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Wadi Faynan was one of the biggest copper mines in the Roman Empire. It lies south of the Dead Sea on the east side of the Wadi Arabah which separates Israel from Jordan. The first intensive modern research was conducted by the German Mining Museum at Bochum from 1983 under the direction of Andreas Hauptmann and Gerd Weisgerber. They noted that the production of copper from Faynan was in quantities ‘unparalleled in the southeastern Mediterranean, with the possible exception of Cyprus’, with up to 200,000 tons of slag left behind. They identified mining and smelting dating from the Chalcolithic period (4500 – 3100 BC) and running fairly continuously until the 4th century AD. A final phase of activity occurred during the Mamluk period (1250 – 1516 AD), although it has been suggested that this involved reprocessing some of the ancient slags.
The ore deposits are part of the same geological formation as those at Timna on the western (Israeli) side of the Wadi Arabah, which has been better documented, and where more mines have been identified. However the size of the Faynan mines suggests a more intensive exploitation than at Timna. Recent investigations conducted by the Jordanian Natural Resource Agency have shown that Roman mining largely exhausted the ores. In the face of recent proposals for a major dam project, Hauptmann was able to argue that while other copper mines may have been more important in the past, only in Faynan is such an extensive suite of remains preserved. The Jordanian Department of Antiquities is considering whether to apply for World Heritage Status for the industrial landscape.
In 1994 I was commissioned to conduct an archaeological survey for the RSCN, and shortly afterwards became involved in the BIAAH project being established by the new Director, Alison McQuitty (continuing from 1998 as the Council for British Research in the Levant, CBRL). This was designed to be a ten year research programme under the patronage of Princess Sumaya bint Hassan.
The main Roman and Byzantine centre at Faynan is a series of ruins known as Khirbet Faynan (Khirbet means ruins) where two of the major streams that rush down from the mountains in the winter join together to form the broad Wadi Faynan. It is a large mound covering an area of about 70,000m², and what survives on the surface are some surprisingly well preserved Byzantine remains. From the Roman period there is also a large reservoir, an aqueduct and a water mill. It was probably the site of the Roman settlement mentioned by Eusebius known as Phaino, and possibly the site known in the Bible as Punon (Numbers 33, 42-3) and documentary evidence shows that the town was the centre of a bishopric in the 5th and 6th centuries.
One of the big surprises was the discovery and excavation of two Neolithic villages, only 100 metres apart, up one of the side valleys down which a stream flowed down to the plain. Both belonged to the Pre-pottery Neolithic, one to the Pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), the other Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB). The PPNA site of Wadi Faynan 16 which I have been excavating with Steven Mithen has some very early radiocarbon dates starting c.10,900 BC calibrated.
Architecturally it was a surprisingly complex site which lay well beyond the Mediterranean woodland zone seen as the core area for this period. Even at this early date people had begun to exploit the local copper ores, using them in their native state for beads and possibly for pigment. The PPNB site of Ghuwayr 1 and the pottery Neolithic site of Tell Wadi Faynan was excavated by Mohammad Najjar of the Department of Antiquities, initially with the German team, and later with a team from the University of Nevada. The dates from the PPNA and PPNB sites overlap, and Faynan is very unusual in the southern Levant for preserving the period of transition.
Around 4,000 BC the environment became more arid, and settlement expanded out into the main wadi, and in the Early Bronze Age (around 3,500 BC) more structured systems of floodwater farming were developed. The field systems still visible maintain some elements of the earliest systems, indeed it appears that some of the walls have a long history, being repaired and refurbished as sediment accumulated around them – making them much deeper and more substantial than is seen on the surface. As mining and ore processing became more intense in the Iron Age both farming practices and smelting became more sophisticated under the Nabatean kingdom. When the Romans annexed the Nabateans in AD 106, this led to a huge increase in activity. In particular the organisation appears to have been centralised, and the water management system became a single integrated system. Pairs of parallel walls, once interpreted as trackways, are now seen as a series of water conduits, and have been excavated to reveal well made clay linings, with Roman pottery dating their construction. Not surprisingly the major industrial intensification noted by the Germans had to be matched by an agricultural basis that could feed the workforce.
Located on the south bank of the Wadi Ghuweir, opposite Khirbat Faynan, are the substantial remains of a water management and storage system. The main components of the system are an open channel, an aqueduct across Wadi Sheger and a large sunken reservoir. From the reservoir, water was possibly channelled to a watermill and possibly on to the extensive field system beyond. Further west there are the remains of an aqueduct that originally spanned the Wadi Sheger over a distance of approximately 120m. A series of arches would have been used to span the wadi. The aqueduct would have carried water to an open channel that is currently buried under large slag heaps. The team from the Bochum Mining Museum has dated these slags to the Roman period, between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD, which helps to confirm the date of the rest of the system. The channel emerges further west, leading right into the settlement tank of the reservoir.
The water mill is a raised tower or arubah penstock mill. These are fairly common in the Near East. The Wadi Faynan mill is an example of a single tower mill similar to others in the wadis flowing into the Jordan Valley. Remains of the upper channel that brought water to the mill are still visible for more than 11m. It is one course high and plastered on the inside. This channel leads to an open chamber at the centre of which is the circular opening of the vertical shaft lined with plaster. The opening is 0.45m in diameter and at least 3.3m deep. The raised tower is well preserved, standing to around 4m above ground on the outside. A chamber abutting the foot of the tower is practically demolished, its remaining walls being preserved to a maximum height of only three courses. Recent restoration work has revealed the wheel chamber still surviving below this mill room. It would be logical to assume that the mill is part of the same system as the aqueduct and water channels to the east and is therefore also Roman in origin. However, penstock mills in Jordan are generally of Islamic date and if the Faynan mill proves to be Roman it will be unique in Jordan.
The mining came at a cost: the area became heavily polluted, and Graeme Barker’s team from Leicester revealed the extent of the pollution. Their geochemical analyses have revealed a record of changing levels of pollution with heavy metals trapped in the sediments. The pollution can be traced back to the Early Bronze Age, with marked increases in the Iron Age and the Nabatean period, and then an enormous increase associated with the Roman arrival. By the late Roman/Byzantine period pollution has declined, with a later peak (with a different suite of pollutants) apparently matching the evidence for Mamluk activity recorded by the German team.
Barker’s team have also examined the pollen record: this and other palaeoecological studies indicate that the landscape continued to degrade during the Bronze Age, possibly due to the activities of farmers, but possibly also the result of continuing climate change. The landscape was still further degraded by the Roman period. This is more obviously the result of intensive farming and the presumed enormous use of wood for fuel in smelting. Charcoal analysis from the smelting sites suggests that by this period, timber for the furnaces had to be brought down from the plateau because none was available locally. Barker’s team suspect that the extensive sherd scatter throughout the field system may be the result of manuring, where the pottery is thrown onto the fields along with all the organic waste. They argue that increasing pollution will have diminished crop production, making manuring even more important for soil fertility.
Who worked the mines? The sample of skeletons excavated in the late Roman to early Byzantine cemetery has revealed that part of the population suffered from severe osteoarthritis. This is significantly higher in males (33.3%) than females (23%). Although osteoarthritis is present in most populations, and indicative of ageing, the pathology increases in severity as a result of heavy physical work. Apart from this however the skeletal evidence shows that the population was generally healthy. However, analysis of the metal content of skeletons has shown that many (44%) had absorbed concentrations of copper and lead at levels indicating industrial exposure. The pathologies showing evidence of manual labour have been used to argue that most of those with normal metal contamination (i.e. not exposed to the polluting air of Faynan for any length of time) probably died soon after they arrived in the area – though this is asomewhat far-flung speculation.
The main historical evidence comes from Eusebius, a somewhat unreliable source as far as Christian persecution is concerned. He claimed that during the early 4th century persecutions by the Roman authorities, Phaeno was used as a place of exile for Christians mainly from Gaza and Egypt. Indeed he reports that so many Christians were present in the early 4th century that Silvanus, a convict from Gaza, served as Bishop until he was executed by the authorities (Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea). Bishops were recorded at Phaeno from 431 until 587 when Theodore is mentioned as Bishop on a building inscription from Khirbat Faynan.
Eusebius indicated that life expectancy in the mines of Phaeno was short. Grattan and his co-workers have suggested that the greatest metal poisoning may therefore have affected the overseers and specialists who directed the penal slaves. They may have escaped the brutalizing treatment handed out to the slaves, but have suffered the serious health problems associated with copper and lead poisoning and dust inhalation. Nevertheless, the skeletal evidence suggested that the population was generally healthy.
Sadly, some of the effects of the mining pollution remain present today. Continued aridity and grazing pressure has resulted in the disappearance of some plant species and possibly associated herbivores. These effects are even more pronounced on the metalliferous spoil tips, which remain highly toxic. Radon gas, which rapidly decays in the atmosphere to isotopes which are radioactive and dangerous and may promote cancers of the lung is present in the mines at elevated levels.
This pollution may affect the current longterm residents of the area. Without the sustained interest in copper it has become the home to nomadic people. Ethnoarchaeological fieldwork was conducted to look at the recent and contemporary use of the landscape by Bedouin, and to provide information on the potential signature of Bedouin camp sites for the survey. The most common form of Bedouin tent, beit sha’ar, has three centre poles allowing the tent to be divided into up to four sections. In winter, a common arrangement is to divide the tent in three and shelter goats overnight in one half of the tent, dividing the other half into men’s and women’s sections. The men’s section is where guests are received and its main feature is an excavated central hearth, which may be stone-lined. There is another hearth in the women’s section, where food, particularly bread, is cooked. Mattresses are often stored on a raised platform made from large stones and some groups define a sleeping area with stones. Goats create thick layers of dung in the winter which requires tents to be moved. When the weather becomes hotter in the summer people change their goat hair tents for cooler, sacking tents and move from sheltered wadi-edge terraces to cooler, breezier, ridge-top locations. Summer camp sites are more ephemeral in their nature than winter camps. Other families move up to the plateau for cooler conditions, although increasingly school has disrupted traditional mobility. Now there are small settled villages developing and there is a greater need for studies to assess the potential harm from the ancient pollution.
The research in Wadi Faynan is informing us of ancient human settlement, the very early beginnings of sedentism and farming, the development of pastoralism, and important stages in copper mining and working. At the same time it provides a fascinating insight into how people can develop different strategies to live in a changing environment.
This article is an extract from the full article published in World Archaeology Issue 13. Click here to subscribe | <urn:uuid:2c33bdcc-e39e-44b5-a254-d3dd374ac35b> | {
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In the UK about 1 in 5 people will need treatment for a mental disorder in their life and at some point during their life 1 in 100 people will suffer with an episode of schizophrenia. It strikes most often in late teens and early twenties.
Schizophrenia – Some of the signs of this mental disorder are as follows:
- Abnormal social behaviour
- failure or difficulty to understand what is real
- false beliefs
- hearing voices that others do not
- reduced emotional expression
- lack of motivation
The main reason I have chosen this mental disorder for my character to suffer with is because of the second point, failure or difficulty to understand what is real. My character believes there has been a zombie apocalypse and that the doctors and police who are actually out looking for her aren’t the monsters she thinks they are.
There are over 250,000 diagnosed cases in Britain. People with this condition have a 50 times higher risk of attempting suicide. People with schizophrenia are far more likely to harm themselves than be violent toward the public. It is a misconception that violence is a symptom of schizophrenia.
Insomnia – This is a disorder where you find it difficult to get to sleep or remain asleep long enough to feel a benefit in the morning.
Signs of insomnia:
- find it difficult to fall asleep
- lie awake for long periods at night
- wake up several times during the night
- wake up early in the morning and not be able to get back to sleep
- not feel refreshed when you get up
- find it hard to nap during the day, despite feeling tired
- feel tired and irritable during the day and have difficulty concentrating
Mental health conditions such as depression or schizophrenia can cause insomnia.
Paranoia is when you think and feel as if you are under constant threat even there is no evidence of there being any or next to no threat around. “In paranoia, your fears become amplified and everyone you meet becomes drawn into that web. You become the centre of a threatening universe.”
Just suspicion or paranoia? suspicious thoughts are likely to be classified as paranoid if :
- no one else shares the suspicious thought
- there’s no definite evidence for the suspicious thought
- there is evidence against the suspicious thought
- it’s unlikely you would be singled out
- you still have the suspicious thought despite reassurance from others
- your suspicions are based on feelings and ambiguous events
It was important that I did some research on different mental disorders to decide which fit the story best. My character constantly think someone is after her (paranoia). She struggles to sleep but always feels tired (insomnia). She has created a whole new world in her head and believes that she is living in a zombie apocalypse (schizophrenia). | <urn:uuid:318847f0-d768-49d1-9fd7-ae7fb820c315> | {
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The Hakafot of Simchat Torah are an expression of an enclosed world that is protected by the Torah.
The Maharal explains that when you go into your Succah you are leaving one level of existence for another. Once a person has succeeded in leaving his physical world and experiencing even just for a few moments, living in a spiritual world, he will never live in this world the way he did before. He has risen to a new level. We are changed when we are able to step into a different level of existence.
This circle is not formed by us, but around us in order to enclose and protect us. The circle of the Succah creates a special space for us. The circles of Simchat Torah create a separate world for us in which we can experience an entirely different perspective on life. We can take that experience with us even when we no longer are within the circle. The circle is a cocoon.
The Midrash teaches that when the verse says, “ His left hand is underneath my head, and his right hand hugs me,” it is alluding to the Succah and Simchat Torah. The left hand is referring to the Succah and the right hand that hugs is Simchat Torah. The circles of Simchat Torah are hugs from God that provide is with a special place.
The first day of Succot is to help us pinpoint what has changed. Simchat Torah is when we remind ourselves to stop over the course of the coming year and remember that we experienced a different level of life, and to reflect on how are we different because of that experience. | <urn:uuid:0cd309e0-d9ef-45bd-835b-0879b6b13e05> | {
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1938 Vauxhall Saloon
Ernest Goode talks about his classic Vauxhall H-type Saloon. A vehicle he bought new way back in 1938.
This 10hp H-type (referred to as a Vauxhall 10) small family car was introduced to the public by Vauxhall in October, 1937 and was the first car with integral (chassisless) construction. This design reduced the cost of production and made competitive pricing possible, thus the customer gained the advantage of not only the lower purchase cost but also the integral design reduced noise levels and improved running efficiency due to the lighter construction.
Unfortunately war intervened, and Vauxhall’s Luton plant switched to tank production and the Vauxhall 10 was unavailable after 1940. The post war Vauxhall 10 was produced briefly (from 1946-1947).
Vauxhall Heritage Centre in Luton, Bedfordshire, UK in 2008
Video Courtesy of General Motors Corporation | <urn:uuid:f99989ca-f98b-413b-bccb-62b0f8c1cb96> | {
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A new review of European bioenergy by independent researchers has found “significant risk” that EU renewables policies will increase carbon emissions by 2020 because of a dearth of carbon accounting safeguards.
There is “no basis” for presuming that EU bioenergy use will deliver any emissions savings at all, says the study by the Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), a not-for-profit research organisation.
The group’s paper comes two days after EurActiv revealed that an unpublished EU paper had arrived at the same conclusion.
“Now that the European Commission has put forward a proposal to clean up the ILUC mess, it can no longer hide from the biomass issue at large,” said Trees Robijns of BirdLife International, a conservation group. ILUC refers to indirect land use change.
“We cannot keep on pushing our planet to produce ever increasing amounts of plant-based materials for energy purposes without understanding the full impact of that increase, both in terms of our environment and our climate,” she added.
Bioenergy, which can be sourced from any organic matter, accounts for the biggest slice of the renewable energy share among EU member states, and this is not expected to change before 2020.
Primary energy production from wood and wood waste grew by 38% between 2003 and 2010, while for biogas it was 225%, the report says.
EU states are obliged to source 20% of their energy mix from renewables by 2020 and to do this, bioenergy is considered ‘carbon neutral’. But an increasing body of environmental scientists say this is mistaken.
Around one-third of the EU bioenergy share in 2020 is projected to come from wood biomass from forests and woods, according to EU states’ National Renewable Energy Action Plans.
But there is a significant time lag between the carbon debt created when trees are cut down to be burned for energy, and the carbon reductions that fully grown replacement trees will bring.
The IEEP paper cites several studies to show that, boosting bioenergy supplies with increased forest management would only achieve around 20% of the anticipated greenhouse gas savings in a 50-year period.
“The system would work well if you didn’t have tipping points after which you get accelerated climate change,” said Nuša Urbančič, the fuels programme manager for Transport and Environment, a green NGO.
“How much payback time can you allow for biomass so that it still contributes to climate change mitigation is the point of disagreement,” she added.
Making use of a “cascade” approach that utilises fallen branches, leaves, tree bark and other residues is recognised as a way of avoiding this debt. “All decomposing matter could be used for bioenergy without leading to emissions increases,” one EU expert told EurActiv.
But as yet, there is neither an obligation on EU states to source their biomass this way, nor harmonised rules for how it could be done.
The European Commission had been expected to propose sustainability criteria for biomass by the end of this year. The proposals have been delayed and are now absent from workplan agendas.
Brussels “absolutely wants to avoid another ILUC case” with bioenergy, EU sources said. But regulating for land use change, carbon leakage abroad – in the form of unaccounted imports – economies of scale and practice, and a common carbon accounting methodology are just some of the obstacles they will have to address to do so.
Massachusetts biomass regulation
In August, the American state of Massachusetts implemented a biomass energy regulation, following a ban on the use of woody biomass imposed in December 2009.
Woody biomass there can only now be sourced from residues and thinning trees, taking into account soil productivity and protection of biodiversity and natural habitats.
Biomass units must also show that they emit at least 50% less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels, while efficiency requirements, operating certificates, and verification procedures are also imposed.
A Global Warming Solutions Act in Massachusetts requires an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 – comparable to the EU’s target – but the state appears ahead of Europe in its biomass standards.
“It is not currently possible to define the emissions profile and savings associated with Europe’s expanding use of biomass for energy, nor is there any policy process currently in place to secure this,” the IEEP report says.
“As a consequence, at present there is only the certainty of commitment to bioenergy use up to 2020, but no associated guarantee of emission reduction.”
- Dec. 2012/Jan. 2013: European Commission expected to come forward with new sustainability criteria proposal for biomass | <urn:uuid:424d3079-3750-4cb4-b42b-521e26d68183> | {
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In the last 50 years, the Ivory Coast lost 80% of its forests (from 16 to 4 million hectares). Deforestation has been mainly driven by conversion of forest to agriculture, some of which has been illegal. Nevertheless, forests still make an important contribution to the country's economy, and provide jobs and livelihoods for local people. Most industrial production of timber is destined for the export market.
"If we don't act" - says Stephan Cocco, programme manager at the EU Delegation to Ivory Coast - "In 2030 there won't be anymore wood in the country".
In this dramatic situation, AVSI, within the FAO-EU Flegt programme, works to promote legality and good practices.
"We are working to formalize the actors of the wood sector in three districts of Abidjan (Abobo, Treichville et Yopougon) and in the cities of Yamoussoukro, Bouaké and San Pédro" - Laurent Ayemou, AVSI project manager explains - "The final goal is to create a "Central d'achat" (a Central Purchasing unit) to coordinate the legal and high quality wood purchase by the artisans."
This video shows all the challenges and achievements of the project:
The FLEGT programme
The FAO-EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Programme seeks to reduce and eventually eliminate illegal logging. With the support of its donors, the FAO-EU FLEGT Programme funds projects created by governments, civil society and private sector organizations in Latin America, Africa and Asia to improve forest governance. The Programme works in support of the European Commission’s Action Plan on FLEGT to promote the legal production and consumption of timber by granting funds to projects, and assisting them at all stages from the original design through to the final outcome. Decreasing illegal logging contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals by alleviating poverty (SDG 1), ensuring food security (SDG 2), mitigating climate change (SDG 13) and managing a forests sustainably (SDG 15).
FAO's FLEGT Programme has supported more than 200 projects in some 40 countries producing tropical timber since 2008. Find out more: www.fao.org | <urn:uuid:364d0b91-a117-4828-ab2a-f7d55e449602> | {
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|Back to March Ed Reporter|
|NUMBER 218||THE NEWSPAPER OF EDUCATION RIGHTS||MARCH 2004|
Dr. Yecke, a distinguished educator who has taught, raised children, worked in the U.S. Education Department, and now serves as Minnesota's education commissioner, has written an exhaustively documented book on American middle schools and the wrongheaded theories responsible for their declining educational quality.
Middle schools did not arise until the late 1950s, and even today they do not exist in the private-school sphere, where middle-school students are taught on the same campus as elementary and/or high-school students. Beginning in the 1970s various trendy theories captured educators imagination concerning the proper way to educate middle-school students: that the brain ceases to grow in the middle-school years and therefore the students should not be taught complex concepts (a notion discredited by the 1990s); that ability grouping and resources for gifted students are elitist, racist and unethical; that the purpose of public schools is to produce a more egalitarian society; and that "cooperative learning" having brighter students help teach slower students is the best method for leveling the playing field.
Motivated by her own frustration during the middle-school years of her two daughters, Dr. Yecke correctly zeroes in on the abolition of ability grouping as the single biggest problem with middle schools. Ability grouping simply works better and is overwhelmingly preferred by students and parents, but because many educators find it philosophically unacceptable they have succeeded in largely eliminating it.
The War Against Excellence is not intended for a general audience, as it draws extensively from the documentary record of educators conferences over several decades. However, it rewards the reader with many revealing glimpses of the mindset of "progressive" educators, such as the following perfectly serious quote by middle-school activist Paul George: "Schools are about the redistribution of future wealth. That's what they're about. They're not about talent development. They're not about taking each child as far as he or she can go."
Despite the bleak landscape, the author sees reasons for optimism. School districts in Milwaukee, Cleveland and Cincinnati have turned their backs on the middle-school concept, returning to smaller K-8 neighborhood schools. Under parental pressure, Nashville middle schools are restoring gifted programs. Surveys indicate that state legislators are much more open to ability grouping and gifted programs than education commissioners and can be lobbied to effect change through legislation. The subject-matter competence eventually required by the No Child Left Behind Act should upgrade teacher quality in middle schools. Alternative teacher certification should open up the profession to the winds of change. Visit www.praeger.com. | <urn:uuid:46d9b887-0d26-4b1c-ac85-1788e54fc066> | {
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Ivan the Fool Lesson 2
'Magic' Numbers in Folklore
- Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Russia
- Grades 6-8, Grades 9-12
- Cross-Cultural Understanding, Language Arts & Literature, TESOL
- Two sessions of 50 minutes each
Students will learn that different cultures respect or fear certain numbers, numbers that can appear in folklore in several ways.
This lesson was prepared specifically for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL), but may be used in elementary classes for native speakers of English, as well.
- To discuss the importance of certain numbers in various cultures
- To learn about the "magical" number three in traditional literature
- To practice skimming for information
- To write a short folk tale that includes the "magical" number threeTo practice listening comprehension (extension activity)
For this lesson, students should already have read the folk tale at least once.
Discussion about numbers
- Facilitate a discussion about lucky and unlucky numbers. Ask the students whether any numbers are considered lucky or unlucky in their cultures. Make a chart on the board or flipchart with the headings: Number, Culture, Example, or Reason. Start by filling in the chart with the number 13 for culture in the United States. Give the example of Friday the 13th being considered bad luck. Two other examples are the numbers four and eight in Chinese culture. Explain that in Mandarin Chinese, the word for four is si, and it has the same pronunciation as the word for death, so four is an unlucky number. People do not want to have telephone numbers with the number four because it would be like calling death. However, the pronunciation for the number eight is ba, which is the same as for the word treasure, so that has a positive connotation. There is even a dessert called ba ba fan, which means "eight treasures rice," that is cooked with eight kinds of good foods. Elicit similar examples from the class. If they cannot think of examples at that moment, tell them to find at least one example from their own culture for homework; they can ask other people or do research to find examples.
Discussion about the magical number three
- Explain to the class that in traditional literature, the number three is often used. One example is in fairy tales in which a fairy, genie, or magical animal gives a human three wishes because the person did something good and is now being rewarded. Ask the class if they can offer examples of stories in which the magical number three is used.
- Tell the students that in "Ivan the Fool" the number three is used in other ways, and that you would like them to figure out what those ways are. Have the students skim the story individually to find examples of the use of the number three. [Examples: The three brothers use three arrows to find three wives; there are three tests that the sons' wives must perform; there is a land that is three days' journey away.]
- After sufficient time has passed, elicit responses from the students and write them on the board or flipchart.
- Tell the class that they will write a folk tale that uses the magical number three in two ways. They should write about something that includes three tests. They should also use the number three in one other way, which they can decide for themselves; it can be any way that has been discussed during the class.
- Give students time to pre-write. The teacher should check the students' ideas before the end of the class.
- For homework, the students should write the first draft of their folk tale.
- In subsequent classes, the students can edit, revise, and rewrite their stories according to whatever process you prefer.
Evaluate the folk tales according to whatever rubric is commonly used in the class for writing assignments.
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The Twenty-first Century has not been good to America’s democracy. However, the recent upset victory by Doug Jones in Alabama and the results of Virginia’s election last month indicate that a democratic resurgence may be brewing. Still, American democracy is now on life support. How did this happen?
The 2000 Election: It all started when the U.S. Supreme Court halted the full recount of the people’s ballots in Florida and declared George W. Bush president in December 2000.1 With a five-to-four decision, you could effectively argue that one Supreme Court justice’s vote has determined the course of American history ever since. Despite Al Gore’s winning the national popular vote by more than a half million,2 the Electoral College with the Court’s help put Bush in the White House: Hardly a democratic outcome.
The Iraq War: Then, in March 2003, President Bush took the country to war against Iraq. Even though our Constitution gives Congress the sole power to declare war, the President usurped its authority in a futile attempt by the administration to gain control over Iraq’s vast oil reserves.3 This autocratic decision to invade Iraq enhanced the power of the presidency and diminished the authority of Congress: another blow to our democracy.
The 2004 Election: Next came Bush’s re-election in 2004. Again, there were serious questions about the electoral process, especially in Ohio. The National Election Data Archive (NEDA) conducted an analysis of the 2004 Ohio presidential election, which provided convincing evidence of an outcome-altering vote miscount4 that handed Bush his margin of victory. America’s democracy was being shredded without any real resistance from the people.
The Wall Street Bailout: While the election of Barack Obama in 2008 appeared to provide renewed hope for democracy, the Democrats and the new president soon demonstrated their own disregard for the needs and desires of the people. The bailout of the big Wall Street banks, which did practically nothing for the multitude of average Americans who had lost their homes and/or jobs during the Great Recession, as well as the Obama administration’s refusal to prosecute those responsible for the country’s financial collapse, indicated Obama’s willingness to please his Big Money donors at the expense of many of the people who voted him into office. Despite controlling both houses of Congress, Obama and the Democrats failed to seize the opportunity to halt the country’s march to plutocracy. Putting the bankers who had committed massive fraud in jail may well have curbed Big Money’s appetite for corrupting influence and overreach. Moreover, it would have given Americans more faith in our government and less reason to turn to a faux populist like Donald Trump. Once again, the democratic process had failed the American people.
The 2016 Election and the Trump Presidency: In 2016 Hillary Clinton beat Donald Trump in the presidential election by almost 2.9 million votes.5 Nevertheless, Trump became president by winning the Electoral College vote. Since then, we have learned that Russia interfered in the election, and that the Trump campaign may have colluded with the Russians in order to win the election.6 In the eleven months of Trump’s presidency, he has attacked the press, the judiciary, religious groups, minorities, women and, most recently, the FBI. Anyone not actively supporting Trump automatically becomes an enemy of his government. This is what authoritarian leaders do to crush democratic values and gain more and more control.
The Current Republican Tax Bill: This bill, which is about to become law, is the product of America’s advance toward autocratic rule. How else can you explain the fact that only 32 percent of Americans support the legislation; Trump’s favorable rating is only 34 percent; and the Republican Party’s favorable rating is just 24 percent?8 Congressional Republicans have pushed through this highly unpopular bill without any public participation, not a single hearing, nor any Democratic input. In fact, they are the minority party, having won their Congressional majority through their gerrymandering of districts to win seats they would not have otherwise been able to capture. As we have noted, Trump is also a minority president, having lost the popular vote by close to 3 million. Yet, he and his Republican allies are ruling with an iron fist. American fascism is on the rise.
Saving Our Democracy: Unfortunately, the Democratic Party, with only a 36 percent favorability rating and its own leanings toward plutocracy, has been unable to restrain the Republicans’ thirst for autocracy. The only force capable of reversing this authoritarian wave is the American people. The #Me Too movement, along with the recent Alabama and Virginia elections, provide some glimmer of hope. The question is will the American people come together and create the massive, grassroots movement required to break this autocratic thrust and revive our democracy.
Numerous organizations are working to rebuild our democracy. Common Cause, Move To Amend, American Promise, Take Back Our Republic and Represent.us are just a few of the national groups leading the way. Here in New Mexico, Indivisible, New Mexicans for Money Out of Politics and Retake Our Democracy, among others, are engaged in this critical work. The more we are all actively participating in this effort, the greater the chances of its success. Watching and worrying as our democracy disintegrates won’t help. You can do something. Get involved before it’s too late. | <urn:uuid:fd2aee0e-48d4-4643-b709-d779eef523cf> | {
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In 1874-after an economic depression plunged much of the south into poverty-the the election of abraham lincoln in 1860 caused seven southern states when the american civil war (1861. Karl marx and the american civil war reason for the war was chattel slavery, an economic system in which people are kept in bondage and not compensated for their. There were many political, economic, and social factors that led to the civil war the american civil war: causes & impacts almost 3 million american men fought in the civil war, whether.
Causes of the civil war: economic, political, and moral issues economic the economic reason for the civil war was the taxes on imported and exported goods. The economic reason for the civil war was the taxes on imported and exported goods the tariffs that the national government put on imported and exported goods affected the southern economy, but. Historians today generally agree that economic conflicts were not a major cause of the war while an economic the battle began the american civil war.
The civil war trust's webpage explaining the top 10 the backbone of the southern economy died in the civil war, more than any other war in american history. The civil war was fought for many reasons, not solely or even primarily because of the growing importance of cotton on southern farms moving away from economic differences and cotton as simplistic causes leads to a more accurate, and far more interesting, understanding of the causes of the civil war. A common assumption to explain the cause of the american civil war was that the north was no longer willing to tolerate slavery as being part of the fabric of us society and that the political power brokers in washington were planning to abolish slavery throughout the union. In the years prior to the american civil war, a separate sense of cultural, political and economic identity developed and took hold between the north and the south that helped lead to the conflict sectionalism, which refers to loyalty to a section of a nation rather than to the nation as a whole. Causes of the american civil war i introduction to civil war the american civil war was a war fought within the united states of america between the north (union) and the south (confederacy) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865.
The american civil war was fought between 1861 and 1865 over the issues of slavery and states' rights learn about civil war battles, generals, political leaders and more. Topics index american civil war american civil war the civil war still casts a shadow the governor of mississippi correctly identifies the cause of america's civil war military. 10 most important political, economic and social causes of the american civil war including the issue of slavery and the economics of cotton.
564 on economic causes of civil war the objective of rebellion is either to capture the state or to secede from it in general, the incentive for rebellion is the product of the probability of victory and. Political causes of the american civil war that come easily to mind are that the south wanted to protect their rights to own slaves and to make a state more sovereign than the federation. Causes of civil war as members of the futurist of america association, we have been assigned to look specifically at the cause of the american civil #war there are five aspects that could of led to the civil war and they are westward movement, social change, froeign policy development, government/politics development, and economic development. - many economic and political factors lie behind the cause of the american civil war among such causes, the issue of slavery is raised repeatedly many men and women sacrificed all that they had in opposition to the evils of slavery.
The american civil war northeast and the agricultural south helped cause the war effects of the war were on political and economic power. Causes of american civil war as members of the futurist of america association, we have been assigned to look specifically at the cause of the american civil war there are five aspects that could have led to the civil war and they are westward movement, social change, froeign policy development, government/politics development, and economic. American industry recovered under such limited government, and the civil war generation paved the way for economic greatness they overcame much of the financial damage from the civil war burton w folsom. | <urn:uuid:40b8716b-5a99-4b0e-b891-1c71277ebf27> | {
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- By Dana Sparks
TUESDAY Q &A : Children diagnosed with ADHD may continue to have symptoms into adulthood
DEAR MAYO CLINIC:
Our son was diagnosed at the age of 9 with ADHD. He is now 13 and doing well but is still on medication. Will he need to continue taking the medication until adulthood, or do children usually outgrow the condition as they mature?
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is a chronic, lifelong condition. Throughout their teen years, children with ADHD need to continue taking medication to effectively control the disorder. As adults, about 50 to 60 percent of people diagnosed with ADHD as children continue to have symptoms and may benefit from treatment.
Children with ADHD usually have a combination of problems, such as hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, disorganization and difficulty maintaining attention. Hyperactivity tends to decrease in the teen years and often goes away in adulthood. However, for most people, difficulty with attention and organization persist as they get older. With that in mind, physicians usually recommended that children stay on ADHD medication throughout their teen years.
Taking the medication is particularly important in helping teens to be successful in school. As students, they need to be able to learn new information every day. Medication allows teens with ADHD to effectively process and retain that information. Without it, those tasks can be very difficult, particularly in middle school and high school as workloads become heavier and class subjects become more difficult.
ADHD medication also helps with organization. Each day, most middle school and high school students are required to transition from one classroom to another, meet the expectations of multiple teachers, understand different course curricula, and keep track of their belongings. All of this requires a high level of organizational skill.
As they grow, children may need adjustment in the kind or amount of ADHD medication they take. For example, young children may only need medication that lasts four to six hours each day to help control symptoms during the time they attend school.
Teens with ADHD often need longer coverage. Extra-curricular activities that go beyond the school day also require a high level of learning and organization. If students are involved in after-school activities, homework often must wait until later in the evening. Concentration is needed for that, as well.
As they reach the age when they can begin driving, it is critical teens with ADHD take medication regularly. Driving requires careful attention. Studies have shown that teens with ADHD who do not take medication are four times more likely to be in an accident than those who do.
For teens who continue their education after high school, staying on ADHD medication is a good idea. Just as they did in high school, these medications will help students perform better in college.
After schooling is done, doctors typically recommend that adults take ADHD medications if symptoms of inattention and disorganization affect day-to-day life, including home, work and social interactions.
Adults diagnosed with ADHD as children who manage without medication do so not because the condition has gone away, but rather because they have learned to handle their symptoms through lifestyle choices. For example, they may use tools like planners, calendars and phone apps to remind them of important activities and to help them stay organized. Also, some adults have jobs in which learning new information is not required on a regular basis.
Some parents worry that taking ADHD medication for years may lead to other health problems in their children. Studies have found no long-term risks in taking these drugs. They can provide safe, effective treatment for ADHD. And, when it is successfully managed, those affected by ADHD can function well and become successful in any professional field they choose. — Jyoti Bhagia, M.D., Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic Children’s Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. | <urn:uuid:6da80b27-c5be-454f-a5f7-d72ded296bfc> | {
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Teacher Resources by Grade
|1st - 2nd||3rd - 4th|
|5th - 6th||7th - 8th|
|9th - 10th||11th - 12th|
Pourquoi Stories: Creating Tales to Tell Why
|Grades||3 – 5|
|Lesson Plan Type||Standard Lesson|
|Estimated Time||Six 45- to 60-minute sessions|
Read-alouds of The Story of Lightning and Thunder (a Nigerian tale) and The Story of the Milky Way: A Cherokee Tale introduce the concept of a pourquoi tale, a folk tale that explains how or why something came to exist. Background information on the Nigerian and Cherokee cultures (assembled by the teacher from the listed websites) sets the stage for discussion of how beliefs and customs might influence the narrative and the moral of a story. The class works together to outline the key elements of pourquoi stories, and students read and analyze an additional story using the Pourquoi Reading Worksheet. Working in cooperative groups, students then use these stories as a framework on which to write their own pourquoi tales. Final production is either a skit or illustrated narration of each group's story.
Lancia, P.J. (1997). Literary borrowing: The effects of literature on children's writing. The Reading Teacher, 50(6), 470475.
- Being exposed to literature leads to children "borrowing" ideas and incorporating them into their own writing.
- Children independently borrow elements from a genre and actively use stylistic devices they have read.
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1. A program which provides some service to other (client) programs. The connection between client and server is normally by means of message passing, often over a network, and uses some protocol to encode the client's requests and the server's responses. The server may run continuously (as a daemon), waiting for requests to arrive or it may be invoked by some higher level daemon which controls a number of specific servers (inetd on Unix).
There are many servers associated with the Internet, such as those for HTTP, Network File System, Network Information Service (NIS), Domain Name System (DNS), FTP, news, finger, Network Time Protocol. On Unix, a long list can be found in /etc/services or in the NIS database "services". See client-server.
2. A computer which provides some service for other computers connected to it via a network. The most common example is a file server which has a local disk and services requests from remote clients to read and write files on that disk, often using Sun's Network File System (NFS) protocol or Novell Netware on PCs. Another common example is a web server.
(01 Aug 2003)
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About Costa Rica
Territorial Division of the Country
Costa Rica has an area of 51,100 km². Bordered on the north by Nicaragua, southeast by Panama, east by the Caribbean Sea to the west and southwest by the Pacific Ocean. The country is divided into 7 provinces (one of which is the capital district), which in turn are divided into counties and in districts.
Costa Rica has a population of approximately 4159.757 inhabitants, of which 49% are women. 94% of residents are white or mestizo, 3% are black, 1% is Amerindian, other 1% is Chinese and the remaining 1% is composed of other ethnicities. Of the total population, 27.8% are between 0 and 14, 66.4% are between 15 and 64 and those over 65 years account for 5.8%.
Spanish is the official language. However, English is practiced in some cantons.
The official currency is the Colón (1 colón = 100 cents). No ambargo the US dollar is accepted in almost all retail outlets.
The main agricultural exports are coffee, snuff, banana, pineapple and cocoa, among others. The main industries are tourism, call center "INTEL", exports of electronics and medical. The GDP is approximately 20.77 billion a year. The sectors contributing to GDP are: services (63%), industry (22%) and agriculture (15%). Unemployment is around 6.6% and about | <urn:uuid:8f2614dc-0146-4e19-a153-7e1b671b855f> | {
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In 1824, John Cadbury, Exeter-born but Birmingham-raised, set up a shop on Bull Street, Birmingham, that was next to his father’s drapery. Here, he sold tea and coffee until he eventually branched out in to cocoa, which was hand-ground by himself and turned in to a drinking powder. Back then, chocolate wasn’t really an eaten delicacy and John Cadbury’s drinking chocolate was seen as an alternative to alcohol. By 1831, Cadbury was a fully-fledged drinking cocoa trader with a factory to boot. Fast forward 10 further years and he was selling around 30 different varieties of cocoa. But why cocoa?
Cadbury came from a long line of Quakers, and as a result of this, he toiled to concoct a drinking chocolate that he, his family and customers could enjoy while remaining faithful to their Christianity. Quakers, staunch non-confirmists, were banned from university studies as well as professions such as medicine, so the majority of them went in to trade. Of course, in the mid-1800s, drinking water was heavily contaminated so John and his family were keen to deal in any alternatives that prevented illness.
Cadbury’s Quaker ethics and principles stood firm, and between the 1850s-60s, John was awarded a Royal Warrant from Queen Victoria, which preceded the import of a Dutch chocolate press, allowing him and his two sons George and Richard to start extracting the cocoa liquid from the cocoa butter, in turn manufacturing their first chocolate bars.
But they didn’t stop there. Towards the end of the 19th century, John Cadbury had a vision. He wanted to build a much bigger factory to cope with demand and place it out in the (then) countryside, but still with good rail and canal access for imports. Quaker ethos still very much at the forefront, Cadbury set out plans for a new factory with a village built from scratch for its employees – complete with amenities such as a shops, schools, leisure centres and churches. Quakers are advocates of principles like affordable housing, equality and a community spirit – all of which John set | <urn:uuid:debc9594-25ea-4ed4-b030-e29ef946d733> | {
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President salutes Apollo 11 astronauts
NASA's next step for exploration remains unclear
WASHINGTON — The same question that could have been asked 40 years ago moments after Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon is still being asked today: Now what?
On the 40th anniversary of man's first moon landing, the Apollo 11 crew met with President Barack Obama, who used the opportunity to talk about inspiration and science and math education. He didn't talk about going anywhere in space, not the moon or Mars.
Obama said he wanted to use yesterday's anniversary of the Apollo moon landing to show that “math and science are cool again.”
“The touchstone for excellence in exploration and discovery is always going to be represented by the men of Apollo 11,” Obama said. He said their work sparked “innovation, the drive, the entrepreneurship, the creativity back here on Earth.”
That's not what the men who went to the moon had in mind.
Earlier in the day, seven Apollo astronauts, including Apollo 11's Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, used a news conference to talk about their desire to go to Mars and not linger on the moon as long as NASA plans.
“All of us here are pretty much convinced that Mars is a goal to shoot for,” said Tom Stafford, commander of Apollo 10, which orbited the moon and tested the lunar module.
On a day when everyone lauded NASA for landing on the moon and dreaming big, the space agency's overall plan for future exploration remained in a holding pattern. Again.
The Obama administration is waiting for a recommendation from an outside panel, which will examine a return-to-the-moon policy that started under President George W. Bush and compare that to other goals and different spaceship designs.
With NASA's new boss Charles Bolden Jr. and its biggest stars — Armstrong, Aldrin and Apollo 11 crewmate Michael Collins — shaking Obama's hand in the Oval Office, it was an opportunity to chart a new course to somewhere.
That's not what happened.
The U.S. space program is full of goals attached to dates. President John F. Kennedy wanted to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade. Five years ago, Bush said he wanted to land astronauts back on the moon by 2020. So with Armstrong standing next to him and nodding, Obama said those magic words: “Keep the goal by 2020.”
But he wasn't finished. “Keep the goal by 2020 of having the highest college graduation rates of any country on Earth, especially in the math and science fields.”
It was not about going somewhere old or new. It wasn't about NASA. It was about education.
The Obama administration isn't quite ready to make long-term commitments to space exploration, said John Logsdon, former George Washington University space policy director.
Meanwhile, the astronauts aboard the shuttle-station complex celebrated the anniversary with their own spacewalk Monday, heading outside to stockpile some big spare parts.
In the second outing of their mission, David Wolf and Thomas Marshburn anchored a 6-foot dish antenna on the international space station for future use, then did the same with a hefty pump and an engine for a rail car. Equally important, the $15.6 million space station toilet that broke down Sunday was functioning again after the crew added new parts. It was out of action for 24 hours. | <urn:uuid:0df96c58-a9de-489a-b6df-2dea1abba673> | {
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Adam Smith (1723—1790) is best remembered today as the celebrated author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), who defined the workings of market economies and defended principles of liberty. To his contemporaries, particularly his fellow thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith was recognized first for his profoundly original contributions to moral philosophy and natural jurisprudence.
In an important new book, Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment, Charles Griswold, professor of philosophy at Boston University, challenges readers to look again at Smith’s work in its entirety. He argues that the enthusiasm with which Smith has been adopted as a pioneering economist has not been balanced by careful study of Smith’s full teachings. Griswold seeks to redress this imbalance by providing a comprehensive and penetrating analysis of Smith’s moral and political philosophy as it appeared in Smith’s first published work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759).
Until recently, The Theory of Moral Sentiments has been overshadowed by The Wealth of Nations. Yet, in terms of Smith’s overriding wish to articulate a theory of society that described the ethos of the commercial culture that evolved in eighteenth-century Britain, The Theory of Moral Sentiments is in an important sense Smith’s integral text. In its pages, Smith describes a moral vision that serves as the best guarantor of civility in commercial society. This vision is based on the cultivation of virtue, the “bettering of our condition, ” and permits individuals to overcome selfish impulses that many believe permeate commercial culture. The necessary tools for the cultivation of virtue include impartiality, sympathy, and reason.
Smith was well-aware of the potential risks involved in advocating commercial activity, should motivations for it be reduced to avarice or love of luxury. By developing what Griswold calls “an achievable notion of virtue” available to nearly all responsible individuals, Smith provides an innovative means for overcoming vulnerabilities in human nature that often lead to corruption and social disorder. Smith’s arguments in favor of the possibility of widespread moral and social improvement include the pursuit of such “fundamental goods” as reputation, health, and property. Furthermore, his moral vision extends ideas of aristocratic excellence to members of the merchant and trading classes of society.
Griswold’s analysis of Smith’s thought occurs on a number of levels. Griswold places his book in the context of a continuing historical and philosophical discussion about the nature of the Enlightenment and modernity. He focuses readers’ attention on Smith’s defense of liberal moral and political views, with special reference to Smith’s treatment of ancient philosophers, particularly Plato, Epictetus, and the later Roman Stoics. Griswold examines Smith’s use of rhetoric and method with a view to illustrating how Smith formulated his arguments in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Readers are then prepared to move on to a discussion of the mechanisms through which virtue is cultivated: sympathy, selfishness, imagination, and passion–all of which Smith deemed central to human life.
It is one of the strengths of Griswold’s work that he confronts the complexity of Smith’s thought directly, particulary concerning these very mechanisms, for none of them are completely reliable guides in and of themselves. For example, as Griswold points out, sympathy permits an individual to reflect upon the consequences of a given action based upon the amount of pleasure or pain it may cause another. The virtuous person avoids taking action that will result in negative consequences, for he does not wish to be seen as selfish or unruly. In this instance, feelings of sympathy restrain self-interest. In other circumstances, however, feelings of sympathy may actually be motivated by self-love or vanity, in which case, sympathy does not contribute to virtue. Smith believed human beings are naturally inclined to view themselves as others see them. The manner in which we behave is directly related to how our actions will be perceived by others.
This “spectatorial vision” was one of the unique facets of Smith’s moral system. From it, Smith developed his notion of the Impartial Spectator, the ultimate arbiter of conduct that rivals the Invisible Hand as one of Smith’s most original creations. The Impartial Spectator could not be swayed by emotional impulses on moral questions. Griswold explains that Smith relied on the combination of the following facts to define the Impartial Spectator: “We view ourselves through the eyes of others; we learn to distinguish between praise and blame actually given and that which ought to be given; we praise and blame others, and thus, ourselves, with qualities we take to be praise- or blame-worthy; we thus become capable of viewing ourselves through the eyes of an ‘ideal’ other (an impartial spectator).” Conscience, in turn, is the “internalized impartial spectator.”
Conscience could be a useful and necessary tool in human life, Smith acknowledged, but is susceptible to confusion, for it comes from “mortal extraction.” Griswold notes that Smith’s understanding of conscience highlights his “acute sense of the dangers of corruption inherent in the interplay among social morality, conscience, rules, and religion.” Smith recognized that social institutions, including religious ones, could contribute to “the evolution of conscience, ” but that such encouragement could also lead to religious fanaticism.
As Griswold expands his discussion of the application of Smith’s moral thought to practical life, readers are guided through Smith’s treatment of justice, commerce, and religion. Smith ordered the destruction of his lecture notes and unfinished manuscripts upon his death; therefore, his lectures on religion are lost. Griswold adds to current discussion about Smith on religion in terms that take readers beyond the traditional identification of Smith as a deist. This is particularly helpful to those interested in how matters of faith, liberty, and conduct intermingle.
The Theory of Moral Sentiments went through six editions in Smith’s lifetime, and this eminent thinker spent his last years refining the final version of the book. There is a certain poignancy to the fact that Smith concluded his life’s work where it began–with the study of human morality.
Chriswilsonmma.com: so what's on offer for new customers min 10 deposit. | <urn:uuid:f3155e06-6214-4f97-a217-4dace926e70e> | {
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With the growing utility of mobiles devices in our everyday lives, the Training & Learning industry is realizing that learners are spending a large chunk of their time on their smartphones or tablets. The increasing popularity of mobile-based learning is a direct output of this realization. With developing technologies and development tools, many varied types of mobile-based learning modules are being created – but what is the basis of that?
To capture the distinctiveness of the mobile platform, developers need to keep in mind that the m-learning is largely learner-led and occurs outside the confines of the classroom. With this as the background, learning experts ascertain that there are a number of pedagogical theories that can be utilized when creating a mobile learning strategy: | <urn:uuid:3d06cbf9-9269-4b87-a911-cbbe47eeb255> | {
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You can make the text and other items, such as icons, on your screen easier to see by making them larger. You can do this without changing the screen resolution of your monitor or laptop screen. This allows you to increase or decrease the size of text and other items on your screen while keeping your monitor or laptop set to its optimal resolution.
Open Screen Resolution by clicking the Start button , clicking Control Panel, and then, under Appearance and Personalization, clicking Adjust screen resolution.
Choose one of the following:
Smaller - 100% (default). This keeps text and other items at normal size.
Medium - 125%. This sets text and other items to 125% of normal size.
Larger - 150%. This sets text and other items to 150% of normal size. This option appears only if your monitor supports a resolution of at least 1200 x 900 pixels.
To see the change, close all of your programs and then log off of Windows. This change will take effect the next time you log on.
You can also make text appear larger or smaller by changing your screen resolution, but if you're using an LCD monitor or laptop, we recommend that you set your screen to its native resolution to avoid blurry text. This is the optimal resolution an LCD monitor or laptop screen was designed to display based on its size. For more information, see Change your screen resolution.
Windows gives you three preset choices (100%, 125%, or 150%) for making text, icons, and other items on your screen larger than normal size. This is the quickest and simplest way to change their size. But if you prefer, you can change their size to any number between 100% and 500% of normal size using the custom dots per inch (DPI) scale.
Click Set custom text size (DPI) in the left pane.
Click the scale (ruler), drag the setting to whatever percentage size increase you want (100%-500%), and then click OK. (If you prefer, you can type a number between 100 and 500 in the box next to Scale to this percentage of normal size, and then click OK.)
On the Display screen, click Apply.
If you set the DPI too high for your display, it can increase the size of some items by so much that they no longer fit on your screen.
If you set the dots per inch (DPI) higher than 144 while you're running Aero (the premium visual experience of Windows), text and other items on the screen might appear blurry in some programs that aren't designed for high–DPI display in this version of Windows. You can avoid this issue by using Windows XP style DPI scaling for these programs.
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Through our contacts overseas, and our own research, mainly in Canada, we have a good knowledge of the main areas to which Islanders emigrated at different times. A few must have left the islands, deported after the Jacobite rebellions, but they would have been few, and the chances of tracing them remote. The social upheavals after 1746 led to a mass migration of tacksmen and their subtenants, but this affected mainly Skye, though a few from the Outer Isles also left at the time, mainly for Carolina. An eruption of Hecla in Iceland in 1755 led to bad harvests for several years thereafter, and there was a major emigration from Lewis to the USA – to New York and Pennsylvania States – indeed the largest number of emigrants known to have left Lewis in one year was in 1772-73, when 831 emigrants are noted, though unfortunately not by name. The threat of religious persecution led to an emigration arranged by the Roman Catholic Church to Prince Edward Island, mainly from South Uist and Barra, beginnings with the Alexander in 1772. In the early 1800s, there was another move from Lewis to the Gulf Shore in Nova Scotia.
Legislation was brought in, ostensibly to alleviate the overcrowding which was a problem with many of the early emigrant ships, but by increasing the amount of space and supplies required on board, it also increased the fares beyond what most would-be emigrants could raise. Nonetheless, many islanders were still able to utilise their meagre earnings from the kelp to fund emigration. The War of 1812 with the USA effectively closed that country to all but a few emigrants, and the focus of emigration changed to Cape Breton, along with continued settlement in PEI and a small number to New Brunswick.
In Cape Breton, settlers from Barra concentrated around the Barra Strait in the Bras d’Or, while South Uist went mainly to Grand Mira and the Boisdale and East Bay areas. North Uist went to Catalone, Gabarus and Mira, while Harris went to Grand River, Framboise, and St Anns. There were few settlers from Lewis at this point, and these were concentrated at Little Narrows and at St Anns. Because the early emigrants to Cape Breton tended to settle in groups, we have often been able to identify their origins from their neighbours.
With the slackening of the restriction on emigration in the 1820s came the collapse of the kelp industry, and much of the population of the Hebrides became redundant, from the point of view of their landlords. Emigration was now encouraged, and in some cases enforced, and the flow of families, to Cape Breton in particular, became a flood. Even there, there was not enough good land for all, and there were settlements in the back glens which by their very nature were short-lived, and many families had to move on to the new industrial mining centres of Glace Bay etc.
The problems in the Islands were exacerbated by potato blight in the mid-1840s, and the consequent famine. Cape Breton was suffering from the same problem, so emigration there virtually ceased. Landlords at home were faced by another problem – the new Poor Laws would make them responsible for poor relief in their own areas, so it was to their advantage that as many people left as possible. No longer was it those who could afford the fares who left – those who had lost all in the famine were forced to leave – sometimes forced by economics, and sometimes by the landlords.
The Highland and Islands Emigration Society was set up, with Government assistance, to provide assisted passages to Australia. In the Outer Hebrides, the landlords of Harris and North Uist took advantage of the Society’s help, and almost 10% of the population left for Australia between 1850 and 1860. The Society kept records of all their passengers – they hoped for repayment of the moneys they had advanced – so there are detailed passengers lists for each ship, showing where the passengers embarked and where they disembarked, though unfortunately there are no records of where they settled eventually.
The landlords of Lewis and South Uist and Barra preferred not to work with the Society, but organised their own emigrations to Canada. There had been a Lewis settlement in the Eastern Townships of Quebec since the late 1830s, and emigrants’ fares were paid either to join them, or to go further west to Bruce County, Ontario. South and North Uist families concentrated on Middlesex County and the surrounding areas of Ontario.
Because these emigrations generally took place after the first census of Scotland in 1841, it is generally possible to trace the emigrants and their families – though in Bruce County, for example, there were so many MacDonalds from the West-side of Lewis that they are still difficult to disentangle! From the 1880s, settlement in Canada moved on to the Prairies, and by this time we can be almost certain to identify families.
At the moment, the database deals with families up to 1920, though it is hoped to include the major emigrations of the 1920s in the next version of the database.
So, enjoy the database! If you are not sure how to use it, look under the heading of www.hebridespeople.com/shop/hp-products/. Basically, you buy a number of credits to let you into the system, and from there on, you can access the system by entering details of names, dates and places, if known. Do remember that the data-base is Mark 1, and an extension will follow later, so if you do not find the family you are looking for, we may still have information, so e-mail us, and we will see if we can help.
(With thanks to Bill Lawson)
Check out my Scotland's Greatest Story research service www.ScotlandsGreatestStory.co.uk
New book: It's Perthshire 1866 - there's been a murder... www.thehistorypress.co.uk/products/The-Mount-Stewart-Murder.aspx (from June 12th 2012) | <urn:uuid:9b1f851e-1e89-417b-838a-1075bd59d975> | {
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A set of droppers (or 'pipettes'), some liquid food colouring and a roll of paper towel were all we needed to set up today's colourful art activity.
I diluted the food colours, testing them to make sure they were still vivid enough, and put them in some little jars (I thought they would be less likely to be knocked over than the lighter plastic paint-pots - I was wrong! Fortunately we put down lots of newspaper on the table first - made cleaning up a whole lot easier). We gave each child a piece of paper towel and watched as they flooded them with colours. The food colouring looks very dark when wet, but when dry has a luminous quality much like watercolour.
A special thing about this activity is that it it involves learning to manipulate an instrument - the dropper - as well as observing the fascinating effects of putting liquid colour onto a highly absorbent surface. The colours bleed into each other, creating beautiful rainbow blobs, spots and blotches. It is just magical.
Here are the wonderful paintings the children at playgroup produced today:
And here are some details from the paintings: | <urn:uuid:ad11d491-f0e2-4725-91fb-6e6034e0f97d> | {
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|Year : 2010 | Volume
| Issue : 1 | Page : 18-20
Knowledge and awareness of Hepatitis B infection amongst the students of Rural Dental College, Maharashtra, India
Rajiv Saini1, Santosh Saini2, RS Sugandha3
1 Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Rural Dental College, Loni, Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Microbiology, Rural Dental College, Loni, Maharashtra, India
3 Department of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni, Maharashtra, India
|Date of Web Publication||17-Dec-2010|
Department of Periodontology & Oral Implantology, Rural Dental College, Loni, Tehsil Rahata, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra - 413 736
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
| Abstract|| |
Objectives : To determine the current knowledge and awareness of undergraduate dental students of Rural Dental College regarding the Hepatitis B infection.
Materials and Methods : This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among the students of Rural Dental College, Maharashtra, India. Predesigned questionnaire which assessed knowledge and awareness about Hepatitis B infection and transmission was the tool of data collection.
Results : A total of 150 students participated. The male female ratio was 1:2; mean age of respondents was 20.66 ± 1.01 years. On an average, 59.23 and 40.67% had correct and incorrect knowledge about Hepatitis B infection, respectively. A total of 81.55% exhibited adequate level of awareness while 18.45% exhibited incorrect level of awareness about transmission of Hepatitis B infection
Conclusion : Results indicate that students had adequate awareness and perception level about awareness of Hepatitis B infection.
Keywords: Dental, Hepatitis B, rural
|How to cite this article:|
Saini R, Saini S, Sugandha R S. Knowledge and awareness of Hepatitis B infection amongst the students of Rural Dental College, Maharashtra, India. Ann Nigerian Med 2010;4:18-20
|How to cite this URL:|
Saini R, Saini S, Sugandha R S. Knowledge and awareness of Hepatitis B infection amongst the students of Rural Dental College, Maharashtra, India. Ann Nigerian Med [serial online] 2010 [cited 2019 Mar 18];4:18-20. Available from: http://www.anmjournal.com/text.asp?2010/4/1/18/73876
| Introduction|| |
Worldwide, 2 billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 360 million have chronic infection, and 600,000 die each year from HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, accounting for 1 million deaths annually. Knowledge of the intricacies of viral infection and of the molecular biology of this fascinating virus has led to the successful development of a vaccine and to treatment, sometimes capable of eradicating chronic infection. HBV is a DNA virus classified in the virus family Hepadnaviridae. Humans are the only known natural host. HBV enters the liver via the bloodstream, and replication occurs only in liver tissue. The intact, infectious virus is 42-47 nm in diameter and circulates in the blood in concentrations as high as 108 virions per ml. The prevalence of HBV infection is 5-10% in Southeast Asia and 1% in North Europe and America. The prevalence in India is somewhere between 3 and 4% of the population and HBV is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV. HBV can be transmitted vertically, through sexual or household contact, or by unsafe injections, but chronic infections acquired during infancy or childhood account for a disproportionately large share of worldwide morbidity and mortality. HBV infections in dental professionals have been reported to be higher than in the general populations among Caucasian population in the west, Australia, New Zealand and in Asia where the disease is endemic. The majority of the infections are subclinical, so approximately 80% of all HBV infections are undiagnosed. Like other healthcare workers, dentists are at an increased risk of exposure to HBV infection. Studies have shown that risk of exposure for general dentists is about three to four times greater, and for non-immunized surgical specialists about six times greater than that of general population. , The present study was designed to determine the knowledge and awareness of transmission of HBV, among the undergraduate students of Rural Dental College, located in a rural area in central part of Maharashtra, India.
| Materials and Methods|| |
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among the students of Rural Dental College, Maharashtra, India. One hundred and fifty students randomly sampled and voluntary participated in the study, and the subjects were fully informed about the design and purpose of the study. A written informed consent was obtained from each participant, and anonymity of the participants was maintained throughout the study. The data were collected on a pre-tested structured questionnaire distributed among these students in the classroom, and they were asked to fill the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of questions to assess the knowledge and awareness about transmission of Hepatitis B infection. The statistical tools like Z test of difference between two proportions, mean and standard deviation (SD) values were employed.
| Results|| |
A total of 150 students completed the questionnaire; of these, 66.67% were females and 33.33% were males. The male:female ratio was 1:2; mean age of total respondents was 20.66 years (for males 21.14 years and for females 20.18 years), as shown in [Table 1]. In this study, a significant difference was found in terms of age in years of male and female patients (P < 0.01). After applying Z test for difference between two sample proportions, a significant difference (i.e. P < 0.05) was found in the knowledge of students on Hepatitis B infection for all statements with regard to correct and incorrect answers, as shown in [Table 2]. On an average, 59.23% of the students were correct and 40.67% of the students were incorrect regarding knowledge about HBV. While, after applying Z test for difference between two sample proportions, a significant difference (i.e. P < 0.05) was found in the awareness of transmission of HBV, among the students for all statements with regard to correct and incorrect answers answers. On an average, 81.55% of the students were correct and 18.45% of the students were incorrect regarding their knowledge about transmission of HBV, as shown in [Table 3]; their knowledge was not affected by the year of study in dentistry.
|Table 2 :Results regarding the respondent's knowledge about HBV infection|
Click here to view
|Table 3 :Results regarding the respondent's awareness for transmission of HBV infection|
Click here to view
| Discussion and Conclusion|| |
In the present study, 73% students knew that Hepatitis B is an infectious illness caused by HBV and 94% of the participants believed that the vaccine is administered for protection from infection for 85-90% of individuals. About 88% of the students believed that the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was most frequently used for the screening of the presence of this infection. In general, analysis of students indicates that they have relatively a good level of knowledge about HBV. Regarding awareness of students about the transmission of HBV, the overall average percentage of correct answers was 81.55. About 88% of students knew that transmission of HBV results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Majority (95%) of the participants believed that transmission of HBV results from needle stick injuries, and patients undergoing surgical dental procedures to be investigated for HBV. Majority (94%) of the students knew that Hepatitis B infection is preventable by vaccination. The overall awareness of students is high as per the knowledge regarding knowledge of HBV and awareness about its transmission. Our study showed that 94% of the students were aware of HBV vaccine, which is more when compared with studies conducted among medical and dental interns in Arupadai Veedu Medical College and Mahatma Gandhi Dental College at Pondicherry, India, which showed that 92.9% of the interns were aware of immunization against HBV. But the percentage is less when compared with the Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology at University of Dundee, Dundee, which showed that 99.2% medical and dental students were aware of HBV immunization. This research was conducted among 150 undergraduate students only; therefore one could argue that the findings are not necessarily a generalization of all the undergraduate students' knowledge and awareness about the same. There is an essential need for further education among the students to improve and update their knowledge of Hepatitis B, by conducting well-designed seminars, programs and workshops.
| References|| |
|1.||Shepard CW, Simard EP, Finelli L, Fiore AE, Bell BP. Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and vaccination. Epidemiol Rev 2006;28:112-25. |
|2.||Lee WM. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1733-45. |
|3.||Tirounilacandin P, Krishnaraj S, Chakravarthy K. Hepatitis B infection: Awareness among medical, dental interns in India. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2009;2:33-6. |
|4.||Vadivale M, Tan TC, Ong CN. Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B infection among dental professionals. Singapore Med J 1992;33:367-9. |
|5.||Polakoff S, Tellet HE. Acute viral hepatitis B: laboratory reports 1975-79. B Dent J 1982;284:1881-2. |
|6.||Cottone JA, Molinari JA. Hepatitis B vaccine: an update. J Calif Dent Assoc 1989;17:11-2. |
|7.||Tirounilacandin P, Krishnaraj S, Chakravarthy K. Hepatitis B infection: Awareness among medical, dental interns in India. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2009;2:33-6. |
|8.||Ogden GR, Laszlo J, Sivarajasingam V. Extent of Hepatitis B immunization among dental and medical students. BMJ 1995;311:231. |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
|This article has been cited by|
||Occupational Hepatitis B Exposure: A Peek into Indian Dental Studentsí Knowledge, Opinion, and Preventive Practices
| ||Sandeep Kumar,Debashish Basak,Amit Kumar,Pralhad Dasar,Prashant Mishra,Arunoday Kumar,Siddharth Kumar Singh,Nitai Debnath,Anjali Gupta |
| ||Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2015; 2015: 1 |
|[Pubmed] | [DOI]| | <urn:uuid:8f1dd7d9-8270-4acb-90e2-79bd6c4fda42> | {
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biotechnology company in Massachusetts has created a genetically engineered
organism capable of producing diesel fuel or ethanol, which can be used to run
cars and jet engines.
a Cambridge-based producer of alternative energy technologies that was founded
in 2007, developed a genetically engineered organism called
a cyanobacterium, which uses water, sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce and
secrete renewable fuels.
now, researchers have created fuel from solar energy through the use of corn
and algae. But creating ethanol from corn or extracting fuel from algae on a
large scale can be costly due to biomass. The process consists of having to
grow tons of algae or corn, harvest it and destroy it in order to extract the
fuel, which must then be treated before it can be used.
according to biologist Dan Robertson, Joule Unlimited's top scientist, the
cyanobacterium eliminates biomass from the equation when producing renewable fuels. The organism
is genetically engineered to secrete a "completed product," which is
identical to ethanol or diesel fuel. In addition, it is not destroyed in the
process of producing these fuels, and can continuously create more. The
cyanobacterium used is "found everywhere" and less complex than
algae, making it easier to genetically manipulate.
Unlimited claims that the cyanobacterium can create 15,000 gallons of diesel
full per acre annually. Also, the company says it can do this at $30 a barrel.
The plan is to build facilities close to power plants so
that their cyanobacteria can consume waste carbon dioxide, making the organism
an environmentally friendly addition to the oil industry.
addition, the cyanobacteria are housed in flat, solar panel-like bioreactors
with grooved, thin panels for both light absorption and fuel collection. The
bioreactors are modules that allow for the building of arrays as small or large
"as land allows" at facilities.
make some lofty claims, all of which we believe, all which we've validated, all
of which we've shown to investors," said Joule Chief Executive Bill Sims.
"If we're half right, this revolutionizes the world's largest industry,
which is the oil and gas industry. And if we're right, there's no reason why
this technology can't change the world."
Joule Unlimited seems confident in its new organism, others aren't so sure that
the new fuel-producing cyanobacterium will work. For example, National
Renewable Energy Laboratory scientist Phillip Pienkos calculated the
information from Joule's paper on the study, and said that eliminating the
biomass step creates problems when recovering the fuel. Specifically, it leaves
small amounts of fuel in relatively large amount of water producing a
"sheen." He believes the company will have problems recovering large amounts of fuel efficiently.
think they're trading one set of problems for another," said
Robertson doesn't seem to agree with Pienkos' criticism. In fact, Robertson
described a day in the future when he will own a Ferrari and fill its tank with
Joule fuel. He plans to prove all naysayers wrong when he hits the gas pedal on
his new vehicle, showing how well it runs on Joule's fuel.
wasn't kidding about the Ferrari," said Robertson.
feels the same way about Joule's new organism, suggesting that critics are too
closed-minded and behind the times to accept such technology yet.
always skeptics for breakthrough technologies," said Sims. "And they
can ride home on their horse and use their abacus to calculate their checkbook
Unlimited plans to begin building a 10-acre demonstration facility this year,
and hopes to be operating commercially as soon as two years. | <urn:uuid:55d2cf26-90de-45ae-8e78-ef318fe87378> | {
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Essentials of Business Ethics: Creating an Organization of High Integrity and Superior Performance
With the high-profile corporate scandals that have taken place in recent years, corporate ethics are more important to a business than ever before. The failure of ethical leadership in an organization is very destructive-it demoralizes the workforce, breeds public distrust, and ultimately results in organizational decay.
Based on more than two decades of consulting, teaching, and research, Denis Collins's Essentials of Business Ethics is designed with appreciation for your demanding professional obligations, with easy-to-find, at-your-fingertips information. Its nuts-and-bolts presentation provides you with practical "how-to" examples and best practices on every area of managing ethics inside your organization in a handy, concise format.
This brief yet powerful guide presents executives and leaders with timely discussion on:
Human nature and unethical behavior in organizations
Determining the ethics of job candidates
The differences between a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct
The best practices for managing diversity
Using Management-by-Objectives to establish work goals that encourage ethical behavior
Performance appraisals that reward ethical behaviors
Aligning community outreach with the company's mission and assets
Handling the environmental change process
How to manage three internal communication mechanisms for employees to report potentially unethical or illegal behaviors: an Ethics & Compliance Office, Ombudsman, and Ethics Hotlines
Providing a five-step ethics job-screen process and an ethical decision-making framework, as well as guidelines for conducting a variety of business ethics workshops, Essentials of Business Ethics is the only guide you will need containing all the relevant facts on business ethics, all in one place.
About the Web Site.
PART 1 Background.
1 Human Nature and Unethical Behavior in Organizations.
Daily Occurrence of Ethical Dilemmas.
Competitive Advantages of Ethical Organizations.
Managing Morally Imperfect People.
What Is the Extent of Unethical Behaviors at Work?
What Types of Organizations and Operational Areas Have Ethical Problems?
Why Do Good People Behave Unethically?
What Are the Costs of Unethical Behaviors?
What Is Human Nature?
2 The Ethical Foundation of Capitalism and the Optimal Ethics Systems Model.
Adam Smith’s Capitalism and Business Ethics.
Federal Sentencing Guidelines.
The Optimal Ethics Systems Model.
PART 2 Getting Everyone on Board.
3 Hiring Ethical People.
The Five-Step Ethics Job Screen Process.
4 Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct.
Difference Between a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct.
Importance of Code Expectations and Awareness.
Prevalence of Codes of Ethics and Conduct.
Code of Ethics Content.
Code of Conduct Content.
Annual Code of Ethics Assessment.
5 Ethical Decision-Making Framework.
Rotary International’s Four-Way Test.
Raytheon’s Ethics Quick Test.
The Ethics Decision-Making Framework.
The Five Ethical Theories.
Ten "Ethical Hazard Approaching" Signs.
6 Ethics Training.
Extent of Ethics Training.
Who to Train.
Web-Based Ethics Training.
Facilitating an Ethics Discussion.
Ethics Training Options.
Assessing the Ethics Training Workshops.
7 Respecting Employee Diversity.
Competitive Advantages of Diversity Management.
Four Layers of Diversity.
Implementing a Diversity Initiative.
Best Operational Practices for Managing Diversity.
Diversity Training Problems and Solutions.
Diversity Discussion Guidelines.
Diversity Training Exercises.
PART 3 Daily Internal Operations.
8 Ethics Reporting Systems.
Undesirable Employee Reactions to Ethical Issues.
Ethics & Compliance Officer (ECO).
9 Ethical Leadership, Work Goals, and Performance Appraisals.
Managers as Ethical Role Models.
Great Place to Work® Dimensions.
Virtues and Leadership Practices.
Collection and Evaluation Issues.
Performance Appraisal Feedback.
Disciplining Work Rule Violations.
10 Empowering Ethical Employees.
Go-Getters, Fence-Sitters, and Adversarials.
Systematic Team Problem-Solving Process.
Connecting Employees to the Mission—Appreciative Inquiry.
Daily Performance Reflections.
Scanlon-Type Gainsharing Plans.
Open Book Management.
Employee Stock Option Plans (ESOPs).
PART 4 Being a Good Citizen.
11 Environmental Management.
Competitive Advantages of Being Eco-Friendly.
Managing the Environmental Change Process.
Environmental Management System (EMS).
Environmental Risk Assessment.
The Natural Step (TNS) Framework and Cost Reductions.
Product Packaging and Design.
Environmental Performance Indicators.
12 Community Outreach and Respect.
Business Case for Community Involvement.
What to Give.
Giving to Whom?
Team Building and Project Management Training Opportunities.
Community Involvement Management Process.
Community Reputation Assessment.
Social Performance Reporting.
"Essentials of Business Ethics, adheres to the notion that ethics can be taught, that ethics can always be improved, and that in business it is crucial for leaders to set a strong example. This book aims to help all those involved in the ethics process, beginning with business owners and managers and including ethics and compliance officers, as well as ombudsmen who guide employees. The how-to format of the book makes it an easy-to-use resource." (The CPA Journal, March 2010)
"Full of practical examples for managing ethics, this brief book offers critical advice on issues ranging from ethical decision making and ethics training to environmental management and community outreach. A great "nuts and bolts" overview." (climatechangecorp.com, 2009)
"Full of practical examples...A great "nuts and bolts" overview."(Ethical Corporation Magazine, March 2009) | <urn:uuid:b41c3d0f-5b45-44e9-be78-48a441042cf0> | {
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A play rife with poignant linguistic and political messages still relevant 35 years past its first performance, “Translations” confronts serious topics in a gentle and easily enjoyable way. The play, by Irish playwright Brian Friel, focuses on themes such as language, imperialism, domination and resistance. This production of the play is in part a commemoration of Friel, who passed away this past October.
“It’s about the vividness of people, of characters and how they respond to traumatic events in their lives and how they go on in a lot of ways,” said director Professor Lesley Delmenico, Theatre and Dance.
The play takes place in 1833 at a hedge school in the fictional town of Baile Beag, Ireland. The play expounds on the struggle between England and Ireland after the United Irish Rising of 1798 and subsequent English crackdown on Irish independence.
Nolan Boggess ’19, who is making his Grinnell theatre debut, said the play’s theme of language raises up the value of the individual.
“[Translations] sends a very important message of the ability to name things,” Boggess said. “It tells [of] the power to name yourself and the power an individual has to change the world.”
The events of the play take place during the time when England was attempting to impose itself on Ireland following Ireland’s entrance into the fold of Great Britain.
“It’s certainly analogous to things that are playing out now and have ever since 1834 and have long before that,” Delmenico said.
The motifs of economic colonialism and cultural imperialism are strong throughout the play.
“It’s a beautifully written play,” said Vedika Haralalka ’18. “Friel is a genius. There is so much double meaning and so many metaphors [to current events].”
Aside from the linguistic and political commentary of “Translations,” the play is characterized by the depth and complexity of its characters.
Jimmy Jack, played by Ian Saderholm ’14, now a Post-Baccalaureate Fellow for the Theatre & Dance Department, is an older, somewhat “kooky” character but with a depth of loneliness and insecurity pushing and pulling at him from inside.
“Friel writes his characters to be so … alive,” Saderholm said. “Every character has something that they want at all times, every character is fully formed. No matter how long they are on stage … you still have a fully formed character.”
Sara Ashbaugh ’18 said that part of the strength of the play comes from the characters’ connections with the events.
“The play is powerful in the way that it portrays some very emotional events, and it’s that emotional connection to characters that makes the play come alive and makes it a unique experience,” she said.
This production the play is notable for its expansive set piece. From the two-story barn reaching almost to the top of Flanagan Theater to the low, crumbling stone walls to the hanging tree boughs, the scenery merges to create an immersive experience, transporting the audience far from Grinnell to the rural countryside of 19th century Ireland.
“The [play] is sad, it’s funny, it’s poignant, it’s happy, it’s got a little bit of everything but also just enough of everything,” Saderholm said.
“Translations” will run Thursday, Nov. 19, Friday, Nov. 20, and Saturday, Nov. 21, at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday, Nov. 22, at 2 p.m. in Flanagan Theatre. Tickets are available for free at the Box Office. | <urn:uuid:b004c13e-dd7a-4959-abe9-3cbc00cb2e68> | {
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French Broad Steamboat Company
Although steamboats operated mainly in coastal North Carolina, they were used for a short time on the French Broad River, high in the mountains. On 3 Feb. 1881 the General Assembly granted a charter to the French Broad Steamboat Company, empowering it to operate a steamboat "on the French Broad River and any of its tributaries within the counties of Transylvania, Henderson and Buncombe." The president and guiding force of the company was Hendersonville attorney Col. S. V. Pickens, who granted the contract to build a steamboat to Thomas W. Godwin & Company of Norfolk. The contractors sent an experienced boatbuilder to Hendersonville to superintend construction of the new boat, which was to be named the Mountain Lily.
The Mountain Lily was a side-wheeler, powered by two 12-horsepower engines. One account gives its dimensions as "55 feet long and 18 feet wide," with a "draft of more than three feet"; other sources give the boat's draft as 18 inches when loaded. Its capacity was said to be 100 passengers. Congressman Robert B. Vance, meanwhile, was able to get an appropriation to blast out rocks and shoals in the river and construct jetties to narrow the channel and deepen the water level.
The owners dreamed of running their boat from a point near Hendersonville to Brevard and even to Asheville. Residents of the area were proud of the little steamboat, claiming that it was "the highest boat line in the world," as it operated at an altitude of 2,200 feet.
The Mountain Lily was running by the summer of 1881. The river level was reportedly the lowest it had been in 25 years, though, and its trips were mainly short excursions. The army engineers working on the river began building jetties, but heavy rains that year clogged the jetties and much of the channel with sand and mud. The Mountain Lily was left stranded on a sandbar at King's Bridge and was finally abandoned. In 1885 a Captain Farmer reportedly built two small steamboats that were powered by the Mountain Lily's engines. These unprofitable boats were also abandoned, and with them went the dream of steamboat service on the French Broad. The remains of the Mountain Lily could be seen in the river as late as the 1930s.
Sadie S. Patton, "Steamboat Trips in the Mountains," The State (18 May 1940).
"Steamboat Once Popular on French Broad River," Raleigh News and Observer, 18 May 1940.
Act to incorportate the French Broach Steamboat Company: http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm4
"The Mountain Lilly, Hendersonville, N.C.."c.1880's - 1920's ; Hendersonville, NC Image courtesy of Jody Barber Photographic Collection, D.H. Ramsey Library Special Collections, UNC Asheville. Available from http://toto.lib.unca.edu/findingaids/photo/barber/pages/lily_riverboat.html (accessed July 3, 2012).
1 January 2006 | Norris, David A. | <urn:uuid:78ee0ab5-f4dd-4689-a2ea-27ea31ffc6e6> | {
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Another challenges for larger plants living in water are the properties of water that result in light being selectively absorbed with depth. As light penetrates water certain colours are absorbed. The blades of kelp plants are like leaves on trees and contain the pigments that allow them to absorb sunlight and convert it into sugars through photosynthesis. The different colours of algae are due to the presence of different pigments that allow these plants to absorb different parts of the light spectrum that penetrates through the water.
In addition to the holdfast and blades, kelps also have stem like structures known as stipes for both support the blades as well as make food. In some species gas filled vesicles, or bladders, provide uplift for the blades and stipes and keep the plants up in the water columns allowing them to gain greater access to light.
Kelps are representatives of one three main groups of larger algae, each group being distinguished by their colour. The three main groups of larger marine algae are
- Red algae (Rhodophyta) - often found growing under kelp forests or in low light conditions
- Green algae (Chlorophyta) - often found in shallow waters such as the tops of reefs or rockpools
- Brown algae (Phaeophyta) - the group that includes kelps as well as a large number of smaller species found on rocky shores.
Plants from each of these groups may be found almost everywhere along the coast where rocky outcrops or reefs occur, where there is a suitable substrate on which the seaweeds are able to grow.
Marine algae have a complex life cycle that involves often two quite distinct phases, one of which is microscopic. Algae do not have flowers and reproduce by releasing eggs and sperm into the water where fertilisation occurs. In some species these fertilised eggs attach to a rocky substrate and begin to grow, whereas in others they form a separate plant that in turn produces spores that colonise bare rocks. | <urn:uuid:f191e255-d25e-4a4d-8df4-95a6ce65e8cd> | {
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I followed a tutorial to install Hudson server. In the tutorial was the following Linux command (
hudson is a username in Ubuntu):
sudo -Hiu hudson
sudo -Hiu for? What happens after I execute this command?
migrated from stackoverflow.com May 9 '12 at 11:27
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
You can type
Hit k/j to scroll up and down.
Hit q to quit.
The -Hiu flag is a combination of the -H, -i, and -u options. Straight out of "man sudo":
So what does all this mean? The first useful option is -u, which causes the command (in this case, the shell) to run as user hudson rather than as user root. The -H option makes the home directory equal to hudon's home directory for the duration of the command, and the -i option says to simulate initial login (e.g. source dotfiles) for user hudson. Taken together, these mean: make the command run under user hudson. Since the command in this case is the shell, this means to open a shell as user hudson, just as if you had logged in as user hudson directly.
As a side note: don't use sudo unless you know which command you're running. If you aren't careful, sudo gives you many more opportunities to mess up your system configuration than you have otherwise. That's not to say that you can't fix it, but taking 5 minutes to read the man pages can save hours of fixing problems later. | <urn:uuid:c4fb59bd-4629-45c1-92ae-e7fe6aea529b> | {
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INJECTION IN THE INSERT QUERY
INJECTION IN HEADERS
In the earlier parts of the series we looked at the GET and POST based injections and dived into details on error based SQL Injections (string type, Integer type), Double Query injections error based, Blind injections (Boolean based and Time based) or use the outfile/dumpfile to dump the info in text files . In this part we would look at the injections in the Insert Query. For this we would look at the Less-17.
A general update query looks like
INSERT INTO table (col1,col2, col3) values (val1,val2, val3);
For the purpose of the lab, we would be using the Less-18 and Less-19. These are different Lessons as the injection is in the insert Query and that to in header fields. The Less-18 talks about the injection in the "useragent" field and the Less-19 talks about the injection in the "referrer" field.
"Less-18 - INJECTION IN THE USERAGENT FIELD"
"Less-19 - INJECTION IN THE REFER FIELD."
For the purpose of fuzzing these input points we need to write a script or use interceptor proxies like Tamper data (add on for Firefox), Burp suite, Fiddler, Zap, or any other tool which allows you to modify the headers on the fly.
These sort of injections where the Header fields are being inserted into the database, our focus is to check if the data can be extracted from it is certain way. Well blind is always an option and we can use Boolean or time based injections. The process works but is overall slow.
In cases where MySQL errors are displayed by the application, this can be used to dump the values efficiently and with much lesser number of queries as compared to Blind based. The logic of Double query injections is used to dump the info.
For more details and basics of the double query injections watch the other parts of the series.
the complete list can viewed here http://www.securitytube.net/user/Audi or directly watched on youtube at http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiOdrhE67CR8lM0z2-_fe-A/videos | <urn:uuid:70bc2b96-1dbe-4a6f-8671-73874e9b8ca5> | {
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Because Thanksgiving has past, it is a time to reflect on your blessings, such as family, parents, children, business opportunities, food, shelter, safety, our service men and women, law enforcement, first responders, hospital personnel, faith, freedom to practice our religion or say what we wish, and more. But, have you considered thanking God for music?
Music is such a part of life that most people take it for granite. However, music does so much for our society that it shouldn’t be ignored. Here are some ways music has shaped our lives and why we need to be thankful for it.
- It has been well-documented in medical journals how music helps patients in a number of areas. For example, recent research has shown that music is helping Alzheimer patients fend off the disease. One caregiver reported that when her mother started heading into the Sundowning phase at night, she would play her mother’s favorite music, which would ease her anxiety and help her transition to night time. Her mother didn’t always remember that the music was her favorite, but some part of her body recognized it and calmed down. Colleges now offer a music therapy course that combines music with medical training. The therapy is used for babies through geriatric conditions and everything in between. It helps autistic children and others who seem to be in their own world. Music also helps depressed patients.
- Playing music to babies while they sleep has been proven to increase their intelligence and learning abilities as they get older. Music also teaches them a number of tough concepts. Many mnemonic devices involve putting something to music to help people remember the concepts, especially if they are confusing. Music helps people grasp tough ideas and remember them for tests and beyond. The more music is played in a background the more people absorb what they are reading or studying.
- Economics. It’s no accident that stores play music while you shop. You might not like what you hear, but studies show that the music keeps people in the store and buying. Marketers have figured out exactly what music works best to entice people to spend more on their products. At Christmastime, the stores will play nonstop Christmas music even if you don’t celebrate Christmas. However, visit a store in July, you will hear soft music playing in the background. The retailers pick music that is soft and soothing. They won’t play harsh music unless they want you to buy something related to that type of music. Regardless of the time of year, music plays an important role in our economy. Even real estate agents suggest you play classical music during a home showing to help people embrace your home more and want to purchase it. Car dealers also play music while you test-drive a car.
- Joy. Music reaches down into your soul. It doesn’t matter what type of music you like. Just listening to the music brings joy to your heart. Have you noticed on the street, you will hear a number of different radio stations in every car that passes. That’s because people love playing music in their car. It relaxes them while they are driving, especially if you are stuck in traffic or in a stressful problem on the road. The joy you feel helps you get through the stressful drive.
- Personal Development. Music is necessary if you want to transcend your existence into a better you. Certain songs and lyrics speak to your worries, fears and problems. If you pay attention to what the music is trying to tell you, you will improve your life. Your fears will disappear. Breakthrough Performance Workshop uses singing to help people break the barriers holding them back. They grow as a result. The company takes you on a two-month musical journey that transforms you. It ends with a concert on stage.
- Recording History. Since the dawn of time, music has been a way to pass down the stories the ancestors wanted you to know. Before computers, history was recorded through music and stories.
- Fighting for Freedom. Throughout history, Americans used music to fight for freedom. During the Revolutionary War, the colonials had the fife and drum corps play music to promote freedom from British tyranny. In the Civil War, the slaves used music to help them get through the long days of working in the plantation fields. The songs became a way to fight for their freedom. When Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. pushed for civil rights, he did it with music and spirituals.
As you can see, music is a strong part of our lives. You should be thankful for all that it does to help you. | <urn:uuid:285c46ea-0313-4c6e-aa71-002677c8a249> | {
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Study identifies belief that could be crucial to inspiring healthy eating and weight loss
People who believe they have control of their weight — and they were not ‘born fat’ — eat more healthily, a new study finds.
Believing that DNA does not totally determine weight is also linked to higher personal well-being. The authors of the study, published in the journal Health Education & Behavior, explain:
“If an individual believes weight to be outside of the influence of diet and exercise, she or he may engage in more behaviors that are rewarding in the short term, such as eating unhealthful foods and avoiding exercise, rather than healthful behaviors with more long-term benefits for weight management.
By fighting the perception that weight is unchangeable, health care providers may be able to increase healthful behaviors among their patients.” (Parent & Alquist, 2015)
The study of almost 10,000 people found that with age, believing you are in control of your weight was linked to more healthy eating behaviour.
People who felt in control took more notice of nutrition labels on food and were more likely to have fruit and vegetables at home.
They were also less likely to eat frozen meals, unhealthy restaurant food and ‘ready-to-eat’ foods. People who thought their weight was controllable also took more exercise and had higher well-being. The study found little difference between men and women:
“Although previous research has found gender differences in weight as a motivation for exercise and healthful eating, we did not find evidence that gender affected the relationship between health beliefs and physical activity or healthful eating.
However, we found evidence that the relationship between belief in weight changeability and exercise, healthful eating, and unhealthful eating differs by age.” | <urn:uuid:b1745fec-d51f-45c3-8c62-59df0dd4abfd> | {
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More than two thirds of Americans surveyed in a recent Rasmussen poll say that they believe election rules are "rigged" to ensure that incumbents are victorious.
Some 68 percent of respondents in the new Rasmussen survey say the high retention rate in Congress is because lawmakers are able to exploit favorable election rules, not because they do a good job representing their constituents.
And 48 percent of likely voters believe that American elections are not fair to voters — the highest percentage since 2004. By contrast, 39 percent of voters say elections are fair. Of the likely voters surveyed, 14 percent say they’re not sure.
The poll consisted of a survey of 1,000 likely voters who were asked a variety of questions about their perceptions of election fairness.
Since 2012, roughly nine out of 10 incumbents seeking election in the House and Senate were reelected. The presidency has even better odds--an incumbent has only been defeated four times in the last century.
A definite advantage that incumbents have over challengers is that oftentimes they do not have to campaign through a primary election. A primary exposes the flaws of all candidates--including the eventual party nominee. That, coupled with the name recognition of the incumbent, is a definite disadvantage for any challenger.
What reforms should happen to ensure a "fairer" election? | <urn:uuid:50cc21ab-15ed-405f-ba05-989754d91e2a> | {
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Thanks to Robinsons Fruitshoot for sponsoring this post and inspiring me to share
healthy & earth-friendly ways for packing kids’ lunches!
Packing Kids’ Lunches
Packing healthy lunches for kids is a popular topic all year ’round, whether it’s for school, summer camp, field trips or just a trip to the park. With Earth Day coming up in April, it’s a good reminder to do what we can to preserve the environment, by recycling, reusing, and reducing our waste. When you can pack a healthy lunch and keep some environmentally-friendly tips in mind, you’ll be teaching your children the value of their own little body’s health as well as the health of the planet.
Here are 5 tips on packing kids’ lunches, in a healthy and earth-friendly way:
1. Taste the rainbow
… and no, that doesn’t mean brightly colored candies! Choose vibrant colors of fruits, vegetables and grains that will interest and engage kids, with a healthy dose of vitamins and antioxidants. Some ideas that my kids love:
- Blueberries or blackberries
- Red grapes (instead of boring white grapes!)
- Cucumber (leave the peel on for even higher nutrient content than the flesh!)
- Cherry or grape tomatoes
- Red, green, orange or yellow peppers
- And what my kids won’t eat, but some will: fresh pea pods, or even the baked variety for a chip-like salty taste
2. Skip the high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
While I would be a hypocrite to say I follow this guideline 100% of the time (I have my faves I won’t budge from – I’m human!), I do try to choose products that contain no high fructose corn syrup, such as bread and cereal, canned fruits, and fruit juice.
3. Green your lunch routine
Try to use products that are eco-friendly instead of plastic disposable bags, such as reusable containers (look for BPA-free plastics), and reusable sandwich bags (I like this one that doubles as a placemat, above). If your kids’ lunchboxes are not filthy beyond repair, try to reuse them an extra year before buying a new one.
4. Keep cold foods cold, and hot foods hot
Not only will foods taste as they’re meant to, but it’s a health hazard not to! Make sure to pack an ice pack for cold lunches (there are even fun ones for kids), and use a stainless steel food container to keep soups, pastas and other hot foods hot.
Remember especially in warm weather and when kids are active with sports, it is important to hydrate! Water is 0 calories, 0 added sugar, 0 HFCS and so necessary for your body. It’s the single most important drink we should all be consuming! But kids are kids – and when yours want something more flavorful (ok – sweet!), a fruit juice like new Fruitshoot with no HFCS and options with no added sugar, will help quench their thirst and satisfy their fruity cravings!
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
What tips do you have on packing a healthy lunch?
How do you teach your kids to be earth-friendly?
You may also like:
You can find Fruitshoot mostly in the South, Southeast and Midwest, and hopefully across the country soon. There are 4 flavors: Apple, Orange, Strawberry/Raspberry and Berry Burst. Regular and no-added-sugar options are available. Fruitshoot has a no-spill cap which I totally dig. Plus it has no HFCS and is made from real fruit juice. | <urn:uuid:92c625c7-63af-4930-992d-aa9dfbeca007> | {
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It is a challenge for all park agencies to balance recreational use with resource protection. In order to meet that challenge, Santa Clara County Parks embarked on an evaluation of all of its trail systems within its 28 parks, and recommends specific limitations of use during wet and sensitive times of the year. Most restrictions are based on winter use of trails, as this type of use will lead to trail erosion, the creation of unwanted trails and wildlife habitat impacts. Other closures are based on impacts to threatened or endangered species or new trail construction. The evaluation process also recognized the many trails that will remain open year-round for specific recreational uses. Find here
a list of park trails open year-round and those with limited access.
There are three forms of limited trail access the department will be implementing this year:
- Temporary Closure: Due to wet conditions, certain trails will be closed temporarily to equestrian and mountain bike use. The trails will be evaluated daily, so they can be reopened as soon as possible.
- Seasonal Closures: Defined as a trail closure to all user types (including pedestrians) and usually of a longer duration, for a set period of time, and reoccurring, due to geographic location, topographical features and soil types (e.g., trails that remain wet for a long period of time because they are under a tree canopy). Seasonal Closures are based on safe trail access balanced with resource protection.
- Construction Closures: Following initial construction of new County Park trails, the newly constructed trail(s) will be closed for the first winter after construction until June 1st. The trail system is closed for this extended period to allow the trail to settle, compact and accumulate vegetation (new growth and accumulation of duff). Closing new trails for the first winter after construction is a smart management practice designed to provide a better and more stable trail system in the long-term and to meet our obligations to protect water quality and wildlife habitat.
Park staff will evaluate closed trails daily, so they can be reopened as quickly as possible.
If you're heading out for a hike, we recommend you call ahead for current trail conditions, especially during the winter months when trail closures are more widespread. For the most up to date information regarding trail closures, call the Santa Clara County Park Trails Information Line at (408)-355-2200, and press 7 for current trail conditions and closures. | <urn:uuid:642beab4-1b0e-4585-b969-3ca6eb655013> | {
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Four years ago when Barack Obama was running for president, he promised to lead with a radically different philosophy than former President George W. Bush. Obama gave speeches in Europe and the Middle East pledging a new approach to foreign policy. His campaign events in the United States drew huge crowds and inspired a movement of young people who were looking for a change after eight years of the Bush administration.
Obama vowed to close the prison at Guantanamo Bay, ease relations with Cuba, and overhaul the nation’s health care and education systems. In 2009, the President was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, a move inspired by his perceived power to direct America and the world towards a more peaceful future. Above all, he promised a more bipartisan political climate and a focus on reasoned debate as a policy-making tool. Obama has certainly fulfilled some of these goals and expectations, but in other areas he has changed gears completely.
One of Obama’s first moves upon taking office was to start the process that would eventually close the controversial detention center at Guantanamo Bay. However, the move met with resistance from members of Congress. Despite relocating dozens of detainees in only a few months, the administration quietly backed away from its stance on Guantanamo. In August 2010, only months after Obama took office, military trials resumed for the detainees there. In early 2011, Obama gave up plans to prosecute Khalid Sheik Mohamed in a federal court– “a decision that would mark the effective abandonment of the president’s promise to close” Gitmo, according to the Washington Post.
Some say the administration let its Guantanamo agenda slide in favor of health care reform. And despite the fact that the President eventually managed to push that reform through, it was at the cost of a large amount of political capital. The debate over the bill pitted Republicans and Democrats against each other and gave Republicans the momentum they needed to retake the House in 2010. Passing the health care bill is one of the President’s biggest achievements, but it may not stand the test of time. Last month, the Supreme Court heard arguments on the constitutionality of the bill. Several justices–even moderates like Anthony Kennedy–seemed very skeptical of the law.
Those struggles, along with Obama’s endeavor in 2009 to make decisions regarding the Afghan war and the maddening budget debate last summer, have painted a picture of a president unwilling to take a firm stance, even when it means sacrificing his political agenda.
Perhaps in an effort to live up to his promise of fostering bipartisan cooperation, Obama has avoided using a strong executive role in his dealings with Congress. Far from actually encouraging bipartisan cooperation, however, this has made the President appear weak and indecisive. While Republican politicians have taken the 2010 election results as a mandate to fight the White House’s agenda on every front, the White House itself has at times seemed uncertain of how to accomplish its own goals.
Obama has recently taken some steps to combat this image. When changes to President Bush’s unpopular No Child Left Behind program were too slow in coming for the administration’s liking, Obama announced last week that the government would no longer enforce certain portions of the law. Going forward, schools will be able to create their own “accountability and improvement systems,” according to The New York Times.
Another striking difference between the Obama for which many people thought they were voting and the Obama in office today is his relationship with defense. The war in Afghanistan rolled past the decade mark in October, but despite a troop drawdown following a surge, the war seems no closer to ending. Obama and the State Department are currently playing a game of chicken with Iran over that state’s nuclear ambitions. Obama has recently said that he would accept a program in Iran that would allow nuclear power but not weapons. Though it seems unlikely, there is still some concern that the United States could become involved in yet another land war in Asia. Even if the outcome of this confrontation is peaceful, it is hard to imagine the Nobel committee is happy with the outcome of their 2009 choice.
With an election year looming and a less than exuberant four years behind him, it is not hard to imagine that Obama is rethinking the strategies that led him through his first term. The tendency to sit back and allow decisions to be made slowly by others is certainly a change from George “The Decider” Bush, but it is not necessarily an improvement. If Obama wants to win a second term, he needs to make good on the leadership style that was advertised to voters in 2008. Using his charisma and intelligence to run the executive branch while reaching for a more rational, less reactionary foreign policy agenda would reassure voters and–as a bonus–might even make the country stronger. | <urn:uuid:cb85270a-d957-4c13-ba6a-e5fb4132458b> | {
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Researchers at the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich (LMU Munich) in Germany have been testing the existence of quantum entanglement for several years, and scientists theorize these Bell tests could prove vital to the function of future quantum technologies.
For example, an in-development quantum system from Google employs entangled particles to conduct computing tasks. Quantum computers could run certain algorithms much faster because entangled particles can store and use exponentially more data than regular computer bits.
The difficulty of controlling entangled particles means engineers can use Bell tests to confirm entanglement. "It's an elementary test that can show that your quantum logic gate works," says LMU Munich's Harald Weinfurter.
The University of Toronto's Aephraim Steinberg also thinks Bell tests could contribute to data security, as they could be used to detect attempts to hack a cryptographic key encoded in entangled quantum particles, as well as identifying defects in the key itself.
View Full Article
Abstracts Copyright © 2017 Information Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Numerically speaking, birds head the list of game animals. They are also the most popular target of sport hunters. The proliferation of books on game birds (36, 67, 146, 232, 336, 383, 433) attests to their interest and importance. The range of birds considered as game species varies regionally in accordance with the faunal composition, traditional patterns of use and types of users. The main game birds are the tinamous, ducks, Gallinaceae and pigeons.
Tinamous (Order Tinamiformes, Family Tinamidae), for whom Blake (59) lists 46 species, are medium-sized ground-dwellers 20-48 cm long, endemic to the neotropics, widely distributed and highly prized as food. Members of the Tinamus, Crypturellus and Nothocercus genera mainly inhabit tropical forest regions from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Deforestation has a major impact on these forest-dwelling, sedentary animals. They are mainly hunted by subsistence hunters, who lure them by imitating their calls.
The other genera, Rhynconotus, Nothoprocta, Nothura, Eudromia and Tinamotis, are found south of the equator in open and non-tropical habitats - grasslands, brush, and dry or mountain areas. They are among the main game birds in southern South America (Table 20), particularly the "perdices" or tinamous (Nothura maculata. N. darwinii) in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil and Nothoprocta perdicaria in Chile (146, 329).
The Gallinaceae (Order Galliformes) are represented by three families in Latin America: the Cracidae, to which curassows, guans and chachalacas belong, the Phasianidae, or partridge family, and Meleagrididae (turkeys). The Cracidae, due to their special importance, are dealt with in a separate section (3.6).
Neotropical quail or partridges (24 species (59) plus some additional ones from northern Mexico (336)) are medium-sized birds, 16-36 cm total length, weighing 115-465 g, gregarious, ground-dwelling and granivorous. They are found in a wide variety of habitats with the greatest diversity in Central America and Mexico. The most widely-distributed species in Latin America belong to the genus Colinus, including four open habitat species ranging from the United States to Colombia, Venezuela and Guianas, and the genus Odontophorus with 14 wooded habitat species ranging from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. Their relative abundance even in modified environments, the quality of their meat and their lure as game birds make them very attractive to sport hunters. The fact that most species are quite small dampens the attraction for subsistence hunters. Turkeys (Meleagris, Agriocharis) are the most corpulent game birds in Latin America. Restricted to Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, the males can weigh as much as 7.5 kg and their flavourful and abundant meat is in great demand (336).
Latin America is home to some 60 species of pigeons (Order Columbiformes, Family Columbidae) (336, 351, 383), including several valuable game species and others too small to be hunted. These swift and steady flyers include species of vast distribution and/or migratory species.
Pigeons belonging to the genus Columa are larger (28-38 cm long, 150-380 g in weight) and are considered major game birds. Examples are C. fasciata in Costa Rica (381) and Panama (383), C. corensis and C. squamosa in Curaçao (Bakhuis, pers. com.), C. cayannensis in Venezuela (238) and C. picazuro in the Southern Cone countries (Table 19).
Wood pigeons of the genus Zenaida are probably even more intensively hunted, despite their small size (90-140 g). Zenaida asiatica is Mexico's most hunted bird (270, 336, 410); the population was estimated in 1981 at 12 million and the legal kill at 1.67 million (388). This species, also very important in Central America, is found all along the Pacific slope down to Chile. Zenaida macroura, and especially the migratory flocks from the north, is heavily hunted in Mexico and Central America (336, 383, 519). Zenaida auriculata is widely distributed throughout South America and is a major game species in various countries. Zenaida asiatica and Z. auriculata are highly gregarious, often nesting in myriad colonies. Agricultural activities can benefit the species, which can behave as pests (84, 178, 350, 410, 418). They are prolific, partially migratory and tolerate high rates of extraction (336). Other game doves are Leptotila and Geotrygon. Their swift flight, abundance in open areas and accessibility to hunters make pigeons singularly important in sport hunting, and commercial hunting is also practised in nesting colonies (84, 350, 536).
Bird groups other than the traditional game birds described above may be important regionally, particularly for subsistence hunters. In southern South America, greater and lesser rheas (Rhea americana, Pterocnemia pennata (Rheiformes) are hunted for their leather and feathers and because they are considered farm pests (351, 362, 452, 473). Cormorants (Phalacrocorax olivaceus (Pelecaniformes)), sometimes hunted for food, are listed as game animals in Suriname (566). Various kinds of herons are also hunted (Ciconiformes, Ardeidae), as are storks (Ciconiidae) and ibises (Threskiornithidae), but only in Trinidad and Tobago (584) and in Guyana (209) are they officially listed as game birds. In the llanos region, the bigger chicks of Mycteria americana are often eaten (Ojasti, pers. obs.).
The Order of Gruiformes includes several game species: the sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) in Mexico, the rails (Aramides, five species), and coots or moorhens (Fulica, Gallinula), which are important game birds in wetland habitats in various countries (67, 146, 165, 212, 318); Psophia (three species), found in the Amazon forest underbrush, and one of the preferred forest subsistence game birds (Tables 4 and 8).
The well-populated Order of Charadriformes are considered game species (67, 146, 336, 584), but the demand seems fairly muted excepting for snipe (Gallinago spp.), preferred by some sport hunters (67, 238, 261, 336). The category of subsistence hunting also includes macaws (Ara), parrots (Amazona) (Psittaciformes, Psittacidae), and toucans (Piciformes, Ramphastidae: Tables 4 and 8). These are officially listed as game birds in Trinidad (584) and Suriname (566). They are also much in demand as pets and large numbers are exported. | <urn:uuid:10b4ab5c-8f5f-4af5-9847-eb2c091475a7> | {
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On July 22, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released a biological opinion intended to improve habitat restoration and species conservation in Everglades National Park. In particular, the opinion focuses on improving nesting habitat for the endangered Cape Sable seaside sparrow.
The Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) is one of eight remaining subspecies of seaside sparrows. As a ground nesting species, the Cape Sable seaside sparrow requires long periods of consecutive dry days in which to nest and fledge their young. If conditions are too wet, the nests flood and the young do not survive.
According to the biological opinion, conditions in the Everglades have been too wet in recent years to accommodate successful breeding by the sparrow. Many factors, such as vegetation changes, natural disasters, and human management, have altered seasonal water patterns in areas where the sparrow was previously found in abundance. This change in the Everglades hydroperiod has resulted in decreased reproductive success for this endangered bird.
To make matters worse, an exceptionally wet winter has resulted in nearly 1,000 less sparrow nests this year as compared to 2015. As an endangered species, this level of reproductive hinderance could have significant adverse impacts to the long-term viability of the population.
As a result, the USFWS opinion mandates that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers alter their implementation of the Everglades Restoration Transition Plan (ERTP). The opinion recommends controlling the direction and level of water flows in areas where the sparrow nests. Altering the direction of water flow and sequestering excess water in separate areas of the park will hopefully prevent water from flooding nests. USFWS hopes this will increase reproductive success and restore the Cape Sable seaside sparrow population.
Changes to ERTP may also positively impact other listed species, including the endangered Everglades snail kite and threatened wood stork. These changes will also promote the park-wide restoration goal of improving directional water flow within the Everglades.
Moreover, many environmentalists praise the opinion’s potential to help combat the harmful algae blooms currently affecting coastal habitats in Florida. By allowing water to follow its natural course through the Everglades, the opinion – and its changes to ERTP – will have the potential to improve water quality at the park and elsewhere in south Florida.
However, there are some concerns about alterations to ERTP. Many of the areas where the opinion aims to redirect water flow are popular hunting grounds. Flooding these areas for an increased period of time may negatively impact the experience that recreational hunters have at Everglades National Park.
USFWS and the Army Corps of Engineers plan to work together to improve water quality and conserve wildlife by implementing changes that speed up restoration efforts at Everglades National Park.
| Jennifer Becar is a policy intern at The Wildlife Society as part of the Government Affairs & Partnership program.
Read more of Jennifer's articles. | <urn:uuid:251deb2a-782e-492c-abcd-132cc21224ec> | {
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The 2030 Agenda is indivisible, we cannot cherry pick the SDGs
The 2030 Agenda is indivisible, we cannot cherry pick the SDGs. UN member states agreed that the SDGs are indivisible and should be implemented in an integrated manner. The SDGs have been framed with a particular consideration for the interconnectedness of People, Planet, Prosperity, Justice and Peace.
Agriculture and food systems interact through a complex range of multi-layered mechanisms with all SDGs. These interactions operate through climate systems, markets and policy, often involving potential trade-offs or managing risks between different SDGs. For example, pulling people out of poverty (SDG1) may go hand in hand with changing food diets with potentially several billions of people eating more meat and dairy products. Research shows that this may put an enormous pressure on global food demands (SDG2) and ecosystems (SDG15). A lack of holistic policy realignment to address these trade-offs would put most of the SDG objectives out of reach. This requires therefore firm and holistic measures such as shaping people’s diet choices (12, part of SDG3), wise use biofuels (SDG7) and reducing food losses and waste (SDG 12). Indeed, a systems perspective on food systems will deliver many co-benefits within and between multiple SDGs that currently remain too often hidden for policy makers. | <urn:uuid:4bf82530-4c70-4ce5-b2a6-b5bb3c283e16> | {
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From the September/October 2013t issue:
This past May 29, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdo?an and President Abdullah Gül came together to dedicate the building of a new bridge to span the Bosporus. Launched on the anniversary of the Ottoman Empire’s conquest of Istanbul, the new bridge was christened after Selim the Grim, the architect of the Ottoman wars against Persia during the 16th century. For observers of Turkey, the namesake certainly seemed suggestive: Selim I is also remembered for smashing the Ottoman Alevis and Shi‘a during the most brutal chapter of the Turkic-Persian wars.
In exalting Turkey’s Ottoman champion against Iran, Turkish leaders may have unwittingly paraphrased contemporary Turkish foreign policy. If nothing else, they called attention to an historical parallel that is increasingly coming into starker relief. Once upon a time, Turkish-Persian rivalry was the defining political contest of the Middle East. Following the retraction of the Mongol armies in the mid-14th century, Ottoman Turks and Safavid Persians—claiming to stand for Sunnis and Shi‘a, respectively—fought incessantly for two centuries over Iraq, the Caucasus and what is today eastern Turkey. It was a contest for geopolitical and economic dominion, for the victor would control the hub of the lucrative global silk trade and production.
Ultimately, these wars cost both empires dearly. They weakened the Ottomans on their western front, where the Turks began to suffer defeat on the battlefield against the Habsburgs. And they drained the coffers of the Safavid dynasty, weakening it internally. So in the end, the Turks and Persians agreed to a political and military truce, entering into the Kasr-? ?irin (Zohab) non-aggression pact of 1639.
The memory of devastating war left such an indelible mark on the collective psyche of both nations that it seemed as though nothing could bring Turks and Iranians into a physical conflict again. Similar to the French and the Germans making peace following World War II, after mauling against each other in debilitating campaigns for a century, Turks and Persians determined never again to fight each other. Turkey’s secularization under Ataturk and Shah Reza Pahlavi’s attempt at secularization in Iran in the 20th century improved ties between the two nations by removing, or at least sharply diminishing, the sectarian leitmotif from their ties. This trend was partly reversed after the 1979 Islamist revolution in Iran, but even as Turkey spearheaded pro-U.S. secular politics, and as Iran morphed into a theocratic anti-American regime, the two sides still managed to avoid direct confrontation.
In more recent times, bilateral ties improved with the rise of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2002. The Iraq War created tensions between Ankara and Washington, giving Iran the perfect opportunity to ingratiate itself with its hitherto aloof neighbor. And Turkey’s AKP seemed ready to advance ties toward an era of unprecedented warmth. Iran helped Turkey combat the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and Ankara came to Tehran’s aid by vetoing a U.S.-sponsored bill at the UN Security Council targeting Iran’s nuclear project. It seemed that Turkey and Iran were ready to buck their historical baggage and become close regional allies.
Then the so-called Arab Spring changed everything. The Levant’s fluid political geography and the re-emergence of sectarian violence in Syria in the wake of Arab upheavals have coaxed Turkey and Iran into a renewed pattern of competition. If history is any guide, the implications of this nascent competition are likely to be profound. If history is to be a guide, however, we have to know something about it.
ttoman-Persian rivalry was the defining conflict of the Middle East for centuries following the collapse of Pax Mongolica. As two empires situated on the periphery of the Arab world, Iran and the Ottomans were primed for collision. The Ottomans became a regional power in 1453, when Sultan Mehmet II conquered Istanbul, connecting the empire’s domains in Europe and Asia. But soon thereafter, a new power arose to the east. Iran’s Shah Ismail, a Turkic warlord from a clan that had previously practiced mystical Sufi Islam with overtones of Turkmen Alevism, took control of the lands of Iran and established the Safavid dynasty in 1501. In a political masterstroke, Ismail proclaimed Shi‘a Islam as the official religion of his empire, and quickly set about the mass conversion of his subjects (Iran had large Sunni populations at the time).
Shah Ismail was bent on expanding his empire at the expense of rival Sunni principalities. Before clashing with the Ottomans, he defeated the Sunni Uzbek Khanate, and sent the severed head of its leader to the Ottoman Sultan. He then captured Baghdad in 1508 and set about the triumphal restoration of Shi‘a shrines. But he met his match in the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, who earned the moniker “the Grim” for his cruelty against Turkish Alevis, whom he considered a fifth column for the Shi‘a—that is to say, for Iran.
The Ottomans watched the rise of the Safavids with alarm, smoldering at the seeming effectiveness of Ismail’s Shi‘a militancy. And in Selim’s eyes, this danger was compounded because the Turkic communities in Ottoman Anatolia, the Alevis, were adherents of an unorthodox Sufi creed who shared the Shi‘a reverence for Ali, the Prophet Mohamed’s son-in-law. Since these Turkmen Alevi (Kizilbas) also populated the ranks of the Shah’s forces, the risk of Kizilbas penetration into the heartland of the Ottoman Empire seemed imminent.
The rise of the Safavid Empire thus had a revolutionary impact within the Ottoman realm. The Ottomans had hitherto embraced or at least tolerated unorthodox forms of Islam, and imperial acceptance of the Alevis had gained them a foothold in central Turkey, the historic Alevi heartland, and opened a path for their expansion into Europe in tandem with the Ottoman march into the continent. The liberal Bektasi sect (or more specifically, sufi taruq), an urban edition of Alevism, had also appealed to much of the local Christian population on account of its syncretism. This allowed for the de facto passage of many Christians into Islam, and their subsequent accession into Ottoman institutions, including the military.
But Safavid proselytizing among the Alevis distorted the Ottoman perception of them: They went from being a pillar of the empire to a potential fifth column. In 1514, the Ottoman Sultan, Selim I, crushed the armies of Shah Ismail at the Battle of Caldiran in eastern Anatolia. The Ottoman campaign then brutally purged swaths of Anatolia of Alevis and sent their communities fleeing to what is today Iran and Azerbaijan.1 Smashing the Alevis did not resolve the growing sectarian rivalry, however. Indeed, sectarian divisions hardened after Sultan Selim conquered Damascus, Egypt and the Hijaz, thus transporting the mantle of Sunni Islam to Istanbul. In 1517, the Ottoman Empire became the defender of the Sunni faith, facing Safavid Persia with Shi‘i Islam as its official faith.
High diplomacy between Iran and Ottoman Turkey was henceforth conducted as religious polemic. Ottoman terms for peace agreements required symbolic concessions on religious matters from the Persians, and the balance of power was often reflected in the balance of religious invective inserted into treaties. In later centuries, this practice continued. For example, the Treaty of Kurdan, signed in 1746, attests that “the Persian people, having totally abandoned the unseemly innovations introduced in the time of the Safavis and having embraced the religion of the Sunnis, shall mention the Orthodox Caliphs, of blessed memory, with respect and veneration.”
Likewise for Persia, Shi‘a tolerance of Sunni Islam was generally contingent on prevailing political conditions. When Persian forces were advantaged, they sometimes could afford magnanimity toward conquered Sunni lands. But during pitched battles, recalcitrant Sunni communities were offered no quarter. This struggle for power among elites reverberated across both empires, and increasingly shaped the idiom of sectarian difference in the Middle East.
More specifically, by suffusing religion into geopolitical rivalry, as the two empires became protectors of the Sunni and Shi‘a domains, respectively, the Ottomans and Persians together shaped the fabric of the Muslim world of faith—dar al-Islam. A recurring theme in the history of Islamic peoples is the tension between the idealized community of believers and the uglier reality of raison d’état. Ottoman-Persian rivalry exacerbated this tension and changed the way the peoples in these imperial domains thought about their fellow Muslims.
Power politics set in motion animosities that divided hitherto closely integrated cultures. Since the days of the Seljuks, Ottoman Anatolia had been home to a large and influential Persian-literate community. Even Sultan Selim himself dabbled in Persian literature, considered fitting for the Ottoman court and literati. The grand ideology of Islamic unity favored such linguistic and cultural eclecticism. Indeed, the Ottoman Empire made no distinction between Ottoman Sunnis and Iranian Shi‘a in its implementation of the sharia. And even Ottoman secular laws (kanun) placed importance on treating all Muslims equally, regardless of their place of origin.
This is important by dint of the role religion played in organizing the peoples of the Ottoman Empire. The inhabitants of the empire were compartmentalized into units of administration based on religion, called millets. Armenians, Orthodox Christians and Jews, for example, were administered according to their religious community. But Shi‘a (or for that purpose Iranians) residing in the empire had no separate millet; they held the same nominal status as any other Ottoman Muslim. Essentially, the few Shi‘a who had stayed in the Empire following the sectarian cleansing effect of the Ottoman-Safavid wars were now subject to the Sunni communal authorities.
But as Ottoman threat perceptions from Iran worsened, animosity toward unorthodox Muslims intensified. When Ottoman armies marched to face Persian forces in the 1540s, shaykh al-Islam Ebussuud Efendi declaimed Shi‘a and Alevis in Anatolia as heretics who could legally be enslaved. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sheikh al-Islam Ibn al-Kemal declared that the Persians’ “status is that of apostates, and once conquered . . . their possessions, women and children would be considered spoils; as for their men, they should be killed unless they become Muslims.”
Even after the Ottoman-Safavid non-aggression treaty of 1639, animosities continued. Eventually, the split passed the point of no return. With the demise of the Safavid dynasty in 1736, Iran’s new ruler, Nader Shah, extended an olive branch by offering to collapse Shi‘i Islam within the Sunni framework of jurisprudence. But the Ottomans would have none of it.
The cultural chasm between the Ottomans and Iran widened even further as the empires gradually matriculated into the European state system. Perhaps the final blow to the medieval ideal of Sunni-Shi‘a corporality came from the stroke of a pen belonging to one such European modernizer: In 1823, Ottoman officialdom added Iranians to its Register for Foreigners (Ecnebi Defterleri), a log that recorded incidents in the empire involving foreign persons. With this reform, the Muslim peoples of Iran officially become no different from citizens of any other non-Ottoman state.
he Persian defeat at Cald?ran in 1514 and the treaty of Kasr-? ?irin in 1639 foreclosed Iranian expansion into Anatolia, but that only marked the beginning of a different sort of rivalry between the two leviathan states. As the era of pitched battles dimmed, the theater of conflict shifted to the frontier zones where both sides maneuvered for political and cultural advantage. The mountainous Kurdish tribal areas and the cities of modern-day Iraq were foremost among these contested areas.
Selim’s son, Suleyman I, The Magnificent, captured Basra and Baghdad for the Ottomans, and during much of the 16th century the Porte controlled the major centers of Shi‘i Islam in the Arab world: Baghdad, Najaf, Karbala and Kazimiye. But Iran was not prepared to simply cede these provinces to its Ottoman foe, and it had ample soft power to employ in its cause. Iran was the source of a constant flow of merchants, pilgrims and even corpses transported across the border for burial in the consecrated cemeteries of Iraq’s Shi‘a holy places. This traffic, as well as a large semi-assimilated Persian émigré population, cemented the bonds between Persian and Arab Shi‘a. Neither did Persian designs on Iraq end; Persia besieged Baghdad in 1733 and occupied Basra between 1775 and 1821.
European mediation, and a grudging mutual respect for the military balance on both sides, eventually limited the feasibility of open hostilities. In the end, advantage was best gained by more subtle means. And so there emerged a new sort of conflict, a war of propaganda, persuasion and espionage that laid the antecedents of the shrouded conflicts being waged in Iraq today. Persia poured huge sums of money into restoring and improving the Shi‘a holy sites in Iraq, while semi-official representatives of the Persian state funneled alms to the needy in Iraqi cities. This piqued Ottoman anxieties, as Iranian religious influence and social power undermined Ottoman authority. At various times, Ottoman diplomats and foreign travelers remarked that Iran seemed to govern these zones, not the Ottoman Turks.
Obsessively preoccupied with Persian machinations, the Ottomans kept a close eye on Iranian activities, even down to details as minute as the gift of a ceremonial sword to a tribal leader in Mosul. The stakes only increased in the late 19th century as foreign powers encroached on the empire from all sides, and the Sultan began to lean heavily on notions of Muslim solidarity to shore up his shaky control of the expansive Ottoman domains. With the Ottomans in dire straits, a competing religious authority embodied by the Shi‘i religious establishment in Iran was seen as a threat.
Sultan Abdulhamid went on the offensive by employing the Persian dissident Jamal al Din al-Afghani to persuade Shi‘a clergy in Iran that the Sultan in Istanbul was the legitimate Caliph, requiring obeisance from Muslims worldwide. But the Ottomans had plenty of vulnerabilities that Iran could exploit in return. Shah Nasser al-Din decided to retaliate by supporting Armenian nationalist groups that had begun agitating against the Ottomans in eastern Anatolia. As these intrigues suggest, Turkish-Iranian proxy conflict is a tradition that long predates the modern states of both Turkey and Iran.
The Ottomans had a keen appreciation for the geostrategic significance of these shrouded wars. Ali Riza Bey, an Ottoman diplomat, offered his own prospectus of Turkish-Iranian rivalry at the turn of the century. By Riza’s account, Shi‘i Islam constituted a strategic threat that had blocked Ottoman power from extending eastward toward India and China. Even worse, it threatened to subvert Iraq and wrench yet another territory from Ottoman control. But Riza Bey did not call upon the Sultan to ready his battalions against the Persian threat. More subtle methods are required, he suggested. Riza Bey recommended that the Porte dispatch scholars to Iraq to educate the public and persuade them of Sunni Ottoman superiority. With the right kind of propaganda, “his Imperial Majesty will accomplish more by education than his illustrious ancestor Selim I did by the sword.”
These agents of the Sultan also proved to be valuable intelligence assets, reporting on Iranian activities in the frontier zones. One such report to the Sultan claimed that Iran was paying a group of men to stir up the masses against Sunni authority by chanting verses day and night on behalf of “the evil-doing Shah.”
or all the parallels between imperial competition and today’s quickly emerging Turkish-Iranian rivalry, historical determinism is to be resolutely avoided. Geography and religion have not predestined Turkey and Iran for interminable rivalry. Indeed, Turkey and Iran have enjoyed periods of placid, if distant, relations. As Akin Ünver recently observed, competition is dimmed when the imperial instinct is curbed on the part of both sides.2 During the interwar period, for instance, Turkey and Iran were ruled by republican nation-state builders. The governments of Turkey’s Mustafa Kemal and Iran’s Reza Shah replaced imperial visions with ambitious projects to engineer nation-states fashioned after the countries of Western Europe. These nation-state builders rejected empire as a mode of governance, and thus smothered the root cause of imperial competition.
The advent of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979 at first seemed to present an ideological threat to Turkey’s Kemalist secular state. And Iran’s occasional exploitation of Turkey’s Kurdish problem did roil Ankara’s leaders. But Turkey’s Kemalist elite had no appetite for geopolitical intrigue in the Fertile Crescent, and so the main theater for Turkish-Iranian rivalry remained inert; Saddam Hussein balanced Iran, while Turkey stood on the periphery.
Rather than strain ties, the AKP’s rise to power in 2002 seemed to herald a new era of warmth in relations with Iran. Shared opposition to the U.S. agenda in the Middle East and cooperation against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) laid the foundations for a working relationship. Moreover, the AKP managed to slant political Islam as a shared value rather than cause for sectarian dissension. But the tectonic political shifts in the region have now brought these two post-imperial states back into a pattern of conflict.
Fueled by a regional rise in sectarianism, a neo-imperial impulse is in evidence in both Tehran and Ankara. This new context makes it profoundly more difficult for the pair to resolutely stick to their previous modus vivendi. The drivers of this dynamic are threefold: First, today both Ankara and Iran have governments that subscribe to neo-imperialist worldviews. Second, with the end of the Ba‘ath regime in Iraq and the advent of the “Arab Spring”, the Fertile Crescent (comprising three mixed sectarian weak states, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon) has grown more susceptible to the neo-imperial ambitions of these periphery powers. In the pre-modern era, Persians and Turks fought to fill the political vacuum after the implosion of Pax Mongolica. Today, they are competing once again to fill in the political vacuum in the three weak Arab states of the Fertile Crescent. That vacuum will only grow with the prospective power deflation of the United States, for more than half a century the informal external hegemon in the region.
There are ample opportunities for both Turks and Persians to enter the fray. With power being contested in the wake of several government collapses, local actors have recognized that foreign backers can give them an edge on the competition. After Saddam’s ouster in Iraq, for example, Shi‘a political groups with previously limited contact with Iran put a premium on ingratiating themselves with Tehran, lest its largesse benefit a competitor. Similarly, Sunni Arabs have allied with the Sunni Kurds (whom they once loathed), and together, these groups have looked to Sunni Turkey for protection. Iraq’s Sunni vice president, Tariq al-Hashimi, is currently under Turkish protection after fleeing Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki’s Iraq. And Iraqi Kurdistan’s Prime Minister, Necirvan Barzani, is on the record saying, “We see Turkey as more than just a neighbor. For us, Turkey is a strategic partner.”
As these examples suggest, sectarian considerations are increasingly coming to define regional cleavages, with Turkey and Iran embodying opposing poles. Ankara and Tehran have openly backed opposing forces in the Syrian civil war. Turkey’s decision to confront the Assad regime did not necessarily stem from sectarian sentiment, but it has been widely interpreted as such in the region. The coalition supporting Assad consists of Iran, Iraq and Lebanese Shi‘a, as well as the Syria’s own Alawis (also known as Alawites and not to be confused with Turkish Alevis). In fact, an alignment of revolutionary Shi‘i currents and the Syrian Alawis has been in formation since the 1970s, as evidenced by Ayatollah Hasan Mahdi al-Shirazi and Musa Al-Sadr’s issuance of fatwas ruling that Alawis are members of the Shi‘i sect.
Turkey’s Syria policy did not start with a sectarian leitmotif. However, while Ankara is now challenged in Syria by an axis of Shi‘a powers, composed of Iran, Hizballah and that country’s Alawis, this perception now colors Turkey’s Syria policy with a sectarian hue. Standing resolutely against this Shi‘a axis, Ankara is increasingly seen as a Sunni power that has joined Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the Sunni rebels in Syria. Iran has acknowledged the adversarial dynamic playing out there. Iran’s Major General Hassan Firouzabadi blamed Turkey for “the bloodshed in Syria”, and threatened that if Turkey “continues down this path, once Syria goes, Turkey and the rest of these countries are next.”
Similarly, Turkey backs the Sunni Arabs and Kurds in Iraq and sees Shi‘a Prime Minister Maliki as an “Iranian and Shi‘a puppet.” Turkey has answered Iran’s challenge by building influence in the northern areas of both Iraq and Syria. This signals the rise of a yet-undeclared Turkish policy in the Middle East: Anticipating the decentralization of post-Assad Syria, and hoping to take advantage of Iraq’s autonomous Kurdish north, Turkey is carving out a cordon sanitaire across the northern Fertile Crescent, building influence among the Kurdish population as well as in large commercial centers such as Aleppo and Mosul, cities that Turkish policymakers recall in their historical mind’s eye as frontier lands of the Ottoman Empire. Likewise, Iran’s influence is palpable in its former haunts populated primarily by Shi‘a across central and southern Iraq, as well as southern Lebanon and among the Syrian Alawis.
This new constellation makes for a far more contentious bilateral relationship. Generally, policy on the PKK tends to be the clearest indicator of a neighbor’s sentiments toward Turkey. For decades, when Turkey’s neighbors have become disgruntled they have turned to supporting the PKK as a way to twist the knife in Turkey’s soft underbelly—its Kurdish problem. Therefore, it is no surprise that Tehran watched with dismay as Turkey launched a peace process in early 2013 that has brought a ceasefire with the armed PKK. Worse than being deprived of a place to stick the knife, Tehran worries that if Turkey mends its internal fractures it will emerge as a more assertive and capable regional power. Such a consolidation could even mean exporting Turkey’s Kurdish militancy problem to Iran, where Kurds have been relatively quiet since 2011. According to media reports, Tehran is working vigorously to muddy such a victory for Turkey. In April, Milliyet reported that top Iranian intelligence officers had traveled to northern Iraq to persuade the PKK to scuttle its ceasefire arrangement with Turkey. In return, Tehran was reportedly prepared to offer the Kurdish militants heavy weapons for use against Turkey. Turkey’s response has been blunt: Ankara has decided to make peace with the PKK in order to disarm this group, and prevent it from turning into an Iranian proxy in Turkey and also Syria, where the PKK wields influence.
Not long ago, Turkey’s religious conservatives and nationalist Turks thought they had much in common with Iran, and held generally warm attitudes toward their neighbor. But this is quickly changing in the current geopolitical environment. According to BBC World Service polling, favorable views of Iran have slid 19 points since 2011. A mere 17 percent of Turks now view Iran favorably. These tensions are reflected in popular culture. After all, the currently fashionable nostalgia for Turkey’s Ottoman past lends itself easily to anti-Iranian sentiment. “The Ottoman Empire’s Deep State” (Osmanli’da Derin Devlet), a newly released soap opera broadcast on Samanyolu TV, a popular Turkish network, luridly portrays Persian attempts to undermine the Ottoman Empire, complete with thinly veiled allusions to contemporary politics. A columnist working for the network commented in a recent op-ed that “this series has shown that many of the events we are experiencing today are actually copies of historical events. Names and places may change, but the essential conflict is always the same.”3
he reemergence of this leitmotif, as illustrated in the naming of the third bridge in Istanbul after Sultan Selim, has notable ramifications for Turkey’s domestic politics. Around half a million Arabic-speaking Alawis live in Turkey, mostly in Hatay province, bordering Syria. Many of these Alawis feel kinship toward the Assad regime and empathize with the Syrian Alawis. Alawis in Hatay are staunchly secular and therefore already at odds with the conservative and occasionally Islamist bent of the ruling AKP. Most of them support the country’s main opposition faction, the Republican People’s Party (CHP). After Ankara began providing safe haven to Syrian (Sunni) opposition groups and armed rebels in fall 2011, Hatay Alawis grew even more critical of AKP policies and have formed a disproportionately large presence in anti-AKP rallies, including a March 2013 demonstration that drew 2,000 people and a late-2012 protest attended by some 8,000.
Some Hatay Alawis see the Syrian Sunnis who have fled to their province not as refugees, but as fighters who have killed or endangered their extended families in Syria. Others depict them as jihadis who threaten Alawis on both sides of the border. One Hatay resident recently told of a Syrian who asked a Hatay shopkeeper if he was Alawi. The shopkeeper nodded, only to be berated by the Syrian refugee, who threatened that Turkish Alawis would meet the same fate as Syrian Alawis—in short, that their turn would come. Security forces had to intervene to break up the ensuing fight.
Ankara has taken steps to alleviate these grievances. Since September, it has steered away from settling large numbers of Syrian Sunni refugees in Hatay, moving many of them to interior provinces. Yet Ankara still has cause for concern, since wider sectarian conflict in Syria would likely spur a larger refugee flow into the province, and stoke local Sunni-Alawi tensions.
Meanwhile, Turkish Alevis, who comprise about 15 percent of the country’s population, could complicate matters further. Although they are not related to the nearly eponymous Alawis, they too are staunchly secular. And like the Alawis, they oppose the AKP’s Syria policy and are overwhelmingly supportive of the CHP. A recent poll by CHP parliamentarian Sabahat Akkiraz indicated that 83 percent of Alevis and Alawis supported the CHP in the 2011 elections. If Hatay Alawis rally more forcefully against the government’s Syria policy, Alevis will almost certainly follow.
Attitudes in the wider Arab world now exhibit some of the same cleavages. Sunni leaders in Iraq excoriate Prime Minister Maliki for being Iran’s puppet, and have forged close ties with Turkey. Meanwhile, Shi‘a groups are beginning to suspect that Turkey harbors sectarian motivations. In Lebanon, a Shi‘a clan kidnapped a group of Turkish businessmen last autumn in retaliation for Free Syrian Army kidnappings of their kin in Syria. And in Iraq, Basra has seen flag-burning demonstrations against Turkey as well as threats against Turkish businessmen. As these episodes suggest, Turkey and Iran are coming to embody the sectarian polarization of the Levant. Turkish-Iranian rivalry is shaping the Middle East, once again.
he Arab peoples of the Levant and Fertile Crescent were ruled by foreign dynasties from the 13th century until the crumbling of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Even thereafter, colonial powers and brutal dictators continued to stand in the way of genuine self-governance. For some, the throngs in Tunisia and Cairo in 2011 seemed to herald an end to this long epoch. The upheaval held promise as an historic moment for the Arab peoples—a genuine opportunity to take the reins in forging their own destiny. To an extent, this remains true. But the “Arab Spring” has not rendered null the political forces that have shaped the Middle East for centuries. And the reawakening of Turkish-Iranian and Sunni- Shi‘a rivalry in the Fertile Crescent is prominent among the exogenous factors that will shape the political landscape of the Arab world in the coming years.Read the full article... | <urn:uuid:fa85ee7d-b27a-4107-b34c-59662677889d> | {
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Enlargement is meant to make Europe safer
Bulgaria and Romania joined the European Union on 1 January 2007.
They take the membership of the bloc from 25 to 27 member states - a long way from its beginnings as a six-nation Economic Community in 1958.
Why is the EU enlarging, is it a good thing or a bad thing, and what do Bulgaria and Romania bring to the EU?
Why are these two countries joining the EU, and why now?
Bulgaria and Romania applied to join the EU in the early 1990s along with eight other former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, once they were no longer under the power of the Soviet Union.
The other eight moved quickly to carry out political and economic reforms, and joined the EU in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania were slower, and are only now judged to have met the EU's membership conditions.
Are Bulgaria and Romania really ready for membership?
Officials at the European Commission have been quoted as saying that they are not really ready, but that delaying accession may not be the best way to encourage further reforms.
JOINED IN 2004
The Commission was hoping, for example, that Bulgaria would take big steps over the summer to tackle high-level corruption and organised crime, but officials in Brussels say they have been disappointed.
Nonetheless, a decision has been taken that it is better to have Bulgaria and Romania inside the club - under threat of strong sanctions if EU funds are not properly administered or crime gangs continue to flourish - rather than leaving them out in the cold.
How will they fit in with the rest of the EU?
Bulgaria and Romania make up 6% of the EU's population and less than 1% of its GDP. Two extra seats are being added to the European Commission, and 54 to the European Parliament.
Bulgaria and Romania are the poorest members of the EU, with GDP per head about a third of the EU average. However their economies are growing quickly, at 5-7% per year..
What do they bring to the club?
The European Commission says the two countries' rapid growth and highly motivated workforce will be an asset for the EU economy.
It also says both countries can help shape the EU's foreign and security policy - Romania as a bridge to Eastern Europe, including Moldova, and Bulgaria as an interface with the Balkan and Black Sea region.
Will the expansion of the EU now come to a halt?
Probably not. The EU has promised the Balkan countries they can all join when they meet the conditions. Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are already officially labelled as "candidates" for membership.
Bulgaria and Romania joined on 1 January 2007
Turkey and Croatia started membership talks in October 2005
Macedonia officially gained "candidate" status in December 2005
Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia are expected to join in future
However, most experts expect the EU to go slow on further enlargement from now on. For one thing, opposition to the whole process is growing in some member states. For another, EU treaties will have to be revised before any more countries can join. Experts say the EU may be prepared to "tinker" with treaties to allow Croatia in, but major reform will be necessary after that.
Wasn't the EU already big enough before 2004, when it had 15 members?
Some member states have always had misgivings about enlarging the EU to the east - and these only intensified after France and the Netherlands voted against the proposed EU constitution in 2005.
However, EU treaties say any European country can apply to join if it meets the conditions, such as democracy, respect for human rights, the rule of law and a market economy.
Is public opinion in the EU in favour of more enlargement?
Polls suggest attitudes towards enlargement are cooling. Forty-six per cent of people questioned in an autumn 2006 Eurobarometer poll were in favour of further enlargement (down from 49% a year months earlier), and 42% were against (up from 39% six months earlier). The rest did not know.
However, the picture varies from country to country. People in countries which joined the EU in 2004 seem to be broadly in favour of further enlargement, as are the people of Greece, Sweden and Spain. But in five other member states - Austria, France, Germany, Luxembourg and the UK - only 30-36% support the idea.
How much does enlargement cost?
In 2005, the 10 countries which joined the EU in 2004 received about 4bn euros (£2.7bn) more from the EU than they paid into the budget. This comes to about 4% of the EU budget, which is itself about 1% of the EU's gross national income. In 2006, Bulgaria and Romania are getting about 1.5bn euros in pre-accession aid.
Of the older EU members, Spain, Greece, Portugal and Ireland also traditionally end up getting more back than they paid in. Spain's "positive balance" in 2005 was in fact bigger than that of the 10 new member states put together. In future Spain will do less well from the EU budget, and the newer member states - the poorer ones, at least - will do better.
These calculations do not take into account the fact that EU money spent in one country - for example to build a road - will often be paid to contractors from a different EU country. Nor do they take into account that expansion of the single market is financially beneficial for all concerned.
What are the arguments against enlargement?
Here are some of them:
It could lead to mass immigration, and increased organised crime
- Workers from poorer countries take jobs from richer ones, and companies relocate to countries with lower labour costs and worse social protection
- The richer member states cannot afford to pay huge subsidies to the poorer states
- The broader the EU gets, the more difficult it is to achieve deep integration
- The EU will grind to a halt, because with so many members it will never be able to agree on anything
What are the arguments in favour of enlargement?
Supporters say it is reuniting a continent divided by the Cold War, spreading stability and prosperity, expanding the single market, and giving Europe more weight on the world stage.
They also have a specific response to each of the above arguments against enlargement:
- Immigration helps drive economic growth, and the EU will be able to work with new member states to tackle organised crime and trafficking
- Cheaper labour is good for the economies of richer European nations - and it is better for them if companies relocate to Central Europe than to India or China
- The richer member states gain more from being members of a large single market than they pay out in transfers to the poorer countries
- A broader union can also be a deeper one - the EU has been expanding at regular intervals since 1973 and all the while integration has been steadily increasing
- Decision-making in the EU has not ground to a halt yet, despite the failure to pass a new constitution which would have simplified procedures.
Can EU member states refuse to accept migrant workers from another member state?
The EU regards free movement of workers as a fundamental right - but has nonetheless allowed member states to place restrictions on workers from eight of the 10 countries which joined the EU in 2004.
Restrictions will also be allowed in the case of workers from Bulgaria and Romania.
However, they cannot be continued for more than seven years. Countries which impose restrictions must tell the European Commission why they think the foreign workers would distort their labour market. They have to justify the decision again after two years, and again after five years.
Have EU voters ever been asked if they support enlargement?
Each enlargement has to be approved unanimously by the elected governments of each member state, and ratified in each national parliament.
No enlargement has yet been put to a referendum, though Ireland held two referendums on the Nice Treaty, which, among other things, paved the way for the 2004 enlargement. (The treaty was rejected at the first time of asking and approved at the second.)
Also, France has changed its constitution to ensure that French voters will have a say on future enlargements, after the accession of Croatia. Austria has also given notice that it will hold a referendum on Turkish membership, when the time comes. | <urn:uuid:0ee43aff-58b4-4c2b-a2c1-1e98029cf83d> | {
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Sims refers to a style of game that makes the player explore real world processes, people, events, or phenomena through game play. The inspiration for this type of games comes from the popular Electronic Arts video game called The Sims(TM). Many types of Sims-style games have been created using Agentsheets including simulations of people following a hierarchy of needs and ecosystem simulations.
Sims-like games may allow the player to make changes to the simulation while it is running creating a dynamic simulation, while others may simply allow the player to set up the initial environment and watch the results unfold.
Sims games that students and teachers have built:
To build a Sims-like game, you can follow the Sims Tutorial.
Any simulation design should focus on the following steps:
- Choosing the Sims Model Subject
- Each student should choose a subject to model in their Sims game. The instructor may create a short list of subjects to model based on course standards or previous discussion topics. For example if the course is about Asian cultures, the short list may include Chinese Businessperson, Japanese Rice Farmer, Korean Fisherman.
- Preliminary Research of Subjects
- Students begin doing research around their chosen subjects. Initial research is done on a search engine. Students should create a preliminary hierarchy of 3-5 needs based on preliminary web research. Sources should be sited and a conclusion statement should be written and turned in with the preliminary hierarchy.
- Research Validation and Online Collaboration
- Students will collaborate with local and global partners and content experts via forums, online chat, or web conferencing to validate their hierarchy. If possible, students should communicate with people that closely represent their chosen subject.
- Build Sims Game
- Students will create a Sims style game using Agentsheets. See the Sims Tutorial.
- Compare Subjects/Game
- Students will review at least two other students' simulations and post comments comparing and contrasting their own subject to those of their fellow students. Students then write an essay about what they have gained from this project. Instructors may choose to create prompts for these essays or may choose to use a reflective class discussion forum instead.
- Step 1 - Choosing a Sim Model Subject:
- - Short description of chosen subject and why the student chose this subject.
- Step 2 - Preliminary Research of Subjects
- - Preliminary hierarchy of needs/motivators
- - Sited research sources
- - Conclusion statement (A few reflective paragraphs explaining how the hierarchy was created, how the research supported the student's choices, and what predictions the student may have about their simulation.)
- Step 3 - Research Validation and Online Collaboration
- - Excerpts from the forum/chat, or summary of web conferencing with online partners.
- - Final hierarchy of needs/motivators
- Step 4 - Use Agentsheets to build Sims Game
- - Sim game submitted to the Scalable Game Design Arcade.
- Step 5 - Compare Subjects/Game
- - Compare/Contrast Comments
- - Final Essay or Discussion Forum
This an intermediate to advanced level design. Students should already have some knowledge of tracking variables and boolean logic. Depending on the complexity of the agents created, a single agent's behavior may have many rules tracking multiple internal and global variables.
Computational Thinking Patterns
- Collaborative Diffusion: Agents that represent a need such as food will radiate a "foodness" to allow sims to find it.
- Collision: When a sim collides with an agent representing a need the collision will cause some effect such as reseting a variable (example hunger = 0).
- Hill climbing: Sims will climb toward what ever need is most pertinent at the time.
- Multiple Needs: Each sim agent will have multiple needs defined in it's behavior to tell the sim what to do.
- Seeking: Agents may need to follow other agents that are not always in the same place for example a lion agent's need for food may require it to "hunt" or seek a zebra agent.
- Creativity and Innovation
- Independently research a complex real-world topic using online resources (e.g., websites, databases, e-mail, and online forums).
- Summarize the state of knowledge about a challenge related to that topic.
- Analyze existing knowledge and develop and capture new ideas (e.g., using search tools to analyze text, spreadsheets to tabulate and chart numerical data, or graphic organizers to create concept maps).
- Outline existing knowledge and pose questions to facilitate extending knowledge by creating digital artifacts that:
- demonstrates conceptual understanding
- expresses the student's opinion
- creates predictions of possible outcomes based on digital information
- Extend knowledge by developing new products or processes.
- Use simulations, databases, graphic organizers, and mathematical models to depict and predict the behavior of complex systems.
- Communication and Collaboration
- Collaborate with peers and field-specific experts to research a critical issue applying effective research strategies, appropriate digital tools for the task(s), field-testing component(s); and publication of results to interested individuals and through appropriate networks.
- Collaborate with local and global partners and content experts to develop multimedia presentations incorporating a variety of media elements (i.e., clip art, movie, animation, graphs, concept maps, etc.) to clearly illustrate, explain, explore, and demonstrate an assigned concept, principle, or procedure appropriate for specific audiences.
- Engage in collaborative research with students and experts from other countries to develop cultural understanding by exploring sophisticated global issues. Create a product that increases global understanding for others.
- Collaborate to research, select, and apply advanced technology resources (e.g., expert systems, intelligent agents, real-world models and simulations) to investigate a real-world problem or issue. Share findings through real-time and/or recorded demonstrations to classmates and a broader audience online.
- Research and Information Fluency
- Define a research thesis or issue for investigation. Describe diverse strategies for gathering information, analyzing data, reaching a conclusion or making recommendation(s). Reflect on results from above step. Justify your selection of strategies for guiding inquiry.
- Apply efficient and effective search strategies for locating digital resources for use in a collaborative real-world research project. Organize and synthesize data to support conclusions. Document sources using techniques appropriate for digital publication.
- Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Decision Making
- Apply technology-based problem-solving strategies (e.g., simulations, visual representations, modularity). Select appropriate tools to solve a problem and report/disseminate results.
- Apply targeted research, sampling techniques, simulations, and critical-thinking skills to determine how varying circumstances, resources, beliefs, and other factors related to specific locations or communities may affect decisions and/or solutions/practices.
- Digital Citizenship
- Lead, organize, and facilitate use of collaboration and communications tools among group members to achieve team goals.
- Select and apply technology resources to support personal growth, lifelong learning, and career needs.
- Explore the social, ethical, and legal issues related to the use of technology resources locally and globally.
- Technology Operations and Concepts
- Routinely apply a variety of technology systems related to specific subject-matter learning (e.g., electronic microscopes, probes, and multifunction calculators, robotics, MIDI, e-books; geographical information systems, electronic databases). Actively interface with technology at both the hardware and software levels (e.g., programming, robotics). Use fundamental algorithmic thinking strategies (e.g., conditional branching, modularization, recursion).
- Adapt and use advanced skills to make efficient and effective use of current technology resources.
- Support and assist others in learning new technologies and advanced features of current technologies. | <urn:uuid:e62f2635-0564-4386-af66-0ce69c42896f> | {
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May 30, 1885
COMRADES AND FELLOW CITIZENS:
I wish to speak briefly on a subject not closely connected with the appropriate topics of the occasion which have been so ably handled by the orator of the day, General Grosvenor. For several years past I have at least once in each year, in addressing soldiers, asked them to consider the question of popular education in the Southern States. My wish is to present again barely enough of the argument in favor of National aid to education, wherever in our country such aid is needed, to leave with every thoughtful person who hears me the impression that the measure is one which has solid claims upon the American people. A few days ago I had the privilege of hearing on this subject the general agent of the Peabody Education Fund, Dr. Curry, of Virginia. He is one of the Southern statesmen who comprehending and fully accepting the abolition of slavery as one of the essential results of the war wisely and earnestly labors to develop all the inestimable blessings which ought in the nature of things to flow from this great revolutionary, but beneficent fact in our history. I do not attempt to reproduce his well chosen and impressive language. He began by saying, in substance, that after long and anxious deliberation it was his judgment that no public measure which now engages the attention of the people is at all to be compared in importance with that which aims to secure general and, if practicable, universal education by the aid of the Nation.
Concurring fully and heartily as I do with Dr. Curry, allow me first to say that this question is not a partisan question nor a sectional question. There was a very able and exhaustive debate in the Senate of the United States last spring on a bill which provided the means to give vitality to the system of popular education in the South. It occupied the sessions of the Senate during many days, and eminent Senators of both political parties and from all sections of the country took part in it. At the close of the debate the bill was passed by a vote of 33 to 11. If all who were paired and whose opinions were announced had voted the bill would have passed with 43 votes in the affirmative and 21 votes in the negative. The vote was not partisan. A majority of Republican Senators voted for the bill and a minority of Republicans voted against it. In like manner a majority of Democratic Senators voted for the bill and a minority against it.
The vote was not sectional. A majority of the Senators from Northern States voted for the bill and a minority against it. A majority of Senators from the Southern States voted for, and a minority against the bill. In the Cabinet of President Cleveland are three gentlemen who as Senators voted on the measure. Two voted for it and one against it. The declarations of the National Conventions of both of the great political parties of the country last year were in the right direction. A political convention is not apt to make the mistake of being dangerously explicit on questions about which its party is not entirely harmonious. But both National Conventions considered the subject, and their resolutions were accepted by the friends of the National aid as sufficiently definite.
From the Senate the bill went to the House. It was confidently believed by its friends that if brought to a vote a decided majority would support it, but the pressure of other business prevented its consideration. The record therefore unhappily reads that in the last Congress National aid to education failed.
The friends of education will, however, continue to debate. The measure will again be brought forward. The facts and their fatal tendency are only too well known. There are six States in the South having fifty-nine votes in the electoral college and in the two houses of Congress in which about half of the total number of voters are unable to write or read the ballots they cast. These States, viz: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina contain a total illiterate voting population of 711,954. The total number of votes cast in these States at the late Presidential election in 1884 was only 870,455. They contain about four-fifths as many illiterate voters as the total number of voters who usually cast their ballots in a Presidential election. These States have about the same representation—that is within one vote of the same representation in Congress and in the electoral college as the three States of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana combined. This single fact is enough to show the extent and danger of the ignorance which threatens the perpetuity of our institutions.
The ignorance both of colored people and of whites in the South is due to slavery. Slavery and education could not exist together. It is equally true that ignorance and free government can not exist together. This is according both to the faith and the practice of the fathers who founded our government. By official acts and solemn declarations of opinion all of the early Presidents are on record in favor of the wisdom and constitutionality of Government aid to education. I need not detain you with quotations. They read the Constitution on this subject by the light of the great principle that “the safety of the Republic is the supreme law.” In the debate on the Educational Bill, Mr. Voorhies, the Democratic Senator from Indiana, said:
“But the doctrine of State rights has been carried too far in the past, and will be again whenever it is invoked to defeat legislation of the kind we are now considering.
“Sir, we have had an era of strict construction. May I not talk plainly? May I not say what is in my mind to say? The strict construction of antewar times was born of an institution which exists no more. The opposition in the Southern mind to a liberal construction of the powers of the Federal Government originated with the institution of slavery. It was your local and domestic institution; you had it to protect; you dreaded the interference of the Federal authority in the slightest degree, and in proportion as you were threatened with the power you vehemently denied its existence in any and every form in which it was asserted. This was no more than natural, but the reason which made the rule then has passed away, and now there is no people, there are no States in this Union whose future hope and welfare are so vitally interwoven with a liberal construction of the Constitution as the people and States of the South.”
The six millions of colored people in the Southern States are in no condition by taxation or otherwise to supply the means for their own education. The whites can perhaps by taxation support schools for themselves, but to do it for the whole population is simply impossible. Let the Nation help the States to prepare “the wards of the Nation” to become useful citizens. I have said before and repeat that the colored people are the only people resident in our country when slavery existed who are in no sense responsible for it. “They were here by the misfortune of their ancestors, and by the crime of ours.” Slavery is responsible for the ignorance of the South. Who is responsible for slavery? It as in the Union and in the Constitution when they were formed. All who took part in forming or upholding them while slavery continued are in some sense responsible for slavery.
Let the Nation then complete the work which was begun by the soldiers who are honored to-day. The work of the war was to save the Union by abolishing slavery. It only remains to secure the results of the war by giving to the emancipated race that education which will fit them for their new duties. Let this wise and necessary measure be delayed no longer. Let National aid be given to the end that every citizen may have that intelligence and virtue which is essential under a free government. | <urn:uuid:f5b3a2f0-9477-4fc3-b280-146d26c97752> | {
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Serotonin (also known as 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter used to communicate important information between nerve cells. Serotonin is sometimes referred to as the “feel good” neurotransmitter owing to its association with elevated mood levels. It also has many other functions in the central nervous system including roles in sleep, depression, memory, pain, and aggression. Recent studies on mice indicate that serotonin signaling is significantly reduced in mice models of HD compared to mice without HD. Having less serotonin and the products made from serotonin may greatly impact on the progression of HD. Because the connection between HD and serotonin signaling is a fairly new development, much more investigation needs to be done before there are clear answers. Decreased serotonin may be a contributor to the development of HD or it may simply be a result of another disease mechanism. Regardless of the cause for reduced serotonin, diminished signaling in the mouse model of HD may explain some of the common behavioral symptoms associated with HD in people. (For more information about the behavioral symptoms associated with HD, click here.)
Decreased serotonin is associated with several diseases, most notably depression. Consequently, a number of drugs are already available to help bring serotonin back to normal levels in the body. The main class of drugs for this purpose is called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Recent research has shown that, in addition to alleviating symptoms associated with HD such as depression, SSRIs may also help delay the onset of HD and prevent the degeneration of nerve cells.
Researchers have found elevated serotonin in the brains of people with HD after death, but serotonin levels in a mouse model of HD actually have decreased levels in all different age groups. However, this discrepancy does not necessarily mean that the mouse data is wrong. First of all, it is difficult to interpret human HD samples taken after death due to the large amount of nerve cell loss that occurred in life. Most of what is known about serotonin and HD in living brains comes from mouse studies because it is easier and more ethical to experiment on mice that are made to look like they have HD than it is to study humans with HD. It is important to keep this fact in mind when discussing the findings from these studies because the results from experiments on mouse models do not always translate perfectly to people with HD. Mouse studies are an imperfect but important tool in learning about HD.
One group of researchers found that, compared to non-HD mice, HD mice had only 50% of the amount of serotonin by age 12 weeks in the striatum, hippocampus, and brainstem. They also found that a related molecule derived from serotonin called 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is also decreased in the brain. Decreased serotonin and 5-HIAA both before and after symptoms began to appear probably indicates that the serotonin system starts malfunctioning way before the serotonin levels are decreased.
Another group of researchers tested the hypothesis that the serotonin system starts malfunctioning before it is observable with decreased serotonin. Since serotonin levels could not be used as a marker in this experiment, they tested the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). A rate-limiting enzyme is the slowest step in the creation of a molecule, and often the most important, because it requires additional energy and is highly regulated. The rate-limiting enzyme can have the biggest effect on the final product, so if something is wrong with it, the effect of this malfunction will translate down the chain to the end product. You can think of synthesis as a row of dominoes, with the goal to knock down the final domino. If one of the dominoes is missing or too small to reach the next one, the rest of the dominoes in the chain will not fall down and you will not achieve your goal. As a rate-limiting enzyme, TPH is essential to the overall production of serotonin. An alteration of TPH can therefore lead to decreased levels of serotonin in the brain overall.
Researchers have tested both the levels of TPH and its enzymatic activity. Despite normal levels of TPH, they found the activity of this enzyme was significantly diminished. This finding means that while the enzyme was present, it was not functioning properly. TPH activity was 62% less than normal before symptoms were present at 4 weeks and 86% less than normal in symptomatic 12 week old mice. These results indicate that TPH is severely damaged and account for the decreased levels of its product, serotonin.
Often, in order to compensate for decreased levels of a neurotransmitter like serotonin, the brain increases the number of receptors for that specific neurotransmitter. While this sort of “upregulation” of serotonin receptors occurs in Parkinson’s disease, it was not found to occur in the brains of HD mice. In fact, receptor binding was significantly decreased in several important areas of the brain.
We must now ask, “Why is TPH activity decreased?” The obvious answer might be that mutant huntingtin protein prevents TPH from doing its job; however, this appears unlikely. The researchers tested this hypothesis and found that the expanded polyglutamine section of the mutant huntingtin protein does not interact with TPH. Another possibility comes from the fact that TPH is very sensitive to free radical damage by reactive oxygen species. (For more information on free radical damage, click here.) It is already known that free radical damage plays a role in the progression of HD, so it is very possible that it contributes to decreased serotonin by interfering with TPH. More evidence about the role of free radicals comes from the decreased activity of TPH. Since TPH uses tryptophan to create certain products, when TPH doesn’t work, this pathway is disrupted. This disruption results in increased levels of 3-hydroxykynurenin (3HK), which makes free radicals. These free radicals can then go on to further damage TPH and many other molecules in the brain.
Now that researchers have an idea of the problem, they can begin to investigate ways to fix it. First, it must be determined whether TPH activity is also decreased in human brains, since so far it has only been tested in mice. If it is also decreased in humans, that could explain why depression is apparent before any of the motor symptoms of HD. If the current hypotheses from the mouse studies are correct, symptoms may be prevented or at least delayed by treating people at risk for HD with early antioxidants and SSRIs to keep TPH activity and serotonin levels normal. It has already been shown that one type of SSRI helped to increase TPH activity in rats.
For further reading
- Reynolds, et al. Brain neurotransmitter deficits in mice transgenic for the Huntington’s disease mutation. 1999. Journal of Neurochemistry 72: 1773-1776. This is a technical scientific article that discusses changes in several different neurotransmitters in the HD mouse model, including serotonin.
- Yohrling, et al. Inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase activity and decreased 5-HT1Areceptor binding in a mouse model of Huntington’s disease. 2002. Journal of Neurochemistry 82: 1416-1423. This is a very technical scientific article that tested the activity of TPH, an important enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, in a mouse model of HD. | <urn:uuid:f7e2b360-e870-4dff-ad1d-a3d958291e6d> | {
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Scientists Say California Mega-Quake Imminent
by Becky Kellogg
Like a steaming kettle with the top on, pressure is building beneath the surface of California that could unleash a monster earthquake at any time. That’s according to a new study from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography.
Geologists say Southern California is long overdue for a huge earthquake that could unleash widespread damage.
It all comes down to the Salton Sea, which lies to the east of San Diego. The Salton Sea lies directly on the San Andreas Fault and covers more than 350 square miles.
A big earthquake has hit the lake bed about every 180 years. But when officials started damming the Colorado River to reduce floods downstream (including in the Salton Sea), the moderate earthquakes stopped for the Salton.
Sounds like a good thing, right? Not necessarily. Seismologists think the damming stopped moderate stress-relieving earthquakes on the Salton. Now, they fear the pressure is building and the area could be as many as 100 years overdue for a mega-quake quake, measuring 7.5 or larger. | <urn:uuid:4dd3564b-dfcc-43bf-81cf-04939450c003> | {
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Submitted by: Angela Watson
In this multi-day lesson plan, which is adaptable for grades 3-12, students use BrainPOP resources to learn about citing sources and how to define plagiarism, copyright, and fair use. Students will explain how to paraphrase and quote sources and why these skills are needed. They will also distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate ways to cite sources. Finally, students will apply their knowledge about these topics to a content-specific research project that utilizes a bibliography, endnotes, and/or footnotes.
Lesson Plan Common Core State Standards Alignments
Log in with your BrainPOP Educators account to view the Lesson.LOG IN | <urn:uuid:9b12b300-df57-43f5-9fbe-9077c2346244> | {
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Dams Drive Wedge Between Grain, Salmon Industries
Ag community needs dam system to transport wheat along the Snake River in Eastern Washington
Despite many improvements, the four dams along the lower Snake River in Eastern Washington still threaten the survival of endangered salmon, reports Q13 Fox.
Salmon advocates believe the only solution left is to breach the dams. The agricultural community says that losing the dams would threaten their livelihood. They use the dammed river to transport wheat on barges.
Barging is possible because of the Columbia-Snake River System, a 465-mile river highway connecting Lewiston, ID, to the ocean. Eight federal dams have turned these rivers into a series of reservoirs to allow for transportation. It's a system that is now facing uncertainty with growing calls to breach the dams to improve fish survival.
Read the full report here. | <urn:uuid:e3ea42be-b9c0-453d-b7e7-6c0990294885> | {
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Native to northern India, the drought-tolerant moringa tree is now grown throughout Asia, South America and Africa. As a crop, the moringa tree’s durability and rapid growth (up to 10 feet each year!) make it ideal for low-income, rural communities.
Often called “the miracle tree,” the moringa is more than your average tree. The wood is soft and doesn’t make the best building material but its regenerative bark is perfect for wood-burning stoves. Moringa oil, in addition to being a substitute for vegetable oil, is used in soaps, lamps and as mechanical lubrication for farm and food production equipment. But the moringa’s greatest use is nutritional.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, just 25 grams of moringa leaf powder supplies a person with their entire day’s calcium and vitamin A needs, half the day’s protein and potassium needs and about three-quarters of the day’s iron needs. Eaten as a vegetable course during meals, moringa leaves improve childhood nutrition, birth weights and the quality of breast-milk.
The Hunger Project-Benin has had success during the past year with a program called Moringa ++ that promotes the cultivation of moringa trees in epicenter communities as sources of income, environmental sustainability and child nutrition.
Youth groups at Kissamey and Dekpo Epicenters mobilized to plant thousands of moringa, as well as apple, cashew and oil palm trees, which contribute to the overall food security of each community. Additional groups grind and package powdered moringa leaves to be sold and generate income. Combined with other epicenter workshops, this sturdy tree and Moringa ++ are empowering communities to achieve sustainable self-reliance in the areas of health, income, food security and education. | <urn:uuid:1c98e525-7c21-48a8-8614-84029265947c> | {
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It seems that as they get older, many people expect their knees to give out. Osteoarthritis of the knee is, in fact, common in those over age 50 and knee arthroscopy is one of the most frequently done orthopedic surgeries.1 Also, increasing numbers of people are undergoing total knee replacements. The rate has been recently described as "soaring".2
What's going on? Is this mechanical failure people seem to be experiencing in their joints a new phenomenon? Or are more diagnoses being made now owing to the ready availability of CAT scans and MRI units? Are more surgeries being done owing to the abundance (at least in urban areas) of surgeons wanting to perform these procedures?
Regardless, deeper questions point to lifestyle patterns that may predispose a person to developing knee osteoarthritis. A comparison with earlier times may be useful in this context. For example, it's not well-known that people in the Middle Ages - the 11th and 12th centuries - lived into their 80s. They managed to get along without ibuprofen, without arthroscopy, and without major surgical procedures. But we live in the 21st century. What is our problem?
The major difference between the average person living 900 years ago (or even 100 years ago) and us is that most of those people did a variety of physical activities all day long. People plowed fields and chopped down trees. They built fences and did housework. They walked to the market and carried their purchases back home. They were active, frequently intensely active throughout the day, often working 6 days a week. We're just as active and work just as hard. But most of our work and activities involve a seated position. In contrast to our forebears, we sit all day. Compounding the problem, more than 2/3 of adults (in the United States, at least) do no regular exercise.
The result is that joints which were designed to perform heavy physical work are now effectively doing none. Our hips, knee, and ankles were built to support a labor-intensive lifestyle which initially involved hunting and gathering and then (for the majority of Homo sapiens) focused on agriculture. Now these large joints are inactive for most of the day. Everyone knows that a machine left untended will begin to malfunction. Dust and rust accumulate and the machine will break down, usually sooner than later. Our bodies are no different.
Thus for many of us, the short answer is that our knees hurt because we don't use them properly. Of course, some persons have medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis that often involve chronic knee pain. But the vast majority of knee problems are due to lack of use. What there is to do is to get active. The good news is that restoring regular vigorous exercise is easy. Walking at a modest pace for thirty minutes, five times a week, is all that it takes. You can do more, but that's a personal choice. Exercise is not a magic solution, but restoring needed activity levels is an important part of the solution to chronic knee pain.3
1Potts A, et al: Practice patterns for arthroscopy of osteoarthritis of the knee in the United States. Am J Sports Med 40(6):1247-1251, 2012
2Leskinen J, et al: The incidence of knee arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis grows rapidly among baby boomers: A population-based study in Finland. Arthritis Rheum 64(2): 423-428, 2012
3Smith TO, et al: The effectiveness of proprioceptive-based exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int 2012 Jul 22 [Epub ahead of print] | <urn:uuid:6c29a3b8-580a-44ae-b8ef-38116c6d71b8> | {
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Moving from talking about the interlinked thinking behind the water-energy nexus to implementing its approach is a tricky transition. World Bank Economist Diego Rodriguez says the new Thirsty Energy initiative aims to do just that, however, by providing governments with the necessary tools and guidance.
13 August 2014 | Thirsty energy is a catchy phrase that encompasses the water for energy aspect of the water-energy-food nexus. It’s also the name of the World Bank’s relatively new initiative that aims to help governments face a resource constrained future by implementing integrated planning methods. The methods will address the limitations and opportunities of both water and energy.
The Thirsty Energy initiative intends to do this through policy guidance and the development of technical tools as well as spreading general awareness about the linkages between water and energy. It aims to inform the private and public sector alike on the water intensive activities of energy production.
Most importantly, the initiative seeks to gain an understanding of the water-energy nexus that goes beyond traditional connections, says Diego Rodriguez, a Senior Economist in the World Bank’s Water Unit. Ecosystem Marketplace’s Genevieve Bennett spoke with him about Thirsty Energy and all it entails.
GB: What is the story of Thirsty Energy’s genesis within the World Bank?
DR: Basically it’s an initiative that started as an internal dialogue a couple of years ago. It comes more from the energy sector than from the water side but is trying to assess all forms of water use in energy processes. We want to really understand how different forms of energy and their technologies require water. There are many functions for water in energy productions. It isn’t just an issue of quantity, but also of quality, for example. Changing temperatures of water can impact ecosystems.
So the water unit started a discussion with our energy colleagues to find real cases where water was constraining development in the energy sector.
GB: How is Thirsty Energy working to implement integrated management and nexus thinking?
DR: Basically we work in countries where a) there is enough of a problem and b) enough of a clearly-stated demand from the energy sector. The initiative helps them understand the complexities of water. Our focus is more on the macro side. We look at long-term planning and ask questions like: are the energy plans feasible with current technologies and how does water fit into the plan? If there isn’t enough water, what measures do you take to curb water use and demand?
Initially we saw energy and low carbon plans taking a very simplistic view of the complexities of hydrological cycles, of potential competition and other risks that may arise. Based on this, we started engaging with countries where we think their perspective of water resources could cause problems in the very near future.
Right now we’re working in South Africa, China, and Morocco. In Morocco there’s a lot of interest it has a very large and ambitious renewable energy expansion plan. However, there isn’t a lot of consideration on if water will be available or how competition from other sectors like agriculture or urban/municipal use will affect this expansion.
GB: It’s interesting that the initiative is seeking better understanding and management of water for energy as opposed to energy for water but is sounds like it was a strategic decision. What made you start with this aspect of the nexus?
DR: Yes. It took probably a year to define that. We were looking at the water-energy-food nexus as a whole. For us, the main challenge is how do you look at this problem, and actually try to influence major economic sectors in the way that they’re planning and investing? The more you add the more complex it is to tackle. So we said, okay, we need an entry point. And that entry point for us is the energy sector. We’re trying to ensure that we can influence the way the energy sector thinks about water. And then we also have a component in which we try to look at trade-offs across different sectors.
So we don’t ignore food and industry and other uses, but you have to have an entry point where you develop and implement analytical tools. From here, we can assess the supply and demand side of both water and energy. But as said, it’s very complex. We analyze the water and energy sectors and reach outcomes based on the assessments. If conclusions drawn from an assessment is something like the irrigation practices aren’t using a lot of water, then the analysis is finished. But if instead, the assessment brings to light increasing demands on the side of energy that may impact other sectors’ water allocations, then we implement techniques and examine trade-offs looking for a solution.
But even trying to get the energy and water actors to talk to each other is quite complex. So we’re trying to be very pragmatic and operational about our approaches.
GB: What would the ideal planning process look like? Who is involved, what factors are considered, how are decisions being made?
DR: What we’ve seen is that in most of the energy planning frameworks, there’s usually an assumption that the water that may be required by the sector is there. ‘We’ll be able to get it somehow’ is the line of thought. You get an average mean flow of water and make allocation decisions based on the assumption this supply won’t change.
What we’re trying to do slowly is change that, and say, ‘the availability of water can fluctuate based on resource flows every year causing supply to vary’. In some cases you will have water in certain basins that have been fully allocated. In certain years you might have extreme events a severe drought or flood. It becomes an issue of being much more realistic about the costs and the physical constraints of the resource for a major economic sector like energy.
GB: Do you have any examples of that approach working in practice?
DR: Very few countries have done this. We’re actually very limited in actual practice. The closest that you get is South Africa’s integrated resource planning framework about 10 years ago. The framework was limited in how it approached water resources. Basically, it included water as a necessary piece of energy production but didn’t account for water scarcity or stress that may occur and impact development. What we’re doing in South Africa is altering the energy model to incorporate the constraints of water at the basin level.
GB: I assume you’re working with both the public and the private sector. How does the private sector approach these issues and in what way are you engaging with them?
DR: We have a private sector reference group. We have partners like Electricite, Alstom and Veolia in France and Abengoa in Spain-all keen on examining the nexus. Obviously they look at it from a perspective of potential investment risk. What they are realizing also is that nowadays it’s very important for them to understand the broader context. If you decide to invest in a particular plant, you have to go way beyond what happens to that particular site. The private sector understands how you have to look larger. Potential problems within the basin, like effluent discharge, could impose additional costs even if it isn’t happening at the plant site.
And at the same time the private sector does have very good experience in building and operating plants and businesses. The idea is that with this collaboration, they can help us understand how the efficiency and consumption patterns of technologies are determined by location and climate conditions among other factors. They also have a clear understanding of existing and future challenges regarding resource constraints.
GB: So what are your plans in the coming year or two? What can we expect to see happening?
DR: The initiative was launched in January so we’re fairly new. And in the next year, we’ll be focusing on delivering results from the countries we’re working in. We started the work in South Africa we talked about. We’re starting work in China with the national energy agency to incorporate water constraints into the new national five-year energy plan for 2016-2020.
We’re also starting to provide assistance in Morocco with a water and energy utility there, which is a new merger of institutions. It’s very interesting. Our role is to present analytical tools that demonstrate the benefits-including financial gains- of integrated management.
Essentially, we’re meant to provide an array of processes and methods that can move the nexus approach from “blah blah blah” at the global level to real implementation that affects resource management and investment decisions.
Please see our Reprint Guidelines for details on republishing our articles. | <urn:uuid:0329253b-defb-4654-8d13-fe1cfaf100e3> | {
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The grand promise of public education is to provide all students with an equal opportunity to learn and prepare themselves for work or future education regardless of their socio-economic conditions at home. In an immigrant society like Canada’s, this ambition is critically important to ensure that the children of immigrants have opportunities and life chances equal to the children of Canadian-born parents. Canadian education appears to be delivering on this promise, though there is room for improvement.
There is only a small difference between the overall reading scores of Canadian-born students who speak the language of the test (i.e., English or French) at home and the scores of Canadian-born second-generation students who do not speak the language of the test at home. While those who speak the test language at home achieved a score of 530, second-generation students who do not speak the language were close behind with a score of 517—a difference of less than 3 per cent.
The reading test used for this report card is from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), an international assessment of the skills and knowledge of 15 year olds, coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). | <urn:uuid:8c5415cd-e202-4293-bbcc-fb6b698ffab9> | {
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Hannah Snell (James Grey) 1723 - 1792
At age seventeen, in 1740, Hannah’s parents died and she moved to Wapping, where she fell in love with a Dutch seaman, James Summs. After seven months of marriage, Summs went back to sea again. Nothing was heard from him but Hannah knew he would return. She convinced herself that he had been forced to join the Army or Navy against his will - a common enough occurrence in the eighteenth century. Not one to sit at home, Hannah decided to look for her husband. She bound her breasts and borrowed some of her brother-in-law’s clothing and set off dressed as a man.
Hearing that troops were gathering to counter the Jacobite Rising in Scotland, she made her way to Coventry. Here were the Sixth Foot, newly returned from the West Indies after losing many soldiers to tropical illness and now recruiting to get back up to strength. The Regiment was then known as ‘Guise’s’ after the Colonel’s name and Hannah enlisted as ‘James Grey’ in Captain Miller’s Company.
The Corporal who enlisted her was a rogue, as were so many recruiters, but it is probable that Hannah joined of her own free will, reasoning that at least she would be fed, paid and protected in her search for her husband. The army was moving north and the Sixth Foot marched to Carlisle, taking twenty-two days. Her disguise went unremarked and she set about learning how to handle her arms and perform drills properly. She was quick to learn and the company officers noticed her progress.
One of her Sergeants, named Davis, set his sights on seducing or raping a girl in Carlisle and tried to enlist Hannah’s aid, practically ordering her to do so. Instead she warned the girl and, hearing of this, Sergeant Davis alleged ‘neglect of duty’ against Hannah. This was a serious offence and the punishment reflected it; she was sentenced to 600 lashes of the whip.
This was a vicious but not uncommon punishment and the lash was vigorously laid on. Hannah was tied to the barrack gate, hiding her breasts and thus her disguise remained unsuspected. Although her flesh was torn and bleeding, she bore 500 lashes without a whimper. The officers admired her courage and the Commanding Officer cancelled the final 100 lashes.Having had no luck in the search for her husband, and recognising a recruit as a former neighbour from Wapping, she deserted and made for Portsmouth. Here again she enlisted, this time into Frazer's Regiment of Marines which was about to leave for the East Indies. Here she saw action at Pondicherry, killing several Frenchmen before being wounded herself.
She escaped the discovery of her sex by operating on herself and removing a musket ball from her groin. Declared unfit for marine's duty she now served as a deck hand. Still searching for her husband, she finally met a man who told her that James Sums had been executed for murder in Genoa.
When her ship eventually returned to London, she returned to her sister in Wapping. However, her story became known and she was referred to as ‘the heroic marine of Pondicherry’. The Duke of Cumberland ordered her to wear men's clothes. To earn a living she went on the stage and then leased a tavern, naming it ‘The Widow in Masquerade, or the Female Warrior’.
With a Sovereign’s grant of £30 a year for life she lived more comfortably than when on the march to Carlisle. In 1792 this brave and unusual woman died, her portrait being hung in Chelsea Hospital. | <urn:uuid:7b940ac5-c2be-4e4d-a5ba-895c88e94acd> | {
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Dyeing is a color imparting course of which improvises the outer seems to be of any textile substrate. Many varieties of dye are current, the latching of molecules rely on their molecular construction. Mixture of kind of dye and the substrate decides the ultimate product’s high quality. Dyeing is a color move on course of that prospers the textile business by imparting colors to the substrate. It’s a sensible expertise that lock dye with the substrate. Dyes achieve their color by absorbing wavelength of seen gentle offering the totally different shades.
In dyeing course of, molecular construction of each dye and materials performs their vital position. For a superb mix it is necessary for the substrate and the kind of dye to be of acceptable composition. Aside from dyeing there are different methods to hold out the textile colouring course of. The delighted mixture of color and fibre is achieved by three distinctive methods. They’re: Aqueous or Typical Dyeing: That is a very powerful and broadly used methodology. The method includes the usage of dyes aka dyestuffs. This means of dyeing comprise the remedy of the textile supplies in aqueous or water answer. It’s a conventional textile dyeing course of the place a substrate is colored by water bathing course of. On this, fibre is dipped and rested into a bathtub crammed with water and dye combination. This fashion substrate will get the prospect to soak up the color uniformly. The water-dye combination decides the color depth. Pigments: They’re the microscopic sized insoluble colored particles which doesn’t perform any precise chemical response with the substrate. As they’re insoluble in water the mixing of dye with the substrate grow to be a difficult job. As a substitute of water, binders are used to settle the pigments onto the floor of the textile materials. Pigments are UV secure due to their superb molecular dimension.
Answer Dyeing: It is part of manufactured fibre manufacturing that includes including micro-sized colored pigments to man-made fibres or artificial fibres throughout manufacturing. The pigment is added whereas the fibre is in liquid or answer type and earlier than extrusion from a spinnerette. Answer dyeing colors the material fully i.e. by the fibre which makes the material resistance in the direction of bleaching brokers. There are a lot of Reactive Dyes Producer in India recognized for his or her work like http://www.sudeepind.com. They’ve elevated buyer’s belief in them by adopting newest instruments and mixing applied sciences. | <urn:uuid:cf026530-26d6-4825-84c6-f87e990f9124> | {
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of High-Technology Industries
Share of World Markets
Global Competitiveness of Individual Industries
Exports by High-Technology Industries
Global Business in Knowledge-Intensive Service Industries
U.S. Royalties and Fees Generated From Intellectual Property
Most countries acknowledge a symbiotic relationship between investment
in S&T and success in the marketplace: S&T supports competitiveness
in international trade, and commercial success in the global marketplace
provides the resources needed to support new S&T. Consequently,
the nation's economic health is a performance measure for the national
investment in R&D and S&E.
OECD currently identifies five industries as high technology (science-based
industries that manufacture products while performing above-average
levels of R&D): aerospace, pharmaceuticals, computers and office
machinery, communication equipment, and scientific (medical, precision,
and optical) instruments.
These five industries, identified as the most R&D intensive
by OECD, are also the most R&D intensive for the United States
(table 6-1 ).
This section reviews the U.S. position in the global marketplace
from several vantage points: its position in the high-technology
product market, the competiveness of individual industries, and
trends in U.S. exports and imports of technological know-how.
Importance of High-Technology Industries
High-technology industries are important to nations for several
reasons. High-technology firms innovate, and firms that innovate
tend to gain market share, create new product markets, and use resources
more productively (NRC, Hamburg Institute for Economic Research,
and Kiel Institute for World Economics 1996; and Tassey 2000). High-technology
firms develop high value-added products and are successful in foreign
markets, which results in greater compensation for their employees.
Industrial R&D performed by high-technology industries benefits
other commercial sectors by generating new products and processes
that increase productivity, expand business, and create high-wage
According to the Global Insight World Industry Service database,
which provides production data for 70 countries that account for
more than 97 percent of global economic activity, the global market
for high-technology goods is growing at a faster rate than that
for other manufactured goods, and high-technology industries are
driving economic growth around the world. During the 22-year period
examined (19802001), high-technology production grew at an inflation-adjusted
average annual rate of nearly 6.5 percent compared with 2.4 percent
for other manufactured goods. Global economic activity was especially
strong at the end of the period (19962001), when high-technology
industry output grew at 8.9 percent per year, more than double the
rate of growth for all other manufacturing industries (figure
table 6-1 ).
Output by the five high-technology industries represented 7.7 percent
of global production of all manufactured goods in 1980; by 2001,
it doubled to 15.8 percent.
During the 1980s, the United States and other high-wage countries
committed to increasing the resources used in the manufacture of
higher value-added, technology-intensive goods, often referred to
as high-technology manufactures. (See sidebar, "U.S.
High-Technology Industries Add More Value During Production Than
Other U.S. Manufacturing Industries.") During this period, the
United States led the major industrialized countries in concentration
on high-technology manufactures. In 1980, high-technology manufactures
accounted for about 10 percent of total U.S. production. By 1984,
it had increased to 13 percent and in 1989 was nearly 14 percent.
By contrast, high-technology manufactures represented about 12 percent
of total Japanese production in 1989, up from 7.3 percent in 1980.
European nations also saw high-technology manufactures account for
a growing share of their total production, although to a lesser
degree. The one exception was the United Kingdom, where high-technology
manufactures rose from 9 percent of total manufacturing output in
1980 to 12.5 percent in 1989.
The major industrialized countries continued to emphasize high-technology
manufactures throughout the 1990s (figure
table 6-1 ).
In 1999, high-technology manufactures were estimated to be 20.9
percent of manufacturing output in the United States, 17.0 percent
in the United Kingdom, 16.2 percent in France, 15.8 percent in Japan,
and 9.3 percent in Germany. The latest data through 2001 show output
in high-technology industries continued to grow faster than output
in other manufacturing industries in the United States, Germany,
and France, while slowing somewhat in Japan and the United Kingdom.
Taiwan and South Korea typify how important R&D-intensive industries
are to newly industrialized economies. In 1980, high-technology
manufactures accounted for 8.2 percent of Taiwan's total manufacturing
output; this proportion jumped to 12.4 percent in 1989 and reached
29.2 percent in 2001. The transformation of South Korea's manufacturing
base is even more striking. High-technology manufacturing in South
Korea accounted for 6.1 percent of total output in 1980, 10.0 percent
in 1989, and 31.0 percent in 2001.
Share of World Markets
From 1980 through 2001, the United States has consistently been
the world's leading producer of high-technology products. U.S. high-technology
industries' shares of world output fluctuated between 29 and 33
percent, rising slightly in the late 1990s before falling in 2000
and 2001. In 2001, U.S. high-technology industries accounted for
about 32 percent of world output.
The EU lost high-technology market share gradually during the 1980s
and 1990s. High-technology industries in the EU's 15 nations accounted
for 22.8 percent of world output in 2001, which was a small increase
from 2000 but generally reflects a persistent decline in the European
share since the early 1980s. Among the four large EU countries,
the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy each recorded smaller shares,
although Germany reversed its decline somewhat from 1999 to 2001.
Only France gained market share over the 22-year period examined,
and in 2001, it led EU countries with a 5.5 percent share. Germany
accounted for 5.0 percent and the United Kingdom for 4.1 percent.
Italy's shares were the lowest among the four large European economies,
ranging from a high of about 3.5 percent during the mid-1980s to
a low of about 1.8 percent in 2000 and 2001.
Asia's market share grew over the past 2 decades, led first by
Japan in the 1980s and then by South Korea and China in the 1990s.
In 1989, Japan accounted for 21.3 percent of the world's production
of high-technology products, moving up 4 percentage points from
its 1980 share. Japan continued to gain market share through 1991.
Since then, however, its market position has deteriorated, with
the steepest declines evident after 1997. In 2001, Japan's share
fell to 12.9 percent, its lowest level in the 19802001 period examined
(figure 6-5 ).
As Japan's dominance waned, developing Asian nations made dramatic
gains. South Korea's market share more than doubled during the 1980s,
moving from 0.9 percent in 1980 to 2.1 percent in 1989, and then
increased each year throughout the 1990s. By 2000, it had jumped
to 6.5 percent, and by 2001 it measured 7.1 percent, its highest
level in the 22 years examined. The growth in China's high-technology
output surpassed that of South Korea. In 1980, China's high-technology
industry produced just 0.9 percent of the world's output. That figure
rose to 2.2 percent in 1989, 5.5 percent in 1999, and 8.7 percent
Global Competitiveness of Individual Industries
In each of the five industries that make up the high-technology
group, the United States maintained strong, if not leading, market
positions between 1980 and 2001. The United States is a large and
mostly open market, characteristics that benefit U.S. high-technology
producers in two important ways. First, supplying a market with
many consumers results in scale effects for U.S. producers because
there are potentially large rewards for new ideas and innovations
(Romer 1996). Second, the openness
of the U.S. market to competing, foreign-made technologies pressures
U.S. producers to be more innovative to maintain domestic market
Two U.S. high-technology industries, computers and office machinery
and communication equipment, reversed downward trends resulting
from competitive pressures from a growing cadre of high-technology-producing
nations during the 1980s. These industries gained market share in
the mid- to late 1990s in part due to increased capital investment
by U.S. businesses. (See sidebar, "U.S. Industry
Continues to Invest in IT.")
Since 1997, the United States has been the leading supplier of
office and computer machinery in the global market, overtaking longtime
leader Japan. The EU, led by Germany, was the dominant producer
for most of the 1980s before relinquishing the lead to Japan in
1988. Among developing countries, China and South Korea showed rapid
and consistent growth in global market share, especially in the
From 1980 through 1997, Japan was the world's leading supplier
of communication equipment, exceeding output in the United States
and the EU. In 1998, U.S. manufacturers once again became the leading
producer of communication equipment in the world and have since
retained that position. In 2001, the latest year for which data
are available, the United States accounted for approximately 24
percent of world production of communication equipment, down from
29 percent in 2000 (figure
table 6-1 ).
Aerospace, the U.S. high-technology industry with the largest world
market share, was the only industry to lose market share during
the 1990s. During the early 1980s, the U.S. aerospace industry consistently
gained market share, peaking at 57 percent in 1984. Since then,
the U.S. share of this market has generally declined, falling to
51 percent in 1989 and to about 44 percent in 1995. The industry
recovered somewhat during the following 3 years, then leveled off
at about a 50 percent share in 2001. European aerospace industries
made some gains during this time, particularly in France. After
fluctuating between 7 and 10 percent during the 1980s, the French
aerospace industry slowly gained market share for much of the 1990s.
In 2000, France supplied 12.8 percent of world aircraft shipments;
in 2001, that figure reached 13.5 percent. The EU as a whole accounted
for 30.2 percent of world aircraft shipments in 2001. China's aerospace
industry also grew relatively sharply. In 1980, China's aerospace
industry output accounted for less than 1 percent of world output;
by 1989, its market share rose to 1.5 percent. A succession of year-to-year
gains from 1992 through 1997 then lifted its market share to 5.8
percent, and in 2000 and 2001 it stood at 6.5 percent. Brazil exhibited
a very different trend. Brazil accounted for 14.9 percent of world
aerospace production in 1980, 10.2 percent in 1989, and 2.8 percent
The EU was the leading producer of drugs and medicines in the world
market for the entire 22-year period examined and accounted for
3034 percent of global shipments. France is the leading producer
among the four largest EU member nations. The U.S. market share
grew irregularly, from 20 percent in 1980 to 24 percent in 1990,
and to 25 percent in 2001. Different national laws governing the
distribution of foreign pharmaceuticals make this industry unique
compared with other high-technology industries. For this industry,
domestic population dynamics may play a more important role than
global market forces and affect the demand for a country's pharmaceutical
The 2001 addition of the scientific instruments industry (medical,
precision, and optical instruments) to the group of high-technology
industries reflects the industry's high level of R&D in advanced
nations (table 6-1 ).
From 1980 through 2001, the United States was the leading producer
of scientific instruments. In 2001, the United States accounted
for 49.3 percent of global industry shipments, up from 46.0 percent
in 1990 and 45.1 percent in 1980. The EU, led by Germany and France,
ranked second, accounting for 2831 percent of global shipments.
Exports by High-Technology Industries
Although U.S. producers benefit from having the world's largest
home market as measured by gross domestic product (GDP), mounting
trade deficits highlight the need to serve foreign markets as well.
Traditionally, U.S. high-technology industries have been more successful
exporting their products than other U.S. industries, and therefore
can play a key role in returning the United States to a more balanced
trade position (figure 6-8
Despite its domestic focus, the United States was an important
supplier of manufactured products to foreign markets throughout
the 19802001 period. Throughout the 1990s and continuing through
2001, U.S. industry supplied 1314 percent of the world's general
manufacturing exports. It ranked second only to the EU in its share
of world exports. If intra-EU shipments were excluded, the United
States would likely rank above the EU.
Exports by U.S. high-technology industries grew rapidly during
the mid-1990s and contributed to the nation's strong export performance
(figure 6-9 ).
During the 1990s, U.S. high-technology industries accounted for
between 19 and 23 percent of world high-technology exports, which
at times were nearly twice the level achieved by all U.S. manufacturing
industries. In 2001, the latest year for which data are available,
exports by U.S. high-technology industries accounted for about 17
percent of world high-technology exports; Japan accounted for about
10 percent, and Germany nearly 8 percent.
The gradual drop in the U.S. share during 19902001 was in part
due to competition from emerging high-technology industries in newly
industrialized economies, especially in Asia. High-technology industries
in South Korea and Taiwan each accounted for about 2.5 percent of
world high-technology exports in 1990, and data for 2001 show that
each country's share nearly doubled. Singapore's share, which was
3.5 percent in 1990 and 5.7 percent in 2001, was also significant.
Over the past 2 decades, U.S. high-technology industries were leading
exporters in each of the five industries that comprise the high-technology
group. The United States was the export leader in all five industries
in 2001, although its shares in several categories declined.
U.S. aerospace technology, computers and office machinery, and
communication equipment industries all recorded successively smaller
shares of world exports in 2001 than in earlier years. U.S. exports
of aerospace technologies accounted for 54 percent of world aerospace
exports in 1980, 46 percent in 1990, and 38 percent in 2001. U.S.
exports of computers and office machinery represented 31 percent
of world exports in 1980, 22 percent in 1990, and 16 percent in
2001. The U.S. manufacturers of communication equipment's share
has fluctuated in a much narrower range, 1317 percent, reaching
highs in the early 1980s and the mid-1990s before falling to lows
in 2000 and 2001. U.S. exports of scientific instruments declined
throughout most of the 1980s, remained stable through the mid-1990s,
and have slowly climbed since then. In 2001, U.S. exports of scientific
instruments accounted for approximately 22 percent of world exports
table 6-1 ).
The only U.S. industry with a higher share of world exports in 2001
than in 1980 was the pharmaceutical industry, which rose from 12
to 15 percent.
Global Business in Knowledge-Intensive Service
For several decades, revenues generated by U.S. service-sector
industries grew faster than those generated by the nation's manufacturing
industries. Data collected by the U.S. Department of Commerce show
that the service sector's share of U.S. GDP grew from 49 percent
in 1959 to 64 percent in 1997 (NSB 2000, appendix table
9-4). This growth has been fueled largely by knowledge-intensive
industries-those that incorporate science, engineering, and
technology in either their services or the delivery of their services.
Five of these knowledge-intensive industries are the communication,
financial, business (including computer software development), educational,
and health services. In the United States, these industries grew
faster than the high-technology manufacturing sector discussed earlier.
This section presents data tracking the overall revenues earned
by these industries in 70 countries
table 6-2 ).
Combined global sales in these service-sector industries exceeded
$12.3 trillion in 2001, up from $5.4 trillion in 1980 and $8.0 trillion
in 1990. The United States was the leading provider of high-technology
services, responsible for about one-third of total world service
revenues during the 22-year period examined.
Business services, which include computer and data processing and
research and engineering services, was the largest of the five service
industries and accounted for 34 percent of global revenues in 2001.
It was most prominent in the EU, which claimed 37 percent of business
services world revenue in 2001. The United States ranked second
at nearly 34 percent, followed by Japan at 15 percent. Data on individual
business services by country are not available.
Financial services was the second largest service sector and accounted
for nearly 27 percent of global revenues in 2001. Forty percent
of industry revenues in 2001 went to the U.S. financial services
industry, the world's largest. The EU was second with approximately
26 percent, followed by Japan at nearly 10 percent.
Communication services, which include telecommunication and broadcast
services, was the fourth-largest service industry examined, accounting
for almost 15 percent of world service industry revenues in 2001.
In what many consider the most technology-driven of the service
industries, the United States held the dominant position. In 2001,
U.S. firms generated revenues equal to 38 percent of world revenues.
The EU accounted for 24 percent, and Japan accounted for nearly
Because many nations' governments serve as the primary provider
of the remaining two knowledge-intensive service industries, health
services and educational services, and because the size of each
country's population affects the delivery of these services, global
comparisons based on market-generated revenues are less meaningful
than they are for other service industries. The United States, with
arguably the least government involvement, has the largest health
services industry in the world. The EU is second, followed by Japan.
If most of these services are delivered primarily to domestic customers,
then, on a per capita basis, Japanese residents clearly consumed
the most health services of any advanced nation. Educational services,
the smallest of the five knowledge-intensive service industries
in terms of revenue generated, includes governmental and private
education institutions of all types that offer primary, secondary,
and university education, as well as technical, vocational, and
commercial schools. By comparison, fees (tuition) and income from
other education service-related operations accounted for about one-fourth
of the revenues generated by the business services industry worldwide.
Europe generated the most revenues in this service industry, with
Japan second and the United States third. Again, on a per capita
basis, Japanese residents consumed more educational services than
residents in any other advanced nation.
U.S. Royalties and Fees Generated From Intellectual
The United States has traditionally maintained a large trade surplus
in intellectual property. Firms trade intellectual property when
they license or franchise proprietary technologies, trademarks,
and entertainment products to entities in other countries. These
transactions generate revenues in the form of royalties and licensing
U.S. Royalties and Fees From All Transactions
In 2001, U.S. receipts from trade in intellectual property declined
for the first time since 1987. After an increase throughout the
late 1980s and 1990s, total receipts peaked in 2000 at nearly $40
billion, then dropped somewhat in 2001. U.S. receipts for transactions
involving intellectual property generally were four to five times
larger than U.S. payments to foreign firms. This gap narrowed in
the late 1990s as U.S. payments increased faster than U.S. receipts.
This trend continued for 3 years and, by 2000, the ratio of receipts
to payments dropped to about 2.5:1.
In 2001, U.S. trade in intellectual property produced a surplus
of $22.3 billion, down 5 percent from the $23.5 billion surplus
recorded a year earlier and extending a downward trend that began
in 1999 (figure 6-12
table 6-3 ).
About 75 percent of transactions involved exchanges of intellectual
property between U.S. firms and their foreign affiliates.
Exchanges of intellectual property among affiliates grew at about
the same pace as those among unaffiliated firms. These trends suggest
both a growing internationalization of U.S. business and a growing
reliance on intellectual property developed overseas.
U.S. Royalties and Fees From Trade in Technical Knowledge
Data on royalties and fees generated by trade in intellectual property
can be further disaggregated to reveal U.S. trade in technical know-how.
By tracking transactions between unaffiliated firms in which prices
are set through market-based negotiation, these data may better
reflect the value of technical know-how at a given time than data
on exchanges among affiliated firms. When receipts (sales of technical
know-how) consistently exceed payments (purchases), these data may
indicate a comparative advantage in the creation of industrial technology.
Tracking the record of receipts and payments also provides an indicator
of trends in the production and diffusion of technical knowledge.
The United States is a net exporter of technology sold as intellectual
property. The gap between imports and exports narrowed during the
late 1990s, but the most recent data show a surge in receipts in
2000 that outpaced the growth in payments. During the early 1990s,
royalties and fees received from foreign firms were an average of
three times greater than the amount U.S. firms paid foreigners for
access to their technology. U.S. receipts grew to $3.9 billion in
1999, and in 2001 totaled $4.9 billion, an increase of approximately
24 percent (figure 6-13
table 6-4 ).
The slower growth in the most recent year may be due in part to
past transfers of intellectual property to foreign affiliates of
U.S. firms who in turn take the place of the U.S. parent company
when dealing directly with foreign customers. Such transfers are
advantageous for U.S. firms when the affiliates are located in countries
with lower tax rates or when the transfers facilitate local product
adaptation (Borga and Mann 2002).
In transactions between unaffiliated firms, U.S. receipts for technology
sold as intellectual property exceeded payments by more than $3
billion in 2000 and 2001.
The U.S. trade surplus in intellectual property is driven largely
by trade with Asia. In 1995, U.S. receipts (exports) from technology
licensing transactions were nearly seven times the amount of U.S.
payments (imports) to Asia. That ratio closed to slightly more than
4:1 by 1997, but has since widened. The most recent data show U.S.
receipts from technology licensing transactions at more than six
times the amount of U.S. payments to Asia. Japan and South Korea
were the biggest customers for U.S. technology sold as intellectual
property; together, these countries accounted for 54 percent of
total receipts in 2001.
Japan was the single largest consumer, although its purchases declined
significantly during the 1990s. At its peak in 1993, Japan's share
of U.S. receipts was approximately 51 percent. Japan's purchases
began to increase again in 2000 and 2001, raising its share to 35
and 39 percent, respectively. Another Asian country, South Korea,
was the second largest consumer, accounting for nearly 15 percent
of U.S. receipts in 2001. South Korea has been a major consumer
of U.S. technological know-how since 1988, when it accounted for
5.5 percent of U.S. receipts. South Korea's share rose to nearly
11 percent in 1990 and reached its highest level, 19 percent, in
Unlike its trade with Asia, U.S. trade in intellectual property
with Europe fluctuated between surplus and deficit until 1994, when
a sharp decline in U.S. purchases of European technical know-how
led to a considerably larger surplus for the United States than
in previous years. Another large surplus in 1995 resulted from an
increase in receipts from the larger European countries. Receipts
from EU countries have risen steadily since 1997, reaching $1.4
billion in 2001, or about 28 percent of all U.S. receipts for technology
sold as intellectual property. Some of this increase can be attributed
to increased licensing activity by firms in Germany, the third-largest
consumer of U.S. technological know-how. In 2001, German firms spent
$368 million, approximately double their expenditures in 1997. The
latest data also show that U.S. receipts from exchanges with France
and Switzerland rose sharply during the late 1990s and again in
2000 and 2001, leading to considerably larger U.S. surpluses from
trade with Europe.
Foreign sources for U.S. firms' purchases of technical know-how
varied over the years. The EU has been the biggest supplier for
U.S. firms, accounting for 4055 percent of foreign-supplied purchases
of technological know-how sold as intellectual property. Germany,
the United Kingdom, and Switzerland are the principal European suppliers.
Asia has also been an important supplier of technological know-how,
although its share of U.S. purchases has dropped considerably since
1999. In 2001, Asian countries accounted for 26 percent of U.S.
purchases, down from 39 percent in 1999. Japan is the source for
nearly all of the U.S. purchases from Asia, with small amounts coming
from South Korea and Taiwan. Since 1992, Japan has been the single
largest foreign supplier of technical know-how to U.S. firms: about
one-fourth of 2001 U.S. payments were made to Japanese firms. | <urn:uuid:ad149464-8f62-42f2-9e63-eac40cb41dc9> | {
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I was looking at these fantastic modular origami tesselations and thinking (as I tend to) “Vasari Panel? Sure!”
Turns out origami is hard! One of the first issues that comes up is that each panel needs to have some amount of awareness about what its neighbor is doing. In general, Revit/Vasari panels operate in isolation, each one’s behavior having very little, if anything to do with the panels that it shares edges with. For most cases, this is fine, as the creation of seamless relationships can be handled by referencing shared point normals. In this case, however, there turn out to be more than one place where geometry in PanelA needs to reference the same geometry as PanelB.
The kernel of this solution is a 9 point adaptive component that is repeated 4 different times over a surface. The center of a 9 bay grid defines the center of any given panel, and the remaining 8 reference the centers of all neighbors.
With this solution in mind, let’s take a look at our origami pattern
If you break the pattern down into repeated elements, at first you can do the standard thing of identifying a rectangular set of points.
Here I am identifying the low point of each module and just connecting the dots.
That module is built on a “seamless panel base”, where I just look at where are the lines intersect with an imagined cubic space projected off the surface of the form, and connect the dots.
Q.E.D., right? Now we can all go back to doing important work, please?
NO! This solution leaves out an important piece of information
Look carefully at the resulting pattern, and you will see a kink in what should be a straight line connection between the high points of the modules!
Each panel piece needs to REACH OVER into the neighboring panel and make a straight line connection between interior geometry in itself and interior geometry in the neighbor!
A minor detail? No! This simplicity is what lends clarity and readability to the pattern.
In a completely flat, regular system, this would be no problem, as there would be no kink.
But with irregular curvature, where angles are changing, you can’t pre-calculate where that reach-over is going to need to land.
What’s a girl to do?
If you conceive of each high, square area as the center of each module, each panel needs to know about 4 other similar centers:
But with this configuration of 5 points, you can’t determine the extents of each cell. For that you also need to get the geometry of the centers of the remaining 4 corner neighbors.
Therefore, for every one cell that gets placed, it must have one point to identify its center, and 8 to identify its neighbor’s placements.
So you have a 9 point adaptive component where point #5 represents the center of one square we will model, and the remaining 8 points represent the neighboring cell centers
If you connect #5 diagonally to the corner neighbors, you can derive the lines out from the center that will define the lowest points of the pattern.
Imagine that points 2, 4, 6, and 8 will similarly be the center of their own high, square areas and connect them
Host points at he intersections and you will have the corners of the lowest points of the pattern.
These corners are where the panel will connect at the lowest point with its neighbor
Ok, head hurting? Hang on, it gets worse. This is a fully 3 dimensional pattern, that offsets from an arbitrarily curving surface. So we need to attack the Z-direction by placing points on the horizontal workplane of each adaptive point and offsetting the desired thickness.
Connect the diagonals again and we can define the high, square area.
Now we connect more dots to create the folds:
One last piece. We place 4 of these little monsters on our divided surface, overlapping so that each block of 9 control points relates to its neighbor. Note that there are multiple areas of alignment in 3 dimensions of neighboring panels.
Select each of the 4 families, one at a time, and hit the Repeat button:
This will result in 4 different Repeater elements on the surface.
There are still 3 missing features that are not solved with this. 1. Edges only match up on surfaces that have planar panels: revolves, translation, single curvature, and flat surfaces. Paper will stretch, crinkle and bend a little, mine doesn’t. 2. The high, square areas do not rotate, that is, they stay in a gridded orthogonal relationship to each other. In the actual origami example, they rotate against each other. 3. Perhaps more interestingly, there is no necessity for the panel elements to remain dimensionally static while only changing their angular relationship. I think there is some interesting math to be done that might solve this last problem, and I can approximate it with some formulas that adjust the height of the family with changes in size of the cell, but it isn’t perfect.
Download the family from here. ContextPanel_seamless.rfa is a base family that can be used to make your own patterns that need to reference neighbors. ContextPanel_hosted has the origami panel module hosted 4 times on a surface. Select each one and Repeat for each to cover the surface.
Suggestions for improvements or totally alternate approaches welcome! | <urn:uuid:19492493-958b-45de-919e-b1676cbf1763> | {
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Over at Swans on Tea, Tom expounded recently on how cooking isn't "really" science, recalling a family holiday gathering where his grade school niece wanted to bake something for her school science project. For Tom, this bit of information "elicited a mental face palm." He has a point: what he's really objecting to is not cooking per se, but the blind following of a recipe/instructions, which isn't any more scientific than rote memorization of scientific facts. Science is a process, and Tom goes on to suggest a couple of ways to make baking more like "real" science: you know, making a prediction about what might happen if you change one of the ingredients, or combine them in a different, and then testing your hypothesis. As Tom says, "In any reasonably complicated experiment, something will go wrong, and it's the job of the scientist to figure out why and track down where the problem is." And he went to relate how he solved a problem with his spectroscopy setup.
With all due respect to Tom, cooking, done properly, is not about blindly following recipes: it involves a lot of prediction and testing by experiment to get a dish just right. The recipes just give you the basic framework. It's even more of a science these days, with the rise of molecular gastronomy (about which I blogged three years ago), sous vide (read Lee's take here), and other cutting edge techniques that combine technology with basic chemistry to create new dishes that appeal to our taste perception. There's probably half a dozen potential science projects there. For starters, there's just the basic chemistry that takes place when we prepare various foodstuffs. As Lee said,
Cooking is really a type of chemistry, dependent upon the reaction of molecules to the application of heat, as much as anything. Proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates break down and/or change their shape when they're heated. McGee ... is the author of On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, which is a history of food and cooking, a technical manual, and a chemistry text that explains what happens to various foods when you cook them using different methods and temperatures. Many foods, McGee explains, lose flavor, color, nutritional value, and texture when you cook them at high heat. This is because heat increases the action of enzymes before it stops them. Enzymes are another type of protein that increases the rate of chemical reactions, like breaking complex, long-chain proteins into digestible bits in your stomach. This is what happens in cooking, too, to a lesser extent.
So cooking is definitely a science, drawing on chemistry and physics and basic biology/anatomy among other fields, not to mention engineering to come up with innovative preparation techniques. It's become so much of a science, in fact, that the University of Copenhagen is currently advertising for a professorial appointment in culinary chemistry, part of an ongoing effort to establish molecular gastronomy as a serious field of scientific study. Kitchens today in fine restaurants are as likely to use liquid nitrogen as more conventional ingredients to achieve unique shapes and textures.
You may have learned the basics of how we taste in school. Here's a refresher, courtesy of How Stuff Works:
Taste begins with sensation in the form of electrical impulses. Sensations, however -- responses to stimuli like pressure, light or chemical composition -- become perceptions like touch, vision or taste only when they reach the brain. In humans, the chemoreceptors that detect taste are called gustatory receptor cells. About 50 receptor cells, plus basal and supporting cells, make up one taste bud. Taste buds themselves are contained in goblet-shaped papillae -- the small bumps that dot your tongue. Some papillae help create friction between the tongue and food. Every gustatory receptor cell has a spindly protrusion called a gustatory hair. This taste hair reaches the outside environment through an opening called a taste pore. Molecules mix with saliva, enter the taste pore and interact with the gustatory hairs. This stimulates the sensation of taste. Once a stimulus activates the gustatory impulse, receptor cells synapse with neurons and pass on electrical impulses to the gustatory area of the cerebral cortex. The brain interprets the sensations as taste.
There are four basic tastes that can be detected by receptors on the tongue: sweet, salty, sour and bitter. Well, actually, there's a fifth one now, too. It was first discovered in the early 1900s by a Japanese scientist named Kikunae Ikeda, who investigated how we detect the unusual flavor of savory seaweed common in Japanese cuisine, and ended up isolating glutamic acid as a fifth taste (umami) that has its own separate receptor. His study on taste wasn't translated into English until 2002, which is why umami has yet to make it into school textbooks.
In truth, our perception of taste is even more dependent on our sense of smell -- as much as 80% of the tasting experience, in fact. That's because the tongue has 9000 taste buds; but humans have between 5 and 10 million cells or receptors for detecting smell, which is how we can make subtle distinctions between how different foods taste. A scientist named Francois Benzi first proposed that because smell is so important to how we taste food, that certain food pairings should work well if they shared the same major volatile molecules. He first experimented with jasmine and pork liver, since both contain indole -- success! It proved an excellent match, and the field of molecular gastronomy was launched.
MG pioneer Hester Blumenthal, who runs The Fat Duck in England, built on this work and discovered that caviar and white chocolate are also a perfect match, since they share trimethylamine. There's now quite an extensive list of scientifically based flavor pairings, including such unusual combinations as carrot and violet; strawberry, celery leaves and mint; banana and parsley (or cloves); and salmon and licorice.
Our favorite restaurant is Alinea in Chicago, run by chef Grant Achatz, who excels at these sorts of flavor combinations. Every "course" is specifically designed to make you appreciate textures, flavors and unusual pairings of food ingredients in surprising and innovative ways. He even has to design his own dishware to serve some of his more unusual concoctions, like the delicate metal trapeze-like contraption on which he serves bacon with butterscotch paste and dehydrated apple. Another course is served atop a lavender pillow that slowly deflates as you eat the main dish, providing just the subtlest infusion of lavender without overpowering the other flavors. (Achatz had tongue cancer a couple of years ago and many feared he would lose his world-famous sense of taste; but doctors were able to beat back the cancer without resorting to damaging chemotherapy.)
Even the amateurs are getting into the act. Martin Lersch, a resident of Oslo, Norway who holds a PhD in organometallic chemistry, writes one of my favorite blogs, Khymos. He started a regular feature called "They Go Really Well Together," wherein he and others passionate about experimenting with food and cooking compete to create innovative recipes based on unusual food pairings. The first such challenge was a doozy: garlic, coffee and chocolate. Garlic and chocolate have nothing in common, but they both share volatile molecules with coffee. The trick was to combine all three in such a way that no one flavor dominated too much, and thus achieve a perfect balance.
Lersch and his blogosphere buddies love food, and science, and have a blast experimenting with these unusual food pairings. As with any science, something inevitably goes wrong, and they finesse their inventive recipes over time, through trial and error. Take Lersch's dish pairing dark chocolate and smoked salmon (pictured above): he encased the salmon in an agar cocoa gel served with sugared slices of lime for garnish. Anyone who's had a really good chicken or beef mole knows that chocolate pairs nicely with savory meats, but smoked salmon? Apparently so.
Lersch ended up with something that worked on the taste front, but fell short in presentation. In particular, he struggled with the preparation of the layered agar gel. Among the lessons learned: "It's crucial that the next layer is poured while piping hot so that it can melt a little into the layer below. Because of agar's significant hysteresis the gelled agar must be brought up to around 80-90 degrees Celsius to melt." The layers also tended to stick together, and fell apart when he tried to get it out of the prep box. And he mused about what might happen if he replaced the hot smoked salmon with cold smoked salmon, concerned that it could change color and texture when the hot agar solution was added -- more chemistry. I eagerly await the outcome of his experiment to test that theory.
The point is, Lersch started with an hypothesis: that because dark chocolate and smoked salmon had certain volatile molecules in common, they would pair well in a dish. He then created an experiment (his own recipe) to test that hypothesis, and he had to solve numerous problems that cropped up during the preparation process. Then he wrote up the results, and outlined the next step for further study. I'm sure Tom would agree: that's the essence of science. I doubt we'll be seeing molecular gastronomy in grade school science fairs any time soon -- but we should certainly see cooking-related projects that go beyond merely blindly following a recipe. | <urn:uuid:d9166634-0991-4606-9a46-5fec56a59055> | {
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Article Archive >> Community
Rough up your diet
Rough up your diet
(NewsUSA) - Fiber -- you know it's good for you. But if you're like many Americans, you don't get enough. Most of us get less than half the recommended amount of fiber each day.
Dietary fiber is found in the plants you eat, including fruits, vegetables and whole grains. It's sometimes called "bulk" or "roughage." You've probably heard that it can help with digestion. So it may seem odd that fiber is a substance your body can't digest.
"You might think that if it's not digestible, then it's of no value. But there's no question that higher intake of fiber from all food sources is beneficial," says Dr. Joanne Slavin, a nutrition scientist at the University of Minnesota.
Fiber can relieve constipation and normalize your bowel movements. Some studies suggest that high-fiber diets might also help with weight loss and reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer.
Experts recommend that men get about 38 grams of fiber a day and that women get about 25 grams. Unfortunately, in the United States, we take in an average of only 14 grams each day.
Different types of fiber might affect your health in different ways. Soluble fiber can help lower blood sugar and cholesterol. It's found in oat bran, beans, peas and most fruits. Insoluble fiber can treat or prevent constipation and diverticular disease, which affects the colon. It's found in wheat bran and some vegetables.
"In general, people should not be too concerned by the specific type of fiber," says Dr. Somdat Mahabir, a nutrition and disease expert with the National Institutes of Health. "The focus should be more on eating diets that are rich in whole grains, vegetables and fruits to get the daily fiber requirement."
Experts recommend you get most of your fiber from these natural sources, since they're also packed with vitamins and other nutrients. Many packaged foods tout added fibers, such as inulin, polydextrose or maltodextrin. But their health benefits are still unclear. Research suggests they may not have the same effects as the intact fibers found in whole foods.
Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and nuts to add a mix of different fibers and a wide range of nutrients to your diet. Increase your intake gradually, so your body can get used to it. Adding fiber slowly will help you avoid gas, bloating and cramps.
-Adapted from "NIH News in Health" (newsinhealth.nih.gov).
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If there is a defining activity for NASA's Space Shuttle program, it is the spacewalk, or extra-vehicular activity. 160 spacewalks were made in the assembly of the ISS alone. There's something about the image, too, of a human high above the Earth, clambering around on a piece of machinery whizzing through space. In this video, we take a two-minute tour of the history of the EVA from the first during the Gemini program to the last spacewalk, which occurred Wednesday in low-earth orbit.
All footage is courtesy of NASA and the Internet Archive. Some of it has been sped up. | <urn:uuid:1e940f87-9fbd-4197-ba16-91543b5fc4da> | {
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In a recent investigation, researchers showed that it was changes in the brains of hominids living in the Stone Age that allowed for them to start creating more complex tools.For many years, historians and anthropologists have been wondering as to what was it exactly that allowed our ancestors living in the Stone Age to begin fashioning complex tools.
One side of the argument holds that the evolution of the brain was the main driving force behind innovation, while others say that the evolution of the hand allowed for this to happen.
The new investigation reveals that producing advanced tools only became possible when the brain developed the ability to plan complex tasks. This is an ability humankind had to learn.
Before our ancestors could do this, they were limited in their tool-making techniques to chopping pieces of rocks, and using them as weapons.
When their brain developed enough, they became capable of fashioning complex stone battle axes, that were significantly more advanced and effective than the previous weapons, researchers say.
For the new study, researchers at the Emory University used a cyber data glove on experts that were constructing ancient stone tools. The movements of their hands were precisely measured.
At the same time, brain imaging techniques were used to determine patterns of brain activation. These data were then correlated with the hand gestures, and experts were able to infer which of the tasks was the most demanding.
Details of the research are published in the November 3 issue of the Public Library of Science journal PLoS ONE, a peer-reviewed, open-access journal.
“Making a hand ax appears to require higher-order cognition in a part of the brain commonly known as Broca's area,” explains study coauthor Dietrich Stout.
This particular region of the brain is associated with hierarchical planning and language processing, which would appear to suggest that tool-making abilities developed at the same time as language skills.
“The leap from stone flakes to intentionally shaped hand axes has been seen as a watershed in human prehistory, providing our first evidence for the imposition of preconceived, human designs on the natural world,” the Emory University anthropologist says.
“Changes in the hand and grip were probably what made it possible to make the first stone tools. Increasingly we're finding that the earliest tools required visual and motor skills, but were conceptually simple,” the expert concludes. | <urn:uuid:ff69dcc5-7920-4efd-834e-b7c2a6d02d7d> | {
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DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) by high-capacity and low price, have found wide application in a variety of industrial equipment. Currently, there are four generations of DRAMs with different characteristics:
SDRAM - high ease of implementation, mainly used in embedded devices
DDR1 - double the transfer rate
DDR2 - double the transfer speed, low voltage power supply
DDR3 - advanced interface with built-in termination data and address bus
Memory configurations are available for operation in the temperature range of the primary C to +85 C and extended - 40C to +95 C (105 C), as well as in a wide variety of configurations as: Non-ECC, ECC, Non-Registered, Registered, DIMM , SODIMM. | <urn:uuid:3e104d31-0032-4cb5-9f0e-b326bbe67087> | {
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Using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), parents can now screen embryos for genetic traits such as deafness and achondroplasia (dwarfism). Studies show that some parents intentionally choose embryos with disabilities because that genetic trait runs in the family. This recent trend raises the important legal question of whether a child can sue his parents in tort for selecting or engineering disabling genetic traits.
This Article suggests that children both can and should be able to successfully sue parents who engage in certain direct genetic interventions. First, tort law should protect a child's moral right to an open future where parents' preimplantation genetic choices limit a child's ability to pursue a variety of different life paths. Second, various potential barriers to tort liability, including "no duty" arguments, parental tort immunity, and a variety of constitutional concerns are not sufficient to bar parental tort liability for certain genetic interventions.
Kirsten Rabe Smolensky,
Creating Children with Disabilities: Parental Tort Liability for Preimplantation Genetic Interventions,
60 Hastings L.J. 299
Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol60/iss2/4 | <urn:uuid:1132e6a1-86ad-4d87-8d41-5ddbbbf73e56> | {
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Charge measurement is the last major operation performed by the CCD. This process is accomplished by dumping signal charge onto a small sense capacitor located at the end of the horizontal register. The capacitor is connected to an output amplifier which delivers a buffered output voltage for each pixel. Other than photon shot noise, previous CCD operations of generating, collecting, and transferring charge are noiseless processes. In theory, the charge packet can arrive at the sense node without uncertainty to the single electron! However, there are a host of noise problems that the user may confront. For example, shot noise from thermal dark current will add uncertainty to the charge packet being measured. However, this unwanted source of noise can be completely eliminated by cooling the detector. In Chapter 7, we will discuss dark current and many other on-chip and off-chip noise sources that disturb the measurement process. We will see that each noise source can be controlled and removed.
This chapter discusses the charge measurement process performed by the CCD output amplifier and off-chip signal processor. Unfortunately, the output amplifier adds noise to the charge packet measured. Although the uncertainty is very small, the noise induced cannot be fundamentally reduced to zero. It is interesting to note that the output amplifier read noise has settled to one electron rms (slow-scan). As far as anyone knows, this unique level has happened by coincidence and is not set by any fundamental law of nature. However, it has taken 30 years and millions of dollars of CCD amplifier development to reduce the noise down to this level. In the last 10 years, amplifier noise has been reduced by no more than a factor of two, showing that the optimization process has slowed down and that major advancements to further enhance charge detection are not likely. Also, the need for lower noise for most CCD applications is not warranted. Recall that 1 eâ signal will generate a shot noise uncertainty of 1 eâ, yielding a SâN of unity independent of amplifier read noise (an exception to this argument is when point or line sources are measured where lower read noise is always better).
Online access to SPIE eBooks is limited to subscribing institutions. | <urn:uuid:e1487166-8ad5-4b0b-bbd0-91487c392cb3> | {
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Table of contents
About this book
The book you are now reading aims to bring together research and theory on "new learning, "which is te term used to refer to the new learning outcomes, new kinds of learning processes, and new instructional methods both wanted by society and currently stressed in psychological and educational theory. Many people keep asking about “new learning.” Is it really a new way of learning? Are there really new learning outcomes? Is this current fad really different from the other kinds of learning propagated by such traditional school innovators as Montessori, Dewey, Steiner, or Freinet? Of course, there are some similarities between the attention now being paid to new ways of learning and new learning outcomes and previous efforts. We believe, however, that at least three important differences exist. First, there is much more attention to the role of active, independent, and self-directed learning than before. Many more schools and teachers are involved in such efforts than in the twenties or the sixties, for example. Many governments are stimulating active ways to learn. Employers and employee organizations are — for various reasons — now in favor of active learning in school and on the job. This is clearly related to increased recognition of the importance of and need for life-long learning and what are now called “learning organizations” as a result of rapidly changing societies and economies.
attention collaborative learning education learning teacher education | <urn:uuid:f056f1ee-61e1-42c9-9e85-0d5966fe42df> | {
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EDGE Lesson Plan Template – to use in preparation for skills instruction
The latest Boy Scout requirements for Tenderfoot and Life ranks require the Scout to use the EDGE method. This is a four step method for teaching a skill. EDGE is very basic, but it really does work.
The EDGE method is a four step method for teaching a skill:
First explain what you will be doing. Tell them the steps involved. Visual aids might be helpful for this step. Use questions to gauge their understanding.
Show them how to do the skill. Demonstrate the steps using the actual materials. Describe what you are doing.
Let them practice the skill. Guide and coach them as they try to do it themselves. This step will take the most time.
Enable them by letting them do the skill themselves without any intervention. | <urn:uuid:891adc3a-f772-4454-a279-220e5a9580ca> | {
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Click here to learn more.
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Vetstreet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See Additional Information ›
Dogs that spend most of their summer days inside are protected from many warm weather hazards, but only if the temperature inside the home remains within a healthy range. In an effort to reduce energy usage and costs, some pet owners shut off fans and air conditioning when they leave the house in the morning and turn them on when they return later in the day. However, when temperatures outside reach dangerous levels, temperatures inside the house can, too. Being shut inside a hot house can be deadly for your dog. Dogs can’t sweat; they rely heavily on panting to cool themselves off. When the temperature in the environment increases, panting becomes less effective. This means that your dog could be locked inside with minimal options for cooling down.
Instead of turning off the air conditioner, try leaving it on a conservative but comfortable setting (perhaps 76°F) while you are out. Make sure your dog has plenty of fresh water and consider closing curtains to reduce the heating effects of sunlight through the windows. If there are parts of the house that are likely to be cooler, make sure your dog has access to those areas.
Dogs that go outside need even more protection from hot weather. Access to clean drinking water is esential, as well having cool, shaded areas available if your dog wants to get out of the sun. Remember, however, that fleas also tend to like cool, shaded, moist areas, so be sure to use a safe and effective flea control product on your dog. Dogs should not be left outside for long periods of time in the summer and should always have the option of coming inside. It’s important to be aware of the risk of
heatstroke so you can keep your pet safe and healthy.
Sadly, heatstroke is a significant problem for dogs. Heatstroke occurs when the dog’s body temperature exceeds a healthy range, and it can be fatal.
Heatstroke commonly occurs when dogs are locked inside a car. Even a few minutes in a car on a hot day (even with the windows cracked) can be deadly for a dog. Research has shown that on a partly cloudy 93°F day, a car can heat up to 120°F in just 15 minutes. Even cooler days can be deadly. A similar test conducted on a 71°F day determined that the temperature inside a car parked in the sun with the windows cracked open went up to 116°F in 1 hour. Never leave your dog in a car when the weather is warm.
Heatstroke can also occur when dogs exercise in hot weather. When possible, try to avoid walking your dog during the heat of the day, and consider making walks shorter. Strenuous exercise should be skipped, or at least postponed until the cooler part of the day. If you must exercise with your
dog, carry cool water and take frequent breaks.
Even dogs that are used to being outside can suffer during hot weather. Remember that young, elderly, or sick dogs are more likely to become dehydrated or otherwise ill as a result of heat exposure. If a severe heat advisory is issued in your area and humans are advised to stay indoors, it is a good idea to bring your dog indoors, too. If your dog cannot be brought indoors, a ventilated or air-conditioned garage or mud room can provide enough shelter in some cases. Dogs should also be brought inside if severe weather is expected, as heavy rain, flooding, and high winds can be deadly for pets trapped outside.
Many people take advantage of warm summer weather to increase exercise with their dogs. In many cases, this is a great idea. However, unless your dog has exercised regularly during the rest of the year, his or her body needs time to adjust to a more active lifestyle. Before embarking on an exercise program with your dog, schedule an examination with your veterinarian. This can help identify any medical problems that may make it difficult or dangerous for your dog’s activity level to increase. Your veterinarian may also be able to recommend which exercises are best for your pet. For example, not every dog needs to run or swim in order to be healthy. (In fact, swimming does not come naturally for every dog; if you take your dog in a boat with you, make sure your pet has a life preserver.) Even if you are just planning leash walks, your veterinarian can advise you how to gradually increase the level of these workouts in a way that is safe and healthy for your dog.
Depending on where you live, warm weather can bring a variety of pollens and other allergens into your dog’s environment that are absent during the winter months. Dogs with seasonal allergies tend to become itchy (unlike humans, who develop runny eyes and sneezing).
Itching can make your dog miserable. Sometimes the
itching can become so severe that a dog can develop skin wounds, skin infections, and severe hair loss. If you think your dog may have a seasonal allergy, schedule a visit with your veterinarian. Medication can frequently help, and your veterinarian may recommend
allergy testing to determine what your dog may be allergic to.
Dogs that spend time outside are more likely to have encounters with stray
cats and wild animals during the summer months. Such encounters increase the risk of bite wounds, scratches, and other injuries related to fighting.
Infectious diseases such as rabies can also be transmitted through bite wounds.
If possible, leash walk your dog. If your dog must spend time outdoors unattended, make sure his or her vaccines are up-to-date.
Lawn chemicals and fertilizers, insect repellants and sprays, weed control products, antifreeze, slug bait, ant bait, rat poison, and pool chemicals are just a few toxic chemicals your dog may encounter in your home or on your property. Learn more about dangerous chemicals at the ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Animal Poison Control Center.
Bee stings, spider bites, and other related injuries are common in dogs. Check around your home (inside and out) for beehives, wasp nests, and other hazards your family and pets may encounter. Don’t forget to also check garages and storage sheds.
Fleas, ticks, and
intestinal parasites (like
hookworms) are year-round hazards for your dog. However, increased exposure to the outdoors and certain parasite life stages during the warmer months makes these predators more of a concern during the summer. Be sure to keep your dog up-to-date on fecal parasite testing, and make sure you continue flea, tick, and parasite prevention during the summer months. If your dog receives heartworm preventive medication, continue this during the summer (heartworm disease is carried by mosquitoes, which are mostly active from the spring through the fall). Ask your veterinarian about the best ways to protect your dog from fleas, ticks, heartworms, and
Your dog may encounter toxic houseplants (such as elephant ear and dieffenbachia) at any time of the year, but plants that flower in warm weather, like daisies, dahlias, and chrysanthemums, are also toxic and create additional hazards for dogs that spend time outside. Information about poisonous houseplants and outdoor plants and flowers is available at the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center.
This article has been reviewed by a Veterinarian.
Like this article? Have a point of view to share? Let us know!
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An expert explains which protein sources are best for pets and how much of it cats and dogs need to consume.
The glamorous Siberian is an agile feline who wears a thick double coat with a neck ruff — perfect for keeping warm.
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Journal of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
March 7, 2011
Full PDF: Click Here
Fisher Scientists Discover New Ways to Rid Cells of Alzheimer Protein
Identifying a cure for Alzheimer’s disease remains a major challenge. Few drugs are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat Alzheimer’s patients. Unfortunately none of these drugs halt progression of the disease and their impact on cognitive defects is minimal. On top of that, current strategies to reduce beta-amyloid, plaque forming proteins found in the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, are associated with severe side effects. This limitation was highlighted recently by the failures of various clinical trials.
Two current discoveries by researchers at the Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Research laboratory under the direction of Nobel laureate Dr. Paul Greengard have now made it possible to prevent accumulation of beta-amyloid in nerve cells and in the brain. One involves inhibiting the formation of beta-amyloid. The second discovery involves stimulating the breakdown of beta-amyloid. According to Dr. Greengard, “the combination of inhibition of formation and acceleration of breakdown of beta-amyloid represents a new and powerful strategy for treating Alzheimer’s disease.”
In the first project, Dr. Greengard and researchers in his laboratory identified gamma-secretase activating protein (gSAP), and showed that it stimulates an enzyme called gamma-secretase that is responsible for producing beta-amyloid. This discovery was published in the September 2 issue of the journal Nature. The process of inhibiting gSAP did not prove toxic to the cells in models of Alzheimer’s disease, a factor that has plagued many other experimental treatments that inhibit beta-amyloid. This discovery therefore opens a new door for research into highly specific anti-amyloid drugs that do not harm the body.
In the more recent study, published in the March 7, 2011 issue of the Journal of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), they succeeded in accelerating the breakdown of beta-amyloid. They discovered that a process called autophagy reduces the buildup of beta-amyloid in isolated cells and might be utilized to eliminate the buildup of beta-amyloid in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. Autophagy is a process cells use to "clean out" the debris from their interiors, including unwanted materials such as the protein aggregates that are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The scientists discovered that a compound called SMER28 lowers the level of beta-amyloid found in nerve cells. This occurs because SMER28 stimulates autophagy, which then rids the cell of beta-amyloid.
“Our work demonstrates that small molecules can be developed as therapies, by activating autophagy, to prevent Alzheimer’s disease,” says Marc Flajolet, a research assistant professor in Greengard’s lab. “By increasing our understanding of autophagy, it may be possible to stimulate it, pharmacologically or naturally, to improve the quality of life for aging people.” | <urn:uuid:ce18a8cb-21ca-4be0-8afa-0670eba71d47> | {
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oldest known political system; born to power(inherited); monarchs; controls money, land, and soldiers.
20th century form of government; all means of production is owned by everyone but ruled by the government. The government owns property such as buisnesses and farms. It provides its people healthcare, education, and welfare.
usually one leader; one political party owns the government; very patriotic and sacrifice unity.
lawless; represents a theory without government; no rulership or enforced authority. No government and other rival groups are fighting to take its place; people who belive that government is bad.
one who has taken power by his or her own means as opposed to hereditary or constitutional power.
country with only one political party. they have complete power. people are forced to do what the government tells then and may also be prevented from leaving the country. the leader promotes a "cult of personality."
a form of government in which all political power is absolutley or nominally lodged with an individual person; single ruler.
a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class of clique; a government by the few. Same as having three dictators.
(government by the people)a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and excersized directly by them or by their elected representatives under a free electoral system elected by the people.
a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens is entitled to vote and is excercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. No monarch; usually with a President.
a country government, or the form of government in which absolute power is excercised by a dictator. there is a single leadere and will use force to keep control.
an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed. Government overthrown by force.
the doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern, as trustees of such power, must exercise it in conformity with the general will. | <urn:uuid:af76a2d8-7908-4937-860a-34b75b74e240> | {
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Economics of Innovation Syllabus
Students will explore the current “innovation revolution” by reading course texts, conducting case studies, investigating processes for ideation, prototyping, fundraising and operating a startup company, and debating microeconomic models. Students will have the opportunity to launch mock startup companies that allow students to put theory into practice. The course begins with a study of theories of innovation and an exploration into possible definitions of a startup. Next, students will create goals around communication, networking, coding, and website development skills. Students will spend time in and outside of class building skills, documenting mastery of skills in an online portfolio, and engaging in peer mentorship to support skill development. Students will work in student-startup companies to learn and practice strategies for ideation, fundraising, and operations. Student portfolios will be graded by the teacher and by peers based on process, progress, learning from failure and peer mentorship using the American Association of College and Universities’ Rubric for Lifelong Learning, student generated rubrics for peer mentorship and community-based assessment of the student startups. Required course texts include Zero to One by Peter Thiel, How Google Works by Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, and Business Model Canvas by Alexander Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur.
Zero to One by Peter Theil
How Google Works by Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg
Business Model Canvas by Alexander Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur
Units of Study and Essential Questions
What is innovation?
How do you define a startup?
Where’s the value in radical collaboration?
What are the positive and negative effects of innovation on society (book stores, malls, driverless cars, Netflix, Spotify)?
What’s in your toolbox – how can you expand your skillset and effectively showcase your skillset?
What are your OKRs around coding (Treehouse), website design (Squarespace) and business communication and networking (email, pitching, and Linkedin)?
What is the “wildcard” skill you hope to develop – why, how will this happen and write an OKR around this skill.
What does effective mentorship entail? How can you find and be a successful mentor?
What are your own rules and agreements for being a peer mentor?
How will you effectively show progress and process while developing these skills? How will you show failure and learning from failure?
3) The Idea
How can design thinking, business model canvassing, futurist methodologies and lean startup methodology help your refine your ideas?
How can empathy interviews, customer validation and prototyping help your startup?
How do you effectively pitch your idea to others?
How did Startup CEOs in Portland arrive at their ideas – share the story.
4) Fundraising and revenue
How does supply and demand modeling impact your startup?
How do theories of the firm related to costs and revenue impact your startup?
What are the essential elements of a business plan?
What revenue model will sustain your company?
How do you determine pricing or products and of your company (valuation)?
What are the strategies and options startup CEOS can utilize to raise money? Which fundraising method is best for your company?
Compare and contrast the following methods of fundraising: crowdsourcing, angel investments, venture capital, SBA loans, grants, convertible notes, term sheets, consulting, IPO, equity stakes.
What legal structure will your company take on?
How will your company grow and scale rapidly?
5) Running a company: Operations
How do you create and reinforce a company culture (is it all about the Ping Pong or the Benjamins)?
Compare and contrast possible decision making strategies and how these strategies influence the company.
What will the organizational structure of your startup look like and how will that structure influence company culture and protocols?
How do you hire and fire people?
How and where will you manufacture your products?
How do you deal with a firehouse-like volume of email – everyday?
How do you manage crisis and failure as a company?
How will you market and sell your product?
How will you grow quickly and sustainably?
How will you change the world?
How will your startup survive when the odds are against you (90% of tech startups fail)?
Course Expectations: Class Citizenship
*Be nice. Everyone deserves respect. Listen carefully and considerately, even if you disagree.
*Work hard. This class (and life) is what you make of it.
*Be on time. Tardies and absences will negatively affect your citizenship grade.
*Participate and be heard. As a discussion-based class, you will be asked to participate on a daily basis. Participation includes asking/answering questions, offering insightful opinions, taking thoughtful notes, talking with me individually and being an active member in all classroom activities. We look forward to your participation in your own unique way.
*Expect and effectively respond to constructive criticism to help you grow.
*Be intellectually engaged – everyday. Sustained intellectual engagement requires close listening, active participation, respectful comments and thoughtful questions.
1) Student Squarespace portfolios will be evaluated based on the AACU rubric for lifelong learning, with a focus on process and progress. Parent permission is needed to allow students to build a Sqaurespace portfolio. Otherwise, Blogger or Wix will be used. (50%)
Squarespace portfolios must include:
· A student-written blog for assessment that includes weekly, “week in reviews” reflections
· Posts that highlight skill development in 4 categories.
· The focus of the website grading will be on process, progress, and collaboration. Websites must be totally functional, easy to navigate and visually appealing.
Stand alone projects that need to be featured on your portfolio:
· Interview with CEO and blog post/video post on how/why that CEO started her/his company
· Business Case Study: present on a problem and your solution for a PDX startup during the operations unit
· Final curated skills toolbox portfolio (curated work on one page of the student portfolio) based on the following skills: 1. Coding (required) – Treehouse pass 2. Design – website design through Squarespace 3. Communication and community – business writing and speaking persuasively (pitching), networking 4. Wildcard – skill of your choice
· Final oral exam – 5 minute pitch of your company
2) Peer mentorship and evaluation. (30%)
· Peer assessment will be used based on a student-generated peer mentorship agreement that protocols for peer mentorship, OKRs, and a blog that includes peer mentorship feedback and reflections.
3) Self-evaluation based on student-generated OKRs (objectives & key results) (20%) | <urn:uuid:4eabc73c-eefd-40e8-8fec-62fd1292a988> | {
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Popular people are the trendsetters of society, especially when it comes to the next flu outbreak, according to preliminary research from Harvard University.
During last fall's H1N1 pandemic, researchers tracked and compared the spread of the disease in a random sample of students and a group of more socially dominant students at the university.
While both groups ended up coming down with the flu in similar numbers, the more "popular" group of students got sick about two weeks ahead of their less socially-connected peers, making them a potentially useful gauge of when and to what extent a flu outbreak will occur in that population.
Because individuals who are more connected within their social network are more likely to come into contact with any given individual in that network, the logic goes that these social butterflies are also more likely to be the first to catch whatever communicable bug is going around.
"People who are very active socially and spend time with other people will have a higher risk of contagion. It's kind of intuitive," says Dr. Christopher Ohl, associate professor of Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center.
"Here we are focused on early detection. Think back to last fall and we had to make hard choices about who had to get vaccinated first. If you could have these "friend" sensors and know which part of the country were getting the flu earlier, it would give you more time to get vaccines there," says co-author James Fowler, a professor specializing in social networks at the University of California, San Diego.
While tracking high-risk individuals in a population in order to gauge the spread of the disease is not a new concept, public health experts say Fowler's approach is novel, and potentially useful.
"There is a tradition of defining sentinel populations for public health -- 'canaries in the coal mine' based on risk factors," says Stephen Eubank, professor of Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech. This research applies this practice to theories about how to identify people who are socially central in a population, he says.
Charting Social Dominance, Following the Flu
To identify the students who were at the center of the student body social network, researchers played off of something called the friend paradox.
Researchers asked a random sample of students to name a few of their friends and then enlisted as many of these friends as possible into the study as members of the "friend" group. Any person in the "random sample" group who was named by another as a friend was bumped into the "friend" group.
"It's an old idea in social network analysis: if you randomly chose someone in the population and asked them how many friends they have and then talked to one of their friends. That friend, on average, will have more friends than the original person you asked. In short, your friends have more friends than you do," Fowler says.
Researchers also performed traditional mapping of social dominance of the sample and verified that the "friend" group represented the more socially central students.
The two groups were monitored for symptoms of flu both by bi-weekly self report and visits made to the university health services. About 8 percent of the total sample was diagnosed with the flu by health services and 32 percent were displaying flu-like symptoms based on self-report. The only difference between the two groups was that the "friends" group began getting the flu and had a peak of flu incidence 13.9 days before the others.
"The whole epidemic curve is shifted forward in time by two weeks. This group is like looking into a crystal ball," Fowler says.
This is the first time this "friend sensor" method for predicting disease spread has been tested in this way, but Fowler and co-author Nicholas Christakis, of Harvard Medical School, feel that the tool has the potential to be applied nationally during epidemics or for charting changes in non-biological factors such as drug and alcohol use or obesity.
From Harvard to the World at Large?
The two biggest limitations of this study are its novelty and its study population. Because it is the first study of its kind, it's too early to know whether the robust results seen would be true in other cases of disease or behavior contagion.
The fact that subjects are students who are part of a particularly socially integrated environment -- the college campus, also calls into question how applicable this approach would be in the population at large who does not, for example, share a dining hall.
The same method that works on a social college campus most likely will not apply to a larger population, says Dr. Pascal James Imperato, dean and distinguished service professor at the SUNY Downstate School of Public Health.
"In a large city center, for instance, your population could be defined by the use of public transportation, and that setting could provide greater exposure to disease than kids on the Harvard campus interacting with a set friend group," he says.
The hypochondriac effect may have also exaggerated how predictive the friend group was, says Ed Hsu, associate professor of Public Health Informatics at the University of Texas. Those in the friend group are more likely to know someone who has the flu and hence may be more likely to think (and report) that they are coming down with it themselves.
Given its limitations, could there be a place for this friend metric in public health monitoring?
Experts were divided, but many thought it might have special applications in smaller social networks.
Given public health departments already monitor high risk groups, such as school children and health care workers as a means of predicting outbreaks, Imperato says that using the friend metric for tracking flu in the general population would be redundant.
Ohl agrees, but notes that for emerging infections or more unusual or behavioral (such as drug use) outbreaks, the "friend sensor" could provide a valuable tracking tool. | <urn:uuid:c8fb07b6-c86f-4e03-a07d-9415d1af1161> | {
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The Problem of Cholesterol
Cholesterol is essential for life. It is a component of cell membranes in mammals and is necessary for proper membrane function. Transported in the blood of all animals, cholesterol can come from the diet, can be recycled within the body through reabsorption, or produced "from scratch" by all cells. Cholesterol comprises about 25 percent of the brain's mass and, in addition to being part of the cell membranes, it is a key component of myelin. However, too much cholesterol in the blood increases the risk of vascular disease. High blood cholesterol can lead to the buildup of plaques in the walls of blood vessels, restricting and possibly blocking the flow of blood; this condition is called atherosclerosis.
The association between high blood cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease is under intense investigation. One hypothesis is that the cholesterol-filled plaques in blood vessels contribute to Alzheimer's disease by restricting blood flow to the brain, damaging but not killing neurons. Scientists also speculate that cholesterol may be involved in the metabolism of beta-amyloid, though this process is not yet fully understood. Studies in animals have found that a high-cholesterol diet can increase beta-amyloid deposits in the hippocampus. Other animal studies show that when AD transgenic mice are given a statin (a cholesterol-lowering drug), both their blood cholesterol and their beta-amyloid levels decrease. Recent large clinical trials examining the effectiveness of statins in slowing the progression of AD in patients with mild to moderate AD did not show an effect. However, there are a number of clinical trials now examining whether earlier treatment with statins might delay the onset of AD in individuals with MCI or at risk for AD.
Excerpted from THE ALZHEIMER'S PROJECT: MOMENTUM IN SCIENCE, published by Public Affairs, www.publicaffairsbooks.com.
In This Section
- Vascular Disease
- Insulin Resistance and Diabetes
- Connecting Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Disease
- Vascular Injury
- Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
- The Problem of Cholesterol
- What's Good for the Heart is Good for the Brain
- Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease
- Associating Alzheimer's Disease with Insulin Resistance and Diabetes
- Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
- Insulin in the Brain
Momentum in Science: The Supplementary Series
- Understanding and Attacking Alzheimer's 12 min
- How Far We Have Come in Alzheimer's Research 15 min
- Identifying Mild Cognitive Impairment 20 min
- The Role of Genetics in Alzheimer's 12 min
- Advances in Brain Imaging 11 min
- Looking Into the Future of Alzheimer's 6 min
- The Connection Between Insulin and Alzheimer's 21 min
- Inflammation, the Immune System, and Alzheimer's 29 min
- The Benefit of Diet and Exercise in Alzheimer's 16 min
- Cognitive Reserve: What the Religious Orders Study is Revealing about Alzheimer's 20 min
- Searching for an Alzheimer's Cure: The Story of Flurizan 30 min
- The Pulse of Drug Development 15 min
- The DeMoe Family: Early-Onset Alzheimer's Genetics 25 min
- The Nanney/Felts Family: Late-Onset Alzheimer's Genetics 20 min
- The Quest for Biomarkers 17 min
Video: Inside the Brain: Unraveling the Mystery of Alzheimer's Disease
This 4-minute captioned video shows the progression of Alzheimer's disease in the brain.
Inside the Brain: An Interactive Tour
The Brain Tour explains how the brain works and how Alzheimer's affects it.
Alzheimer's Disease: Unraveling the Mystery
This book explains what AD is, describes the main areas in which researchers are working, and highlights new approaches for helping families and friends care for people with AD.
- About The Scientists
Connect with Alzheimer's Research
Find out how you can participate in clinical trials or studies, find a research center, or get up-to-date information at 1-800-438-4380.
The Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline provides reliable information and support to all those who need assistance. Call us toll-free anytime day or night at 1-800-272-3900.
- Create A Tribute
Honor someone you care about and share your stories by contributing to The Tribute Wall on Facebook.
The Alzheimer's Association message boards and chat rooms are your online communication forum. Share your thoughts and experiences, query your colleagues, and make new friends.
- Rapid advances in our knowledge about AD have led to the development of promising new drugs and treatment strategies. However, before these new strategies can be used in clinical practice, they must be shown to work in people. Advances in prevention and treatment are only possible thanks to volunteers who participate in clinical trials.
- Among those touched by Alzheimer's (excluding self), nearly one-third provide support as a friend or relative, another 3% provide support as a healthcare professional, and the remaining two-thirds provide no support to the person suffering from Alzheimer's. When support is provided, it most often entails emotional support, followed by care-giving support. While small in comparison, more than one person in ten is providing financial support. Read more. | <urn:uuid:15536f0e-b5bb-43c8-8502-e1a77a0a015c> | {
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Messina, with a population of about 270,000, is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, Italy and the capital of the province of Messina. It is located at 38°11’24 N, 15°33’0 E, near the North-East corner of Sicily, at the Strait of Messina. Inhabitants of Messina in Italian are referred to as Messinesi or poetically Peloritani.
Founded by Greek colonists in the 8th century BC, Messina was originally called Zancle (scythe) because of the shape of its natural harbour. In the early 5th century, Anaxilas of Rhegium renamed it Messene in honor of the Greek city Messene. The city was sacked in 396 BC by the Carthaginians, then reconquered by Dionysius I of Syracuse. At the end of the first Punic War it was a free city allied with Rome. In Roman times Messina, then known as Messana, had an important pharos (lighthouse). Messana was the base of Sextus Pompeius, during his war against Octavian. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the city was successively conquered by the Goths, followed by the Byzantine Empire in 535, the Arabs in 842, and in 1061 by the Norman brothers Robert Guiscard and Roger Guiscard (later Count Roger I of Sicily). Messina was most likely the harbor at which the Black Death entered Europe in the Middle Ages. The city was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami on the morning of December 28, 1908, killing over 75,000 people and destroying most of the ancient architecture. In June 1955, Messina was the location of the conference of western European foreign ministers which led to the creation of the European Economic Community.
How to get there
There are several hourly ferries to Villa San Giovanni on the mainland and also several hydrofoils each day to Reggio di Calabria.
Messina is Sicily’s link to the main Italian train network. Long distance trains from Rome and Naples cross the Straits of Messina by ferry and continue on to Palermo and Catania. Regular regional trains also run to Milazzo, Cefalu, Taormina and Syracuse.
Long-distance buses stop in Messina, linking Rome and Naples to Catania and Palermo. Regular buses also run to Taormina and Milazzo (for the Aeolian Islands).
Sights & Activities
The 12th century Cathedral of Messina contains the remains of Conrad, king of Germany and Sicily in the 13th century. After the quake of 1908, the cathedral was rebuilt in 1919/1920; after a fire in 1943 it had to be rebuilt again.
The church of the “Annunziata dei Catalani” stands on one of the most historically important sites of the Straits. Nearby, there was once the Byzantine shipyard, guarded by the fortress of Castellamare. The church was built between 1150 and 1200 on the remains of a pagan temple dedicated to Neptune. It is an interesting example of how various architectural styles were added to a late Byzantine construction typical of those built by the Basilian Order of monks.
In 1957 a 220kV-overhead power-line was built across the Strait of Messina. At the time of its construction, its two pylons were the highest in the world. This power-line has since been replaced by an underwater cable, but the pylons still remain, protected as historical monuments.
The typical Messina breakfast, especially during the summer, is a glass of frozen coffee or strawberry “granita” topped with whipped cream and accompained by a soft brioche. At lunch, you can try “la pasta ‘ncaciata” (pasta, meat and melted cheese with boiled eggs). Alternatively, try swordfish or in the poorer but equally tasty version “la ghiotta di piscistoccu”, stockfish-fillets slowly baked in a rich sauce of tomatoes, potatoes, capers and herbs. Among the snacks: focaccia farcita (thin pizza crust with different ingredients on top), and arancini di riso (deep-fried rice balls filled with meat-sauce or butter).
Simple family-run establishment, reminiscent of the late 19th century, with period style furniture typical from the Strait.
Address: Via XXVII Luglio 38 – 98124 Messina
Tel.: (090) 293 48 65
Le Due Sorelle
This restaurant offers a quiet atmosphere, with a cosy dining room, wooden tables and a very respectable wine list.
Address: Piazza del Municipio 4 – I – 98122 Messina
Tel.: (090) 447 20
At Focacceria Famulari, a local favorite in Via Battisti Cesare 143, they sell focaccia farcita (flat pizza-dough baked with different fillings on the top), arancini di riso, torte salate (savory “cake”), fried ricotta cheese, and calzones.
Spring and fall are the best seasons to visit Messina. July and August are the hottest months with temperature up to 104F. For more information, visit the Weather page.
- Aeolian Islands – The Aeolian Islands provide an outstanding record of volcanic island-building and destruction, an ongoing volcanic phenomena. Lipari is the largest island of the Aeolian Islands (UNESCO World Heritage Site), off of the Northeast coast of Sicily in the Messina province. It boasts an Archeological Museum with a castle and an archeological park in the back. The oldest part of the castle was built by the Greeks.
- Tyndaris, founded by Dyonisus in 396BC, was one of the latest Greek colonies in Sicily. It was invaded by the Carthaginians led by Hannibal in 264BC and rebuilt by the Romans ten years later. The beauty of Tyndaris is still present in its ruins. The Greek-Roman theater with its spectacular setting over the Tyrrhenian Sea is used for shows and plays in the summertime.
- Taormina – Taormina is Sicily’s most renowned resort. Located in the province of Messina, it hosts a magnificent amphitheater with a breathtaking view of Mount Etna in the background. The theater, built by the Greeks in the 3rd century BC and remodeled by the Romans, is still used today and hosts the famous Taormina Film Festival. A much smaller Roman theater, the Odeon, is to be found near the Church of Santa Caterina.
- Castel di Tusa
- Capo d’Orlando
- Pace del Mela
Note: This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article “Metasyntactic variable” and Creative Commons by Commons Deed. This information was accurate when it was posted, but can change without notice. Please be sure to confirm all rates and details directly with the businesses/establishments in question before planning your trip. | <urn:uuid:59c9519f-4907-4d9c-b405-aeef4240fd5e> | {
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DALLAS -- Are you always choosing those salty fries over a sweet shake? Well, you can blame those decisions on your genes.
A new study from the American Heart Association says some people inherit a sweet tooth while others might get stuck with a salt tooth. The name of the salty gene is 'TAS2R48' and if you've got it, you probably eat more sodium than someone who doesn't.
But, chill out Veruca Salt, just like a sweet tooth a salt tooth comes with it's bad.
The study also revealed if you take in more than 2300 milligrams of salt per day, you could end up with high blood pressure. You're also more likely to have heart disease.
Now, that's some seasoned tips you probably shouldn't take with a grain of salt. | <urn:uuid:ee77e00f-043c-4830-97c9-c3f9795d4379> | {
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The profusion of commemorative landmarks across Berlin renders it Europe’s unofficial city of memory: from Peter Eisenman’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe to the more than 7000 Stolpersteine (stumbling stones) embedded into the city’s pavements which mark the former homes of deported Jews (the ongoing project of artist Gunter Demnig). Berlin’s memorials are not only visitor attractions but constant interruptions in the daily lives of tourists and locals alike. Germany’s track record in coming to terms with its National Socialist past is so thorough in many parts of the country that the Germans have a unique compound word to describe the process, vergangenheitsbewältigung.
Vergangenheitsbewältigung shapes not only the landscape but the very fabric of German society and culture. The most recently approved addition to this landscape, Monument to Freedom and Unity (Freiheits und Einheitsdenkmal, already referred to locally as the Unity Seesaw), constitutes a significant moment in Berlin’s commemorative history, characterised not by Vergangenheitsbewältigung but by celebration; 30 years on from the fall of the Berlin Wall, the monument (due to be inaugurated in 2019) commemorates the peaceful revolution that led to the reunification of East and West. read more | <urn:uuid:c91a6ec6-8c94-45e9-8329-d186add49ff9> | {
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Your veterinarian will prescribe antibiotics and antiviral drugs to treat the ferret. Protective medicine for the intestinal lining may also be prescribed. Along with the medication, nutritional treatment, in the form of fluids and a bland, easily digestible diet, is needed.
A new ferret should be quarantined for a month before it is introduced to older ferrets. Proper hygiene should also be observed to prevent ECE from spreading, including cleaning and disinfecting the ferret's environment, and washing your hands after handling it.
The condition of being drowsy, listless, or weak
A medical condition in which the small intestines are inflamed
The process of removing tissue to examine it, usually for medical reasons. | <urn:uuid:8765736d-554b-46c7-b06a-415a118227dc> | {
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Flanks are the sides of a ground Head is the part of a ground cover Fingers are narrow fast moving
The subject today is concerning forest fires or sometimes called woods fires. Forest fires destroy acres of land, property and lives. Forest fires can be started by lightning strikes to trees, by people, and plane crashes or other transportation that travels through or around the country side. There are things that affect the way a Forest fire will travel. Also to be considered is fire ground safety and the hazardous situations that may occur.
Some things to keep in mind while fighting a forest fire are wind shifts, wind speeds, heat temperature of the day, have an escape plan and route, and remember that loose rock may make travel difficult and dangerous.
You also need to know fire behavior and be able to anticipate fire movement in the area you are in.
You need to wear proper protective clothing and equipment for protection against falling objects.
Always carry tools by your side and not over your head and stay no more than 12 feet apart on the fire line.
Watch for hanging limbs, burning or dead trees, trees leaning against another, rolling rocks and logs,
When driving through smoke turn on lights, sound horn, close windows, and drive slowly.
Avoid driving thought if you don’t have an escape route.
When parking always face vehicle the direction of the escape route.
Remember burned areas are safer than unburned areas.
Watch for power lines and fences that can become energized by a fallen power line.
Always keep in contact with other surrounding fire fighters.
Ground cover is one thing that is considered as fuel. When fighting a forest fire ground cover is considered to be either green fuels, heavy fuels, or flash fuels.
Green fuels are considered growing vegetation. They are not normally flammable but heat from fire can dry the vegetation fast and cause fire to ignite the dried out vegetation.
Heavy fuels are usually slow burning like stumps, logs, matted duff, and heavy limbs. Heavy fuels like these have moisture within and take super heat from a flash fuel fire.
Flash fuels are pine needles, small branches, twigs, dead leaves, or dried grass. These fuels burn quickly and travel rapidly. Flash fuel fires supply the heat to ignite heavy fuels.
Two types of ground cover fires are ordinary fire and blow up fires.
Ordinary fires are brush and grass fires. They have length and width dimensions.
Blow up fires are three dimensional. They have width, length, and height.
Undergrowth or duff fires burn deep into peat or duff from past years under mulch. When I lived in Alaska we had these type fires pop up after the snow would melt .These type fires can smolder for a long time.
Crown fires occur as fire crosses through leaves or needles of trees, dense brush or large bushes.
Spot fires is a result of a spark or ember carried by wind to start another fire else.
Things that can affect the spread of a forest fire are a long dry spell when the ground cover is really dried out.
Relative humidity when the volume of warm air will hold more moisture than cool air. This has a big affect upon the spread of fire because of the daily fluctuations of relative humidity dry air and low humidity. This also has an effect in the spread of a forest fire.
Temperature along with the relative humidity can help slow the spread of forest fires because of the late evening dampness.
The slope of the land will affect the spread of fire.
Fire will usually burn much faster and intense uphill because the heated air draws the flames upward.
The parts of a ground fire will usually form a pattern. Listed below are four of those patterns.
Fingers are narrow fast moving parts of the fire that fork out from the main head of the fire. The name for this was used because it looks like the fingers on your hand when you spread your fingers out.
Flanks are the sides of a ground cover fire meaning to the left or right.
Head is the part of a ground cover fire that is spreading most rapidly.
Rear is the back side of a ground cover fire.
We have ways of attacking a forest fire and one of those is called back firing. This is done by starting a fire to burn ground fuels so the main fire will hopefully run out of fuel to burn.
We also can use track vehicles from the forest service to cut a large fire break to help prevent fire spread.
We also can use planes and helicopters to drop water and fire retardant chemicals on the fire to help stop the fire from spreading.
As you can see my job can be dangerous when we fight forest fires. | <urn:uuid:a8bc26ed-2007-4682-a3e9-d3f4bcdedc63> | {
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WikipediaRead full entry
The Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and Chinese hat snails, are a family of small to medium-sized marine prosobranch gastropods. This family includes the slipper snails (Crepidula species), the Chinese hat snails, (Calyptraea species), and the cup-and-saucer snails (Crucibulum species) among others.
The Calyptraeidae are the only family in the superfamily Calyptraeoidea. This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005.
Internally, the shell is distinguished by a shelf-like, cup-like, or half-cup-like structure used for muscle attachment. Some calyptraeids have shells that externally resemble those of limpets, so species in the genus Crepidula are often called slipper limpets. However, these snails are not closely related to true limpets and are more closely related to conches and cowries. The "slipper" in the name "slipper limpet" is based on the appearance of the inside of the shell, which with its half-shelf resembles a traditional western bedroom slipper.
Calyptraeids may form a tower of up to 25 animals, sometimes referred to as a mating chain. The bottom snail is always female. When she dies, the male above her will change from male to female, and the chain continues.
- Bicatillus Swainson, 1840
- Bostrycapulus Olsson & Harbison, 1953
- Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799
- Crepidula Lamarck, 1799
- Crepipatella Lesson, 1831
- Crucibulum Schumacher, 1817
- Desmaulus Rehder, 1943
- Grandicrepidula McLean, 1995
- Maoricrypta Finlay, 1926
- Sigapatella Lesson, 1930
- Siphopatella Lesson, 1831
- Trochita Schumacher, 1817
- Genera brought into synonymy
- Cheila Modeer, 1793: synonym of Cheilea Modeer, 1793 - this is actually in the Hipponicidae, not the Calyptraeidae.
- Clypeola Gray, 1868 accepted as Sigapatella Lesson, 1831
- Crypta Gray, 1847: synonym of Crepidula Lamarck, 1799
- Ergea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854: synonym of Siphopatella Lesson, 1831
- Garnotia Gray, 1857: synonym of Crepidula Lamarck, 1799
- Ianacus Mörch, 1852 accepted as Crepidula Lamarck, 1799
- Zeacrypta Finlay, 1926 : synonym of Maoricrypta Finlay, 1926
- Zegalerus Finlay, 1927 : synonym of Sigapatella Lesson, 1831
- Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia 47 (1-2).
- "Crepidula fornicata". Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 2006-04-24.
- "In Pictures: Strange seas". BBC News. 2010-01-19.
- "Calyptraeidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Powell A. W. B. (1979) New Zealand Mollusca. William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand, ISBN 0-00-216906-1.
- Calyptraeidae[dead link] at gastropods.com | <urn:uuid:d71ebd73-2069-4cef-9847-7c0f106c5f1d> | {
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Lead in teeth holds secrets of person's origins, research shows
By Barbara Liston
ORLANDO Fla. (Reuters) - The lead in human teeth holds clues about where a person grew up and can help criminal investigators and archaeologists working with old or decomposed corpses, according to a University of Florida researcher.
Because lead ore deposits around the world differ, and as young people's teeth absorb traces of the metal in the environment, the region where a person grew up can be distinguished through lead analysis of a tooth, said geologist George Kamenov.
His study on the topic will appear in the August issue of Science of The Total Environment, a peer-reviewed journal.
"If you were born in Europe and then came to the U.S., yes, I will be able to see that," Kamenov said. "I was born in Bulgaria so I have the European ... signal."
Kamenov said he has worked with law enforcement officers on cold cases, with lead analysis helping investigators narrow their focus.
In addition to aiding authorities in identifying bodies, the analysis can help archaeologists locate human remains on an historical timeline, he said.
The impact of leaded gasoline used from the 1920s through 1980s is also reflected in the teeth, which can help narrow a body's age, Kamenov said.
Teeth can reveal whether a person spent formative years in the United States versus Europe, South America, Australia or other broad regions, he said. Continued... | <urn:uuid:d92290b0-5c2e-4df5-9c0e-90b16d5dfd66> | {
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Abingdon Lock is a lock on the River Thames in England, less than 1 mile east and upstream of Abingdon, Oxfordshire on the opposite bank of the river. It was originally built in 1790 by the Thames Navigation Commission.
The weir runs across from the Abingdon side to the lock island, and has a pedestrian walkway across it.
According to a tablet above the front door, the current lock-keeper's house dates from 1928. Ice creams and refreshments have been sold from the door of the house for at least 30 years.
The navigation route in the vicinity of Abingdon has been subject to change over the centuries. The Swift Ditch further to the east was the original course of the river Thames. The stream to the town was developed by the monks of Abingdon Abbey and the original weir is reputed to have been built by them during the 10th century. A pound lock was built on the Swift Ditch by the Oxford-Burcot Commission in 1635 making it then the navigation route. In 1788 several citizens of Abingdon wanted to divert navigation back to the current course, possibly taking into account the Wilts & Berks Canal which was to connect to the current navigation channel at Abingdon within ten years. As a result, Abingdon Lock was built near the town and opened at the end of 1790. The lock-keeper's house was reported in 1811 to be half a mile downstream of the lock - probably at the abbey millhouse.
Access to the lock
The lock can be reached on a track heading north from Abingdon Bridge on the Andersey Island side. Alternatively it is possible to walk along the river from the town centre through Abbey Meadows and cross the weir.
Reach above the lock
Immediately above the weir towards the town is the channel cut by the monks of Abingdon Abbey in the 10th century to provide navigation and mill water to the abbey itself. For the first few hundred yards the river has turned back on itself making the northern bank temporarily on the southern side. On this side of the lock is Andersey Island created by Swift Ditch. The first outflow is the site of the old lock, and the second channel is the original weir stream. Further upstream the Nuneham Railway Bridge (known as Black Bridge) carried the railway line to Oxford. Upstream of this the river turns northwards at the heavily wooded Lock Wood Island on the eastern bank with the old Radley Boathouse on the opposite side. Beyond the island the river is flanked by Nuneham Park, belonging to Nuneham House with the Jacobean Carfax Water Tower on a hill in the grounds ahead of the Palladian house itself. On the western side the terrain is open farmland with the town of Radley beyond. Near here and on that side on the river is the Radley College boathouse. On the opposite side, meadows for grazing cattle stretch up to Sandford Lock.
The Thames Path, which crosses the river at the lock, follows the western bank all the way to Sandford Lock.
|Next lock upstream||River Thames||Next lock downstream|
7.38 km (4.59 mi)
4.15 km (2.58 mi)
|Next crossing upstream||River Thames||Next crossing downstream|
|Nuneham Railway Bridge||Abingdon Lock||Abingdon Bridge|
|Next crossing upstream||Thames Path||Next crossing downstream|
|Abingdon Lock||northern bank
Clifton Hampden Bridge
- Because of the river loop, the southern bank is here on the north side of the river
- "Environment Agency Dimensions of locks on the River Thames". web page. Environmental Agency. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012. Dimensions given in metres
- Fred. S. Thacker The Thames Highway: Volume II Locks and Weirs 1920 - republished 1968 David & Charles
- "Environment Agency Distances between locks on the River Thames". web page. Environmental Agency. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012. Distances given in km | <urn:uuid:09ff9fdc-354a-430d-a3f2-e31537bd4308> | {
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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Dagon
A Philistine deity. It is commonly admitted that the name Dagon is a diminutive form, hence a term of endearment, derived from the Semitic root dag, and means, accordingly, "little fish". The name, therefore, indicates a fish-shaped god. This the Bible also suggests when speaking of the Dagon worshipped in the temple of Azotus (I K., v, 1-7): he had face and hands and a portion of his body resembled that of a fish, in accordance with the most probable interpretation of "the stump of Dagon" (verse 5). From the received text of the Septuagint it would seem that he possessed even feet, although Swete's edition gives here a different reading; at any rate, this sentence, in the Greek translation, shows all the appearances of a gloss. With the description found in the Bible coincides that which may be seen on the coins of various Philistine or Phœnician cities, on most of which Dagon is represented as a composite figure, human as to the upper part of the body, fish-like as to the lower. From this it may well be inferred that Dagon was a fish-god, a fact not in the least surprising, as he seems to have been the foremost deity of such maritime cities as Azotus, Gaza (the early sites of which are supposed to be buried under the sand-mounds that run along the sea-shore), Ascalon, and Arvad. In the monuments -- also most probably in the popular worship -- Dagon is sometimes associated with a female half-fish deity, Derceto or Atargatis, often identified with Astarte.
A few scholars, however, waving aside these evidences, consider Dagon as the god of agriculture. This opinion they rest on the following statement of Philo Byblius: "Dagon, that is, corn' [the Hebrew word for corn is dagan]. "Dagon, after he had discovered corn and the plough, was called Zeus of the plough" (ii, 16). The same writer tells us (in Eusebius, Præp. Evang., i, 6) that, according to an old Phœnician legend, Dagon was one of the four sons born of the marriage of Anu, the lord of heaven, with his sister, the earth. Moreover, on a seal bearing certain symbolic signs, among which is an ear of corn, but not, however, the image of a fish, may be read the name of Baal-Dagon, written in Phœnician characters. It is open to question whether these arguments outweigh those in favour of the other opinion; so much so that the etymology adopted by Philo Byblius might possibly be due to a misapprehension of the name. It should, perhaps, be admitted that, along the Mediterranean shore, a twofold conception and representation of Dagon were developed in the course of time as a result of the presumed twofold derivation of the name. At, any rate, all scholars agree that the name and worship of Dagon were imported from Babylonia.
The Tell-el-Amarna letters (about 1480-1450 B.C.), which have yielded the names of Yamir-Dagan and Dagan-takala, rulers of Ascalon, witness to the antiquity of the Dagon-worship among the inhabitants of Palestine. We learn from the Bible that the deity had temples at Gaza (Judges, xvi, 21, 23) and Azotus (I K., v, 1-7); we may presume that shrines existed likewise in other Philistine cities. The Dagon-worship seems even to have extended beyond the confines of their confederacy. The testimony of the monuments is positive for the Phœnician city of Arvad; moreover, the Book of Josue mentions two towns called Bethdagon, one in the territory of Juda (Jos., xv, 41), and the other on the border of Aser (Jos., xix, 27); Josephus also speaks of a Dagon "beyond Jericho" (Antiq. Jud., XIII, viii, 1; De bell. Jud., I, ii, 3): all these names are earlier than the Israelite conquest, and, unless we derive them from dagan, witness to a wide dissemination of the worship of Dagon throughout Palestine. This worship was kept up, at least in certain Philistine cities, until the last centuries B.C. such was the case at Azotus; the temple of Dagon that stood there was burned by Jonathan Machabeus (l Mach., x, 84; xi, 4).
Unlike the Baals, who, among the Chanaanites, were essentially local deities, Dagon seems to have been considered by the Philistines as a national god (I Par., x, 10). To him they attributed their success in war; him they thanked by great sacrifices, before him they rejoiced over the capture of Samson (Judges, xvi, 23); into his temple they brought the trophies of their victories, the Ark (I K., v, 1, 2), the armour, and the head of Saul (I K., xxxi, 9, 10; I Par., x, 10). A bronze demi-rilievo of Assyro-Phœnician workmanship would also suggest that Dagon played a prominent part in the doctrines concerning death and future life. As to the ritual of his worship, little can be gathered either from the documents or from Scripture. The elaborate arrangements for returning the Ark (I K., v, vi) may have been inspired more by the circumstances than by any ceremonies of the Dagon-worship. We only know from ancient writers that, for religious reasons, most of the Syrian peoples abstained from eating fish, a practice that one is naturally inclined to connect with the worship of a fish-god.
CHARLES L. SOUVAY | <urn:uuid:2f756bdc-ae4b-4976-9e4c-7e42dfb78860> | {
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An indigenous innovation that challenges the cheap rakhis being dumped in the Indian market by the Chinese, these green bamboo rakhis fund a day’s meal for the tribals of Melghat.
Aptly named ‘Shrushti Bandha’ – to signify the human bond with nature – these rakhis use wafer thin bamboo shavings cut into stars, triangles, pyramids, etc., as a base, which is then combined with other locally sourced decoration material. These are prepared by the tribals – the adivasis – of Melghat, the Korkus, the Gond, Bhilalas, and even other communities such as the Bhosari and Buddhists.
The rakhis are priced at a very affordable Rs. 25 to Rs. 40.
For decades, Melghat in Maharashtra has always been portrayed before the rest of India as a malnourishment prone and malnutrition affected area deep inside the jungles of the Satpura range. But this Shrushti Bandha rakhi has demonstrated and in fact symbolizes the capability, potential and skills of these adivasis.
“Contrary to the popular perception of being a pleading class, these tribals are people who preserve the environment, humanity and traditions,” says Sunil Deshpande, founder secretary of the NGO Sampoorna Bamboo Kendra.
It was this NGO that encouraged the tribals of Lawada, Melghat to come together to form the Venu Shilpi Industrial Cooperative Society.
“It is a simple method using hand held tools. Just five days of training can get any tribal to produce beautiful rakhis, using locally sourced natural materials,” Deshpande says.
This artisans’ cooperative was started in 1998 with just 15 tribals. Now, the society works with 450 people and the turnover has increased manifold as the production increases. What Venu Shilpi Industrial Cooperative Society is trying to do is basically link ‘man’, ‘method’ and ‘materials’ for a respectable livelihood. Biomaterials are one of the critical yet sustainable sources of energy.
“These kinds of rakhis are the best examples as to how a natural renewable resource such as bamboo can be best utilized to come up with a livelihood plan. Every single hand-made rakhi bought by city dwellers will contribute to the sustenance of a tribal forest dweller,” says Sandeep Theng of the Indian Federation of Green Energy, an organisation that drives and endeavours to deliver an integrated approach for establishing a sustainable energy ecosystem.
The Federation is promoting bamboo in a big way as the “change agent for poverty alleviation and climate change,” perfect for the tribals of Melghat.
These rakhis can be directly ordered from Sampoorna Bamboo Kendra, Lawada, Melghat.
Mobile: 09545717614 / 09764639457 / 09421825925
Landline: 07226 – 202370
Mail ID: [email protected]
All images: www.idiort.com | <urn:uuid:198372aa-2dae-4b87-a26b-de00dd334a4f> | {
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Did you ever wonder what was happening as Mom was hacking and whacking at her petunias? Curious as to what was being achieved by Grandma lopping off new shoots from the apple tree? There are many things in life that we do to achieve a certain result without knowing the actual mechanisms in play.
Pruning and pinching are regular tasks in growing many flowers, ornamentals, vine crops, and trees. You could even look at mowing your grass as a form of pruning. More interestingly let’s look at what this does to the hormonal balance of the plant. There are five key hormones in plants, in two separate groups:
· Growth hormones – Cytokinins, Auxins, and Gibberellins.
· Stress hormones – Abscisic acid and Ethylene.
When we are pruning, pinching, and mowing we are influencing cytokinin and auxin ratios in the plant. Cytokinins are produced in the actively growing root tips and move upward in the plant stimulating processes such as shoot formation and branching. Auxins are primarily produced in the actively growing shoots and leaves. It is the ratio of these two hormones to each other and not the amount of either that matters. Both are required for cell division to take place. A higher amount of cytokinin coming from vigorous root growth will cause the plant to respond with vegetative growth to produce more auxin. When you prune or pinch a growing point and leaves off of a plant you are removing an auxin factory from production.
In the case of a rapidly growing vigorous plant with lots of auxin factories, pruning can be a good thing. Too much auxin production can overpower and inhibit cell division in the roots leading to a decline in root vigor, and hastening senescence and death. As auxin levels increase in the top of the plant and move downward it also causes dormancy in vegetative and reproductive buds. We would call this a top dominant situation, and when you cut off some of the auxin factories you are helping to return the plant to a more balanced root dominant situation.
In the case of a slower growing less vigorous plant, pruning can be a bad thing. Too little auxin production where very little auxin is available to make it down to the roots also limits root growth because cell division for new root growth will not be supported. Remember that root tips are only alive for a week or two, then they become a part of the “plumbing” and new root tips must be produced.
When vegetative top growth outpaces your root growth (top dominance) you can have a beautiful plant with little endurance for production or stress. When there is a healthy, actively growing root mass under a plant during the entire season (root dominance), the plant can survive stress events and have good production. Four out of the five hormones controlling plant use of nutrition and governing how the plant grows are primarily made in the actively growing root tips. Plant hormones must be available in sufficient quantities throughout the entire life cycle of the plant to maximize genetic expression and minimize stress.
By physically pruning/pinching shoots and branches Mom and Grandma were controlling the hormonal balance of the plant. Most often they were putting the plant back into a balanced situation. Interestingly the same results can be achieved through nutrient support of hormone production, and sometimes by applying the hormones themselves.
Written by Brian Weems | <urn:uuid:72b1f31e-4c57-4ddb-9319-d05869763d63> | {
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Contest Directions: Photoshop this hay monster town image (click to download) any way you wish. Some examples are:
re-designing this hay monster, merging it with other objects or people, adding some Halloween theme, putting the hay monster into some unusual environment, using this hay monster image in advertisements, movies, paintings, etc. These are just some ideas.
Many thanks to Michal Zacharzewski and
Stock Exchange for providing the source photo.
Register to post comments and participate in contests.
This contest is fueled by the following news: Hay is dried stems and leaves of grass plants, which are cut when they were green before they achieved full natural maturity. Hay is used as a foodstuff for domesticated animals in those areas where climatic conditions do not allow the use of fresh forages all-round the year.
The capability of hay to stay for longer periods without getting spoiled is achieved either by putting it in a silo, i.e. the preservation of green plants in watery state or by drying, through the removal of water from the plants (on an average from 55 to 65 %)
If hay is more or less well dried then all plants forming the composition of hay can be easily determined and hay can be classified into groups. Thus, the study of the botanical composition of hay is very important and represents one of the pivotal means for the value assessment of hay in practice; other visual features have lesser significance but nevertheless, are always taken into consideration. The color of good ordinary edible hay is more or less bright green. A brownish color indicates the presence of other family plants (e.g. clovers), bluish – sedge or luscious cereals, growing on marshlands; if the pure edible hay's color is dark, then it indicates that the hay was kept in the rain. Yellowish, straw-colored hay shows that the grass cutting is done much too late when many of them have already become aged. This hay does not have a strong aroma, which is peculiar to green high quality hay, cut in time; the aroma depends mainly on the odorous cone (Anthoxantum odoratum), which belongs to the earliest cereals. However, the aroma of hay, the so-called odor of coumarin is peculiar, except to the cone - also to melilot (Melilotus), holy grass (Hierochloa), woodruff (Asperula) and to a lesser extent to other plants. The unpleasant odor coming from hay is due to the influence of a rainy climate, incomplete drying and depends on the decomposition processes (putrefactive organisms and mold). Such hay during strewing releases lot of dust. Several hay types are distinguished based on their place of growth. | <urn:uuid:fc39d32e-fa52-4a9c-96f2-d8809a05e950> | {
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In the face of strong opposition, the government has abandoned its plan to purchase all of the land needed to build temporary storage sites for radioactive debris, sources said.
The idea was dropped after some landowners at prospective sites refused to sell, fearing the storage facilities located near the stricken Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant would end up being permanent.
Instead of purchasing all of the plots, the government now plans on leasing some of the land from landowners.
The government intends to construct the "intermediate storage facilities" in the towns of Futaba and Okuma, which jointly host the Fukushima plant. The government plans to purchase or lease 16 square kilometers of land in the two municipalities to house the storage facilities.
The facilities are expected to store 16 million to 22 million cubic meters of radioactive soil and debris that resulted from decontamination work. The government said the debris will be stored for no longer than 30 years.
Because of the long duration, the government determined that purchasing all the land outright was its best option.
But some landowners steadfastly refused to sell.
“If the government places all of the land for the facilities under state ownership, those facilities could become final disposal sites (in perpetuity),” said one entrenched landowner.
The government now says it will lease the plots it is unable to purchase, and after 30 years, return the land to the owners after transferring the contaminated material elsewhere.
The government also pledged to the Fukushima prefectural government and the Futaba and Okuma town authorities on July 24 that it will enact a law stipulating that the radioactive materials will be moved out of the prefecture after 30 years.
The government also said it plans to increase the total amount of grants and other assistance for evacuees from 100 billion yen ($1 billion) to 150 billion yen for 30 years.
It made the decision after local governments said 100 billion yen is not enough to complete reconstruction projects in areas ravaged by the 2011 nuclear disaster triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami. The central government disclosed the plan to executives of the local governments on July 24.
Radiation levels in the towns of Futaba and Okuma remain high. More than 17,000 residents are still living as evacuees.
As soon as the local governments accept the increase in grants and other assistance, the central government will start negotiations with landowners to purchase or lease land plots to host the intermediate storage facilities. The government hopes to begin transportation of contaminated soil to the storage facilities as soon as January.
However, getting the cooperation of local governments may be easier said than done, as many residents remain angry over comments made by the environment minister on June 16.
“In the end, it will come down to money,” said Nobuteru Ishihara, referring to the process of selecting the sites to house the temporary storage facilities.
Many residents were insulted at the suggestion they could easily be bought off.
“I was willing to cooperate (with the construction plan of the intermediate storage facilities), but I do not have such a feeling any more,” said one resident.
(This article was written by Sawaaki Hikita, Nobuyoshi Nakamura and Noriyoshi Otsuki, a senior staff writer.)
- « Prev
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Healthy Eating Tips Can Lead to Happier Holidays
< Dec. 24, 2008 > -- Focus on keeping your weight steady with simple healthy eating strategies, rather than worry about gaining or losing weight during the holiday season.
"Trying to diet during the holidays is setting yourself up for failure and personal torture," says Jennifer Ventrelle, clinical nutritionist and registered dietitian at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. "Set an achievable goal: to maintain your weight through the holiday season."
"A decrease in physical activity is a prime contributor to holiday weight gain," Ventrelle says. "Without exercise, you burn fewer calories, and you're also likely to eat more." The American Dietetic Association (ADA) says that favorite seasonal desserts can still be enjoyed while consuming a limited amount of fat.
According to the ADA, people eat when they are not hungry during the holidays because of chaos and stress. Eating due to stress is a learned behavior. But many people do not associate stress as a cause of eating when they are not hungry.
The ADA suggests documenting what a person eats, how it tastes, and more importantly, how hungry the person was when the food was consumed. If the answer is "not hungry at all," the person may be eating due to stress. This behavior can be minimized by keeping a journal to monitor how a person is feeling when eating, what are they eating, and why are they eating. Eventually, a person will be able to recognize stress-related eating and effectively cope with this behavior.
Social Pressures Faced by the Obese
This time of the year is extremely difficult for overweight and obese people, because they struggle to control their eating habits and have to cope with misconceptions about obesity from others, according to an expert from Duke University. An honest approach to food can conquer fears of social pressure.
"Social situations make people feel self-conscious about what they wear and what they eat to the point where they feel they're being judged for every morsel that touches their lips," says Martin Binks, director of behavioral health at the Duke Diet and Fitness Center. "Some of the popular misconceptions about obesity are that people bring it on themselves, and that they look forward to the holidays so they can eat more," he says.
Overweight and obese people often become very nervous and anxious during the holiday season due to their lack of willpower to resist temptations. Some try to avoid social gatherings, certain foods, or eating triggers, and others say they can sense judgmental attitudes of other people.
"Even if they aren't being judged, they become so self-conscious that they think they are," says Binks, who noticed that an intense focus on food during the holidays increases challenges faced by overweight and obese people.
Eating Strategies for Holiday Parties
Since eating plays such a large role during the holiday season, Ventrelle recommends eating a healthy snack - such as yogurt or fruit, an apple and peanut butter, or a bowl of high-fiber cereal - to prevent gorging at parties. During the day, eating small, lower-calorie meals can offset the calorie load caused by going to a holiday party hungry.
Keeping portions small allows a person to eat their favorite foods without over indulging. Food can also be placed on plates as props, thus allowing more time to socialize without eating. Do not socialize in areas - kitchen, buffet table - where you may be tempted to nibble. If hosting a party, give leftovers to party guests to remove food temptations.
Ventrelle suggests bringing healthy dishes, such as fresh fruit and vegetables, to holiday parties. "Take a small first helping. That way, if your host expects you to take seconds, the total will be one normal-size dinner," Ventrelle says. If faced with food temptation, use portion control. Eat slow and use a small plate at parties.
Another strategy is to indulge in the inner spirit of the holidays, not the eating, as well as focusing on spending time with friends and family.
Always consult your physician for more information.
For more information on health and wellness, please visit health information modules on this Web site.
Tips to Maintain a Healthy Weight
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 65 percent of US adults are overweight. Maintaining a healthy weight is especially important with conditions such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, cancer of the uterus, gallbladder, kidney, stomach, breast, or colon, and high total cholesterol levels.
If a person's weight is not in the healthy range for their height and build, the best way to lose weight is to set a reasonable goal and lose it slowly and gradually. It is important to develop a healthy pattern of eating and exercise that can be followed for life.
It is important to remember - a calorie is a calorie. High-fat foods generally have more calories than foods that are high in carbohydrates or protein, but the truth is, the best way to lose weight is to eat fewer calories than what is burned each day.
Start the day off right by eating breakfast. Drink 100 percent fruit juice (canned, from a carton, or freshly squeezed) with breakfast, or take a can to drink at work. Take a piece of fruit to munch on during a commute to work.
Use butter and margarine sparingly and "lite" or low-fat dairy products (i.e., milk, cheese, yogurt, or sour cream). Use oils sparingly (try olive and canola oils). Bake chicken without the skin. Substitute a potato for french fries.
When making or buying a salad, a little bit of salad dressing, about 1 tablespoon, goes a long way. Even better, use "lite" or fat-free salad dressing. The same principle applies when using condiments, a little mayonnaise is all that is needed. Or use the "lite" or fat-free kind.
People should eat when they are hungry, and stop when they are full. Take smaller portions. Never go back for seconds. Typical restaurant servings are often twice the size of a single serving. When dining out or ordering in, ask for half of a serving or a "doggy bag."
Fast food does not have to be high in fat and calories. Try ordering a lean roast beef or grilled chicken sandwich. Keep the portions to regular and small. No "double" anything or "going large." Order items without the cheese.
Exercise is an important way to manage weight. Aerobic exercises and strengthening exercises burn calories by increasing heart rate. Physical activity need not be strenuous to achieve health benefits.
Women of all ages benefit from a moderate amount of physical activity, preferably daily. The same moderate amount of activity can be obtained in longer sessions of moderately intense activities (such as 30 minutes of brisk walking) as in shorter sessions of more strenuous activities (such as 15 to 20 minutes of jogging). Previously sedentary women who begin physical activity programs should start with short intervals (5 to 10 minutes) of physical activity and gradually build up to the desired level of activity.
Women with chronic health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, or obesity, or those who are at high risk for these conditions should first consult their physician before beginning a new program of physical activity. Women over age 50 who plan to begin a new program of vigorous physical activity should first consult their physician to be sure they do not have heart disease or other health problems.
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The American Family Album series tells the often heroic stories of American immigrant groups, largely through their own words and pictures. Like any family album, the pages contain period photographs, memorabilia, selections from diaries, letters, memoirs, and newspapers. Each book is a pictorial and written record of the country left behind, the journey to America, and the group's contributions to the United States. 149 illustrations.
The African American family album
New York : Oxford University Press, c1995.
127 p. :,ill. ;,29 cm.
Branch Call Number:
YA 973.0496 HOO
Statement of Responsibility:
Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler ; introduction by Phylicia Rashad
Includes bibliographical references (p. 123) and index.
African Americans History Juvenile literature.
African American families Juvenile literature.
African American families | <urn:uuid:0616308d-74f9-4f18-97ba-b3cbff909c44> | {
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Examine resource-use patterns and community-based conservation initiatives on the extraordinary island of Bali.
Investigate conservation in a high-diversity tropical environment.
The program is based in Kerambitan, on the grounds of an ancient palace complex, in an area called the Puri Saren Kangin (“Palace of the Eastern Sleeping Quarters”). You’ll also experience a three-night homestay with a family in Kerambitan.
Experience grassroots conservation focused on habitat restoration, food security, and endangered species management in Bali.
You’ll spend most of your time in the field and look at efforts like the Bali Myna Reintroduction Project.
Study the social and cultural contexts of natural resource management in Bali.
Tabanan is famous for its beautiful rice terraces, black sand beaches, and distinctive temples and art. UNESCO recognized the irrigation district and rice fields of Subak Jatiluwih as a World Heritage site.
Compare ecotourism with other forms of natural resource use in light of economic and educational values, social costs and benefits, and environmental impacts.
You’ll look at issues like irrigation, so important in Bali’s Tabanan district that there are lakeshore temples to Dewi Danu, the goddess of lakes. Natural water sources are considered sacred in Bali.
Spend extensive time learning in the field: snorkeling, hiking in tropical forest reserves, and exploring human-dominated tropical ecosystems.
Construct a framework for assessing environmental impacts of human activities.
Analyze links between public, private, and community-based conservation and development.
Assess conservation strategies, discuss principles of sustainability, and learn about practices of conservation biology, with a focus on habitat fragmentation and management of threatened species and populations.
Key Topics of Study
Key Topics of Study
- Conservation strategies
- Principles and practices of sustainability and conservation biology
- Habitat fragmentation
- Management of threatened species and populations
The following syllabi are representative of this program. Because courses develop and change over time to take advantage of dynamic learning opportunities, actual course content will vary from term to term. The syllabi can be useful for students, faculty, and study abroad offices in assessing credit transfer. Read more about credit transfer.
- Biodiversity and Natural Resource Conservation – syllabus
- (ENVI3010 / 3 credits / 45 hours)
- This course focuses on biodiversity conservation in the ecological context of tropical Asian reef and rainforest systems. Against a backdrop of historical and contemporary patterns of natural resource use patterns in Indonesia and particularly Bali, students examine the responses of the biota to large-scale habitat loss and fragmentation, extraction of resources (for example timber and fishes), and changes to hydrological and nutrient dynamics that accompany conversion of the landscape to agricultural dominance. Understanding the processes and patterns of change gives students insight into potential solutions, which may include government-initiated programs, privately funded ventures, and community-based approaches. Students examine these different models by means of social, economic, and environmental indicators of success, looking in particular at integration of these aspects and potential for long-term, sustainable solutions.
- Biodiversity and Conservation Study Project – syllabus
- (ENVI3060 / 3 credits / 45 hours)
- In this course, students engage in research on a topic of relevance to biodiversity and conservation in Bali. The emphasis in this project is on building a solid framework for facilitating field research, including development of appropriate research questions and methodology, use of literature and other resources to construct a strong context for proposed project work, and cultivation of sound primary data collection skills (including interview and laboratory-based skills as well as fieldwork in a narrower sense). Each student conducts research with a field component and produces an original academic paper whose contents are also presented orally to student peers. This course gives students the opportunity to engage in more detail with one of the themes examined in the seminar and to develop their research skills.
- Beginning Bahasa Indonesia – syllabus
- (INDO1002 / 2 credits / 30 hours)
- Intermediate Bahasa Indonesia – syllabus
- (INDO2002 / 2 credits / 30 hours)
- Advanced Bahasa Indonesia – syllabus
- (INDO3002 / 2 credits / 30 hours)
- This course is designed to develop student proficiency and communication in Indonesian language in order to deepen experiential learning about community nature conservation practices in Bali. While emphasis is placed primarily on oral comprehension and conversational skills (i.e., listening and speaking), reading and writing are highlighted as crucial to the reinforcement of those skills. Thus, the course is designed to help students not only acquire Indonesian language skills, but also to grasp cultural practices in Indonesia. Cultural context is built into the course and introduced through experiential activities accompanying the textbook. Beginning Indonesian introduces students to pronunciation and writing systems of basic grammar, basic vocabulary, and sentence structure.
Please note that in order to take advantage of dynamic learning opportunities, program excursions may occasionally vary.
You’ll spend time on the island of Nusa Penida; in Denpasar and Kerambitan (Bali); and in central, north, and west Bali.
You will visit the Friends of the National Parks Foundation Volunteer & Conservation Center in Ped, helping with maintenance and community-based conservation programs. You will also take day trips.
In Bali’s largest city, Denpasar, you will have introductory lectures and present the results of your research on Nusa Penida to your group and local guests. You will examine the wildlife trade and biodiversity conservation issues.
Central, North, and West Bali
This approximately two-week excursion visits sites throughout Bali, including the highland rainforests of central Bali, coral reefs of the north coast, and the monsoon forest of West Bali National Park. You will examine conservation issues, including coral reef conservation, fisheries management, and conservation of species in agricultural landscapes, in communities along the way. You will assess the application of conservation principles and their efficacy in managing West Bali National Park.
Program in a minute-ish
Faculty and Staff
Faculty and Staff
John (Jack) Grant, PhD, Academic Director
Since 1988, Jack has taught in study abroad programs, including with SIT, for whom he was academic director of the Australia: Natural and Cultural Ecology program for five years. Jack is a zoologist, specializing in ornithology and wildlife ecology of tropical forests and conservation biology. He was a long-serving president of the Tree Kangaroo and Mammal Group, a conservation organization in Australia’s Atherton Tablelands. Jack is a part-time team leader in environmental restoration with Conservation Volunteers Australia, a grassroots environmental action program supporting environment and heritage conservation projects across Australia.
The homestay is an integral part of the SIT experience. During your homestay, you’ll become a member of a local family, sharing meals with them, joining them for special occasions, talking with them in their language, and experiencing the host country through their eyes. Homestay placements are arranged by a local coordinator who carefully screens and approves each family. Students frequently cite the homestay as the highlight of their program. Read more about SIT homestays.
You will have a three- to four-day homestay in a Kerambitan village, which will introduce you to a Balinese home and offer insight into the predominant Hindu culture. The homestay also gives you a good opportunity to practice your new Indonesian language skills.
Other accommodations on the program include hostels and small hotels.
Cost and Scholarships
Cost and Scholarships
SIT Study Abroad is committed to making international education accessible to all students. Scholarship awards generally range from $500 to $5,000 for semester programs and $500 to $3,000 for summer programs. This year, SIT will award more than $1.5 million in scholarships and grants to SIT Study Abroad students.
SIT Pell Grant Match Award. SIT Study Abroad provides matching grants to students receiving Federal Pell Grant funding for the term during which they are studying with SIT. This award can be applied to any SIT program. Qualified students must complete the scholarship portion of their application. View all SIT Study Abroad scholarships.
This program is eligible for a New Horizons Grant, a scholarship for our new programs. Award amounts are $2,500 for semester and $1,500 for summer programs. Students demonstrating need through their submitted scholarship application will be eligible.
The tuition fee covers the following program components:
- Cost of all lecturers who provide instruction to students in:
- The Biodiversity and Natural Resource Conservation course
- The Biodiversity and Conservation Study Project
- All educational excursions associated with the Biodiversity and Conservation Study Project and the Biodiversity and Natural Resource Conservation course
- Health insurance throughout the entire program period
Room & Board: $2,150
The room and board fee covers the following program components:
- All accommodations during the entire program period. This includes during orientation; the homestay; time in the program base (Kerambitan); on excursions to locations such as West Bali, East Java, and Nusa Penida; and during the evaluation period.
- All meals for the entire program period. Meals are covered by SIT Study Abroad directly or through an appropriate stipend.
Estimated Additional Costs:
International Airfare to Program Launch Site
International airline pricing can vary greatly due to the volatility of airline industry pricing, flight availability, and specific flexibility/restrictions on the type of ticket purchased. Students may choose to take advantage of frequent flyer or other airline awards available to them, which could significantly lower their travel costs.
Visa Expenses: $ 50
Books & Supplies: $ 50
International Phone: Each student must have a phone in each country. Cost varies according to personal preferences, phone plans, data plans, etc.
Personal expenses during the program vary based on individual spending habits and budgets. While all meals and accommodations are covered in the room and board fee, incidentals and personal transportation costs differ depending on the non-program-related interests and pursuits of each student. To learn more about personal budgeting, we recommend speaking with alumni who participated in a program in your region. See a full list of our alumni contacts. Please note that free time to pursue non-program-related activities is limited.
Please Note: Fees and additional expenses are based on all known circumstances at the time of calculation. Due to the unique nature of our programs and the economics of host countries, SIT reserves the right to change its fees or additional expenses without notice. | <urn:uuid:f02491f7-5fe1-4a3d-a0fe-74b2b46daa54> | {
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Activities to raise environmental issue awareness
Updated: 2013-05-10 21:27
By Wu Wencong (chinadaily.com.cn)
Twenty-six activities will be launched on May 22 as part of the government's action plan on biodiversity conservation, International Biodiversity Day, the Ministry of Environmental Protection said at a seminar for environmental journalists in Beijing on Friday.
In China the theme of this year's International Biodiversity Day is "biodiversity and the management of natural reserves".
Six community-based activities have been planned, including biodiversity lectures for college students.
China signed the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992. The convention, which was initiated at the same time as two other international conventions on the environment, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, has three key objectives: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of biological resources.
The past 20 years have seen the enactment and revision of more than 50 laws and regulations related to biodiversity conservation in China. And in 2010, the government set short-term, mid-term and long-term strategic objectives to conserve biodiversity, aimed at controlling biodiversity losses by 2020 and preventing biodiversity losses by 2030. To this end it has launched investigations into the country's biodiversity, set up monitoring systems and supported scientific studies. | <urn:uuid:ca74fd9d-612a-4617-880d-4ff920ea2fa8> | {
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My first encounter with virtualization was in 1988, when a company called ReadySoft released a product called the A-Max. Because the Amiga and Macintosh shared the same Motorola 68000 based CPU, the A-Max allowed the Amiga to run the Mac OS as a virtual machine. The benefits were obvious, you could invest in a single machine (RAM, hard drives, video cards) and get the benefit of both platforms, using and allocating resources as needed for the task at hand. If you needed a full 4MB of RAM given to the Mac, you could bump the memory and work in Photoshop, or if you wanted to leave some breathing room for the Amiga, you could always bump it down to 1MB. This is much like Windows XP mode today in Windows 7, and this type of use still shares the many benefits it had in 1988 on my Amiga running Mac OS 7.
Server virtualization is a bit different. Server virtualization is focused on exposing very specific applications, and typically exposing only a single application on a given VM. With server virtualization, we don’t tend to use VMs to allow us to continue to run old applications ad hoc on older operating systems, nor to enable access to a non-primary platform that we want to share hardware with as we do with client virtualization. The reason we virtualize servers is primarily an issue that revolves around isolation and security. It’s certainly much more efficient to run 40 web sites off a single IIS server than host 40 VMs, each hosting a minimal Windows installation, each running an independent instance of IIS. If someone manages to exploit the web server, they haven’t exploited the email server as well. It also simplifies configuration, as you don’t have to debug a complex set of configuration requirements for each application, potentially conflicting dlls, and so on.
To this point, it seems that the entire virtualization market and process has been driven by the physical hardware workstation model of virtualization. Current operating systems are designed entirely around a physical hardware stack. Even with JeOS versions of operating systems, there is this entire virtual hardware layer the entire application and OS are going through, and the applications are typically running on established application stacks (ASP.NET, LAMP, etc.) indirectly through this hardware. But what if this legacy didn’t exist? What if someone looked at why we virtualize today, and created a platform specifically to address it?
With CPU virtualization support built in, what would an operating system look like today if it were built from the ground up for a virtual machine? Also, what would a virtual machine look like if it didn’t have to expose hardware abstractions to physical operating systems? Virtual machines are simulations of physical hardware: network cards, hard drives, BIOS, video cards. For most server virtualization functions, this is all at best useless, and at worst a drain on resources. What if, instead, virtual machines were simply a set of well defined services for networking, memory, and storage? Services that virtual operating systems could use directly, without the weight of device drivers, filesystem drivers, and all that cruft from the physical world?
If you carry the JeOS approach to its logical conclusion, what you end up with is a hypervisor that exposes not virtual machines, but virtual platforms. Stacks like ASP.NET, Apache/PHP, Mono, Tomcat/JVM, or even entire applications as operating systems like SQL Server or Exchange. I suspect that we’ll eventually end up somewhere like this, where the lines between the platform and the operating system continue to be erased.
I think it’s about time for the next phase of virtualization, a virtual machine that isn’t a machine at all. | <urn:uuid:e4b6c8f1-893a-4047-a31d-d3ccd4416856> | {
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Irrigation canals frequently serve as sources for livestock drinking water but other sources, including poor quality supplies, are often used. Salinity requirements for irrigation are more restrictive than those for animals but highly saline water or water containing toxic elements may be hazardous to animal health and may even render the milk or meat unfit for consumption. In such cases, providing an alternate good quality supply should minimize the problem.
In the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, livestock commonly use poor or marginal quality drinking water for several months of the year. These supplies originate from small wells, canals, streams or ‘water holes’, only the better of which are also used for irrigation. Occasionally such water is high in salt which may cause physiological upset or even death in livestock. The main reported effect is depression of appetite, which is usually caused by a water imbalance rather than related to any specific ion. The most common exception is water containing a high level of magnesium which is known to cause scouring and diarrhoea.
In evaluating the usability of any particular water, local conditions and availability of alternate supplies will play an important role, and a number of factors should be considered:
Water source: Small shallow wells and streams are more likely to become contaminated or produce poor quality water than are the larger wells and flowing streams. Also groundwater is likely to be more chemically imbalanced than surface water.
Seasonal changes: Marginal quality water may become unsuitable in hot dry periods because of: (a) increases in natural salinity due to evaporation during these periods; (b) increased water consumption by the animal due to the heat and increased intake of dry feed; (c) very high evaporation from stock watering ponds or tanks during these periods with the resulting higher salt concentration; and (d) increased water temperature.
Age and condition of the animal: Lactating, young and weak animals are normally more susceptible.
Feed composition: Dry pastures and high protein supplementary feed in place of previously green pastures may reduce the salinity tolerance of the animal due to the lower moisture content of the feed and higher salt content (intake of some feed supplements are purposely controlled by additions of salt to slow consumption).
Species: Variation in tolerance to water salinity is considerable between animal species.
Considering the above factors and the need to avoid any risk of economic loss, the National Academy of Sciences (1972) established that, from a salinity standpoint, livestock drinking water with an electrical conductivity (ECw) less than 5 dS/m should be satisfactory under almost any circumstances. This recognized that minor physiological upset might occur with water near this limit, but there was little chance that economic losses or serious physiological disturbances would occur.
|Water Salinity (EC)|
|<1.5||Excellent||Usable for all classes of livestock and poultry.|
|1.5 – 5.0||Very Satisfactory||Usable for all classes of livestock and poultry. May cause temporary diarrhoea in livestock not accustomed to such water; watery droppings in poultry.|
|5.0 – 8.0||Satisfactory for Livestock||May cause temporary diarrhoea or be refused at first by animals not accustomed to such water.|
|Unfit for Poultry||Often causes watery faeces, increased mortality and decreased growth, especially in turkeys.|
|8.0 – 11.0||Limited Use for Livestock||Usable with reasonable safety for dairy and beef cattle, sheep, swine and horses. Avoid use for pregnant or lactating animals.|
|Unfit for Poultry||Not acceptable for poultry.|
|11.0 – 16.0||Very Limited Use||Unfit for poultry and probably unfit for swine. Considerable risk in using for pregnant or lactating cows, horses or sheep, or for the young of these species. In general, use should be avoided although older ruminants, horses, poultry and swine may subsist on waters such as these under certain conditions.|
|>16.0||Not Recommended||Risks with such highly saline water are so great that it cannot be recommended for use under any conditions.|
1 Adapted from National Academy of Sciences (1972; 1974).
|Ewes with lambs||250||<21|
|Adult sheep on dry feed||500||41|
1 Adapted from Australian Water Resources Council (1969).
2 The tolerance of swine and poultry for magnesium is unknown but could well be less than 250 mg/l.
It is often necessary in arid and semi-arid regions to use water which exceeds this recommended limit. While all attempts should be made to stay within the criteria suggested above, there are situations where it will be necessary to use poorer quality water for short or long periods of time. Table 28 gives guidelines for those situations where poorer quality supplies must be used. These guidelines have a small margin of safety but their use probably does not eliminate all risk of economic loss. However, with sound judgement, they should provide a framework within which decisions can be made.
The National Academy of Sciences pointed out that among other things, several key items should be considered when using Table 28. They are:
animals drink little, if any, highly saline water if low salt content water is available to them;
unless they have been previously deprived of water, animals can consume moderate amounts of highly saline water for a few days without being harmed;
abrupt changes from water of low salinity to highly saline water cause more problems than a gradual change;
depressed water intake is very likely to be accompanied by depressed feed intake.
The guides in Table 28 assume that the effect is from the total salt content (osmotic effect) rather than from any specific toxic ion. The ions largely responsible for water salinity are in themselves not very toxic. However, magnesium is of major concern. Australian standards recommend that it be taken into account, particularly if the ECw exceeds 6.6 dS/m (4000 mg/l) for cattle and 10.0 dS/m (6000 mg/l) for sheep. No actual limits have been established due to varying conditions of use but Table 29 can be used as a guide. Animals using water near or above these values should be watched closely for ill effects.
Tables 28 and 29 are the basic guides for determining the suitability of a particular water supply for drinking water for animals, but local factors, especially effects of evaporation and concentration, must be considered. There may be no alternative to using poor or marginal water for extended periods; therefore, efforts should be directed toward minimizing their effects on animal health.
Animals can subsist for short periods with very poor water. Longer periods will require more careful monitoring but in either case one of the following steps may prove helpful to minimize the problems:
provide drains or overflows on throughs and tanks to flush them occasionally. This will prevent poor water concentrating further by evaporation;
provide dilution water if available;
increase rainfall collection for dilution purposes;
reduce evaporation losses (various methods available);
control high water-using vegetation along streams and around holding ponds, or spring sources of water;
provide settling basins to remove sediment.
There are a number of substances or toxic ions which cause toxicity in animals. These sometimes occur naturally in water, but more frequently they are a result of man's activities, including waste disposal. Toxic substances in natural water are usually at concentrations well below the toxic levels. If unusually high and toxic levels are found, this often implies the existence of some outside contaminating source such as a wastewater and the use of the water should be restricted until the source of the toxic element is located and reduced or eliminated. The common toxicants include many inorganic elements, organic wastes, pathogenic organisms, and herbicides and pesticides and their residues. These may be directly toxic to the animal, cause the water to be unpalatable, or accumulate in the animal making its edible product unsafe or unfit for human consumption.
The National Academy of Sciences (1972 and 1974) has prepared guidelines on the safe level of many toxic inorganic elements in livestock drinking water. These are presented in Table 30. These guidelines have a wide safety margin. They are based on amounts normally found in usable surface and groundwater and are not necessarily the limits of animal tolerance. This approach is taken since the safe concentration of these substances is dependent upon many factors, including the quantity of water an animal consumes each day and the weight of the animal. The original discussions presented by the National Academy of Sciences publication and other sources should be consulted before using a water of questionable quality.
|Constituent (Symbol)||Upper Limit|
|Iron (Fe)||not needed|
|Nitrate + Nitrite (NO3-N + No2-N)||100.0|
1 Adapted from National Academy of Sciences (1972).
2 Insufficient data for livestock. Value for marine aquatic life is used here.
3 Lead is accumulative and problems may begin at a threshold value of 0.05 mg/l.
4 Insufficient data for livestock. Value for human drinking water used.
The most common management problems are related to fluoride, iron, nitrate, or hydrogen sulphide. Most of the fluoride problems noted are not actually toxicity; rather, fluoride causes tooth mottling and bone problems. In areas where fluoride water constitutes the sole source of livestock drinking water, attempts should be made to minimize evaporative concentration. If high fluoride water must be used in certain seasons, alternating the exposure of the animal to it will be helpful. An alternative approach would be retention of low fluoride water for the use of young stock since this is the most susceptible age, especially before eruption of the permanent teeth.
Toxicity problems are amplified when the forage used is also irrigated with the same potentially toxic water. The plants take up the salts, thus raising the toxicity risk to the animal when both the sources of feed and water combine to exceed the critical levels. This may also happen with an element such as selenium.
Livestock poisoning by nitrates or nitrites should not occur with levels less than the guideline values. This does not exclude all problems, however, as a high nitrate level may cause heavy growth of algae in watering points. No direct link has been established between heavy algae growths and livestock deaths. Researchers point to the possibility that the sudden decomposition of algae may produce circumstances conducive to the development of botulism. Blue-green algae have also been suggested as containing possible toxins although no concrete evidence is available at present. Care should be taken when animals are using watering points with heavy growths. Copper sulphate is effective in controlling algae growths even at concentrations of 1 mg/l but care and professional advice should be sought before using it, as the solution to one problem could be the start of another.
Not all unusual constituents in animal drinking water are toxic. Some only cause management problems or nuisances. For example, a common problem in using shallow groundwater is the high level of hydrogen sulphide. Although by itself it does not harm the animal, the odour influences the animals to reject the water. A common practice of first running such water down a splash board for aeration has proved very effective, because the greater part of the hydrogen sulphide is dissipated before entering the water trough or tank. Water containing hydrogen sulphide also presents a corrosion problem to watering tanks or equipment due to the formation of sulphuric acid.
No limits for iron are given in Table 30 because it has a low order of toxicity. At watering points, iron is rarely present in the water since, on contact with air, the ferrous salts are oxidized and they precipitate, rendering them essentially harmless to animals. However, even with a few milligrams per litre, iron can cause clogging of lines to watering troughs or an undesirable staining or deposit. | <urn:uuid:49102d8b-6b80-4806-899b-04b520bf8ec9> | {
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This column first appeared in the May 4 edition of the Lexington Herald-Leader.
LEXINGTON, Ky. (May 6, 2014) -- With summer now in sight, children of all ages are flocking to playgrounds at school, at the park or in the backyard. The fun and freedom of the outdoors also comes with multiple dangers that can occur on playgrounds. Every year, UK HealthCare emergency department doctors see playground injuries in children caused by falls, entanglement and entrapment, and a lack of adult supervision. Safe Kids Fayette County and Kentucky Children's Hospital recommend the following measures and precautions to ensure a safe and active summer for all children.
Entanglement and entrapment in playground equipment are two dangers that are easily prevented by parents or caregivers. Still, strangulation caused by entanglement and entrapment accounts for 56 percent of playground deaths.
To prevent entanglement, consider the design and structure of the playground and make sure your child is wearing appropriate play clothes. Clothing with strings or loose pieces are not appropriate for any type of playground structure. Be aware of playground equipment that could cause entanglement, such as hanging ropes. Also be attentive to slates or any siding that is wide enough for a child to stick their hands, feet or head through to prevent entrapment within in the structure.
When a playground contains high surfaces and structures without proper railings, children are at risk of dangerous falls. According to Safe Kids, 80 percent of playground injuries are associated with falling, many of which impact the head or the brain. Check to make sure the playground your child is using is age appropriate. Also, with home playgrounds, protective surfaces are vital to preventing injuries from falling, so use pea gravel, sand or mulch as the floor of your play area. Sand, dirt and grass are not adequate protective surfaces.
With a few precautionary steps at the start of the outdoor season, parents can reduce the risk of playground injuries. First, inspect your play area, whether it is private or public, for debris, loose bolts or nails, or any other sharp objects that could harm a child. Supervision is essential to preventing injuries. Make sure an adult is observing the playground while children are present to hinder any bullying, pushing and shoving, or any actions that may result in injuries. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Parents must stay committed to ensuring the environment is safe throughout the play period.
Conversations with your Babysitter/Caregivers
It's important for parents relying on a summertime babysitter to have a conversation about their child’s safety at the playground. Inform the caregiver about what behaviors and activities are allowed and the importance of constant supervision. Taking these small measures can ensure your child’s well-being on playground when you're not present. We want our kids to be active and enjoy the wonders of exploring, and making sure your child’s playground environment is safe will guarantee fun through the summer.
For more safety tips for you children, visit http://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/safekids/.
Sherri Hannan is the director of Safe Kids Fayette County at Kentucky Children's Hospital. | <urn:uuid:821deb69-a9d5-4b6b-bb64-b69a5fbd063b> | {
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House-Senate conferees yesterday hammered out an ambitious package to restore the stratospheric ozone sun screen vital to life on Earth by eliminating the chemicals most destructive to ozone early next decade and their substitutes by the year 2030.
The package, marking the conferees' first agreement on clean air legislation, would commit the United States to a phaseout of the most corrosive substances -- including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- on a faster timetable than the one included in a protocol approved by the world's industrialized nations in London last month.
It also goes further than the accord by proposing to freeze the production of less corrosive substitutes, called HCFCs, by 2015 and eliminate them 15 years later.
Despite opposition from the Bush administration, the conference agreement melds measures passed by both houses with stronger prescriptions than the international treaty. The compromise is expected to be approved by both chambers.
In setting the deadlines, the conferees intensified pressure on a U.S. consumer industry already facing a comprehensive retooling. CFCs are used widely as a coolant in refrigeration and air conditioning, as a solvent to clean electronics and as the agent used to blow and shape foam products.
Unlike most pollutants, CFCs do not break down in the lower atmosphere. Instead, they waft into the stratosphere about 10 miles above the ground where, bombarded by solar rays, they break up. They release chlorine there that eats up the ozone layer, which blankets the Earth and screens out ultraviolet rays harmful to human health and plant life.
With plans to invest $10 billion over the next decade in less corrosive substitutes, industry sought less stringent deadlines for eliminating them. "We want a reasonable time frame," Kevin Fay, chief lobbyist for the CFC industry, said yesterday.
Environmentalists argued that, without specific deadlines, industry cannot be depended on to stop production of the HCFC substitutes that could become popular worldwide.
The substitutes are called HCFCs because they include hydrogen molecules that force the chemical to break up lower in the atmosphere, farther away from the ozone layer. Scientists say HCFCs are 95 percent less damaging to the ozone than CFCs, but they believe continued HCFC use will prevent full repair of the ozone layer.
Industrialized nations agreed in 1987 to halve their CFC use by the turn of the century. But the accord quickly became outdated by later discoveries that the ozone layer over Antarctica had thinned to as little as half its earlier concentrations and that the protective shield over North America also had diminished.
The treaty was strengthened last month to eliminate CFCs by the year 2000. Methyl chloroform, the most popular U.S. industrial solvent responsible for 16 percent of the chlorine in the stratosphere, would be phased out by 2005.
Conferees set a deadline of 2002 for elimination of methyl chloroform unless there are no substitutes for essential uses. While the final date for phaseout of CFCs remains the same, the annual incremental reductions would be larger.
According to the agreement, HCFCs would be prohibited in 2015 except to service or maintain refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, which makes up most of the $135 billion in existing devices dependent on CFCs.
"It will go a long way toward dealing with a frightening, cataclysmic threat to our planet," Rep. Henry A. Waxman (D-Calif.), a conferee, said of the agreement. | <urn:uuid:d6f8b5c4-310f-435c-9d34-f23da1157982> | {
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Climate of Hawaiʻi
This website provides a set of maps of the spatial patterns of climate for the major Hawaiian Islands. We estimated climate variables as part of a larger project on evapotranspiration. In that project it was necessary to map variables such as air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, net radiation, and many others. Those, along with evapotranspiration, are included here too. Most variables are mapped for each hour of the average 24-hour cycle of each month and for each hour of the average 24-hour cycle for the whole year. The average value for each month and the annual average are also mapped. Many of those maps are available via this website, in the form of downloadable files and, for a selection of variables, on the interactive mapping tool.
Be sure to check out the interactive map! It may need a few minutes to load on your first visit.
The following climate and land characteristic variables were mapped and are available through this website:
The Climate of Hawai‘i website provides access to a set of maps of the spatial patterns of climate, as well as evapotranspiration (ET), potential evapotranspiration (PET), and land characteristic variables for the major Hawaiian Islands. In general, each variable is presented in the form of mean hourly maps for each hour of the diurnal cycle of each month and of the whole year, mean monthly maps for each month, and a mean annual map. The maps represent our best estimates of the mean values of each variable based on observations taken during the past decade or two.
This web site was developed to make the climate maps, data, and related information easily accessible. The maps depict patterns by color. The interactive map allows users to see the spatial patterns of each variable, zoom in on areas of particular interest, navigate to specific locations with the help of a choice of different base maps, and click on any location to get the mean value of the selected variable, graphs of the mean annual cycle (mean monthly values) and mean diurnal cycle (mean hourly values) of the selected variable, and obtain tables of the mean hourly, monthly, and annual values of all variables for the selected location.
The maps can also be downloaded in various forms. Our analysis produced digital maps called rasters or grids. On these maps, the islands are divided into 8.1-arcsecond spatial units, or approximately 234 × 250 m (770 × 820 ft). Each variable is estimated for each spatial unit. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) users can obtain as raster files. Alternatively, image files showing spatial patterns by color can be downloaded.
This website is part of a family of websites providing data on the climate of Hawai‘i. The Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i covers only rainfall. The other three websites each provide data for all variables, but each is presented with a particular focus. | <urn:uuid:0dd30ffc-eaeb-4988-ac13-5fcca23fa527> | {
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|Experts now agree that both types of carbohydrates, simple and complex, have similar effects on blood sugar levels. |
Traditionally, experts attributed the length of a carbohydrate with its complexity...the longer it is, the more complex it is, and the less effect it has on blood sugar levels.
Emerging Research Reveals a Different Story
Advancements in screening tests for diabetes, fasting insulin and insulin tolerance testing, demonstrate that some long-chained carbohydrates can significantly effect blood sugar levels.
So what else determines the complexity of carbohydrates and, ultimately, their effect on blood sugar?
This is really important to figure out. Improving sugar metabolism (and preventing sugar spikes after meals) defines one of the diabetic diet guidelines that helps to optimize control.Shape Determines Complexity
It turns out that the overall shape, not just length, determines carbohydrate complexity. The more "bulky" the carb, the more complex it is.
What makes it bulky?
A carbohydrate with several small fibrous side-chains attached to its main structure makes it bulky, or complex. The fibrous side-chains make it very difficult to digest the carbohydrate.
It takes your body a long time to degrade a bulky carbohydrate into glucose...the main fuel source for humans.
The longer it takes to digest it, the less effect it has on blood sugar levels. Diabetic-friendly carbohydrates are long, bulky and full of fiber! | <urn:uuid:c2ad6356-3047-4f65-abfa-5369cdef3d27> | {
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Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome is considered an emerging disease complex. But no one seems really sure of all the factors involved.
The Iowa State University (ISU) diagnostic laboratory announced recently that postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is an emerging pig disease complex. Cases jumped from single digits to more than 500 in the first nine months of 2000 (see Figure 1).
"PMWS tends to be a grow-finish disease with the onset of most cases occurring between 10-14 weeks of age," reports Pat Halbur, DVM, pathology section leader at the ISU lab.
"However, the duration of the disease within a system varies. It's often just a single batch problem in smaller herds that use internal gilt replacement and all-in, all-out pig flow," he says.
"But, there are an increasing number of cases where PMWS has become endemic in multiple building finishing sites run on a continuous-flow basis," he adds.
While those observations are cause for concern, they tell only part of the story.
"For some individual herds, PMWS has been a frustrating problem. For the U.S. pork industry as a whole, it's a relatively minor disease problem, compared for instance, to PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome). We need to keep in mind that part of the reason we're finding more cases of PMWS is that we're looking for it and have developed tools to diagnose PMWS," offers Steve Sorden, DVM, ISU diagnostic laboratory.
Cause up for Grabs Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been mentioned as the main cause of PMWS. PCV2 is not a new virus. It appears to be widespread, and almost every herd seems to be infected.
But, only a small fraction of herds infected with PCV2 appear to have PMWS. Therefore, something else must be triggering the complex, relates Sorden.
Experts speculate that the recent emergence of this viral pathogen is the work of management or other animal health changes.
Where PCV2 is present, it appears to make diseases like PRRS worse. Five to 10% of the pigs in a group going through PRRS/porcine respiratory disease complex waste away and die, explains Sorden.
James Collins, DVM, director of the University of Minnesota's diagnostic laboratory, also questions the role of PCV2.
"We can identify PCV2 quite readily in our lab now because we've developed new diagnostic tools to find it. That does not mean just because our numbers are increasing that there is a major epidemic of any kind," says Collins.
Most of the PMWS cases at Minnesota are associated with other pathogens, especially PRRS.
Thirty-three cases of PMWS were identified last year at the Illinois diagnostic lab at Galesburg, reports director Douglas Hoefling, DVM. Of that total, seven were PCV2 infection only. The rest were a mixed infection, the majority with PRRS and a sprinkling of other viral and bacterial problems, he reports.
Furthermore, half of the 33 cases at the Illinois lab had circovirus lesions of the lymphoid organs.
The infection rate is probably much higher than that figure, says Hoefling. But when we look at the levels of actual disease caused by PCV2, it's probably as low as 1% or so.
In Illinois, pigs infected with PMWS were generally 5-12 weeks of age, with a few more than 16 weeks of age.
PRRS was implicated in more than 50% of the PMWS cases diagnosed at the ISU lab, says Sorden.
Positive Diagnosis Serology may be of limited value in determining if your herd has PMWS, explains Hoefling. He advises getting at least three to four pigs posted and submitted to the diagnostic lab to look for lesions in lymphoid tissues and to do a variety of tests for other infectious agents.
"Submit several pigs that are representative of the true clinical history of the problem," he suggests.
Getting a correct diagnosis is complicated by co-infections with PRRS and Mycoplasmal pneumonia, says Halbur. That enables PMWS to mimic other diseases.
Signs of PMWS include respiratory problems, weight loss, wasting, occasional paleness and yellow discoloration.
There are three requirements for a positive diagnosis of PMWS, stresses Sorden. Pigs must show clinical signs, have lymphoid lesions and be diagnosed with PCV2 infection.
Treatment Options There is no vaccine for PMWS. Halbur suggests focusing on biosecurity, proper sanitation and prevention and treatment of co-infection with other pathogens.
Sorden says that some practitioners report that aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs appear useful in treatment. At least two companies are working on a PCV2 vaccine to prevent PMWS.
A large team of scientists at the ISU College of Veterinary Medicine is conducting research to better understand the cause(s) of PMWS and to identify control measures for this disease complex.
After more than 50 years of control and eradication efforts, brucellosis is almost eradicated from U.S. livestock herds.
Only two infected cattle herds are left. Surprisingly, swine brucellosis still remains. Only a handful of hog herds have been identified as infected in the past decade or so.
This past year was a different story. There were 55 newly infected swine herds found in fiscal year 2000. That compares with 18 during the previous fiscal year, according to a report at the U.S. Animal Health Association annual meeting. One herd in Texas remains infected. Some 54 herds in eight states were depopulated at a cost of $173,617.
Brucellosis is a bacteria that causes pregnant livestock to abort, sickens young animals, cuts milk production and interrupts breeding cycles. | <urn:uuid:a5b08905-e834-4d97-9388-fb5909e0ecf6> | {
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Vitamin D3 - High Strength 3000iu
✓ Important for maintaining healthy bones, blood and muscle
✓ Easy to swallow tablet form
✓ Get the goodness of Vitamin D3 throughout the whole year, come rain or shine
What is Vitamin D?
According to NHS Choices Vitamin D helps to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body. These nutrients are needed to keep bones, teeth and muscles healthy. A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone deformities such as rickets in children, and bone pain caused by a condition called osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin found in foods such as oily fish, butter and egg yolk. It is formed through the action of UV sunlight on the skin. Vitamin D has functions and benefits that are probably more wide ranging than any other vitamin. There has been huge renewed interest in vitamin D recently, with new global research showing that the health benefits of this nutrient stretch beyond bone health. There is increasing evidence for the beneficial effects from dietary Vitamin D which has shown benefits for its contribution to:
- Maintenance of normal bones and teeth
- Normal absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus
- Normal muscle function
- Normal blood calcium levels
- Normal function of the immune system
- The process of cell division
Why do we need Vitamin D? - the sunshine vitamin
While our bodies manufacture Vitamin D on exposure to sunshine, the levels in many countries is so weak during the winter months that our body makes little or no Vitamin D at all, meaning that dietary supplements are often the best way to safeguard intakes of Vitamin D. Many populations, including the majority of those in Europe, require an additional dietary source of Vitamin D from supplementation to achieve and maintain an adequate status of Vitamin D throughout the year. In addition, the body does not generate Vitamin D when sitting behind a glass window, whether in your car or at home, because these UV rays cannot penetrate glass to generate Vitamin D in the skin. Sunscreens, even weak ones, while essential to protect the skin, can affect the body's ability to generate vital Vitamin D.
What are Vitamin D deficiency symptoms?
If you think you may be have vitamin D deficiency symptoms then it is vital that you speak to your GP to find out for sure. According to the leaflet provided by West London Mental Health NHS trust: ( http://wlmht.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Vitamin-D-leaflet-A5-8pp.pdf ) You may be at greater risk of developing conditions such as diabetes, heart diseases, certain cancers and possibly weight gain. When vitamin D levels are very low, symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, muscle and bone pain. You may not be as mentally healthy as you could be.
What are good sources of Vitamin D?
From about late March/early April to the end of September, most people should be able to get all the Vitamin D they need from sunlight. The body creates Vitamin D from direct sunlight on the skin when outdoors. But between October and early March we don't get enough vitamin D from sunlight. Vitamin D is also found in a small number of foods. Vitamin D food sources include:
- oily fish – such as salmon, sardines, herring, mackerel and fresh tuna
- red meat
- egg yolks
- fortified foods – such as most fat spreads and some breakfast cereals
Another source of vitamin D is dietary supplements. In the UK, cows' milk is generally not a good source of vitamin D because it isn't fortified, as it is in some other countries.
How much vitamin D do I need?
Babies up to the age of one year need 8.5-10mcg of vitamin D a day. Children from the age of one year and adults need 10mcg of vitamin D a day. This includes pregnant and breastfeeding women, and people at risk of vitamin D deficiency. From about late March/early April to the end of September, the majority of people should be able to get all the vitamin D they need from sunlight on their skin.
Should I take Vitamin D tablets?
The UK's Department of Health recommends that:
- breastfed babies from birth to one year of age should be given a daily supplement containing 8.5-10mcg of vitamin D to make sure they get enough
- formula-fed babies shouldn't be given a vitamin D supplement until they're having less than 500ml (about a pint) of infant formula a day, as infant formula is fortified with vitamin D
- children aged 1-4 years old should be given a daily supplement containing 10mcg of vitamin D
You can buy vitamin D supplements or vitamin drops containing vitamin D (for under fives) at most pharmacies and supermarkets. Women and children who qualify for the Healthy Start scheme can get free supplements containing the recommended amounts of vitamin D. See the Healthy Start website for more information.
For adults and children over 5 years old
The UK's Department of Health recommends that: During the autumn and winter, you need to get vitamin D from your diet because the sun isn't strong enough for the body to make vitamin D. But since it's difficult for people to get enough vitamin D from food alone, everyone (including pregnant and breastfeeding women) should consider taking a daily supplement containing 10mcg of vitamin D during the autumn and winter. Between late March/early April to the end of September, most people can get all the vitamin D they need through sunlight on their skin and from a balanced diet. You may choose not to take a vitamin D supplement during these months.
People at risk of vitamin D deficiency
The UK's Department of Health recommends that: Some people won't get enough vitamin D from sunlight because they have very little or no sunshine exposure. The Department of Health recommends that you take a daily supplement containing 10mcg of vitamin D throughout the year if you:
- aren't often outdoors – for example, if you're frail or housebound
- are in an institution like a care home
- usually wear clothes that cover up most of your skin when outdoors
People with dark skin from African, African-Caribbean and south Asian backgrounds may also not get enough vitamin D from sunlight. They should consider taking a daily supplement containing 10mcg of vitamin D throughout the year.
There are a number of reasons why Vitamin D supplementation is now advocated including:
- Government health advice to reduce sun exposure which can mean less Vitamin D is produced naturally by the body.
- Reduced sun exposure in certain groups of the population e.g. older people, for religious reasons/clothing, certain occupations, medical reasons, those with dark skin (as greater skin melanin content can reduce the skin's ability to produce Vitamin D).
- Increased requirement at certain life stages e.g. the elderly population - whose skin may not be able to synthesise Vitamin D effectively.
- Those with increased dietary intolerances (e.g. lactose and dairy), allergens.
- People who are on a diet.
Each of our tablets provide on average 75μg (micrograms) / 3000iu of Vitamin D3 which is 1500% of the EC Recommended Daily Allowance.
Approved health claims from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA):
Calcium and phosphorus: Vitamin D contributes to normal absorption/ utilisation of calcium and phosphorus.
Blood calcium levels: Vitamin D contributes to normal blood calcium levels.
Normal bones: Vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of normal bones.
Muscle function: Vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of normal muscle function.
Teeth:Vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of normal teeth.
Immune system: Vitamin D contributes to the normal function of the immune system.
Cell division: Vitamin D has a role in the process of cell division.
Vitamin D3 75µg 1500% *% RI = % Reference Intake
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) Modified Maize Based Starch Bulking Agents: Microcrystalline Cellulose; Di Calcium Phosphate BP Anti-Caking Agents: Silica; Magnesium Stearate
Take 1 tablet a day Do not exceed the recommended daily consumption. Please consult with your Healthcare Professional if you are pregnant, lactating or if you are taking any other medication. Not to be used as a substitute for a varied balanced diet and healthy lifestyle. Keep out of the reach and sight of children. Store in a cool dry place, away from direct sunlight.
If you’re looking where to buy Vitamin D pills, Vitamin D Supplements, or High Strength Vitamin D then Eureka Supplement’s Vitamin D Tablets are a great Vitamin D supplement to support your lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:131f7eac-3b35-4969-959a-1d24630fb0ca> | {
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ECOMAP is the term used for a USDA Forest Service initiative to map ecological units and encourage their use in ecosystem-based approaches to forest land conservation and management.
This is a collaborative effort with many partners. It is coordinated at the national and regional levels by USDA Forest Service staff and implemented in cooperation with State forestry agencies and others.
ECOMAP mapping criteria are outlined in the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units. The framework systematically divides the country into progressively smaller areas of land and water that have similar physical and biological characteristics and ecological processes.
The Northeastern Area and the Northeastern Area Association of State Foresters participate in ECOMAP in the following ways:
- Provide technical assistance and program coordination.
- Delineate and update ecological units using criteria of the National Hierarchy
- Establish links between existing classification systems and the National Hierarchy
- Develop and provide ecological unit information for users.
- Integrate ecological unit information with other environmental, social, and economic information.
For more information contact:
Sustainability and Planning Coordinator
[email protected] or 603-868-7737 | <urn:uuid:32e2eb67-63d5-4508-a5f6-f847972503b5> | {
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Creating Data Applications
Visual Studio provides many design-time tools to help you create applications that access data. This introduction presents an overview of the basic processes involved in creating applications that work with data. The information here deliberately skips over many details and is designed as a source of general information and a jumping-off point to the many other Help pages associated with creating a data application.
As you develop applications that access data in Visual Studio, you will have different requirements. In some cases, you might simply want to display data on a form. In other cases, you might need to devise a way to share information with other applications or processes.
No matter what you do with data, there are certain fundamental concepts that you should understand. You might never need to know some of the details of data handling — for example, you might never need to programmatically create a database — but it is very useful to understand the basic data concepts, as well as the data tools (wizards and designers) available in Visual Studio.
A typical data application uses most of the processes illustrated in the following diagram:
As you create your application, think of the task you are trying to accomplish. Use the following sections to assist in finding the Visual Studio tools and objects that are available to you.
Visual Studio provides wizards to simplify several of the processes shown in the previous diagram. For example, running the Data Source Configuration Wizard provides your application with enough information to connect to data, create a typed dataset to receive the data, and bring the data into your application.
To quickly see how Visual Studio helps you in developing data applications, see Walkthrough: Creating a Simple Data Application.
To bring data into your application (and send changes back to the data source), some kind of two-way communication needs to be established. This two-way communication is typically handled by objects in your data model.
For example, a TableAdapter connects applications that use datasets to a database, and ObjectContext connects entities in the Entity Framework to a database. Visual Studio provides several tools to assist in creating connections that can be used by your application. For more information on connecting your application to data, see Connecting to Data in Visual Studio.
To learn how to use datasets to connect your application to data in a database, see Walkthrough: Connecting to Data in a Database (Windows Forms).
If your application uses a disconnected data model you need to temporarily store the data in your application while you work with it. Visual Studio provides tools that help you create the objects that your application uses to temporarily store data: datasets, entities, and LINQ to SQL objects.
An application that uses a disconnected data model will typically connect to a database, run a query bringing data into the application, disconnect from the database, and then manipulate the data offline before reconnecting and updating the database.
For more information on creating typed datasets in your application, see Preparing Your Application to Receive Data. For additional information about using datasets in n-tier applications, see How to: Separate Datasets and TableAdapters into Different Projects.
To learn how to create a dataset, complete the procedures in Walkthrough: Creating a Dataset with the Dataset Designer.
To learn how to create LINQ to SQL objects, complete the procedures in Walkthrough: Creating LINQ to SQL Classes (O/R Designer).
Whether your application uses a disconnected data model or not, you need to be able to fetch data into your application. You bring data into your application by executing queries or stored procedures against a database. Applications that store data in datasets execute queries and stored procedures by using TableAdapters, whereas applications that store data in entities execute queries by using LINQ to Entities or by connecting entities directly to stored procedures. For more information about creating and editing queries that use TableAdapters, see How to: Create TableAdapter Queries and How to: Edit TableAdapter Queries.
For more information about loading data into datasets, and about executing queries and stored procedures, see Fetching Data into Your Application.
To learn how to load data into a dataset, complete the procedures in Walkthrough: Displaying Data on a Windows Form and examine the code in the form-load event handler.
To learn how to load data into LINQ to SQL objects, complete the procedures in Walkthrough: Creating LINQ to SQL Classes (O/R Designer).
To learn how to create and execute a SQL query, see How to: Create and Execute an SQL Statement that Returns Rows.
To learn how to execute a stored procedure, see How to: Execute a Stored Procedure that Returns Rows.
After bringing data into your application, you will typically display it on a form for users to view or modify. Visual Studio provides the Data Sources Window, where you can drag items onto forms to automatically create data-bound controls that display data. For more information on data binding and displaying data to users, see Binding Controls to Data in Visual Studio.
To learn how to present data to users, complete the procedures in the following walkthroughs (paying particular attention to the process of dragging items from the Data Sources window):
Once your users have been presented with data, they will likely modify it by adding new records and editing and deleting records prior to sending the data back to the database.
For more information on working with the data once it is loaded into your dataset, see Editing Data in Your Application.
When making changes to data, you will typically want to verify the changes before allowing the values to be accepted back into the dataset or written to the database. Validation is the name of the process for verifying that these new values are acceptable for the requirements of your application. You can add logic to check values in your application as they change. Visual Studio provides tools that assist in adding code that validates data during column and row changes. For more information, see Validating Data.
To learn how to add data validation to your application, see Walkthrough: Adding Validation to a Dataset.
To learn how to add validation to a dataset that is separated into an n-tier application, see How to: Add Validation to an N-Tier Dataset.
After making changes in your application (and validating those changes), you typically want to send the changes back to the database. Applications that store data in datasets typically use a TableAdapterManager to save data. For more information, see TableAdapterManager Overview. Entity Framework applications use the SaveChanges method to save data.
For more information on sending updated data back to a database, see Saving Data.
To learn how to send updated data from a dataset to a database, complete the procedures in Walkthrough: Saving Data from Related Data Tables (Hierarchical Update). | <urn:uuid:698168bf-4e05-4eb3-b64c-ed80540fd4a0> | {
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Did you know that the average time it takes for someone to become a master at something takes 10,000 hours? There’s no coincidence that the saying “Practice makes perfect” is often the most used in regards to mastery.
Malcolm Gladwell’s book Outliers is the first book to mention this 10,000 hour rule. It’s also proven too. The Beatles practiced in Hamburg, Germany for 5-8 hours a day for about 4 years. They had more showtime in 4 years then most bands have in their entire lifetime. Only after they practiced so deliberately, they came back to England and the rest is history.
No one really likes to acknowledge that it takes hard work to become good at something. But there’s no other way around it. People don’t just have natural knacks for certain skills. They refine those skills more and more until they’ve spent at least 10,000 hours on it.
Bill gates similarly spent all his free time programming. Before starting his entrepreneur endeavors he also racked up more than 10,000 hours of coding. Our next example… Mark Zuckerburg:
During Zuckerberg’s high school years, under the company name Intelligent Media Group, he built a music player called the Synapse Media Player that used artificial intelligence to learn the user’s listening habits, which was posted to Slashdot and received a rating of 3 out of 5 from PC Magazine. Microsoft and AOL tried to purchase Synapse and recruit Zuckerberg, but he chose instead to enroll at Harvard in September 2002. -Wikipedia
A short time later, he created a different program he initially called Facemash that let students select the best looking person from a choice of photos. According to Zuckerberg’s roommate at the time, Arie Hasit, “he built the site for fun”. -Wikipedia
Before Zuckerburg even thought of creating Facebook he already had well over 10,000 hours of programming under his belt. How about Steve Jobs?
Paul worked as a mechanic and a carpenter, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands. The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering. -Wikipedia
At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted him to skip two grades and enter high school—a proposal his parents declined, letting him skip only one grade. -Wikipedia
Jonathan Ive? Head designer at Apple who worked with aluminum to design many of Apple’s products, including the MacBook Pro, iMac, MacBook Air, iPod, iPod touch, iPhone, iPad and iPad mini.
Jonathan Ive was born in Chingford, London. His father was a silversmith who taught at the local college, “He’s a fantastic craftsman, his Christmas gift to me would be one day of his time in his college workshop, during the Christmas break when no one else was there, helping me make whatever I dreamed up.”
Practice Makes Perfect
Of course no one can be sure if the magic number is 8,000 hours or 15,000 hours. However we know for a fact that 10,000 hours of practice in one area will make you a master at it. Whether you’re a basketball player, programmer, singer, guitar play, or designer, practice is necessary. What’s important to understand about the world and the way that things work out is that no one is just good at something. We like to imagine a world where 99% of the richest people in the world got there through luck or manipulation. The striking surprise is that it was neither of these. Hard work and determination got 99% of successful people to where they are. There’s no away around that.
So what does this mean for your life? For your Fiverr endeavors? It means that if you’re not practicing your skills and improving at what you’re not good at, you’re never going to make any progress. Whether this relates to delivering gigs on Fiverr or your hobbies or your job, it still applies. Mindless repetition and staying in your comfort zone isn’t going to make you become a master. You can spend 20,000 hours repeating a task you already know how to do, you might spend it teaching others how to do it, or you might watch someone else do it, but it’s not going to help you get to where you want to get.
Practice does make perfect. But in theory only good practice will make perfect. Practicing the wrong way isn’t going to make you a master at whatever skill it is.
Bill Gates, the Beatles, Steve Jobs, Jonathan Ive, and everyone else who is a master at something spent 10,000 learning. Hard grueling work made them refine their skills and become a master at it. There’s no way around it. 10,000 hours is a lot of time. It’s about 4 hours five days a week for 10 years straight. If you don’t enjoy what it is you do, then you’ll never become a master at it. You’ll probably quite way before you even reach the 200 hour mark.
That’s why you often see people become really depressed about their jobs or life sometimes. If they’re already 5,000 hours into their profession and the time they’ve spent getting the necessary degrees, then it can become really painful to try and start that process all over again. If you continue with whatever it is you don’t like, you’ll get in a stand still. A rough estimate of the average amount of work someone completes in their lifetime comes in at 85,000 hours.
The point is if you’re counting the hours at whatever it is you’re doing, you’re not doing it right.
If you want to learn more about what makes people focus on their goals enough to become successful at something, then you might want to watch this great RSA talk. It covers the three main motivators to do anything in life.
- Autonomy: You get to make the decisions and you have control over your life. Whether it’s financially socially, or otherwise, you want to control your life.
- Mastery: It feels good to be a master at something. You’re driven to become the best at what you can be.
- Purpose: Obviously there are 8 billion people on the planet now. Our only goal isn’t the same goal it was 10,000 years ago, to reproduce. Now we have our own personal purposes that can be anything from financial freedom, to spiritual enlightenment, starting a family, etc.
So this is how I think hard work and success ties in with life. People need a purpose in their lives, they want to do something that gives them freedom, and they also want to be masters at something. All of these three points along with hard work and determination converges into a 10,000 hour ultimate goal. Whether you believe this is the true meaning of mastery or not, you will become a master at anything once you’ve reached this much practice.
You have limited time on earth. What will you become successful at?
Another question you can answer for yourself is this: Some people are producers. Some are consumers. Both hold very prospective job opportunities. Businesses need advisers, websites need reviews, singers need critics, and so forth. Watching 10,000 hours of movies and shows isn’t all that useless if you become a film critique. In fact it will even help you become a director or script writer if you’ve analyzed the movies you’ve watched. It’s important to understand that not everyone has to produce something, but being a consumer is just as prospective. The question is which one do you want to be? Consumer or producer.
*Note you can be both of those… But if you were to die tomorrow what would they put on your tombstone?
-A great film critque
-A great director
-An entrepreneur and businessman
-A right hand man/adviser. | <urn:uuid:da3d98d1-40bf-42f9-abf5-3c67f2f51b3f> | {
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To keep things organized on your computer, create folders for different documents, files and/or subjects.
Once your documents are well organized on the computer this will make it easier to find items and setup scheduled tasks like backing up your data.
Create a Folder in Windows
- On the desktop (main screen), right click the My Computer icon.
- Select Explore from the list that appears.
The screen will change, exposing a window with two panes. On the left is a list of all your drives and on the right is a list of the drives sorted in categories.
- To keep things simple we are going to create a folder in My Documents. Click My Documents.
The screen changes. The left side of the window lists all the folders already in the My Documents folder. On the right is a list of the existing folders in My Documents.
- Right click in any empty space in the right pane.
- Select New from the list and it will expand. Select Folder from the new list.
A new folder is created at the bottom of the list of files and folders with the name New Folder. It will be highlighted if you haven’t moved the mouse.
- Type in a name for the folder. e.g. Letters
- Hit Enter key and the folder will have the new name you typed.
That’s it. You are done.
You will notice that the folder you just made is at the bottom of the list of files and folders. To sort the list in alphabetical order (folders automatically are listed first) right click in any blank area in the right pane and select Refresh. The screen will blink and the files and folders will be sorted in alphabetical order.
You don’t have to only create folders in My Documents. You can create them anywhere.
So now that you know how to make a folder in Windows, get those files organized! It will save you time searching for files.
Revised: January 22, 2006 | <urn:uuid:e44cfb8a-aa47-4d6a-8517-9bf7de4268c4> | {
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