat. At first, the naturalist felt a bit squeamish, thinking he was eating the meat of a calf. He was relieved to learn that he was instead eating the flesh of a puma, even comparing its taste to that of veal.
To commemorate Darwin’s life and his gourmet adventures, fans of the celebrated scientist meet every February for the Phylum Feast. It is an evolution-themed potluck dinner of delicacies made from as many different types of species as possible. Some of the foods that have been listed on the menu are Crusted Crustacea, Mollusca Salad, Primordial Soup, and Hunter-Gatherer Pie.
8 Darwin Inspired Karl Marx
Some people blame Charles Darwin’s theories for the ills of capitalism. A few of the first people to embrace natural selection applied it immediately to economy and society, thus giving birth to social Darwinism. Adherents of social Darwinism believe that a person’s economic success or failure is akin to an animal’s struggle for survival in the jungle. Social Darwinists discourage government assistance and charitable activities that help the poor because they believe the human species will grow stronger if society just allowed poor people—or the “unfit”—to die off. Notorious social Darwinists include the two wealthiest men of their time, Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller.
Though Darwin himself admitted to not having an adequate understanding of politics and economy, his theories undoubtedly affected the growth and greed of capitalism during the early 20th century. Because of this, most people assume that natural selection wasn’t well-received by those who opposed capitalism.
Surprisingly, the opposite is quite true. Charles Darwin actually had a huge positive influence on the opposite end of the spectrum. While social Darwinists saw Darwin’s theories as a way to justify greed and oppression, Karl Marx viewed them as an allegory for class struggles. The German philosopher saw Darwin’s Origin of Species as the biological basis of socialism. He stated that the struggle and survival of organisms affirmed the existence of class struggles that he observed to happen in the society. As an organism fights to survive in a hostile environment, a class must also fight against those who are exploiting them. The scientist’s influence on Karl Marx was so great that the famed socialist even planned on dedicating his book, Das Kapital, to the naturalist—a gesture that the latter respectfully declined.
7 Darwin The Psychologist
During his time with the Beagle, Darwin had the privilege of encountering various colorful cultures around the world. There were obvious language barriers that prevented him from communicating with the locals, but he noted that the emotions the people expressed—happiness, sadness, fear, and anger—didn’t seem to differ much from culture to culture. This would be the beginning of Charles Darwin’s lesser-known career in psychology and the eventual development of the concept of universal emotions.
He corresponded with many scientists to study this phenomenon, which included a French physician named Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne. Duchenne studied facial muscles and proposed that all human faces expressed up to 60 different types of emotions. He’s most famous for the slides he captured of people’s faces stimulated with electricity to produce these 60 types of emotions.
However, Darwin disagreed that all 60 of these emotions were universal. He believed that only a few of these emotions were common across all human beings. To test his hypothesis, Darwin conducted an experiment using 11 of Duchenne’s slides. He placed them in random order and showed them one at a time to 20 participants, asking them what they made out of the slides. Almost all of Darwin’s participants agreed that some slides showed certain emotions like anger, happiness, and fear. The rest of the slides, however, appeared more ambiguous and the participants didn’t agree on a single emotion. This confirmed Darwin’s hypothesis of just a few universal emotions.
Darwin also dabbled with social psychology when he took interest in the human concept of compassion. Darwin believed that our sense of moral compassion stemmed from our natural desire to alleviate the suffering of others. Coincidentally, his ideas about compassion were very similar to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism. Recently, upon learning about Darwin’s writings on the subject, the 14th Dalai Lama declared “I am now calling myself a Darwinian.”
6 Darwin’s Hilarious Take On Marriage
While the fact that Darwin married his own cousin, Emma Wedgewood, is very well-known, the events prior to their union aren’t as fairly revealed. In the months before his marriage, Darwin wasn’t very thrilled about tying the knot. He wrote an amusing list of pros and cons on the facets of marriage.
One upside Darwin saw to getting married was children:
“Children — (if it Please God) — Constant companion, (& friend in old age) who will feel interested in one, — object to be beloved & played with. — better than a dog anyhow”.
Darwin also liked the idea of a female companion:
“My God, it is intolerable to think of spending one’s whole life, like a neuter bee, working, working, & nothing after all. — No, no won’t do. — Imagine living all one’s day solitarily in smoky dirty London House. — Only picture to yourself a nice soft wife on a sofa with good fire, & books & music perhaps — Compare this vision with the dingy reality of Grt. Marlbro’ St.”
On the other hand, Darwin felt that taking the celibate path also had its benefits:
“Freedom to go where one liked — choice of Society & little of it. — Conversation of clever men at clubs — Not forced to visit relatives, & to bend in every trifle. — to have the expense & anxiety of children — perhaps quarelling — Loss of time. — cannot read in the Evenings — fatness & idleness…”
These are but a few of the items Darwin included on his list that prove Darwin was just like every other guy. Eventually, he would decide to marry Wedgewood and even call the day of his proposal the “Day of days.” The couple would be happily married for 43 years until Darwin’s death in 1882 and have 10 children.
5 Darwin And Water Therapy
Darwin wasn’t very fit. While there were many speculations on what made him very ill during the course of his life, he didn’t receive an accurate diagnosis of his condition until more than 100 years after his death. Because of the limitations of medicine during his time, there was no satisfying treatment to help him cope with his varying symptoms, but he found comfort from a very questionable source—water therapy.
In a letter he sent to his close friend, botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, Darwin complained that he had been suffering from continuous vomiting. He also reported hand tremors and dizziness, which he presumed to result from the impact of the incessant vomiting on his nervous system. Upon reading a book by a certain Dr. Gully about water therapy, the naturalist became so interested with the treatment that he moved with his family to a rented apartment near Dr. Gully’s clinic to receive care from the specialist.
Dr. Gully subjected the naturalist to various strange procedures, which included heating him up with a “spirit lamp” until he perspired and then immediately rubbing him violently with towels soaked with cold water. He was also given cold foot baths and had to wear a wet compress on his stomach all day. Surprisingly, Darwin found the bizarre and unscientific treatment to be quite effective, recalling that he saw massive improvements with his health after the eighth day of his consultations with Dr. Gully. In the same letter addressed to Hooker, he declared that he felt “certain that the Water Cure is no quackery.”
4 Darwin The Earthquake Detective
At least 25 major earthquakes have been recorded to happen within the Chilean border since 1730, all of which have collectively killed thousands of people. Darwin had the unpleasant opportunity to experience one of these terrible tremors—the 1835 earthquake of Concepcion.
The earthquake was very strong, measuring at a magnitude of 8.8 on the Richter scale. The earthquake, which occurred for two minutes, only took six seconds to demolish the entire city. During the time of the quake, Darwin was traveling with the Beagle. When it reached the coast of Concepcion, Darwin immediately began to investigate the nature and origin of the earthquake. He described the devastation as “the most awful yet interesting spectacle I ever beheld.”
He made observations on the earthquake’s aftereffects, noticing that the coastline of Chile became permanently elevated, particularly the island of Santa Maria, which had grown 3 meters (10 ft) higher than its original altitude. He gathered his own observations and combined them with the local people’s testimonies to reconstruct the events prior and during the earthquake. After weeks of detective work, Darwin found out that the earthquake may have been caused by a chain of volcanoes along the coastline of Chile erupting shortly before the earthquake’s occurrence.
3 Darwin’s Deathbed “Conversion”
During the latter half of the 19th century, Darwin was already quite popular in scientific circles. Meanwhile, a woman named Elizabeth Hope was beginning to make a name for herself among evangelicals. Around the early 1880s, when Darwin was already nearing his death, Elizabeth Hope was just starting to become known in the evangelistic temperance movement.
Darwin and Hope belonged to two separate worlds. The two of them together in a single room seems too unlikely to happen, but a 1915 article from the Baptist newspaper Boston Watchman Examiner claimed exactly that. The article detailed how Darwin invited the young Elizabeth to his room and allegedly confessed his regret of developing the theory of evolution. He went on to ask the evangelist to share with his neighbors the message Jesus Christ and the salvation he brings to mankind.
The story was very appealing to evangelicals during the time. To learn that the mind behind the theory of evolution recanted his own ideas and converted to Christianity didn’t just give them a way to respond to so-called “evolutionists,” it also reaffirmed their faith in the biblical story of creation.
However, this story was debunked as quickly and easily as it spread. In Darwin’s autobiography, he repeatedly mentioned his dissociation with Christianity and concluded that agnosticism would be the most correct description of his state of mind. His son, Francis Darwin, proclaimed that his father maintained an agnostic view in life even until death. Darwin’s wife, who was very religious and would have loved to see him return to Christianity, never mentioned any such conversion taking place at Darwin’s death. She recalled that his last words were “remember what a good wife you have been to me” and that he “was not the least afraid to die.”
2 Darwin Was Neurotic
While Darwin suffered from many physical illnesses, some biographers of the late scientist were more intrigued by his state of mind. The man who exhibited incomparable brilliance during his lifetime would soon be revealed in his letters to his friends that he suffered from obsessive thoughts which, in his own words, were “of horrid spectacle.”
These thoughts, which occurred mostly during the night, caused him great distress. In a letter to his close confidante Dr. Hooker, Darwin wrote “I could not sleep and whatever I did in the day haunted me at night with vivid and most wearing repetition.” He was incessantly paranoid that he was going to pass his many illnesses to his offspring. He was also endlessly critical of his physical appearance, believing himself to be quite ugly. The scientist needed constant reassurance from others and found the need to utter a mantra hundreds of times to ease his obsessive thoughts.
Prominent psychiatrist and Darwin’s biographer John Bowlby noted that the genius scientist wasn’t able to properly grieve his mother’s death when he was young, which may have led to Darwin’s neurosis. It was in the face of these mental hardships that Darwin would become one of the most influential thinkers in history.
1 Ascension Island
In the south of the Atlantic 200 years ago, there was a tiny, isolated volcanic isle 1,600 kilometers (994 mi) off the coast of Africa called Ascension Island. Dry and lifeless, the island was uninhabited from its discovery in 1501 until 1815, when the British Royal Navy re-purposed it as a military station to keep an eye on Napoleon during his exile on the neighboring St. Helena. Today, the island is no longer dreary and desolate. Ascension Island now boasts a lush landscape and a population of around 1,100—thanks to Darwin.
His five-year voyage with the Beagle was about to end and the naturalist was eager to go home to London, where he heard his discoveries had caused great excitement. The Beagle passed by Ascension Island, where the sight of the apocalyptic island of bright red volcanic cones and black lava inspired the inquisitive Darwin. Shortly after Darwin returned to England, he and his close friend John Hooker created a simple plan to convert the dry and lifeless island into a “Little England.” With the help of the British Royal Navy, the two arranged for different species of plants from all over the world to be planted on the island, beginning on 1850 and continuing every year thereafter.
By the 1870s, the island’s highest peak had become significantly greener after eucalyptus, Norfolk Island pine, bamboo, and banana took over the island. Plants that weren’t usually seen side by side in other places were seen together for the first time in Ascension Island. The plants would also eventually harvest freshwater from the air, solving the problem of the island’s lack of a water supply. While ecosystems usually develop over millions of years, the artificial ecosystem created by Darwin and Hooker blossomed only in a matter of decades.
Darwin’s project on the Ascension Island is the first of just a few actual examples of “terraforming.” British ecologist David Wilkinson says that NASA could learn a thing or two from Darwin’s methods when they begin to do the same with Mars. | <urn:uuid:3cc68858-4f8c-4d7f-8a96-041a559e7842> | {
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Cluster analysis is a statistical technique used to identify how various units (people, groups, or societies), can be grouped together because of characteristics they have in common. It is an exploratory data analysis tool that aims to sort different objects into groups in such a way that when they belong to the same group they have a maximal degree of association and when they do not belong to the same group their degree of association is minimal. Unlike some other statistical techniques, the structures that are uncovered through cluster analysis need no explanation or interpretation – it discovers structure in the data without explaining why they exist.
Clustering exists in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Take, for example, items in a grocery store. Different types of items are always displayed in the same or nearby locations – meat, vegetables, soda, cereal, paper products, etc. Researchers often want to do the same with data and group objects into clusters that make sense.
In another example, let’s say we are looking at countries and want to group them into clusters based on characteristics such as division of labor, militaries, technology, educated population, etc. We would find that Britain, Japan, France, Germany, and the United States have similar characteristics and would be clustered together. China, Uganda, and Nicaragua would be also be grouped together in a different cluster because they share a different set of characteristics, including low levels of wealth, simpler divisions of labor, relatively unstable and undemocratic political institutions, and low technological development.
Cluster analysis is typically used in the exploratory phase of research when the researcher does not have any pre-conceived hypotheses. It is commonly not the only statistical method used, but rather is done toward the beginning phases of a project to help guide the rest of the analysis. For this reason, significance testing is usually neither relevant nor appropriate.
There are several different types of cluster analysis. The two most commonly used are K-means clustering and hierarchical clustering.
K-means clustering treats the observations in the data as objects having locations and distances from each other (note that the distances used in clustering often do not represent spatial distances). It partitions the objects into K mutually exclusive clusters so that objects within each cluster are as close to each other as possible and at the same time, as far from objects in other clusters as possible. Each cluster is then characterized by it’s mean, or center point.
Hierarchical clustering is a way to investigate groupings in the data simultaneously over a variety of scales and distances. It does this by creating a cluster tree with various levels. Unlike K-means clustering, the tree is not a single set of clusters. Rather, the tree is a multi-level hierarchy where clusters at one level are joined as clusters at the next higher level. The algorithm that is used starts with each case or variable in a separate cluster and then combines clusters until only one is left. This allows the researcher to decide what level of clustering is most appropriate for his or her research.
Performing A Cluster Analysis
Most statistics software programs can perform cluster analysis. In SPSS, select analyze from the menu, then classify and cluster analysis. In SAS, the proc cluster function can be used.
Mathworks. (Accessed January 2012). Statistics Toolbox: Cluster Analysis. http://www.mathworks.com/products/statistics/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/stats/clusterdemo.html
StatSoft, Inc. (2011). Electronic Statistics Textbook. Tulsa, OK: StatSoft. WEB: http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/. | <urn:uuid:359ea5d6-473a-4e03-a93b-f18bf974e285> | {
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Graphic Design & printmaking
To simply put it, graphic design is the designing process to create designs as products.
Our graphic designers use various methods to create and combine words, icons and images to create layout designs; use a combination of typography, visual arts, and page layout techniques.
We create logos, web graphics and elements, artwork for corporate intranet publications and print production. Client’s orders usually include a logo, an artwork etc. The graphic design elements are shape, texture, space, size, value and colour. Graphic design is important in the sales and marketing of products.
Visual arts design: Designing a visual art is specialised skill with which digital graphics such as images and line art are designed. Graphic design principles ‘balance, emphasis, rhythm and unity’ are applied to each graphic art elements before layouts are produced mostly for print production.
Typography: Typography design art like modifying type styles, arranging type are vital using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of type is the selection of typefaces, point size, tracking, kerning and leading.
Page layout: The page layout aspect of graphic design is the arrangement of contents on a page, such as image placement, and text layout and style i.e., putting the pieces (text, images and line art) together in a structured design format. The page layout Structure for printmaking differs from webpage layout.
Printmaking is the process of making artworks for printing on paper and other materials or surfaces. Digital painting or drawing also is a unique original piece of artwork. Prints are made nowadays from digital artwork or layout. Prints may also be published in book form, as artist’s books. A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques.
DigiPub promoter pioneered ‘desktop publishing includes graphic designing & printmaking’ in Chennai, as early as 1984. Some of our design and artworks can be seen in portfolio.
Our graphic designers work normally involves the following:
Meet with clients or their consultant/adv.agency to determine the scope of a project
Advise clients on strategies to reach targeted audience
Determine the message the design should portray
Create images for the purpose
Develop graphics (may include visual or audio for product illustrations), logos, and websites
Present the design to clients or their agency
Incorporate changes recommended by the clients into the final design
Review designs for errors before printing or publishing them
Archival: Storing of valuable data is very essential. The prepress work like scanning, halftone images for colour separations and similarly web project resources like images and all artworks too are essentially backed up periodically, on compact disks, is our routine process to restore or to handover to clients as per terms. | <urn:uuid:4c0d2c65-b140-4af5-8b8f-929b1ea41796> | {
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|photo by Alice Lum|
In 1869 sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward’s ground-breaking statue “The Indian Hunter” was unveiled in Central Park. It was notable not only because it was the first work by an American artist in the park; but because the subject was a uniquely American subject. Ward depicted the hunter and his dog in truly naturalistic poses; a stark departure from the neo-classical style Victorians were accustomed to. It was just the first of four bronze statues Ward would execute for the park.
Three years later Ward’s statue of William Shakespeare was installed, followed two years later, in 1874, by his Seventh Regiment Memorial. Now, in 1884, with its 75th anniversary approaching, the New England Society commissioned Ward to design a monument to the Pilgrim fathers who landed in Massachusetts in 1620.
On October 12, 1884 The New York Times described “Mr. J. Q. A. Ward’s ideal figure of a New-Englander for Central Park.” A reporter visited Ward’s studio and deemed the statue “one of Mr. Ward’s best efforts and will doubtless rank next to his Shakespeare, already in the Park.” The journalist commented on Ward’s details. “It was possible to be picturesque by using boots such as we associate with the Cavalier rather than the Roundhead, an old-fashioned belt with archaic powder and shot pouched, a cuirass, a rolling collar of the period, and a ‘steeple’ hat.”
The Pilgrim stared off into the distance while his right hand rested on the muzzle of the flintlock at his side. “The face is eminently characteristic of certain New-Englanders, wince it is handsome in feature but not amiable in expression. It is a fine face with a discontented and somewhat sullen look,” said the writer.
At this point the critic let his imagination get the best of him. He compared the figure to Captain Underhill of the Massachusetts colony who sought to exterminate the Native Americans. “’I will exterminate the vermin round here,’ he seems to be saying, ‘if you Dutch sons of Belial will give me seawant enough to trade with the Mohawks up to Rensselaerswyck.’ It is a very confident face, and his attitude also shows an almost childlike confidence that his flintlock will not go off suddenly, as guns do nowadays, for if it did he would have no right hand left.”
The Times critic was undecided as to whether Ward’s fine statue was the result of talent or luck. “The statue is thus not only a good piece of work artistically, but the cleverness or the good luck of the sculptor has made it the fittest of all representative New-Englanders for a place in Manhattan’s chief park.”
At the time of the article the Park Commissioners had not yet formally approved acceptance of the statue. Letters were received from the Presidents of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Academy of Design and the New York Chapter of the American Institute o Architects; all of whom gave their support. On Wednesday, December 17, 1884 the Board voted, agreeing to accept the gift of the statue.
|The statue not long after its unveiling -- photograph by Augustus Hepp from the collection of the Museum of the City of New York http://collections.mcny.org/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult_VPage&VBID=24UAYWE7U47X&SMLS=1&RW=1280&RH=915|
The statue was unveiled on June 6, 1885. Nine-feet high, it sat upon a granite pedestal designed by Richard Morris Hunt (another, more massive, pedestal by Hunt for the Statue of Liberty was under construction at the time). The impressive ceremony began at 2:00 with a 20-block procession of 225 members of the New England society up Fifth Avenue; accompanied by the 7th Regiment Veterans. John Quincy Adams Ward personally unveiled his statue. The New-York Tribune reported that “His work was received with every expression of appreciation.”
|Ward included four bronze tablets in the base; this one depicting the Mayflower -- photo by Alice Lum|
Perhaps the bronze Puritan symbolically represented purity and morality for German immigrant George Bessendorf. Whatever the reason, he chose the statue as the site for murder-suicide just four months later.
On October 3 he and a woman “whose Christian name appeared to be Maria,” according to The Sun, spread a coarse black lap robe over the grass. They wore their finest apparel; and Maria seemed to be dressed for her own mourning. “The couple were Germans,” said The Sun, “of decent and respectable appearance, and traces of an effort at holiday making bedecked what was evidently their Sunday attire. The woman’s black silk dress was trimmed with black velvet, her beaded black jersey had a neat nosegay at the throat, and the left hand was squeezed into a black kid glove. Her neat black straw hat was high crowned, as of recent purchase, and an amber-handled and silk umbrella completed her equipment.”
The newspaper was detailed in its description of the woman. “She seemed like an industrious German servant, long enough in this country to have acquired the art and earned the means of making a very good appearance. Her face was of the heavy German type that in death was not particularly attractive.”
Like Maria, George was dressed in his best black suit and a derby hat. “The care that he had taken in his appearance was indicated by a buttonhole bouquet that matched the woman’s.”
Around 7:30 that evening Park Policeman William Dugan heard pistol shots from the vicinity of the Pilgrim Statue and rushed to the scene. George Bessendorf and Maria were dead on the lap robe. Beside them was a small collar box addressed “To the Coroner of the city of New York.”
Inside were various letters; some of recommendation that proved George’s respectability, other were love letters from him to Maria. In several he acknowledged “that he had wrought the ruin of the woman, and expressed regret,” said The Sun.
Because Maria was ruined, the pair devised their suicide plan as the only way out. The bodies were taken to the Central Park Arsenal where Captain Donovan noted that Maria had taken care not to damage her handsome dress. She “had evidently opened her clothing and bared her breast to be shot. The skin was blackened and burned by powder marks, but the clothing was only marked with blood. Two bullet holes were in the body, one in the left breast and one in the right.”
George apparently buttoned her dress after having murdered his loved one. He then shot himself in the chest. He held the pistol so close to his body that his clothing was on fire when Policeman Dugan arrived on the scene.
In 1895 the National Sculpture Society expressed its disappointment in the location of the statue. The Sun reported on August 1 that the society had sent a report to the Park Commissioners in which “The statues of the Pilgrim in Central Park and Admiral Farragut are cited as examples of bad location.”
At the turn of the century Warner Van Norden was a member of the Holland Society of New-York; an organization whose members’ Dutch ancestry was reflected in names like Van Schaick, Van Santvoord, Van Wyck, De Peyster and Hasbrouck. At the group’s 27th annual meeting, in 1912, Van Norden expressed his disappointment that the New England Society’s statue depicted a generic pilgrim; rather than a specific figure.
As the Holland Society discussed its own statue, Van Norden noted “It has always been my opinion from the very first…that the statue ought to represent some colonial worthy, of some one who represents the ideal of our colonial ancestors, just as the Puritans have put up a statue to the Pilgrim Fathers in Central Park; they did not put up a statue of Oliver Cromwell.”
|photo by Alice Lum|
The Pilgrim Statue stands atop a long slope which earned the name Pilgrim Hill. Over the decades the stern-faced Puritan has watched from his granite perch as generations of New York children sledded down the snowy slope.
The Pilgrim was the first of Central Park’s statues to be restored when, in 1979, the Central Park Conservancy initiated its ambitious program to restore its collection of statuary. In 1999 the powder flasks, by now 115 years old, were recast and replaced. | <urn:uuid:b02f2210-37b4-42c2-807c-0e413f753f14> | {
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Watch for water that has collected between the stretcher and the reverse of the painting. If a lot of water has accumulated, tip the painting so that the water can run out and away from the painting (i.e., tip the painting bottom face upwards and the top reverse downwards, so the water runs off the stretcher and not into the canvas).
Carefully blot out remaining water with toweling, without putting pressure on the reverse of the canvas. If avoiding the reverse of the canvas is not possible, place the painting face up and lift each edge sufficiently to allow you to catch the water as it drains from between the stretcher and canvas with toweling. Start and finish with the lower edge, You may want to consider slipping paper towels between the stretcher and painting all along the wet edges in contact with the wood of the stretcher. This will allow the colored material that is extracted from the wood to be absorbed into the toweling rather than stain the reverse of the painting. This is particularly important with paintings with exposed raw canvas or exposed ground. The paper towels must be changed frequently. While this will not stop the migration of colored material into the canvas, it should reduce the staining significantly.
Excess moisture can be gently blotted from the reverse of the painting. Do not blot the surface, as this could disrupt fragile paint.
Never try to dry a painting with a hair dryer. This will cause uneven drying and local overheating. The stresses generated could cause additional damage.
Generally, don’t try to remove debris from the reverse of the canvas while it is still wet. This is better done after the painting has dried.
If there is wet debris on the surface of the painting and the painting itself is still wet, you may want to consider carefully rinsing the offending material off. It is often better to remove this material before it dries on the surface. This is not anything you would do on paintings with water-soluble media or with lifting or flaking paint or other serious damage. If you decide to rinse the paint surface, do it somewhere where the runoff will not make more of a mess than you are already facing. A pump sprayer, the type used for spraying insecticides (please don’t use one that has been used with insecticide previously), may be your best choice. These have a long wand on the end of a flexible hose and a tip that can be adjusted to provide a fine fan-like spray pattern. The painting would be stood vertically, face-out on blocks, and the spray worked gently from the top down, pushing material off and down.
If possible, dry paintings flat, face-up. If space does not allow for horizontal drying, stand the paintings bottom-end (wettest edge) on top, leaning face-in against a wall or something structural. Place a cloth or foam pad between the top edge and the wall and blocks below. Periodically rotate the painting 180 degrees, so the damp area on the bottom goes to the top, allowing more even evaporation. As always, put padding between the floor and the painting—Ethafoam blocks are great for this. If the floor is dirty, polyethylene sheeting covered with paper would make a suitable surface.
To allow a painting to dry face-up horizontally, block the painting four to eight inches above the surface that is supporting it, so air can circulate behind the painting.
If you notice flakes of paint lifting, tenting, or beginning to fall away, the endangered area should be faced. A facing of thin tissue will hold the paint flakes in position for subsequent reattachment and will stabilize vulnerable areas. Any thin tissue will do, from Japanese tissue all the way to toilet paper or Kleenex.
Generally, a reversible adhesive is used to hold the tissue and at-risk paint in place. If the surface of the painting is stable to paint thinner (mineral spirits) Golden MSA gloss varnish or Gamvar (Regalrez) varnish can be used to secure the tissue. Once the tissue is in place and has conformed to the surface, the varnish is gently brushed onto the surface of the tissue. Don’t move the tissue or crush the paint below while applying the varnish. If the surface is not stable to mineral spirits, a water-based adhesive can be used: commercial wallpaper paste, wheat starch paste, or methylcellulose will work. Do not use any water-based material that doesn’t re-dissolve in water after it has dried. This would include emulsion varnishes, acrylic painting medium, and emulsion glues.
If using fans to help dry the painting, try to have the air flow more on the reverse of the painting and as gently and uniformly as possible. Having the air in the entire room circulating is better than having a blast from the fan(s) directed at a painting.
Slow drying is better than fast drying. If using heaters to speed the drying, don’t overheat the room or have the heaters pointing directly at a painting. The paintings have been through enough; we don’t want to cook them. Likewise, if using dehumidifiers, do not over-dry the air.
Once the painting is dry, debris on the surface can be gently loosened and brushed off with a soft brush. Brush towards the nozzle of a HEPA vacuum to catch the material, and wear respiratory protection—we don’t know what’s gotten into that residue. Debris on the reverse can be carefully vacuumed up using a slightly stiffer brush.
Consider carefully before wrapping a painting in plastic after it appears to be dry. There is likely residual moisture in the stretcher and other areas you might not be aware of. Wrapping a painting in plastic at this point could lead to a fresh mold outbreak.
Please submit any questions as comments to this blog post and we will respond as quickly as possible. | <urn:uuid:c9235349-021c-49d1-977e-fb8572ee4789> | {
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Interspecific hybridisation and polyploidy are recognized as the most impor-tant sources of evolution and domestication of flowering plants. In ornamental plant breeding these phenomena go hand in hand and can be observed in the breeding his-tory of many ornamental crops (Rosa, Chrysanthemum, Gladiolus, Alstroemeria, Lil-ium, orchids etc). With lily as model crop techniques developed for overcoming pre- and post-fertilisation barriers are reviewed. For overcoming F1-sterility mitotic and meiotic polyploidisation are applied and can result in fertile allopolyploids. The mechanism of viable pollen production of mitotic and meiotic polyploidisation is quite different. Mitotic polyploidisation possess one homologous chromosome set. They undergo normal meiotic division like diploid cells. However, meiotic poly-ploidisation often show irregular chromosome division resulting in two of unreduced chromosome number instead of reduced chromosome number in tetrads. In contrast to mitotic doubling homoeologous recombination can occur. There are two signifi-cant mechanisms, FDR and SDR, for the formation of 2n-gametes. The FDR-gamete increase heterozygosity while SDR-gamete increase homozygosity. Genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) has been used to discriminate parental chromosomes and to detect homoeologous recombination. Mitotic polyploidisation showed no homoeolo-gous recombinations between the parental genomes whereas in meiotic polyploids it can detected frequently. The use of 2n-gametes is therefore the most promising way for the introgression of desirable characters in the breeding with interspecific hy-brids. Although spontaneous occurring in the domestication of many ornamental crops the systematically detected unreduced gametes proved to be highly efficient tool for introgression of characters
To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request. | <urn:uuid:85be7fee-3257-4a6d-aff0-157352d82b8c> | {
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Hello, i'm ryan stitt and welcome to the history of ancient greece culturally and politically, as greek culture was diffused throughout the. Philosophy of history/civilization, cultural diffusion, and innovation incas ancient sumer, egypt, indus river valley greece and rome. Cultural diffusion in ancient greece big question of the day: how did cultural diffusion affect ancient greece two examples: alexander the great spreads.
Cultural diffusion helped spread greek culture all over the world, and its effects can modern day architecture in america is greatly influenced by ancient greek . Networks and ancient greek religion: two case studies from its use, especially in the context of broader work on ancient greek culture and society spread through a model of information diffusion, via a node-to-node network, that is,. Most of all, through the process of cultural diffusion or cultural borrowing, the lydians the contributions of the ancient greeks to the modern world of western. The tale of the ancient greek civilization is a painful history of foreign supremacy but their moreover, trade encouraged cultural diffusion.
The ancient greeks were active seafarers seeking opportunities for trade trading stations played an important role as the furthest outposts of greek culture. Foreign regions sea trade became common culture trade helped the early greeks develop a sophisticated culture geography shapes ancient greek life. Explain the concept of cultural diffusion, and identify the influences of different ancient cultures on examples are phoenicia on greece and greece on rome.
Cultural diffusion means the spreading of ideas from one culture to another ancient greek and roman art: from the utah system of higher. Ancient greece innovations memorial day message: freedom and force » cultural-diffusion-greece-rome-renaissance-overview-2-638. This “cultural diffusion”, as it is often called, also usually involves east, devastated ancient greece and ended the bronze age there – but the. Swbat identify the characteristics of classical greek and hellenistic culture set sail: what was the impact of the phoenicians on ancient greece.
There is an old saying “rome wasn't built in a day became heavily influenced by greek culture, with greek becoming the prime language. World studies from 750 bc to 1600 ad: ancient greece to the first global age strand history cultural diffusion refers to the spread of the traits, ideas and. During the ancient period, european civilization flourished mainly in the spread rapidly across southernmost europe, northward diffusion was much delayed mainland greece, early helladic culture, rise of mycenaean civilization.
Cultural patterns and diffusion mapping patterns of cultural diffusion in the ancient past, major cultures began in an area called a cultural hearth beginning in greece, this culture developed and spread around the mediterranean sea. Diffusion and impact of culture the reality of human interactions is that most conscious thought about culture is about differences: we have in ancient times, warfare often resulted in the burning of cities and the taking of slaves china, greece, rome, the islamic empire, russia, britain, america – all. The history of the greek language begins, as far as the surviving texts are the attic-ionic form of the language, along with greek culture more generally,. Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from students are able to spend semesters anywhere, from ireland, to greece, to japan.
The word hellenistic comes from the root word hellas, which was the ancient greek word for greece the hellenic age was the time when greek culture was. Cultural diffusionthe legacy of historical erasgreece, rome, the middle ages, the renaissance 2 ancient greece contributedinventions. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast europe geographic location of the studied samples: 1, greeks 2, ancient dna from the first european farmers in 7500-year-old neolithic sites.
The greco-roman world, greco-roman culture, or the term greco-roman ) spelled so historically) were directly, long-term, and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the ancient greeks and romans. The ancient greek world is being recast from an isolated entity to one of many graziosi also points out the diffusion of classical texts into the. | <urn:uuid:4de520e2-8c5d-4a95-b813-efbef105890e> | {
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Many children are left home alone or with siblings or friends during the summer. There's a chance that something could go wrong when the parents aren't home.
If a child is confronted with an emergency, they might think about calling 911. That's good, but they might need to do more during or after that call.
"So you call 911, someone answers the phone," said Debbie Marley with the Center for Childhood Injury Prevention. "They need to follow the instructions of the emergency personnel and stay on the phone until they are dismissed."
After the child talks to the 911 operator, they should next alert a particular neighbor and call a parent.
Dr. Adiaha Franklin with Texas Children's Hospital said that acting out possible scenarios can be helpful.
"Kids are really bright. They have lots of ideas and are exposed to all sorts of things we weren't exposed to when we were younger," Franklin said. "Definitely get them involved in the plan of action because they may even think of ideas the parent hadn't thought of."
Franklin said the more that a child is involved in the plan, the more they will remember it. She said that when there is a major emergency, a family code word can help.
"If the child calls the parent and the parent thinks they are calling for a regular conversation, the child initiates the code word and the parent knows there is a major emergency."
Even in a minor crisis, a child needs to know what to do.
"The child at home should know how to do basic First Aid, how to take care of a scratch or cut," Franklin said. "They should also know about food safety, cooking safety, what appliances they can use when no one is at home."
It's also a good idea to have designated check-in times so parents can make sure thinks are always OK. | <urn:uuid:15d2d901-1e6b-49e9-b036-0da84fa3f2f9> | {
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Synthetics are crystalline materials, which have been formed artificially (e.g. in a laboratory) and which possess the same (or nearly the same) crystal structure and chemical composition as their natural counterpart. As a consequence synthetic materials show similar or the same physical properties than the natural material. A synthetic material has to be disclosed on all levels of the trade (e.g. synthetic emerald or synthetic diamond). Synthetic ruby, sapphire and spinel have been around since the beginning of the 20th century (Verneuil method). Synthetic emeralds and synthetic diamonds since the 1950s. There are different methods used to synthesize gemstones, depending on the crystal structure and chemistry and cost. These include flame fusion, flux melt, hydrothermal, skull melting, CVD and HPHT. The proper disclosure of synthetic stones is vital for the trade and to maintain consumer confidence. | <urn:uuid:c2fcbf75-1e90-486f-976a-41bea6d8b814> | {
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The second period of the irrigation investigations of the Utah Experiment Station began in 1901, when plans were formulated for accurate and extensive studies of the relations to each other of soils, crops and water. Preliminary work was done on the College Farm during the summer of 1901. During the winter of 1901-02, the Greenville Farm was secured, and on it was constructed a system of weirs, flumes and laterals, whereby accurately measured quantities of water could be placed at will upon any plat. With this apparatus a great number of vital questions concerning the practice of irrigation was submitted to experimental study. The standard irrigated crops were grown with varying amounts of water and under different conditions of cultivation and of irrigation. At regular intervals, during the growing season and at harvest, the crops were carefully sampled, the moisture in them determined, and they were finally submitted to complete chemical analysis. In this manner, among other things, the total dry matter produced on each plat was determined.
Widtsoe, John A., "Bulletin No. 116 - The Production of Dry Matter with Different Quantities of Irrigation Water" (1912). UAES Bulletins. Paper 67. | <urn:uuid:0c8614df-aa74-4401-a758-1cbaa5b984ed> | {
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Entrepreneurial Economics is the study of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship within the economy. The accumulation of factors of production per se does not explain economic development. They are necessary inputs in production, but they are not sufficient for economic growth.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote their Manifesto in December 1847, as a guide to the fundamental principles and practices of Communists. The Manifesto also predicted the ultimate downfall of the capitalist system. (Summary written by Gesine)
Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels schrieben ihr Manifest im Dezember 1847, als Leitfaden fuer die grundsaetzlichen Prinzipien und Praktiken des Kommunismus. Das Manifest sagte ausserdem den Untergang des Kapitalistismus’ voraus. (Zusammenfassung von Gesine)
The “Theses on Feuerbach” are eleven short philosophical notes written by Karl Marx in 1845. They outline a critique of the ideas of Marx’s fellow Young Hegelian philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach. The theses form a basis for the activism emphasised by Marx’s work, and this short text is perhaps best know for its ending - a Eureka for revolutionary socialism. The theses were written in 1845, but not published until 1888 (five years after Marx’s death), with slight modification...
Capital, Volume I is the first of three volumes in Karl Marx’s monumental work, Das Kapital, and the only volume to be published during his lifetime, in 1867. Marx’s aim in Capital, Volume I is to uncover and explain the laws specific to the capitalist mode of production and of the class struggles rooted in these capitalist social relations of production. Marx said himself that his aim was “to bring a science [i.e. political economy] by criticism to the point where it ca...
Philosophy, Politics, Economics/Political Economy | <urn:uuid:e12aa648-59ab-41cd-a384-5820c6e585a5> | {
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Grupo de color
Europeans discovered the special properties of the milk from the latex tree Hevea brasilensis in the 15th century. The natives of South America had been aware of the properties of latex for a long time before that. They called the rubber tree cahuchu which meant weeping wood; the French, who can only speak one way, came up with caoutchouc.
Our latex milk is a white, natural caoutchouc based dispersion which hardens in the air (dries), stabilizes with ammoniac and is already vulcanized. Vulcanization is the process by which the linked chains in the caoutchouc which are not chemically bound are provided with crosslinking. In the case of natural caoutchouc it is, for example, sulphur vulcanization whereby the sulphur molecules perform the crosslinking function. The number of sulphur bridges determines the final hardness of the rubber.
Latex milk is used industrially in the production of medical consumable materials (e.g. GLOVES, catheters), baby dummies, condoms or toy balloons. As a moulding material it is very economical but does have some disadvantages: working with it can take a long time and is fairly involved and it can really only make relatively thin flexible moulds. Cured latex is indeed extremely elastic and tearproof but will tend to continue to tear further once a tear has begun.
Storage and Shelf Life: As a natural material with practically no additives, latex is, on the one hand, a very agreeable material but, on the other, it is not as durable as synthetic rubbers or silicones. It is not UV resistant and reacts strongly when coming into contact with cleaning agents that contain solvents as well as oils, grease or metal compounds containing copper. Latex moulds are longer lasting if, after use, they are rubbed with TALCUM-POWDER because this will prevent the latex from sticking to itself. When being stored for longer periods this process should be occasionally repeated.
In its liquid form, latex should be stored in air-tight plastic or stainless steel containers at temperatures between +5 °C and maximum 35 °C. Under ideal conditions (20 °C), uncured latex can be stored for at least 24 months.
Safety at work: Despite the tiny amount of NH3 (approx. 0.3%) you can still smell ammoniac when working with latex. Other than the usual precautions taken when working with any chemicals, however, no special measures must be taken. Latex milk does not fall under the hazardous material ordinance and does not require a German hazardous material label. | <urn:uuid:c4ea46e6-9971-4211-9809-31ee0384e19d> | {
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King Carlos I (or Charles/Karl/Karel V) and Queen Isabel
Carlos I (or V), Holy Roman Emperor, King of Aragon, Castile, Leon, Sicily and Napels, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Duke of Brabant, Luxembourg, Milan, Guelders, Lord of the Netherlands, Margrave of Namur, Count of Holland, Zeeland, Hainault, Zutphen, Artois, Flanders and Charlolais (Ghent, 24 February 1500 -Madrid, 21 September 1558); married by proxy in Almeirim on 1 November 1525 and in person in Seville on 10 March 1526, Princess Isabel of Portugal (Lisbon, 23 October 1503 - Toledo, 1 May 1539)
Reign Castile: 1516 - 1556
Reign Aragon: 1516 - 1556
Reign Holy Roman Empire: 1519 - 1556
Reign Burgundy: 1506 - 1556
Predecessor Castile: Queen Juana 'The Mad' of Castille
Predecessor Aragon: King Fernando VI of Aragon & Sicily
Predecessor Holy Roman Empire: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Predecessor Burgundy: Duke Philip 'The Handsome of Burgundy
Succeeded in Spain by: King Felipe II of Spain
Succeeded in the Holy Roman Empire by: Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Children: King Felipe II of Spain; Maria, Holy Roman Empress and Princess Juana of Spain
Parents Carlos: Duke Philip of Burgundy, Archduke of Austria and Queen Juana 'the Mad' of Castile
Parents Isabel: King Manuel I of Portugal and Princess Maria of Castile and Aragon
Siblings Carlos: Queen Leonor of Portugal; Queen Elizabeth of Denmark; Ferdidnand I, Holy Roman Emperor; Queen Maria of Hungary and Bohemia and Queen Catarina of Portugal
Siblings Isabel: King Joćo III of Portugal; Duchess Beatrice of Savoy, Prince Luis, Duke of Beja; Prince Fernando Duke of Trancoso; Prince Alfonso, Princess Maria, King Henrique I, Prince Duarte, Duke of Guimaraes; and Prince Antonio of Portugal
Half Siblings Isabel: Prince Miguel da Paz; Prince Carlos and Princess Maria of Portugal
Charles V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 until his abdication in 1556 and also ruler of the Spanish realms from 1516 until 1556.
As the heir of four of Europe's leading dynasties – the Trastamara of the Kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, the Burgundian Valois of the Duchy of Burgundy and the Habsburgs of Austria – he ruled over extensive domains in Central, Western and Southern Europe, as well as Castilian colonies in the Americas and Philippines.
As the first monarch to reign in his own right over both the Kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (from 1555) he is often considered as the first King of Spain, with the name of Charles I. Upon his retirement, he divided his realms between his son Philip and his brother Ferdinand.
He was the son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile. His paternal grandparents were Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy, whose daughter Margaret raised him. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage had first united their territories into what is now modern Spain, and whose daughter Catherine of Aragon was Queen of England and first wife of Henry VIII. His cousin was Mary I of England who married his son Philip.
Combining the heritage of the German Habsburgs, the House of Burgundy, and the Spanish heritage of his mother, Charles transcended ethnic and national boundaries. His motto was Plus Ultra, Further Beyond.
Charles was born in the Flemish city of Ghent in 1500. The culture and courtly life of the Burgundian Low Countries were an important influence in his early life. He spoke five different languages: Flemish, German, Spanish, French, and Italian. He spoke French as mother language and Flemish from his childhood years, later adding an acceptable Spanish (which was required by the Castilian Cortes as a condition for becoming king of Castile) and some German. Indeed, he claimed to speak "Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse."
From his Burgundian ancestors, he inherited an ambiguous relationship with the Kings of France. Charles shared with France his mother tongue (together with Flemish) and many cultural forms. In his youth, he made frequent visits to Paris, then the largest city of Western Europe.
In his words: "Paris is not a city, but a universe" (Lutetia non urbs, sed orbis). But Charles also inherited the tradition of political and dynastical enmity between the Royal and the Burgundian lines of the Valois Dynasty. This conflict was amplified by his accession to both the Holy Roman Empire and the kingdom of Spain.
Though Spain was the core of his kingdom, he was never totally assimilated and especially in his earlier years felt like and was viewed as a foreign prince. He could not speak Spanish very well, as it was not his primary language. Nonetheless, he spent most of his life in Spain, including his final years in a Spanish monastery.
In his youth, Charles was tutored by Adrian of Utrecht, later Pope Adrian VI. His three most prominent subsequent advisors were Lord Chičvres, Jean Sauvage and Mercurino Gattinara.
Read the entire wikipedia article here.
The Infanta Isabel, commonly referred to in English as Isabella of Portugal (October 23, 1503 May 1, 1539) was the daughter of Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon. By her marriage to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Isabella was also Holy Roman Empress and Queen consort of Aragon and Castile.
Isabel was the second child and eldest daughter of Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Infanta Maria of Castile and Aragon. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Isabella I of Castile and her aunt Isabella, Princess of Asturias, who had been her father's first wife.
Through her father, she was a granddaughter of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu (the second son of king Edward of Portugal and brother of Afonso V of Portugal) and Infanta Beatrice, the daughter of Infante Joćo, Lord of Reguengos (brother of king Edward). Through her mother she was a granddaughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Isabel was second-in-line to the throne until the birth of her brother Louis in 1505. However, as the oldest daughter of Manuel I of Portugal, she was a rather attractive party. She married her first cousin, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the son of Joanna of Castile and Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy, who as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Aragon and Castile, Archduke of the Habsburg dominions, titular Duke of Burgundy, and ruler of the Netherlands and the Spanish empire in the Americas and the Mediterranean and Italy was one of the most powerful men of his time.
Read the entire wikipedia article here.
Coffin of Carlos I/Carlos V at the Panteón de Reyes in the Monasterio de Escorial,above his son and predecessor Philip II.
Wow the coffins in that picture are actually breathtaking i went to go see them in february and i was completely stunned
Anniversary of the death of Joan of Spain- September 7th.
Anniversary of Joan of Spain- Died September 7th,1573.
What a beautiful portrait! Anyone know the painter? The wonderful collar on the magnificent hound epitomize the era.
The portrait is by Alsonso Sanchez Coello. It's currently in the Museum of Fine Arts in Bilbao.
I had the pleasure of seeing it first-hand during my stay in Spain many years ago.
Tomb effigy of Joan of Austria at the Convento de las Descalzas Reales in Madrid.
Anniversary of the death of Charles I/Charles V,King of Spain,Holy Roman Emperor-September 21st,1558.
Anniversary of Don Juan de Austria-died,October 1st 1578
Anniversary of Don Juan de Austria-died,October 1st 1578.
Half brother of Philip II and Spanish military leader,he also served as Regent of the Low Countries.
John of Austria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Royal Anniversary - 1st of May 1539 ,Death of Isabel of Portugal : Empress and Queen Consort of Charles I/V Holy Roman Emperor and King .
As King of Spain, Carlos provided five ships to Ferdinand Magellan.
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James Tait Black Memorial Prize
The James Tait Black Memorial Prizes are literary prizes awarded for literature written in the English language. They, along with the Hawthornden Prize, are Britain's oldest literary awards. Based at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, United Kingdom, the prizes were founded in 1919 by Mrs Janet Coats Black in memory of her late husband, James Tait Black, a partner in the publishing house of A & C Black Ltd.
From inception, the James Tait Black prize was organised without overt publicity. There was a lack of press and publisher attention, initially at least, because Edinburgh was distant from the literary centres of the country. The decision on the award would be made by the Regius Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres at the University of Edinburgh.
Four winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature received the James Tait Black earlier in their careers: William Golding, Nadine Gordimer and J. M. Coetzee each collected the James Tait Black for fiction, whilst Doris Lessing took the prize for biography. In addition to these literary Nobels, Sir Ronald Ross, whose 1923 autobiography Memoirs, Etc. received the biography prize, was already a Nobel Laureate, having been awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on malaria.
In 2012, a third prize category was announced for Drama, with the first winner of this award announced in August 2013.
Selection process and prize administration
The winners are chosen by the Professor of English Literature at the University, who is assisted by postgraduate students in the shortlisting phase, a structure which is seen to lend the prizes a considerable gravitas. At the award of the 2006 prizes, Cormac McCarthy's publisher commented positively on the selection process noting that, in the absence of a sponsor and literary or media figures amongst the judging panel, the decision is made by "...students and professors, whose only real agenda can be great books and great writing". The original endowment is now supplemented by the University and, as a consequence, the total prize fund rose from £6,000 to £20,000 for the 2005 awards. This increase made the two annual prizes, one for fiction and the other for biography, the largest literary prizes on offer in Scotland. The annual prize for drama is worth £10,000. The University is advised in relation to the development and administration of the Prize by a small committee which includes Ian Rankin, Alexander McCall Smith and James Naughtie amongst its members. In August 2007 the prize ceremony was held at the Edinburgh International Book Festival for the first time.
Only those works of fiction and biographies written in English and first published in Britain in the 12 month period prior to the submission date are eligible for the award. Both prizes may go to the same author, but neither prize can be awarded to the same author on more than one occasion. For the drama category, the work should have been written in English, Gaelic or Welsh, and performed by a professional theatre company in the 12-month period prior to the submission date.
List of recipients
Best of the James Tait Black (2012)
In 2012, a special prize was given called the 'Best of the James Tait Black' (in addition to the normal prize for that year). The award celebrated the fiction winners over the past 93 years, as part of the 250th anniversary of the study of English Literature at the University. A shortlist of six previous winners competed for the title of Best. A judging panel of celebrity alumni and writers decided on the winner announced on 6 December 2012 as Angela Carter's Nights at the Circus.
- Angela Carter, Nights at the Circus (1984)
- Graham Greene, The Heart of the Matter (1948)
- James Kelman, A Disaffection (1989)
- Cormac McCarthy, The Road (2006)
- Caryl Phillips, Crossing the River (1993)
- Muriel Spark, The Mandelbaum Gate (1965)
- Brian W. Shaffer (2008). A Companion to the British and Irish Novel 1945 - 2000. John Wiley & Sons. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4051-5616-5. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- Iona McLaren (August 24, 2013). "Winners announced of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize 2013". The Telegraph. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- Mary E. Gibson (August 1978). "Sir Ronald Ross and his contemporaries". J. Royal Society of Medicine 71: 611–612. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- "Video report of the James Tait Black Prize ceremony, August 2007". University of Edinburgh. August 27, 2007.
- "University boosts James Tait Black Prizes". University of Edinburgh. November 28, 2005.
- Pauli, Michelle (May 2, 2006). "Ali Smith hits the shortlists again". London: The Guardian. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- "James Tait Black Memorial Prize Ceremony". The University of Edinburgh. June 8, 2007.
- "Previous winners". James Tait Black Memorial Prize website. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- Scholarly revision of Buchan's earlier "The Marquis of Montrose" (1913)
- Biography of the explorer John Talbot Clifton (1868-1928), father of Harry Clifton (Henry Talbot de Vere Clifton, dedicatee of W.B. Yeats' poem Lapis Lazuli)
- Includes studies of antiquaries including Elias Ashmole, William Dugdale, Thomas Hearne, George Hickes, Thomas Madox, John Nalson, Edward Thwaites and Humfrey Wanley
- John Ezard (June 8, 2006). "A prize, at last, for McEwan novel". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- "New winners for oldest book prize". BBC News. August 22, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- Alison Flood (August 21, 2009). "Michael Holroyd wins James Tait Black prize 42 years after his wife". The Guardian.
- "AS Byatt and John Carey win James Tait Black Memorial Prizes". The Telegraph. August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- "Dazzling tale of Ms Saigon takes top award". The Scotsman. August 20, 2011.
- Jen Bowden. "Fiona MacCarthy and Padgett Powell win James Tait Black prizes". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- "Authors join book prize's hall of fame". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- "2014 drama awards". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- Russell Leadbetter (21 October 2012). "Book prize names six of the best in search for winner". Herald Scotland. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
- "Authors in running for 'best of best' James Tait Black award". BBC News. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
- Alison Flood (6 December 2012). "Angela Carter named best ever winner of James Tait Black award". The Guardian. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
- James Tait Black Prizes homepage, University of Edinburgh
- Windows Media Video report of the 2007 James Tait Black Prize ceremony
- James Tait Black Prizes homepage, University of Edinburgh
- New Statesman article on the James Tait Black and Booker prizes
- James Tait Black feature on the BBC Radio 4's 'Open Book' (includes audio link) | <urn:uuid:4cd954d7-9af7-4e10-bae6-c9ec3c7e8699> | {
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In a medical first, doctors used plastic particles and a 3-D laser printer to create an airway splint to save the life of a baby boy who used to stop breathing nearly every day.
It's the latest advance from the booming field of regenerative medicine, making body parts in the lab.
In the case of Kaiba Gionfriddo, doctors didn't have a moment to spare. Because of a birth defect, the little Ohio boy's airway kept collapsing, causing his breathing to stop and often his heart, too. Doctors in Michigan had been researching artificial airway splints but had not implanted one in a patient yet.
In a single day, they "printed out" 100 tiny tubes, using computer-guided lasers to stack and fuse thin layers of plastic instead of paper and ink to form various shapes and sizes. The next day, with special permission from the Food and Drug Administration, they implanted one of these tubes in Kaiba, the first time this has been done.
Suddenly, a baby that doctors had said would probably not leave the hospital alive could breathe normally for the first time. He was 3 months old when the operation was done last year and is nearly 19 months old now. He is about to have his tracheotomy tube removed; it was placed when he was a couple months old and needed a breathing machine. And he has not had a single breathing crisis since coming home a year ago.more | <urn:uuid:462e698b-6fd4-44a9-8106-d74b4934c4f7> | {
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On Earth Day, April 22, 2017, researchers, educators, students, and citizen scientists all over the world will take to the streets in celebration of science. The March for Science is an international, nonpartisan event organized to “champion robustly funded and publicly communicated science as a pillar of human freedom and prosperity.” The movement has attracted broad support from over 60 partner organizations, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Sigma Xi, and the Union of Concerned Scientists. The ACRL Board of Directors voted to partner with the March for Science and encourages ACRL members to attend.
The main event will be held in Washington D.C. at 10 a.m. with a teach-in and rally on the National Mall, followed by a march through the streets of DC. More than 400 satellite marches have also been organized in all 50 states, 40 countries, and across 6 continents.
Librarians will be well-represented at the march in D.C. and the satellite marches, to express their support for open scientific communication and evidence-based decision making.
When asked why they intend to march, these librarians responded:
“Stifling open communication of science limits the public’s right to know, with serious consequences for poor policy making and uninformed decisions regarding research funding, negligent enforcement of environmental regulations (or outright loss of environmental oversight), and nearly every aspect of everyday living. From the technology of the internet to basic agricultural practices, poor management of the science enterprise will adversely affect health and wellness, nutrition, education, the environment, innovation, job creation and production, and creativity, to name just a few areas of influence.” – Alison Ricker, Oberlin College
“I think evidence-based decision making is vitally important to democracy so any attempt to undermine science also attempts to undermine at least part of the foundations of democracy.”- John Dupuis, York University
“I’m a former scientists turned librarian, and I strongly believe that science literacy goes hand in hand with information literacy. The rise of people who refute facts – or believe in alternative facts – is distressing to me, as I believe we as a society can never reach our full potential without accepting certain basic, proven concepts.” – Maggie Savidakis-Dunn, Shippensburg University
“All information is not created equal – ignorance is not as good as knowledge, and “alt-facts” are not as good as facts. We have a responsibility as librarians to advocate for the truth and for the uncensored distribution of scientific data and communication.” – Emma Oxford, James Madison University
“I’m a science librarian. Scientific information and resources are put through a gauntlet of peer-review, and to say that such scientific studies cannot be trusted after going through that process is willful ignorance. As managers of information, we have to come together with scientists and clearly assert that things CAN be known – facts about our universe CAN be established beyond reasonable doubt – if we use appropriate, collaborative, scientific methods for gathering and analyzing data.” – Camille Mathieu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
“Because I believe that science represents the future of America, and I believe in the privilege of exercising my voice as a citizen and supporter of science.” – Rachel Borchardt, American University
Join your library colleagues and march to celebrate the impact of science in our lives.
April 18 Update: John Dupuis (@dupuisj), Science and Engineering Librarian at York University, will be speaking at the March for Science Toronto. | <urn:uuid:a096fdb1-7dc0-4f82-8fba-280e7b4cae72> | {
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Guess-Check-Generalize and the Scrubbing Calculator
June 2, 2011 11 Comments
Several other blogs have been talking about Bret Victor’s Kill Math website, including its Scrubbing Calculator. I’d like to talk about how the Scrubbing Calculator is both very similar to and very different from an approach to solving word problems we call “Guess-Check-Generalize”. Here’s a graphic from a sample problem solved Scrubbingly.
The challenge is to find the height of each bar, given the information about other heights. When I first taught Algebra 1, my approach to this would be to get students to “translate” the problem into algebra, trying to get them to write an equation that would be true for the right height. And the results were a mixed bag, for a lot of reasons that might be good for a different post. I think there’s something inherently challenging about trying to write a fully symbolic statement immediately from a problem situation.
The concept of guess-check-generalize starts by changing the nature of the problem. The question to start with changes:
from What is the correct bar height? …
to Is 100 the correct bar height?
Here, 100 could have been any number at all, it’s a total guess. (Some teachers using this method ask students to write down their first guess before even presenting the problem, since students may be afraid to guess incorrectly.)
Now we see if the guess is right. Up until now, I agree completely with the philosophy of the Scrubbing Calculator: make a guess at the bar height, then see if it’s right. This is where things get interesting, because there’s more than one way to check the guess. The most conventional way is to add up the heights on the right side, and a student might do this:
60 + 100 + 20 + 100 + 20 + 100 + 20 + 100 + 20 + 100 + 20 + 100 + 20 + 100 + 20 + 100 + 20 + 100 + 140 = nope
It doesn’t actually matter what that equals, as long as it doesn’t equal 768. Guess-check-generalize is about determining a process you can use to check any guess; then, the process you’ve described becomes an equation to solve. And the process can evolve from one guess to another, as students realize they’ve used the same number 8 times or that this thing is twice that thing.
So 100 was wrong; take a second guess. It doesn’t have to be a better guess, because you’re not trying to nail the numeric answer, you’re trying to nail the process of checking a guess. Let’s guess 36. Checking this guess a student might notice they could combine some terms from before:
No more guessing. The third guess is , a variable. (Students may need more guesses, especially at first; eventually some only need one or zero guesses.) Take all the places the guess was found and replace them with the variable, noting that the correct guess yields 768:
Solving that equation and bringing the answer back into context are still issues, but I always found the largest difficulty with the dreaded “word problem” is an inability to take the situation and make a mathematical statement about it. When almost every real mathematical situation an adult encounters is a “word problem”, this is a major issue that needs to be addressed.
Here’s why I think guess-check-generalize is a good way of dealing with word problems.
- The method is general in nature. The method presented here works equally well for linear and nonlinear situations, for problems with a variable on each side of the equation, for rates, coin values, painting houses, counting beans, whatever. This is a general-purpose tool that is useful over many years, including some surprising topics like generating the equations of lines and circles. (More on this some other time.)
- This is what people do with problems. When a problem is new or overly complicated, picking a few cases and following them through leads to an understanding of what happens in general. Traditional word problem methods expect students to have the generalization at the ready, and it just doesn’t work that way in reality. The concept of generalizing from repeated example is a fundamental one that all students should learn, not just those heading into STEM careers.
- Students have a simple place to start from. By asking students to guess at the answer, the difficulty level of word problems can be reduced by 2 or 3 grade levels immediately. Students with language difficulty can learn what is happening by calculating with numbers, connecting the new language to the calculations they know, then advancing to symbols when appropriate.
- There are no black boxes. Students construct equations and can understand where they come from. Multiple equations with the same answer can be found from different techniques used on the same problem, leading to good discussions about the basic moves of algebra and how different equations and formulas are related.
- Connections between arithmetic and algebra are reinforced. Bret Victor says this: “We are accustomed to assuming that variables must be symbols. But this isn’t true — a variable is simply a number that varies.” I’d like this to change. Too many students only see variables as symbols for manipulation, and not as numbers that vary. Students make mistakes with variables they would never make with numbers. When this happens, it is because they don’t see that the symbol represents a number. Since arithmetic is at the heart of guess-check-generalize, students are asked to solidify their number skill and sense. Students begin to guess “nice” numbers, like a multiple of 3 when they see that dividing by 3 will be part of the process.
It is on this last point that I disagree deeply with the philosophy of the Scrubbing Calculator; students don’t really do any of the calculating. In the end, a student might see that the answer produced by Scrubbing works, but if there is more than one answer, there’s no way for a student to discern this. If the problem changes slightly from its original form (say, to a 1024-high screen), the Scrubbing solution method is to start from scratch, which doesn’t help students generalize toward functions and formulas (in this case, a relationship between the screen height and the bar height).
What if the correct answer to the equation is or even ? I don’t see how the Scrubbing Calculator could get these answers. I agree that too many students don’t see the real meaning of a variable, but this is no reason to ditch symbolic algebra, this is a reason to make the connections between arithmetic and algebra as strong as possible, as often as possible.
The Scrubbing Calculator’s method is an opportunity for students to make deep connections between arithmetic and algebra, between real problems and symbolic algebra. I’m disappointed that its intended purpose is to remove symbolic algebra altogether, because it could be pretty cool. What do you think?
For homework, solve this problem using guess-check-generalize or come up with a better one. No scrubbing, please!
Nancy takes a long car trip from Boston. In one direction she drives at an average speed of 60 miles per hour, and in the other direction she drives at an average speed of 50 miles per hour. She’s in the car a total of 38 hours for the round trip. How far from Boston was her destination? (Bonus: what city did she drive to?) | <urn:uuid:6f141692-0950-426f-b73e-9fb7536fb02c> | {
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Issue 160, page 1
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When the British divide something into four pieces they get four quarters. But when the same operation is conducted in the US the result is unpredictable - one may end up with four fourths. On the face of it, it seems unlikely that fourth and quarter are related by anything but their meaning but they derive from the same word. The ancient Indo-European word *kwetwor- became *fedwor- in Old Germanic, feower in Old English and, eventually, four in Modern English. Latin also developed from Indo-European and *kwetwor- gave Latin such words as quatuor "four" and quadra "square". Here are a few words with unexpected "four" connections.
A carillon is a set of bells, tuned so that melodies may be played upon them. The earliest varieties had only four bells, hence the French term carillon, from Medieval Latin quadrillionem "a set of four".
A quire is a quantity (normally twenty-four sheets) of writing material. The term originally referred to four sheets of parchment or paper folded together to form eight leaves, a common unit in mediaeval manuscripts. The name comes from Medieval Latin quaternus "a set of four" which became quaier in Old French and quire in English. A descendant of quaier survives in Modern French as cahier, "a notebook". Somewhat perversely, cahier may also mean "a quire of six sheets".
Latin quadrum "a square" became quadro in Italian then cadre in Old French, by which time the meaning had shifted from "square" to "picture frame". (In Modern French it means "tally".) After entering English, cadre developed several new meanings, including: "a frame", "a framework", "the framework of officers who form the basis of a regiment", "the entire complement of officers in a regiment", "a group of communist workers" or "a member of such a group".
A quarry is a place where, literally speaking, pieces of stone are given four sides. The origin of quarry is found in the Latin verb quadrare, "to cut [stone] into squares".
A firkin is a small cask used for fish, butter or liquids (notably beer). It is also a unit of volume, there being (as every schoolchild knows) two firkins to one kilderkin. Its earliest (1400s) known form was ferdekyn, a borrowing from the Middle Dutch vierdekijn, "little fourth".
Mosaics are made of tiny colored squares of tile, glass or marble called tesserae, so called because of their four sides. In Classical Greek, *kwetwor- became tetra, but in Ionic Greek the word for "four" was tessera.
A quarantine is a period of forty days (from Italian quaranta "forty"). Nowadays it is used only to denote a period of isolation to prevent the spread of disease but in earlier times it could be used more generally.
Oh well, it's time for us to tidy up our quarters and get the reference books squared away.
Looking for more information on words? Why not browse our bookstore?
additions? Send to Melanie & Mike: [email protected]
DO NOT SEND QUERIES TO THAT ADDRESS. Instead, ASK US.
Copyright © 1995-2002 TIERE
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About Harold Clayton Urey, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1934
Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, but may be most prominent for his contribution to theories on the development of organic life from non-living matter.
Harold Clayton Urey was born in Walkerton, Indiana, on April 29, 1893, as the son of the Rev. Samuel Clayton Urey and Cora Rebecca Reinoehl, and grandson of pioneers who settled in Indiana. His early education in rural schools led to his graduation from high school in 1911 after which he taught for three years in country schools. In 1914 he entered the University of Montana and received his Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology in 1917. He spent two years as a research chemist in industry before returning to Montana as an instructor in Chemistry. In 1921 he entered the University of California to work under Professor Lewis and he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1923. He spent the following year in Copenhagen at Professor Niels Bohr's Institute for Theoretical Physics as American-Scandinavian Foundation Fellow to Denmark and on his return to the United States he became an Associate in Chemistry at Johns Hopkins University. In 1929 he was appointed Associate Professor in Chemistry at Columbia University and he became Professor in 1934; during the period 1940-1945 he was also Director of War Research, Atomic Bomb Project, Columbia University. He moved to the Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Chicago in 1945 as Distinguished Service Professor of Chemistry and became Martin A. Ryerson Professor in 1952. He was George Eastman Visiting Professor, University of Oxford, during 1956-1957 and in 1958 he took his present post as Professor-at-Large, University of California.
Professor's Urey's early researches concerned the entropy of diatomic gases and problems of atomic structure, absorption spectra and the structure of molecules. In 1931 he devised a method for the concentration of any possible heavy hydrogen isotopes by the fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen: this led to the discovery of deuterium. Together with the late Dr. E.W. Washburn, he evolved the electrolytic method for the separation of hydrogen isotopes and he carried out thorough investigations of their properties, in particular the vapour pressure of hydrogen and deuterium, and the equilibrium constants of exchange reactions. He later worked on the separation of uranium isotopes and, more recently, he has been concerned with the measurement of paleotemperatures, investigations into the origin of the planets, and the chemical problems of the origin of the earth.
He is the author of the books Atoms, Molecules and Quanta (1930, with A.E. Ruark), and The Planets (1952). He was editor of the Journal of Chemical Physics during 1933-1940 and he has written numerous papers on the structure of atoms and molecules, the discovery of heavy hydrogen and its properties, separation of isotopes, measurement of paleotemperatures and the origin of planets. These have been published in many different chemical journals.
Professor Urey received the Willard Gibbs Medal (American Chemical Society) in 1934; Davy Medal (Royal Society, London), 1940; Franklin Medal, 1943; Medal for Merit, 1946; Cordoza Award, 1954; Honor Scroll Award (American Institute of Chemists), 1954; Joseph Priestley Award, 1955; Alexander Hamilton Award, 1961; and the J. Lawrence Smith Award (National Academy of Sciences), 1962. He has received honorary Doctor of Science degrees of Montana, Princeton, Newark, Columbia, Oxford, Washington and Lee, McMaster, Yale, Indiana, Birmingham Universities, and of the Universities of Athens, Durham, and Saskatchewan; also honorary Doctor of Law degree from Wayne University and the University of California. He is a member of many of the more important scientific societies of the world, and is Honorary Fellow of the Chemical Society (London), the National Institute of Sciences of India and the Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel).
In 1926 he married Frieda Daum. They have three daughters and one son.
From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966 | <urn:uuid:18f0d4ad-104c-4cd8-b406-c59b4c0e31f3> | {
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This conversation is closed.
What would our communities look like if we actually treated and understood addiction like the chronic disease that it is?
Addiction is our nation’s top public health challenge. It affects 23 million Americans, yet 75 percent will never get well due to failures in our system of care and powerful barriers like stigma, shame and fear. Addiction has long been recognized by science as a chronic disease, but almost everywhere it’s still treated like an acute health problem. What would our communities look like if we actually treated and understood addiction like the chronic disease that it is? We would recognize early symptoms, get help before problems are so severe, and have access to supports and services to manage the disease over a lifetime. We would dramatically reduce the human, social and economic costs of addiction. We believe the solution lies in mobilizing sectors with a vested financial interest in the problem – employers, health care systems, health insurance providers, schools, and others – to fundamentally change the way we deal with this disease. The forces of health care reform are an unprecedented opportunity to enlist these players to create a sustainable solution to addiction. Addressing the symptoms of addiction costs our nation $350 billion annually. Few people seek help; too few people get well. Let's make a fundamental, social change, not unlike what occurred with breast cancer over the past two decades. . | <urn:uuid:e208fb4b-a871-481f-b965-7bc4d203f6b8> | {
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Don't take stair safety for granted
The first known use of stairs was in ancient Egypt during the building of the pyramids. Chances are, some workers back then tripped and fell on them. Some 3,000 years later, injuries on stairs are still a big problem.
According to the Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, the insurance cost of injuries from falls on stairs is second only to automobile accidents! Clearly, it's a bigger problem than most people imagine.
So how do you prevent trips, falls and other mishaps on stairs?
The most common way is to use handrails. In fact, most trips and falls occur when people aren't able to regain their balance because they are not holding a handrail.
Another source of accidents are items, such as toys, left on stairs. Some people have the bad habit of using stairs as a temporary shelf for books, magazines, mail and other items. That’s not a good idea!
Always be careful when carrying heavy items on stairs. Even an overloaded laundry basket can be a hazard. If it's too heavy or you can’t see over the top, it’s too full.
A lot of this is common sense. However, because injuries on stairs are so prevalent, we need to use our common sense more often.
Another place people don't think of is wooden stairs outdoors, which can be very slippery when wet. Even though common sense would be to be careful, if you are used to climbing wooden stairs when they are dry very often you continue to go about your day as per usual and forget to extra care when climbing them after rain or snow. A good way to prevent falls on outdoor stairs is to place weather stripping on them to provide a grip. | <urn:uuid:0b967205-9eba-474c-89d7-dd60bda7a91c> | {
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Just thought I would offer the FDA's and USDA's list of requirements for food-- What is exactly considered "natural", "organic", "fresh", etc. Below are a few good ones. The website is dense and full of information of anything and everything you're buying from a grocery store in the US.
Food Labeling Guide
What food must be labeled as an "imitation"?
Answer: Generally a new food that resembles a traditional food and is a substitute for the traditional food must be labeled as an imitation if the new food contains less protein or a lesser amount of any essential vitamin or mineral
What is meant by the requirement to list ingredients in descending order of predominance by weight?
Answer: Listing ingredients in descending order of predominance by weight means that the ingredient that weighs the most is listed first, and the ingredient that weighs the least is listed last (see illustration for question 3 below).
21 CFR 101.4(a)
Should the common or usual name always be used for ingredients?
Answer: Always list the common or usual name for ingredients unless there is a regulation that provides for a different term. For instance, use the term “sugar” instead of the scientific name “sucrose.”
“INGREDIENTS: Apples, Sugar, Water, and Spices”
See also section 4 question 3. 21 CFR 101.4(a) this one is interesting to me because I bought a redbull zero today, which in the nutrition facts says 0 sugar, but in the ingredients list shows sucrose...
When may a "high" or a "good source" claim be made?
Answer: A "good source" claim may be made when a food contains 10-19% of the RDI or DRV (both declared on the label as the % Daily Value (%DV)). A "high" claim may be made when a food contains at least 20% of the DV. 21 CFR 101.54(b)-(c)
May a food that is normally low in or free of a nutrient bear a "Low" or "Free" claim if it has an appropriate disclaimer (e.g., fat free broccoli)?
Answer: No. Only foods that have been specially processed, altered, formulated, or reformulated so as to lower the amount of nutrient in the food, remove the nutrient from the food, or not include the nutrient in the food may bear such a claim (e.g., "low sodium potato chips"). Other foods may only make a statement that refers to all foods of that type (e.g., "corn oil, a sodium-free food" or "broccoli, a fat-free food"). 21 CFR 101.13(e)(1)-(2)
What is an appropriate reference food for a food bearing a "Light" claim?
Answer: The reference food must be a food or group of foods that are representative of the same type as the food bearing the claim. For example, a chocolate ice cream would use as its reference food other chocolate ice creams. 21 CFR 101.13(j)(1)(i)(B)
The nutrient value for fat or calories in a reference food that is used as a basis for a "light" claim may be determined in several ways. It may be a value in a representative, valid data base; an average value determined from the top three national (or regional) brands of the food, a market basket norm; or where its nutrient value is representative of the food type, a market leader. 21 CFR 101.13(j)(1)(ii)(A)
The nutrient value used as a basis for a 'light' claim should be similar to that calculated by averaging the nutrient values of many of the foods of the type. It should not be the value of a single food or group of foods at the high end of the range of nutrient values for the food. When compared to an appropriate reference food, a "light" food should be a food that the consumer would generally recognize as a food that is improved in its nutrient value compared to other average products of its type. 21 CFR 101.13(j)(1)(ii)(A)
Also, the USDA...
Guidelines for claiming "certified organic"
Using the Claim "Certified Organic By..." on Meat and Poultry Product Labeling
Food Labeling fact sheet... water added, define "fresh", additives, etc...
Food Labeling Fact Sheets | <urn:uuid:341fd304-b174-4f58-a712-f866ad7226af> | {
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Common name: Hop wattle; Straight wattle
Acacia stricta (Andrews) Willd. is an erect shrub or small tree, 1,8 m high. Branches angled or flattened. Leaves narrow, elliptic, up to 12 cm long, prominent midvein and net-venation. Flowers yellow balls held close to the stems, occurring in groups of 2-4 in the axils of the leaves, appearing in spring. Pods straight up to 100 mm long and 5 mm wide. Seeds coat hard, the seed stalk expanded at one end but does not encircle the seed. Hop wattle might be mistaken for rooikrans (Acacia cyclops) or long-leaved wattle (Acacia longifolia). The differences between these species are tabulated below.
|Acacia stricta||Acacia cyclops||Acacia longifolia|
Shrub or small tree
Leaves erect, rounded, prominent midvein and net venation
|Leaves with 305 prominent longitudinal veins||
Shrub or tree, Leaves erect, spreading
Flowerheads cylindrical, galls on stems
|Acacia stricta leaves||Acacia stricta flowers|
Hop wattle is native to Australia (Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania).
How it spreads
Seeds with sporadic strong winds and also appears to be easily dispersed via human activities and soil movement (most likely road construction). However, the majority of the seeds accumulate under the tree canopy.
History in South Africa
Hop wattle was probably introduced to South Africa as an ornamental plant and for soil stabilisation and has recently been recorded in the Knysna area (Western Cape), mostly on plantation land owned by MTO forestry.
Environmental and economic impact
Hop wattle is a fast growing and drought tolerant species, which can withstand both low and high temperatures. It forms persistent seed banks, and seedlings may continue to emerge for many years after the plant has been removed. The species is also considered a high risk species in terms of invasiveness. It invades roadsides, watercourses and gaps in plantations.
How to eradicate
Hop wattle is currently controlled by uprooting or cut-stump treatment using a glyphosate herbicide. There is no herbicide or biological control agent registered for this species in South Africa.
What can you do to help?
Report sightings of these plants to the Invasive Species Programme at SANBI. We will need to know its locality (the exact locality, supply a photograph, any landmarks or GPS information if possible).
Ruqaya Adams or Alex Marsh
Tel: 021 799 8403/4
- South African Plant Invaders Atlas. 2010. SAPIA News no. 8. ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute. Available on line at: http://www.dargieconservancy.org.za/documents/sapia08.pdf
- Broughton, V.H.1986. Phyllode structure, taxonomy and distribution in some Australian acacias. Australian Journal of Botany 34: 663-674. Available on line at: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/PlantNet/WattleWeb/refs.php
- South African plants invaders atlas database. ARC- Plant protection research institute, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Pheloung P. C., P. A. Williams and S. R. Halloy. 1999. A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management 57: 239-251. | <urn:uuid:cfb31d5a-208d-445b-861f-9fefa717628d> | {
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Megalodon: Did a nearby supernova cause one of Earth’s mass extinctions?.
You may think there are some big animals on Earth today, but this is nothing compared with the Pliocene period a few million years ago. So-called “megafauna” like the 50-foot megalodon shark and giant ground sloth were common. And suddenly, they weren’t. Why? A new study points the finger at an unexpected source: a supernova.
When we talk about supernovae, it usually has to do with events on the scale of a whole star system or group of star systems. The team led by Dr. Adrian Melott from the University of Kansas postulates that a nearby supernova could have had a more localized effect some 2.4 million years ago. It might have killed off the megalodon.
Scientists have come up with various explanations for the sudden extinction of megafauna like megalodon at the end of the Pliocene period. A build-up of polar ice and a corresponding drop in sea levels could have limited access to shallow breeding areas for the sharks, and megafauna on land could have been unable to adapt to longer winters. However, it’s also possible that radiation from a supernova had a particularly deleterious effect on megafauna.
Stars begin their lives fusing hydrogen into helium. When they expend their hydrogen, they begin fusing helium into heavier elements until that too is exhausted. Eventually, stars can’t sustain a fusion reaction anymore and collapse. The resulting explosion throws off stellar material in what we call a supernova. That comes with a great deal of radiation (like muons) that can harm living creatures.
One or more supernova within a few light years of Earth could increase muon levels and cause a higher rate of cancer in animals. The structure of dust and gas in the so-called “Local Bubble” shows evidence of supernova activity in the past. The team has good evidence that Earth was exposed to some supernova radiation around 2.6 million years ago, too. There’s iron-60, a radioactive isotope associated with supernovae, hiding in the sea floor from that era. Since it’s radioactive, it would have long since decomposed if it formed with the Earth.
Muons thrown off by a supernova have a lot of energy — enough to damage DNA if they rain down on a planet like Earth. Melott’s team estimates that cancer rates on Earth could have gone up by about 50 percent following the supernova. Importantly, larger animals are more susceptible to muon damage. So, larger animals like megalodon might have been at a disadvantage for as long as 100,000 years as supernova radiation pelted the planet. It’s far from certain, but it’s an intriguing explanation for the extinction of megafauna. | <urn:uuid:1167e858-29ff-47dc-bea1-c7b61b8af58f> | {
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On November 20, 1916, a small Curtiss pusher biplane was nearly out of gas and gliding. The pilot, freezing in an open-air seat, could hardly see through the thick fog and worried about crashing into the brass band playing below on New York's Governor's Island.
"Little girl, you beat them all," General Leonard Wood said to Ruth Law when she safely landed—missing the band—and clambered out, smiling underneath her leather flight helmet. A crowd shouted and cheered. Swaddled in four layers of leather and wool, the 28-year-old Law had just smashed the American cross-country flight record with her 590-mile flight from Chicago to Hornell, New York. The celebrated final leg, to New York City, brought her total miles flown to 884. A hero of early aviation, Law defied Orville Wright, broke records and inspired Amelia Earhart.
She also kept her own, detailed scrapbook, which is in the archives of theSmithsonian's National Air and Space Museum. It's kept in an oversized box—if you request to see it, it comes to you on a wheeled cart—its pages separated with white tissue paper. Turning each giant page, you see the mementoes Law kept—a menu, a passport, a war bonds leaflet—as well as the hundreds of articles she compiled about her own career, when reporters called her Angel Ruth, and Queen of the Aces. Law was a novelty.
In Law's time, "flying was so different, it didn't matter who was in the cockpit," says the museum's curator of aeronautics Dorothy Cochrane, "The public was excited to see women—they were accepting of it, they were not shaming these women for going up. It certainly sold newspapers." That later changed, she added, women were not welcomed for piloting duties.
Law became intrigued by flying because of her brother, the daredevil Rodman Law. As a child, Ruth kept up with her brother physically, climbing telephone poles and riding fast horses.
Family ties were common in early aviation, Cochrane says, citing the Stinson siblings and the Wright brothers as well as the Laws. "There's not a large community," she says, "so when one becomes enamored of it, the trait to do this sort of thing is in the family obviously. And these women felt secure enough to get out there and do it just as their brothers did."
In 1912, Law asked Orville Wright for lessons. He refused, she said, because he thought women weren't mechanically inclined.
Law, however, was quite mechanically adept, says Barbara Ganson, a professor of history at Florida Atlantic University, and the author of the forthcoming Lady Daredevils, American Women And Early Flight: "She did her own maintenance. She would just take her magneto apart." In a scrapbooked article from 1912, a reporter wrote that "the slightest change in the sound of the whirring propellers instantly warns [Law] of danger. . .She pays strict attention not only to the working parts but also to the tension of the rods and braces which bind the planes together."
Wright's edict didn't deter Law, anyway. "The surest way to make me do a thing is to tell me I can't do it," she wrote in 1921. Wright did sell her a plane, at least, and Law found an instructor. She learned in three weeks, and began working right away at fairs and air shows as an exhibition pilot. She practiced tricks, looping the loop in 1915.
But it was that 1916 cross-country flight that established Law as a pioneering aviatrix, aviatrice, or aviatress, as women pilots were called. Did fewer women fly because men called it dangerous?
"Just like the ballot, you know," Law said, four years before women would win the right to vote. "Neither one is dangerous when handled properly." Robert Peary and Roald Amundsen toasted her. Law flew around the Statue of Liberty when in December of 1916; President Woodrow Wilson gave a signal, and the statue was illuminated for the first time ever. Circling around it, lights on Law's plane spelled out L-I-B-E-R-T-Y, and magnesium flares made golden waves behind her in the dark.
Law, and other women pilots of the era, possessed special nerve, says Ganson. "What draws them into it, and makes them willing to take that risk? It was a time when aviation was quite deadly." As Law wrote in an article she preserved in her scrapbook, wearing a seatbelt was considered "a bit cowardly."
Law sailed for Europe in 1917 to learn more about warplanes. "She did her own things that she valued," says Ganson. "And that was a time when the United States was behind basically what the Europeans were doing in terms of embracing manufacturing."
Law returned from her trip with a Belgian police dog named Poilu, a trench veteran who wore his own metal helmet and sat with her in the cockpit. But Law saw less action than the dog, because the U.S. army wouldn't let her fly. She wished she could; she wrote that if Wilson told her to "go get the Kaiser," she would "be feeling a little remorseful at having to end a life, but for the most part I would be watching my motor, dodging the German planes, jockeying, dipping, darting to the spot where I would release my bombs."
Kept from battle, Law dropped Liberty Bond pamphlets from planes, raised money for the Red Cross and Liberty Loans with exhibitions, and became the first woman authorized to wear a non-commissioned officer’s military uniform. After the war, she inaugurated airmail in the Philippines, and starred in Ruth Law's Flying Circus, performing aerial cartwheels and wing-walking. She earned a place on a special roster of "Early Birds," pilots who flew before America entered World War 1. Her Early Birds plaque is at Udvar-Hazy.
One morning in 1922, Law woke up and read in the newspaper that her husband and manager, Charles Oliver, had announced her retirement. She stopped flying. Future stunts would be performed with a vacuum cleaner and an oil mop, she said. "In that day and age there was a greater need for riskier types of maneuvers," says Ganson. "It was probably a good time to get out of flying. A lot of pilots do get killed in the early years of flight, because they were all essentially test pilots."
Maybe quitting was a safe decision physically, but by 1932, Law said the lack of flying had caused her to have a nervous breakdown. By then, she'd sold almost all of her flight gear. She saved one propeller—the one from the little Curtiss. She had the scrapbook. She spent her days choosing cacti for a rock garden she tended behind her Los Angeles bungalow, way beneath the clouds.
In 1948, at the National Air and Space Museum, Law traveled to Washington, D.C. to attend a Smithsonian ceremony celebrating the receipt of the Wright brothers' Kitty Hawk plane, honoring the craft of a man who wouldn’t teach her to fly.
She took the train. | <urn:uuid:fe23f8e5-b1d6-4f40-897e-071a92f6d9ad> | {
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II Chronicles 32 talks about King Sennacherib of Assyria’s unsuccessful siege of Jerusalem during the reign of King Hezekiah of Judah. It also covers Hezekiah’s pride and death.
In preparation for Assyria’s invasion of Jerusalem, Hezekiah stopped up the water supply outside of the city so that the Assyrians would have nothing to drink, and he diverted water to Jerusalem, so that Jerusalem could withstand a siege. Hezekiah also repaired walls, made a lot of darts and shields, and appointed captains over the people. Hezekiah told the captains that God was with them to fight their battles.
Isaiah 22:9-11 was critical of Hezekiah for this, saying that the Judahites were not regarding or respecting God. The Chronicler, however, does not seem to disapprove of Hezekiah’s policies.
The Chronicler ordinarily does not express disapproval of a Judahite king taking practical steps to fortify Judah and to wage war; according to more than one commentator I have read, the Chronicler actually viewed a Judahite king’s building projects and victories as signs of divine blessing on the righteous king. The Chronicler, however, does disapprove of Judahite kings entering into alliances with other nations. For the Chronicler, that is a sign of not trusting God (II Chronicles 16:7), and it is especially awful in God’s eyes when a Judahite king enters into an alliance with someone who is wicked (II Chronicles 19).
According to Raymond Dillard, the Chronicler omits the part of the story about Hezekiah awaiting help from the Egyptians (II Kings 18:20-25) because the Chronicler, overall, wants to depict Hezekiah as righteous, and Hezekiah being in an alliance with Egypt would make him less than righteous. Granted, later in II Chronicles 32, Hezekiah does have some moral problems, specifically pride, and the Chronicler narrates that God was about to punish Hezekiah, Judah, and Jerusalem for that, but Hezekiah caused the punishment to be postponed through his repentance (which, in my opinion, is contrary to how the Chronicler’s ideology is usually stereotyped—-as supporting individual retribution rather than punishment being postponed to a future time). In the case of Sennacherib’s invasion, however, God miraculously saved Jerusalem through an angel, who slaughtered Assyrian soldiers, and the Chronicler may have figured that God would not have done that had Hezekiah been less than righteous.
The Chronicler’s ideology has long confused me, specifically when the issue is reliance on God. The Chronicler deems alliances as a sign of not trusting God, since the Judahite kings are seeking security in the alliances rather than God. Yet, the Chronicler has no problems with kings taking practical steps to defend their nation—-fortifications, weapons, soldiers, wars. Are not these things signs of distrusting God? If God has one’s back, why should one take any practical steps?
Hezekiah believed that God had Jerusalem’s back, even while he was taking practical steps to defend Jerusalem. He may have remembered that, while God sometimes unilaterally helps his people without them lifting a finger, there are also times when God blesses the efforts of the Judahites—-and yet they still had to make an effort. This occurs more than once in Chronicles. Perhaps Hezekiah did not want to put God to the test by doing nothing to protect Jerusalem; he still recognized that he needed God’s help, though, because his plans were not fool-proof. The Assyrians were powerful, with a lot of men and resources. Without God’s help, Jerusalem could fall, notwithstanding Hezekiah’s fortifications, weapons, and captains. In the end, it seems, God delivered Jerusalem without the Judahites having to lift a finger; maybe the water supply helped the Jerusalemites during the siege, however.
The Chronicler may have a problem with alliances because they can lead to compromise. A king fortifying his nation is one thing. Relying on somebody else, who worships other gods, is another. Alliances can also impose obligations on its members. Would I say that the Chronicler is misanthropic? I am not sure if I would go that far, but relationships can easily lead to compromise. Yet, in my opinion, the larger counsel of the Bible is not that we should avoid relationships but should pursue and enjoy them, while being careful.
I would agree with the Chronicler that a good policy is for one to trust in God, while also taking action. My dissertation won’t write itself. To find work, I need to apply. Yet, God can bless my efforts. If there is anything of which the Chronicler disapproves in II Chronicles 32, however, it is pride, which was made evident when Hezekiah showed off his wealth to the visiting Babylonians. In being proud, Hezekiah forgot that God was the source of his wealth, that he depended on God. That can be dangerous territory. Even if one is an atheist, a bit of humility is good, since so much wealth comes from factors beyond an individual’s control: intelligence, social skills, resources, opportunities, and sometimes just plain luck. | <urn:uuid:a421a8df-d736-4f2a-82ba-94696fbb93c2> | {
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Editor for this issue: Fatemeh Abdollahi
New! Visit LL's Multitree project for over 1000 trees dynamically generated from scholarly hypotheses about language relationships: http://multitree.linguistlist.org/
Links to the websites of all LINGUIST's supporting publishers are available at the end of this issue.
Author: Guus Kroonen
Electronic: ISBN: 9789042032934 Pages: 424 Price: Europe EURO 85.00
Hardback: ISBN: 9789042032927 Pages: 424 Price: Europe EURO 85.00
The n-stems are an intriguing part of Proto-Germanic morphology. Unlike any other noun class, the n-stems have roots that are characterized by systematic consonant and vowel alternations across the different Germanic dialects. This monograph represents a diachronic investigation of this root variation. It traces back the Germanic n-stems to their Indo-European origin, and clarifies their formal characteristics by an interaction of sound law and analogy. This book therefore is not just an attempt to account for the typology of the Germanic n-stems, but also a case study of the impact that sound change may have on the evolution of morphology and derivation.
Guus Kroonen's research focuses on the historical linguistics of the Germanic languages, both from the modern dialectal and the Indo-European perspective. He studied Scandinavian languages in Amsterdam and Comparative Indo-European linguistics in Leiden, where he also obtained his doctoral degree. He is a contributor to the Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary, for which he has prepared the Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Brill, forthcoming).
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Feast Day of St. Andrew the Apostle, Patron Saint of the Rangers: Andrew, like his brother Simon Peter, was a fisherman. He became a disciple of the great St. John the Baptist, but when John pointed to Jesus and said, “Behold the Lamb of God!” Andrew understood that Jesus was greater. At once he left John to follow the Divine Master. Jesus knew that Andrew was walking behind him, and turning back, he asked, “what do you seek?” When Andrew answered that he would like to know where Jesus lived, Our Lord replied, “Come and see.” Andrew had been only a little time with Jesus when he realized that this was truly the Messiah. From then on, he chose to follow Jesus. Andrew was thus the first disciple of Christ. Next, Andrew brought his brother Simon (St. Peter) to Jesus and Jesus received him, too, as His disciple. At first the two brothers continued to carry on their fishing trade and family affairs, but later, the Lord called them to stay with Him all the time. He promised to make them fishers of men, and this time, they left their nets for good. It is believed that after Our Lord ascended into Heaven, St. Andrew went to Greece to preach the gospel. He is said to have been put to death on a cross, to which he was tied, not nailed. He lived two days in that state of suffering, still preaching to the people who gathered around their beloved Apostle.
1707 – The second Siege of Pensacola comes to end with the failure of the British to capture Pensacola, Florida. The Siege of Pensacola was two separate attempts in 1707 by English-supported Creek Indians to capture the town and fortress of Pensacola, then one of two major settlements (the other was St. Augustine) in Spanish Florida. The attacks, part of Queen Anne’s War (the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession), resulted in the burning of the town, and caused most of its Indian population to flee, although the fort withstood repeated attacks. The first siege, in August 1707, resulted in the destruction of the town, but Fort San Carlos de Austria successfully resisted the onslaught. In late November 1707 a second expedition arrived, and made unsuccessful attacks on three consecutive nights before withdrawing. Pensacola Governor Don Sebastián de Moscoso, whose garrison was depleted by disease, recruited convicted criminals to assist in the fort’s defense.
1782 – The United States and Britain signed preliminary peace articles in Paris, recognizing American independence and ending the Revolutionary War.
1803 – In New Orleans, Spanish representatives officially transfer the Louisiana Territory to a French representative. Just 20 days later, France transfers the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase.
1810 – Oliver Fisher Winchester, rifle maker, was born. Winchester began his career as a clothing manufacturer. He opened a store in Baltimore making and selling shirts (1837), before moving to New York (1847) where he took on a partner. Winchester patented a new method or manufacturing men’s shirts, and opened a factory in nearby New Haven, Conn. In 1850. He invested his profits from the factory into Volcanic Repeating Arms Company, becoming principal shareholder and president by 1856. Under his leadership, the company acquired rights to manufacture pistols and rifles patented by Tyler Henry and others. The repeating rifle was in full production by 1860, and was in heavy demand during the Civil War, during which Winchester continued to improve the rifle’s design by acquiring other patents. He renamed the company the Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1866. A political and philanthropic figure, he was lieutenant governor of Connecticut (1866–67) and made large donations to Yale.
1861 – The British Parliament sent to Queen Elizabeth an ultimatum for the United States, demanding the release of two Confederate diplomats who were seized on the British ship Trent.
1864 – Battle of Honey Hill, SC, (Broad River). 96 were killed and 665 wounded. Leaving Hilton Head on November 28, a Union expeditionary force under Maj. Gen. John P. Hatch steamed up the Broad River in transports to cut the Charleston & Savannah Railroad near Pocotaligo. Hatch disembarked at Boyd’s Landing and marched inland. On November 30, Hatch encountered a Confederate force of regulars and militia under Col. Charles J. Colcock at Honey Hill. Determined attacks by U.S. Colored Troops (including the 54th Massachusetts) failed to capture the Confederate entrenchments or cut the railroad. Hatch retired after dark, withdrawing to his transports at Boyd’s Neck. The Naval Brigade composed of 350 sailors and 150 Marines from ships of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron and commanded by Commander George H. Preble who organized an artillery and two naval infantry battalions to operate with the Army.
1864 – The once proud Confederate Army of Tennessee suffers a devastating defeat when its commander, General John Bell Hood, orders a frontal assault on strong Union positions around Franklin, Tennessee. The loss cost Hood six of his finest generals and nearly a third of his force. Hood assumed command in late July 1864 while the Confederates were pinned inside Atlanta by the armies of Union General William T. Sherman. Hood made a series of desperate attacks against Sherman but finally relinquished the city in early September. No longer able to wage an offensive against the massive Yankee force, Hood retreated into Alabama to regroup. In early November, he moved north into Tennessee to draw Sherman out of the Deep South. By now, Sherman had enough troops to split his army. He dispatched General George Thomas to the Nashville area to deal with Hood’s threat while he took the rest of the force on his infamous March to the Sea, during which his men destroyed most of central Georgia. Hood approached Franklin, just south of Nashville, on November 29. Thomas waited in Nashville, while another Union force under John Schofield was moving from the south to join Thomas. Schofield was aware of Hood’s position and was attempting to move past the Confederates on his way to rejoining the rest of the Federal army. Hood tried to flank Schofield, but Schofield marched right past Hood’s army and planted his Yankees in existing defenses at Franklin. Furious, Hood blamed his subordinates for failing to block Schofield’s route, and then prepared for a frontal assault on the formidable Union trenches. Hood was handicapped by the fact that one of his three divisions was still marching toward Franklin and much of his artillery had not yet arrived. Under these circumstances, Hood’s decision to attack may seem foolish, but he was probably motivated by an attempt to discipline his army and rebuild his men’s lost confidence. On the afternoon of November 30, the Confederates charged into the Union defenses. The Rebel lines moved forward in nearly perfect unison, the last great charge of the war. Parts of the Union’s outer trenches fell to Hood’s men, but a Yankee counterattack spelled disaster for the Confederates. They did not penetrate any further and suffered frightful casualties. The fighting continued until after dark before Schofield resumed his march northward. Of 15,000 Union troops engaged, 200 were killed and slightly more than 2,000 were wounded. The Confederates had 23,000 men at Franklin; 1,750 died and 5,500 were wounded or captured. The losses among the Confederate leadership were horrifying. Six generals were killed, including Patrick Cleburne, one of the Confederate army’s finest division commanders. Another five were wounded, one more captured, and 60 of Hood’s 100 regimental commanders were killed or wounded. Despite the defeat, Hood continued to move against Thomas. Just two weeks later, Hood hurled the remnants of his army against the Yankees at Nashville with equally disastrous results.
1917 – The US 42nd “Rainbow” Division, so named because it contains men from every state in the nation, arrives in France. The division’s chief-of-staff, and later commander, is General Douglas MacArthur.
1920 – The Navy minesweeper USS Swan ran aground on Duxbury Beach, MA. Coast Guardsmen from three nearby stations rescued the minesweeper’s crew with a breeches buoy. The CGC Androscoggin assisted in the rescue.
1930 – George Gordon Liddy, head CIA, Watergate felon, radio host, was born. He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey and educated at Fordham University. Liddy graduated in 1952 and joined the US Army, serving for two years as an artillery officer during the Korean War. He returned home in 1954 to study law at Fordham. Graduating in 1957, he went to work for the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover. Also in 1957 he married Frances Ann Purcell. He left the FBI in 1962 and worked as a lawyer in New York City and Dutchess County, New York. In 1966 he organized the arrest and unsuccessful trial of Timothy Leary. He ran unsuccessfully for the post of District Attorney and then for the House of Representatives in 1968. But he used his political profile to run the presidential campaign of Richard Nixon in the 28th district of New York. The “G” man, as syndicated talk radio listeners may know him, did not personally bring down the Presidency of Richard M. Nixon, but he masterminded the Watergate burglary which brought national attention to corruption at the White House. On June 17, 1972, Liddy’s five burglars were caught breaking into the Democrat National Committee’s suite at the Watergate office complex in D.C. Investigative reporting by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward in the Washington Post tracked the break-in and its cover-up to the White House. Facing imminent impeachment, Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. Eventually twenty-two men including some prominent administration figures went to jail. Reportedly the burglars were looking for political intelligence for the fall’s presidential election, but Liddy, true to his personal code of honor, wasn’t talking. As the least cooperative witness, he served the longest sentence–4 1/2 years. Later Liddy claimed the break-in was the brainchild of White House counsel John Dean to steal pictures of prostitutes, including Dean’s then girlfriend and later wife, from the committee’s office. Released from prison in 1977, Liddy went on the lecture circuit and wrote the 1991 best selling Will: The Autobiography of G. Gordon Liddy, in part to pay off his $346,000 in legal debts. More recently he has hosted a nationally syndicated conservative talk show. Liddy lives part time in Scottsdale and usually does his radio show from Northern Virginia.
1931 – A retired United States Navy submarine, the O-12, renamed Nautilus was sunk near Bergen, Norway. Hubert Wilkins, Australian explorer, had used the ship in a failed attempt to sail beneath the North Pole.
1939 – The Red Army crosses the Soviet-Finnish border with 465,000 men and 1,000 aircraft. Helsinki was bombed, and 61 Finns were killed in an air raid that steeled the Finns for resistance, not capitulation. The overwhelming forces arrayed against Finland convinced most Western nations, as well as the Soviets themselves, that the invasion of Finland would be a cakewalk. The Soviet soldiers even wore summer uniforms, despite the onset of the Scandinavian winter; it was simply assumed that no outdoor activity, such as fighting, would be taking place. But the Helsinki raid had produced many casualties-and many photographs, including those of mothers holding dead babies, and preteen girls crippled by the bombing. Those photos were hung up everywhere to spur on Finn resistance. Although that resistance consisted of only small numbers of trained soldiers-on skis and bicycles!–fighting it out in the forests, and partisans throwing Molotov cocktails into the turrets of Soviet tanks, the refusal to submit made headlines around the world. President Roosevelt quickly extended $10 million in credit to Finland, while also noting that the Finns were the only people to pay back their World War I war debt to the United States in full. But by the time the Soviets had a chance to regroup, and send in massive reinforcements, the Finnish resistance was spent. By March 1940, negotiations with the Soviets began, and Finland soon lost the Karelian Isthmus, the land bridge that gave access to Leningrad, which the Soviets wanted to control.
1941 – Japanese Emperor Hirohito consulted with admirals Shimada and Nagano. Hirohito was deeply concerned by the decision to place “war preparations first and diplomatic negotiations second” and announced his intention to break with centuries-old protocol and, at the Imperial Conference on the following day, directly question the chiefs of the Army and Navy general staffs — a quite unprecedented action. Konoe quickly persuaded Hirohito to summon them for a private conference instead, at which the Emperor made it plain that a peaceful settlement was to be pursued “up to the last”. Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral Osami Nagano, a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague “I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice.” The war preparations continued without the slightest change.
1942 – The Battle of Tassafaronga. American attempts to stop the regular night supply run of the “Tokyo Express” under Admiral Tanaka again develops into a major battle. Tanaka has 8 destroyers and Admiral Wright has 5 heavy cruisers and 7 destroyers. Wright uses radar to find the Japanese force and fire the first salvo. However, the American attack is ineffective with only one hit on a Japanese destroyer which sinks later. The Japanese sink one cruiser and damage 3 very seriously. Despite this success, Admiral Tanaka is reprimanded for failing to deliver the supplies needed by the starving Japanese forces on the island.
1942 – The American forces attacking Japanese positions at Buna, New Guinea make their first real headway.
1943 – The Teheran Conference continues. Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin and their staffs meet for the first time.
1944 – To the north and south of Aachen, the US 9th and 1st Armies continue attacks. Southern elements of US 3rd Army reach the Saar River.
1948 – Communists completed the division of Berlin, installing the government in the Soviet sector.
1950 – President Harry Truman publicly referred to the possible use of the atomic bomb in Korea.
1951 – U.S. Air Force Major George A. Davis shot down three Tupolev TU-2s and a MiG jet fighter to become the fifth ace of the war.
1952 – U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Winton W. Marshall destroyed one TU-2 and a LA-9 and was officially credited as the sixth ace of the war.
1956 – U.S. offered emergency oil to Europe to counter the Arab ban.
1956 – Britain and France bowed to UN pressure and agreed to leave the Suez Canal. Russia and the US forced a combined British, French and Israeli operation against Nasser in the Suez to abort.
1961 – Soviets vetoed a UN seat for Kuwait, pleasing Iraq.
1961 – US Special Forces medical specialists are deployed to provide assistance to the Montagnard tribes around Pleiku. Out of this will develop the Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG), a program of organized paramilitary forces among the ethnic and religious minorities of South Vietnam and the chief work of the US Special Forces during the war.
1965 – Following a visit to South Vietnam, Defense Secretary McNamara reports in a memorandum to President Lyndon B. Johnson that the South Vietnamese government of Nguyen Cao Ky “is surviving, but not acquiring wide support or generating actions.” He said that Viet Cong recruiting successes coupled with a continuing heavy infiltration of North Vietnamese forces indicated that “the enemy can be expected to enlarge his present strength of 110 battalion equivalents to more than 150 battalion equivalents by the end of 1966.” McNamara said that U.S. policymakers faced two options: to seek a compromise settlement and keep further military commitments to a minimum, or to continue to press for a military solution, which would require substantial bombing of North Vietnam. In conclusion, McNamara warned that there was no guarantee of U.S. military success and that there was a real possibility of a strategic stalemate, saying that “U.S. killed in action can be expected to reach 1,000 a month.” In essence, McNamara cautioned Johnson that sending additional troops was not likely to prevent the stalemate. In the end, however, Johnson chose to seek a military solution. By 1969, there were more than 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam.
1972 – White House Press Secretary Ron Zeigler announces to the press that the administration will make no more public statements concerning U.S. troop withdrawals from Vietnam since the level of U.S. presence had fallen to 27,000 men. Defense Department sources said that there would not be a full withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam until a final truce agreement was signed, and that such an agreement would not affect the 54,000 U.S. servicemen in Thailand or the 60,000 aboard 7th Fleet ships off the Vietnamese coast. All U.S. forces were withdrawn from South Vietnam in March 1973 as part of the terms of the Paris Peace Accords, which were signed in January of that year.
1974 – Pioneer 11 sent photos back to NASA as it neared Jupiter. Pioneer 11 was launched on 5 April 1973, like Pioneer 10, on top of an Atlas/Centaur/TE364-4 launch vehicle. After safe passage through the Asteroid belt on 19 April 1974, the Pioneer 11 thrusters were fired to add another 63.7 m/sec (210 ft/sec) to the spacecraft’s velocity. This adjusted the aiming point at Jupiter to 43,000 km (26,725 miles) above the cloudtops. The close approach also allowed the spacecraft to be accelerated by Jupiter to a velocity 55 times that of the muzzle velocity of a high speed rifle bullet – 173,000 km/hr (108,000 mph) – so that it would be carried across the Solar System some 2.4 billion kilometers (1.5 billion miles) to Saturn. It will make its closest approach to Jupiter on 2 December.
1981 – Representatives from the United States and the Soviet Union open talks to reduce their intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF) in Europe. The talks lasted until December 17, but ended inconclusively. SALT I (1972) and SALT II (1979) reduced the number of strategic nuclear weapons held by the two superpowers, but left unresolved the issue of the growing number of non-strategic weapons-the so-called intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe. By 1976, the Soviets began to update their INF systems with better SS-20 missiles. America’s NATO allies called for a U.S. response, and the United States threatened to deploy cruise and Pershing II missiles by 1983 if no agreement could be reached with the Soviets concerning INFs. However, by 1981, the situation changed. No-nuke forces were gaining strength in western Europe and there was a growing fear that President Ronald Reagan’s heated Cold War rhetoric would lead to a nuclear showdown with Europe as the battlefield. The United States and U.S.S.R. agreed to open talks on INFs in November 1981. Prior to the talks, President Reagan announced the so-called “zero option” as the basis for the U.S. position at the negotiations. In this plan, the United States would cancel deployment of its new missiles in western Europe if the Soviets dismantled their INFs in eastern Europe. The proposal was greeted with some skepticism, even by some U.S. allies, who believed that it was a public relations ploy that would be completely unacceptable to the Soviets. The Soviets responded with a detailed proposal that essentially eliminated all of the INFs from Europe, including French and British missiles that had not been covered in Reagan’s zero option plan. Of course, such a plan would also leave west Europe subject to the Soviets’ superior conventional forces. Neither proposal seemed particularly realistic, and despite efforts by some of the U.S. and Soviet negotiators, no compromise could be reached. An INF treaty would not be signed until December 1987, when President Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev finally hammered out a plan acceptable to both sides.
1982 – US submarine Thomas Edison collided with a US Navy destroyer in the South China Sea.
1988 – UN General Assembly (151-2) censured US for refusing PLO’s Arafat a visa.
1989 – President Bush left Washington for his first summit with Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev that took place aboard ships off the Mediterranean island of Malta.
1990 – President Bush announced that Secretary of State James Baker the Third would go to Iraq in a last-ditch diplomatic peace effort.
1994 – Two passengers died and nearly 1,000 others and crew members fled the cruise ship “Achille Lauro” after it caught fire off the coast of Somalia; the ship sank two days later. The Achille Lauro had gained notoriety in 1985 when it was hijacked by Palestinian extremists.
1995 – Official end of Operation Desert Storm.
1997 – In Haiti the UN mandate for peace-keeping forces ended and 1,170 soldiers and civilian police officers prepared to leave.
1998 – Pres. Clinton pledged an extra $400 million to aid the Palestinians over the next 5 years. This was in addition to the current $100 million per year for the next 5 years. A total of $3 billion in aid was pledged.
2000 – The space shuttle Endeavour took off to the Int’l. Space Station with a crew of 5 to install new solar panels. STS-97 will build and enhance the capabilities of the International Space Station.It will deliver the first set of U.S.-provided solar arrays and batteries as well as radiators to provide cooling. The Shuttle will spend 5 days docked to the station, which at that time will be staffed by the first station crew. Two spacewalks will be conducted to complete assembly operations while the arrays are attached and unfurled. A communications system for voice and telemetry also will be installed.
2001 – US warplanes continued airstrikes around Kandahar. US Marine and Navy increased to around 1,200.
2002 – International weapons hunters in Iraq paid an unannounced visit to a military post previously declared “sensitive” and restricted by Baghdad.
2003 – US forces used tanks and cannons to fight their way out of simultaneous ambushes in the northern city of Samarra while delivering new Iraqi currency to banks.
2005 – A new campaign against Iraqi insurgents begins with joint U.S.-Iraqi troops conducting Operation Iron Hammer in western Iraq. Operation Iron Hammer, also called Operation Matraqa Hadidia, was a military undertaking by the United States Armed Forces, and the New Iraqi Army, which was conducted east of Hīt, Iraq, until 3 January 2006, during the Iraq War, against the Iraqi insurgency. It was reported that both the New Iraqi Army, and the United States Armed Forces, sustained no losses during the operation. No civilian casualties were reported either. The operation is believed to have benefited villages on the eastern side of the Euphrates River with an increase in security and stability.
2014 – Coalition forces launch over 30 airstrikes on Raqqa, the de facto capital of ISIL.
Congressional Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Against Taken This Day
BENNETT, ORSON W.
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, Company A, 102d U.S. Colored Troops. Place and date: At Honey Hill, S.C., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: Michigan. Born: 17 November 1841, Union City Branch County, Mich. Date of issue: 9 March 1887. Citation: After several unsuccessful efforts to recover 3 pieces of abandoned artillery, this officer gallantly led a small force fully 100 yards in advance of the Union lines and brought in the guns, preventing their capture.
BROWN, JOHN HARTIES
Rank and organization: Captain, Company D, 12th Kentucky Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: Charlestown, Mass. Born: 1834, Canada. Date of issue: 13 February 1865. Citation: Capture of flag.
Rank and organization: Corporal, Company C, 104th Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Wales. Date of issue: 4 February 1865. Citation: Capture of flag.
ELLS WORTH, THOMAS F.
Rank and organization: Captain, Company B, Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Honey Hill, S.C., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth:, Mass. Date of issue: 18 November 1895. Citation: Under a heavy fire carried his wounded commanding officer from the field.
GAUNT, JOHN C.
Rank and organization: Private, Company G, 104th Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: Damascoville, Ohio. Birth: Columbiana County, Ohio. Date of issue: 13 February 1865. Citation: Capture of flag.
GOURAUD, GEORGE E.
Rank and organization: Captain and aide-de-camp, U.S. Volunteers. Place and date: At Honey Hill, S.C., 30 November 1864. Entered service at:——. Birth: New York, N.Y. Date of issue: 21 August 1893. Citation: While under severe fire of the enemy, which drove back the command, rendered valuable assistance in rallying the men.
Rank and organization: Private, Company G, 104th Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: Salem, Ohio. Birth: Montgomery County, Pa. Date of issue: 13 February 1865. Citation: Capture of corps headquarters flag (C.S.A.).
HALL, NEWTON H.
Rank and organization: Corporal, Company I, 104th Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Portage County, Ohio. Date of issue: 13 February 1865. Citation: Capture of flag, believed to have belonged to Steward’s Corps (C.S.A.).
KELLEY, GEORGE V.
Rank and organization: Captain, Company A, 104th Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: Massillon, Ohio. Born: 23 March 1843, Massillon, Ohio. Date of issue: 13 February 1865. Citation: Capture of flag supposed to be of Cheatham’s Corps (C.S.A.).
MERRIFIELD, JAMES K.
Rank and organization: Corporal, Company C, 88th Illinois Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: Manlius, Bureau County, Ill. Birth: Pennsylvania. Date of issue: 28 March 1896. Citation: Captured 2 battle flags from the enemy and returned with them to his own lines.
Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company K, 97th Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Delaware County, Ohio. Date of issue: 24 February 1865. Citation: Captured the flag of the 2d Mississippi Infantry (C.S.A.), in a hand_to_hand fight with the color bearer.
RICKSECKER, JOHN H.
Rank and organization: Private, Company D, 104th Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Springfield, Ohio. Date of issue: 3 February 1865. Citation: Capture of flag of 16th Alabama Artillery (C.S.A.).
SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:
Corporal Andrew Jackson Smith, of Clinton, Illinois, a member of the 55th Massachusetts Voluntary Infantry, distinguished himself on 30 November 1864 by saving his regimental colors, after the color bearer was killed during al bloody charge called the Battle of Honey Hill, South Carolina. In the late afternoon, as the 55th Regiment pursued enemy skirmishers and conducted a running fight, they ran into a swampy area backed by a rise where the Confederate Army awaited. The surrounding woods and thick underbrush impeded infantry movement and artillery support. The 55th and 34th regiments formed columns to advance on the enemy position in a flanking movement. As the Confederates repelled other units, the 55th and 54th regiments continued to move into tanking positions. Forced into a narrow gorge crossing a swamp in the face of the enemy position, the 55th’s Color-Sergeant was killed by an exploding shell, and Corporal Smith took the Regimental Colors from his hand and carried them through heavy grape and canister fire. Although half of the officers and a third of the enlisted men engaged in the fight were killed or wounded, Corporal Smith continued to expose himself to enemy fire by carrying the colors throughout the battle. Through his actions, the Regimental Colors of the 55th Infantry Regiment were not lost to the enemy. Corporal Andrew Jackson Smith’s extraordinary valor in the face of deadly enemy fire is in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon him, the 55th Regiment, and the United States Army.
STANLEY, DAVID S.
Rank and organization: Major General, U.S. Volunteers. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: Congress, Wayne County, Ohio. Born: 1 June 1828, Cedar Valley, Ohio. Date of issue: 29 March 1893. Citation: At a critical moment rode to the front of one of his brigades, reestablished its lines, and gallantly led it In a successful assault.
Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company F, 24th Wisconsin Infantry. Place and date: At Franklin, Tenn., 30 November 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: New York, N.Y. Date of issue: Unknown. Citation: Gallantry in action; voluntarily assisting in working guns of battery near right of the regiment after nearly every man had left them, the fire of the enemy being hotter at this than at any other point on the line.
*OHATA, ALLAN M.
Sergeant Allan M. Ohata distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 and 30 November 1943, near Cerasuolo, Italy. Sergeant Ohata, his squad leader, and three men were ordered to protect his platoon’s left flank against an attacking enemy force of 40 men, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, and rifles. He posted one of his men, an automatic rifleman, on the extreme left, 15 yards from his own position. Taking his position, Sergeant Ohata delivered effective fire against the advancing enemy. The man to his left called for assistance when his automatic rifle was shot and damaged. With utter disregard for his personal safety, Sergeant Ohata left his position and advanced 15 yards through heavy machine gun fire. Reaching his comrade’s position, he immediately fired upon the enemy, killing 10 enemy soldiers and successfully covering his comrade’s withdrawal to replace his damaged weapon. Sergeant Ohata and the automatic rifleman held their position and killed 37 enemy soldiers. Both men then charged the three remaining soldiers and captured them. Later, Sergeant Ohata and the automatic rifleman stopped another attacking force of 14, killing four and wounding three while the others fled. The following day he and the automatic rifleman held their flank with grim determination and staved off all attacks. Staff Sergeant Ohata’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
BARBER, WILLIAM E.
Rank and organization: Captain U.S. Marine Corps, commanding officer, Company F, 2d Battalion 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Rein.). Place and date: Chosin Reservoir area, Korea, 28 November to 2 December 1950. Entered service at: West Liberty, Ky. Born: 30 November 1919, Dehart, Ky. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of Company F in action against enemy aggressor forces. Assigned to defend a 3-mile mountain pass along the division’s main supply line and commanding the only route of approach in the march from Yudam-ni to Hagaru-ri, Capt. Barber took position with his battle-weary troops and, before nightfall, had dug in and set up a defense along the frozen, snow-covered hillside. When a force of estimated regimental strength savagely attacked during the night, inflicting heavy casualties and finally surrounding his position following a bitterly fought 7-hour conflict, Capt. Barber, after repulsing the enemy gave assurance that he could hold if supplied by airdrops and requested permission to stand fast when orders were received by radio to fight his way back to a relieving force after 2 reinforcing units had been driven back under fierce resistance in their attempts to reach the isolated troops. Aware that leaving the position would sever contact with the 8,000 marines trapped at Yudam-ni and jeopardize their chances of joining the 3,000 more awaiting their arrival in Hagaru-ri for the continued drive to the sea, he chose to risk loss of his command rather than sacrifice more men if the enemy seized control and forced a renewed battle to regain the position, or abandon his many wounded who were unable to walk. Although severely wounded in the leg in the early morning of the 29th, Capt. Barber continued to maintain personal control, often moving up and down the lines on a stretcher to direct the defense and consistently encouraging and inspiring his men to supreme efforts despite the staggering opposition. Waging desperate battle throughout 5 days and 6 nights of repeated onslaughts launched by the fanatical aggressors, he and his heroic command accounted for approximately 1,000 enemy dead in this epic stand in bitter subzero weather, and when the company was relieved only 82 of his original 220 men were able to walk away from the position so valiantly defended against insuperable odds. His profound faith and courage, great personal valor, and unwavering fortitude were decisive factors in the successful withdrawal of the division from the deathtrap in the Chosin Reservoir sector and reflect the highest credit upon Capt. Barber, his intrepid officers and men, and the U.S. Naval Service.
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company C, 179th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Songnae-dong, Korea, 30 November 1952. Entered service at: Whittier, N.C. Born: 23 August 1932, Cherokee, N.C. G.O. NO.: 19, 18 March 1954. Citation: Pfc. George, a member of Company C, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy on the night of 30 November 1952. He was a member of a raiding party committed to engage the enemy and capture a prisoner for interrogation. Forging up the rugged slope of the key terrain feature, the group was subjected to intense mortar and machine gun fire and suffered several casualties. Throughout the advance, he fought valiantly and, upon reaching the crest of the hill, leaped into the trenches and closed with the enemy in hand-to-hand combat. When friendly troops were ordered to move back upon completion of the assignment, he and 2 comrades remained to cover the withdrawal. While in the process of leaving the trenches a hostile soldier hurled a grenade into their midst. Pfc. George shouted a warning to 1 comrade, pushed the other soldier out of danger, and, with full knowledge of the consequences, unhesitatingly threw himself upon the grenade, absorbing the full blast of the explosion. Although seriously wounded in this display of valor, he refrained from any outcry which would divulge the position of his companions. The 2 soldiers evacuated him to the forward aid station and shortly thereafter he succumbed to his wound. Pfc. George’s indomitable courage, consummate devotion to duty, and willing self-sacrifice reflect the highest credit upon himself and uphold the finest traditions of the military service.
SITTER, CARL L.
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Marine Corps, Company G, 3d Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division (Rein.). Place and date: Hagaru-ri, Korea, 29 and 30 November 1950. Entered service at: Pueblo, Colo. Born: 2 December 1921, Syracuse, Mo. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of Company G, in action against enemy aggressor forces. Ordered to break through enemy-infested territory to reinforce his battalion the morning of 29 November, Capt. Sitter continuously exposed himself to enemy fire as he led his company forward and, despite 25 percent casualties suffered m the furious action, succeeded in driving through to his objective. Assuming the responsibility of attempting to seize and occupy a strategic area occupied by a hostile force of regiment strength deeply entrenched on a snow-covered hill commanding the entire valley southeast of the town, as well as the line of march of friendly troops withdrawing to the south, he reorganized his depleted units the following morning and boldly led them up the steep, frozen hillside under blistering fire, encouraging and redeploying his troops as casualties occurred and directing forward platoons as they continued the drive to the top of the ridge. During the night when a vastly outnumbering enemy launched a sudden, vicious counterattack, setting the hill ablaze with mortar, machine gun, and automatic-weapons fire and taking a heavy toll in troops, Capt. Sitter visited each foxhole and gun position, coolly deploying and integrating reinforcing units consisting of service personnel unfamiliar with infantry tactics into a coordinated combat team and instilling in every man the will and determination to hold his position at all costs. With the enemy penetrating his lines in repeated counterattacks which often required hand-to-hand combat, and, on one occasion infiltrating to the command post with handgrenades, he fought gallantly with his men in repulsing and killing the fanatic attackers in each encounter. Painfully wounded in the face, arms, and chest by bursting grenades, he staunchly refused to be evacuated and continued to fight on until a successful defense of the area was assured with a loss to the enemy of more than 50 percent dead, wounded, and captured. His valiant leadership, superb tactics, and great personal valor throughout 36 hours of bitter combat reflect the highest credit upon Capt. Sitter and the U.S. Naval Service.
BOWEN, HAMMETT L., JR.
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company C, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division. Place and date: Binh Duong Province, Republic of Vietnam, 27 June 1969. Entered service at: Jacksonville, Fla. Born: 30 November 1947, Lagrange, Ga. Citation: S/Sgt. Bowen distinguished himself while serving as a platoon sergeant during combat operations in Binh Duong Province, Republic of Vietnam. S/Sgt. Bowen’s platoon was advancing on a reconnaissance mission into enemy controlled terrain when it came under the withering crossfire of small arms and grenades from an enemy ambush force. S/Sgt. Bowen placed heavy suppressive fire on the enemy positions and ordered his men to fall back. As the platoon was moving back, an enemy grenade was thrown amid S/Sgt. Bowen and 3 of his men. Sensing the danger to his comrades, S/Sgt. Bowen shouted a warning to his men and hurled himself on the grenade, absorbing the explosion with his body while saving the lives of his fellow soldiers. S/Sgt. Bowen’s extraordinary courage and concern for his men at the cost of his life served as an inspiration to his comrades and are in the highest traditions of the military service and the U.S. Army. | <urn:uuid:0804ee48-0ba2-47fb-b634-2e1f637e13dd> | {
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National Pollinator Week is June 19 – June 25, but summer is an odd time of year to celebrate pollinators. The big honey bee migration to California’s almonds ended in March. Bees, birds, bats, and butterflies have finished their work on spring fruit trees. Sure, zucchini buds beckon, but even Dipteran pollinators (flies) slacken visits to entomophilous flowers. Now that summer is happening, our biggest pollinator is unseen (the wind!), but it’s as busy as a bee, blowing pollen from wheat flower to flower – doing its job without much notice. (Did you know that more than two-thirds of the food we eat is pollinated by wind or gravity?)
Among the more unusual/ignored pollinators are bats, toads, and mongooses (mongeese?). The BBC has a fun page that talks about mongoslings which transport pollen while snacking on nectar (to wash the taste of cobra from their mouths, I suppose). BBC also mentions the elephant shrew which uses its elephant nose to probe flowers for pollen and nectar, spreading goodies from blossom to blossom. (Incidentally, this mouse-sized creature is genetically closer to elephants than shrews – as you can see from its face.)
In China, some farmers carry little brushes into orchards, dusting pollen on pear and apple blossoms. In areas bordering Tibet, apple crops must be hand-pollinated by humans. These are areas so remote and rugged that it’s not possible to haul in native eastern honey bees (or any other non-human pollinators). Although wind and gravity may do some apple pollination work, Wired magazine credits local farmers with doing “100% of the pollination” – depending on variety and need for cross-pollination, that might be true. Both Wired (Will We Still have Fruit if Bees Die Off?) and Huffington Post (Startling Effect of Shrinking Bee Populations) claim that the impending extinction of bees has caused humans to hand pollinate. They are wrong. Read their articles and see for yourself.
So, National Pollinator Week has a wide variety of pollinators to celebrate: Birds, bats, toads, butterflies, shrews, humans, gravity, and wind. We, of course, want to give due credit to bees. After all, they help pollinate our gluten-free favourites: squash and blueberries. (Not to mention apples, almonds, rambutan, mangos, kidney beans, canola, and kiwis. And a few dozen more.)
Yesterday, a friend asked me what she could do to encourage pollination in her garden. I fumbled for an answer. Do you buy a hive of bees, bring in leaf cutters, masons, bumble bees, or elephant shrews? Or do you plant flowers that will attract bees, shrews, and maybe humans to your backyard? If it’s bees you are after, you might like to look at this website: http://www.pollinator.org/guides. You’ll find excellent (really excellent) guidebooks that will help you decide what to plant to attract bees and butterflies to your own garden. Though, alas, no mention of attracting shrews, mongooses, or humans. You’re on your own with those. | <urn:uuid:622cddae-a79a-4193-ba3b-d10356cfdbfb> | {
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There is just not one reason for climate change. To attribute it to global warming or pollution would be a naive assumption.
Photograph by Bernat Armangue, AP
Published January 15, 2013
Here we go again. The weather's going to extremes: a snowstorm in Jerusalem, wildfires in Australia, a cold snap in China, a heat wave in Brazil. Based on the first two weeks of the new year, 2013's picking up right where 2012 left off.
As much as 8 inches (20 centimeters) of snow fell on Jerusalem (map) last Thursday, closing roads across the city. It was the biggest winter storm there in 20 years. Scores of trees fell from the weight of the snow, snowball fights broke out in the parks, and Israeli President Shimon Peres was photographed building a snowman outside his residence with help from his bodyguards.
In Australia, where a heat wave was smashing records across the country, the national weather agency added two new colors to its maps to handle the possibility of unprecedented temperatures: deep purple for above 122°F (50°C) and pink for above 125.5°F (52°C). The first eight days of the year were among the warmest on record, with January 7 ranking as Australia's hottest day ever, with an average temperature of 104.6°F (40°C). Some beaches were so hot swimmers couldn't walk to the water without burning their feet on the sand.
Elsewhere around the globe, the weather has been equally extreme. While much of the eastern U.S. and northern Europe basked in springlike weather, Tokyo (map) saw 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) of snow fall on the city this weekend, nearly half of its typical total for a full year.
At the same time, a heat wave and drought in northeast Brazil prompted officials to consider rationing electricity for the first time in a decade, and the temperature in Rio de Janeiro (map) reached a record 109.8°F (43°C).
The New Normal
Extremes like these are becoming the norm, a team of 240 U.S. scientists warned in a draft report released Friday. In an open letter to the American people, the authors of the latest National Climate Assessment said that the frequency and duration of extreme conditions are clear signs of a changing climate.
"Summers are longer and hotter, and periods of extreme heat last longer than any living American has experienced," they wrote. "Winters are generally shorter and warmer. Rain comes in heavier downpours, though in many regions there are longer dry spells in between."
The impacts of such changes are easy to see, they added. "Corn producers in Iowa, oyster growers in Washington State, and maple syrup producers in Vermont have observed changes in their local climate that are outside of their experience. So, too, have coastal planners from Florida to Maine, water managers in the arid Southwest and parts of the Southeast, and Native Americans on tribal lands across the nation."
Their report followed by a week the announcement by NOAA's National Climatic Data Center that 2012 ranked as the warmest year on record for the lower 48 states. Across the nation, more than 99 million people sweltered in temperatures above 100°F (38°C) for more than ten days. The average temperature last year was more than three degrees higher than the average for the 20th century.
On top of all the heat waves, the nation suffered 11 disasters with damages of at least $1 billion each, including the severe drought across the Midwest and superstorm Sandy along the East Coast. (See top reader photos of superstorm Sandy.)
Rough Waters Ahead
In another troubling sign of a changing climate, the amount of ice covering the Arctic Ocean shrank to its lowest level ever in late 2012. Nearly half of the ocean was free of ice in mid-September, the National Snow and Ice Data Center reported. Some scientists have speculated that the warming ocean is changing the pattern of the jet stream over the Arctic, increasing the likelihood of extreme weather for lower latitudes. (Related: "Polar Ice Sheets Shrinking Worldwide, Study Confirms.")
Even with all this weird weather, things could have been even worse if El Niño conditions had developed this winter, as many experts had predicted. During an El Niño phase, the pattern of storms across the Pacific typically increases the amount of warm, dry weather that reaches places like Australia, leading to severe drought or extended heat waves.
But last November, the anticipated El Niño fizzled out. If it hadn't, the Australian heat could have been even worse. "The fact that we have neutral El Niño conditions this year is helping to keep things less extreme than they might be otherwise," said meteorologist Jeff Masters of Weather Underground.
Looking ahead to the spring, Masters cautioned that the U.S. may be in for still more extreme weather. "The great drought of 2012 is now a two-year drought," he said, referring to the record-breaking dry spell that wiped out crops across the Midwest last summer. "If we come into spring with drought conditions as widespread and intense as they are now, we're at high risk of another summer of extreme drought, which could cost tens of billions of dollars—again." (Pictures: Surprising Effects of the U.S. Drought.)
If I hired 240 Conservative scientists and promised them millions of dollars in grant money To find the world was cooling. Would their data be any more credible?
" In Australia, where a heat wave was smashing records across the country, the national weather agency added two new colors to its maps to handle the possibility of unprecedented temperatures: deep purple for above 122°F (50°C) and pink for above 125.5°F (52°C). "
What's the highest temperature recorded in Australia?
You know, like the "unprecedented highest temperature? Here's a source:
"Whilst it is probable that remote areas of the Australian desert have
seen extreme temperatures that have gone unrecorded, the outback
Queensland town of Cloncurry originally held the record for the highest
known temperature in the shade, at 53.1 °C (127.5 °F) on 16 January
1889. Cloncurry is a small town in northwest Queensland, Australia,
about 770km west of Townsville."
One would think that after 124 years of "unprecedented" man-made global warming -- taking the temperature to unprecedented warmer temperatures than seen before that, well, it wouldn't have been hotter so longer ago - before all of the warming.
"The world heat record for consecutive days goes to Marble Bar in Western Australia, which recorded maximum temperatures equaling or over 37.8°C on 161 consecutive days, between 30 October 1923 and 7 April 1924."
NYTimes a few days back:
"The average temperature across the country [Australia] on Tuesday was the highest since statistics began being kept in 1911, at 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit)"
Hmm - too bad they don't remember the records being kept back in 1889.
Folks - this is the sort of stuff that most all of the "global warming" alarmist news is about - shrill lies and cherry picking of numbers - and censoring known history from the broad view of the public.
They don't want you to think - just suck it in.
On a slight tangent, here are some articles associated to climate change I wrote a while back, if anyone is interested:
i think the main reason behind all this unsteady weather is the Global Warming and the disastrious effects of pollution. Our earth is agonizing :( it is estimated that in the next century more than 50% of plants and animals will exinct. we have to save our planet and make it a heaven for our children.
@Robert Strahm ~ Environmental rapist companies have done just that and, no, their data was proven NOT more credible.
How to Feed Our Growing Planet
National Geographic explores how we can feed the growing population without overwhelming the planet in our food series.
The Innovators Project
Meet some of science's most important movers and shakers—from past and present.
Latest News Video
Mazes are a powerful tool for neuroscientists trying to figure out the brain and help us learn to grapple with the unexpected. | <urn:uuid:1cd2c331-d555-46f3-84a6-7845b6b63be3> | {
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Here at the American Institute for Bigger Calendar Pictures of Milk Cows, we’re celebrating the month of September with this theme song (sung to the tune “St. Louis Woman” or “America the Beautiful,” whichever comes up first):
“Rooty-toot-toot, rooty-toot-toot, we’re the guys from the Institute. We don’t smoke, and we don’t chew, and we don’t go with girls who do. Our class won a rain gage from an Amarillo TV station.”
You can tell it’s September, because we like to shake off hot summer weather and get a bit silly. It’s when parents send their kids back to school to get revenge on the school board, pesky bumblebees wind up their affairs, and Mars is as close to Earth as it’s been since Wog the Neanderthal discovered he couldn’t eat pterodactyl and share a cave with a saber-toothed tiger.
September is also a time to think about the Mayflower which sailed from England in September with the first Thanksgiving stuffing. But if you were born on the British Isles in 1752 between Sept. 3-l3, you didn’t exist. In some circles it was even thought best to declare you officially dead.
What happened in September, 1752, was Parliament decided to change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar in order to catch up with the rest of Europe. So they proclaimed the day after Sept. 2 as Sept. l4. That kind of silly September reasoning was why we were able to whip their fannies over here in the colonies 30 years later.
The idea for the vanishing September days of 1752 came from a fellow named Lord Chesterfield who turned activist because he was receiving love notes from a French lady named the Marquise de Monconseil. The problem was the letters arrived before they were written, because France was already on the Gregorian calendar, which really turned old Chesterfield off.
But September was a good time for Henry Hudson, that stalwart explorer who invented the Hudson River in September 1609. He thought it might be the Northwest Passage, a short cut to the Orient, so he sailed upstream.
The river, however, petered out at Albany and was just a trickle by Troy. When girls in Japan heard the news, they heaved a big sigh of relief. “Ahhh so, safe from American GIs for another 350 years,” they said.
When Hudson floated back downstream, he saw some Mannahattes Indians on an island, which they later sold to Peter Minuit for $24. Some folks say Minuit got the raw end of the deal, because another Dutchman, Wouter Van Twiller, bought Governors Island for only $l8.
Van Twiller called his island “Nut Island,” because it had more nuts than Manhattan. Of course that was 300 years ago.
Speaking of nuts, Congress in 1935 proclaimed September “Eat More Parsnips Month” in a vain attempt to shore up farm economies during the Great Depression. They did it again the next year too, but by then folks were fed up with parsnips. You can hardly blame them.
Astrologers, meanwhile, tell us persons born until Sept. 23 are under the Sign of Virgo. Born after that date, they’re Republicans. No, they’re actually called Libras.
Astrologers say Virgos are generally cold natured unless they get interested in something, then there’s no stopping them. Libras or Republicans, on the other hand, show a marked interest in justice and harmony, if they get their way.
Zack Taylor, our 12th president, who was also called “Old Rough and Ready,” was both a Republican and a Libra having been born Sept. 24, l784. He’s credited with the wisecrack, “Trust in God, but keep your powder dry.” Oliver Cromwell is also credited in England with the same saying, but I can’t imagine that old grouch uttering anything clever.
Each September, I used to celebrate the end of hot weather by tricking folks into grabbing pesky bumble bees. I told them, “Just grab one. They don’t sting.” It was a cute little joke for years until I suckered in my wife Marilyn. Talk about pesky.
Bob Huber is a retired journalist living in Portales. | <urn:uuid:7af6a516-dec5-4f32-831c-2602529c978a> | {
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Marine lubricants are oil formations that are used in various types of
machinery located on large ships. Due to the shear size of the ships as
well as the high amount of fuel burned, there are many difficulties
presented with developing a truly marine-grade lubricant.
Typically, there are three main ways marine lubricants are used: with propulsion engines, auxiliary engines and power generation, all of which require the use of one of two types of engines: crosshead and trunk piston. Crosshead engines are large reciprocating diesel engines that can be either internal combustion or steam, but are modernly more likely to be internal combustion. Crosshead engines are typically two-cycle and operate at slower speeds than trunk piston engines. Trunk piston engines are internal combustion diesel engines that operate on distillate fuels and are typically four-cycle and offer medium speeds. Unlike crosshead engines, which have a separate cylinder and crankcase sump, trunk piston engines have a common sump for both parts. Additionally, marine lubricants can be used in variable pitch propellers, geared
transmissions, turbochargers, deck machinery and oil-lubricated stern tubes. A fairly new technology that is increasing in momentum is biodegradable marine lubricants
, which a few companies have developed in response to increasing demand because of the environmental benefits these lubricants can offer.
Marine lubricants most often utilize paraffinic oil base stock. Paraffinic oils contain paraffin wax, which is a type of alkane hydrocarbon. Some advantages that paraffinic oils offer over other oils, such as naphthenic oils, include high oxidation resistance, low volatility and excellent stability as well as high pour points and flash points. Marine lubricants are often monograde oils that are typically SAE 30/40/50 viscosity grades. Monograde oils can be used in marine applications due to the stable operating conditions of the ship’s engine room. As a result of the many difficulties of maintaining good lubrication of marine equipment, most lubricants utilize additives that provide additional features such as increased lubricity and corrosion-resistance that allow them to be used in these applications. The most common additive types that are used for marine lubricants include corrosion inhibitors, pour-point depressants, antioxidants, anti-foam compounds, detergents/dispersants and anti-wear/friction. These additional characteristics that make certain marine lubricants more desirable are synthetically | <urn:uuid:d8861827-9026-4270-a319-b56a5d62135e> | {
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Too many distractions can hurt your relationships and your health
During the past few decades, the ability to work on several different things simultaneously, or “multitask,” has become a desirable skill. But is this juggling of the responsibilities for work and home really a good thing?
“The truth is that in our efforts to fill every moment with activity, we are harming our personal relationships,” says Jim Cahill, biofeedback therapist at Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine. “Do you want to talk with someone who is constantly checking their email or figuring out what they should be doing next?”
In addition to personal relationships, the demands of a busy lifestyle may also be harming your health. Why is distracted living unhealthy? As the brain moves rapidly from topic to topic, it sends electrical signals through the body, which causes stress. The theory is this constant excitatory response can disrupt almost any bodily system, from digestion to circulation. Prolonged stress has been linked to multiple health issues including cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Learning to be mindful
“We still don’t know the full physiological impact of the modern, disruptive lifestyle,” notes Cahill. "However, it’s clear that practicing mindfulness instead of multitasking can have a profoundly positive impact on well-being. "
Practicing mindfulness means training the mind to focus on one thing at a time and reduce stress. Cahill teaches this with the aid of Mindfulness-Based Biofeedback Therapy (MBBT). Biofeedback uses sensors to display on a monitor the body’s physiological responses, such as heart rate, respiration and muscle tension. This technique allows you to watch how internal sensations affect these bodily systems. Using meditation and other mindfulness techniques, you can then learn ways to control the mind and the body’s response.
“This technique is a skill like anything else and requires practice. Once they learn mindfulness, people are often amazed at how easy and rewarding it is to tame a busy mind,” says Cahill. “MBBT can be used to help improve overall wellness or even deal with chronic conditions such as pain.”
Cahill adds that the results can be remarkable. In a 2007 study called the Shamatha Project, researchers at the UC Davis Center for Mind and Brain found that meditation not only sharpens attention, but it is linked to important physiological markers, including blood enzymes that protect health. Other research has shown that mindfulness techniques can reduce chronic pain by 50 percent.
“One thing is for certain,” Cahill adds, “Learning to avoid a loud, multitasking lifestyle will make you a better friend, spouse and parent. Most likely, it will make you a better worker, too.”
Get a regular dose of health news and information from Scripps
Sign up to have health-related information from Scripps delivered to your inbox, including our monthly email newsletter. Designed to help you and your family get healthy and stay well, the publication contains timely and relevant consumer health news along with notices about classes, events and exclusive offers. | <urn:uuid:a129e541-9f02-40e8-9db1-959ccc25d3ad> | {
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"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299261.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00278-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
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"language": "en",
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"token_count": 644,
"url": "http://www.scripps.org/news_items/4499-is-multitasking-bad-for-you"
} |
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