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Charles De la Vallée Poussin's father was the professor of mineralogy and geology at the University of Louvain for around 40 years. The original family name was Lavallée, a name of French origin. A great-grandfather of Vallée Poussin married into the family of Nicolas Poussin, the leading French artist of the 17th century, and being an artist himself this great-grandfather added the name Poussin to his own name of La Vallée. So Vallée Poussin came from a family with both artistic and scientific interests, but it was also a family with literary interests.
From his boyhood he was encouraged by the mathematician Louis-Philippe Gilbert but at first Vallée Poussin thought he would become a Jesuit priest. He entered the Jesuit College at Mons but he found the teaching there unacceptable. He was particularly disappointed in the teaching of philosophy at the College, so he turned to a different topic although he still did not have mathematics as his main interest. He studied engineering and obtained his diploma in that subject. However soon after this he became absorbed by pure mathematics. He studied at the University of Louvain where he was taught by Gilbert who proved to be an inspiring teacher. Gilbert was an excellent mathematician and the author of a fine analysis textbook. Vallée Poussin also studied at the University of Paris and at the University of Berlin.
In 1891 Vallée Poussin was appointed as an assistant of Gilbert's at the University of Louvain. However the collaboration was not to last for long since Gilbert died in 1892. Although only 26 years old at the time Vallée Poussin was elected to Gilbert's chair.
Vallée Poussin's first mathematical research was on analysis, in particular concentrating on integrals and solutions of differential equations. One of his first papers in 1892 on differential equations was awarded a prize by the Belgium Academy. His best known work, however, appeared four years later in 1896 when he proved the prime number theorem. This states that π(x), the number of primes ≤ x, tends to x/logex as x tends to infinity.
The prime number theorem had been conjectured in the 18th century, but in 1896 two mathematicians independently proved the result, namely Hadamard and Vallée Poussin. The first major contribution to proving the result was made by Chebyshev in 1848, then the proof was outlined by Riemann in 1851. The clue to two independent proofs being produced at the same time is that the necessary tools in complex analysis had not been developed until that time. In fact the solution of this major open problem was one of the major motivations for the development of complex analysis during the period from 1851 to 1896.
In 1900, while on holiday in Norway, Vallée Poussin met a Belgium family. He married the talented daughter of this family and it was a very happy marriage. The result was that he had a home where he and his wife were happy and contented. He lived in Louvain from the time he was first appointed there except for a few periods abroad. During the First World War he was invited to Harvard in 1915 and then to Paris in 1916. Among a number of famous lectures he gave were those in Fribourg in 1918, Rome in 1923 and Houston in 1924.
Other than the prime number theorem, Vallée Poussin's only contributions to prime numbers were contained in two papers on the Riemann zeta function which he published in 1916. The Riemann hypothesis, perhaps the most famous of all the still open questions of mathematics, is that all the complex zeros of the zeta function lie on the line 1/2 + i b. Vallée Poussin strengthened results proved by Hardy in 1914 which showed that an infinite number of the zeros were on that line. Vallée Poussin's results were of passing interest, however, for Hardy and Littlewood proved still stronger results in 1918.
Vallée Poussin also worked on approximation to functions by algebraic and trigonometric polynomials from 1908 to 1918. Let us quote Vallée Poussin's own description of the problem of approximation as given in a lecture which he gave in Houston in 1924:-
The most important of the problems which have been attacked in the study of approximation is that of the order of approximation. Let us define first what we mean by approximation. For example, let a continuous function f(x) be represented by means of a polynomial of degree n, and let Pn(x) be such a polynomial. The difference f - Pn is the error of the approximation, and is a function of x; its maximum value in the interval of representation is the approximation on. This positive number approaches 0 as 1/n approaches zero, if the polynomial Pnis well chosen. ... The problem of the order of approximation is the following: To determine the relation which exists between the order of approximation on, which f(x) may admit for a finite expression of order n, and the differential properties of the function.
He then continued to put his own contribution to this problem into context, although one must say that it is phrased in a very modest way:-
I offered myself the beginnings of an answer to this very problem in 1908, while studying the approximation given by Edmund Landau's integral. I showed also that the function |x| admits an approximation of the order of 1/n by a polynomial of degree n, and I raised the question of deciding whether or not that was the order of the best possible approximation. This definite question had much more importance for the development of the subject than the few isolated results which I had obtained, because that question caused the writing of the two most important memoirs on the subject, one by D Jackson and the other by Sergei Bernstein.
Vallée Poussin's most major work was Cours d'analyse . Burkill writes in :-
It was [Jordan's Cours d'Analyse] which, as is recorded by Hardy and other mathematicians of his generation, opened their eyes to what analysis really was. If Jordan's is the most noble of the Cours d'Analyse and perhaps Goursat's (helped by its translation by Hedrick) the most widely read, it can hardly be doubted that Vallée Poussin's is the most elegant and lucid.
Vallée Poussin's Cours d'analyse went through several editions, each containing new material. By 1899, several years before the publication of the first edition, much of the material already existed in the form of lecture notes. The first edition of Volume 1 appeared in 1903, and the first edition of Volume 2 in 1906. Volume I covered differentiation of functions of one or more variables, and integration of functions of a single variable. Volume 2 covered multiple integrals, differential equations, and differential geometry. The treatise was written in an interesting way, combining an introductory text with an advanced work for specialists. The way this was achieved was having two different type sizes. If a reader only read the larger type then it was a complete introduction to the subject for beginners or those interested in applications to engineering. The smaller type material was aimed at the pure mathematical specialist interested in the deeper subtleties.
The work changed dramatically when a second edition appeared, Volume 1 in 1909 and Volume 2 in 1912. Most of the additional material appeared in small type and covered topics such as set theory, in particular the Schröder-Bernstein theorem, the Lebesgue integral, functions of bounded variation, the Jordan curve theorem, polynomial approximation, Parseval's theorem on trigonometric series, results of Fejér, etc.
The third edition of Volume I again contained new material and was published in 1914. However World War II disrupted Vallée Poussin's work. The promised German translation failed to appear and the third edition of Volume 2 was burned by the German army when it overran Louvain. It would have discussed the Lebesgue integral, work which was never to be published in this form but a lot of it was incorporated into a later monograph. Unlike many similar books of its time Cours d'analyse contains no complex function theory. The fourth edition appeared in 1921 and 1922. It ended the larger/smaller print distinction and became a work aimed at beginners. The two volumes had reached their seventh edition by 1938 but it went through much fewer changes after the fourth edition.
After 1925 Vallée Poussin turned to complex variable, potential theory and conformal representation. Further important texts published by him were his Borel tract on the Lebesgue integral (1916), approximation theory (1919), mechanics (1924), and potential theory (1937). In 1930 Vallée Poussin was revising his 1916 tract Lebesgue integrals: Set functions: Baire classes when Luzin's Lectures on analytic sets and their applications was published. The paper contains three letters written by Vallée Poussin to Luzin dated 4 February 1933, 8 March 1933 and 21 March 1933. Vallée Poussin comments in these letters on the fact, which is of great interest to him, that Luzin used slightly different classifications of the same sets as he had studied. He gives high praise to Luzin's book.
Publication of Vallée Poussin's work Le potential logarithmique was held up by World War II and only published in 1949.
Vallée Poussin was elected to the Belgium Academy in 1909. More honours were to follow including election to the Madrid Academy of Sciences, the Naples Society of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Institute of France, the Accademia dei Lincei, the Paris Academy of Science, and the American National Academy of Sciences. There were celebrations in 1928 when Vallée Poussin had held the chair at the University of Louvain for 35 years and again celebrations in 1943 when he had been 50 years in the chair of mathematics at Louvain.
In 1928, when he had held the chair at Louvain for 35 years, the King of Belgium conferred the title Baron on Vallée Poussin at the celebrations for this event. In 1961 he fractured his shoulder and since Vallée Poussin was in his mid 90s it failed to heal. His death followed a few months later.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson | <urn:uuid:a37ef2b5-2ced-450f-92eb-e569f52f5b89> | {
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"He who builds a masjid in the way of Allah, will be rewarded with a house in Paradise".
-Hadith, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 439, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 533
A pillar around which Muslim communities have been organizing social life for the past fourteen centuries, mosques are not only places of worship, but also congregational places for both religious and secular meetings. The Arabic word masjid simply means “place of prostration”, but all around the world, mosques serve as religious schools, meditation and study spaces, or even shelters for rest and sleep. As such, mosques’ architecture occupies a very prominent place in Islamic art in which societies have been investing a great part of their spiritual, technical, artistic and technological ingenuity.
Featuring textual, photographic and video content, Discovering Mosques of the Islamic World gives a glimpse of the great diversity of mosques’ architectures that exist in the Islamic World, from Sub-Saharan Africa to Southeast Asia, and aims to highlight both common architectural features and regional influences. | <urn:uuid:9af22056-48fc-4ed7-96b7-7ee8a8df9ec2> | {
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Human trafficking, otherwise known as child labor, migrant smuggling, sex worker trafficking, debt bondage, or good old fashioned slavery, adds up to one inescapable reality. An estimated 27 million human beings worldwide today are living lives of exploitation and humanity stripped bare beyond the bone of basic human rights. This is a bigger number than at any point in documented history.
They are objects of ownership, forgotten as children in need of love, nurturing and protection; forgotten as flesh and blood creatures that bruise and bleed and are more than vessels for sex; forgotten as individuals with the desire for purpose and peace and protection from the violence and intimidation they face every day. If they are not a source of revenue for those who own them, they are a useless, expendable tool. The physical pain and the psychological scars that result are indelible. Globally, some 24 percent of victims of human trafficking are children, and 66 percent overall are women. Not surprisingly, 79 percent of the victims are subjected to sexual exploitation.
None of this is acceptable on any level, but it goes on at such staggering levels every day. How? We know that no human being should be the property of another. So how can this be happening? Didn't we learn anything from the Transatlantic Slave Trade and the 400 years of injustice that has followed for its African victims? Why do we need so many dedicated organizations at work every day addressing human trafficking? The world needs to know about the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and their intensive work to begin to understand the scope and patterns involved, including the governmental, criminal and legal ramifications of human trafficking. We need to support NGOs and grass-roots efforts for victim's rights/recovery and global awareness such as Free the Slaves world-wide, Somaly Mam Foundation in Cambodia, and Touch a Life Foundation in Ghana. It is inspiring to see some efforts are founded or shaped by the direct involvement of those formerly enslaved, who are determined to help others suffering the same fate.
While we are getting a handle on how big the issues of human trafficking are from a humanitarian, economic and criminal perspective, we can't escape the truth that this will not go away without addressing the root causes of poverty and ignorance. To heal the wounds inflicted on survivors of human trafficking we can't look away. We have to demand as the human race, at bare minimum, we must make a human being endowed with the inalienable right of dignity so that they cannot be bought or sold.
A few months ago, I was appointed the United Nations Goodwill Ambassador for the Permanent Memorial to Slavery and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, which will be erected on the grounds of the UN in New York City. It's an honor to be of service in memorializing such a defining chapter in human rights and history. But that's just the thing -- it's a chapter. We've got to be focused on writing the rest of the book and we've got to make sure that humanity does better than allowing the continued slavery of our sisters and brothers who need their race to care.
Follow Russell Simmons on Twitter: www.twitter.com/unclerush | <urn:uuid:46c2c0ae-0815-4edc-a7d7-e8a1eec6f431> | {
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Note: MTSS is the new terminology for RTI - it stands for Multi-Tiered System of Support. The next authorization of the Elementary and Secondary School Act (ESEA) will use the MTSS terminology instead of RTI.
School-wide positive behavior intervention and supports (SW-PBIS) is a system of tools and strategies for defining, teaching, and acknowledging appropriate behavior. It is a framework for creating customized school systems that support student outcomes and academic success. SW-PBIS is for the whole school, it is preventative, and it changes the paradigm of focus from negative behaviors and exchanges to positive expectations and interactions.
There are four main elements in SW-PBIS:
- Data-based decision making, which is the corner stone of the behavior problem-solving process
- Customized practices to support student behavior, such as defining and teaching appropriate behavior
- Creation of systems to support educators in the school, such as school-wide behavioral expectations and indicators
- These combine to enable school-wide outcomes, which promote social proficiency and academic success
School-wide means that educators support appropriate behavior in classroom and non-classroom (bathrooms, assemblies, hallways) contexts. This support happens along a continuum from Tier 1 for all students and Tier 2 for a small group of students to Tier 3 for individual students. The goal is to create an environment that sets up ALL students for success.
An important aspect of SW-PBIS is the understanding that appropriate behavior and social competence is a skill that requires direct teaching to students just like math and reading. There is no assumption, in SW-PBIS, that students will learn social behavior automatically or pick it up as they go through life. This critical feature in SW-PBIS leads to its effectiveness (a short video of SW-PBIS success).
For more information:
School-wide PBIS - a more in depth introduction to SW-PBIS
Is School-wide Positive Behavior Support an Evidence-based Practice - information about the evidence-base and effectiveness of SW-PBIS | <urn:uuid:04f89d23-9f72-4e1c-be4b-ffb5fc704206> | {
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Not only did 2014 boast the hottest May on record, but new data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) says that the global population experienced its hottest June ever, too.
Well, at least this summer is keeping things consistent.
According to the NOAA, the combined average temperatures of land and ocean surfaces was 1.30°F above the 20th century average of 59.9°F. If only looking at land surface temperature, though, it was only the seventh highest June on record.
Anomalies are now becoming less of an anomaly as nine of the ten warmest Junes recorded occurred in the 21st century, including every June in the last five years. | <urn:uuid:2bb6e629-07d8-4db9-b211-dfbd1c3fcb5f> | {
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 guaranteed equal treatment in the workplace, in public facilities, and in public accommodations, regardless of race, religion, ethnicity or sex. Equality was not the norm in 1964. Remembering where we started may provide hope and inspiration for the next fifty years.
This is the first of a two part posting: first, a history we have lived, second, imagining and planning for the future.
Looking Back – Part 1
By beginning with a look at the United States of the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, we can better appreciate the magnitude of the changes we have experienced. There and then were the conditions which the Civil Rights Act was meant to address. The United States Supreme Court struck down segregated schools and the doctrine of “separate but equal” public facilities, only in 1954. A year later, the Court called for dismantling segregated public schools with “all deliberate speed.” In practice, communities and states intent on resisting the required changes made much of “deliberate” at the expense of “speed.”
In 1960, as part of the Wilmington, Delaware school district’s long delayed preparation for desegregation, I, with a few classmates, had a chance to visit the black school about six blocks from our own. The only apparent equal part was the architectural plan. The two schools had the same floor plans. Even as an eleven year old, I could see that the black school had almost no books, that the sandstone bricks were crumbling, the toilets broken and foul. By contrast, my own school had well maintained granite, a fully stocked library, plenty of classroom supplies and materials, clean and functioning lavatories.
The lack of adequate facilities and the open lie of “separate but equal” were but the tip of the iceberg of de jure segregation. Our country had opportunities only for a select few. We did not tolerate differences. We murdered those who challenged the assigned order. State sponsored and state enforced racial separation — combined with political disenfranchisement, and an economic and social caste system — was violent, brutal, and unremitting. In the Summer of 1964, the world witnessed the terrorism supporting American segregation in the murders of James Earl Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner.
Lynchings, counted in the thousands, were carried out over generations, not only in the South, but throughout the country. “Race riots”, actually pogroms and massacres of entire communities, terrorized people of color. The ferocity of racial as well as ethnic violence characterized and defined American society in the first half of the twentieth century.
Pervasive discrimination was not limited to African Americans. Universities had quotas for Jews, Catholics, and other minorities. Large corporations, law firms, hospitals would not consider ethnic minorities for hire. Women had limited rights to own property. Gays were invisible. In quantitative terms, almost two-thirds of our country’s people suffered discrimination. Freedom and opportunity were reserved for members of a small and privileged class consisting almost exclusively of economically fortunate, white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant men. The norm, the life experienced by most people, included closed doors, hatred, persecution, and violence.
When we hear the stories of individuals we can begin to understand the extent and severity of discrimination in the mid-twentieth century United States. From my own family stories: a young woman limited to secretarial work for men who were far less talented than she, a high school girl learning from her admired father that his field of work was closed to all women, a man who died unable to tell his family of his love for another human being, a woman hospitalized for “hysteria” as she came to terms with her love of another woman, an entire family whose parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins were slaughtered after the United States refused them safe haven from Nazi genocide.
There are few in my generation, coming of age in the 1960’s, who do not know such stories. The details may vary. The story tellers may be Asian, Hispanic, African American, Irish, Native American. Regardless of one’s origins, America of the early and middle twentieth century held up the torch of liberty and opportunity while unapologetically shutting doors and crushing hopes.
Discrimination and violence strike deeply. At its core, discrimination is a disregard and disrespect of another person’s humanity. It is an expression of contempt and hatred. When we suffer discrimination, the pain stays with us for years. It is felt for generations. When we engage in discrimination, when we tolerate contempt and hatred, and when we acquiesce in violence, we rend the fabric of our communities. We corrupt our souls.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, at the time of its passage, represented our country’s highest aspirations in the face of social and political realities far different than our Constitution’s promises. The ongoing success of that legislation is all around us. Women and minorities have entered the workplace. Many have risen to positions of prominence. People with physical and emotional challenges are emerging from the shadows of dependence and isolation. We are beginning to understand the waste of human potential and the pain we inflict in denying and demonizing love and sexuality. We have made room for a true diversity of spiritual beliefs and practices.
But we can’t take our progress for granted. As we try to imagine the challenges and opportunities of the next fifty years, an appreciation of how far we have come may help us choose compassion over misplaced caution and progress over the next iteration of “all deliberate speed.”
We now have a chance to be on the right side of history. In my next post, I will discuss how we might get there. | <urn:uuid:d59e3694-9a86-40ca-90e7-6b56789f9613> | {
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Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are an integral part of any geospatial analysis. They are required both for the description of the three dimensional surface and to orthorectify the imagery. Both of which can be used as a backdrop and to provide derived information for modelling purposes.
The term DEM is a generic term that includes two distinct topographic models and it is important to recognise the distinction as it will affect how useful the model is for any application.
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain’s surface – created from terrain elevation data.
A Digital Surface Model (DSM) represents the earth’s surface and includes all objects on it. This will include the heights of cultural features such as buildings, road and vegetation as well as bare earth.
A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) represents the bare ground surface in which all the cultural features such as buildings and trees have been removed.
While a DSM may be useful for landscape modelling, city modelling and visualisation applications, a DTM is often required for flood or drainage modelling, land-use studies, geological purposes and other applications.
DEMs can be created from stereo imagery provided by a wide range of sensors. The scale and level of detail required in an individual project will determine the spatial resolution and accuracy of the DEM required.
DEMs are available in various resolutions to suit differing application and budgets, for example a 50cm DEM may be required for detailed hydrological modelling whilst a 1m DEM might be more cost effective and suitable for environmental planning. A 5m DEM may be the most budget friendly solution for large area topographic mapping for exploration or initial greenfields feasibility studies.
Benefits of using satellite imagery to create DEMs
- Worldwide availability of satellite data without any access restrictions
- Large area coverage
- Resolution from very high to regional
- Fast processing time
- Low processing cost
Common uses of DEMs include:
- Extracting terrain parameters
- Modelling water flow or mass movement (e.g. avalanches and landslides)
- Creation of relief maps
- Orthorectification of aerial photography of satellite imagery
- Terrain analysis in geomorphology and physical geography
- Engineering and infrastructure design
- Line-of-sight analysis
- Base mapping
- Hydrological modelling – flood mitigation or watershed analysis
- Environmental change application
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Our monthly websites allow us the opportunity to show you a little of what we have been working on thus far. JupiterEd is a great tool we encourage you to use to remain up to date regarding your child's grades. Also, we send out weekly newsletters every weekend which will help keep you up to date on weekly quizzes, tests, projects, assignments and in general "the happenings" in the middle school.
As always, thank you for your support and should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to get in touch with us.
Learning by Doing!
7th Grade English Language Arts
Seventh grade students have concluded the expository essays they wrote and have been working to add the artifacts and reflections into their portfolio. Although the portfolio serves as a method to collect student reflection and measure growth, it is also serving as the perfect places to revisit and/or teach how to use text and graphic features to organize and enhance our presentation of information. Students have done a great job transitioning between the days spent taking the required standardized test and the days spent working on ELA activities.
8th Grade English Language Arts
Eighth grade students are analyzing speeches and poems for rhetorical devices and evaluating how the rhetorical devices contribute to a speaker's purpose and work to develop the ideas raised and present in the composition. Thus far, students have read Abraham Lincoln's, "Gettysburg Address", Martin Luther King, Jr.'s speech, " I have a Dream", and the poem "Is Justice Worth It?" by Micah Bournes. Students used the strategy of annotating with specific summarizing and clarifying questions and commentary alongside the strategy of hi-liting devices to strengthen their ability of analyzing, and evaluating the way in which the devices were used to clarify, strengthen, and develop the ideas raised in the text. Students evidenced their thinking and understanding with a written response by explaining their analysis and justifying their summarization. Students have done a great job transitioning between the days spent taking the required standardized test and the days spent working on ELA activities.
7th Grade World Cultures
Seventh grade students are learning about how cause and effect played an important role as the world entered World
War II. Despite many countries trying to following the policy of appeasement, it was inevitable that Germany's dissatisfaction with their punishment after WWI would cause them to initiate war. We have compared our leaders today with leaders of the past, and we have discussed the characteristics that it takes to be an effective leader. Our big ideas independence and interdependence help us understand the importance of working together and forming alliances as we hope to achieve the ultimate goal of peace throughout the world.
8th Grade South Carolina History
Eighth grade students are learning about how South Carolina's economy recovered with the building of the transcontinental railroad and the textile mills in the upstate. We have discussed the many political figures in South Carolina and the resistance of these politicians to accept slavery being abolished and equality for African Americans. We have learned about the founding of Clemson University, The University of South Carolina, South Carolina State, and Winthrop University. The rivalry between these school started early on! We will move into the Civil Rights movement and study the famous court cases Plessy vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. the Board of Education.
Mrs. Kolb's Math Classes
7th graders have been busy solving equations with the end goal of having the variable independent and representative of a quantity that can be be replaced for the variable. We will move ahead next week and solve for inequalities which luckily, involves the same process as solving for equations. We reviewed the story of the three billy goals gruff and have applied that to solving equations. How you ask? Ask a seventh grader to explain it. It involves a bridge, a troll and a toll.
8th graders have moved into a geometry unit and will begin a cool tessellation project this week. We will work on finding missing angles in triangles and polygons as well as applying the pythagorean theorem to find missing information. Our tessellations project will be a beautiful art piece showing the balance and symmetry found in a design created uniquely by each student. I look forward to what geometric transformations and color choices everybody will use.
Mrs. Cooler's Math Classes
7th grade Pre-Algebra students have been busy learning how to solve Equations and Inequalities using Inverse Operations. These skills will be fundamental in all future math classes. It is also directly tied to our Big Idea of INDEPENDNCE and INTERDEPENDENCE in that the techniques used to solve these types of problems depend on what you do to both sides of a problem.
Algebra students have finished their chapter on factoring polynomials. This is a very big skill which can be used in finance: a common polynomial equation that comes up is the calculation of present value. This is used in accounting when the present value of assets must be determined. It is used in asset (stock) valuation. It is used in bond trading and mortgage calculations. The polynomial is of high order, for example, with an interest term with exponent 360 for a 30-year mortgage. This is not a formula that can be factored. Instead, if the interest needs to be calculated, it is solved for by computer or calculator.
Geometry students finished their study of scale and similar figures and will now move in to the study of Right Triangles and their trigonometric properties. Airport meteorologists keep an eye on the weather to ensure the safety of the flights. One thing they watch is the cloud ceiling. The cloud ceiling is the lowest altitude at which solid cloud is visible. If the cloud ceiling is too low the planes are not allowed to take off or land. Further, meteorologists can find the cloud ceiling at night is to shine a searchlight that is located a fixed distance from their office vertically into the clouds. Then they measure the angle of elevation to the spot of light on the cloud. The angle of elevation is the angle formed by the line of sight to the spot and the horizontal. Using trigonometry, the cloud ceiling can be determined.
7th Grade Science
As students examine the big ideas of Independence and Interdependence, they are developing thoughts about how changes within a system or structure impact relationships. To help develop their understanding, they will answer the questions: 1. Why can we say form (structure) follows function? 2.How do the structures of organisms enable life’s functions? 3.How do organisms obtain and use the matter and energy they need to live and grow? 4.What leads to change within a system and how might this change affect the function of the system? This month, students wrapped up their study of human body systems. We have studied the major organ systems and learned how they are interdependent and rely on each other for our bodies to function properly. We have also learned how proper nutrition supports our health. We have learned about the macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) our bodies (and most of life, really) need to function properly. Students are learning about the chemistry of these molecules and revisiting some of the ideas we learned earlier this year: elements, molecules, and covalent and ionic bonds to name a few. Students have researched the amounts of macronutrientns and micronutrients in a meal they have eaten and have compared it to commonly accepted dietary guidelines to see how healthy the meal was. Students have also compared the nutrition content of their meal to that of a Stop Hunger Now meal we packed earlier this year and then making decisions about which meal might benefit a growing child more.
8th Grade Science
As students examine the big ideas of Balance and Stability, they are developing their thoughts about how unbalanced forces set processes in motion that result in change and how transformation is continual. To help develop their understanding, they will answer the questions: 1) How does the structure of a system affect its function? 2) How do unbalanced forces set processes in motion that result in change? 3) How does the transfer of energy within the Earth’s mantle cause changes in surface features of the Earth?
This month, students studied the changes that occur at tectonic plate boundaries and the forces that cause those changes. They have studied the rock cycle giving special attention to the processes that lead to the formation of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Students have examined samples of rocks and used what they know about these types of rocks and the characteristics of the rocks themselves to decide what kind of rock each sample is.
To wrap up the Earth’s Structure and Processes unit, students have completed research about a volcano of their choice and the Arenal volcano in Costa Rica which students will see on the Capstone trip. They have located their volcanoes on a tectonic plate boundary map, identified the procesess that led to the formation of the volcanoes, discovered the impact the volcanoes have had on local and global civilizations, and outlined the number and timing of the geologic events that occur around the volcano. They have also learned how to cite their sources using APA format and web tools like bibme.org or citationmachine.org. They presented their projects to the class.
7th and 8th Grade Website
Brought to you by...
Mrs. Black - 8th Cultural History [email protected] | <urn:uuid:497eff23-6000-4810-b3c9-67d27a5b6769> | {
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Kevin Hodgson has written a make-believe article about technology taking over from humans. The theme is a well-known one in science fiction circles, of course, but what I especially like about Kevin’s article is that he has written in the form of a newspaper article. To do so he has used a fake headline generator, for which he provides a link in the story.
Here’s his story: Writing Prompt: Technology and Appliances in Revolt
Other newspaper headline generators you might like to have your pupils try out are:
And the one Kevin mentions, the Newspaper Clipping Generator.
Each has its own style so it would be worth getting the kids to try all of them out and compare the results.
I think newspaper headline generators are a good means of using some very simple, ready-made ICT, to get the kids’ creative juices flowing.
An interesting side issue is how the web – or, more accurately, search engine optimisation (SEO) – has changed the nature of headlines. Newspaper headlines, ie in print, can be witty, in a way which is not easy to achieve if SEO is your prime goal. For example, a headline in the UK’s Daily Telegraph some years ago read:
“49% of people (that’s nearly half) don’t understand statistics”
An article with that sort of headline might not be picked up by people specifically looking for articles about statistics on the web. Indeed, this article will probably not be picked up by anyone looking for articles on ICT, because there is nothing about ICT in the headline, ie title.
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Here’s how we move, using the elbow as an example. A muscle is attached to the bones on either side of your elbow joint. Inside the muscle, proteins called myosin (red), which are arranged in tiny rows called thick filaments, have little arms that reach out and grab onto proteins called actin (blue), which are arranged in tiny rows called thin filaments. Alternately grabbing, pulling, and releasing, the myosin, like a tug-of-war team, brings the actin on one side closer to the actin on the other side. The shortening of the muscle, which results from this sliding filament mechanism, is called muscle contraction. Because the muscle is attached to each bone by a tendon, the bones are pulled together and the elbow bends.
This arrangement of proteins, like a stack of flattened hexagons, is called a sarcomere. It’s the “functional unit” of muscle contraction, meaning that in theory, if a muscle had just one sarcomere like in the cartoon, it would still work.
That’s the simple version.
The molecules, of course, are shown greatly enlarged. To maximize efficiency, the muscle has an intricate structure of repeating units that will make your head spin. Sarcomeres are attached end-to-end (about 10,000 per inch) to form contractile rods called myofibrils, and myofibrils are stacked side-by-side to fill each muscle cell, which is also known as a muscle fiber. A unique feature of skeletal muscle tissue (the type that can be voluntarily controlled, as in the example) is that the individual cells are extremely long – almost as long as the muscle itself! So a muscle in the arm has “only” around 250,000 muscle fibers – far fewer than the billions of cells one normally finds in an organ. The extreme length of our skeletal muscle cells probably makes them quicker and more efficient.
Now let’s consider the entire muscle again. Its whole purpose is to move a bone through space. To do this, it has to have a stable attachment at one end, called the origin. When the muscle contracts, the other attachment, known as the insertion, is moved closer to the origin, and this is what bends your elbow. Within the muscle, all of the sarcomeres are shortening at once, but the ones closest to the origin are hardly moving at all. Meanwhile the sarcomeres near the insertion are moving rapidly, pulled by the cumulative efforts of all the myosin molecules further up the myofibril, allowing the muscle to win the “tug of war” against gravity. | <urn:uuid:a8d4902d-1823-4171-9eda-12f0b9fa7d30> | {
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Something extraordinary happened both on Earth as well as in space this Wednesday, April 26. The NASA’s Cassini dived through the gap between Saturn and its magnificent rings, becoming the first ever spacecraft to explore the region.
A stream of pictures showing Saturn’s swirling clouds, massive hurricane and odd six-sided vortex weather system were transmitted back to Earth by Nasa’s Cassini, which has been exploring Saturn for the past 13 years. These photographs were taken just 1,900 miles above Saturn’s atmosphere while traveling at a whopping speed of 77,000 mph relative to Saturn.
Let us have a glimpse at some of these photos.
Description: A cyclone spinning in Saturn’s atmosphere.
Description: Banding in Saturn’s Atmosphere
Description: Cloud Features in Saturn’s Atmosphere
Scientists enounce that the pictures show details never seen before – there’s an incredible close-up, for instance, of the gigantic swirling hurricane at Saturn’s north pole.National Aeronautics and Space Administration planetary sciences chief Jim Green said- “Cassini spacecraft has once again blazed a trail, showing us new wonders and demonstrating where our curiosity can take us if we dare,”
The information gathered by Nasa’s Cassini could help scientists find the source of Saturn’s magnetic field, determine how fast the gas giant rotates and figure out what lies beneath its layers of clouds.
Although everything seems great yet officials are not certain whether Nasa’s Cassini will be able to survive all its ring dives. The gap between Saturn and the rings is about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) wide and likely littered with ice particles.Cassini is traveling through the gap at a relative speed of about some 77,000 mph (124,000 kph) so even small particles striking the spacecraft can be deadly for it.
To protect Cassini, it’s dish-shaped communications antenna were temporarily repositioned to serve as a shield. The spacecraft will make similar maneuvers during its subsequent dives, the next of which is scheduled for Tuesday.
On its final dive on September 15, Cassini is destined to destroy itself by flying directly into Saturn’s crushing atmosphere.
Related Read: NASA Says Mars Spacecraft’s Missions Might be Delayed | <urn:uuid:bdbd1f39-447d-4b5b-999d-29baf589c954> | {
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It is really easy to think about what you are going to do if a student is misbehaving in your lesson but what about if they are doing brilliantly or have dramatically improved. It is really important that we make sure we are also rewarding good behaviour, in fact this is probably more important than reprimanding the poor behaviour. As Benjamin Franklin once said "a spoonful of honey will catch more flies than a gallon of vinegar."
Today is World Book Day and I have a snow day so I can't go into school in fancy dress as I had originally planned so I decided that I would write a blog post about it instead. For those of you who don't know World Book Day is celebrated once a year with an aim of encouraging young people to read more. Each year schools receive £1 book tokens for every child that they can use to either by a £1 book or put towards a young persons fiction book at £2.50, these are full novels. Go over to the World Book Day website for the full list of books but some of the titles include Mr Men, Paddington and a Nadiya baking book.
I recently went for an interview where I was asked what I thought was meant by a fully inclusive classroom. For the interview I had to do a 5 minute presentation to people who already worked in a brilliant SEN department to share what I thought, so I thought I would also share that here as well.
GCSE and A Level exam time is fast approaching and if you are a teacher students in your school will soon be ready to sit their exam. This is also a really difficult time for parents who are trying to support their child to revise and to help them plan their time. I wanted to write this post to help with some revision ideas and advise that are generic to any subject and then I will also add some Maths specific advice.
Planning your time
Students should be aiming to do do 15 - 20 hours revision per week between now and their exams, however this should not be done in one solid revision session. The need to ensure that they are having a break of 5 minutes after every 25 minute session. I have a revision planner that is available to download for free with an aim to look at 3 subjects per day. These can be broken up with other activities in between and it is really important to include time to do those in order to reduce stress (exercise is great for that!). Head over to this page to download your planner and get started! Tutoring and Revision.
My degree was Psychology with Child Studies and during it I learnt a lot of different theories of learning one of which was Constructivism and Social Constructivism. This is not something that can work in every lesson for my subject, Maths however I have found some great opportunities to use it and I am going to explain how this is done.
First a bit of background information, Constructivism is the theory that rather than the learning of knowledge being teacher lead we actually use our own previous knowledge and build on it to enable learning to take place. Social Constructivism is building on previous knowledge with a group so you are discovering and learning together. The teacher therefore facilitates the discussions so that students are finding the information themselves then applying it to see if it confirms what they originally thought.
The seating plan is something that I have just changed in my classroom. I have read lots of articles and posts from other teachers about what works best and different ideas. I tried four different ways before I found my favourite. Today I'm going to tell you about each one i tried, what I thought about it and why then let you know which I settled on.
I am a Maths teacher working in the UK. My blog started in February 2018 and I am using it to share ideas to help you in the classroom and to improve your work life balance. I also have some free course and resource along with my new tutoring agency. | <urn:uuid:f3456ba6-f11d-4a71-9ad2-4789934a4f73> | {
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Lewisham, Kent, London
Up to 1834
In 1612, a house in Rushey Green was bequeathed to the Lewisham Parish Vestry for the relief of the poor. In 1764, parish records include a payment to Elizabeth Everard for five days' cleaning and mending of old clothes at the workhouse.
A parliamentary report of 1777 recorded parish workhouses in operation at Lewisham (for up to 25 inmates), Eltham (36), and Plumstead (45).
By 1814, the Lewisham workhouse premises at that time had become run-down and overcrowded so Lewisham obtained a Local Act of Parliament and appointed a Board of Guardians to organise poor relief. A new workhouse was erected in 1817, at the west side of Lewisham Road (later named Lewisham High Street), opposite Lewisham Park.
The Lewisham Poor Law Union was formed on 28th November, 1836. Its operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 20 in number, representing representing its 7 constituent parishes as follows (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one): Charlton next Woolwich (3), Eltham (3), Kidbroke, Lee (2), Lewisham (7), Mottingham, and Plumstead (3). The population falling within the Union at the 1831 census had been 18,426 — ranging from Mottingham (population 124) to Lewisham itself (9,659). The average annual poor-rate expenditure for the period 1834-36 had been £6,580 or 7s.2d. per head of the population.
The new Lewisham Board of Guardians decided to continue using the existing workhouse site, but its capacity of 186 was insufficient for the new Union. In 1837, the Poor Law Commissioners authorized the sum of £2,000 for alteration and enlargement. An early addition was that of cholera wards at the rear of the workhouse. The workhouse location and layout is shown on the 1860s map below. The main building at this date (shown highlighted in grey) had a frontage along Lewisham High Street with a long east-west wing to the rear and, from that, a smaller wing running to the south. The map also shows an "infant poor house" at the south-east of the main workhouse — presumably where infants and young children were accommodated.
In August 1865, Lewisham was the subject of one of a series of reports in medical journal The Lancet investigating conditions in London's workhouse infirmaries. As shown by the extracts below, Lewisham got a middling report, good in some respects, but much room for improvement in others. It is interesting to note that the workhouse predominantly accommodated the elderly, infirm and sick and appears largely to have been performing the role of a pauper hospital.
The union consists of seven parishes, with a population of 65,757 persons. The house, which is the property of the parish, is rented by the union at an annual charge of 350l., and was built for 300 inmates. The drainage is good ; the water-supply (from a well in the yard) defective. On the occasion of our visit there were 160 in residence ; and we were most obligingly shown over the house by Mr Want, the master, who appeared to us fully alive to his duties and responsibilities.
With the exception of the infection wards, four in number, in a detached building in the yard. there is no proper classification. Sick, infirm, and able-bodied — so-called at least, but we saw none in the entire house-were placed in close approximation. The sandwich fashion obtained, showing at least a complete want of organization and method.
The sick wards are seven in number: three for males, containing thirty-three beds, and allowing all average of 494 cubic feet per bed ; and four for females, containing thirty-nine beds, and allowing an average of 489 cubic feet ; besides four infection wards, containing twenty-two beds, with an average cubic space of 539 feet. There can be no doubt that, were these wards filled, the accommodation would be very deficient (though not seriously below the Poor-law Board's standard), and that the infectious cases in particular would be very badly off with only 539 cubic feet per bed. Practically this need not be of much consequence, as the house, which was built for 300, is never filled, and, at the time of our visit, contained, as we have stated, only 180 inmates; but in several wards the neglect of the most ordinary precautions made the atmosphere very foul. In many respects the wards are commendable. There is great attention paid to cleanliness of floors, walls, windows, &c.; there are pictures, texts, and suitable books in plenty ; and the bed furniture is sufficient and good. But there is one cruel piece of neglect - viz., the excessive shortness of the iron bedsteads, which are only 5 ft. long by 2 ft. 5 in. wide ! Towels, and the other appliances for washing the sick, are well arranged and well supplied.
In the presence of much that was deserving of praise in the style of management, we were surprised to find in several wards a total absence of water-closets, and to be told that the inmates bad to pass along an entire range of buildings to obtain the accommodation. [We are glad to say that the guardians have, since our visit, removed this objection to a great extent, and made other valuable improvements at considerable cost, especially with regard to the baths, &c. Our labour has not been in vain!] There was the same absence of lavatories and baths ; indeed, no individual ward had its own exclusive closet, lavatory, or bath. There is but one, and that a movable, bath in the house, and no hot-water apparatus ; so that a bath being wanted, water must be specially heated and carried to the ward in which it is required, and this to the annoyance and discomfort of the rest of the ward-patients.
The condition of the patients — chiefly persons advanced in life, and suffering from the diseases of old age — appeared very satisfactory ; and when spoken to, many of them, in language as emphatic as truthful, expressed gratitude and thankfulness for what was done for them. We saw a good supply of macintoshes, and other appliances indicating more than usual regard for the comfort and well-being of the poor. Cards over the beds, giving name, age, disease, and treatment, have not yet reached this suburb ; we trust, however, that the medical officer will accept our suggestion, and resort to them as a valuable help in hospital management.
The care— domestic, at least — of the sick (and we saw few in the house who could very properly be removed from this dependent category) is committed to the matron (the wife of the master), one paid nurse, and thirteen pauper helps. The whole of the latter appeared to us admirable objects of one's sympathy, but without exception disqualified, physically and morally, for the responsible duties of nursing the sick-fit rather to be nursed themselves; the paid nurse, after many years' faithful service, justly entitled to a pension ; consequently, in our judgment, the only reliable aid left to carry out the directions of the medical officer is the matron, whose other duties as mistress of the house must consume her time and exhaust her energies. Hence it must follow that the sick and infirm are wanting in proper care and hospital appliances. We would therefore suggest the appointment of properly qualified and well-trained nurses to meet the wants of the different classes of sick and infirm ; all of whom might act under the direction of the matron, herself guided by the medical officer.
The various kinds of food and the methods of cooking are in most instances good and commendable. We tasted both the beef and mutton, which were well dressed and wholesome ; also the potatoes, bread, ale, and porter, all of which were really good; and the quantity served out to each individual was abundant. For the really sick, however; we would suggest roast meat occasionally, instead of boiled. To boil meat is to abstract a large amount of its nutritive qualities, and, unless the broth is drunk with the meat, the recipient is thus deprived of what really belongs to him. At very little additional cost roast meat might be given in turn with boiled. Beef-tea (and really good we found it), arrowroot, milk, and extra tea are given out when asked for, without need of a medical order : a practice which we commend very strongly, and which we should be glad to see introduced as a common practice into all our workhouse infirmaries.
The medical officer, Mr. Hugh Stott, who is also surgeon to the district of Lewisham, is expected to visit the house at least four times a week, and daily when summoned. He supplies, all the drugs except cod-liver oil and quinine, and compounds for both in-and-out-patients, receiving for the whole of these duties about 105l. per annum. On the books we found about ninety patients in March, and sixty-seven in May. One case of scarlet fever was being treated in the infection wards, which are in many of their relations good. The number of midwifery cases in the house averages about eight in the year, which are attended by the paid nurse - nominally, however, by the medical officer, and for which he is paid at the rate of 10s. 6d. per case.
The inferences we arrived at respecting the medical officer are that he has almost, if not practically altogether, unlimited control over all the arrangements for the sick ; that the guardians are really most liberal, and, if well managed, may be induced to do whatever is for the good of the inmates, guided by the medical officer. The latter gentleman can order a liberal diet, and any and every appliance that may be needed for the sick ; and he can also ask for any change in the arrangements which his experience suggests as desirable, with a good prospect of obtaining his request. Consequently, if the most enlightened principles of hospital treatment which are now accepted in the profession are not carried out, we must suppose that the blame rests chiefly with the medical officer. It is true that his salary is utterly inadequate, and his whole position a false one; but this has nothing to do with the obligation to urge on the guardians improvements which are of vital importance to the sick.
As already stated, the type of diseases which prevail at Lewisham Union is chiefly characteristic of old age and declining powers : chronic cough, paralysis, and sore legs, with some few cases of phthisis, include nearly all. We carefully examined the medical records, and could find no trace of any epidemic. Formerly skin diseases prevailed in the house, when it was crowded with children ; it was then remarked that all children who came into the house contracted a form of scabies, that treatment did little good, but that on sending the children away into the country the disease almost immediately disappeared. At present there are no children kept here, and the disease has never appeared in the adults.
The mortality of 1863 was 35 ; that of 1864 was 45 — a high death-rate, which, however, depends chiefly on the accidental circumstance that many inmates enter the house in a dying condition.
The details we have given justify, we believe, the position which we gave to Lewisham in our General Report — as capable, with certain important modifications, of developing into a really good and well-conducted hospital. The grounds for this hope are the facts of its desirable situation and the composition of its board of guardians ; for the latter, we are convinced, are truly liberal in disposition, and where they err, do so in ignorance. We trust that they will accept the following suggestions for indispensable reforms:
- The wards require additional light and ventilation in several instances.
- Closets, lavatories, and baths, with a copious water-supply, are needed for every individual ward.
- Rigorous classification of cases ought to be adopted.
- A proper staff of paid and trained nurses is required.
- Finally - and this is the most important thing of all, — the guardians must break through the degrading traditions according to which they arrange the status and pay of the medical officer. When that official shall be relieved of the improper burden of supplying and of dispensing drugs-shall be decently paid, and encouraged to assume the grave and honourable responsibilities of a regular hospital officer, as he should be, there is little fear but that he will speak his mind freely to the guardians, and by his scientific advice save them from the scandal of ruling over a workhouse infirmary which, though good in some respects, has some deficiencies which must appear little less than barbarous at the present day. when everything connected with the knowledge of hygienic laws is assuming so great an importance and so extensive a development.
In 1868, the parishes of Charlton, Kidbrooke and Plumstead became part of the new Woolwich Union. In 1887, Mottingham transferred to the Bromley Union. In 1905, Lewisham and Lee became united as the civil parish of Lewisham.
Following acquisitions of land adjacent to the workhouse in 1877 and 1882, the site expanded northwards. New buildings were erected between 1882 and 1885, and in 1892-4, a separate infirmary building was erected to the north of the workhouse.
The site layout in 1894 is shown below.
From 1904, to protect them from disadvantage in later life, the birth certificates for those born in the workhouse gave its address just as 390 High Street Lewisham.
During the First World War, the infirmary served as Lewisham Military Hospital and most of the inmates were relocated to other workhouses.
Under the National Health Service, the former workhouse became Lewisham Hospital which still occupies the site.
The Lewisham Union had a children's Receiving Home at 28 Sangley Road, Catford. By the late 1920s, it had relocated to 'Cumberlow', Lancaster Road, South Norwood. The homes dealt with children newly entering the union's care. The Sangley Road premises still exist but the Lancaster Road building has gone.
The Ancestry website has two collections of London workhouse records:
- The London Workhouse Admission and Discharge Records (1738-1930) are searchable by name.
- The Poor Law and Board of Guardian Records, 1430-1930 are more extensive but only provide browsable page images.
- London Metropolitan Archives, 40 Northampton Road, London EC1R OHB. Holdings include: Admissions and discharges (1837-1920); Births (1866-1909); Deaths (1883-1915); Creed registers (1869-1920); Guardians' minute books (1836-1930); etc.
- Lewisham Workhouse by Len Wagstaff (1984, in NWKFHS Newsletter)
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Comparison of disruptive behaviours in South Australian LOTE and mainstream primary school classrooms
Jung, Janine, and Boman, Peter (2003) Comparison of disruptive behaviours in South Australian LOTE and mainstream primary school classrooms. Journal of Educational Enquiry, 4 (2). pp. 90-101.
PDF (Published Version)
- Published Version
The frequencies of disruptive behaviours in students were compared between their respective LOTE (German) and mainstream primary school classrooms. Forty-nine students aged between nine and twelve, from years four to seven, were observed during the study. The overall frequency of disruptive behaviours in German classes was found to be significantly higher than in mainstream classes. Three of the four observed behaviours were also found to be more frequent in German classes. Some suggestions for improving teaching practice and future research have been made.
|Item Type:||Article (Refereed Research - C1)|
Copyright 2003 Univeristy of South Australia, Centre for Research in Education, Equity and Work
|Date Deposited:||20 Oct 2006|
|FoR Codes:||13 EDUCATION > 1303 Specialist Studies in Education > 130399 Specialist Studies in Education not elsewhere classified @ 100%|
|SEO Codes:||93 EDUCATION AND TRAINING > 9399 Other Education and Training > 939999 Education and Training not elsewhere classified @ 100%|
|Citation Count from Scopus||
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Project At A Glance
Mark Aguirre and Janel Holcomb
Grade level, subjects:
9th grade humanities and math/physics
How can an idea be transformed into a product that could make us millions?
In teams of 2-3, students design and construct an electrical product that can turn on and off, and develop an engineering plan, financial plan, and marketing plan for their business.
Physics, Algebra I, and English Language Arts
Formative and summative assessment were integral to this project. Rubrics were used to evaluate device prototypes, engineering plan, financial prototype, and the final presentation "Pitch." Also, each student constructed a portfolio, and these were evaluated.
About the Authors
Mark Aguirre graduated with a B.A. degree in history from Cal State Chico and earned his teaching credential from San Diego State University in 1987. He came to High Tech from Scripps Ranch High School in 2001 and has been a ninth-grade humanities teacher since 2002. He is the facilitator for the Model United Nations club. His passions include classical history, culinary arts, jazz and poker.
Janel Holcomb is in her fifth year at High Tech High. She has taught ninth-grade Math & Physics and currently teaches tenth grade Math & Chemistry. She holds a Masters of Education and a Teaching Credential from the University of San Diego, as well as a Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY. | <urn:uuid:0ea516a3-aecf-4f91-8858-6530e5e2c2f0> | {
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In Trinidad and Tobago’s continued development of its oil and gas sector, it is clear that success in the deepwater acreage is of paramount importance, and we look forward to seeing the results of the exploration work being done in that area.
There are, however, discovered reserves that straddle the maritime boundary between Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela that also merit our attention, as unlocking these resources can have a great impact on our economy.
Some of the work required to exploit these resources has already been done. The governments of Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela have executed a Framework Treaty relating to the Unitisation of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs.
The Framework Treaty provides that any hydrocarbon reserves that extend across the maritime boundary of the countries are to be developed as a unit and, as the title suggests, it establishes the general legal framework required to achieve this objective.
The Framework Treaty requires the governments to enter into a unitisation agreement for each cross-border discovery which will set out the volume of hydrocarbons in the discovery and allocate those volumes between the two countries.
Of the known cross-border discoveries between the countries — Kapok-Dorado, Manakin-Coquina and Loran-Manatee — the governments have only executed a unitisation agreement for the Loran-Manatee Field. Approximately 27 percent of the estimated 7.5 trillion cubic feet of the reserves in the Loran-Manatee Field have been allocated to Trinidad and Tobago, with the remaining 73 percent being allocated to Venezuela.
From a legal perspective, the following items are a few of the issues to consider as we seek to develop these resources.
The Framework Treaty and the Unitisation Agreement are important, but they are only the first of many contracts required to develop the field. These agreements are only between the governments; thus, from a Trinidad legal perspective, their effect is to unitise the interests of the respective governments regarding the hydrocarbons in the ground.
Both agreements recognise the need for a unit operating agreement between Trinidad-based contractors that have an interest in the production-sharing contract and the licensees on the Venezuelan side.
In fact, those companies have to enter into a unitisation and unit operating agreement, as the rights of the companies to the hydrocarbons that will be produced have not been unitised by either the Framework Treaty or the Unitisation Agreement.
The negotiation of a unitisation and unit operating agreement should therefore be a primary focus of all parties that have an interest in the field.
The Framework Treaty only establishes a framework for the development, as it sets out a number of areas in which more detailed agreement is still required. These include applicable health, safety and environmental regulations; the payment of taxes and royalties; security; cross-border pipelines; and decommissioning.
One area of concern is that the Framework Treaty provides that any dispute between the parties is to be ultimately resolved by direct negotiation between the governments. Given the significant areas which still require agreement, including the fact that each government has the right to seek a redetermination of the allocation of volumes, it is not sufficient to rely on negotiation between two sovereign nations, and provision should be made for international arbitration to settle any unresolved disputes.
Two final points to consider: The development of these cross-border resources slips in and out of public attention. The Framework Treaty establishes a Ministerial Commission which is to meet at least twice per year and a Steering Committee which is to meet at least every two months. It would be useful for those involved in the industry to receive information as to whether these bodies are in fact meeting and, to the extent that it is not confidential, the progress that is being made or the lack thereof.
The service companies in the industry should also be interested in the provisions of the Framework Treaty that require compliance with the local content policies of both governments. Again, this is another area which will require further detailed agreement between the governments but where, in a development of this size, operators are required to maximise the use of local goods and services. We need to pay particular attention and contribute to the development of this area.
I trust that we are all sharpening our Spanish-speaking skills, and I hope that we get to put them to good use. | <urn:uuid:64d9d603-a337-43b7-925d-7d5fbf48c422> | {
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ERIC Number: ED046073
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1970-Sep
Reference Count: 0
Schools for Early Childhood. Profiles of Significant Schools.
The focus of this publication is on the creation of learning facilities for two-, three-, and four-year-old children. This volume illustrates graphically (1) 11 new centers that were specifically constructed for early education, and (2) old facilities--houses, storefronts, and warehouses--that have been successfully remodeled to provide early education centers. Also described is a nonschool approach to early learning for communities where lack of finances or interest limits the development of early education centers. The structures vary widely in space usage, types of equipment, and genre of teaching aids, differences dictated by considerations of finances or space. Because some facilities designs are the results of decisions concerning the program the school is offering, these program objectives are spelled out. (Photographs may reproduce poorly.) (Author)
Descriptors: Architects, Building Design, Disadvantaged Youth, Early Childhood Education, Educational Facilities, Financial Problems, Learning Resources Centers, Program Development
Educational Facilities Laboratories, Inc., 477 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10022 (Free)
Publication Type: N/A
Education Level: N/A
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This month’s edition of the St. George’s Film Festival is Project X- Flight. In keeping with our engineering theme, this film describes the engineering of flight.
If you’ve ever dreamed of flying, then this episode is for you. Project X meets the scientists and inventors who are pushing the limits of flight: from new machines with amazing designs to the human body itself. Engineer Dr. Brian Fleck takes a ride in a hang glider to help illustrate the basic physics of flight, along the way explaining how something the size of an apartment building can actually get off the ground. Grad student Marc Huot then goes skiing in a wind tunnel to unlock the secrets of an Olympic Gold alpine jump. Together they take a look at the human contribution to flight — rocket science. Microbiologist Dr. Jennifer Gardy picks up a few tips from some of Canada’s top fighter pilots on how to sustain performance. And education expert Dr. Brian Alters gets up close and personal with the only mammals capable of really flying — bats. | <urn:uuid:a0c4c353-a4b0-4c20-a688-116d8a5d40fc> | {
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Grows mainly in the mature forests of British Columbia and on Vancouver Island some is also grown in UK.
Benefits and features.
- Dimensional stability.
- Natural durability.
- Free of pitch and resin.
- Straight grain & uniform texture.
- Acoustical & Insulation properties.
- Good Fastening.
- Dries readily with little degrade.
- Light weight.
Western red cedar
- Western Red Cedar grows to heights of 45 to 60m but more massive individuals are also common.
- Cedar varies widely in colour from dark brown of the heartwood through lighter browns and pinks to light straw and almost white outer bands of sapwood.
- Unusual colour variations called Resin Streak are narrow bands of very dark wood caused by injury to the tree.
- Scientists have related Cedars colour variations to decay resistance.
- Dark coloured inner heartwood inhabited by fungi.
- Straw coloured outer heartwood virtually sterile.
- Dark coloured heartwood has lower density, toughness, and compression than light coloured heartwood.
What is it used for:
External Claddings, Internal Paneling, Decking, Shutter & Blind Components, Window & Door Joinery, Outdoor Furniture, Saunas & Spa's, Shingles & Shakes etc... | <urn:uuid:93fb45dd-79a1-412e-8719-6a21d13fac96> | {
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By Yang Sung-jin
Last week, an epitaph dedicated to Prince Sado was revealed for the first time. It was written in July of 1762 by King Yongjo, who ordered that the prince be imprisoned in a wooden rice chest to correct his wayward behaviors.
The tragic and inexplicable incident in which Prince Sado died alone in the wooden chest has been a most bewildering topic for today’s historians.
According to traditional theories, King Yongjo deliberately attempted to kill his prince, after he became dissatisfied with his foolish and uncontrollable acts which irked the authoritative king to the extreme.
According to “Hanjungnok” (Records Written in Silence) written by Prince Sado’s wife, Lady Hyegyong, the tragedy stemmed from repeated feuding between her husband and her father-in-law, King Yongjo.
Lady Hyegyong argues in her memoirs that King Yongjo treated Prince Sado so badly that her husband, who from her perspective was warm and kind at heart, fell into a state of emotional disturbance and insanity.
Prince Sado, as his emotional troubles deepened, developed a clothing phobia. Among other strange behavior, he spent endless time choosing his clothes in the morning. During the process, he murdered and injured the awaiting servants in sudden fits of rage.
King Yongjo, who felt a deep distrust and scorn toward his son, finally decided that Prince Sado was too dangerous to live at the court and confined him to the rice chest in 1762.
The direct cause for the death of Prince Sado came as the result of an allegation filed by an official named Na Kyong-yon.
On May 22 of 1762, Na Kyong-yon argued to King Yongjo that Prince Sado was plotting a coup with a host of court eunuchs.
The report also detailed Prince Sado’s strange behavior. Enraged at the report, the king downgraded the status of the prince and confined him to the rice chest in the sultry weather of May on the lunar calendar.
But did King Yongjo kill his son on the charge of treason? In reality, Na’s report was not trustworthy and it is highly possible that King Yongjo did not believe the report as it was written.
A group of historians believe that King Yongjo took such a drastic measure in order to stabilize the volatile power politics in the court out of fear that the mentally abnormal Crown Prince would cause troubles.
Yet questions still remain. If the king wanted to remove his prince from politics, he could have achieved this by exiling Sado to a remote location, an option which may have been far better than outright murder.
The main reason for the mystery-shrouded incident is that few would venture to argue with the omnipotent monarch at the time.
In addition, the incident could not be dealt with by historiographers due to its sensitive nature which has led to the scarcity of information related to the tragedy in the Annals.
Prince Sado, as reflected in various materials, was reserved and slow- paced which contrasted with his father who once described himself as hot- tempered.
The relationship between the king and the prince had constantly been on the verge of a rupture, not only because of Sado’s strange character but also because of the king’s gloomy background.
King Yongjo himself did not have a solid footing in the court before ascending to the throne since his blood mother was a low-ranking courtesan.
King Yongjo’s father, King Sukchong, had three sons. Initially, King Yongjo did not secure Crown Prince status. Instead, he was entangled in a power struggle between factions of the court, making his life at the court miserable.
The pressure was high and King Yongjo developed his own “strange” pattern of behavior. For instance, he doted on Princess Hwapyong and Princess Hwawan but openly hated Prince Sado and Princess Hwahyop.
Against this background, the Choson court was mired in the dispute with different factions flexing their muscles to take the initiative.
Prince Sado became implicated in the wrangling and King Yongjo found it highly dangerous to the stability of the court, which led to the rice chest killing, according to some historians.
The newly discovered epitaph — after 250 years of conjecture — may illustrate to historians to a better picture of the tragedy.
“How can I order the Kangsowon (a state agency) to keep an eye on the rice chest just for the welfare of the state. It’s all for your safety and I ho e you’ll be fine. But I finally heard that you died on the ninth day of imprisonment,” King Yongjo confessed in the epitaph.
According to the epitaph, King Yongjo did not intend to kill his trouble- making son but simply meant to teach him a lesson. He deeply regretted Sado’s death, which runs counter to the traditional image of King Yongjo as the callous and merciless father.
King Yongjo also stated, “The prince was intelligent and everybody expected he would become a great king for the nation. Bu he did not learn the lessons of saints. Instead he acquired bad behaviors and befriended with hoodlums, jeopardizing the state of the nation.”
While describing the background for the unprecedented punishment, the king also lamented over his lack fathering skills.
“What I deeply regret is your talent. All the blame should be placed on me since I failed to educate you properly,” King Yongjo chided himself.
After Sado’s death, King Yongjo restored the official title of the fated prince and took every action imaginable to protect his grandson (who became King Chongjo) and daughter-in-law, Lady Hyegyong.
All this explains the true nature of the epitaph — the gloomy symbol of the Choson’s darkest chapter strewn with the heart-wrenching confessions of King Yongjo. | <urn:uuid:3e1a24f1-129c-424d-815b-6b70a726f9c9> | {
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Amid war Afghanistan trains thousands of new midwives
Afghanistan's health system is still deeply troubled after decades of war. But progress is being to reduce infant and maternal mortality.
Melanie Stetson Freeman/Staff/File
Through a courtyard piled high with heaps of trash and teeming with flies, two sturdy women sit in a cool, dark room before a group of nearly a dozen women who range in age from 15 to 50. The two are midwives who have come to talk to the women living here with limited electricity and little clean water about the importance of maternal health.
Girls from nearby houses stream in as the midwives begin their presentation, pouring water from a clay-colored pitcher and moving their soapy hands slowly clockwise to show the proper method of hand washing.
When an older woman tells a girl living next door she is too young to join the session, the midwives intervene. The more learning, the better, they say, in a country plagued by the world's second-highest maternal mortality rate.
Afghanistan's capacity to address the health of its women has taken a remarkable turn for the better in the past seven years. In 2002, 60 percent of Afghans had no access to basic health services, according to a study led by Linda Bartlett, then of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. Furthermore, two-thirds of the country's districts had neither maternal nor child health services, with only 10 percent of Afghanistan's hospitals equipped for caesarean deliveries. Nearly 80 percent of the maternal deaths examined in Dr. Bartlett's study were judged preventable.
But today, maternal health is among the nation's most tangible signs of progress thanks to projects such as this one sponsored by Terre des Hommes (TDH); investment by the international community in a network of clinics; and the growth of midwifery training programs. Afghanistan now finds itself in the rare position of serving as a role model for other poor countries seeking to quickly improve their ability to save women's lives.
Pashtoon Azfar, head of the Afghan Midwives Association, says the number of trained midwives has grown nearly six-fold since rebuilding effort in Afghanistan began. "In 2002, we had 467 midwives, but no one knew how qualified they were; for years, they had received no access to training," says Ms. Azfar, also a midwifery specialist with the international nonprofit health organization Jhpiego, whose maternal health programs are funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID). Today, there are more than 2,400 midwives around the country who have been trained in a standardized and accredited two-year program, she says.
"There are very good lessons to be learned from Afghanistan," says Bartlett. "The midwifery education program appears to be a real success story that could inform programs in other countries."
Certainly much remains to be done in a country where poverty and illiteracy run rampant and infrastructure in the most remote regions is still meager. Afghanistan's Ministry of Public Health is now launching a follow-up survey to assess the impact of recent maternal health efforts, seven years after the last round of research began.
Midwives see progress
Midwives working in the field say that they see signs of improvement every day in the communities they visit. This is thanks in large part to the growing role of skilled birth attendants whose services are now accessible to many women throughout the country, including those in hard-to-reach rural regions, where midwife use jumped from 6 percent in 2003 to 19 percent three years later, according to Johns Hopkins University research.
Dr. Noorkhanoom (some Afghans use only one name), has been making house calls to Kabul's poorest families since 1996, when she went to work for TDH. She joined TDH, a Swiss nongovernmental organization, after being barred by the Taliban from her university job teaching medicine.
During this home visit, Noorkhanoom shakes her head when a woman in the group says that her husband is beating her. The men of her own family are coming to talk to her husband today, the woman tells the doctor, looking down at the worn trousers of her mint-green pants suit.
The doctor turns to the woman's mother-in-law and asks her what can be done. The mother-in-law shrugs and confesses she is unable to meddle in her son's affairs.
The group is silent for a moment before the midwives resume their presentation, using a young woman in the group who is 17 and pregnant with her first child to demonstrate how to keep the delivering mother comfortable during labor. They show how to support the baby's neck when it emerges and how to cut the umbilical cord. The women seated before them listen rapt with attention, asking questions throughout. When the visit is finished an hour later, each of the ladies rises to hug the midwives and the doctor.
The visits are part of TDH's Maternal and Child Health Home Visiting Program. Six days a week, from early morning to dusk in Kabul and Kandahar, TDH's 50 midwives, working in teams of two, knock on doors and follow up on referrals, bringing their presentations to as many women as they can gather together. The program counts 110,000 beneficiaries in the capital alone.
Azfar, of the Afghan Midwives Association, says the increase in the number of trained midwives is not only a lifeline for mothers – it's an economic boon for the midwives.
"If people think a midwife in their family will be contributing to the household, fathers and brothers will support their mothers and wives and daughters," says Azfar. "If a woman has any economic role in the family, for sure she has some decisionmaking role as well. That is why I am an advocate of this. It is not just for midwifery – it is for change."
Both Azfar and Noorkhanoom say the best way to cement such gains is to improve security. "You cannot expect so much change in one or two or even five years," says Noorkhanoom. "I hope the international community will continue to support us; they left us once, and they saw the negative results.... If they leave this country again, it will be a crime." | <urn:uuid:62c0948d-9f7c-4658-8eca-1640d7db432a> | {
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This vintage photo from the 1937-38 timeframe shows the steps being added to the top of Miamisburg’s landmark Indian burial mound. This was a project of the federal Works Progress Administration.
Why the Star City?
Why the Star City?
We all know Miamisburg is called the One and Only because it is the only city in the world with this name. More commonly, it has been known as the Star City. The million-dollar question is WHY is Miamisburg known as the Star City?
This question remained a mystery for decades until a letter was discovered that seemed to offer an answer that matched the history and location of this special place.
The late Forest Smith, founder of Star City Hardware, a longtime business fixture, wrote the letter in 1983. The letter put into writing many of his significant memories, which included those of Orville and Wilbur Wright and Charles Kettering.
“I, Forest Bradley Smith, born September 20, 1892 in a log cabin (dirt floor) two miles south of Dayton Mall in Miami Township, Montgomery County, State of Ohio, lived here all of my life, through school and Miamisburg High School.”
The letter continued and recalled his relationship with a man known as Mr. Riley and how Miamisburg became known as The Star City.
“The grandfather of surveyor Mr. Riley lived in Miamisburg. Did some surveying for me. I carried the chain for him. During that week, he told me how Miamisburg got its name Star City.
“Zachariah Hole was a minister who (Woodburn) east of Mad River Road on Whipp Road. There were four or five log cabins – one was a church. (He had a son, Dr. John Hole, an MD.) Zachariah rode horseback down to the Great Miami River where Bear Creek empties into the Miami River and met the chief of the Miami Indians and the medicine man. The three sat at a campfire and the medicine man asked ‘what will we call the new settlement?’ The chief looked up to the sky and saw seven stars, the seven sisters. The medicine man said, ‘it be Star Settlement.’
“That is how Miamisburg came to be known as the Star City but Miamisburg was named from the Great Miami River.”
Was Mr. Smith correct in his reporting of this part of Miamisburg’s history? Was Mr. Riley just spinning a yarn to pass time? It will probably always be one of those questions that never have a sure-fire answer, but it sure is fun to imagine how the Star City began shining so bright.
In the Beginning…
On Feb. 20, 1818, four men from Pennsylvania -- Emanuel Gebhart, Jacob Kercher, Dr. John Treon and Dr. Peter Treon -- offered for sale at public auction 90 lots in a new town by the name of Miamisburg. Situated on the left bank of the Miami River, the plat was divided into square lots containing one-fifth of an acre.
The small community had been known as "Hole's Station" since about 1797, when Zachariah Hole settled there with his family from Virginia and built a stockade as protection from Indians. In the interim, many settlers had arrived in the area, mostly from Pennsylvania. The name Miamisburg was derived from the Miami Indian tribe that resided there, combining "Miamis" with "burg," which denotes a borough or town. By 1832, the unincorporated community had become a village and achieved City status about 100 years later.
Indian Mound - Once serving as an ancient burial site, the Mound stands as perhaps the most recognizable historic landmark in Miamisburg. It is the largest conical burial Mound east of the Mississippi River and remains virtually intact from its origins hundreds of years ago. Located in a City park at 900 Mound Avenue, it is an Ohio historical site and serves as a popular attraction and picnic destination for area families. Visitors can climb to the top of the Mound via concrete steps built into its side.
Daniel Gebhart Tavern - Serving during the 1800s as a gathering place for local residents and as a resting place for travelers, it stands today as a museum at the corner of Lock and Old Main streets. The museum is open June through September on Sundays from 2 to 5 p.m., or by appointment. The Miamisburg Historical Society (see info below) coordinates the Museum's use.
Baum Opera House - This historic structure was built by Charlie Baum in the late 1800s on what is now First Street in downtown Miamisburg. It has had a number of unique uses over the years, but faced possible demolition in the early 1990s when the non-profit Baum Opera House Association was formed and purchased the building at a sheriff's sale. Extensive interior and exterior renovations have occurred since that time, and today the facility hosts entertainment and community events and is available for rental. Visit www.baumoperahouse.org for more information.
Miamisburg Historical Society
The Miamisburg Historical Society is a volunteer organization dedicated to the collection and preservation of data, artifacts and memorabilia relating to the history of the Star City and Miami Township. The Society hosts a variety of programs throughout the year for the general public and is headquartered in the Market Square Building in the heart of downtown.
Contact the Miamisburg Historical Society at (937) 859-5000 or P.O. Box 774, Miamisburg, Ohio, 45342-0774. Historic Miamisburg Memories of the Star City is a half-hour interview program cablecast monthly on channel 5 of the Time Warner system. Please check www.mvcc.net for dates and times. The Miamisburg Historical Society is certified by the Ohio Association of Historical Societies and Museums. | <urn:uuid:a7859a2e-074f-4683-934a-6b70c50d8f6f> | {
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Other descendants of Judah. Descendants of Simeon.
The sons of Judah. These five are sequential generations.
VERSE 2. Reaiah the son of Shobal became the father of Jahath; and Jahath became the father of Ahumai and Lahad. These are the families of the Zorathites.
Reaiah. He is probably also known as Haroeh:
1 Chronicles 2:52. Shobal the father of Kiriath Jearim had sons: Haroeh, half of the Menuhoth.
Haroeh founded the Zorathites. They are most famous as the family from which Samson came.
VERSE 3. These were the sons of the father of Etam: Jezreel, Ishma, and Idbash. The name of their sister was Hazzelelponi.
VERSE 4. Penuel was the father of Gedor and Ezer the father of Hushah. These are the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, the father of Bethlehem.
the sons of Hur. They are the family of the Bethlehemites.
the father of Tekoa. Tekoa is the village of a wise woman:
2 Samuel 14:2. Joab sent to Tekoa, and brought a wise woman from there, and said to her, “Please act like a mourner, and put on mourning clothing, please, and don’t anoint yourself with oil, but be as a woman who has mourned a long time for the dead.
Tekoa is also the home of Amos the prophet:
Amos 1:1. The words of Amos, a shepherd from Tekoa, which he received in vision concerning Israel, in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam, son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake: (NAB translation)
VERSE 6. Naarah bore him Ahuzzam, Hepher, Temeni, and Haahashtari. These were the sons of Naarah.
VERSE 7. The sons of Helah were Zereth, Izhar, and Ethnan.
VERSE 8. Hakkoz became the father of Anub, Zobebah, and the families of Aharhel the son of Harum.
VERSE 9. Jabez was more honorable than his brothers. His mother named him Jabez, saying, “Because I bore him with sorrow.”
Jabez. This word sounds similar to the Hebrew word for “pain”.
VERSE 10. Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, “Oh that you would bless me indeed, and enlarge my border! May your hand be with me, and may you keep me from evil, that I may not cause pain!” God granted him that which he requested.
Jabez called on the God of Israel. Jabez asks God for practical things he would like to have:
- Divine blessing
- Prosperity (“extend my boundaries”)
- Divine help
- Protection from misfortune
- Freedom from pain
In our day, we often feel inhibited to ask God for “practical” things. Why not ask God for such things as these? He can grant above all we ask or even think.
the God of Israel. The Hebrew word rendered “God” is אֱלֹהִ֑ים (“Elohim”).
VERSE 11. Chelub the brother of Shuhah became the father of Mehir, who was the father of Eshton.
VERSE 12. Eshton became the father of Beth Rapha, Paseah, and Tehinnah the father of Ir Nahash. These are the men of Recah.
The Greek and Vulgate editions add “and Meonothai.”
VERSE 14. Meonothai became the father of Ophrah: and Seraiah became the father of Joab the father of Ge Harashim, for they were craftsmen.
VERSE 15. The sons of Caleb the son of Jephunneh: Iru, Elah, and Naam. The son of Elah: Kenaz.
VERSE 16. The sons of Jehallelel: Ziph, Ziphah, Tiria, and Asarel.
VERSE 17. The sons of Ezrah: Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon; and Mered’s wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa.
VERSE 18. His wife Yehudiyah bore Jered the father of Gedor, Heber the father of Soco, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. These are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered took.
Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh. This dates the origins of the clan well before Moses’ time, back when Israel was still in a favorable relationship with Egypt.
VERSE 19. The sons of the wife of Hodiah, the sister of Naham, were the fathers of Keilah the Garmite and Eshtemoa the Maacathite.
VERSE 20. The sons of Shimon: Amnon, Rinnah, Ben Hanan, and Tilon. The sons of Ishi: Zoheth, and Ben Zoheth.
VERSE 21. The sons of Shelah the son of Judah: Er the father of Lecah, Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of those who worked fine linen, of the house of Ashbea;
VERSE 22. and Jokim, and the men of Cozeba, and Joash, and Saraph, who had dominion in Moab, and Jashubilehem. These records are ancient.
VERSE 23. These were the potters, and the inhabitants of Netaim and Gederah; they lived there with the king for his work.
The sons of Simeon. Simeon is listed after Judah. That is probably for two reasons:
- Simeon received no tribal allotment of its own
- Simeon was eventually assimilated into Judah
VERSE 25. Shallum his son, Mibsam his son, and Mishma his son.
VERSE 26. The sons of Mishma: Hammuel his son, Zaccur his son, Shimei his son.
VERSE 27. Shimei had sixteen sons and six daughters; but his brothers didn’t have many children, and all their family didn’t multiply like the children of Judah.
their family didn’t multiply like the children of Judah. The population of Simeon did not increase much.
VERSE 28. They lived at Beersheba, Moladah, Hazarshual,
VERSE 29. at Bilhah, at Ezem, at Tolad,
VERSE 30. at Bethuel, at Hormah, at Ziklag,
VERSE 31. at Beth Marcaboth, Hazar Susim, at Beth Biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities until David’s reign.
VERSE 32. Their villages were Etam, Ain, Rimmon, Tochen, and Ashan, five cities;
VERSE 33. and all their villages that were around the same cities, as far as Baal. These were their settlements, and they kept their genealogy.
VERSE 34. Meshobab, Jamlech, Joshah the son of Amaziah,
VERSE 35. Joel, Jehu the son of Joshibiah, the son of Seraiah, the son of Asiel,
VERSE 36. Elioenai, Jaakobah, Jeshohaiah, Asaiah, Adiel, Jesimiel, Benaiah,
VERSE 37. and Ziza the son of Shiphi, the son of Allon, the son of Jedaiah, the son of Shimri, the son of Shemaiah—
VERSE 38. these mentioned by name were princes in their families. Their fathers’ houses increased greatly.
VERSE 39. They went to the entrance of Gedor, even to the east side of the valley, to seek pasture for their flocks.
VERSE 40. They found rich, good pasture, and the land was wide, and quiet, and peaceful, for those who lived there before were descended from Ham.
They found rich, good pasture. They appropriated these lands from the original Hamitic settlers.
VERSE 41. These written by name came in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and struck their tents and the Meunim who were found there; and they destroyed them utterly to this day, and lived in their place, because there was pasture there for their flocks.
in the days of Hezekiah. That is, 715-686 BC.
destroyed them utterly. That is, exterminated them.
VERSE 42. Some of them, even of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men, went to Mount Seir, having for their captains Pelatiah, Neariah, Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi.
VERSE 43. They struck the remnant of the Amalekites who escaped, and have lived there to this day.
Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. These translations have no copyright restrictions. They are in the Public Domain. | <urn:uuid:d4d1330e-24fe-41d8-8914-db690ab411f2> | {
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Robots Invade Upstate New York
On a chilly autumn day, robots descended on Altamont Elementary School in Altamont, New York. Were the students terrified? Far from it: they were enchanted and energized, as they explored the realm of social robotics under the guidance of Jennifer Goodall and Katy DeCorah of the University at Albany-State University of New York (UAlbany). Goodall and DeCorah presented UAlbany’s Social Robotics Workshop, an innovative program designed to introduce K-12 students to the roles that robots might play in the future and to excite young people about technology in general.
The brainchild of Goodall, assistant dean of the Department of Informatics, and Nick Webb, senior research scientist at the university’s Institute for Informatics, Logics Security Studies, the Social Robotics Workshop introduces students to the core concepts of robotics and enables them to experiment with robots and to program simple interactive behaviors. Built around the “sense, plan, act” paradigm-an approach that dates from the earliest days of robotics-the workshop challenges the students to program robots with personalities. For example, students might program their robots to politely say “Excuse me!” when they bump into someone, or they might have their robots convey annoyance through an angry expression on the “face” screen.
“Exercises using these software platforms allow students … to try simple social robotic experiments, such as talking, indicating primitive emotions and simple vision exercises,” said Goodall. The program clicks with students in large part because they can see a real connection between their simple experiments and future robotics applications. Moreover, working with the robots inspires the students to learn more about computer science and engineering, which is the key goal of the workshop.
Funding for the Social Robotics Workshop comes from the National Center for Women & Information Technology Academic Alliance Seed Fund, which is sponsored by Microsoft Research Connections, the division of Microsoft Research that collaborates with academia to help shape the future of computing. The Seed Fund provides grants “to develop and implement initiatives for recruiting and retaining women in computer science and information technology fields of study.”
The Social Robotics Workshop is one of 19 projects that have received grants since the inception of the Seed Fund in 2007. To date, grants totaling more than $315,000 have been awarded. The UAlbany initiative was one of three to receive grants in round six of the Seed Fund. In the recently completed round seven of the competition, five projects won grants of $10,000 each. The winning initiatives range from programs to encourage women undergrads to major in computer science to a two-week summer outreach program aimed at high schoolers.
Back at Altamont, the success of the Social Robotics Workshop is confirmed in the thank-you notes from the students. “Dear Jen,” wrote one of the young experimenters, “Thank you for helping us program our robots. It was much easier with your help. I like the way you broke it down into steps. It made it much easier. It was exciting to work with robots. It felt like we were real scientists! When I go to collage [sic] I want to do robots. THANK YOU!”
—Jane Prey, Senior Program Manager, Microsoft Research Connections | <urn:uuid:bd2f433d-22de-4e37-a640-0afe6eeb0a1e> | {
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Jove's Oak (interpretatio romana for Donar's Oak and therefore sometimes referred to as Thor's Oak) was a sacred tree of the Germanic pagans located in an unclear location around what is now the region of Hesse, Germany. According to the 8th century Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldi, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Saint Boniface and his retinue cut down the tree earlier the same century. Wood from the oak was then reportedly used to build a church at the site dedicated to Saint Peter. Sacred trees and sacred groves were widely venerated by the Germanic peoples and scholars have linked this oak and others to the world tree in Norse mythology, Yggdrasil.
According to Willibald's 8th century Life of Saint Boniface, the felling of the tree occurred during Boniface's life earlier the same century at an unclear location at the time known as Gaesmere (several locations are recorded as bearing the name Geismar in Hesse). Although no date is provided, the felling may have occurred more specifically around 723 or 724. Willibald's account is as follows (note that Robinson has translated robor Iobis, "tree of Jove", as "Tree of Jupiter"):
Cum vero Hessorum iam multi, catholica fide subditi ac septiformis spiritus gratia confirmati, manus inspositionem acciperunt, et quidem, nondum animo confortati, intermeratae fidei documenta integre perceipere rennuerunt, alii etiam lignis et fontibus clanculo, alii autem aperte sacrificabant; alii vero aruspicia et divinationes, prestigia atque icantationes occulte, alii quidem manifeste exercebant; alii quippe auguria et auspicia intendebant diversosque sacrificandi ritus incoluerunt; alii etiam, quibus mens sanior inerat, omni abeicta gentilitatis profantione, nihil horum commisserunt. Quorum consultu atque consilio roborem quendam mirae magnitudinis, qui prisco paganorum vocabulo appellatur robor Iobis, in loco qui dicitur Gaesmere, servis Dei secum adstantibus succidere temptavit. Cumque, mentis constantia confortatus, arborem succidisset, — magna quippe aderat copia paganorum, qui et inimicum deorum suorum intra se diligentissime devotabant,—sed ad mdoicum quidem arbore praeciso, confestim immensa roboris moles, divino desuper flatu exagitata, palmitum confracto culmine, corruit et quasi superni nutus solatio in quattuor etiam partes disrupta est, et quattor ingentis magnitudinis aequali longitudine trunci absque fratrum labore adstantium apparuerunt. Quo viso, prios devotantes pagani etiam versa vice benedictionem Domino, pristina abiecta maledictione, credentes reddiderunt. Tunc autem summae sanctitatis antistes, consilio inito cum fratribus, ligneum ex supradictae arboris metallo oratorium construxit eamque in honore sancti Petri apostoli dedicavit.
Now at that time many of the Hessians, brought under the Catholic faith and confirmed by the grace of the sevenfold spirit, received the laying on of hands; others indeed, not yet strengthened in soul, refused to accept in their entirety the lessons of the inviolate faith. Moreover some were wont secretly, some openly to sacrifice to trees and springs; some in secret, others openly practiced inspections of victims and divinations, legerdemain and incantations; some turned their attention to auguries and auspices and various sacrificial rites; while others, with sounder minds, abandoned all the profanations of heathenism, and committed none of these things. With the advice and counsel of these last, the saint attempted, in the place called Gaesmere, while the servants of God stood by his side, to fell a certain oak of extraordinary size, which is called, by an old name of the pagans, the Oak of Jupiter. And when in the strength of his steadfast heart he had cut the lower notch, there was present a great multitude of pagans, who in their souls were earnestly cursing the enemy of their gods. But when the fore side of the tree was notched only a little, suddenly the oak's vast bulk, driven by a blast from above, crashed to the ground, shivering its crown of branches as it fell; and, as if by the gracious compensation of the Most High, it was also burst into four parts, and four trunks of huge size, equal in length, were seen, unwrought by the brethren who stood by. At this sight the pagans who before had cursed now, on the contrary, believed, and blessed the Lord, and put away their former reviling. Then moreover the most holy bishop, after taking counsel with the brethren, built from the timber of the tree wooden oratory, and dedicated it in honor of Saint Peter the apostle.
Veneration of sacred groves and sacred trees is found throughout the history of the Germanic peoples and were targeted for destruction by Christian missionaries during the Christianization of the Germanic peoples. Ken Dowden notes that behind this great oak dedicated to Donar, the Irminsul (also felled by Christian missionaries in the 8th century), and the Sacred tree at Uppsala (described by Adam of Bremen in the 11th century), stands a mythic prototype of an immense world tree, described in Norse mythology as Yggdrasil.
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The coin plant is a golden yarrow (Achillea Filipendulina "Gold Dwarf Coin"), is a European perennial that features bright yellow compact flowers atop dark green stalks that can reach heights of 36 inches. These deer- and rabbit-resistant plants work well as ornamentals on slopes and hillsides or in a butterfly garden, as coin plants are attractive to butterflies. Coin plants do best in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 9 and require little care once established. This perennial may become invasive if not maintained.
Soil and Light
Coin plants do best in soil that is sandy or loamy, and drains well. Optimal soil pH levels is acidic to slightly alkaline, while preferred soil temperature is between 60 and 65 degrees Fahrenheit. If unsure of your soil's pH, perform a soil test. This drought-tolerant plant requires dry soil to flourish and does not do well in soil that is overly wet or dense. Richer soils yield a taller, floppier version of the plant. Coin plants also require full sun, meaning they do best when they receive at least six hours of sunlight per day.
Though this drought-tolerant plant does not do well in moist soil, it still requires watering, especially during the first two years after planting. The first year after planting is the most important in terms of watering. Water the plant deeply once a week rather than watering it lightly a few times during the week, which decreases the possibility of over-watering.
The coin plant does not require excessive fertilization, in fact it will do better with less fertilization. Use an organic fertilizer such as fish emulsion to fertilize coin plants. Follow the manufacturer label directions for best results. If using a controlled, slow-release fertilizer, one application per year is enough.
Pruning and Propagation
Prune coin plants by cutting them back to about half their original size once their blooms have wilted, which can result in a second blooming of the plant in the spring or fall depending on when you prune. Propagate coin plants by dividing them in the spring or fall. Do this every two years, which will help keep the plants at reasonable sizes and prevent them from taking over your garden or lawn. | <urn:uuid:5306e00c-5074-43d9-9af9-9144e914e2b3> | {
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In the heady progressive years of the early 20th century, few things were more alluring than the promise of scientific knowledge. In a world struggling with rapid industrialization, massive immigration, and chaotic urban growth, science and technology seemed to offer solutions to almost every problem. Newly created state colleges and universities devoted themselves almost entirely to scientific, technological, and engineering fields. Many Americans came to believe that scientific certainty could solve not only scientific problems, but could also reform politics, government, and business. Two world wars and a Great Depression rocked the confidence of many people that scientific expertise alone could create a prosperous and ordered world. In the aftermath of World War II, the academic world turned with new enthusiasm to humanistic studies, which seemed to many scholars the best way to ensure the survival of democracy and to resist tyranny. American scholars fanned out across much of the world—with support from the Ford Foundation, the Fulbright program, and the U.S. Information Agency—to promote the teaching of literature and the arts in an effort to make the case for democratic freedoms.
In the America of our own time, the great educational challenge has become an effort to strengthen the teaching of what is now know as the STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and math). There is considerable and justified concern that the United States is falling behind much of the rest of the developed world in these essential disciplines. India, China, Japan, and other regions seem to be seizing technological leadership.
At the same time, perhaps inevitably, the humanities—while still popular in elite colleges and universities—have experienced a significant decline. Humanistic disciplines are seriously underfunded, not just by the government and the foundations but by academic institutions themselves. Humanists are usually among the lowest-paid faculty members at most institutions and are often lightly regarded because they do not generate grant income and because they provide no obvious credentials for most nonacademic careers.
There is no doubt that American education should be training more scientists and engineers and should be teaching scientific literacy to everyone else. Much of the hand-wringing among politicians about the state of American universities today is focused on the absence of "real world" education—which to a large degree means preparation for professional and scientific careers. But the idea that institutions or their students must decide between humanities and science is false. Our society could not survive without scientific and technological knowledge. But we would be equally impoverished without humanistic knowledge as well. Science and technology teach us what we can do. Humanistic thinking can help us understand what we should do.
The humanities are not simply vehicles of aesthetic reward and intellectual inspiration, as valuable as those purposes are. Science and technology aspire to clean, clear answers to problems (as elusive as those answers might be). The humanities address ambiguity, doubt, and skepticism—essential underpinnings in a complex and diverse society and a turbulent world.
It is not surprising that many of our greatest scientists are also deeply committed to humanistic knowledge and values. Nor should it be surprising that many humanistic fields find scientific tools essential to their work. At my own university, all undergraduates must take a rigorous humanities core, but they are also required to develop scientific skills and literacy. Many liberal-arts institutions have developed similar curricular goals. Among academics, scientists and humanists not only coexist, but often collaborate. It is mostly in the politics of education that debates over the relative value of these different disciplines take place.
It is almost impossible to imagine our society without thinking of the extraordinary achievements of scientists and engineers in building our complicated world. But try to imagine our world as well without the remarkable works that have defined our culture and values. We have always needed, and we still need, both. | <urn:uuid:5b07dc6b-1a7d-40a5-9031-22f40322e638> | {
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Our Solar System: In Order From the Sun
6 of 10
Fifth from the Sun is the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter. Its diameter is 11 times that of Earth. Jupiter is also two and a half times as massive as all the other planets in the solar system put together. Sulphur, ammonia, and phosphorous compounds make up quite a bit of the planet's atmosphere. The only solid part of Jupiter is its small rocky core. This picture was taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft on 1 January 2001. Notice the small sphere in the foreground, that's Jupiter's moon, Io.
Fun Fact: Io is about the same size as Earth's moon.
Photo source: NASA | <urn:uuid:33781a75-719a-4d33-a2d0-c604846b551f> | {
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Railroads became increasingly important to the expanding nation, and unfair railroad practices proliferated. Rail lines extended cheaper rates to large shippers by rebating a portion of the charge, operated to the disadvantage of small shippers. Also, some railroads charged arbitrarily higher rates to some shippers than to others between certain points, regardless of distance.
Moreover, while competition held down freight charges between cities with several rail connections, rates were excessive between points served by only one line. Thus it cost less to ship goods 1,280 kilometers from Chicago to New York than to places a few hundred kilometers from Chicago. And by joint action to avoid competition -- pooling -- rival companies divided the freight business according to a prearranged scheme that placed the total earnings in a common fund for distribution.
Popular resentment at these practices stimulated state efforts at regulation. These had some effect, but the problem was national in character and demanded congressional action.
In 1887 President Grover Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act, which forbade excessive charges, pools, rebates and rate discrimination, and created an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to guard against violations of the act. In the first decades of its existence, however, the railroads used conservative Supreme Court decisions to thwart virtually all the ICC's efforts at regulation and rate reductions.
Cleveland was also active in combating the high tariff, which, adopted originally as an emergency war measure, had come to be accepted as permanent national policy under the Republican presidents who dominated the politics of the era. Cleveland, a Democrat, regarded excessive tariffs as responsible in large measure for a burdensome increase in the cost of living and for the rapid development of trusts. After many years, during which the tariff had not been a political issue, the Democrats in 1880 demanded a "tariff for revenue only," and soon the clamor for reform became insistent. In his annual message to Congress in 1887, Cleveland, despite warnings to avoid the explosive subject, startled the nation by denouncing the extremes to which the principle of protecting American industry from foreign competition had been pushed.
The tariff became the main issue of the presidential election campaign in 1888, and Republican candidate Benjamin Harrison, a defender of protectionism, won in a close race. The Harrison administration, fulfilling its campaign promises, passed in 1890 the McKinley tariff bill, a measure designed to protect established industries as well as to foster so-called "infant industries." The new tariff's generally high rates contributed to high retail prices, triggering widespread dissatisfaction.
During this period, public antipathy toward the trusts increased. The nation's gigantic corporations, subjected to bitter attack through the 1880s by such reformers as Henry George and Edward Bellamy, became a hotly debated political issue. To break the monopolies, the Sherman Antitrust Act, passed in 1890, forbade all combinations in restraint of interstate trade and provided several methods of enforcement with severe penalties. Couched in vague generalities, the law itself accomplished little immediately after its passage. But a decade later, in the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, its effective application earned the president the nickname of "trust-buster."
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The campaign is backed by a presidential memorandum signed by President Obama. It establishes a task force on childhood obesity.
One key component of the Let’s Move campaign is to help parents make healthy choices. How can parents help their children maintain a healthy weight?
A new study suggests that one way it to make sure that children get enough sleep. This is one of three household routines that may help prevent obesity in children.
The study involved 8,550 children who were born in the U.S. in 2001. They were a part of the birth cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. Data were collected in 2005 when the children were 4 years old.
Obesity was determined by their height and weight measurements. The study also examined their exposure to three household routines:
- Eating the evening meal as a family more than five nights per week
- Sleeping for at least 10.5 hours per night on weekdays
- Watching no more than two hours of TV or videos per day on weekdays
Results show that 18 percent of children were obese. About 58 percent of parents reported that their child slept at least 10.5 hours per night.
The rate of obesity was 36 percent to 37 percent lower in children exposed to any two or all three of the routines. Exposure to only one routine reduced the odds of obesity by 16 percent.
“The routines were protective even among groups that typically have a high risk for obesity,” lead author Sarah Anderson said in a news release. “This is important because it suggests that there’s a potential for these routines to be useful targets for obesity prevention in all children.”
So which of the three routines was most important? Anderson said that each of the three routines appeared to be helpful.
“What this suggests is that you can’t point to any one of these routines,” she said. “Each one appears to be associated with a lower risk of obesity, and having more of these routines appears to lower the risk further.”
In October the Sleep Education Blog reported on sleep duration and obesity in children. A recent study found that children who slept less than eight hours on weekdays were more than two times more likely to be overweight or obese. | <urn:uuid:fb3e1c27-da48-4ab4-a806-3fcb148a5eec> | {
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Feeding Babies With Formula Could Put Kids at Risk for Obesity
If you're planning on feeding your baby infant formula rather than breast milk, first, get ready for an ugly debate with other new moms and random people who will be teeming with insults and accusations that you're "selfish and lazy."
A survey reported by ABC earlier this year showed the two camps are at serious odds when it comes to feeding your child.
But, brace yourself. The battle could get worse. A new study warns that formula puts kids on a path of obesity. The question now, the Los Angeles Times reports, is will this formula make my baby look fat?
The study, published online in the journal Pediatrics finds babies fed a particular kind of infant formula -- cow's milk -- gain more weight than other babies and continue to gain weight faster than their counterparts during the first seven-and-a-half months of life, Pediatrics says.
Researchers from the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia explored whether babies would respond differently to formulas based on cow's milk (where proteins are intact) and those made with proteins that are pre-digested, which are easier for some babies to tolerate, the Times reports.
These formulas, known as protein hydrolysate formulas (or PHFs), have about 35 percent more protein than cow's milk formulas. They also have more free amino acids, the study says.
The study followed 56 moms who planned to feed their babies formula. The difference in the groups became apparent after two months, the newspaper reports. By then, the babies receiving cow's milk formula had significantly higher weight-per-length than the babies on PHF formula. By 3-and-a-half months, the cow's milk formula babies also had significantly higher weight-per-age than the PHF babies, whose weight (per length and per age) matched those of breast-fed babies, according to the Times.
What's more, even after the babies started eating solid food, the ones who were fed cow's milk continued to gain weight, according to the newspaper.
This has wider-spread implications, the Times reports, because the most popular formula on the market is cow's milk. Researchers say they will continue to explore the implications of the study.
Ask Us Anything About Parenting
- PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS AS TO THE ANSWER BY DEFENDANTS ______________________________. Plaintiff, ________________________ h...
- Alot of .gov when submitting a program or proposal for government agency (be sure you personally can provide for the agency)
- Justin Bieber - Baby ft. Ludacris by JustinBieberVEVO 3 years ago 859,231,811 views
Start by teaching him that it is safe to do so. | <urn:uuid:cfe04ce4-0dee-4f3f-b670-e21e3b448543> | {
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Stories and Histories
These districts serve the Colorado Springs metro area, which has seen recent influxes of new teachers and students; many are new to the United States and lack awareness of the country's history and what it means to be an American. The project will take a four-step approach: (1) grade-based learning teams with mentoring support, (2) summer and school-year professional development tracks, (3) a virtual network, and (4) resources (e.g., books, professional memberships in history organizations). Whichever track participants choose, they can earn academic and/or state continuing education credit. Every cohort will propose a presentation for the National Council for History Education annual conference, and four teachers will attend (one from each district). Five 1-year cohorts, each consisting of 40 history, civics and government teachers, will work in professional learning teams. Each cohort will commit to the school-year program, the summer program, or both; teachers may continue after 1 year, based on availability and need. Stories and Histories will pursue the theme of integrating thinking skills into history teaching. Inquiry questions will guide study of pivotal events, people, documents, legislation and judicial cases, as well as their local, state and national significance. Training will focus on helping teachers use digital storytelling, look at history as a historian does and apply such strategies as Understanding by Design and collaborative coaching. Every teacher will develop and use either a digital storytelling project or a primary source activity for the classroom; along with students' digital products, these materials will be posted on the Web for other teachers to find and use. | <urn:uuid:d6eec3d6-f734-4969-82e9-8e9419a58381> | {
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- Position: full sun or partial shade
- Soil: moist, well-drained, moderately fertile, humus-rich soil
- Rate of growth: average
- Flowering period: August and September
- Hardiness: fully hardy
Masses of mophead flowers start out deep pink in June, maturing to red with a crescendo of burgundy by the end of the year on neutral or slightly acidic soil. On acid soil, the flowers will open blue or mauve. This upright, deciduous hydrangea is a gorgeous specimen plant for a sunny or partially shady border where the purple-flushed foliage will add colour. It looks particularly good planted with other hydrangeas. The flowerheads are also a popular choice for dried flower arrangements.
- Garden care: Hydrangeas do not like to dry out. In dry weather, soak the roots with a hose and the plant will usually recover. Remove faded flowerheads in spring after the danger of frosts, cutting back the flowered stems to a strong pair of buds. Take out misplaced or diseased shoots. Mulch young plants with a well-rotted manure or compost in spring. Once established, remove a quarter to a third of the shoots to the base of the plant.
Hydrangeas give their best blue flowers on acidic soil of pH 5.5. When grown on neutral soil, with a pH of 7, flowers will predominantly be pink, although blue or mauve blooms can also be produced. To produce blue blooms, make sure your soil is acidic with a pH of at most 6.5. To make a neutral soil acidic you can treat it annually with aluminium salts. However it's much harder to alter the pH of limey soil (alkaline), so it's easier to grow white or pink hydrangeas.
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The aim is to improve both offensive and defensive play. Player 1 starts with the ball in the mid-court area, and player 2 at the top of the key. Player 1 dribbles the ball towards player 2. Player 1 stops still, just in front of player 2, but continues to dribble the ball.
Basketball One on One Drills
Player 1 then starts a full body shiver whilst staying on the spot. This is supposed to knock the defensive player off balance and not on their toes. Once this is achieved player 1 makes a quick dart for the basket and attempts a lay up.
- Use weaker arm for the dribble and shot.
- Think of other ways to unbalance defender.
- When attempting the lay up make sure the non-shooting hand is under the ball, and the shooting hand is on top, keep the elbow in, lift shooting knee, and jump straight up off the other leg, extend arms, and release the ball at the highest point. | <urn:uuid:6e9141f6-e59e-499a-917c-3bdd2f826c00> | {
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This Demonstration shows two clocks that compare the current local time with the apparent solar time at the user's location.
Solar time differs from clock time due to the equation of time for the date and the offset of the user's location from the center of the location's time zone. The use of daylight saving time will further increase the difference by 60 minutes.
Click the "today" button to set the solar time for today, which takes into account the user's location, time zone, and daylight saving time when appropriate. Changing the date shows the variation of solar time at the user's location during the course of one year. | <urn:uuid:814823dc-1d66-476c-acb3-190747f92a5d> | {
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Paleontological Resources Preservation Act
The SVP has been working for many years to protect fossils on federal lands by encouraging enactment of The Paleontological Resources Preservation Act. This effort culminated on March 30, 2009 when the Omnibus Lands Act of 2009, into which the PRPA had been incorporated, was signed and became Public Law 111-11. The provisions of this act will protect scientifically significant fossils on federal land. It provides a permitting system whereby researchers can collect and study scientifically significant fossils which will remain in the public trust. The act also provides for the collecting of common plant and invertebrate fossils for personal non- commercial use on BLM and Forest Service administered lands.
Full Text of the Bill
SVP Executive Committee and Government Affairs Committee members present a thank you to Congressman James P. McGovern for his help in securing the passage of legislation protecting fossils on federal lands.
Photo from left: Jay Lucey, Senior Legislative Assistant for Massachusetts Representative James P.McGovern; Julia Clarke; Patrick Leiggi; Ana Baez;Ted Vlamis; Glenn Storrs; Blaire Van Valkenburgh; Philip Currie; Massachusetts Representative (3rd Congressional District) James P. McGovern; Chris Brochu; Catherine Badgley; Mike Gottfried. Photo courtesy of Ted Vlamis.
|SVP Executive Committee and Government Affairs Committee members present a thank you to Senator Daniel K. Akaka for his help in securing the passage of legislation protecting fossils on federal lands.
Photo clockwise from top left: Julia Clarke; Glen Storrs; Kate VanZanten; Patrick Leiggi; Chris Brochu; David Brooks Senior Counsel, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee; Ana Baez; Mike Gottfried; Blaire Van Valkenburgh; Shirley Fiske, former Legislative Director for Senator Daniel K. Akaka (Hawaii); Louise Kitamura Legislative Assistant for Senator Daniel K. Akaka (Hawaii); Senator Daniel K. Akaka (Hawaii); Ted Vlamis; Catherine Badgley. Photo courtesy of Ted Vlamis.
Why should fossils be preserved?
Fossils are for everyone — children and adults, amateur and professional paleontologists. From fossils we learn about the history of life, but much of the story is yet to be written. Fossils from public lands are an educational and scientific resource for our generation and those yet to come. Scientifically significant fossils on federal lands belong to all the people of the United States. They should not be removed from the public domain, but preserved for the enjoyment and education of all Americans for all time.
How does the PRPA preserve fossils?
The Paleontological Resources Preservation Act codifies the existing practice of requiring that vertebrate fossils and other rare and scientifically significant fossils be collected only by qualified researchers who obtain a permit. They must agree to deposit the fossils in public institutions which will ensure their future availability to researchers and the public.
How does the PRPA affect amateur collecting on federal lands?
It does not change anything. Multi-use agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service often allow the recreational collecting of common plant and invertebrate fossils for non-commercial use. The PRPA ensures that this will continue, as one of the purposes of the PRPA is “To ensure that amateur collecting of rocks, minerals, and invertebrate and plant fossils on Federal lands is not affected by this Act.” It provides that “The Secretary, the Director, or any other Federal land manager, with the exception of a Federal land manager of land under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, may allow casual collecting of abundant invertebrate and plant paleontological resources, for scientific, educational, and recreational uses, without a permit, where such collection is not inconsistent with the laws governing the management of those
Federal lands and this Act.”
The collection of vertebrate fossils on federal lands requires a permit, and collection is allowed only for educational purposes. This practice is continued under the PRPA.
How does the PRPA affect private lands and Indian lands?
It does not affect them. The PRPA specifically states that “Nothing in this Act shall be construed to affect any lands other than Federal lands or affect the lawful recovery, collection, or sale of paleontological resources from lands other than Federal lands.”
Weren't fossils on federal lands already protected by federal laws?
Yes, but previous Federal laws were inadequate to protect vertebrate fossils and to ensure broadest access to citizens. Penalties for illegal collecting were extremely weak, and were not a deterrent because of the high commercial value commanded by vertebrate fossils.
Is there an urgent need to preserve these fossils?
Yes. In a study commissioned by the Forest Service, it was found that almost one-third of the paleontological sites surveyed in the Oglala National Grassland showed evidence of unauthorized collecting. In 1999, the National Park Service identified 721 documented incidents of paleontological resource theft or vandalism, many involving multiple specimens, in the national parks between 1995 and 1998.
Does the PRPA reflect recommendations of federal agencies?
Yes. The Department of the Interior (DOI) submitted the report “Management of Fossils on Federal and Indian Lands” to Congress before the PRPA became law. The PRPA reflects the following seven principles and recommendations:
- Fossils on federal lands are a part of America’s heritage
Recommendation: Future actions should reaffirm the use of federal fossils for their scientific, educational, and where appropriate, educational values.
- Most vertebrate fossils are rare
Recommendation: Future actions should reaffirm the restriction of vertebrate fossil collection to qualified personnel, with the fossils remaining in federal ownership in perpetuity.
- Some invertebrate and plant fossils are rare
Recommendation: Future actions should reaffirm the use of mission-specific agency approaches to the management of plant and invertebrate fossils.
- Penalties for fossil theft should be strengthened
Future actions should penalize the theft of fossils from federal lands in a way that maximizes the effectiveness of prosecutions and deters future thefts. Penalties should take into account, among other factors, the value of fossils themselves, as well as any damage resulting from their illegal collection. Future program strategies should emphasize education of federal managers, prosecutors, law enforcement personnel and the judiciary regarding the value of fossils and the techniques for the appropriate protection of fossil resources.
- Effective stewardship requires accurate information
Recommendation: Future actions should acknowledge the need for gathering and analyzing information about where fossils occur, in particular the critical role of inventory in the effective management of fossil resources. Increased emphasis on fossil inventory should take into consideration, where possible, regional approaches across agency lines, using modern technology such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Such work could also address specific issues, such as the impact of erosion on the loss of resources.
- Federal fossil collections should be preserved and available for research and public education
Future actions should affirm the importance of curating scientifically valuable fossils as federal property, often in partnership with non-federal institutions. Future program approaches should emphasize the use of modern technology to improve curation and access, as well as the sharing of information between and among federal agencies and other institutions.
- Federal fossil management should emphasize opportunities for public involvement
Recommendation: Future actions should include an emphasis on public education and participation in the stewardship of fossil resources. Future program approaches should emphasize the use of technology to increase public education and awareness of the importance and benefit of fossil resources.
What you should know about vertebrate fossils?
Fossil vertebrates are usually unique or rare, nonrenewable resources that constitute part of our natural heritage. They provide data by which the history of vertebrate life on Earth may be reconstructed and are one of the primary means of studying evolutionary patterns and processes as well as environmental change.
Many kinds of fossils, including those of most vertebrates, are rare for several reasons. Far less than 1% of the organisms that have ever lived become fossils. Many organisms are not readily preserved as fossils because they do not have hard parts. Only rather unusual sedimentary environments preserve soft parts long enough to become fossilized. The remains of small organisms are more readily destroyed by mechanical and biological processes than the remains of large organisms.
Also, organisms can only be preserved where sediments accumulate at a fairly high rate. Most organic remains are not buried fast enough to contribute to the fossil record. In addition, vertebrate fossils are generally less common than invertebrate fossils because there have been fewer living vertebrates than invertebrates over geologic time. Although we are fortunate to have some exceptions to these generalizations, spectacular deposits of diverse and complete organisms are rare over the history of the earth. All of this means that the chances of any vertebrate becoming a fossil are very small. Thus, vertebrate fossils are extremely valuable as bearers of information about the past. Furthermore, fossils of extinct groups are not renewable. More fossils will be discovered and collected, but always from a finite supply.
The rocks in which the fossils are found provide information about the environment of preservation and its climate, position in a historical sequence, and paleogeographic location. Fossil assemblages provide information about ecological interactions and communities.
A fossil collected without this information has lost much of its value, and we know little more than that this animal lived and died. In contrast, when contextual data are collected and studied, we begin to understand how the animal lived. As paleontologists and geologists learn more ways to interpret ancient environments and ecological communities from fossil assemblages in their original context, this information becomes more and more valuable and important.
The understanding of evolutionary processes and relationships comes primarily from comparing the skeletons from different animals to each other. In order to do this; researchers must be able to compare new specimens with those previously unearthed. Only when specimens are properly collected and curated in public institutions can researchers access these specimens in order to make these comparisons. And when these comparisons and interpretations are made, education and the general public greatly benefit by having access to this new interpretive knowledge.
Fact vs. Fiction
Concern: Passage of the PRPA harms amateur paleontologists and rock collectors.
Fact: This is not true. Any collecting that amateur paleontologists and rock collectors could legally do prior to passage of the PRPA is still permitted under the PRPA. For example, an amateur collector could previously legally collect common plants and invertebrates on BLM and FS land without a permit. This is still allowed under the casual collecting provision. Collection of vertebrate fossils requires a permit under existing rules and regulations. Collecting on NPS lands is by permit only. In sum, nothing changes.
One thing that should be of interest is that although the Forest Service has been allowing rock collecting in National Forests, they really have no legal authority for doing so, as current agency “organic acts” do not specifically address this recreational use of public lands. Without specific authority, this practice may be in jeopardy and future administrations could take away this privilege. The problems inherent in not having this authorization spelled out clearly were seen in the issuance of the Forest Service's 1994 proposed rules which would have prohibited amateur rock, mineral and fossil collecting on all National Forest system lands.
It is estimated that 30,000 to 70,000 comments were received from amateurs opposed to eliminating amateur collecting. The PRPA gives the needed Congressional authorization for amateur collecting on public lands. The following quotation comes from Ms. Elizabeth Estill, Deputy Chief, Programs and Legislation for the Forest Service. S. Hrg. 107-794. (S. 2727 was the 107th Congress Senate version of the bill): The Forest Service currently does allow casual collecting by amateurs without permit, but there is not anything that really formally recognizes this activity. We see S. 2727 formally allowing it, and we see that as a good thing for the casual collector.
Concern: The PRPA is overly harsh. A rock collector could become a convicted felon and therefore not be able to obtain a firearm license.
Fact: Nothing in this act affects rock collecting. Section 15 specifically states that “Nothing in this Act shall be construed to … apply to, or require a permit for, amateur collecting of a rock, mineral, or invertebrate or plant fossil that is not protected under this Act.” The felony penalties only apply if the sum of the scientific or fair market value of the paleontological resources involved and the cost of restoration and repair of such resources exceeds the sum of $1,000 or in the case of multiple convictions. The criminal and civil penalties sections of the bill only apply to the theft of paleontological resources from federal lands.
Concern: The PRPA gives federal agencies too much authority in granting permits and will restrict access to anyone not holding a PhD.
Fact: There is no change. The agencies have been using this discretion; e.g., the Forest Service and BLM have had the discretion to issue permits, and by policy, only issue permits for scientific and educational purposes. No permits are issued for the commercial collecting of paleontological resources. No permits are required for amateur collecting. Passage of this legislation ensures that as these agencies do so, they are following the wishes of the American people as expressed through their elected representatives.
Concern: The forfeiture provisions of the PRPA are too harsh and should not be applied to rock collectors.
Fact: The criminal and civil penalties in the PRPA apply only to paleontological resources, not rock collecting. Any forfeiture could only occur after conviction. Congressional passage of P.L. 106-185, the Civil Asset Forfeiture Act of 2000 requires that in all suits or actions brought for civil forfeiture of any property, that the burden of proof is on the United States to establish by preponderance of evidence that the property is subject to forfeiture. Therefore, under the current theft of property statutes at Title 18, P.L. 106-185 would offer the defendant additional protection.
Concern: Offering rewards to informants can create a tense law enforcement environment.
Fact: A great deal of consultation (not formal) was done with all the land management agencies when this legislation was being drafted. The rewards provision was added based on input from the agencies that is was a very necessary tool for law enforcement and DOJ’s analysis of the bill concurred with this.
Concern: The false labeling provision of the PRPA could result in people being prosecuted for honest misidentifications of fossils.
Fact: The false labeling offense applies when any false statement is made in association with a criminal offense under that section of the PRPA. This is not new authority as the agencies have had the authority to make a charge of “false labeling,” and if applicable, would be made in association with a charge under theft of federal property at 18 USC 641. The basis for this section of the act is Title 18 USC 1001.
Concern: The PRPA gives undue discretion to the agencies in permitting and enforcement.
Fact: The National Park Service, FS and BLM have had the discretion to issue permits for paleontological collection under each agency’s respective Organic Acts. Law Enforcement has all the discretion allowed under Title 18 USC 641, 1001, 1361 and any other applicable charges. Passage of this legislation ensures that as they do so they are following the wishes of the American people as expressed through their elected representatives.
Concern:The PRPA harms rock conventions, requires a paper trail for collections made from federal lands, and penalizes those guilty of only inadvertent violations.
Fact:There is no requirement in the PRPA for certification or proof of ownership of rocks, minerals or fossils, nor in any current authority. Currently, under the Mineral Materials Act of 1947, in order to be able to collect, then sell rocks and minerals from public lands, an amateur must have a mineral materials permit from the appropriate agency, and pay royalties to the government.
Concern: The PRPA would interfere with mining on federal land.
Fact: Section 15.1 of the PRPA ensures that this will not happen. It states that:
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to (1)invalidate, modify, or impose any additional restrictions or permitting requirements on any activities permitted at any time under the general mining laws, the mineral or geothermal leasing laws, laws providing for minerals materials disposal, or laws providing for the management or regulation of the activities authorized by the aforementioned laws including but not limited to the Federal Land Policy Management Act (43 U.S.C.1701-1784),the Mining in the Parks Act,the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (30 U.S.C.1201-1358),and the Organic Administration Act (16 U.S.C.478,482,551); …. | <urn:uuid:0ce7ba2d-ce9f-464c-a4df-e7f7f4f11d9e> | {
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By: Alistair Miles
In 2009, a group of African entomologists and public health professionals founded the Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA). The aim was to bring together mosquito control professionals from across the continent, and provide a platform to build capacity and coordinate efforts to improve mosquito control and prevent diseases like malaria. A few years later, in 2013, we began work at the Sanger Institute on a new project to sequence the genomes of more than 1,000 malaria mosquitoes collected from across Africa. It’s taken time for that work to bear fruit, but the project has now generated a wealth of new data that could be put to practical use.
Thanks to new funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, these efforts are now coming together, and PAMCA has recently invited researchers to propose new projects on mosquito genomics in Africa. Our mosquito team at the Sanger institute is excited to be supporting those projects, and will sequence the whole genomes of thousands of new mosquitoes collected from locations where we currently have little or no data.
Mosquito-borne diseases, particularly malaria, still have a devastating impact on public health in Africa, and massive efforts are made each year to control mosquitoes. For example, in 2017 the Global Fund paid for 197 million insecticide-treated bednets to be distributed in Africa. This approach has led to major reductions in disease, but brute force can only get you so far. Under this intense and uniform pressure, mosquito populations are rapidly evolving, and insecticide resistance has spread across the continent. As we struggle now to gain the upper hand, those working at the front line of mosquito population monitoring and control have a pivotal role to play.
In an ideal world, every province in every malaria-endemic country would have a well-trained, well-resourced, dedicated team of medical entomologists. Those teams would regularly collect data on local mosquito populations and run experiments to compare different tools and tactics for mosquito control. They would assess whether current mosquito control efforts are still effective, give advice on the best plan of attack for the next season, and raise the alert about any changes in local mosquitoes, such as the emergence or spread of a new form of insecticide resistance.
In some parts of Africa, this vision is not so far from reality. But there is a broad consensus that much more could be done to build capacity for mosquito population monitoring and surveillance. With recent advances in genomics, there is also now an opportunity to equip teams with new tools to collect richer and more relevant data, and to join up data and coordinate efforts across countries. This is why the Gates Foundation and the Sanger Institute are partnering with PAMCA and supporting this new funding call.
The Sanger Institute has committed to provide genome sequencing for all of the new PAMCA projects. The call will fund nine projects in total, each lasting 12 months, and our aim is to sequence whole genomes of 500 mosquitoes from each project. A particular focus of this call is to fund projects working in locations where little or no data on mosquito populations has so far been collected. Ironically, these are often areas with high rates of malaria, and so filling in these gaps in our continental map of mosquito populations is vital.
Last year we published results from the largest ever genomic study of mosquitoes, which sequenced Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, the species primarily responsible for transmitting malaria, collected from eight African countries. We found evidence that insecticide resistance is emerging locally in a number of geographically distinct mosquito populations, but it is also spreading between mosquito populations in different countries, in some cases separated by thousands of kilometres. These findings show that how insecticides are used in one location can have an impact on many other locations, and that mosquitoes, of course, do not respect political borders. The management of insecticide use, therefore, has to be coordinated.
Unlike the Aedes mosquitoes that transmit dengue and zika, which can travel over large distances by laying their eggs in car tyres, it is more likely that insecticide resistance spreads between Anopheles mosquito populations by adult mosquitoes flying to find new food and breeding grounds. But although we know that an insecticide resistance gene can find its way into populations as distant as Guinea and Angola, for example, we still don’t know where resistance is emerging, or what routes it can take as it spreads outwards from any given origin. Filling in these gaps in our understanding of mosquito movement and gene flow is a major goal of the new PAMCA projects.
Insecticides are likely to remain an essential component of mosquito control for the foreseeable future. But because of the challenges of resistance, and the significant costs and logistical issues involved in distributing millions of nets and spraying hundreds of thousands of homes each year, efforts are being made to develop alternative methods of mosquito control. New methods based on gene drive, where a selfish gene is introduced into a mosquito population and then spreads to cause the population to crash or become unable to transmit disease, have been proven to work in the lab, and are now being developed for use in the field. There are considerable technical, regulatory and logistical hurdles still to be overcome, but the technology has the potential to transform mosquito control in Africa. Understanding how mosquito populations are connected across Africa is obviously a prerequisite to planning any kind of deployment of gene drive, so sequencing mosquito genomes from across the complete geographical range of the species is all the more important.
Since its inception, PAMCA has established chapters in 8 countries, formed strategic partnerships with regional bodies and academic institutions, performed an Africa-wide assessment of entomological capacity, and run training workshops on gene drive. PAMCA has also held annual conferences in Kenya, Tanzania, Nigeria and Burkina Faso, bringing together entomologists, researchers, health professionals and members of governmental and non-governmental organisations. From 24-26 September, the 5th annual conference will be held in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. I’m excited to be attending the conference for the first time this year, and to be participating in a symposium on mosquito genomics, alongside colleagues from Sanger, the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and PAMCA. It should be a great opportunity to discuss the new funding call. Hopefully the new PAMCA projects will go some way towards increasing capacity both for basic medical entomology and for the analysis and interpretation of genomic data, as well as generating a wealth of new data from contemporary mosquito populations in understudied locations.
Applying for PAMCA funding
Researchers interested in applying for the PAMCA funding, please see the PAMCA request for proposals document for more information. The closing date for the first round of applications is 3rd October.
About the author:
Alistair Miles is Head of Epidemiological Informatics in the group of Dominic Kwiatkowski, at the University of Oxford, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- What is Malaria? Explainer on yourgenome.org
- Alistair Miles website
- Dominic Kwiatkowski website
- PAMCA : http://new.pamca.org
- PAMCA and Gates Foundation partnership to accelerate research on anopheles genomics in Africa http://new.pamca.org/2018/09/03/new-partnership-to-accelerate-research-on-anopheles-genomics-in-africa/
- The Malaria Genomic Epidemiology Network (MalariaGEN) | <urn:uuid:01da6c95-2dec-4eed-a0f8-582a09c77323> | {
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aarondubrow writes: Researchers working on the Severe Hail Analysis, Representation and Prediction (SHARP) project at the University of Oklahoma used the Stampede supercomputer to gain a better understanding of the conditions that cause severe hail to form, and to produce hail forecasts with far greater accuracy than those currently used operationally. The model the team used is six times more resolved that the National Weather Service's highest-resolution forecasts and applies machine learning algorithms to improve its predictions. The researchers will publish their results in an upcoming issue of the American Meteorological Society journal Weather and Forecasting.
DEAL: For $25 - Add A Second Phone Number To Your Smartphone for life! Use promo code SLASHDOT25. Also, Slashdot's now on IFTTT. Check it out! Check out the new SourceForge HTML5 Internet speed test! × | <urn:uuid:8acbba67-d9eb-436a-a226-76199991a15f> | {
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Major Section: DEFUN-SK
The initial version of this tutorial was written by Sandip Ray. Additions and revisions are welcome. Sandip has said:
``This is a collection of notes that I wrote to remind myself of how to reason about quantifiers when I just started. Most users after they have gotten the hang of quantifiers probably will not need this and will be able to use their intuitions to guide them in the process. But since many ACL2 users are not used to quantification, I am hoping that this set of notes might help them to think clearly while reasoning about quantifiers in ACL2.''
Many ACL2 papers start with the sentence ``ACL2 is a quantifier-free
first-order logic of recursive functions.'' It is true that the syntax
of ACL2 is quantifier-free; every formula is assumed to be universally
quantified over all free variables in the formula. But the logic in
fact does afford arbitrary first-order quantification. This is obtained in
ACL2 using a construct called
defun-sk. See defun-sk.
Many ACL2 users do not think in terms of quantifiers. The focus is
almost always on defining recursive functions and reasoning about them using
induction. That is entirely justified, in fact, since proving theorems about
recursive functions by induction plays to the strengths of the theorem
prover. Nevertheless there are situations where it is reasonable and often
useful to think in terms of quantifiers. However, reasoning about
quantifiers requires that you get into the mindset of thinking about theorems
in terms of quantification. This note is about how to do this effectively
given ACL2's implementation of quantification. This does not discuss
defun-sk in detail, but merely shows some examples. A detailed
explanation of the implementation is in the ACL2 documentation
(see defun-sk); also see conservativity-of-defchoose.
[Note: Quantifiers can be used for some pretty cool things in ACL2. Perhaps the most interesting example is the way of using quantifiers to introduce arbitrary tail-recursive equations; see the paper ``Partial Functions in ACL2'' by Panagiotis Manolios and J Strother Moore. This note does not address applications of quantifiers, but merely how you would reason about them once you think you want to use them.]
Assume that you have some function
P. I have just left
P as a unary
function stub below, since I do not care about what
(defstub P (*) => *)Now suppose you want to specify the concept that ``there exists some
(P x)holds''. ACL2 allows you to write that directly using quantifiers.
(defun-sk exists-P () (exists x (P x)))If you submit the above form in ACL2 you will see that the theorem prover specifies two functions
exists-p-witness, and exports the following constraints:
1. (defun exists-P () (P (exists-P-witness))) 2. (defthm exists-P-suff (implies (p x) (exists-p)))Here
exists-P-witnessis a new function symbol in the current ACL2 theory. What do the constraints above say? Notice the constraint
exists-p-suff. It says that if you can provide any
(P x)holds, then you know that
exists-pholds. Think of the other constraint (definition of
exists-p) as going the other way. That is, it says that if
exists-pholds, then there is some
x, call it
(exists-p-witness), for which
Pholds. Notice that nothing else is known about
exists-p-witnessthan the two constraints above.
exists-p-witness above is actually defined in ACL2 using a special
defchoose. See defchoose. This note does not talk about
defchoose. So far as this note is concerned, think of
exists-p-witness as a new function symbol that has been generated somehow
in ACL2, about which nothing other than the two facts above is known.]
Similarly, you can talk about the concept that ``for all
holds.'' This can be specified in ACL2 by the form:
(defun-sk forall-P () (forall x (P x)))This produces the following two constraints:
1. (defun forall-P () (P (forall-p-witness))) 2. (defthm forall-p-necc (implies (not (P x)) (not (forall-p))))To understand these, think of
for-all-p-witnessas producing some
xwhich does not satisfy
P, if such a thing exists. The constraint
forall-p-neccmerely says that if
Pis satisfied for every
x. (To see this more clearly, just think of the contrapositive of the formula shown.) The other constraint (definition of
forall-p) implies that if
forall-pdoes not hold then there is some
x, call it
(forall-p-witness), which does not satisfy
P. To see this, just consider the following formula which is immediately derivable from the definition.
(implies (not (forall-p)) (not (P (forall-witness))))The description above suggests that to reason about quantifiers, the following Rules of Thumb, familiar to most any student of logic, are useful.
RT1: To prove
(exists-p), construct some object
Aand then use
RT2: If you assume
exists-Pin your hypothesis, use the definition of
exists-pto know that
exists-p-witness. To use this to prove a theorem, you must be able to derive the theorem based on the hypothesis that
Pholds for something, whatever the something is.
RT3: To prove
forall-P, prove the theorem
(P x)(that is, that
Pholds for an arbitrary
x), and then simply instantiate the definition of
forall-p, that is, show that
Pholds for the witness.
RT4: If you assume
forall-pin the hypothesis of the theorem, see how you can prove your conclusion if indeed you were given
(P x)as a theorem. Possibly for the conclusion to hold, you needed that
Pholds for some specific set of
xvalues. Then use the theorem
forall-p-neccby instantiating it for the specific
xvalues you care about.
Perhaps the above is too terse. In the remainder of the note, we will consider several examples of how this is done to prove theorems in ACL2 that involve quantified notions.
Let us consider two trivial theorems. Assume that for some unary function
r, you have proved
(r x) as a theorem. Let us see how you can prove
that (1) there exists some x such that
(r x) holds, and (2) for all
(r x) holds.
We first model these things using
r is simply
some function for which
(r x) is a theorem.
(encapsulate (((r *) => *)) (local (defun r (x) (declare (ignore x)) t)) (defthm r-holds (r x))) (defun-sk exists-r () (exists x (r x))) (defun-sk forall-r () (forall x (r x)))ACL2 does not have too much reasoning support for quantifiers. So in most cases, one would need
:usehints to reason about quantifiers. In order to apply
:usehints, it is preferable to keep the function definitions and theorems disabled.
(in-theory (disable exists-r exists-r-suff forall-r forall-r-necc))Let us now prove that there is some
(r x)holds. Since we want to prove
exists-r, we must use
exists-r-suffby RT1. We do not need to construct any instance here since
rholds for all
xby the theorem above.
(defthm exists-r-holds (exists-r) :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance exists-r-suff)))))Let us now prove the theorem that for all
(r x)holds. By RT3, we must be able to prove it by definition of
(defthm forall-r-holds (forall-r) :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition forall-r))))))[Note: Probably no ACL2 user in his or her right mind would prove the theorems
forall-r-holdsabove. The theorems shown are only for demonstration purposes.]
For the remainder of this note we will assume that we have two stubbed out
N, and we will look at proving some quantified
properties of these functions.
(defstub M (*) => *) (defstub N (*) => *)Let us now define the predicates
ex-Nspecifying the various quantifications.
(defun-sk all-M () (forall x (M x))) (defun-sk all-N () (forall x (N x))) (defun-sk some-M () (exists x (M x))) (defun-sk some-N () (exists x (N x))) (in-theory (disable all-M all-N all-M-necc all-N-necc)) (in-theory (disable some-M some-N some-M-suff some-N-suff))Let us prove the classic distributive properties of quantification: the distributivity of universal quantification over conjunction, and the distributivity of existential quantification over disjunction. We can state these properties informally in ``pseudo ACL2'' notation as follows:
1. (exists x: (M x)) or (exists x: (N x)) <=> (exists x: (M x) or (N x)) 2. (forall x: (M x)) and (forall: x (N x)) <=> (forall x: (M x) and (N x))To make these notions formal we of course need to define the formulas at the right-hand sides of 1 and 2. So we define
all-MNto capture these concepts.
(defun-sk some-MN () (exists x (or (M x) (N x)))) (defun-sk all-MN () (forall x (and (M x) (N x)))) (in-theory (disable all-MN all-MN-necc some-MN some-MN-suff))First consider proving property 1. The formal statement of this theorem would be:
(iff (some-MN) (or (some-M) (some-N))).
How do we prove this theorem? Looking at RT1-RT4 above, note that they suggest how one should reason about quantification when one has an ``implication''. But here we have an ``equivalence''. This suggests another rule of thumb.
RT5: Whenever possible, prove an equivalence involving quantifiers by proving two implications.
Let us apply RT5 to prove the theorems above. So we will first prove:
(implies (some-MN) (or (some-M) (some-N)))
How can we prove this? This involves assuming a quantified predicate
(some-MN), so we must use RT2 and apply the definition of
Since the conclusion involves a disjunction of two quantified predicates, by
RT1 we must be able to construct two objects
B such that either
M holds for
N holds for
B, so that we can then invoke
some-N-suff to prove the conclusion. But now notice
some-MN is true, then there is already an object, in fact
some-MN-witness, such that either
M holds for it, or
N holds for
it. And we know this is the case from the definition of
some-MN! So we
will simply prove the theorem instantiating
some-N-suff with this witness. The conclusion is that the following
event will go through with ACL2.
(defthm le1 (implies (some-MN) (or (some-M) (some-N))) :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition some-MN)) (:instance some-M-suff (x (some-MN-witness))) (:instance some-N-suff (x (some-MN-witness)))))))This also suggests the following rule of thumb:
RT6: If a conjecture involves assuming an existentially quantified predicate in the hypothesis from which you are trying to prove an existentially quantified predicate, use the witness of the existential quantification in the hypothesis to construct the witness for the existential quantification in the conclusion.
Let us now try to prove the converse of le1, that is:
(implies (or (some-M) (some-N)) (some-MN))
Since the hypothesis is a disjunction, we will just prove each case
individually instead of proving the theorem by a :
cases hint. So we
prove the following two lemmas.
(defthm le2 (implies (some-M) (some-MN)) :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition some-M)) (:instance some-MN-suff (x (some-M-witness))))))) (defthm le3 (implies (some-N) (some-MN)) :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition some-N)) (:instance some-MN-suff (x (some-N-witness)))))))Note that the hints above are simply applications of RT6 as in
le1. With these lemmas, of course the main theorem is trivial.
(defthmd |some disjunction| (iff (some-MN) (or (some-M) (some-N))) :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance le1) (:instance le2) (:instance le3)))))Let us now prove the distributivity of universal quantification over conjunction, that is, the formula:
(iff (all-MN) (and (all-M) (all-N)))
Applying RT5, we will again decompose this into two implications. So
consider first the one-way implication:
(implies (and (all-M) (all-N)) (all-MN)).
Here we get to assume
all-N. Thus by RT4 we can use
all-N-necc to think as if we are given the formulas
(M x) and
(N x) as theorems. The conclusion here is also a universal
quantification, namely we have to prove
all-MN. Then RT3 tells us to
proceed as follows. Take any object
y. Try to find an instantiation
z of the hypothesis that implies
(and (M y) (N y)). Then instantiate
all-MN-witness. Note that the hypothesis lets us assume
(M x) and
(N x) to be theorems. Thus to justify we need to
y, and in this case, therefore, with
all-MN-witness. To make the long story short, the following event goes
through with ACL2:
(defthm lf1 (implies (and (all-M) (all-N)) (all-MN)) :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition all-MN)) (:instance all-M-necc (x (all-MN-witness))) (:instance all-N-necc (x (all-MN-witness)))))))This suggests the following rule of thumb which is a dual of RT6:
RT7: If a conjecture assumes some universally quantified predicate in the hypothesis and its conclusion asserts a universallly quantified predicate, then instantiate the ``necessary condition'' (
forall-mn-necc) of the hypothesis with the witness of the conclusion to prove the conjecture.
Applying RT7 now we can easily prove the other theorems that we need to show that universal quantification distributes over conjunction. Let us just go through this motion in ACL2.
(defthm lf2 (implies (all-MN) (all-M)) :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition all-M)) (:instance all-MN-necc (x (all-M-witness))))))) (defthm lf3 (implies (all-MN) (all-N)) :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition all-N)) (:instance all-MN-necc (x (all-N-witness))))))) (defthmd |all conjunction| (iff (all-MN) (and (all-M) (all-N))) :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance lf1) (:instance lf2) (:instance lf3)))))The rules of thumb for universal and existential quantification should make you realize the duality of their use. Every reasoning method about universal quantification can be cast as a way of reasoning about existential quantification, and vice versa. Whether you reason using universal and existential quantifiers depends on what is natural in a particular context. But just for the sake of completeness let us prove the duality of universal and existential quantifiers. So what we want to prove is the following:
3. (forall x (not (M x))) = (not (exists x (M x)))We first formalize the notion of
(forall x (not (M x)))as a quantification.
(defun-sk none-M () (forall x (not (M x)))) (in-theory (disable none-M none-M-necc))So we now want to prove:
(equal (none-M) (not (some-M))).
As before, we should prove this as a pair of implications. So let us prove
(implies (none-M) (not (some-M))).
This may seem to assert an existential quantification in the conclusion, but
rather, it asserts the negation of an existential quantification. We
are now trying to prove that something does not exist. How do we do that?
We can show that nothing satisfies
M by just showing that
(some-M-witness) does not satisfy
M. This suggests the following
rule of thumb:
RT8: When you encounter the negation of an existential quantification think in terms of a universal quantification, and vice-versa.
Ok, so now applying RT8 and RT3 you should be trying to apply the definition of
some-M. The hypothesis is just a pure (non-negated) universal quantification
so you should apply RT4. A blind application lets us prove the theorem as
(defthm nl1 (implies (none-M) (not (some-M))) :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition some-M)) (:instance none-M-necc (x (some-M-witness)))))))How about the converse implication? I have deliberately written it as
(implies (not (none-M)) (some-M))instead of switching the left-hand and right-hand sides of
nl1, which would have been equivalent. Again, RH8 tells us how to reason about it, in this case using RH2, and we succeed.
(defthm nl2 (implies (not (none-M)) (some-M)) :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition none-M)) (:instance some-M-suff (x (none-M-witness)))))))So finally we just go through the motions of proving the equality.
(defthmd |forall not = not exists| (equal (none-M) (not (some-M))) :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance nl1) (:instance nl2)))))Let us now see if we can prove a slightly more advanced theorem which can be stated informally as: If there is a natural number
M, then there is a least natural number
[Note: Any time I have had to reason about existential quantification I have had to do this particular style of reasoning and state that if there is an object satisfying a predicate, then there is also a ``minimal'' object satisfying the predicate.]
Let us formalize this concept. We first define the concept of existence of a
natural number satisfying
(defun-sk some-nat-M () (exists x (and (natp x) (M x)))) (in-theory (disable some-nat-M some-nat-M-suff))We now talk about what it means to say that
xis the least number satisfying
(defun-sk none-below (y) (forall r (implies (and (natp r) (< r y)) (not (M r)))))) (in-theory (disable none-below none-below-necc)) (defun-sk min-M () (exists y (and (M y) (natp y) (none-below y)))) (in-theory (disable min-M min-M-suff))The predicate
none-belowsays that no natural number less than
M. The predicate
min-Msays that there is some natural number
So the formula we want to prove is:
(implies (some-nat-M) (min-M)).
Since the formula requires that we prove an existential quantification, RT1
tells us to construct some object satisfying the predicate over which we are
quantifying. We should then be able to instantiate
min-M-suff with this
object. That predicate says that the object must be the least natural number
M. Since such an object is uniquely computable if we know
that there exists some natural number satisfying
M, let us just write a
recursive function to compute it. This function is
(defun least-M-aux (i bound) (declare (xargs :measure (nfix (- (1+ bound) i)))) (cond ((or (not (natp i)) (not (natp bound)) (> i bound)) 0) ((M i) i) (t (least-M-aux (+ i 1) bound)))) (defun least-M (bound) (least-M-aux 0 bound))Let us now reason about this function as one does typically. So we prove that this object is indeed the least natural number that satisfies
M, assuming that
boundis a natural number that satisfies
(defthm least-aux-produces-an-M (implies (and (natp i) (natp bound) (<= i bound) (M bound)) (M (least-M-aux i bound)))) (defthm least-<=bound (implies (<= 0 bound) (<= (least-M-aux i bound) bound))) (defthm least-aux-produces-least (implies (and (natp i) (natp j) (natp bound) (<= i j) (<= j bound) (M j)) (<= (least-M-aux i bound) j))) (defthm least-aux-produces-natp (natp (least-M-aux i bound))) (defthmd least-is-minimal-satisfying-m (implies (and (natp bound) (natp i) (< i (least-M bound))) (not (M i))) :hints (("Goal" :in-theory (disable least-aux-produces-least least-<=bound) :use ((:instance least-<=bound (i 0)) (:instance least-aux-produces-least (i 0) (j i)))))) (defthm least-has-m (implies (and (natp bound) (m bound)) (M (least-M bound)))) (defthm least-is-natp (natp (least-M bound)))So we have done that, and hopefully this is all that we need about
least-M. So we disable everything.
(in-theory (disable least-M natp))Now of course we note that the statement of the conjecture we are interested in has two quantifiers, an inner
none-below) and an outer
min-M). Since ACL2 is not very good with quantification, we hold its hands to reason with the quantifier part. So we will first prove something about the
foralland then use it to prove what we need about the
RT9: When you face nested quantifiers, reason about each nesting separately.
So what do we want to prove about the inner quantifier? Looking carefully at
the definition of
none-below we see that it is saying that for all natural
(M r) does not hold. Well, how would we want to
use this fact when we want to prove our final theorem? We expect that we
min-M-suff with the object
(least-M bound) where we
know (via the outermost existential quantifier) that
M holds for
bound, and we will then want to show that
none-below holds for
(least-M bound). So let us prove that for any natural number (call it
none-below holds for
(least-M bound). For the final
theorem we only need it for natural numbers satisfying
M, but note that
from the lemma
least-is-minimal-satisfying-m we really do not need that
So we are now proving:
(implies (natp bound) (none-below (least-M bound))).
Well since this is a standard case of proving a universally quantified
predicate, we just apply RT3. We have proved that for all naturals
i does not satisfy
least-is-minimal-satisfying-M), so we merely need the instantiation of
that lemma with
none-below-witness of the thing we are trying to prove,
(least-M bound). The theorem below thus goes through.
(defthm least-is-minimal (implies (natp bound) (none-below (least-M bound))) :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance (:definition none-below) (y (least-M bound))) (:instance least-is-minimal-satisfying-m (i (none-below-witness (least-M bound))))))))Finally we are in the outermost existential quantifier, and are in the process of applying
min-M-suff. What object should we instantiate it with? We must instantiate it with
boundis an object which must satisfy
Mand is a natural. We have such an object, namely
(some-nat-M-witness)which we know have all these qualities given the hypothesis. So the proof now is just RT1 and RT2.
(defthm |minimal exists| (implies (some-nat-M) (min-M)) :hints (("Goal" :use ((:instance min-M-suff (y (least-M (some-nat-M-witness)))) (:instance (:definition some-nat-M))))))
If you are comfortable with the reasoning above, then you are comfortable with quantifiers and probably will not need these notes any more. In my opinion, the best way of dealing with ACL2 is to ask yourself why you think something is a theorem, and the rules of thumb above are simply guides to the questions that you need to ask when you are dealing with quantification.
Here are a couple of simple exercises for you to test if you understand the reasoning process.
Exercise 1. Formalize and prove the following theorem. Suppose there
x such that
(R x) and suppose that all
(P x). Then prove that there exists
x such that
(P x) & (R x).
for a solution.)
Exercise 2. Recall the example just before the preceding exercise,
where we showed that if there exists a natural number
then there is another natural number
y such that
and for every natural number
z does not. What would
happen if we remove the restriction of
naturals? Of course, we will not talk about
< any more, but suppose you
use the total order on all ACL2 objects (from community book
"books/misc/total-order"). More concretely, consider the definition of
some-M above. Let us now define two other functions:
(include-book "misc/total-order" :dir :system) (defun-sk none-below-2 (y) (forall r (implies (<< r y) (not (M r))))) (defun-sk min-M2 () (exists y (and (M y) (none-below-2 y))))The question is whether
(implies (some-M) (min-M2))is a theorem. Can you prove it? Can you disprove it? | <urn:uuid:be919c2f-ab8d-4b29-ab77-a4f35eec1252> | {
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A copyright is a form of protection grounded in the U.S. Constitution and granted by law for original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression. Copyright covers both published and unpublished works.
Copyright protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software and architecture. Copyright does not protect facts, ideas, systems or methods of operation, although it may protect the way these things are expressed.
is a copyright
different from a patent or a trademark?
Copyright protects original works of authorship, while a patent protects inventions or discoveries. Ideas and discoveries are not protected by the copyright law, although the way in which they are expressed may be. A trademark protects words, phrases, symbols or designs identifying the source of the goods or services of one party and distinguishing them from those of others.
is my work
Your work is under copyright protection the moment it is created and fixed in a tangible form that it is perceptible either directly or with the aid of a machine or device.
I need to register
No. In general, registration is voluntary. Copyright exists from the moment the work is created. You will have to register, however, if you wish to bring a lawsuit for infringement of a U.S. work.
should I register
my work if copyright protection is automatic?
is recommended for a number of reasons:
choose to register their works because they wish to have the facts of their
copyright on the public record and have a certificate of registration.
registration is made within three months after publication of the work or
prior to an infringement of the work, statutory damages and attorney's fees
may be available to the copyright owner in successful court actions.
Otherwise, only an award of actual damages and profits is available to the
registration is made within five years of publication, registration will
establish prima facie evidence in court of the validity of the copyright and
of the facts stated in the certificate.
Finally, registration allows the owner of the copyright to record the registration with the U. S. Customs Service for protection against the importation of infringing copies.
my copyright good
in other countries?
The United States has copyright relations with most countries throughout the world, and as a result of these agreements, we honor each other's citizens' copyrights. However, the United States does not have such copyright relationships with every country. | <urn:uuid:2c1fa7be-54c2-486e-aaa4-53de996a26ea> | {
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the Physics Education Technology Project
Students use the mouse to move objects of varying mass along a 1-D path. The simulation charts P-T, V-T and acceleration graphs as the students control applied force, friction, and gravitational constants. This item is part of a larger collection of simulations developed by the Physics Education Technology project (PhET). The no-cost simulations are animated, interactive, and game-like environments in which students learn through exploration.
This resource is part of a Physics Front Topical Unit.
Topic: Dynamics: Forces and Motion Unit Title: Applications of Newton's Laws
As students use the mouse to move objects of varying mass along a 1-D path, the simulation charts graphs of position vs. time, velocity vs. time, and acceleration. Applied force, friction, and gravitational constants can be varied in this interactive activity. Can be adapted for use in either middle or high school.
%0 Electronic Source %D March 3, 2006 %T PhET Simulation: Forces in 1 Dimension %I Physics Education Technology Project %V 2014 %N 7 March 2014 %8 March 3, 2006 %9 application/java %U http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/forces-1d
Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications. | <urn:uuid:ed6f79ef-d517-4cfb-b874-0ef3cbebcd40> | {
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Type your paragraph here.
This article from U.S. News and World Report explains how to make sense and use of PSAT scores.
PREPARING FOR COLLEGE:
What Tests do I Need to Know About?
PSAT ( Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test):
The PSAT is a practice test for the SAT test. The scores are not reported to colleges, but that doesn’t mean they are not important. The PSAT is also the National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test, which provides a basis for national recognition and scholarships at many schools. The National Merit organization recognizes top students based on the scores they receive when taking the PSAT test in Grade 11. Students in Grade 11 have a better chance of getting a good score on the PSAT if they are familiar with the test, which is why many students take the test to practice in 10th grade (or even earlier). Juniors who did well on the test their sophomore year should make a special effort to prepare for the test so that they can qualify for scholarships. The PSAT is only given at one time of the year in October, so students and parents should check with school counselors for the exact date. In Idaho the test is free for sophomores. You can get more information on the PSAT on the at the College Board Website. (Note this page discusses a NEW test called the PSAT 10 that schools can administer in the spring of for tenth graders. That will not be given in Idaho. (The ACT also has a preliminary test which used to be called the Plan and now seems to be under construction. I don’t think it is given in our area.)
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test):
The SAT is the college admissions test which is administered by the College Board, the same organization that administers the PSAT. At the present time it has a mathematics, critical reading and writing. Effective in March 2016, a redesign of the SAT will have Reading Test, a Writing and Language Test, a Math Test and an optional SAT essay. Most students take the SAT during their junior and/or senior year of high school. Students can take the test more than once; schools vary in how they will consider multiple test scores. The test is given roughly once per month throughout the school year starting in October. In Idaho it is given for free to juniors during the school day. (This year it will be on April 13th.) You can find out more and register at the College Board Website. Many colleges accept scores on either the SAT or the comparable ACT test (discussed below).
ACT (originally called the American College Test):
The ACT test is another college admission test which is accepted as an alternative to the SAT at almost all colleges. The ACT focuses more on core curriculum knowledge that students have acquired in school. It has 4 sections: English, math, reading, and science. The ACT also includes an optional writing section. As with the SAT, you can take the test more than once; schools vary in how they will consider multiple test scores. The ACT is given on a regular schedule throughout the school year starting in . You can find out more and register at the ACT website.
SAT II Subject Tests
The SAT organization also gives separate one-hour tests on individual subjects, including history, English, languages, biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics. Most colleges do not require these tests for admission, but some of the most competitive schools in the country (for example, Princeton, Yale, etc.) and some of the more competitive STEM schools do require that students submit their scores on one or more of these tests when they apply. The tests are given on many of the same dates as the regular SAT tests. You can find out more about the tests at the College Board Website. You should check the admission requirements for the schools that interest you to see if SAT IIs are required.
Ask 3 Questions to Decide Between AP Exams and SAT Subject Tests | US News and World Report
These exams cover similar material, but test-takers will likely use them for different purposes.
Palouse Pathways, Inc. | <urn:uuid:d5dcd6e9-e5dd-4d19-a8b8-aebb3f24301a> | {
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A salad a day keeps heart disease away.
Vegetarians are 32 percent less likely to be hospitalized or die from heart disease than nonvegetarians, according to a recent study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Researchers at the University of Oxford in England found that the lower risk of heart disease for vegetarians is likely due to their lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels compared to meat and fish eaters.
The study followed 44,561 participants, 34 percent of whom have been vegetarian for more than 10 years.
Mitchell Knutson, a UF associate professor of nutritional biochemistry and 30-year vegetarian, said he wasn’t surprised by the results.
“Being a vegetarian will decrease your risk of many diseases: heart disease, cancer, obesity,” he said.
Jerry MacDougall, manager and owner of Harvest Health & Whole Foods in Alachua, said he’s been a vegetarian since 1972.
He said eating a meatless diet helps cut down on cholesterol and fat intake. “A lot of the clogging of the arteries comes from meat-based proteins,” he said.
Patty Alvarenga, a 20-year-old UF marketing sophomore, said she became a vegetarian in 2012 after she became concerned with her family history of high cholesterol.
“I have high cholesterol and decided to first cut out red meat from my diet and then, everything else just followed,” she said. “I know that I’m contributing to my future health.”
While vegetarians can rejoice at the study’s findings, some meat eaters aren’t convinced.
Although Lindsay Patenaude, a 20-year-old UF psychology and business administration junior, knows that heart disease is a serious matter, she said she wouldn’t give up meat.
“There’s other ways to combat heart disease,” she said. “I can exercise to keep my heart healthy. ”
While some students can’t cut the carnivorous habit, Gainesville food shops such as Reggae Shack Cafe, The Top and Civilization support the lifestyle by highlighting meat-free options on their menus.
UF was also named the second-most vegan-friendly large university by PETA’s Most Vegan-Friendly college contest in 2011, according to Alligator archives.
Karma Cream, an organic ice cream cafe, 1025 W University Ave., labels items in the food shop that are vegetarian- and vegan-friendly to help customers with dietary restrictions. “Pretty much every restaurant has a lot of options,” said Kyle Fick, co-owner of Karma Cream. “It’s all about choices.” | <urn:uuid:167d477a-9583-4ebf-a8fa-1bef7833e1a6> | {
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Perhaps the most evocative of Japan’s annual matsuri (祭り, festivals) , tanabata (七夕) marks the beginning of the summer festival season. Closely linked with the stars, tanabata is celebrated by the writing of wishes on strips of paper, which are tied to the branches of bamboo plants.
Table of Contents
Tanabata has been a major festival in Japan for at least four hundred years. It marks the period when the stars kengyūsei (牽牛星, Altair) and shokujosei (織女星, Vega) are visible high in the sky, and is based on a story from Chinese folklore. According to the tale, the princess Orihime (織姫), daughter of the Sky Emperor (天帝, tentei) wove kimono for the gods by the River of the Skies (天の川, amanogawa – the Milky Way). As she was feeling lonely, the Emperor arranged for Orihime to marry Hikoboshi (彦星), a cowherd. Instead of settling into an organised domestic routine, the newlyweds were so swept up in their romance that they neglected their duties; Orihime stopped weaving kimono and Hikoboshi’s cows ran rampant across the skies. Angered by their irresponsible behaviour, the Sky Emperor separated the couple by forcing them to opposite banks of the River. Seeing Orihime’s sadness, however, he agreed to allow the couple to meet once a year on the 7th day of the 7th month. Their meeting is facilitated by magpies, who spread their wings across the river to create a bridge. However, if it rains on the appointed day, the river is said to overflow, preventing the magpies from making the bridge and forcing the couple to wait another year.
Tanabata is most widely celebrated on the 7th July each year, though due to the switch from the old lunar calendar to the Gregorian solar calendar and regional traditions, it may be celebrated any time between early July and mid-August. During this period the stars Vega, representing Orihime, and Altair, representing Hikoboshi, can be seen in the night’s sky.
Before the festival, children (and some adults) write wishes on strips of paper that are tied to bamboo plants, often in public areas in villages, towns and cities. It is common for wishes to reflect one’s ambitions, such as success in a chosen career. In some areas, the wish papers are burned after the festival, and fireworks are also common.
Celebrations associated with tanabata differ from region to region, though competitions for decoration design are a common theme. In Tokyo, one of the biggest tanabata festivals takes place in Suginami ward’s Asagaya district in early August. The shopping streets (商店街, shōtengai) are heavily decorated for the occasion, not just with the traditional bamboo, but with large papier-mâché figures. These models often feature popular characters from film and animation, and each year prizes are given for the best designs.
The following is a list of some other areas with special tanabata celebrations:
Sendai Tanabata Festival
(Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture – August 6th-8th) – the largest tanabata festival in Japan, Sendai’s Tanabata includes decorations, illuminations, a food court and dances.
Website: Sendai Tanabata Festival
Shōnan-Hiratsuka Tanabata Festival
(Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture – 1st Friday in July, lasts three days) – another large festival, the celebrations in Hiratsuka include brightly decorated bamboo poles, food stands and traditional dances and other performances.
Website: Shōnan-Hiratsuka Tanabata Festival (Japanese)
Anjō Tanabata Festival
(Anjō, Aichi Prefecture – August 7th-9th) – the third of the three main tanabata festivals in Japan, the Anjō festival is based on a different theme, and includes a “Miss Tanabata” parade in addition to its impressive decorations.
Website: Anjō Tanabata Festival (Japanese only)
Mobara Tanabata Festival
(Mobara, Chiba Prefecture – last Friday, Saturday and Sunday in July) – includes traditional Japanese dances usually seen during obon.
Website: Mobara Tanabata Festival (Japanese only)
Hatamono Shrine Tanabata Festival
(Hatamono Shrine, Katano City, Osaka Prefecture – July 6th-7th) – at this shrine dedicated to Vega (Orihime in the tanabata legend), the bamboo wish decorations are particularly elaborate, and there is a portable shrine procession on the afternoon of the 7th.
Website: Hatamono Shrine Tanabata Festival | <urn:uuid:893c871e-3e41-49bd-bce2-1819a6807703> | {
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Inverter Circuit Diagram – Inverter Product Review
The scheme of Simple powerfull inverter. To increase the output power is necessary to use dual-field-effect transistors, and, of course, the battery capable of providing the appropriate current. For example, to get at the output of 240 watts, the battery should give over 20 A. If you use a transformer 24, you can use the battery for 24 V and current consumption in this case is slightly more than 10 A. | <urn:uuid:a1dd3863-8609-40c8-b698-387c8e5ea709> | {
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Rock & roll’s influence on Russian youth culture was big, bold, and brash from the very beginning, and it only grew as the impact of pop music and 1960s counter-culture grew in the West – led in large part by the Fab Four.
This monument to the Beatles in the city of Yekaterinburg in central Russia may seem out of place, but they were so popular in the underground music scene of the USSR, and their cultural impact so great, the monument – comprised of a wall sculpture and accompanying mural – seems right where it should be.
The Beatles’ place in Soviet hearts and musical souls was hard won. Ever ingenious in finding ways to subvert Communist rule, if teenagers couldn’t buy Beatles jackets or boots, they’d make their own by refashioning the government-issued bulky coats and chunky boots they did have. When they couldn’t get their hands on actual albums or 45s, they’d bootleg their own versions by scratching the grooves into discarded X-ray plates, creating what became known as “bone music.” It could be risky to exchange Western music in the USSR, but for those who loved and revered the lads from Liverpool, it was worth the risk.
It’s been argued that Western pop musicians in general were instrumental in triggering a shift in the allegiance of young people away from Soviet influence. Exactly how politically important they were is tough to say for sure, but the Beatles and Russia have long held each other close, and this small monument, sitting smack in the middle of two continents, is a reminder of the place they hold in the hearts of many Russians.
Know Before You Go
If you get the tourist map of Yekaterinburg this will be on the Red line of tourist sites. The Beatles monument is at a lower elevation than Gorkogo street so look toward the river. | <urn:uuid:b147b723-30cf-40c8-a302-b8fc9db51072> | {
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Reading is one of the three most basic skills taught in school, along with writing and arithmetic. In order for your child to do well in future school years, it is important to lay a good foundation with the ability to read well.
This Kindergarten phonics program is designed to have any kindergartener competently reading by the end of class. The classes will give the parent instructions for how to help their student go from recognizing alphabet letters to reading words with multiple syllables.
Each lesson is video-based, with instructions for the mothers on how to teach every aspect of basic phonics to their child. All the worksheets needed are provided as printable PDFs on the lesson pages.
Each Phonics lesson is designed for you and your child to complete at your own pace, generally about one week is expected. I have provided many PDF worksheets to help reinforce the teaching concepts, and to give your child exercises to practice these concepts.
Don't worry about the pace that you go through the lessons. Some lessons will be easier for your child, while others may be more difficult. But even as you work through difficult lessons, remember to have fun and enjoy this special time you have to teach your child how to read.
You may be interested in screencast videos on how to teach reading with the McGuffey readers. There is no charge: http://www.ronpaulcurriculum.com/snip/163.htm.
Finally, you can download a set of the McGuffey readers here: http://www.ronpaulcurriculum.com/snip/164.htm. | <urn:uuid:5b23583c-7158-49ee-aa5a-9069a8e5f7e9> | {
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John has been working at the shipyard for nearly three months and though he’s still fairly inexperienced, he is beginning to feel more confident he can perform the tasks his boss needs him to perform. John finished speaking with his boss, and then went to his assigned work area inside the ship. To gain access to his assigned work area, John must use an accessway, which in this case is a ladder attached to the inside of the ship. While descending the ladder, John is having a hard time seeing the ladder because the lighting isn’t very good. John is descending the ladder by taking one foot off and one hand off at the same time and lowering them to the next rung. John is descending relatively quickly and places his foot where he thinks the next rung is located. The only problem is that he didn’t actually see the rung, and he misjudged the distance. John’s foot slipped. John fell off the ladder and was severely injured.
So, what could John and his employer have done differently to prevent this tragic event? His employer should have been aware of the unsafe lighting levels around the accessway before asking John to perform a specific task in the area. His employer should have added permanent or temporary lighting to the accessway. The lighting should have been set to a minimum of 3 lumens.
When adding temporary lighting John’s employer would need to ensure the lighting is:
- guarded when bulbs are not entirely recessed to stop workers from touching a hot bulb;
- equipped with electric cords that have sufficient capacity to carry the electric load, and keep the workers safe from hazards such as fire and electrical shock;
- equipped with insulation and electric cord connections that are maintained in a safe condition (e.g., free from being crushed, cracked, or damaged); and
- grounded, either with a third wire in the cord or a separate wire, when non-current-carrying metal parts are exposed (grounding must be in accord with 29 CFR part 1910, subpart S.);
- never hang lights or lighting stringers by their electric cords (e.g., from the side rails or rungs of ladders), unless they are made by the manufacturer to do so (improper suspension can place additional stress on cords, causing them to break, fray, or become damaged, which may expose workers to fire, or electrical shock);
- branch circuits need over-current protection that does not exceed the rated current-carrying capacity of the cord used (over-current protection helps prevent possible electrical and fire hazards associated with circuit overloading);
- when you have to splice a cord, the insulation needs to be greater than that of the original cord (this will help prevent worker injury and ignition of combustible materials in case a surplus of energy or “hot spot” occur at the splice junction);
- in any area where the atmosphere has a concentration of flammable vapors that are at or above 10 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL), self-contained, explosion-proof temporary lights must be used; and
- all self-contained, explosion-proof temporary lights must be approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL).
Though John had been working at the shipyard for three months did his employer train him how to ascend and descend accessways properly, and more precisely, ladders? As noted above, John was not descending the ladder safely. John was moving one foot, and one hand down at the same time, only leaving two-points of contact on the ladder at any given time. John’s employer should have trained him on how to safe use a ladder.
Safe Ladder Use
- always use the 3-point contact rule (two feet and a hand, or two hands and a foot) when ascending/descending a ladder;
- face the ladder when ascending or descending;
- keep your body inside the side rails;
- use extra care when getting on/off the ladder at the top/bottom;
- always carry tools in a tool belt or raise tools up using a hand line (do not carry tools in your hands while ascending/descending a ladder); and
- always keep ladders free of any slippery materials.
Unsafe Ladder Use
- exceeding the ladder’s maximum load rating;
- leaning out beyond the ladder’s side rails; and
- ascending/descending at a rate that doesn’t allow you to ensure you are maintaining a 3-point contact.
If John been trained to use the ladder correctly, and the lighting been at 3 lumens or greater, he very likely would not have had to suffer through this tragic event.
OSHA, (2013), OSHA FactSheet, Safe Lighting Practices in the Shipyard Industry. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3677.pdf
OSHA, (2013), OSHA FactSheet, Reducing Falls in Construction: Safe Use of Extension Ladders. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3660.pdf | <urn:uuid:fa23a396-1925-4903-b31c-89ca0a6166d3> | {
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The legend of the veiled one
Who was the Cailleach Bheara? She appears as a mysterious and shadowy figure hovering around the edges of Irish folklore and myth, yet very little is known about her.
The word cailleach has come to mean ‘hag’, or ‘crone’, yet in Old Gaelic it actually means ‘veiled one’. This conjures up images of early Medieval Christian nuns, yet it is possible that the word has more ancient origins and could refer to the wise-women or female Druids of pre-Christian and maybe even pre-Celtic times.
The legend of the cailleach can be found not only in Ireland, but in Scotland and the Isle of Man, too. She is associated with Winter, and the creation of the landscape.
In Scotland, it is said that if St Brigid’s day (1st February) dawns clear and bright, it is because the Cailleach is out collecting firewood to keep herself warm through a long, cold and stormy winter to come. But if the day dawns wet and wintry, the Cailleach is still sleeping, and therefore the winter will be a short one. Sound familiar? US friends may see something of Groundhog Day in this myth.
the goddess in the landscape
In Ireland, the cailleach lends her name to many features of the landscape. For example, Loughcrew is known in Irish as Sliabh na Caillí, meaning ‘the Hag’s Mountain’. It is said that the cairns were formed as the cailleach leaped between the three hill-tops, carrying rocks in her apron. When she stumbled and fell to her death, the rocks tumbled out creating the ancient ruined structures which cluster upon the three hills as we know them today.
She is also commemorated in the Cliffs of Moher, Co. Clare, where one cliff is named ‘the Hag’s Head’ (Ceann Caillí in Irish); ‘the Hag’s Cliff’ (Aill na Caillí) in Co Galway; the Calliagh Birra’s House, which is another cairn on Slieve-Gullion in Armagh; the Labbacallee Wedge Tomb in Co Cork, known as Leabhadh Chailligh, meaning ‘the Hag’s Bed’, and which is said to be her burial place (although she is also said to be buried at Loughcrew).
These are just a few examples; if you google her, you may find more. It is amazing that, for a character so elusive, her presence is so prevalent in the naming of the landscape.
But who was she? A Goddess, a Queen, a witch? And why is she associated with so many passage tombs and cliffs?
Well, as Goddess of the dark half of the year, she can be seen as the opposite twin to Brigid; perhaps they are even opposite aspects of the same deity. However, as most Irish goddesses are said to have a triple aspect – maiden/ mother/ crone (Brigid’s triple aspect is related to her skills, not her femininity) this idea does not quite seem to fit. I guess there will always be exceptions.
Female deities are popularly associated with fertility, or sovereignty, yet the cailleach, as an old hag, is associated with the dark and decay of winter. From the darkness of the womb, the light of life is born, and the dark, silent inner chamber of the cairn can be likened to the womb; in fact, sometimes these burial mounds are actually referred to as ‘womb tombs’.
Perhaps the dead were carried into these tombs to the cailleach to allow their bodies to decay while their souls were reborn. However, ashes found in many of these cairns suggest that the dead were usually cremated prior to interment.
To me, it would seem more fitting if the womb tombs were associated with the bountiful maiden of spring, of growth and regeneration and rebirth, rather than the barren old hag of decay and cold, dead winter. And yet they are not.
It is interesting that, consistent with the notion of womb tombs, some designs carved into the orthostats of some of these cairns have been interpreted as female symbolism. The elliptical carvings at Loughcrew, for example, have been described as vulvas, yet I have also heard others speak of these same symbols as boats.
Why would we have water symbolism at the top of a hill like Loughcrew? It is true that Goddesses in Ireland are often associated with rivers: Boan and the River Boyne; Sionan and the River Shannon, but there is no river at Loughcrew.
Personally, ever since I saw the complex patterns of cup marks in these stones, and then heard of the tiny little chalk balls originally found on the ground beside them, I thought the makers of the tombs were monitoring the stars. The elliptical carvings reinforce this, in my opinion, as they represent the elliptical orbit of comets around the sun. But I digress…
what’s in a name?
The cailleach of Loughcrew was named Garravogue (Garbhóg in Irish), which is also the name of a river in Sligo. Originally, this river was called An Sligeach, meaning ‘the place of many shells’, and is one of the oldest attested place-names in Ireland. The town which grew up along its banks in the thirteenth century was named after it, and later, also the county.
So, although we now have an association of the cailleach with a river, we know that Garravogue is a more recent naming of the river, and so cannot be associated with a pre-Christian Goddess.
Other names by which the cailleach has been known throughout history include Milucra in the Fionn mac Cumhall tale, ‘the Hunt of Slieve Cuilinn’; Biróg, in the tale of ‘the Glas Gaibhnenn’; Buí/ Bua(ch), who was also the wife of Lugh, and Digde, from the beautiful 8th century poem, ‘the Lament of the Old Woman’.
Was one woman known by all these diverse names in different regions of Ireland, or do they represent a collective of many different wise old women? A religious order, perhaps, be it Christian or pagan.
the cliff-top queen
Some stories say that at the end of winter, the cailleach turns into a great grey rock beside the sea. Others, that if she reaches the sea in time and bathes in it, she will not be turned to stone. There is a great deal of language relating to the sea, and much sea imagery in the poem ‘The Lament of the Old Woman’, corroborating her role as a creator of the landscape.
But why the sea in particular, and why the hilltops and cliffs?
Yet the meeting of sea and land, or sky and land, is a liminal space, a dangerous place, a place where magic can happen. Beyond the sea, over the ninth wave lies the way to the Sacred Isles, Manannán’s Land, the Otherworld. Where else might a seasonal Goddess go, once she has relinquished her power to her opposing force?
Her association with cliffs then makes some sense.
the poetic muse
‘The Lament of the Old Woman of Beare’ is a very (long and) beautiful old poem. Here are a selection of my favourite verses, but you can read the full version here.
Ebb-tide has come to me as to the sea;
old age makes me yellow;
though I may grieve thereat,
it approaches its food joyfully.
I am Buí, the Old Woman of Beare;
I used to wear a smock that was ever-renewed;
today it has befallen me, by reason of my mean estate,
that I could not have even a cast-off smock to wear.
When my arms are seen,
all bony and thin!
-the craft they used to practise was pleasant:
they used to be about glorious kings.
The maidens are joyful
when they reach May-day;
grief is more fitting for me:
I am not only miserable, but an old woman.
I have had my day with kings,
drinking mead and wine;
now I drink whey-and-water
among shriveled old hags.
I see on my cloak the stains of age;
my reason has begun to deceive me;
grey is the hair which grows through my skin;
the decay of an ancient tree is like this.
Some things, it seems, don’t alter with the passing of hundreds and thousands of years. As a woman who has just turned fifty, I can appreciate how women of a certain age lose their value in society, effectively becoming invisible.
So it is with the author of this poem. James Carney places this poem in the mid eighth century, and we know that in medieval Christian Ireland, women were not well thought of. Understatement of the year! A woman past childbearing age had no value whatsoever. The author is clearly lamenting the toll of age, not just on her body and beauty, but on her status and wealth also.
I love how her bony thin arms once clasped kings, and how pleasant this was to her. Not a singular king, mind you, but plural. Many. Clearly not a chaste Queen and demure Christian woman. Was she a courtesan, a prostitute, or simply a noblewoman who was free to take lovers as she pleased?
She fixates on her association with kings. She drank mead and wine with them. In other words, she carroused with them at a time when women were expected to be demure, chaste, and did not take part in male feasting rituals. In Celtic times, only those of highest elite status drank wine. One only has to look at the Celtic burials of Vix and Hochdorf to appreciate the importance of wine and mead drinking as evidenced by the spectacular huge vessels used for wine mixing, and the array of high quality vessels and tools required for its consumption. that she took part in such events indicates her power and status.
Clearly, she was desired by kings, and she makes no secret of her beauty, or of her sexual liaisons. But is beauty enough to explain why all these kings wanted her? I suspect not. Beautiful girls were as ten a penny then as now, I’m sure. There has to be more. Annoyingly, the secret is not revealed in the poem.
There seems to be no shame or stigma regarding her sexuality. In fact, her regret seems not so much to do with the promiscuity of her heady younger days, but with the lack of kingly consorts and the sexless void of old age. In any case, neither option fits with the era in which the poem was written, so could it perhaps have been based on something older?
Two striking features of the poem are the persistent metaphor of the tides of the sea with the inexorable advance of old age – I include only one verse showing this here – and the explicit declaration of her identity – Buí, the old woman of Beare.
We have already discussed the importance of the sea, but who was Buí (pronounced Bwee)?
Well, she was the wife of the God Lugh, and her burial mound is at Knowth; in Irish, it is known as Cnocba, meaning the ‘Hill (or burial mound) of Buí’.
She was the daughter of either Daire Donn, known as the King of the World, who led a great battle against Fionn mac Cumhaill in the C3rd, or of Donn of the Milesians, who later came to be known as Lord of the Dead.
She was said to have had an affair with Cermait Milbél (which means ‘honeymouth’), a son of the Dagda. Lugh was so furious that he challenged Cermait to a duel and killed him. Cermait’s three sons decided to avenge their father’s death, and killed Lugh in, or beside the lough named after him on the top of the Hill of Uisneach. A cairn was raised over his body there.
If this wasn’t tragic enough, Óengus Óg who was Cermait’s half-brother, discovered that Lugh’s poet, who is not named, had told Lugh a malicious lie; Buach and Cermait had not slept together, after all. He avenged the deaths of his brother and Lugh by killing the poet. What became of poor Buach is not known.
So, what does Buí’s story have in common with the old woman of Beare? Um… good question. Sex, affairs and infidelity, and kings for sure. Perhaps poor old Buí sought refuge in the nunnery in Cork where this poem is said to have been written.
Grateful thanks to Carri Angel Photography for the kind use of their stunning image
Join me next time, when I’ll be discussing the women poets of Ireland.
COME ON A JOURNEY OF ANCIENT IRELAND WITH ME.
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Globe at Night | globeatnight.org
International citizen-science campaign to raise public awareness of the impact of light pollution by inviting citizen-scientists to measure their night sky brightness and submit their observations to a website from a computer or smart phone.
Clear Sky Chart | cleardarksky.com
Astronomers forecast showing at a glance when, in the next 48 hours, we might expect clear and dark skies for one specific observing site.
NASA Blue Marble Navigator | www.blue-marble.de
Satellite maps of Earth showing how bad light pollution is where you live and around the world.
Light Pollution Map| www.lightpollutionmap.info
Map of lighting on Earth with overlays using data from 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016 and user SQM data.
Needless | need-less.org.uk
Free simulations, animations and posters creating awareness about light pollution. | <urn:uuid:973fac46-6488-455b-afcc-71ead18c84b4> | {
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Recent changes in the earth's climate are having profound effects on the planet's natural systems. The melting of polar ice caps, rising oceans, and hotter temperatures may be more widely publicized, but many concerned scientists, like Katy Hofmeister 09F, are studying climate change's more localized effects.
Hofmeister, working with committee chair Christina Cianfrani, studied stream temperatures in Stroubles Creek, a stream in Blacksburg, VA. The stream begins in an urban setting, before flowing through agricultural land and ending in a forest. Hofmeister's focus was the effect that land use has on the stream's temperature.
After doing fieldwork and placing probes to monitor the stream's temperature, the next step was to analyze the data. Hofmeister developed a mathematical model to interpret how vegetation along the stream impacted its temperature. "My question was," she says, "?How important is vegetation, and how much vegetation do we need to offset any warming in the water?' If we know the air temperatures will be increasing between two and four degrees, what would happen to the stream if there's no vegetation, how would that change if we added canopy cover?"
Water temperature is an important part of an ecosystem's balance. If temperatures continuously rise, it can force the migration of certain species to colder waters, and also disrupt the egg-laying cycles of aquatic life.
In addition to her Divisional studies, Hofmeister works at the Hitchcock Center, an environmental education center which plans to relocate to a site on the Hampshire campus in the future. "I love being at Hitchcock," she says. "I like having to translate what you learn in class to how a five year old sees the world."
Hofmeister will continue her studies at Cornell University in the fall. Her experience at Hampshire has given her the confidence to pursue her academic goals. "The experiences that I had at Hampshire developing and conducting my own research have made me feel like I'm capable of doing that," she says. | <urn:uuid:c3c63ae2-8740-466b-9cbf-dc6c174a6f45> | {
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by Dr. N. M. Gelber
Translated by Lance Ackerfeld
The town of Będzin is located on the Czarna Przemsza River, a tributary of the Wisła [Vistula; Weichsel] in the Dąbrowa-Górnicza mine basin.
During the period of Kazimierz the Great [Casimir III the Great], 65 new towns were established in Poland, half of them by the king himself, a nobles quarter by aristocrats and a church quarter. Będzin (Będzyn, Bendzin)was also amongst the new towns established by the king, who in 1358 granted it German rule and privilege (Przywilej lokacyjny) as a Burggraf [burgrave; a count of a castle or fortified town] served as Verneo. The first town leader (Wojt) in the same year received lands with two gardens, a materials store, meat and shoes in exchange for a commitment that he would participate in each war under the command of the king on a fine horse (dicendi quo) and equipped with armor, a helmet, and weapons.
In the 14th and 15th century the residents of Silesia often attacked neighboring Będzin, looting and plundering its residents. Being that it was a border settlement, a fortress wall was erected in it in 1364. In 1434 negotiations took place here, to put an end to these assaults. Chancellor Zbigniew Olszyński and the king's advisors met together with Silesian representatives the princes Mikołaj Raciborski, Wacław Cieszyński and Wacław Oświęcimski, and after discussions that went on for several days a peace agreement was signed.
In 1464 Będzin received from Kazimierz the Fourth, the privilege to maintain salt warehouses, according to which each wagon driver transporting salt from Silesia had to stay over in Będzin for three days and sell salt there.
Being that it was located close to an intersection of trade routes the town developed quickly: in 1540 there were already 800 residents in it and 100 residential buildings.
Men who carried out a survey in 1564 report that the butchers gave 24 stones of milk: 16 bakers each paying 5 pennies: 10 boot makers each paying 4 pennies. A cellar bringing in 2 grzywny, beer making 2 grzywny: the wooden articles and clay shopkeepers pay market fees of 2 grzywny for 5 markets: drink fees of 1 penny are paid for each barrel of beer of Wrocław [Breslau] manufacture. Leasing fees from the bridge bring in 125 marks to the palace.
During the Zygmunt's kingdoms, Będzin was one of the towns with commodity warehouses, and in 1565 as a market town it received concessions and vast liberties. Traders from abroad came to Będzin and in particular from Breslau and would sell commodities from abroad and bought commodities in Poland.
In 1545 King Zygmunt the First rescinded the commitments to place the town at the behest of the king, his entourage and his clerks, and all those traveling by order of the authorities, and the cavalry at a fixed price, since the town complained to him of the difficulties involved in fulfilling this commitment.
In the 16th century the Arians in the town grew stronger in the town and confiscated the church for themselves, which had already been built in 1365. The Catholics built a new church for themselves; however, after the Arians were wiped out they received the old church back.
On the 9th of March 1589 an agreement was signed in Będzin between Poland and Austria, according to which Zygmunt the Third was crowned as king of Poland. The Archduke Maximilian, brother of Emperor Rudolf the Second, relinquished any claim to the Polish throne and was released from his imprisonment in the Krasnystaw Palace.
At the end of the 16th century a wide range of marketing in beef, poultry products and oil took place from Będzin to Silesia.
During the Polish-Swedish War Będzin suffered greatly and was almost completely destroyed. The Sejm decided to re-establish the town being that it was an important border town.
In 1660 a survey report determined that the palace and its rooms were destroyed. The town had no weavers, since all of them had run away as a result of hostile activities. There were also no salt suppliers, and everyone bought lumps of salt in Wieliczka. There were 2 butchers, and they paid a tax of 10 stones of milk. The furriers do not pay royal taxes. There are 3 boot makers, and each of them pays 4 pennies; all the bakers pay 3 gulden. At present in town there are no metal-workers, barrel-makers, wagon-drivers, wood craftsmen. According to testimony, the municipalities collect 12 pennies from the wagon-drivers and allow them to travel with the salt without staying over in the town, in contradiction to the privilege.
According to the report of 1673 there were 40 houses in the town with 346 residents.
On his way to Vienna, to defend her from the Turks, Jan Sobieski passed through
Będzin on the 20th of August 1683 with his wife Maria Kazimria and ate
lunch with General Karafa, who came to request that he hasten his journey to
In 1789, the last Polish survey was carried out during the period of Stanisław Mieroszewski, according to which 27 gulden and 15 pennies were collected from the town for land taxes, 300 gulden marketing tax from the Catholic residents, 3 gulden from the bakers, 3 gulden from the boot-makers, from the fisherman 24 gulden in exchange for rights to fish in the Przemsza, 3274 gulden rent from the brewery, 576 gulden from the Starosta mills, 253 gulden from the Jewish butchers, 700 gulden from the kehila, 54 gulden from the Jews for the rent of a palace vegetable garden, 339 gulden and 4 pennies for hay in the meadow, in total 5953 gulden and 29 pennies. According to this report the forests near the town were completely neglected. The forest near the border was also in such a state that trees could not be cut down there.
In the same period the houses in the town were built of wood. Only around the palace was the town surrounded by a wall.
In the years 1795-1808 Będzin together with the whole region subject to the Prussian regime and belonged to the Siewierz district. During the Congress Poland period Będzin was included in the Olkusz district Województwo Radom.
During the Warsaw Princedom period Będzin belonged to the Siewierz district, and later to the Pilica district and in 1813 to the Olkusz district.
The development of the town began in the first quarter of the 19th century, when the Polish authorities began taking interest in the utilization of the natural resources: quarries, coal and minerals. Coal mines were found between Będzin and Strzyżów in Grodziec and they began working them. In 1817 brick-kilns were established in order to erect zinc foundries. During the same period import offices were established in Będzin.
In 1863 Będzin was declared a border town, being in the border region of 21 verst, and it was forbidden for Jews to settle in it without a special permit from the government. This prohibition was cancelled in 1867.
In 1827 there were 256 houses and 2,254 residents in the town.
The residents of Będzin took an active part in the Polish Uprising in the years 1830-31.
In the years 1831-57 a degeneration began in the town in all walks of life, social and financial. In 1858 a drastic change took place with the laying of the Ząbkowice-Sosnowiec railway line trade dealings were renewed. In the same year there were 361 houses in the town, of which 121 were mansions, and the number of residents reached 4,140 people.
When the Uprising broke out in 1873 a large percentage of Polish youth were conscripted to the rebel units. In the area around the town there were battles between the rebels and the Russians.
In 1867 Będzin was included as the district town of the Piotrków region.
In the eighteen-seventies there was a considerable advance in the financial development of the town. Apart from government zinc foundries, whose output reached 105,000 pud in 1877, a brick making factory was established. A large portion of the residents were employed in the Ksabri coalmine, near the town; the output from 29 mines rose to 50,000 pud.
As early as 1860 there were 6 workshops for cotton products that employed 19 people.
In 1860 the number of residents rose to 6,090 people and the number of houses to 365, of which 140 were mansions. In the same year the output of the zinc foundries grew. In 1890 there were 9,222 residents, and in 1897 2,375 residents; and in the whole region 244,443 residents.
In Będzin, in which, as was said, there were coalmines, industries developed, the metal industry, in particular steel, cables and bindings from steel and zinc wire, chemical industries, building materials, ceramics and textiles, and at the beginning of the 20th century it already served as a industrial and wholesale trade center and employed a considerable number of laborers and workers.
In 1905 Będzin served as a Polish and Jewish socialist center in revolutionary activities against the Russian authorities.
There were marked changes in the configuration of the town during the World War I period with the inclusion of the villages of Małobądź, Gzichów, Brzozowica, that increased the jurisdiction of the town of Będzin.
After World War One an expansion of the steel companies and with them the metallurgy industry, in which the Jewish industrialists played an important role, in particular the processing of zinc and steel, cable manufacture, screws, nails, copper wires; and also the chemical industry and paints, in particular buttons for the clothing industry, that expanded greatly during the years 1924-31 in Zagłębie.
During the years 1939-44 Będzin was occupied by the Nazis, who called it
The Jewish settlement
Traveling Jewish traders came to the Zagłębie region as early as the 10th century, not as settlers, but as buyers of products from the region in exchange for commodities they brought with them. In the 11th and 12th century refugees from Czechoslovakia arrived, who had run away from there because of severe persecution that was carried out on the Jews. However, it is difficult to determine if they established permanent settlements or continued on into Poland.
In 1226 Jewish families settled in a number of places, like Siewierz, Czeladź, Pilica. Stable Jewish settlement in fact only began in the 14th century, after the granting of patronage by King Kazimierz the Great in 1368. During these years Jewish settlements were established in Siewierz, Wolbrom, Olkusz and also parts of Silesia. The initial Jewish settlement in Będzin began in the second half of the 15th century.
In 1453 King Kazimierz the Fourth (1447-92), following efforts by Jews from
Będzin, granted a privilege to the Zaglembian
according to this status the Jews were subject to the royal rule and its
representatives the Wojewoda or the Starosta, and subject to their
The Jews situation improved from a legal standpoint after the granting of patronage by King Stefan Batory [István Báthory / Stephen Báthory], according to which they were entitled to live anywhere and the Jewish traders were comparable with the Christians. In 1584 Będzin there was already a house near the Roses square owned by the Jew Jósek, and in 1584 there was a second Jewish home owner Jakob. In 1587 a Jew, Jakob-Baruch, bought in the town from the Christian, Marcin Raciborski, and a Jewess, Roza Abrahaman, bought a house with a beer brewery together with a dwelling from Marcin Sieniawski for 700 gulden.
In 1593 the Jew, Marek Wawrzyniec Warmuz bought a house behind the palace.
During this period the number of Jewish homeowners grew in the various streets of the town and also at the center of town, like Icchak Zalman, Roza Lewkowa, Icek (Icchak) Markowicz, Abram Majerowicz, Jakob and Josef Abramowicz, and others. From this we learn that the Jews were entitled to live and trade in the center of the town.
The Jews also assisted in defending the town against the enemy. When in 1587 the armies of Maximilian the Austrian threatened the town, the rabbi Reb Natan Majteles, who ran the yeshiva in the town, collected fifty ducats from amongst the Jews and passed them on to the Starosta of the palace as a donation of the Jews to fortify and reinforce the walls of the town.
In 1592 King Zygmunt the Third ordered the city council to defend the Jews in Będzin from attacks and to look after their rights that had been given them. The Jews built a wooden synagogue near the walls of the town and a cemetery that was in use till 1831. The cemetery also served the villages in the area: Milowice, Sielce, Tychy [Tichau], Chorzów, Bytom. The cemetery was allocated from municipal land and the town paid a tithe to the church, and the kehila had to pay a special tax to the church for each deceased person a burial tax. More than once arguments broke out on this background between the kehila and the local church priest, and even reached court cases, such that in the case that began in 1687 and continued on till 1695, the burial tax for the kehila was cancelled.
Over time the rights of the Jews were restricted in regards to settling in the city center. From an organizational-physical point of view their situation was similar to that of Polish Jewry; they paid the same taxes and levies that were imposed on the Jews in general, and in addition to this there were certain payments to the town, to the clergy and so on.
Within the framework of Jewish autonomy, Będzin belonged to the Kraków-Sandomierz State Committee, and according to this it was included in the Kraków district together with the communities of Olkusz, Chrzanów, Wiśnicz, Sanc, Bobowa, Pilica, Oświęcim, Wolbrom. The relationship between the Jews of Będzin and those in Kraków was very close. Mutual matchmaking was a regular event. The kehila leaders in Kraków had family and relatives in Będzin. They once refused to receive books from Kraków printing presses and this was how it went:
In 1534 the printers, Szmul Aszer and Elijahu Bnei Chaim from Halitz, opened a printing press and published: Sha'arei Doresh and Merkevet Hamishna for Reb Anszel, 2 volumes of Torim for Aszer Ben Jechiel and two volumes of machzorim [prayer books]. During the printing of these they were forced into converting into Christianity by the Cardinal Gamart. When the Jewish public learned of their conversion to Christianity, they refused to purchase the books from the printing house. At their request, King Zygmunt the First compelled the kehila leaders, by a decree of the 31st of December 1539, to buy their books, and 3,350 copies for the sum of 1,680 gulden. On this background, the issue led to a clash with the book sellers who came from Kraków, the books were confiscated and incinerated.
In their difficulty struggle for rights for the kehila, the leaders in
Będzin would always confront the leaders in Kraków and together
they would lobby for their communities. Thus it occurred in 1666 in the issue
of the Asignets. in covering the costs of the army in its war against the
Swedes, when the government imposed a levy on the Jews. In the light of the
assaults and clashes on the part of the army, the Four Lands Council decided to
extract a levy all at once, and to this end it received from the king's
secretary, Kazimier Kowalkowski, a loan to the sum of 26,000 gulden. This sum
was drafted from the kehilot, however the payment was not cancelled. Then the
Four Lands Council publicized on the 3rd of May 1666 an announcement to the
Jews of Poland, that if the debt for 26,000 gulden wasn't paid, Kowalkowski
would be entitled to steal, kidnap, to arrest and to place in jail, publicly
and also privately, we and all the Jews located in the Kingdom of Poland, that
is to say at fairs, markets, on roads and in our homes. Thus (he would be
entitled) to confiscate our merchandise, to lock up synagogues everywhere, to
confiscate homes and put Christians in them and whoever they wanted and hold
onto them till a full payment was made.
This caused an outburst by the Jews
of Będzin, so much so that the town police were brought in. The major,
Israel Salamonowicz, was removed from this position and exiled with his family
from the town.
In 1685 the lobbyists, Szlomo Markowicz and Jonaten Szmuelowicz, managed to receive a kehila privilege from King Jan Sobieski the Third.
Regional committee meetings took place during this period in the main in Wodzisław, Pińczów and Stopnica.
At the end of the 17th century disputes and court cases broke out between Kraków and the branches that had brought about the decision in 1692 the Four Lands Council that Kraków would constitute a special administrative unit. In place of Kraków six small kehilot were prominent Pińczów, Wodzisław, Olkusz, Szydłów and Chądzyny, however prolonged disputes also broke out between them.
Będzin was already a well known commercial center, to which traders came from outside and arranged their businesses. Będzin Jews were in commercial contact with Silesia and Germany. Amongst the visitors to the fairs in Leipzig a Jewish trader, Mosze Bendiner, from Będzin was also prominent, who visited the fair there in 1695. A considerably larger number of Jews visited the fairs in Breslau in the years 1685-96. In 1685 alone amongst the visitors four Jews from Będzin were recorded and they were: Szlomo Juda, Jakob Markus, Mosze Gerstel, Jakob Szymonowicz, and in 1696 Herszl Benjamin. Apart the aforementioned, Hersz from Będzin was located in Wrocław [Breslau] and dealt in the sale of citrons for the Jews of Poland and by this interfered with Mathias Werling from Zolkawa, who dealt by virtue of a privilege that he had received from King Jan Sobieski the Third, in agreement with Jewish leaders of our kingdom (the Four Lands Council) to bring citrons to the Jews of Poland. King Sobieski requested in a letter of the 11th of March 1693 from the Wrocław council, that it protect Mathias Werling from the Jew from Będzin by the name of Hersz living in Wrocław and interfering with his business.
Jews from Będzin leased estates and beer breweries in the Kraków environs. It is known to us that in 1688 Hersz Wolfowicz from Będzin leased the beer brewery in Grabowiec, that was owned by the Starosta, Count Raswicz from Będzin. When Hersz refused to renew the lease agreement for the coming year, the Starosta took all his belongings to the palace, and when that didn't help the Starosta arrested and jailed him in the palace dungeons for a number of weeks. Hersz was also accused of theft, and in spite of the fact that the court acquitted him, the Starosta refused to release him, till he promised not to appeal against him in court. Under pressure, Hersz leased the beer brewery for a further year, and when the contract expired once again, he was arrested once again by the Starosta, who wanted to force him to renew the contract however, Hersz managed to escape and his wife and children were then arrested.
In the 17th century there was a fully organized kehila and the social life spurred the Jewish public to aid and mutual help. In the seventies the Chevrat Kaddisha [burial society] was founded. From its ledger we learn about the varied activities amongst members of the society and for the general public. It filled its tasks in the mitzva of Chevrat Kaddisha, however maintained discipline and the morality of its members so much so, that a member was expelled (in 1767) for expressing himself in unprintable words.
Up until the first quarter of the 19th century apart from the Chevrat Kaddisha, that was connected with the Bikur Cholim [Visting the sick] as in the other kehilot, there was a society that maintained the Maoz Ladal Talmud Torah [ultra-orthodox junior school], a Hachnasat Kalah [Providing for the bride], a Malbish arumim [Dressing the poor], and also a philanthropic fund Halvaot chen [Amiable loans]. These societies acted under the supervision of the kehila. Apart from these societies the kehila also took care of education, and provided not only chadarim [religious primary schools] but also a renown yeshiva [seminary], that was run by the yeshiva leaders and its rabbis.
Of the rabbis before the 19th century Reb Natan Majtles is well known, who filled an important position in the 16th century in the community life as well. He passed away at the age of 105. The names of rabbis that served in the kehila rabbinate after him in the 17th century and at the beginning of the 18th century are not known. In the 1860's according to the Chevrat Kaddisha ledger Rabbi Reb Mosze served in the rabbinical throne, who was elected in 1765 to president of the gabbai'im [beadles], and after him Rabbi Reb Majer served as the rabbi of Będzin, who was a great Torah scholar, and exchanged letters with the rabbi in Prague Reb Jechezkel Landau known as Noda beyehuda [famous in Judea]. In 5535 (1775), a strange incident occurred in Będzin. The son of a rich family who was not yet twelve years old was matched to the daughter of a scholar and his father gave him a dowry, and the wedding also took place before he had reached the age of twelve, and this young boy blessed the young woman under a chupa [canopy used at Jewish weddings] and with the customary blessings, but they didn't consummate the marriage at all, because the boy was not yet twelve years old. In the meantime altercations and quarrels broke out and the young woman didn't want him. Rabbi Reb Majer and the Bet Din [rabbinical court] approached Rabbi Reb Jechezkel Landau with a question, if the girl wanted could receive a get [divorce] from him. On the 4th of Elul 5535 (1775) Rabbi Landau replied to him and began with a flowery phrase: [untranslatable]. In regards the question he decided on the basis of halacha [Jewish Law] interpretations that, in general, the girl could get married again without a get.
Following Reb Majer, Reb Towja served as rabbi in the 1780's and after him from 1784 1796 his son Reb Dawid served. From 1796 to 1816 Reb Mosze Hamburger sat on the rabbinical throne.
There was no change in the economic situation of the Jews. The main occupation
of the Jews was national retail and wholesale trade.
In the lists of visitors to the Leipzig and Wrocław [Breslau] fairs there were no longer Będzin traders. The overseas Polish wholesale was transferred in the 18th century to the Jews of Kraków, Kielce, Lublin, Brzeziny, and Brody.
The leasing of wineries and beer breweries, mills, and also the trade of the agricultural produce remained in the hands of the Jews. In the town they also dealt in the planting of fruit trees and the growing of vegetables, and they leased pastures from the Starosta. In 1775 they paid a lease of 54 gulden. They also leased the hay harvested in the Starosta fields in exchange for an annual fee of 339 gulden. These were also the same sums according the summary report of 1789.
We only know about a head tax from the year 1717 and it was for a total of 442 gulden and 6 pennies. Apart from taxes, every year the kehila paid the Starosta an annual sum of 700 gulden, the Jewish butchers 253 gulden. As early as the 17th century the kehila paid this sum (700 gulden) to the Starosta as protection money (the protection money was called: tymtowe) for tolerance towards the Jews, and this was apart from the rent paid by the lessees.
In the [second] half of the 18th century there was already a large settlement in the town. Będzin was associated with the Opatów (Apta) area under the framework of the Sandomierz regional committee. In the period between 1746 and1754 the Sandomierz regional committee met for seven sittings. In fact we know of three: In Opatów, Dabrowa and Stopnica. The situation of the Sandomierz regional committee went downhill so much so, that the representatives of the towns and villages approached the Wojewoda [Voivode] Jan Wielopolski with a complaint concerning extortion, irregularities in tax management, money squandered, loan making on the part of the rabbis and town leaders; also the illegal appointment of rabbis as town leaders. Thus, for example, the regional committee paid an annual interest of 15,510 gulden. On the basis of the complaints, the Wojewoda assembled a sitting of the regional committee (congress), in the presence of 2 commissars, in Stopnica on the 6th of September 1754, that continued to the 13th of the month. At this assembly it was determined that the listing of the tax that the kehilot collected from the production of brandy, beer and mead weren't transferred to the government.
Będzin together with its branches had to put in 40 gulden in 1754 and also the sum of 6 gulden given as compensation to the town of Przedbórz, which had suffered greatly from fires. In the committee meeting orders (depositions) were received in 22 branches, in which new arrangements in the field of management, payment of debts, distribution of positions between the rabbi and district leader. To the first, authority was endowed only in religious matters and the second secular matters (item 15). Apart from this, monetary claims of the leaders and rabbis from the district committee of the sum of 22,549 gulden were rescinded. A decision was received in the matter of auditing accounts and payment of kehila debts to the district committee. It was clear that Będzin as a community in the district committee suffered together with other communities.
In giving the reasoning behind the decisions of the regional assembly (1754) in Stopnica it was said emphatically that they had suffered from bad administration. These types of feelings already pointed towards an imminent breakdown of the Jewish autonomy in Poland.
According to the census that was carried out in 1765 the number of Jews in Będzin was 456, amongst which were 219 men, 237 women, together with the babies only the number rose by 31.
Będzin had affiliations with the town of Modrzejów with 25 Jews (14 men and 11 women) and 5 villages: Niwecka Karczma 9 Jews (4 men and 11 women), Zagórze 10 Jews (4 men and 6 women), Długoszyn 11 Jews (4 men and 7 women), Szczakowa 26 Jews (9 men and 17 women), Ciężkowice 22 Jews (14 men and 8 women). All in all in the Będzin kehila (7 settlements) there 268 men and 281 women.
The following numbers are interesting in relation to the Jewish residents: In Będzin there were 113 heads of families amongst the citizens dealing in trades. There were 415 adults (204 men and 211 women) and less than 31 children:
Married men: 14 grandfathers, 103 married fathers a total of 117.
Widowers and divorcees: 1 grandfather, 1 father and 5 of indefinite age a total of 7.
Unmarried men: 75 young men, 7 servants, apprentices and orphans a total of 80.
There were 204 men of all categories.
Married women: 14 grandmothers and 103 mothers a total of 117.
Widows, divorcees and agunot ["chained" women women bound in marriage by husbands who refuse to grant a divorce or who is missing and not proved dead]: 7 grandmothers, 1 mother and 3 of indefinite age a total of 11.
Unmarried women: 70 young women, 13 domestics a total of 63 [translator: should be 83?]
With orphans of all ages, a total of 211.
From the living standards point of view the following figures are known:
In Będzin there were 48 Jewish families of homeowners and 65 families of rent paying apartments.
Of the 48 homes: there were 1-5 tenants in 92 [translator: should be 9] homes, 6-10 tenants in 9 homes and 11-15 tenants in 9 homes and 16-25 tenants in 3 homes.
According to the ledger of the Kraków cardinals from 1787 from the 978
residents in Będzin there were only 250 Jews.
However these numbers
contradict Tadeusz Cacki in his letter to Naruszewicz in 1791, in which it was
said, that the greater half of Będzin was settled by Jews.
During the Kościuszko Uprising (1794) the Jews of Będzin were its supporters. Reb Jakob Natan, who was called the Anonymous Rabbi, collected funds, advocated that the Jews volunteer to the Kościuszko Army, and he himself spied on the Russian positions. After the liquidation of the Uprising and the Prussian occupation he was arrested and imprisoned in jail. In 1807 he was released by the Poles.
The Prussian Regime Period, the Warsaw Princedoms and Congress Poland
In the years 1785-1807 Będzin belonged to Swierz region, which was annexed by the Prussian authorities to the new Silesia. The Prussian authorities determined in the regulations of the 17th of April 1797 (that included 5 chapters, 71 articles) the appropriate settlement for the authorities and the policies of the Berlin government. According to this only the right to settle in new areas was given only to Jews who were already living in them during the occupation and to those with a stable profession. The remainder had to put their name down in special lists and to receive a letter of patronage (Schutzbriefe). The taxes imposed upon them were raised. The Polish head tax was raised from 3 to 10 gulden. Apart from this the Jews were compelled to pay the following levies:
The authority of the rabbinate and the kehilot was limited to religious matters only. The rabbinical court was cancelled. The Jews were obliged to present court actions and claims to government courts. In a special section the number of religious ministrants was determined. The kehilot were forbidden to select their clerks. The authorities determined leaders, like in general institutions (town councils), and chose rabbis and religious ministrants. The Polish and German languages were established as those used for education in the schools. The use of boycott, the imposition of punishments by various means compelling the Jews to obey orders of the kehila was totally forbidden. It was thus determined in the regulations, that the shochetim [ritual slaughterers] could carry out the slaughter and sell the meat something that was up until then the responsibility of the kehila. In fact the Prussians cancelled the kehilot, seeing them as the main obstacle in carrying out their fiscal and economical policies. Indeed the Jews were promised concessions in the event of an improvement in the cultural situation of the Polish regions.
Apart from the administrative principals the Jews were forbidden by regulation to deal in interest, the sale of liquor to farmers by credit, the sale of merchandise that wasn't for agricultural needs, and also pedaling. Commerce and trades were also limited for them, and they were only allowed in the towns and forbidden in the villages. However they were permitted to take part in agriculture with the authority to employ Christians during the first three years.
The regulations recommended encouraging the Jews to work the land, lease estates, beer breweries and the establishment of industrial plants. The regulations were received, of course, amongst the Jewish public with feelings of fear and suspicion. In fact they destroyed the basis of the livelihood of the Jews in Będzin and the village region surrounding it, most of whom were wholesale merchants and peddlers who mainly traded in the nearby towns, and considerable number of tradesmen.
The regulations were announced on the 17th of April 1797. According to its wording, the aim and intention of the regulations was to block an interest which brought a great deal of harm to loyal Christian subjects, to put a end to the deception and to the damage to the moral atmosphere. Jewish representatives saw that this wording presented the Jews as cheats, largely endangering the economic and national religious existence of their fellow people. A particular danger was seen in the limitation of the extent of commerce and trades, and amendments in the field of education. The marriage levy was seen as a clear intention to limit growth in the light of this situation on the 8th of Elul 5557 (30th August 1797) representatives of the Jewish communities assembled in Kleszczewo [?], in order to determine their stance towards the regulations and expected results to the Jewish multitudes. Apart from community leaders, famous rabbis participated in this conference.
The conference decided to request that the king undertake a thorough investigation of the situation of the Jews. A delegation was elected that arrived in Berlin on the 2nd of October 1797, and on the 20th of November 1797 a restrained reply was received that included a number of concessions in favor of the Jews. However over time the clerks understood that the regulations should not be implemented. In fact they ceased deportations from the villages, allowed Jews to settle in all the towns and also to belong to Christian trade unions (tzechs), and eased off in relation to obtaining pedaling licenses in the villages and in the towns. However in 1800 a change was brought into place and Jewish merchants were only village residents.
In contradiction to the promises, orders were brought out that limited the extent of Jewish commerce, pedaling in the villages, and reduced the purchase of agricultural produce. In particular the Jews were caused great detriment by the order keeping them away from beer breweries and drinking bars, the prohibition to produce liquors, and the order to transfer government and noblemen's bars to Christians. However after a great deal of lobbying the implementation of the order was postponed till 1808, and thus Jews could take part in these fields a further number of years.
The kehila in Będzin lobbied at the Prussian authorities to exempt them of
the annual tymtowe (protection) payment to Starosta, since this burdened the
kehila. The authorities saw this as a matter between the Jews and the Starosta
and suggested that they comprise with it and not to bring the matter to a court
ruling. However nothing came out of all of this. According to the agreement
that was signed by the ministry in Breslau [Wrocław] on the 22nd of
December 1802, the kehila continued to pay 116 Prussian thaler and 20 penning,
that were valued at 700 gulden.
Based on the regulations that allowed the Jews to belong to Christian trade unions, Jewish craftsmen from Będzin joined up to them. However in order to maintain their religious interests at the end of Pesach 5667 (1807) the Chevrat Kaddisha [burial society] for tailors was founded, to which in fact apart from the tailors the rest of the Jewish craftsmen belonged, and it filled other functions related to professional and economical interests[40.
Reb Nachum Roznes, who served at the time as a dayan, wrote in the foreword of
the Będzin ledger:
They volunteered to be the Chevra Kaddisha of the tailors and the rest of the tradesmen and they have a book to read each Sabbath and holyday and by virtue of thus each person will help his fellow man if something occurs to them in contradiction to Jewish law.
The tradesmen have unfortunately relationships with arelim [uncircumcised i.e. Christians] and if they make a loss and are caused damage even by virtue of a brotherly relationship any matter relating to G-d fearing and connected to G-d and with people
Members of the society have taken upon themselves to protect and do everything according to the law of the Torah and to behave according to Jewish law and help one another. That one should defend and save his fellow man whatever happens
[not all translated]
The tradesmen who kept an apprentice had to deduct a single groschen [penny] from every gulden for him. An apprentice who didn't agree to these conditions, was not accepted for work in the town and in an area of a half a mile around the town.
The trustees of the society were obliged to supervise, that injustice would not be done to a labor in reckoning what he was deserving of, and the assistants and apprentices had to obey the decisions of the society. Against these the trustee of the society was not entitled to take mortgages, however not contrary to the laws of the Torah and the kehila regulations.
In the 18 articles of the society regulations the obligations and rights of its members were formulated. Every Jew in Będzin had the right to be a member in the tailor's union if he received a majority of votes. He had put in 36 groschen [pennies] and a pot of mead and pay the dayan [rabbinical judge] to be listed in the ledger. The membership was 3 groschen per week and they were collected by the shamash [caretaker], who transferred the fees at the beginning of every month to the society treasurer. An assistant paid 1 groschen for every gulden he earned in a year. Every worker who ate in a workshop paid 1 groschen for each gulden of his wage. A worker who was self-employed paid only half a groschen.
The election of gabbaim [beadles] took place in the days during Passover, customarily in the ballot box of the society. Twice annually (on Shavuot and (Meister)) the society would hold a feast for its members, and the rabbi would give a sermon.
The society was headed by a trustee. Article 7 determined that one trespassing into that of a fellow member would be obliged to pay the wronged tradesman a fine into the society's treasury. According to article 8 it was forbidden for an assistant in the training period to relocate from one tradesman to another; and a punishment was determined for those transgressing this article. A tradesman had the right to employ a laborer and apprentice for only three years after his marriage. Someone bringing clothing from outside for sale and thereby impairing the local tradesmen had to pay a certain fee to the society's treasury. In the event of a dispute, defamation and opposition to the trustee, the antagonist would be removed from the society. Any worker enrolling in a Christian trade union would pay the society 2 gulden. Someone receiving the title of master craftsmen (Meister) from an association had to pay 3 gulden. For each apprentice 1 gulden had to be paid. A member of the society who ordered clothing from a tradesman who wasn't a member of the society, had to place a special payment into the treasury, and if he refused he would be removed from the society. The members had the right to pray on the Sabbath in a minyan as they wished, or in a society minyan if the trustee demanded it from them. Article 18 was particularly special and determined that a laborer coming from outside and didn't want to marry a resident of Będzin, had the right to stay in the town for no more than 3 years. All the members of the society were obliged to help carry out this article.
Since the Jewish tradesmen society had rabbis, it can be assumed that the tailors' society had a rabbi. At the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century Rabbi Reb Nachum Rozenes served [as the town rabbi], and in this position also wrote the entries into the society ledger. The rabbis that followed him also carried out this same task.
In the meantime in the world there were political-military events occurred that also stood to change the face of a condemned Poland. Prussia prepared for war in France in the hope that it would come out victorious. However fate determined differently.
On the 14th of October 1806, Prussia suffered a severe defeat in the battle near Jena [the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt] that broke its supremacy over central-eastern Europe. Jena was the beginning of Napoleon's victorious campaign. On the 27th of October he entered Berlin. The Prussian authorities were given an order to prepare to leave the Polish regions. On the 28th of November the French entered Warsaw. In January 1807 the Warsaw governing committee was founded and it immediately set about organization the government and administration.
On the 17th of July 1807 an agreement was signed at Tilsit between the Tsar
Alexander the First and Napoleon the First, according to which a Warsaw dukedom
was founded in the regions which Prussia had received in the second and third
partitions and King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony was appointed by Napoleon to
the prince of the new state.
According to the constitution of the 25th of June 1807, that was prepared two weeks before the Tilsit agreement, freedom and tolerance towards all religions were declared, with no restrictions towards the Jews. When the constitution was handed over the Jews were released from all special taxes and were given rights equal to those of all residents however not for an extended time. Fourteen months after equal rights to all residents of the state were declared in article 58 of the constitution, article 58 was cancelled on the 17th of October 1807 for a ten year period however, in fact the cancellation remained in force till 1862. According to this Jews were forbidden to purchase and sell lands; it was indeed permitted for a Jew to sell his home and its lands or to bequeath them to his heirs. Traders were allowed to settle in the towns and be homeowners.
In the sitting of the Sejm on the 18th 1809, a special law was proposed in relation to tax on the slaughtering of kosher meat, which was accepted by 95 against 11 votes.
In relation to the increase in the meat tax, the leaders of Łachy Włościańskie [?] and Poznań decided in consultation with Czempin on the 12th of September 1809, to convene the state committee in Czelad on the 18th of October together with representatives of all the kehilot in the Princedom. However the response wasn't consistent. Only representatives of Leszno Inowrocław appeared, and so the sitting was cancelled. In the same period 28 kehila representatives met in Warsaw of the Warsaw department and served a memorandum to the State Council.
Thus the Jews remained from a legal point of view in an inferior status. In particular they suffered from a heavy tax burden: a food tax, a meat tax, a tolerance tax from between 10 to 2 and a half thalers per family according to their financial situation, a marriage tax and other general taxes. The hardest was the kosher meat tax, which on an average a single family paid 84 gulden each year for.
In July 1810 delegates of the kehilot from almost all departments convened in Warsaw and served a memorandum to the Finance Minister about the financial hardship of the Jewish population because of the burden caused by the kosher meat tax. The government did not give an opinion about these memorandums. However in March 1811 negotiations began, in which the Jews suggested an annual meat tax of 1,213,044 gulden which would be distributed amongst the towns and villages according the number of Jewish families in them. The Finance Minister turned down this proposal and announced that he would collect the tax according to the ability of those paying, and the meat tax was contracted out in public tenders. The negotiations continued on without any positive results.
On the 9th of January 1812 a decree came out, according to which a new tax was imposed on the Jews a recruits tax at a total of 700,000 gulden per year, and thus the Jews were exempt from army service conscription. It was known that a Jew by the name of Jakob Szpot, from a poor tradesman's family from Będzin had served in the Polish legions and the Polish army of the Warsaw Princedom. In his battalion he achieved the rank of first lieutenant, and according to the testimony of a Polish citizen from Lublin, Hieronim Borowski, who had served together with him in 1808 at the Spanish front, he was amongst the better officers of the Polish Army: he went at the front in battle and patiently commanded his subordinates. He distributed a fourth of his wages amongst his soldiers who had excelled in their bravery and good behavior.
In January 1808 General Chłopicki sent him to conquer the town of Cuenca [Spain], an important military position, in order to provide cover and defend the passage to Saragossa. He had 200 men under his command. After a short time they were surrounded by 3,000 Spanish. In spite of the advantage of the Spanish force, Jakob Szpot forced them to defeat in an intense battle. Many of his company were killed and wounded. He as also wounded in his leg and head. When he learned that the French in his company were in one of the houses and refused to fight, he went out to them, however to no avail: they surrendered to the Spanish. He held his position with 30 of his soldiers till a cavalry unit arrived, that saved him and his few soldiers that had remained. He and his soldiers received a decoration from Napoleon for his bravery. He also took part in the French Army march to Moscow and fell there in 1812.
On the 15th of January 1815 a decree was announced according to which the government cancelled the right of the Jews to deal in commerce, trades and serving liquor.
The fall of Napoleon the First led to all the Warsaw Princedoms to be brought under Russian authority. According to the decision of the Vienna Congress (1814-1815) the region of the Polish Kingdom was transferred to Russia. In the formulation of the constitution signed by the Tsar Alexander the First on the 25th of May 1815, the Jews were promised that their civilian rights would be protected, and special regulations determined the conditions that would make it easier for them to be more satisfied with social benefits.
A Jewish delegation served a memorandum to the Tsar about the number of legal restraints, like the kosher meat tax, the prohibition of selling liquor, the pressure of the taxes and so on. The lobbying did not bring results and there was no improvement in the situation of the Jews.
According to the governor's decree of the 20th of March 1821 instead of the kehilot , synagogue committees were founded with limited authority, who were subject to the government committee in Warsaw for internal affairs, religion and education.
We have thus described the evolution process of the Jewish question in Poland as a background to the history of the Jews of Będzin.
At the head of the committee (in Będzin as well) there were three administrators (supervisors), that were elected for a period of three years. The elections took place in the month of December, and the right to vote was only for taxpayers of four types. The elections required the approval of the Wojewodas [voivode]. The synagogue committee would prepare a budget together with the rabbi to cover the needs of the community for a period of a year and these were: the synagogue, yeshivas, the wages of the rabbi, the dayanim [religious judges], the kehila secretary, the cantor, the shamash [caretaker], guards, and supporting the poor. From 1834 the budget also included the medical costs of the kehila's sick in public hospitals, the hospital maintenance if one existed. The budget was covered by income from the bathhouse, the mikva, payments for weddings, circumcisions, funerals, and also kehila taxes that were imposed on Jewish residents, who were categorized into four types according to their property, livelihood and income. The treasury and the account books were managed by a town council clerk.
The financial situation of the Jews in Będzin was difficult because of the obstacles that the authorities placed on them regarding overseas trade.
According to the law from 1823, that was in force till 1862, foreign Jews were
forbidden and bringing them from outside to settle in the border area (up to 21
versts). This law applied to Będzin, and also regarding the Jews in the
villages affiliated with Będzin: Sielce, Modrzejów, Łagisza,
Gzichów, Siewierz, Strzemieszyce and Sławków.
Jews and the mining plants
During this period mining and foundry plants developed substantially, however the Jews in Będzin encountered many obstacles in this field as well. According to the order of the mining office administration of 1816, Jews were prohibited to maintain bars and inns within proximity of the mines and foundries. Only in 1828 there was some change in this field because of a shortage of manpower for work in the mines.
Minister Lubecki ordered the stepping up of the building of workers' apartments and to plan the expansion of the mines.
In March 1826 Lubecki allowed in order to achieve the required number of workers for the building of the zinc foundry in Będzin, and also the extraction of coal and the renewal of the mine in Ksabir to employ Jews from Będzin. To the queries of the clerks, of how to relate to the Jews of Będzin, a great number of whom were poor and sought work in the mines and in their opinion they could be used to serve the coal mines, the administration in Warsaw ordered that they employ them only as temporary salaried employees with a daily wage and not a weekly wage.
During the years 1825-1830 the Ksabir mine employed 112 laborers and 260 were needed. Due to a shortage of 148 laborers they could supply all the mining requirements.
In the mines themselves Jews from Będzin were employed. In 1869 four young Jews from Będzin, aged 18-19, worked in the Idbecki mine close to Dąbrowa and their names were: Benjamin Rus, Szmul Mamnowicer, Pesach Pinkus and Lewek Bajtner. After three years they stopped working. Rus was conscripted into the army. In 1870 Elijahu Fersztenfeld worked in the Ksabir mine. Jews were also active as bankers and coordinators of coal production.
During the years 1845-1863 contracts were signed between the government plants and the Jews: Aron Chwat, Ajzik Bareli, Icchak Goldman, Mosze Cohen, M. Grinberg, Majer Machenbojm, Israel Szajnweksler, Ajzik Zmigrod, Szmul Etinger, Icchak Zelkowicz. The Zmigrod family was one of the first to take interest in mining. Ajzik Zmigrod from Będzin made a contract with the mining plants management for extracting the wagons from the mine and transporting the coal from the Reden mine to the steam engine belonging to Herszl Goldfeld from Olkusz. Zmigrod's successors began investing their money in plants for utilizing coal.
During the years 1876-1886 Zendl Zmigrod was already managing together with Maczimi Stichleski the Aleksander, Antony and Kazimierz mines, which annually produced from 500 to 5000 ton coal and employed 118 laborers. From 1880 onwards they extracted 1000 ton with a steam engine.
After his death the Kazmierz mine which didn't operate for two years remained with his successors. Following the establishment of two drying machines in 1890, production was resumed. In 1891 the annual output already reached 3000-5000 ton.
In 1893 the mine was transferred
to the converted Jews Werthajm from Warsaw, as a consequence of the law
of the 28th of April 1892, according to which Jews in Congress Poland were
forbidden to deal in mining. The law was cancelled only during the First World
War period. In spite of the prohibition the Jews used ruses to transfer the
mines, as it were, to Christians, who managed them for them. The Zmigrod
family also used this ruse.
During the 1830-31 rebellion period
The Jews of Będzin underwent severe riots during the period of the1830-1831 Polish Rebellion. The difficult situation was expressed in the Chevra Kaddisha ledger:
[untranslatable]In the town a cholera plague broke out. In a period of two weeks, up until the 22nd of Menchem-Av [Hebrew month of Av], more than a hundred Jews died. The cemetery was inadequate and they were forced to bury the dead in the new cemetery whose land had been purchased from the townspeople for 300 gulden, in addition to an annual payment of 20 gulden. An incident was described there noting the attitude to the dead on Shabbat [Sabbath] eve of the Christians: there was no way of burying them before Shabbat came in before it became dark, and during the Shabbat they remained lying in the field. The Christians came, tied the legs of the dead with rope, and carried and dragged them stripped of shrouds and threw them (two women, a boy and two men) together into a grave, and severely beat the Jewish guards, who for all that had not desecrated the Shabbat. The following day they were brought for burial. Despite this attitude, representatives of the Województwo [voivodeship or province] Krakow participated in the kehilot conference, which was convened by order of the Civil Public Security committee on the 11th December 1830 by the manager of the department for religious matters, Bogdanski, and was held on the 15th in Wadislaw with the aim of discussing how the Jews will want to assist the homeland common to us all.
The committee convened in the evening in the government house, so that all the
representatives of the kehilot could get there on time. Bogdanski opened the
conference with a speech in which he explained its purpose, which was later
read translated into Yiddish by the Pińczów representative, Cohen.
A four member committee was elected, one representative from each district, for
consultation, in which way the Jews could help with donations of their own will
for the purpose of the rebellion.
After the committee received details and suggestions from the civil committee representatives, two hours were requested for consultation with all the representatives. After consultation in two meetings with all the representatives, who were willing to sacrifice victims for the homeland, to which they related with feelings of devoted support. Later on they began handing over their donations. In the name of the Będzin kehila its representatives Szlomo Brauner and Berek Herciger announced that they were donating 200 gulden in cash and 25 new sheep hides.
The forestry supervisor (nadleśni) Wacław Gaszynski spoke at the conclusion of the conference. He described to the audience the situation in the country [Israel], encouraged the Jewish youth to form a group of Jewish volunteers, and called upon them to chose between the sword or a heroic death for the sake of the homeland, so that their names would be engraved in the memories of future generations. At the end of his talk he requested from the kehilot that he represent them in their synagogues and homes to motivate the youths into enlisting and equip the volunteers with uniforms and weapons.
The representatives present unanimously replied, that they were enthusiastic about this call to spur the youth to enlist, and that they would willingly equip the enlistees with uniforms and weapons.
In the protocol and report Bogdanski noted the patriotic atmosphere that prevailed in the conference and the donations of the kehilot, which could not be increased because of the poor situation of the Jews. It is worthwhile noting that it was emphasized in the report that the Jews did this for the issue out of willingness and devotion. In addition, the call to conscript and equip the youth was received unanimously and enthusiastically.
In January 1831 the civil committee of the Województwo Krakow announced that the Jews didn't take part in the guard troop, and that they needed to take part in the defense of the country in another way. Indeed the Województwo decided that the Jews were not released from service in the guard, though they still had to pay the recruitment tax. Pinchas Szwajcer, who participated in the 1863 Uprising relates: I remember what my father told me during my childhood. During the Polish Uprising in 1932 an order was received to establish a security troop in the town and to include Jews as well. About 300 Jewish residents served in the troop in Będzin thirty of whom were armed with picks (pickes) and stood guard in the center of the town. Amongst the guards were homeowners and poor people, adults and youths, bearded orthodox in Jewish garb, who left their trades and the yeshivas and came to serve armed and with frills on their hats in the Polish style. In particular Reb Anszel stood out amongst them, being a learned and a famous Torah scholar. His wife had a salt sore and she provided for the large family. Reb Anszel boasted that he had no idea about money, and he was terrible in arithmetic and uneducated in trade, and was suddenly forced to leave the Gemara and be a guard in the center of the town. After a number of weeks all the Jews were released, as was told in the town, in exchange for a great deal of money.
The commander of the guard also endeavored to release them. In the light of this situation, the representatives of the kehila approached the government with a request to release the Jews from service in the guard and from all types of personal services, apart from the security guard, since they had to pay all the government taxes and the special levies that only applied to the Jews. On the 24th of January 1831 the representatives of all the kehilot, including the Będzin kehila, delivered a declaration at the conference that took place in Wadislaw, of their obligation to increase the recruitment tax that was imposed on them. However they demanded that it would be entered in the protocol that the doubling of the tax was only for the war period. When the collection of the taxes was late and reminders didn't help, the kehilot were threatened, that if what was owing was not collected, wealthy families would be conscripted into the guard.
The Jews finally paid the double recruitment tax.
It is interesting to note that the national government generously presented a number
of licenses for maintaining bars and inns. Amongst them was Hendel Erlich who
received a license of this type on the 28th of January 1831.
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The Sindhi Hindu community uprooted as the result of India’s Partition, now girdles the globe. But then for Sindhi traders, globalization was never a new concept. For decades, well before Partition, Sindhi traders (commonly known as SindhWorkis) had established themselves practically in every city of the world, with larger concentration in Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia and Malaysia; through the Middle East to Africa and Gibraltar, and across Britain and Europe to the U.S. and Latin America.
These SindhWorkis or Sindhi traders earned a fine reputation for trustworthiness and honesty in foreign countries. Their word was known as a bond. They supported local, social events and aided worthwhile charities from time to time, locally and in Sindh and India. They were religious and remained steadfast in their family, social and cultural roots and religious identity. Largely their donations were to religious institutions, mandirs (temples) and gurdwaras but many like Bahi Wattumall, Chellarams. Bhai Maghnamal of K A J Chotirmull and many others gave much for educational and social purposes for Sindhis and others.
The SindhWorkis kept a low profile while giving aid and support. As the grand old man heading the Watumalls is said to remark when someone questioned him as to why he does not publicize his charities, he quoted Rahim who was a great philanthropist, “dene wala koi aur hai; log brahm mujh pay kyoun karen!” (Means: Giver is Some One Else – implying that there is some Higher Power that is the Giver – So why should people think that I am the giver?). Later, when Watumalls established the public foundation for Education, naturally their charities had to come out in the open.
By and large SindhWorkis remained aloof from politics. Many suffered almost silently the pain of India for its being a colony of the British but there was no organization worth the name till the first decade of the twentieth century through which they could channel their frustration and funds . A change in the attitude of the SindhWorkis came about with the formation of the Gadar Party early in the second decade of the twentieth century.
Establishment of the Gadar Party:
The Gadar Movement was established around 1912-1913. It was the first organized violent bid for freedom after the uprising (Indian War of Independence) of 1857. Gadar in Punjabi means “revolt” – and indeed this revolt was the saga of courage, valor and determination of overseas Indians to free India from the shackles of British slavery. Clearly, the Gadarites wanted to liberate India by the force of arms. The movement did not achieve its intended objective. However, it awakened a sleeping India and left a major impact on India’s struggle for freedom. The heroism, courage and sacrifices of the Gadarites inspired many freedom fighters to continue their mission. This attempt to free their country was made by Indians living overseas, particularly in the United States and Canada. Although, the overwhelming majority of the Gadarites were Sikhs and the main centers of revolutionary activity were in Canada and the United States, the movement spread to
other centers as well, such as Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore. Many of the leaders were of other parties and from different parts of India, and amongst them were Rash Bihari Bose, Barkutullah, Seth Husain Rahim, Tarak Nath Das, Vishnu Ganesh Pingley, Virendra Nath Chattopadhyay (younger brother of politician-poetess Sarojani Naidu), Bhupendra Nath Datta (brother of Swami Vivekananda) , Ajit Singh (uncle of Shahid Bhagat Sigh), and Bhai Bhagwan Singh.
It was as the result of Rash Bihari Bose’s effort that some Sindhis also became sympathizers and helpers of the Gadar Movement. Notable among them were Dr. Choithram P. Gidwani, who was in regular touch with Rash Bihari Bose, not so much by normal correspondence but through messages sent by word of mouth by friendly couriers. Dr. Choithram had introduced quite a few associates to Rash Bihari Bose, and amongst them were two of his close friends Lokram Sharma and his brother Vishnu Sharma. The two Sharma brothers remained in close touch with Rash Bihari Bose. Dr. Choithram had also been in touch with Lala Har Dayal who had been a faculty member at Stanford University in U.S.A. for about two years. He was the central pioneering figure and the force behind the newly formed Gadar organization.
Please note the following extract on page 89 of The Sindh Story by K.R.Malkani (published by Sindhi Academy Delhi):
“One mid-night in 1913, a lame Muslim complaining of severe stomach pain, arrived in a bullock cart from Kotri, at the residence of Lokram Sharma in Hyderabad (Sindh). Once in, it was clear, that he was Rash Bihari Bose, the famous revolutionary in disguise who had thrown a bomb at Lord Hardinge in Chandni Chowk, Delhi in 1912. Rash Bihari Bose, Lokram Sharma and his brother Vishnu Sharma had been in the same house in Delhi on that bomb-throw day. Dr. Choithram arranged money for Rash Bihari Bose and sent him to Amritsar on way to Japan via Afghanistan”.
Note: Although it is said that Rash Behari Bose had ‘thrown” the bomb, it seems that he had ‘master-minded’ the event and was present nearby to direct the bomb-throw. On December 23, 1912, Lord Harding, the Viceroy of India, was to make his entry into Delhi in a procession. At 11.45am the procession reached Dhulya Katra in Chandni Chowk. A bomb ripped through the procession. The Viceroy escaped, but the man to his right in his howdah was killed and 20 spectators were injured. In the ensuing man-hunt Master Amir Chand, Avadh Behari and Bal Mukund were arrested and hanged in Delhi jail.. Basanta Viswas, who threw the bomb, disguised as a lady, was hanged in Ambala jail. Rash Behari Bose averted arrest owing to a clever disguise. The event, as observed by Sir Valentine Chirol, had a “tremendous effect on the subsequent revolutionary activities” . Rash Behari Bose remained on the move from Punjab to Uttar Pradesh to Bengal in different disguises. A police
officer noted that Rash Behari Bose could have been a “great stage actor” instead of a revolutionary if he so desired.
Rash Behari Bose’s escape from Sindh arranged by Dr. Choithram had also a touch of drama. Rash Behari wore a long beard with a wig of flowing white hair and carrying a long seven-foot pole covered with multi-colorful cloth and a large number of bells attached, he marched on, with banging the pole and repeating loud cries of ‘Alakh Niranjan’, ‘Anal Haq’, ‘Ya Ali, Ya Hussain’ and such religious slogans as though seeking to draw attention to himself but the result actually was that everyone kept away from him, regarding him as a demented sadhu or dervish (holy man), Not only in Sindh but elsewhere too he kept up the same charade, believing firmly that the surest way to avoid detection is to be loud in inviting attention to yourself.
As it is, an organizational set-up had already been created in Sindh to help revolutionaries in hiding and in assisting them to escape. Here again, we turn to page 89 of The Sindh Story by K.R.Malkani, which tells us:
Commissioner of Police
“In 1910, Acharya Kripalani, Kaka Kalelkar, Swami Govindanand, Dr. Choithram and others set up the Brahmacharya Ashram in Hyrerabad (Sindh)… This was not only an institution to produce patriotic young men – though song, drama and gymnastics but also a forum for other activities, including shelter for revolutionaries- in hiding.
“Dr. Choithram, Swami Alaram, Pandit Deendayal Vachaspati and Swami Satya Dev went on cow protection tour of Sindh singing, ‘Behl sahib khe karyo salam’ (‘Salute Sir Bullock’) and collected 3,000 rupees for the Brahmacharya Ashram.”
The Brahmachaya Ashram had nominated a number of members and well-wishers in all districts and many towns of Sindh. Amongst them was Dr. Vatanmal Gidwani of Mirpur Khas, Prof. Ghanshyam Shivdasani in Hyderabad and many others.
The Sindh Story by K.R.Malkani also tells us of how Baba Gurdit Singh, carrying a reward on his head ‘for his arrest dead or alive’ of 40,000 Rupees due to his part in hiring the Japanese ship komagatamaru was sheltered safely in Sindh for a period of three years – thanks to assistance from the Brahmacharya Ashram.
An interesting footnote should also be added here. Dr. Choithram Gidwani had given Rupees 845/ to Rash Bihari Bose, along with a gold bangle donated by Dr. Choithram’s elder brother’s wife, to facilitate his escape to Japan. Long after, when Rash Bihari Bose had reached Japan to settle down there, became a Japanese citizen after marrying a beautiful Japanese girl from the respected Soma family, Dr Choithram received a message through an intermediary, along with Rupees 845/ and the message simply said,
“My wife Tosiko’s parents have given me a gift; call it dowry if you will but it is a gift of love. So I must return Rupees 845/ for they belong to the Brahmacharya and the Cow – and the Cow must not be deprived on my account. As to the lady who donated the Bangle to me, I touch her feet. The bangle adorned my wife’s jewelry box for a while which now, in its entirety, she has donated to the Cause dear to you and us all. Let the Bangle then serve the Cause; and let us pray for the Cause and if time permits, even for us. . . . ”.
NOTE: Apart from the message to Dr. Choithram, Rash Behari Bose simultaneously also sent a message of Regards to Sister “Kumari Jethi”. To her were thanks for the 7-foot curtain rod stripped from the curtains in her drawing room, covered with her two colorful saris which served as his walking pole and the ghungroos and bells, she attached to the pole. Possibly the reference to “Kumari Jethi” is to Kumari Jethi Sipahimalani who later became a Member of the Sindh Legislative Assembly and was herself a freedom fighter, crusading for the rights of Sindhis in India after the Partition. But there is no clear confirmation yet to identify this reference to “Kumari Jethi”.
Rash Behari Bose gained prominence in Japan, particularly during World War II. With the help of Captain Mohan Singh and Sardar Pritam Singh, he formed the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) on September 1, 1942. Rash Behari was elected President and later gave Supreme Command of the I.N.A. to Subash Chandra Bose in 1943. Rash Behari expired before the end of World War II, on January 21, 1945.
There was considerable sympathy and support among the people of Sindh for the Gadar Movement. Those connected with the movement through efforts of, and contact with, Rash Bihari Bose, however, were very cautious and circumspect. For instance, Vishnu Sharma was code-named “Teesra Ishwar” (“third God” – a reference possibly to the third god in the Trinity of Gods – Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu). His brother, Lokram Sharma, who also, along with him, was in the same house in Delhi with Rash Bihari Bose on the day of bomb-throw at Lord Hardinge, had the code-name of “Teesra Ishwar ka Bhai” (“Brother of Third God”). Dr. Choithram Gidwani had the code-name of “Brahmadassa” which may possibly have been selected at random, unconnected with any particular association. (Brahmadassa is an uncommon Sindhi name. It was the name of the discoverer of the confluence of Sindhu and Saraswati Rivers. Brahmadassa started life in an Ashram as a Brahmachari but later renounced his
vow of Brahmacharya and married Rishi Vaswana’s daughter, settling along the Saraswati River. Thus the code name of Brahmadassa had no real connection with Dr.Choithram Gidwani’s life as he, throughout, intended to remain- and did remain – a Brahamachari) .
There was lasting advantage in the secrecy maintained by Sindhis in their code-names. When a person – who was very high up in the Gadar movement – turned a traitor and a police-informer, Gadar movement was broken up as all the names of the participants were with the Police. Sindhis with their code-names were protected as, despite a nation-wide investigation and hunt, their identities remained hidden. At least a dozen men with names of Ishwar Das, Ishwar Singh and such like, along with their brothers, were questioned by the Police, from time to time, on the suspicion that they may be the culprits referred to as, “Teesra Ishwar” or “Teesra Ishwar ka Bhai”
As many as 145 Gadarites were hanged by Indian Government, 308 were sentenced for longer than 14 years and many more for lesser terms. Some of them passed years in KALA PANI (Black waters) in the Andamans.
Fourteen Gadarites remained hidden in Sindh for long, sheltered through aid from the Brahmacharya Ashram. They moved out to safety, with changed identities and in disguise with somewhat altered appearance, when the police- hunt for them was no longer hot.
Dr. Choithram as also most Sindhis had by now had begun to embrace the Gandhian doctrine of non-violence as the way to make the British leave India. They no longer subscribed to the Gadarite philosophy of force and violence to gain independence. But even so, they felt honour bound to protect the Gadarites from police-hunt. “We have promises to keep”, they said, and they kept their promise. They also said among themselves, “If Gandhiji knew, he would understand”, but they left Gandhiji uninformed.
Support of SindhWorkis:
Sindhi traders (SindhWorkis) began to support the Gadar Movement. Certainly, the SindWorkis were not in the frontline of the movement. Their support largely consisted of financial donations – often substantial – to the movement. In one case, the firms of Pohoomal Bros, D.Chelaram, M.Dialdas & J.T.Chanrai of Hong Kong contributed on a large scale to a fund for the purchase of ammunition for an armed rising by Gadarites. Quite apart from this ad hoc assistance, SindhWorkis were paying regularly to the Gadarite treasury. The SindhWorki support also extended, in many cases, to providing safe-houses to hide the Gadar revolutionaries. Moreover, SindhWorkis were able to help Gadarites in passing their important and confidential messages as they had a vast and intricate network covering practically every country with associates, correspondents and in many cases, even branch offices.
Again, as The Sindh Story by K.R.Malkani points out, “When Subhash Chandra Bose set up INA in the Far East, his best and biggest supporters were the Sindhi businessmen there. Both Subhas Bose and Gandhiji referred to Sindhis as “World Citizens” since they are to be found everywhere.”
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose is immortalized in our History for having formed the Azad Hind Government in exile, and regrouping and leading the Indian National Army to battle against the allies in Imphal and Burma during the World War II.
Sindhi families abroad donated large sums of money, ornaments, jewelry to support the Independence movement of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
Among the Sindhworkis who distinguished themselves by supporting these freedom movements are:
1) Wassiamull Assumall 2) J. Kimatrai3) Utoomal Assudomal 4) Gangaram, Singapore
5) Jhamandas Melwani, Hongkong/Singapore 6) Sehwani family (Manila) 7) K a J Chotirmall, Hongkong/Singapore8 ) Kewalram Corpoartion, Japan 9) Gulraj Corpoartion, Japan 10) P Parsram, Japan 11) Watumull’s Hawaii 12) Watanmal Bulchand 13) Chanrais 14) D Chellaram 15) G. Assanmall 16) Jhangimull and many others.
via – Dial V. Gidwani- Sindhu American
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The surrounding trees and sky will be reflected in a wide, shallow pool of water in this installation by Spanish architecture group Citylaboratory for a garden festival in Quebec, Canada.
A large black basin will be filled with water to reflect the surrounding forest then left to be used by local wildlife.
"Conceived as a device capturing the beauty of nature, the intention is to transform the surrounding landscape into the garden itself by capturing what is outside its boundaries," said the designers, who are based in Santiago de Compostela in north-western Spain.
"Water is used as a raw material to create a reflecting surface," they continued. "The container is simply a frame that suspends water above the ground; a homogenous black object, assembled in a direct way, minimising the expression of assembly joints and the contact with the ground."
Once the dish is filled with water, the idea is to leave it to evolve over time as a source of water for birds and other garden life. Like a regular pond, it will be subject to falling leaves and fluctuations in heat, light and weather.
The project is one of six winners in a competition to design an installation for the festival, which will take place from 28 June to 28 September 2014. The design was selected from nearly 300 proposals for contemporary gardens submitted by over 700 architects, landscape architects, designers and artists.
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An ICU nurse, often called a critical care nurse, works with patients experiencing life-threatening health problems. As the medical condition of these patients is highly acute and complex, they require intense, vigilant nursing that uses technology, in-depth understanding of the human body and specialized skills. Your work in this role will be fast-paced, but like all areas of nursing, it has its rewards.
ICU Nursing Responsibilities
Critical thinking is the central core around which all the responsibilities of the job revolve. You will look at the big picture and strive for the best possible patient outcomes. As an ICU nurse, your routine might include the following duties:
- Analyze lab data and take steps to correct the values.
- If a patient's condition is deteriorating, order medical tests to pinpoint the problem.
- Follow standing orders to provide a wide scope of care that includes tasks such as dispensing medications, performing intubations and administering blood products.
- Use technological devices to assist in the sustainment of life.
- Titration of potent medications to manage symptoms.
- If a patient is actively attempting to die, take measures to save his life.
- Make the patient comfortable by providing care basics such as turning, positioning and bathing.
- Attend to the emotional needs of a patient and support his family.
- When a patient is unable to speak, determine his needs and wishes through an interview with the family.
- Act as a patient advocate, communicating his wishes to the doctor and coordinating them with the plan of care.
Where Do Critical Care or ICU Nurses Work?
You may work in a variety of hospital settings, including adult, pediatric or neonatal ICUs as well as cardiac care units, cardiac catheter labs and telemetry units. You may also find yourself in emergency rooms, recovery rooms and progressive care units. Additionally, critical care nurses work in outpatient surgery centers and clinics along with managed care organizations and home health care agencies.
Pros and Cons of Critical Care Nursing
Every job has pros and cons. The pros of your role will include working with fewer patients, being more independent and working closely with doctors. A drawback to the job, however, is having to deal with emotional attachments to patients and coping with more deaths than you might encounter in another nursing specialty.
ICU Nurse Salary
According to PayScale, the national income for ICU nurses ranges from $45,436 to $89,310, with a median national income of $60,988. The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects registered nursing jobs to grow at a rate of 19 percent between 2012 and 2022.
In a challenging career as a critical care nurse, you will play an important role in the lives of seriously ill patients. As you draw upon your training and education to provide care, their likelihood of recovery will be maximized.
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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/ADRA/Community Development< Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book | ADRA
|Skill Level 1|
|Year of Introduction: 2009|
1. Define community development.Edit
Community development is a broad term applied to the practices of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens and professionals to improve various aspects of local communities.
Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people by providing these groups with the skills they need to effect change in their own communities. Community developers must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities' positions within the context of larger social institutions.
2. Explain to your instructor why some countries are considered “developing” while others are referred to as “developed.”Edit
Those countries called developed or industrialized nations are those with common use of western medicine, wide systems of paved roads, structured education for children through adulthood, stable economies and governments, provide large portion international aid for developing nations, provide portions of international military assistance, commonly provide scientific advancement and fund scientific research, and the majority of whom's population lives out of poverty.
Developing nations are formerly known as third world countries. These nations are not stable in economy and government, often needing financial and military intervention for any form of stability. Some have no regular government in place that is fully recognized by the people of the country - for example Somalia and The Sudan. There is often ongoing civil war, little or no education opportunity, even in the most basic systems of living. There is limited access to medical assistance in these nations and they rely primarily on foreign aid in this aspect as they do all others. From the government to the people, they are often countries that have become total welfare states and are in fact not developing, but rather waiting for their next handout. They rely on Non-governmental Organizations (NGO's) and foreign nations for their survival. Those that are developing such as Kenya, suffer set backs in which they seek assistance such as a current (2006) widespread drought there but have a largely stable economy and government.
3. Name 5 developing countries and list three things that ADRA is doing in these countries that would be considered “development” and two things that would fall under “relief.”Edit
The best sources for up to date information on ADRA's work is your ADRA Country Office or the ADRA Really Useful Gifts Catalog. Emergency Management and Food Security are relief effort categories.
4. Read about why there are poor people among us in the book Desire of Ages written by Ellen G. White (Chapter 70, "The Least of These My Brethren.") Describe to your instructor what you learned.Edit
Most of Ellen White's writings are available online. This particular passage can be found at http://www.whiteestate.org/books/da/da54.html
5. Describe at least one need in your community that requires attention.Edit
There are many ways a group of young people can get involved in helping an urban community. Here are some ideas:
- Street Feeding
- Make lunches and distribute them to the homeless living in the street. This can be done from of a volunteer's vehicle or from an ACS van. Some groups also collect blankets, socks, underwear, gloves, and coats (or any combination of these) and distribute them with the lunches.
- Work in a Soup Kitchen
- Groups may volunteer on a regular basis, or as available.
- Homeless Shelters
- Find out what other churches in your community are doing for the homeless. Some churches may band together to offer shelter on a rotating basis for one month (or one week if there are enough churches) during the coldest part of the year. A meal is usually served each evening as well. If your community already has a program like this, join it. If not, look into starting one.
- Thrift Store
- Contact your local Salvation Army, Goodwill, or similar organization and ask what you can do to help. They may be able to put you to work sorting donated items or helping out in many other ways. These stores usually employ those who are in desperate need, providing them with on-the-job training that may enable them to get a job in a regular retail establishment.
- Day Camp
- Start a Day Camp at your church. These programs are operated much the same as a Vacation Bible School program, with or without the religious component. These programs are offered for free and are targeted towards underprivileged youth. They also provide the parents with a form of free babysitting allowing them to run errands or even work.
- Tutoring Program
- See the Literacy honor for more information.
- Clothes Closet
- Collect used clothing from church members and make it available to those in need. This can be done on a regular, weekly basis, or by appointment. You can photocopy ads with tear-off phone numbers for the program and hang them on bulletin boards around your community.
6. Write a short community development plan that your Pathfinder group can implement (planting trees, cleaning parks or yards, repainting public walls, etc.). The plan should describe the activity, group size, transportation logistics, and materials.Edit
Getting your plan down in writing will help you stay on track and give you a better understanding of what you will need to accomplish your goals. This paper can be presented to local businesses in an effort to gain funding for your project. They are far more likely to donate generously to your program if you have a plan in place and can demonstrate specific needs.
7. Spend at least four hours in one of the following field trips as a participant observerEdit
Participate with a group that provides assistance to the homeless in your community.Edit
One project you could get involved with would be the collection and distribution of food and/or blankets. Collect the items at your church for about a month ahead of time. This can be done by placing a large box in the church foyer and having its purpose announced from the pulpit and in the church bulletin. Make a sign for the box as well, and decorate it (use gift wrap) to make an attractive, eye-catching display. This may also be done as a Sabbath School class project over the course of a quarter (three month period).
Participate with a work team that is repairing or building housing for the poor.Edit
Since Hurricane Katrina struck in 2005, the concept of "voluntourism" has become popular. "Voluntourists" are people who spend their vacations volunteering in an area needing help, such as one that has been struck by a natural disaster. Often, the volunteers will take a day off during their visit to tour nearby, unaffected areas.
Work in a food distribution center, soup kitchen, or homeless shelter in your community.Edit
You can find local soup kitchens and shelters in your phone book. Call them and ask how you can help. Work with the staff to find a need they have that your group is able to fill. Then do it! | <urn:uuid:7b332192-ef40-4c83-9d20-177a57d86d11> | {
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panama-hat palm, perennial herb ( Carludovica palmata ) growing wild from Central America south to Bolivia. Despite its frondlike leaves it is not a true palm. The leaves are used to weave Panama hats, an industry centered in Ecuador. The plant is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Liliopsida, order Cyclanthales, family Cyclanthaceae.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:d14ddb99-0994-4cf7-851e-e0f658ee7b54> | {
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Jammu and Kashmir, formerly one of the largest princely states of India, is bounded to the northeast by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang (China), to the east by the Tibet Autonomous Region (China) and the Chinese-administered portions of Kashmir, to the south by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, to the southwest by Pakistan, and to the northwest by the Pakistani-administered portion of Kashmir. The administrative capitals are Srinagar in summer and Jammu in winter. Area 39,146 square miles (101,387 square km). Pop. (2011) 12,541,302.
The vast majority of the state’s territory is mountainous, and the physiography is divided into seven zones that are closely associated with the structural components of the western Himalayas. From southwest to northeast those zones consist of the plains, the foothills, the Pir Panjal Range, the Vale of Kashmir, the Great Himalayas zone, the upper Indus River valley, and the Karakoram Range. The climate varies from alpine in the northeast to subtropical in the southwest. In the alpine area, average annual precipitation is about 3 inches (75 mm), but in the subtropical zone (around Jammu) rainfall amounts to about 45 inches (1,150 mm) per year. The entire region is prone to violent seismic activity, and light to moderate tremors are common. A strong earthquake centred in neighbouring Pakistani-administered Kashmir killed hundreds in Jammu and Kashmir state in 2005. | <urn:uuid:9f8a2918-a842-4103-9bd1-1987e0a9c304> | {
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Natural Resources are all that exists without the actions of humankind. This includes all natural characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical properties and forces. On earth we include sunlight, atmosphere, water, land (includes all minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances.
Particular areas such as "The rainforest in Fatu-Hiva" are often characterized by the biodiversity and geodiversity existent in their ecosystems. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, mineral oil, and most forms of energy.
Natural Resources is a soul album released by Motown girl group Martha Reeves and the Vandellas in 1970 on the Gordy (Motown) label. The album is significant for the Vietnam War ballad "I Should Be Proud" and the slow jam, "Love Guess Who". The album marked a return from lead singer Martha Reeves, recovering from a time in a mental institution after an addiction to painkillers nearly wrecked her (though it still took her until 1977 to beat her addiction). This was the next-to-last album for the Vandellas, whose success had peaked in the mid-1960s. | <urn:uuid:fcd198e1-8174-4ff4-8ce3-a00c5eb75958> | {
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The White Ribbon Principles
When Confronted With Men’s Violence Against Women Challenge sexist jokes and language Sexist jokes and misogynistic language help to reinforce gender stereotypes and normalize violent behaviour against women. As difficult as it may be, by challenging that kind of language and those types of jokes, you are setting a positive example by helping raise awareness about violence against women. Here is a common scenario. Your buddy says, “I have a good joke for you.” You get a little smile on your face waiting to have a good laugh but instead you hear a joke that degrades women. It describes women as incompetent, weak, constantly hysterical, or as mere sexualized body parts. Many jokes speak of horrible violence such as rape in a supposed “lighthearted” manner. That frozen smile is still on your face but you feel very uncomfortable inside and you know that this just does not feel right. You want to say something but the rest of the guys seem to be enjoying it. They have smiles on their faces and you don’t want to be the downer of the party. But maybe, just maybe some of them are thinking the same thing you are and that smile on their face is just as uncomfortable as yours.
When you challenge potential offenders, you break an important cycle. At least you’ve planted the seed letting them know where you stand. Knowing you’re doing your part to create a world where ending violence against women is taken seriously and sexism and violence are no longer a laughing matter.Every time you do it, it gets a little easier! Challenge a man who is abusing his partner If you knew your friend was abusing his girlfriend, what would you do? Many men want to say something but don’t know where to start. Challenging someone about abuse is never easy and there is no one way to go about it. Here are a few things to keep in mind: Before confronting any man about his abusive behaviour, keep in mind that this may aggravate him to the point that he will take it out on his partner. The best thing to do is to talk to his partner about what you want to do. Make sure she has a safety plan in case he was to become abusive again. Help to inform her of options such as the availability of local women shelters and crisis lines.
Does she have friends or family to stay with? Discuss your concerns with her and ask how you can support her. If you ever suspect that she may be in immediate danger, consider calling the police and/or helping her find a safe place to stay.Don’t become hostile or aggressive since that will likely put that person on the defensive, and besides, you’re trying to talk to him about non-violence so the last thing you want to do is follow his example. You can simply let him know that what he’s doing isn’t right and that it is really hurting someone he cares about. You may find that he will react in two different ways. He may deny the whole thing, make excuses (such as being drunk), try to blame her, or become angry at the insinuation that he was abusive. Or on the other hand, he may tell you that he feels ashamed of his behaviour. He may ask for help in ensuring that it does not happen again or he may just want to talk about it with you. When listening to him, it is important never to excuse his behaviour. Remind him that you are not judging him as a person but that you cannot allow his behaviour to continue unchecked.
The White Ribbon Campaign welcome all men, who are serious about taking a stand against violence towards women, to use the White Ribbon Campaign as a vehicle to help create positive change for all men and boys and to make the world safer for women and girls. Please visit our web site for more information about us and the resources available.Take some time to talk to the women in your life. Ask them what their thoughts are on the issue of violence against women. Most of all, listen to them, truly listen. The best way to help influence other men about ending violence against women is to set an example and then spread the word.
Be a good role model for younger men in your life (sons, brothers, nephews, etc) and teach them how men can be respectful towards women and not use sexist language, demeaning jokes, and violent behaviour towards others. Support and join other men who are working to make a difference and are standing up for what is right. Let them know that they are part of a larger community of caring men, since many men stay quiet simply because they think they will be alone in their stand. Direct them to the White Ribbon web site and they’ll realize they’re not alone.Volunteer for a local organization or help fundraise for a women’s shelter or sexual assault centre. Start a White Ribbon Campaign in your school, workplace, place of worship, or in your local community.Involve your teachers, school mates, co-workers, friends, family members,and local community leaders. Our Future Has No Violence Against Women
Afrikiko Global-Iceland Panorama Centre
Afrikiko is also the proud Icelandic representative organisation that promotes the work, concepts and ideas of this global campaign against violence on women and men. White Ribbon is the world’s largest movement of men and boys working to end violence against women and girls, promote gender equity, healthy relationships and a new vision of masculinity.Starting in 1991, we asked men to wear white ribbons as a pledge to never commit, condone or remain silent about violence against women and girls. Since then the White Ribbon has spread to over 60 countries around the world.
We work to examine the root causes of gender-based violence and create a cultural shift that helps bring us to a future without violence.
Our vision is for a masculinity that embodies the best qualities of being human. We believe that men are part of the solution and part of a future that is safe and equitable for all people.Through education, awareness-raising, outreach, technical assistance, capacity building, partnerships and creative campaigns, White Ribbon is helping create tools, strategies and models that challenge negative, outdated concepts of manhood and inspire men to understand and embrace the incredible potential they have to be a part of positive change.To book a White Ribbon workshop, training or presentation, please fill out our Workshop Request Form online.White Ribbon positively engages men, young men and boys through relevant educational programming that challenges language and behaviours, as well as harmful ideas of manhood that lead to violence against women.
Our programmes include:
Engaging workshops. presentations and talks for middle, high school and post-secondary students as well as people from all walks of life.
Trainings and presentations for educators and teacher candidates around promoting gender equality in classrooms and schools.
Sessions explore realities for women and girls as well as pressures on men and boys and ways they can become allies for change that affects everyone.
Sessions & topics include “Who’s The Man?’, “Blueprints for Change’, “Behind The Masc
To book a White Ribbon workshop, training or presentation, please fill out our Workshop Request Form online.
Please visit our Events page for a calendar of upcoming workshops, seminars, talks and more!
Encouraging and inspiring fathers, father figures, educators, community leaders, coaches and family members to embrace being positive, strong role models for the young men and boys around them by valuing women as equal and teaching how to have healthy, equal relationships.
Tips, Tools, e-Modules and Videos to view and share. Interactive campaign that aims to engage in a dialogue about sexual violence.
Challenging common myths about sexual violence, equipping bystanders with information on how to intervene safely and effectively.
Series of scenario postcards and posters, PSAs and podcasts.We also believe in starting early and therefore organise special events for boys before and in their teens. Annual Conferences in partnership with Elementary Teachers in bringing boys together to discuss gender equality, respect and healthy relationships and steps they can take to make a difference. Uses interactive workshops, drama, art, video, peer educators and other engaging facilitation styles, guest speakers. | <urn:uuid:38008bda-d9ef-420a-a0af-6477aefac18e> | {
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There are two important aspects of global collaborative learning leading to action within schools. The first of these is “why collaborate globally?” Research shows that global collaboration learning is inquiry-based and shared with others beyond the classroom (such as family and friends). It also supports digital literacy, as well as many other kinds of literacy. As students learn beyond the textbook, they develop multi modal communication skills and real world experience by working in virtual teams. Through global collaboration, students adopt an active participatory approach where they are fully engaged with their activities. This fosters increased engagement, diminishes classroom disruption, and empowers learners.
Positive outcomes from learning online with others at a distance include:
- Enhanced cultural understanding and willingness to collaborate with others on building knowledge
- Decreased ethnocentricity, and increased tolerance and empathy for others
- Enhanced global competencies, new global skills, broader perspectives
- Technology that can be used for more than ‘social casual interactions’ and can lead to productivity
- Personal actions that have an impact and can make a difference
The second aspect is “How can we enable online global collaboration?” This is a vital question that schools and individual educators continue to grapple with. There are three key areas to consider:
- Personal enablers – These include: Development of a strong Personal Learning Network (PLN) to be able to connect with others beyond the immediate school and build trusting relationships with others; understanding of a set of tools that support online global collaboration (such as Edmodo) and realising that school-based systems usually do not allow direct collaborative interaction outside the campus; and professional learning in global learning design and project development.
- Situational enablers – These refer to factors more outside of teacher control such as a flexible and collaborative approach to curriculum development within the school; supportive administration and school community; and school technology infrastructure that allows for access to online tools for communication and collaboration.
- Global project structure and organisation – A successful collaborative global project relies on effective communication between teachers, clear organisation and workflow agreement; empathy building activities between students develops trust and provides a pathway for ongoing collaboration; and carefully chosen digital tools support the expected learning outcomes.
When starting to plan for online global collaboration in your learning environment, make sure communication is open between you and your school community, and between you and potential global partners. Teacher “mindset”—although perhaps a nebulous concept—is another vital enabler.
Be willing to take risks, be prepared to “fail forward”—knowing that the second and third global collaboration will continue to build skills and competencies for positive outcomes. Above all, avoid the “fear factor” and make sure you jump into online collaboration.
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Viswanathan Anand is the Brand Ambassador of Edify !!! | <urn:uuid:7c353ef6-e610-487a-b045-3a119a8641d3> | {
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It’s a picture that has compelled people for decades: now, the search is on to find the girl pictured in one of the classic photos of post-war Warsaw.
By Stuart Dowell | Photograph by profimedia/corbis/Reginald Kenny
Warsaw, 1946. A young girl, possibly 8 or 9 years old, although after years of wartime deprivation possibly older, stands on top of a building wearing shoes and a blouse that are too big for her. As she looks out across what was formerly the Warsaw Ghetto, her gaze met by an ocean of total devastation, she brushes her windswept hair away from her eyes.
Who was she? What was she thinking as she took in that bleak panorama? What happened to her during the war and after? Is she still alive? These are some of the questions that prompted Patryjcja Jastrzębska from the MASŁAW Mazowsze Appreciation Society to launch an appeal to find out who the girl was. The search has created a huge amount of interest in many countries and the campaign has involved social media appeals, presentations and a poster campaign around Muranów where the picture was taken.
Just a few days after launching the appeal, someone came forward saying that they knew who the girl was and gave a name and address – in Sydney, Australia. Contact was made and indeed the woman had lived in Muranów, the district where the photo was taken, just after the war. She was deeply moved by the picture but finally admitted that she couldn’t remember ever posing for a picture on top of a building.
A short while later, a different person came forward saying that he knew of a woman now living in Pomerania but who used to live in Muranów and who had often mentioned that she walked around in shoes that were too big for her. That lead is currently being followed up.
The photograph was taken by Reginald Kenny, a photographer from the US who in April 1946 was accompanying former US president Herbert Hoover, who was visiting Warsaw to discuss humanitarian assistance. Some inspired sleuthing by local journalist Marek Kossakowski has pinpointed the location of the building on which the girl stood as ul. Stawki 5/7. Erected in 1938, the building originally housed a school but it was used during the war by the SS to organise the deportation of around 300,000 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto.
The building’s location was convenient for the SS as it was opposite the German-created Umschlagplatz, a walled-in square where Jews were processed before being packed into cattle wagons bound for the gas chambers of Treblinka. The building currently accommodates Warsaw University’s Faculty of Psychology.
The girl in the photograph in her oversized clothes adds a touching innocence to the horror of the scene that she is viewing; creating an image that is not simply one of the thousands of photos showing the scale of Warsaw’s wartime devastation but one that is iconic of that time. The attempts to find out the girl’s identity are valuable and understandable; however, the photograph’s real power comes from the way that it shows how the Ghetto, as Patrycja Jastrzębska says, “was reduced not into ruins but quite literally into a pile of rubble”.
After the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 19 April to 16 May 1943 in which around 1000 Jewish fighters fought not for their freedom but for death on their own terms, and after the subsequent slaughter or deportation of around 71,000 remaining Ghetto inhabitants, the head of the SS Heinrich Himmler ordered that the Ghetto be completely demolished. In his earlier secret order of 16 February 1943 he stated “…we must achieve the disappearance from sight of the living-space for 500,000 sub-humans that has existed up to now, but could never be suitable for Germans…”
After the Ghetto had been turned into a desert of bricks and stone, the Germans used it as a killing site for Poles held prisoner at the nearby Pawiak prison. The Ghetto also housed the Gęsiówka concentration camp, in which a small number of Jews were held to recover valuable materials from the rubble and coax out Jews who were hiding. Upon being found they would be shot and the Gęsiówka inmates would have to pile them up and burn them. The conditions were so appalling and the work so gruesome that one small group of Greek Jews sent to work there pleaded with their SS guards to be allowed to go back to Auschwitz.
The organisers of the appeal are still asking for any information about the girl’s identity to be sent to [email protected]
Stawki 5/7, the building from which the picture was taken, was one of only a handful that survived the razing of the Ghetto. It’s inglorious past is commemorated by way of a stone tablet that reads: “From this command building a branch of the SS oversaw the 1942-1943 deportations from Umschlagplatz from which thousands of inhabitants of the Ghetto were taken each day to the Treblinka death camp.” | <urn:uuid:8942e397-58e6-49f1-98ff-3e67547c3641> | {
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The first reference showing the existence of nursery production on Polish land comes from the end of the XVIII century. This production started to grow rapidly in the middle of the XIX century.
After Poland regained independence, the first national organization was founded in Warsaw in 1924 – the Polish Association for Producers of Trees and Shrubs. Its first president, who served until his death, was Piotr Hoser. The purpose of the Association was to bring order to the lively market, adhere to plant selection, and the introduction of quality and qualification norms. In 1926 its members started to affix the association’s logo on their price lists and catalogs, the guarantee of high quality plants and professional integrity.
In the period between the wars, nursery specialization also took place. Firms were set up that produced perennials or root stock. There were also fruit tree nurseries operated at the highest level. They were owned by outstanding pomologists, scholars and experimenters.
In the first half of the XX century, many valued Polish varieties of ornamental plants were released to the market, many known and propagated to the present. They include Fraxinus pensylvanica ‘Crispa’, Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Rozynskiana’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Aurescens’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Hoseri”, Betula ‘Hoseri’, Picea pungens ‘Białobok’.
After the Second World War, nursery production in Poland could not develop. Its revival –both private and state, did not take place until after 1956. In the 1960s, dynamic progress was noted in rose nurserymanship. Production levels grew quickly. The production of deciduous trees and shrubs also developed, in part through the qualification of nurseries. In the 1970s the production and export of roses expanded.
The country’s deepening economic crisis in the 1980s led to difficulties in selling plants and a definite slump in the production of trees and shrubs.
After 1989 nurserymen faced new challenges and opportunities. They took advantage of them, hence nursery production is the fastest growing area of horticulture in Poland.
The Polish Nurserymen’s Association was founded in the fall of 1991 by a dozen or so producers of ornamental nursery material. It quickly was noted in the chronicles of Polish nurserymanship, becoming an heir of traditions and the legacy of this industry.
From the outset, it was presumed that Association members would have to meet high ethical and professional requirements. The association was consciously shaped as a non-profit organization in order to facilitate realization of the main (initially the existence of the Association) objectives, that being cooperation and mutual assistance of association members and community integration. The idea of founding such an association was coherent with the expectations of nurserymen, who – dispersed throughout the country – had no sense of common objectives or occupational solidarity.
Initially, there were 53 members in the Association. At the present time the Polish Nurserymen’s Association is the largest nursery association in Poland.
As the association develops, new activity objectives are being marked out, such as:
- popularization of knowledge about plants, shrubs and perennials in society
- facilitating contacts between producers and sellers
- improving the quality of nursery material
- increasing the plant assortment produced at nurseries
- modernizing technologies of plant production
At the present time it is not difficult to find a farm which has achieved western European standards. Product quality is constantly being improved as well as care to prepare plants for sale. The number of specialized nurseries is increasing.
The main activity which the Association is known for includes:
- International Exhibition “Greenery is Life” and a conference for persons dealing in greenery,
- annual publication of a Catalog of Nurseries and Association Members
- organization of General Meetings of Members, as well as training and lectures during such meetings
- organization of trips for Association members,
- working out catalogs of plants recommended by the association,
- promotional activity and cooperation with the media. | <urn:uuid:9a882970-e0a0-455e-958b-ad275aae10ea> | {
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Most nitrogenous materials in natural waters tend to be converted to nitrate, so all sources of combined nitrogen, particularly organic nitrogen and ammonia, should be considered as potential nitrate sources. Primary sources of organic nitrates include human sewage and livestock manure, especially from feedlots. The primary inorganic nitrates which may contaminate drinking water are potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate both of which are widely used as fertilizers. According to the Toxics Release Inventory, releases to water and land totaled over 112 million pounds from 1991 through 1993.The EPA has found nitrate in excess of 10 mg/L in over 800 small, rural groundwater systems.
The water supplies most vulnerable to nitrate contamination are obviously in agricultural areas and in well, waters having a close or hydraulic relationship to septic tanks. Only 10 percent of the wells surveyed in a recent U.S. EPA groundwater study, however, had nitrate levels above 20 mg/L. High nitrate is the most frequent reason for shutting down wells in the United States.
AdEdge offers a line of packaged, pre-engineered APU systems using ion exchange or the biottta® process for the removal of nitrates from water.
Features & Benefits AdEdge IX Systems for nitrate removal:
- High-efficiency water conservation for minimizing waste
- High-efficiency salt usage for conserving OPEX
- Automated bypass with proportioning valve for consistency in reaching targeted water quality
- Countercurrent Regeneration to limit contaminant leakage and allows for lower salt usage
- Water/brine recovery system
Our biottta® solutions are fixed-bed, dual stage biotreatment systems that cultivate a robust environment for microbiological organisms to destroy contaminants or reduce elements to simple non-harmful forms. Developed specifically for drinking water applications, the fixed-bed treatment process consistently addresses contaminants at low levels, intermittent or fixed operation, and the dual-bed assimilates a complete packaged biotreatment plant with a dependability required for protecting public health.
If you are experiencing nitrate issues with your water, click here to contact us or fill out a site profile form and we’ll start working on a customized solution for you. | <urn:uuid:a16e7ddf-2213-478b-a43e-2ad8ff8e5704> | {
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Indigenous Peoples of Argentina
Before the arrival of the Spanish, various indigenous groups sparsely populated Argentina, including the Diaguita in the southeast, the Guaraní in the east, the Quechua in the north, and the Tehuelches (from which the Mapuche tribe originates) in Patagonia. The native populations of the south primarily hunted and fished, while the peoples populating the northern regions developed an advanced material society based on agriculture. After 1500, Europeans began arriving, beginning with Amerigo Vespucci in 1502. This caused the eventual decimation most of the indigenous population; today there are few indigenous people left in the country.
Buenos Aires was first established as Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre (City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Fair Winds) on February 2, 1536 by the Spanish explorer Pedro de Mendoza. The original city was in the suburb of San Telmo, south of the city center. The importance of Buenos Aires as a port was, initially, hampered by Spanish politics. Spain insisted that all trade in the Viceroyalty of Peru leave through Lima’s port, creating a black market culture in Buenos Aires and keeping the city relatively small. Then, in 1776, Buenos Aires became the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la La Plata, which consisted of modern day Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. As the capital of this new viceroyalty, Buenos Aires became a flourishing port. The growing wealth of the city tempted the British to invade it in 1806 and again in 1807, neither time successfully.
On the 25th of May, 1810 the citizens of Buenos Aires declared their autonomy and invited the other parts of the viceroyalty to join them. Independence was a long process; Argentina declared itself officially independent in 1816 but it was not until 1824, after much fighting, that the Spanish recognized defeat. Soon after, in 1825, England officially recognized Argentina and began an important—and complicated—relationship of trade, territory, and migration.
After independence, the country experienced constant civil war. The Unitarians wanted to bring the provinces and Buenos Aires together, but the Federalists feared domination by the already powerful city. Juan Manuel de Rosas became the central historical figure in this conflict, ruling the province of Buenos Aires from 1829 to 1852 essentially as a dictator and using his power to control the outlying provinces. General Justo José de Urquiza, a fellow federalist, eventually overthrew Rosas and oversaw the creation of a constitution in 1853.
After this period of political turmoil, Argentina’s economy boomed. From 1880 to 1945, railroads were built and exports soared as crops and livestock were transported more easily from the provinces to Buenos Aires. Argentina soon became one of the ten richest countries in the world, but that wealth was still largely in the hands of foreign companies who had provided the capital for the railroads and other infrastructure. Throughout the late 19th century and into the 20th, Argentina was shaped by Europe both financially and culturally. More than three million people emigrated during this period, most substantially from Italy and Spain as well as France, Germany, Poland, Turkey, and Russia. As these people brought their religions, cuisines, and art with them, Argentina became more identified with Europe and the United States than it did with Latin America.
During these times of change and growth for the country, money and power continued to stay in the hands of a few—around 300—families. Economic inequality helped foster the development of the Socialist and Radical parties in the 1890s, which campaigned vociferously against the corrupt governments of the time. In 1916, the country held its first free, popular election, electing President Hipólito Yrigoyen, but this period of stability and freedom was short lived. In 1930, the military overthrew the democratic regime and the country proceeded to fluctuate between military and civilian rule.
The Influence of Perón and Evita
The most successful and now iconic of the leaders of this period was Juan Domingo Perón. During his career in the military, as he rose from colonel to Secretary of War, he focused on unions as a new source of power in the nation. When he was jailed in 1945 by a military afraid of his popularity, unions led a massive protest that led to his release and his rise in power. He was elected president in 1946 and again in 1952. Calling himself a populist, he worked to raise wages, create a social security system, and greatly expanded the unions. His wife, Evita Perón, a former actress of working class origins, aided Perón enormously. She successfully got the vote for women in 1947 and was beloved in her time as she still is by many today. Her death from cancer in 1952 was a personal as well as political blow to Perón and his presidency.
On June 16, 1955, a splinter faction of the navy bombed the Plaza de Mayo area, killing some 364 civilians. A military uprising followed, exiling Perón, though even out of the country he remained popular. In the years that followed, Peronist and Anti-Peronist factions fought for power over the country, resulting in many massacres. In 1973, Perón returned to the presidency but died within a year of assuming power. His third wife, Isabel Peron, succeeded him, but she neither as popular nor as successful as Juan or Evita. On March 24, 1976 a military coup removed her from office and a military government took charge of the country, beginning the period that would become known as the Dirty War.
The Dirty War
During the Dirty War, members of opposition and leftist groups were kidnapped and murdered. Some were killed openly, but most were simply “disappeared” by the government, creating the term desaparecidos for the students, intellectuals, and labor organizers who were never seen again. In 1977, the mothers of the taken began protesting; now known as the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo, these women still protest today for justice.Numbers vary, but human rights groups estimate that as many as 30,000 Argentines were killed during this time.
As the military waged its silent war, they also attempted to save the failing Argentine economy. They tried to encourage foreign investment by implementing pro-market reforms and deregulation. However, as foreign debt amassed and human rights abuses become more obvious, the junta tried to distract the country from its problems by invading the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) in 1982. Soundly defeated by the British, the junta lost all credibility and the country began to return to more liberal, civilian rule.
Return to Democracy
In 1983, the Argentine people were able to return to the polls, where they elected President Raúl Alfonsín. A few years later, Alfonsín was replaced by Carlos Saul Menem in a democratic election, increasing Argentine and international faith in the durability of their democracy.
In office, Menem put an end to the inflation plaguing Argentina by pegging the peso to the dollar. He also implemented a controversial privatization program that re-privatized many services nationalized by Perón. There was a significant increase in investment and growth with stable prices through the 1990s, but this period of economic prosperity was short lived. Foreign debt increased enormously as state companies and services were privatized and the total liberalization of the Argentine market to foreign goods resulted in the collapse of local industry. As the situation worsened, the government was forced to take a series of drastic measures including freezing bank accounts to stop the flow of capital out of the country and to quell the growing debt crisis. Argentina defaulted on its 155 billion dollar debt and, in December 2001, the economy collapsed. The peso was devalued and the savings of Argentine’s disappeared overnight.
In the aftermath of the crash, the president at the time, La Rua, was forced to step down and three Argentine presidents followed in the following week. January 1, 2002, Eduardo Duhalade became interim president, and in 2003 Nestor Kirchner was democratically elected president. His presidency, lasting from 2003 to 2007 has been controversial in many ways. Leader of the Peronist party, he ran the country powerfully and there were often allegations of corruption within his government. His economic policies stimulated growth, improving income distribution and cutting poverty and unemployment. While the GDP has been rising, the last few years have also seen considerable inflation, suggesting that the Argentine economy is recovering but certainly not recovered.
On December 10, 2007 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, wife of Nestor Kirchner was sworn in to office as Argentina's first elected female President. Though Fernández has placed a renewed emphasis on improving foreign relationships, recent corruption scandals, such as the “Antonini suitcase scandal” regarding the suspected smuggling of cash from Venezuela in support of Fernández’s campaign, continue to threaten those relations. It is yet to be seen how the current administration will deal with these issues along with the unresolved and pressing issues of inflation and energy shortage.
The above brief outline of a complicated history has been provided by Argentina's Travel Guide.
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What is Service Learning?
Service learning is a teaching and learning method that promotes student learning through active participation in meaningful and planned service experiences in the community that have a focus on critical reflective thinking as well as personal and civic responsibility. Service Learning can be either connected to course content or co-curricular in nature.
Benefits of Service Learning
- Emphasizes active learning in different environments.
- Allows students to see and experience the relationship between theory and practice.
- Links academic study to community service through structured reflection.
- Engages students in meaningful service benefiting the community.
- Provides students with opportunities to use newly acquired skills and knowledge in real-life situations
Service Learning at CCSF
The Office of Mentoring and Service Learning offers Service Learning opportunities in a myriad of ways. We sponsor several academic courses with service learning components. We also sponsor campus-based service projects. Finally, our newest program sponsors stuednts to complete civic engagement internships in the San Francisco community. More information on Service Learning at CCSF. | <urn:uuid:3aa1bba6-091f-471b-8acd-e7e78b49771e> | {
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Vomiting, diarrhea, cramps? Norovirus the likely bug
CHAMPAIGN — That stomach bug that’s going around isn’t the flu.
It’s norovirus, and it’s very contagious, state health officials warn.
Norovirus causes vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramps. It can also come with low-grade fever, chills, headache, muscle ache and fatigue.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates more about 20 million Americans – one in 15 — come down with norovirus each year, and more than 80 percent of those people get sick with it between November and April.
People may not know this gastrointestinal bug is norovirus, but it’s around in the area, Champaign-Urbana Public Health Administrator Julie Pryde said.
The worst symptoms last about two days, but it’s going to take a few more days after that to feel OK again, she said.
“You definitely don’t have to look very far on Facebook to hear people complaining about it,” she said.
People with norovirus are most contagious while they’re sick and during the first three days after they recover, according to the CDC.
Pryde said norovirus is so contagious, once someone at your home gets it, it’s hard to keep it from spreading. When she had it herself, she refrained from cooking for a few days for safety’s sake, she said.
“Nobody else in my house got it, knock on wood,” she said.
Norovirus spreads directly from person to person, or through touching contaminated surfaces and then putting hands or fingers in the mouth. There isn’t a vaccine or treatment, but thorough hand-washing with soap and water is the best prevention, health experts say.
Another tip from Pryde: Be sure to sanitize areas people touch in the bathroom after someone vomits, because small particles fly around that spread germs, she said.
The CDC also advises:
— An alcohol-based hand sanitizer can be used to reduce germs if soap and water aren’t available or in addition to hand washing, but it’s not a substitute for good hand-washing.
— Hand-washing is especially important after a trip to the bathroom and before eating or preparing food.
— Contaminated surfaces should be disinfected with a bleach-based cleanser. (Or use a solution of one part bleach to nine parts water, the state Department of Public Health recommends.)
— If you’re ill and work as a food handler, stay home. | <urn:uuid:fb2de00e-a5da-4943-8efb-3f51a3b286e7> | {
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In recent decades there has been increased variability in yearly temperature records for large parts of Europe and North America, according to a study published online today (24th July 2013) in Nature.
The study was carried out by scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, the University of East Anglia and the University of Exeter.
Lead author Dr Chris Huntingford from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology said, "Fluctuations in annual average temperatures have shown very substantial geographical alteration in recent decades. However, to our surprise, when considered across the globe, total variability has been relatively stable."
Co-author Professor Phil Jones, from the University of East Anglia said, "We used globally-complete surface temperature data that has been constructed by merging observations and weather forecasts, and verified our findings against station temperature records"
The study concluded that regions of high variability have moved markedly over the last five decades, including to areas of high population in Europe and North America. Dr Huntingford added, "The movement of raised temperature variability to regions of high population may have contributed to the general perception that climate is becoming more volatile."
The study also examined future projections by 17 climate model simulations. Almost all predict that overall temperature fluctuations will actually decrease towards the end of this century, as greenhouse gas concentrations increase.
Co-author Professor Peter Cox, from the University of Exeter said, "We provide evidence that decreasing global temperature variability will be a consequence of major sea-ice loss in a warmer world."
Dr Huntingford added, "Our findings contradict the sometimes stated view that a warming world will automatically be one of more overall climatic variation."
Technical note -- The analysis looked at year-to-year variability in temperature at different geographical locations. This variability is occurring around general global warming trends. These trends were subtracted from the actual temperature measurements, and the remaining "anomalies" analyzed for changes over time and space.
- Chris Huntingford, Philip D. Jones, Valerie N. Livina, Timothy M. Lenton, Peter M. Cox. No increase in global temperature variability despite changing regional patterns. Nature, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/nature12310
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Head of Coastal Taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus, showing angular brow The Coastal Taipan is Australia's most dangerous land snake. Photograph by Angus Emmott. Coastal Taipan skull.
The Coastal Taipan is usually light olive to dark russet brown but sometimes dark grey to black. The head has an angular brow and is lighter coloured on the face. The eye is a reddish colour. The belly is cream and usually marked with orange or pink flecks. This species grows to 2.9 metres. Midbody scale rows 21 or 23; ventrals 220–250; anal single; subcaudals divided 57–75.
Found in northern and eastern Australia. It is known from north-western Western Australia, the northern Northern Territory, across Cape York Peninsula and coastally through eastern Queensland to Grafton (New South Wales). In southern Queensland it is common near Beaudesert, Esk and Gympie.
Lives in open forests, dry closed forests, coastal heaths and grassy beach dunes. It also favours cultivated areas such as cane fields.
This species is active during day and also in early evening during hot weather.
This is a dangerously venomous species with strongly neurotoxic
venom. It possesses the third most toxic land snake venom known. Many human deaths have resulted from bites by this species. If bitten, apply first aid and seek urgent medical attention. First aid procedure for any snakebite from the Australian Venom Research Unit.
A subspecies of the coastal Taipan occurs in New Guinea and this is also dangerously venomous.
Only mammals are eaten. Small rodents (Melomys spp., Rattus spp., Mus musculus), bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus, Perameles nasuta) and quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) are known prey species.
7-20 eggs are laid and these take around 64-68 days to hatch. The hatchling snakes are around 30 cm from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail.
This snake is most similar to the Eastern Brown Snake (Pseudonaja textilis) which has a shorter, more rounded head and different scale counts. It also resembles the Mulga Snake (Pseudechis australis), which has a broader head, no orange or pink flecks on the belly and different scale counts.
Queensland Museum's Find out about... is proudly supported by the Thyne Reid Foundation and the Tim Fairfax Family Foundation. | <urn:uuid:da064186-228a-4895-b3ec-6d5a3fc1783e> | {
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Through our inquiry approach, Kindergarten children bring their ideas to the learning process and work with the support and guidance of their teachers to seek answers, creatively solve problems and challenge their own thinking. They deepen their understanding of concepts and apply and develop skills and knowledge across all domains of learning as they work cooperatively and collaboratively with others.
Language and literacy learning focus on writing and reading as well as on speaking and listening, and the bilingual inquiry approach provides a strong context for meaningful opportunities to engage with both English and Chinese each day.
Mathematical, scientific and technological learning is embedded in our inquiries as well as being taught to ensure that our children have the skills in place to approach inquiry learning independently.
The Arts provide a conduit through which the children can express themselves, with learning invitations intentionally planned to capitalize on children’s curiosities and enhance their engagement. Specialist teachers support the children in learning the arts.
The Kindergarten children are also supported in their transition to formal schooling. Teachers assist families to prepare for the various primary school assessments and also help children to adapt to the changes that come from being a member of a larger school community. EtonHouse graduates have been successful in gaining entry into the top international and local schools in Hong Kong. | <urn:uuid:7c0a798e-6b04-4f14-b3c3-65e6c15fdf94> | {
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Each week recent purchases are placed on the new book displays inside the library, and eBooks are made immediately available to use. You can view and subscribe to the New Library Books list online. For instructions on how to borrow an eBook by downloading it; check out our eBook LibGuide. Some eBooks require logging in with your JCU username and password; additional software will need to be installed to download books to a digital bookshelf. Most eBooks can be read online without downloading extra software.
A book title of interest is: Vegetation of Australian Riverine Landscapes: Biology, Ecology and Management edited by Samantha Capon, Cassandra James and Michael Reid
An extract from the publisher's website states:
Vegetation communities in Australia's riverine landscapes are ecologically, economically and culturally significant. They are also among the most threatened ecosystems on the continent and have been dramatically altered as a result of human activities and climate change. Vegetation of Australian Riverine Landscapes brings together, for the first time, the results of the substantial amount of research that has been conducted over the last few decades into the biology, ecology and management of these important plant communities in Australia. | <urn:uuid:2898e5f3-4399-43db-8429-2d38c4b200ac> | {
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Common descent, an idea central to Darwin's theory of evolution, is well supported by multiple chains of evidence from the fields of genetics, biogeography and comparative anatomy. The fossil record also provides both direct and indirect evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors, though this line of evidence was generally unavailable to Darwin in the mid-19th century.Continue Reading
Closely related plants and animals tend to be grouped geographically. Most of the birds in the Galapagos Islands, whatever their ecological niche, are recognizably finches. Honeycreepers occupy much the same position for the Hawaiian Islands. Penguins live exclusively in the southern hemisphere. The simplest explanation for this kind of distribution is that the modern species all derive from a recent common ancestor that migrated into the area they now occupy.
Direct comparison of genes contributes to the picture of common descent. Analysis of gene-influenced protein structure done by researchers at Brandeis University found that the cleanest explanation for the variance between modern eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea is that they are all descended from a universal common ancestor that lived several billion years ago.
The common descent model is also supported by its utility as a predictive tool. The close kinship between humans and other primates is the presupposition that underlies much animal testing. The more distant, but still relatively recent, common ancestry between all mammals is the reason experiments on rats can be loosely extrapolated to human physiology.Learn more about Anthropology | <urn:uuid:4afefdd3-7792-47cf-bc2d-2ef74d0f1803> | {
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Depression is one of the dark demons of adolescence. Up to 1 in 12 American teenagers is affected, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and three times as many will experience depression at some point by age 18. Studies show that at least 20% of teenagers with clinical depression will go on to develop chronic cases that will haunt them throughout adulthood. That is, if they reach adulthood. Suicide is a significant risk for depressed adolescents and the third leading cause of deaths among U.S. teenagers.
It's no wonder, then, that researchers are beginning to focus on preventing teenage depression in the first place. A new study in the current issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) is the largest to date showing that a relatively modest intervention goes a long way to prevent episodes of depression in high-risk teens. The authors hope it will provide a model that could be used widely in schools to protect kids from depression. (See pictures of teenagers in America.)
The study involved 316 adolescents, ages 13 to 17, in four cities. All of the teenagers had a history of depression or current symptoms that just fell short of a clinical diagnosis. The teens also had at least one parent who had been diagnosed with depression.
Half the teenagers were randomly assigned to a prevention program that consisted of eight weekly group sessions of cognitive behavioral instruction (CB) lasting 90 minutes each, plus six follow-up sessions that met once a month. The other half of the volunteers were assigned to a control group that got "usual care," meaning they were free to seek help from whatever resources were available to them in their community as were the teens in the experimental group. There were no differences between the groups in terms of the types of services they chose on their own. (Read "Talk Therapy for Kids: Better Than Pills?")
The teenagers were followed for nine months. Less than a quarter (21.4%) of those in the CB program went on to have an episode of depression, compared with about a third (32.7%) of those in the control group. The results were far more dramatic for teens whose parents were not actively suffering from depression: only 11.7% who went through the program had an episode of depression during the nine-month follow-up.
The CB sessions focused on teaching the kids to think more realistically and less catastrophically about their problems and experiences. "It's what we call the ABCD model," explains lead author Judy Garber, professor of psychology and human development at Vanderbilt University. Under the guidance of a social worker or other trained professional, the teens discuss A, an activating event, like a breakup with a boyfriend. Next they explore B, beliefs and thoughts about that event, like, "It's all my fault." Then they look at C, perceived consequences of the event: "I'll never find another boyfriend." And finally and critically, they engage in D, disputing their thoughts and assumptions by asking questions like, "Am I being realistic?" or "Would other people see it the same way?"
Working in small groups of three to 10 works well for adolescents, says psychologist Gregory Clarke, who pioneered the program and is a co-author of the study. "The group can be almost a Greek chorus to bounce ideas off of, " explains Clarke, who is a senior investigator at Kaiser Permanente's Center for Health Research in Portland, Ore.
The authors hope the program will become a model for interventions that could be implemented at a reasonable cost in schools or pediatric clinics. They note that school psychologists or social workers with a master's level of education could be trained to lead the groups.
The researchers hope to publish a cost-benefit analysis of the program sometime next year. Part of the equation, however, will be to show that the benefits are lasting. The team has just received NIMH funding to follow the adolescents in the current study through their early to mid-20s.
"We hope that the program will not only prevent depression, but also the impairments associated with it," says Garber. "We will be looking at alcohol and drug use, eating problems, anxiety and behavior problems and performance in school."
The researchers will also examine what can be done for the adolescents whose parents are in the grips of depression: this subset, which was 45% of the participants, did not benefit significantly from the cognitive behavioral program. "It's awfully hard to change your thinking habits if a parent is depressed and everything is so chaotic around you," observes Clarke. Future studies, says Garber, will look at whether treating the parent for depression makes a difference.
Because it focuses on prevention, the JAMA study "really moves the field forward," says child psychologist Anne Marie Albano, who directs the Clinic for Anxiety and Related Disorders at Columbia University Medical Center. Albano says that recent surveys showing rising rates of mental illness in college students have sounded the alarm about the need to intervene earlier to prevent the cascade of social, academic, economic and emotional woes that befall teens who slip into depression. "This study is telling us that if you get kids early in the cycle of depression when they have symptoms and are on the path, you can give them skills that manage those symptoms." | <urn:uuid:1a8714fd-ba07-43dc-bf5f-71a59ae1d72f> | {
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The benefit of Vitamin B 6
What is Vitamin B 6?
Vitamin B 6 is a water-soluble vitamin. It exists in three chemical forms (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It has many important functions that relate to your overall good health. It is needed for enzymes related to protein metabolism, is essential for red blood cell metabolism, and is needed for functions of the nervous and immune systems. It also helps your body maintain glucose in a normal range. When you aren't consuming a lot of calories, your body needs this vitamin to help convert stored foods to maintain your glucose levels.
Among the benefits of Vitamin B 6 is evidence that it can help patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Vitamin B 6 has also become a popular remedy for premenstrual syndrome although there is no real evidence to support this as a treatment for PMS.
Vitamin B 6 is found in many foods including meat, poultry, fish, some vegetables, fortified cereals, and beans. It is important to make sure your body is receiving enough of the vitamin because deficiency can affect you in adverse ways.
What are the risks involved with Vitamin B 6 deficiency?
B 6 deficiency is rare. It is more common in older people. Symptoms do not occur until later stages of the deficiency. Signs can include dermatitis (skin inflammation), sore tongue, confusion, convulsions, and depression. It is important to see a physician if you suspect deficiency so that you can be properly treated.
If you exhibit poor eating habits or if you are an alcoholic, you may benefit from taking a Vitamin B 6 supplement. Alcohol actually promotes the destruction of B 6 from the body.
Is there a toxicity risk?
There is, however, a risk of too much Vitamin B 6. Excessive amounts of B 6 can result in nerve damage to the legs and arms. This doesn't usually occur from eating too many foods rich in B 6 but rather from a high intake of B 6 supplements. The good news is that the damage is reversible once you stop taking the supplements.
Where can you get vitamin B 6?
If you are looking to add more Vitamin B 6 naturally to your diet, you are in luck. This vitamin is found in a wide variety of foods. Fortified breakfast cereals, meats, fish, beans, bananas, and peanut butter are all excellent sources.
Vitamin B 6
Vitamin B 12
Vitamin B 17
Minerals: An Overview | <urn:uuid:1b2c8fa7-5f82-42be-b52c-0c88b1df8ceb> | {
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Japan Fire Destroys Old Lacquer Relics
Published 8:00 pm, Saturday, December 28, 2002
A fire in northern Japan destroyed thousands of priceless artifacts, including the world's oldest-known lacquer relics, officials said Sunday.
Some 80,000 artifacts excavated over a three-year period _ many dating back to the prehistoric Jomon Period _ were stored in an archaeology office in the town of Minamikayabe, said Chiharu Abe, a spokesman for the excavation team.
The cause of the Saturday evening fire was under investigation.
Among the losses were examples of ancient Japanese lacquerware made 9,000 years ago in the early Jomon period and believed to be the oldest of its kind, Abe said.
The fire also destroyed a 6,500-year-old clay imprint of a child's foot and 3,000-year-old lacquered kettle, he said.
The relics, which had been excavated nearby, were stored in the building for safekeeping while archaeologists studied them. Minamikayabe is located on Japan's northernmost island of Hokkaido, about 425 miles northeast of Tokyo. | <urn:uuid:2d156bf6-e42d-49c0-9226-209c231b3282> | {
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Bible Activity: Catch It-Play background music.
Have children each hold a large feather in the air and drop it. As
the feather gracefully floats down, call out parts of the body and
have children each try to catch it on that body part. For example,
call out elbow, knee, hand, or stomach.
Paraphrase John 4:7-30.
*Ask: What did you have to do for your feather to touch
the right body part? What did Jesus say this woman needed to do to
have eternal life? Who does Jesus want to go to heaven?
*Say: Just as you had to reach out and touch your feather,
Jesus wants us to reach out to him and receive his gift of eternal
life. If we receive his gift, we’ll go to heaven to be with God
when we die.
Craft: Eyes to See-Give each child a two-egg
section of an egg carton and two pipe cleaners. Using a hole punch,
help kids punch holes in each side of their egg carton section.
Then have them insert a pipe cleaner into each hole. Have them
twist each pipe cleaner to stay in its hole. Help children cut out
holes in their egg carton bottoms to make glasses. Have kids
decorate their glasses with feathers and glue. Encourage kids to
wear their glasses as a reminder that God wants us to see things
from his viewpoint.
Snack: You’ll need: A packet of Jell-O, water,
a way to heat the water, enough prepared Jell-O for your class,
plates, forks, and napkins.
Directions: Help children make Jell-O. Talk about how the
water is important to give life to the powdered Jell-O. Afterward,
serve Jell-O and talk about how Jesus gives us life.
Contributors: Kathy Brooks, Susan Lennartson, and Amy
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You are here
1 Nephi 3:7
Context and Content
Click Image to Enlarge
Lehi’s family had just traveled about 250 miles through what some travelers called a “brutal wilderness” with long stretches of nothing but barren desert, where “hardly a blade of grass breaks up the monotony.”1 The journey would have taken about 2 weeks.2 And now, they were being asked to go back to retrieve the plates of brass from a short-tempered Jerusalem official with command of a military garrison (1 Nephi 3:4, 31).3 If Laman and Lemuel were right about anything, it is that they were asked to do a “hard thing” (1 Nephi 3:5).
Yet, as Lehi emphasized to Nephi, this hard thing was “commanded” of the Lord—repeating that point three times to be sure he understood (1 Nephi 3:2, 4, 5). Nephi had just returned from conversing with the Lord, where he was promised: “inasmuch as ye shall keep my commandments, ye shall prosper” (1 Nephi 2:20). Eager to hold up his end of this obligation, Nephi responded to his father with equal emphasis on commandments, likewise repeating the term three times in his one-verse reply (1 Nephi 3:7).4
This sets up the rest of the story about getting the plates, where the Lord’s commandments are central: command or commandment is repeated 18 times total in 1 Nephi 3 and 4.5 Affirming this, Nephi’s response that he will “go and do” is part of a chiasm—a literary pattern where key words, phrases, or ideas are repeated in reverse order.6 The center of a chiasm is usually the most important part, and Nephi’s chiasm has the Lord’s commandments at the very center.
Chiasmus in 1 Nephi 3:7–9
|A And it came to pass that I, Nephi,|
|B said unto my father:|
|C I will go and do the things|
|D which the Lord hath commanded|
|D for I know that the Lord giveth no commandments unto the children of men|
|C save he shall prepare a way for them that they may accomplish the thing which he commandeth them.|
|B And it came to pass that when my father had heard these words he was exceedingly glad, for he knew that I had been blessed of the Lord.|
|A And I, Nephi, and my brethren took our journey in the wilderness7|
Two types of commandments are at play in this story. First, the story teaches about specific commandments given in a particular time and context—like getting the plates from Laban. Second, it teaches about general commandments that apply to everyone, like “the commandments of the Lord” found on the plates of brass (1 Nephi 4:15).
Obtaining the plates of brass was done in obedience to a specific commandment and was necessary so that Nephi’s seed could keep the general commandments given to all the house of Israel (1 Nephi 4:14–17).8
Doctrines and Principles
Nephi’s story highlights how the Lord prepares the way for obeying both types of commandments: (1) The Lord prepared a way for Nephi to obtain the plates of brass by delivering Laban into his hands (1 Nephi 4:10–12); (2) Obtaining the plates, which had the Law of Moses on them, prepared the way for Lehi’s family and their descendants to keep the commandments (1 Nephi 4:14–17).9
Lehi's Family Leaving Jerusalem by Scott Snow
Nephi is a model for keeping the commandments even when doing so is challenging and difficult. Although he had to travel 500 miles round trip in a scorching desert and face off with a powerful leader, Nephi was determined to obey. This is true of Nephi throughout his life.10 President Thomas S. Monson taught, “Though others faltered in their faith and their obedience, never once did Nephi fail to do that which the Lord asked of him. Untold generations have been blessed as a result.”11
Nephi’s story teaches that while the Lord may prepare the way, the way prepared is not always easy. It was not until Nephi and his brothers had made multiple failed attempts, and Nephi had suffered from violence at his brothers hands, that the Lord finally intervened (1 Nephi 3). Nephi had proven himself determined and willing to be “led by the Spirit” (1 Nephi 4:6), and thus a way was prepared.12
President Henry B. Eyring, of the First Presidency, taught that this kind of commitment comes from trusting in the Lord:
The young Nephi in the Book of Mormon stirs in us a desire to develop trust in the Lord to obey His commandments, however hard they appear to us. Nephi faced danger and possible death when he said these words of trust that we can and must feel steadily in our hearts … . That trust comes from knowing God.13
Nephi knew that the Lord would prepare a way for him because he trusted in Him, and he wrote the story about obtaining the plates to illustrate this truth. He placed the Lord’s commandments at the center of his response to his father, symbolizing their central importance to the whole story.
President Thomas S. Monson, “Obedience Brings Blessings,” Ensign, May 2013, 89–92.
President Henry B. Eyring, “Trust in God, Then Go and Do,” Ensign, November 2010, 70–73.
Elder Richard G. Scott, “To Acquire Spiritual Guidance,” Ensign, November 2009, 6–9.
- 1. George Potter and Richard Wellington, Lehi in the Wilderness: 81 New, Documented Evidences That the Book of Mormon is a True History (Springville, UT: Cedar Fort, 2003), 22, 41. For the distance between Jerusalem and the camp at the Valley of Lemuel, see S. Kent Brown, Voices from the Dust: Book of Mormon Insights (American Fork, UT: Covenant Communications, 2004), 3, 6; S. Kent Brown, “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and John W. Welch (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002), 55.
- 2. Brown, Voices from the Dust, 3.
- 3. Ancient records tell stories of military governors in ancient Near Eastern cities behaving much like Laban did. See Hugh Nibley, Approaching the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret News and FARMS, 1988), 120–131. See also, Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert/The World of the Jaredites/There Were Jaredites, The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Volume 5 (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1988), 97–98.
- 4. Joseph Spencer, An Other Testament: On Typology, 2nd edition (Provo, UT: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2016), 84–85. Spencer pointed out that this story really starts with the covenant made in 1 Nephi 2:19–24, and that Lehi and Nephi both repeat some form of the term command(ed/eth/ment) three times, but his analysis goes in a different direction than what will be followed here.
- 5. Spencer, An Other Testament, 84–90 discusses the centrality of commandment in the Laban story, though he takes a different approach than that followed here. On the frequency of command or commandment, see 1 Nephi 3:2, 4, 5, 7 (3x), 15, 16 (2x), 18, 21; 4:1, 11, 15, 17, 20, 34.
- 6. See Book of Mormon Central, “Why is the Presence of Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon Significant? (Mosiah 5:10–12),” KnoWhy 166 (August 16, 2016). See also, John W. Welch, “Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon,” BYU Studies 10, no. 3 (1969): 69–83; John W. Welch, “Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon,” in Chiasmus in Antiquity: Structures, Analyses, Exegesis, ed. John W. Welch (Hildesheim: Gerstenberg Verlag, 1981; reprint Provo, UT: Research Press, 1999), 198–210; John W. Welch, “Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon,” in Book of Mormon Authorship: New Light on Ancient Origins, ed. Noel B. Reynolds (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, 1982: reprint Provo, UT: FARMS, 1996), 33–52.
- 7. Adapted from Donald W. Parry, Poetic Parallelisms in the Book of Mormon: The Complete Text Reformatted (Provo, UT: Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2007), 5–6.
- 8. Spencer, An Other Testament, 88–90 pointes out the two different types of commandments at work in the story, but has a different approach to their relationship in the story.
- 9. Monte S. Nyman, Book of Mormon Commentary, 6 vol. (Orem, UT: Granite, 2003), 1:57; Joseph Fielding McConkie and Robert L. Millet, Doctrinal Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 4 vols. (Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book, 1987–1992), 1:40.
- 10. See John A. Tvedtnes, “He Shall Prepare Away,” in The Most Correct Book: Insights from a Book of Mormon Scholar (Salt Lake City, UT: Cornerstone Publishing, 1999), 104–109.
- 11. President Thomas S. Monson, “Obedience Brings Blessings,” Ensign, May 2013, 90.
- 12. See Brant A. Gardner, Second Witness: Analytical and Contextual Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 6 vols. (Salt Lake City, UT: Greg Kofford Books, 2007), 1:101–102.
- 13. President Henry B. Eyring, “Trust in God, Then Go and Do,” Ensign, November 2010, 71. | <urn:uuid:ec1a59da-acc4-43bb-8c85-08471eed3ad3> | {
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Franklin County, Alabama
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Franklin is a county in Alabama. It was formed in 1818 from the following county/ies: Cherokee and Chickasaw cession. Franklin began keeping birth records in 1916, marriage records in 1897, and death records in 1890–1930. It began keeping land records in 1890, probate records in 1890, and court records in ?. For more information, contact the county at 410 Jackson St./P.O. Box 70, Russellville 35653 . On the attached map, Franklin is located at A2. Record loss, 1890.
For information about the state of Alabama see Alabama Family History Research.
| Counties of Alabama
Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Blount, Bullock, Butler, Calhoun, Chambers, Cherokee, Chilton, Choctaw, Clarke, Clay, Cleburne, Coffee, Colbert, Conecuh, Coosa, Covington, Crenshaw, Cullman, Dale, Dallas, DeKalb, Elmore, Escambia, Etowah, Fayette, Franklin, Geneva, Greene, Hale, Henry, Houston, Jackson, Jefferson, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lee, Limestone, Lowndes, Macon, Madison, Marengo, Marion, Marshall, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Perry, Pickens, Pike, Randolph, Russell, St. Clair, Shelby, Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Washington, Wilcox, Winston | <urn:uuid:0e3e3bd2-8124-4712-8421-8328e5079a09> | {
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Statehood to the Present
Explore New Mexico Statehood to the Present
1912 New Mexico becomes the 47th state New Mexico becomes a state of the United States of America. On 6 January 1912, President William H. Taft signs the proclamation making New Mexico the 47th state.
1916 Elephant Butte Dam completed Elephant Butte Dame at Engle, New Mexico, is completed, the second largest irrigation dam in the world at the time. The dam system eventually irrigates more than 90,000 acres in the Mesilla Valley, revolutionizing agriculture in the area.
1921 Fabián García releases improved chile Fabián García is the first Hispanic in the nation to lead a land-grant agricultural research station. In the 1921 he releases New Mexico No. 9, historically the most important chile cultivar because it is the first developed at New Mexico A&M.
1926 Route 66 Route 66, the “Mother Road,” designated as Chicago-to-Los Angeles route, goes through Santa Fe in 1926.
1928 Oil is discovered at Hobbs In 1928 the Midwest Oil Co. (now Amoco) discovers oil in Hobbs, setting off a boom in the New Mexico “Oil Patch.” Midwest State No. 1, the discovery, is soon producing seven hundred barrels a day.
1943-45 Manhattan Project The United States Army builds Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, part of the Manhattan Project, a top-secret project to develop atomic weapons. Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer leads successful development of devices deployed against Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, on 6 and 9 August 1945.
1948 Pueblo people win the right to vote Miguel Trujillo of Isleta Pueblo, a United States Marine Corp veteran of World War II, attempts to register to vote in 1948 and when he is denied successfully brings suit, known as Trujillo v. Garley, against the Recorder of Valencia County.
1960 Interstate 40 arrives in New Mexico First sections of Interstate 40 finished in Quay County. Interstate 40 is completed in New Mexico in 1981.
1967 Tierra Amarilla Courthouse raid The Alianza Federal de Mercedes, led by Reies López Tijerina, raids the Rio Arriba County Courthouse on 5 June 1967 in an attempt to bring attention to the usurpation of Hispanic land grants by Anglo landowners and the United States government.
1970 Return of Blue Lake to Taos Pueblo President Nixon signs Congressional legislation returning Blue Lake, sacred to the people of Taos Pueblo, and 48,000 acres of surrounding land to the pueblo.
1975 NuMex “Big Jim” green chile In 1975 New Mexico State University's Roy Nakayama releases NuMex Big Jim, the world’s largest chile. NuMex Big Jim becomes an immediate favorite of home gardeners and chefs for making chile rellenos.
1980 Intel opens microchip plant in Rio Rancho In 1980, Intel opens a semiconductor fabrication plant in Rio Rancho. Fueled by high-paying jobs at Intel, Rio Rancho becomes one of fastest-growing cities in the United States.
2010 Susana Martinez becomes the thirty-first governor of New Mexico. Governor Martinez becomes the first elected female governor of New Mexico and the first Hispanic woman governor in the United States.
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Back to Bite Us
By Durland Fish
Published: May 27, 2007
THE federal government seems to have forgotten about West Nile virus, which terrorized New York City and the metropolitan region in 1999, resulting in more than 60 confirmed cases and seven deaths that year and more than 237,000 cases and 900 deaths nationwide since then.
Indeed, the Department of Health and Human Services has cut $9.9 million from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's $35 million annual budget to deal with this deadly virus. Next year, an additional $7 million will be cut, leaving the entire program with only $18.1 million, a reduction of almost 50 percent. These cuts will force big reductions in federal support for the surveillance and control of West Nile virus in 57 state and local jurisdictions, including Connecticut, New Jersey and New York.
Sure, some will argue that the threat from West Nile virus, which was most likely introduced to the country by an infected mosquito arriving in an airplane, has stabilized. But there are still plenty of people contracting and dying from the disease. Connecticut even experienced an increase in human cases last year. These programs are important to maintain because they provide information on other diseases carried by mosquitoes and are vital to public health preparedness in these times of emerging diseases and bioterrorism threats. Moreover, the budget cuts mean that there will be nobody trained to deal with West Nile virus in the future.
In 1999, as the West Nile virus epidemic spread from New York City into the suburbs, state and local health agencies were desperate to find medical entomologists and virologists who could conduct surveillance on the virus in mosquitoes and other wildlife. Controlling mosquitoes was essential in preventing human contact with the virus.
Recognizing the shortage of skilled manpower, the C.D.C. financed training programs at academic institutions to recruit and train students in medical entomology and in how to treat mosquito-borne viruses -- skills that had been neglected since the 1960s and '70s, when such diseases were last a public health threat. Severe cuts in the C.D.C.'s West Nile virus program will end these training programs at the four academic institutions receiving grants, including the only one in the Northeast, here at Yale.
These cuts will also mean that state and local health departments in this region will be forced to sharply curb or in some cases eliminate West Nile virus surveillance and control. Entomologists and virologists now with several years of experience working with the disease and tracking it may soon find themselves without jobs.
The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, a professional association of more than 1,000 public health epidemiologists, and the American Mosquito Control Association have voiced concerns about what these cuts mean for the public. States have complained to the C.D.C., but to no avail. Officials at the agency seem to think that West Nile virus is no longer a priority -- a view that is shared by neither the scientific community nor state epidemiologists.
Attendance at the annual meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association has steadily increased since 1999, largely because of increased federal financing for West Nile virus. This year's meeting, in April, was almost as well attended as the group's meetings of 25 years ago, before state and federal budget cuts in the 1980s gutted mosquito-borne disease surveillance and control programs nationwide. (In the aftermath of cuts in the '80s, New York State's mosquito-borne disease program did not hire anyone for 20 years and its surveillance laboratory was scheduled to close until West Nile virus appeared.)
No one knew what would happen with the introduction of an exotic mosquito-borne virus back in 1999, and one would think that those scary days would not be forgotten so quickly. While federal financing for biosecurity and public health preparedness has since become a priority, in fact little has been learned from the West Nile virus experience. But these diseases aren't going away. The catalog of mosquito-borne (and tick-borne) viruses lists more than 500 viruses occurring worldwide.
West Nile is certainly not the last such virus that will invade the United States given increased globalization, transportation, climate change and bioterrorism. As a major commercial hub, the New York City region is particularly susceptible to introductions of exotic organisms, including human pathogens. Without sustained federal support for surveillance and control of mosquito-borne diseases in the United States, we will again be vulnerable to introduced threats, accidental or not, and incapable of prompt action that could curb or prevent epidemics. | <urn:uuid:611525b7-2075-4335-85c6-8f9dbd4c356e> | {
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These are not the best example of chromatography, but are lots of fun to make and a good demonstration of how the ink in most felt-tip pens contains mixture of different colours. If we were to do this properly we’d use strips of blotting or filter paper, make a dot at the bottom with a felt pen and place in water. We’d then see the colours separate up the filter paper.
We mostly used the filter paper to make pretty pictures, but the children loved watching the ink spread through the paper.
Observations to make
Do some colours run more easily? The left hand side paper started out as a black dot, you can see that the ink from that pen has started to separate, while the pink pen has not.
Can you try different types of pen? Are some more water soluble than others? We found the water had no effect on white board pens and with very washable felt tips the colour completely left the filter paper.
We combined the pretty filter papers with our pop up cards to make a pop up Valentine.
What would you make?
Don’t forget to follow us on facebook too. | <urn:uuid:8a2db70e-b1a2-4d83-b410-ccce935b4c19> | {
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Allah Almighty says: [And He it is Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. They float, each in an orbit.] (Al-Anbiyaa' 21: 33)
This glorious verse refers to a scientific fact concerning the system of the universe. Scientific discoveries have proved that we live in a huge universe that depends on revolution. The earth revolves round the sun once a year, the moon revolves around the earth once per lunar month, and the other planets of the solar system also revolve round the sun, each in its own orbit. Besides, most of these planets have moons that revolve around them, each, also, in its own orbit. Astronomers have discovered more than 60 of these moons so far.
The solar system, likewise, orbits a center of our galaxy, the Milky Way. This galaxy consists of more than 130 billion stars. Galaxies, in turn, revolve round a center that only Almighty Allah knows.
The law of revolution applies also to atoms, the smallest units of elements that cannot be seen even by microscopes. An atom is composed of a nucleus whose diameter is less than a millionth of a millimeter. An atom is surrounded by electrons that move round the atom in an orbit. Since all matter in the universe-whether solid, liquid, or gaseous-consists of atoms, this means that the law of revolution applies to everything: stars, planets, moons, animals, plants, sand, seas, air, and so on.
This includes cells as well. The cytoplasm in the cell moves around the nucleus.
Contemplating the above lines, we come to realize that revolution is a cosmic law.
With a believer's meditation upon such a scientific fact, another image of revolution is brought to one's mind: the pilgrims' circumambulation of the Ka`bah, which is a basic ritual of Hajj in Islam.
Circumambulating the Ka`bah is a symbolic act of worship, whose wisdom may be hidden form some. It indicates the believers' utter submission to Almighty Allah alone. The pilgrims go to Hajj in response to the divine order that Prophet Abraham (peace and blessings be upon him) conveyed to people. Allah Almighty says: [And (remember) when We prepared for Abraham the place of the (holy) House, saying: Ascribe thou no thing as partner unto Me, and purify My House for those who make the round (thereof) and those who stand and those who bow and make prostration. And proclaim unto mankind the pilgrimage. They will come unto thee on foot and on every lean camel; they will come from every deep ravine.] (Al-Hajj 22: 26-27)
This signifies that the Ka`bah is the spiritual center of the believers. It refers to the close bond that should be between a believer and his Lord. A believer turns toward the Ka`bah five times a day during the prescribed ritual Prayers.
A pilgrim circumambulates the Ka`bah as if he or she is a celestial body orbiting another greater body. Circumambulation of the Ka`bah is to be performed counterclockwise. This indicates that there is a joint factor between a pilgrim's expressing his ultimate faith in Almighty Allah by circumambulating the Ka`bah in that way and between the cosmic law of revolution discussed above. This indicates that there is consistency between the obligations of worship in Islam and the natural laws that govern the universe, which indicates that they all belong to only one source, that is, Almighty Allah.
This proves the truthfulness of the call of Islam that there is no god but Almighty Allah. Thus, Islam is the true religion that provides humankind with a comprehensive view in conformity with the divine truth that is apparent in the natural laws of the universe. | <urn:uuid:81334ebc-2219-43c6-ad47-df382e7f3d8a> | {
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Speech is one of the most direct and over-the-top ways through which John Irving creates his highly-memorable characters. The most obvious example is Owen. It's not just what he says – he's a pretty astute little guy, and speaks with the maturity and vocabulary of an adult even as a ten-year-old – it's how he says it. Owen has an incredibly distinctive voice. The novel's first line draws our attention to his strange way of speaking: "I am doomed to remember a boy with a wrecked voice" (1.1). Basically, he shouts through his nose. His voice isn't just memorable to the other characters, who can actually hear him. We, as readers, get to experience his strange nasal shouting because all of his dialogue is WRITTEN IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.
It's not just Owen, though, who has a distinctive way of speaking. Another great example of John Irving's use of speech in this novel is Rev. Lewis Merrill, the pastor at the Congregational Church. Rev. Merrill has a stutter, but he doesn't have it all the time. Rather, his stutter acts as a kind of barometer for his level of self-confidence and conviction at any given moment. When Rev. Merrill is nervous or doubtful, he stutters like crazy. When he feels secure, however, he speaks smoothly and firmly. This is sort of an ingenious manipulation of speech on John Irving's part, because after we learn about Rev. Merrill's secret past, we can look back on a bunch of scenes in the novel and look at the types of situations that make him especially nervous (hint: it's usually when he's thinking about Tabby).
Physical appearances are pretty big in this novel; in fact, we have tons more to say about them under "Themes." That said, let's look at how John Irving uses them to tell us more about our characters. Again, Owen sort of sticks out like a sore thumb here. Owen is sort of small and mousy. He never grows taller than five feet; he has huge ears that stick out and a sharp-looking nose. He's so pale that his skin seems transparent. When we think of Owen, we kind of think of Ross Perot's head on a young child's body (feel free to do some Google image searches if you're like, "huh?"). What's interesting is that, even though Owen is so small and seemingly delicate, he ultimately saves others through an amazing act of physical strength. It almost seems like John Irving created Owen small on purpose – just to throw us off a little bit.
What's really interesting about physical appearances in A Prayer for Owen Meany is the way that we never really figure out what John looks like. We learn about what everyone's appearances in this novel, except for his! It really throws us off that he looks around constantly trying to figure out who his birth father is without ever being like, "Oh, yeah, that guy that I see every day looks exactly like me!" For a book that creates such vivid images of what characters look like, it's a little strange that we never "see" John.
Family life is one of the most distinctive ways in which Irving differentiates John and Owen. In spite of the fact that he spends most of the novel not knowing who his birth father is, John seems to have an amazing family life. His mother adores him until the day she dies. His stepfather, Dan, couldn't love him more if he were his own son. Even though she's kind of a crotchety old woman, Harriet is an extremely doting grandma. The scene in Johnny's room after Tabby's funeral is of the greatest indicators of how supportive his family is. Everyone wants Johnny to find a second home with him or her. Aunt Martha tells him that he can come to Sawyer Depot whenever he wants; Harriet tells him that he can have his old room back; Dan says he wants nothing more than for Johnny to continue to live with him. John's relationship with Dan is particularly special; he regards Dan as the best father a boy ever had, and he's not even really his dad.
Owen, on the other hand, has what seems to be a particularly odd family life. In many respects, we feel sorry for him. His parents don't really seem to care about what he does or where he goes. He sleeps over Johnny's house whenever he wants – his parents don't even seem to notice when he comes home. Yet, it isn't necessarily because Owen's parents don't care about him; it seems that they are genuinely afraid of him, and as a result he tends to rule the roost. Of course, we find out later exactly why his parents regard him the way they do. Still, when we look at family life as a way of learning more about our characters, we see how their lives at home really set John and Owen apart from one another. | <urn:uuid:1872d987-a21a-46c7-9568-f08e8450a9e0> | {
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NASASpaceFlight.com reported late Wednesday on a draft manifest for the Space Launch System (SLS) under a “budget restricted” scenario. According to that document, the first SLS launch would take place in 2017 and send an uncrewed Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) on a circumlunar trajectory. The next SLS mission would not take place until 2021, and carry a crewed Orion on the same type of mission. Those initial SLS missions would use the initial SLS configuration with shuttle-derived components. The “evolved” SLS, with a capacity of 130 metric tons to LEO, would not debut until 2032. Those initial milestones would appear to match up with comments by NASA administrator Charles Bolden at a House hearing earlier this month, where he said the SLS would debut in 2017 carrying an uncrewed Orion, but that the SLS would not be human-rated until “late this decade, early ’20s”.
Another poll released yesterday adds to the volume of polling data about the public’s perceptions about the end of the shuttle program and NASA’s future. The IBOPE Zogby found that 59 percent of respondents disagree with the decision to end the shuttle, with nearly three quarters saying that the shuttle was a good use of government resources. Echoing some other polls, 48 percent said that “future space exploration” should be done by both NASA and private companies, versus 28 percent who said NASA alone should do it. (The poll does not define what “space exploration” means in this context.) Three in five respondents said the were very or somewhat concerned that the US would fall behind other nations in the ability to explore space. | <urn:uuid:60e2fe82-3bc8-4579-bec0-2dd17c6a92e2> | {
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در این متـن میخوانـــیم :
Abwā is the name of a big village near Vadan between Mecca and Medina; today known as “Masture”.
Historical points about Abwā:
1- The tomb of Amina (the Prophet’s mother; d. ca. 576 when the Prophet was six) is located here.
2- The first Ghazwa (the name of any battles of the Prophet in which the Prophet fought against the infidels) happened here.
3- One of the Quranic suras (chapters) (Women/ 43) was ####revealed in this place.
4- After the conquest of Mecca, Abu Sufyan (prominent Meccan merchant; d. ca. 653) came to the Prophet and embraced Islam in Abwa.
5- Death of Muslim Ibn Uqba (famous commander of the Umayyad caliphs, Mu’wiaya I and Yazid I). He was buried in Abwa.
6- Abdullah Ibn Ja’far (Zeinab’s husband, a daughter of Ali Ibn Abi Taleb)died and was buried in this place. But it seems Abdullah Ibn Ja’far died in Medina and this Abdullah is the name of one of the Abdul Mutalleb’s (the Prophet’s grandfather) descendants.
7- Imam Baqer’s (the fifth Imam of Shias) birth place.
0 Comments Share Send Print Ask about this article Add to favorites | <urn:uuid:7982d40a-57ed-42e5-8a92-c780b4e9213b> | {
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In some countries, use of adulterated fuels has led the pollution to increase in a higher rate than normal. Some people think vehicle engine can burn any hydrocarbon and pull out the energy therein to power the vehicle. Actually it's not true. In this article I am trying to represent the correlation between internal combustion engine and hydrocarbon auto fuel. Hope, reader will be benefited.
Internal combustion engine is the heart of a vehicle where the fuel burns to give out energy. Burning can be expressed as a chemical reaction which results in production of heat energy. In the process of burning, the chemical energy stored in the fuel is expelled in the form of heat energy.
The combustion process and the fuel chemistry are a bit complicated. The fuel enters into the combustion chamber and gets compressed. Then, it is ignited by a spark or self ignited by the elevated temperature due to compression. After the combustion process is over the burnt masses are exhausted through the exhaust. Please note that, the burnt masses are lightweight and mixes with the exhaust air and goes out to the environment. Now what will happen if the combustion process is not a complete combustion? Definitely the unburnt particles will be heavier than air and hence the exhaust air cannot carry it with itself. In such a case some tiny fraction of the unburnt fuel particles will remain in the combustion chamber. Those unburnt fuel particles will try to(but cannot) mix up with the freshly introduced fuel air mixture making the mixture an inhomogeneous one. This will again lead to incomplete combustion. This cycle will continue and it starts damaging the walls of the combustion chamber gradually leading to poor engine life. To control this situation two things can be done. One, engine has to be designed in such a way that it sucks more volume of air making the mixture air rich. Two, the fuel has to such that it produces more oxygen when it burns. If we think about both the two solutions we will find that both of them points towards the same direction. For making the combustion proper we need more volume of oxygen because oxygen supports combustion. So in the first solution, supply of more volume of air is suggested so that it supplies more volume of oxygen inside the combustion chamber during the combustion. Same is the case of second solution. Here supply of oxygen to the combustion chamber along with the fuel as an inherent chemical property is suggested.
In modern vehicles, superchargers and turbo chargers are used which compresses the air outside and throw it into the combustion chamber where the air expands in heat and supplies more oxygen. Similarly, in modern auto fuels while refining and production, some chemicals are added which produces oxygen when they burn. These chemicals are known as oxygenates. One of the most popular oxygenate is MTBE. The full chemical name is Methyl Tetra Butyl Ether. But there are some environmental and health hazards associated with MTBE. This is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless chemical. Though it has slight pungent smell, it disappears when comes in contact with water. Specific gravity is almost equal to one. This means, MTBE is readily miscible with water. Also it is carcinogenic. Now think about a hypothetical situation where a petroleum refinery has stored huge volume of MTBE in some underground storage tanks for use in production of high grade auto fuel. Now if by any chance, MTBE leaks out of the storage tanks and misc with the ground water. Since it is miscible with water no one can even suspect it. And since it is carcinogenic, whoever consumes the ground water will attacked by cancer. In such a case it can convert cancer into an epidemic in the locality of the refinery because ground water is the mostly used water resource. Due to these fatal issues associated with MTBE some countries have banned use of MTBE. Another very popular oxygenate is ethanol. Though, its performance is not as good as MTBE as oxygenate, it don't have any harmful affect and hence there is no restriction in its use in auto fuel production. But since ethanol has a tendency of getting mixed with water, the storage and distribution system of the auto fuel produced by blending of ethanol should be completely dry. So, additional facilities have to be maintained for such fuel, and while trying to achieve this, an additional penny is spent. This tends to push the fuel price bit higher. But this additional expense is worth a spend looking at the interest of well being of the masses and also requirement of low emission fuel, which undergoes a complete combustion.
Now you may put a question, why I am not talking about designing such a car engine which cuts down the emission? Means, why it is not talked much that developed engines with modern technologies(like turbo chargers and superchargers) can also cut down the emission rather than only revising the fuel properties. It's because, even though auto manufacturers are developing new technologies to cut down fuel emissions, and manufacturing low emission vehicles, the old vehicles already plying on the roads will keep on producing more emissions. We cannot force anyone to through the outdated model of vehicle he owns(just because it creates more emission) and buy a new one. Commercial vehicles can be regulated upto certain extent and are being done in most countries. But fuel is same for everyone. Whatever fuel is produced in the industry has to be used by vehicle owners. So it is easier to limit emission level by controlling fuel properties.
However, best way to control emission is individual human effort. Let's save fuel. Let's reduce emission. Let's make the world a better place to live.
© Britul Sharma, India. February'2010. | <urn:uuid:4ae18dea-9fbc-468f-8c13-0d62515ad649> | {
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A Brief History of Drugs
From the Stone Age to the Stoned Age
Pub Date :
Edition(s) at Erowid :
Park Street Press
BACK COVER #From remote antiquity to the present era of designer drugs and draconian interdiction, drugs have played a prominent role in the cultural, spiritual, and social development of civilizations. A Brief History of Drugs shows how the story of drugs illuminates the story of humanity, exploring the long relationship between human beings and mind-altering substances. MArijuana, for example, has been used in India since time immemorial to stimulate mental agility and sexual prowess, and a census in 312 C.E. revealed nearly 800 stores in the city of Rome devoted to selling opium. Similar examples can be found in cultures as diverse as the Celts, the ancient Egyptians, the Aztecs, and other peoples around the world.
BLURBS #"A fascinating and informative history of humankind's checkered and often ambivalent relationship with psychoactive plants and drugs. From the role of the opium poppy in ancient Mesopotamia and the ergot-based mystery cult of Eleusis, through the opium wars in China and the persecution of medieval herbalist witches, up to the 'psychedelic rebellion' of the sixties and the insanities of the current 'war on drugs,' Escohotado covers an enormous subject with scholarly acumen and brings the light of reason to bear on topics often shrouded in bigotry, ignorance, and cupidity. Highly recommended!"
-- Ralph Metzner, Ph.D., author of The Unfolding Self and Green Psychology. | <urn:uuid:a0496c0f-b951-42eb-abb0-1f346203d934> | {
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|Preview Material|| || || || || || |
Graduate Studies in Mathematics
2001; 195 pp; hardcover
List Price: US$42
Member Price: US$33.60
Order Code: GSM/26
Symplectic geometry is a central topic of current research in mathematics. Indeed, symplectic methods are key ingredients in the study of dynamical systems, differential equations, algebraic geometry, topology, mathematical physics and representations of Lie groups.
This book is a true introduction to symplectic geometry, assuming only a general background in analysis and familiarity with linear algebra. It starts with the basics of the geometry of symplectic vector spaces. Then, symplectic manifolds are defined and explored. In addition to the essential classic results, such as Darboux's theorem, more recent results and ideas are also included here, such as symplectic capacity and pseudoholomorphic curves. These ideas have revolutionized the subject. The main examples of symplectic manifolds are given, including the cotangent bundle, Kähler manifolds, and coadjoint orbits. Further principal ideas are carefully examined, such as Hamiltonian vector fields, the Poisson bracket, and connections with contact manifolds.
Berndt describes some of the close connections between symplectic geometry and mathematical physics in the last two chapters of the book. In particular, the moment map is defined and explored, both mathematically and in its relation to physics. He also introduces symplectic reduction, which is an important tool for reducing the number of variables in a physical system and for constructing new symplectic manifolds from old. The final chapter is on quantization, which uses symplectic methods to take classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. This section includes a discussion of the Heisenberg group and the Weil (or metaplectic) representation of the symplectic group.
Several appendices provide background material on vector bundles, on cohomology, and on Lie groups and Lie algebras and their representations.
Berndt's presentation of symplectic geometry is a clear and concise introduction to the major methods and applications of the subject, and requires only a minimum of prerequisites. This book would be an excellent text for a graduate course or as a source for anyone who wishes to learn about symplectic geometry.
Graduate students and research mathematicians interested in differential geometry.
Table of Contents
AMS Home |
© Copyright 2014, American Mathematical Society | <urn:uuid:1ad72d69-1c45-4410-9418-61483fe8594b> | {
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(CBS) - The less physically active a mother is, the more likely her child will be sedentary early in life, according to a new paper published March 24 in Pediatrics, the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
For the study, researchers examined activity levels of 554 mothers, along with their 4-year olds, all enrolled in the Southampton Women's Survey, a population-based cohort in Southampton, U.K. To assess activity levels, both mothers and children in the study wore a device for about a week that measured heart rate and body movement.
Overall, the researchers found a direct correlation in physical activity levels among mothers and their children. A child engaged in more physical activity if their mother made exercise a higher priority. However, only 53 percent of the mothers enrolled in the study actually met the recommended daily exercise requirement, which is a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate-to-rigorous physical activity each day.
"It's a positive thing that maternal physical activity levels can influence the activity level of their child," Kathryn Hesket, the study's lead author, told Reuters Health. "If more time is spent moving, then activity can increase in both."
This finding is in line with another report published last year in Mayo Clinic Proceedings, which said mothers are spending a greater amount of time on sedentary activities than they were 45 years ago. In general, women tend to exercise less once they become mothers, and rarely return to the same level of physical activity than was typical before having a child.
But this study is also one of many that demonstrate how mothers often serve as ambassadors for the health and wellness of their family, especially their youngest children. The authors of the paper suggest a family's health can be improved by implementing programs that encourage mothers and their children to engage in exercise together.
Physical activity is important for any person to maintain a basic level of wellness. But exercise is especially crucial for a young child's overall health and development. In children, lack of exercise is associated with increased risk for obesity, diabetes, heart disease and other chronic physical health conditions in adulthood. Exercise can also reduce the risk for mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. And plenty of research has found regular physical activity can boost a child's school performance by improving their concentration and focus.
Though the Centers for Disease Control recently reported obesity rates among young children has dropped by as much as 43 percent in the last decade, the United States is still overall one of the most obese countries in the world.
This study may also indicate a need to place more emphasis on physical education in early childhood curriculum, especially as the U.S. moves ahead to implement a universal preschool program. | <urn:uuid:6dd34400-8b7c-4c52-883d-262a0c4db9c6> | {
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Compressed air must always be so clean that it cannot cause any malfunctions
or damage.Contamination accelerates wear on sliding surfaces and sealing elements.
This can affect the function and service life of pneumatic
components. Because all filters also represent flow resistance,
for economic reasons compressed air should
only be as clean as necessary
Compressed air filters remove particulate and droplets of moisture from the air. Particles >40 ... 5 μm (depending on the grade of filtration) are retained by a sintered filter. Liquids are separated with the aid of centrifugal force. The condensate which accumulates in the filter bowl must be emptied from time to time, because it would otherwise be drawn in by the air flow.
The centrifugal separator is a type of coarse prefilter for water droplets and larger dust or dirt particles (larger than 50 μm). To put it simply, the centrifugal separator works like an air spinner. A whirl insert is installed in the air flow (from top to bottom), which causes the air to rotate rapidly. The resulting centrifugal forces cause the heavier particles - water and coarser dirt - to be spun radially towards the outer walls, from where they run into a collecting container, the so-called filter bowl with condensate drain
Prefilters are basically fine strainers.They are almost always round and flow takes place through them from the outside to the inside. Particles, and, to a lesser extent, oil and water, are collected on the surface. The pore size of the filter determines the particle size which can be filtered. These filters are re-usable, as they can be cleaned. With a filtered particle size of between 25 and 40 μm, these filters are generally sufficient for "normal" requirements.
Micro-filters (coalescing filters) are filters for high demands. The residual oil content is reduced to a value of 0.01 mg/m³ - this equals class 1 of the compressed air qualities - and the air is then practically oil-free. Dirt particles are filtered out to 0.01 μm which also corresponds to class 1. The filters consist of a pleated fleece material, which is made up of many individual fibres. With micro-filters, the air flows from the inside to the outside. Oil and water are gradually forced outwards and part of the condensate can thus leave the filter again. This increases the lifetime of the filter.
Activated carbon filters
On activated carbon filters, the hydrocarbons are bound to the activated carbon through adhesion. The activated carbon is therefore not re-usable. Hydrocarbons, odours and flavours which were not removed by the micro-filters, are filtered out at this point. An activated carbon filter must always be positioned downstream of an air dryer and a micro-filter. With adsorbers, a micro-filter even needs to be positioned downstream, as the compressed air can draw in extremely fine carbon particles that are smaller than 1 μm.
Water in compressed air
The only correct way to remove excess water from compressed air is to use an air dryer. If a dryer cannot be used, there is the option of removing at least part of the water from the compressed air via filters. To do so, we recommend the use of a filter combination with at least a 1 µ prefilter and a subsequent 0.01 µ filter.
According to DIN ISO 4414 Chapter 8.4.1, non-metal filter and separator housings must be equipped with a burst protection feature. | <urn:uuid:a07719cf-8771-4bfe-ba93-2ccb22408ded> | {
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Left out of the First Folio and many early editions, about half of this play is now believed to have been penned by Shakespeare. The work is framed with speeches by ‘Gower’, a representation of the fourteenth-century author John Gower, whose Confessio Amantis – along with Lawrence Twine’s The Pattern of Painful Adventures – gave the play its plot.
The opening act has Pericles, in search of a wife, discovering an incestuous relationship between King Antiochus and his daughter. From Antioch, Pericles returns to Tyre, then moves on to Tarsus, saving it from famine, before being shipwrecked on the coast of Pentapolis. Here, Pericles, dressed in armour rusted by sea water, wins as his wife, Thaisa, the local king’s daughter. The couple’s happiness does not last long: Thaisa appears to die giving birth to a daughter, Marina, in another sea storm, and the sailors force Pericles to throw her body overboard. Once the waters calm, Pericles, fearing for his child’s safety, leaves the infant Marina in Tarsus. We then skip many years, and return to find Marina a grown woman, far more beautiful than the daughter of Tarsus’s rulers, who decide to have her executed. Their plan is thwarted by pirates who take Marina to Mytilene and sell her into prostitution. Yet such is Marina’s virtue that she is able to persuade all her prospective clients to abandon their lustful desires. Meanwhile, Pericles returns to Tarsus, is told his daughter is dead and, filled with grief, starts to wander over the sea. Eventually, Pericles comes to Mytilene, is reunited with his daughter, and learns in a dream that his wife lives and where to find her. The play ends happily, with husband and wife together, and Miranda marrying Lysimachus, prince of Mytilene and one of her converted clients. As Gower puts it, we have seen “Virtue preserved from fell destruction’s blast.”
Not often performed, the play has nevertheless attracted some critical interest. It offers the opportunity to see Shakespeare as a collaborator, and has many striking passages which develop ideas and themes found in earlier works. Pericles’s address to the tempest that catches him and the pregnant Thaisa is, for example, reminiscent of Lear’s words to the storm on the heath: “Thou god of this great vast, rebuke these surges, / Which wash both heaven and hell; and thou, that hast / Upon the winds command, bind them in brass, / Having call’d them from the deep!” Further, Pericles story has been retold by later writers, including T.S. Eliot, whose Marina offers a haunting rendition of the hero’s wandering: “What seas what shores what granite islands towards my timbers / And woodthrush calling through the fog / My daughter.”
Pericles, Prince of Tyre
SCENE I. Antioch. A room in the palace.
Enter ANTIOCHUS, Prince PERICLES, and followers
Young prince of Tyre, you have at large received
The danger of the task you undertake.
I have, Antiochus, and, with a soul
Embolden’d with the glory of her praise,
Think death no hazard in this enterprise.
Bring in our daughter, clothed like a bride,
For the embracements even of Jove himself;
At whose conception, till Lucina reign’d,
Nature this dowry gave, to glad her presence,
The senate-house of planets all did sit,
To knit in her their best perfections.
Music. Enter the Daughter of ANTIOCHUS
See where she comes, apparell’d like the spring,
Graces her subjects, and her thoughts the king
Of every virtue gives renown to men!
Her face the book of praises, where is read
Nothing but curious pleasures, as from thence
Sorrow were ever razed and testy wrath
Could never be her mild companion.
You gods that made me man, and sway in love,
That have inflamed desire in my breast
To taste the fruit of yon celestial tree,
Or die in the adventure, be my helps,
As I am son and servant to your will,
To compass such a boundless happiness!
That would be son to great Antiochus.
Before thee stands this fair Hesperides,
With golden fruit, but dangerous to be touch’d;
For death-like dragons here affright thee hard:
Her face, like heaven, enticeth thee to view
Her countless glory, which desert must gain;
And which, without desert, because thine eye
Presumes to reach, all thy whole heap must die.
Yon sometimes famous princes, like thyself,
Drawn by report, adventurous by desire,
Tell thee, with speechless tongues and semblance pale,
That without covering, save yon field of stars,
Here they stand martyrs, slain in Cupid’s wars;
And with dead cheeks advise thee to desist
For going on death’s net, whom none resist.
Antiochus, I thank thee, who hath taught
My frail mortality to know itself,
And by those fearful objects to prepare
This body, like to them, to what I must;
For death remember’d should be like a mirror,
Who tells us life’s but breath, to trust it error.
I’ll make my will then, and, as sick men do
Who know the world, see heaven, but, feeling woe,
Gripe not at earthly joys as erst they did;
So I bequeath a happy peace to you
And all good men, as every prince should do;
My riches to the earth from whence they came;
But my unspotted fire of love to you.
Thus ready for the way of life or death,
I wait the sharpest blow, Antiochus.
Scorning advice, read the conclusion then:
Which read and not expounded, ’tis decreed,
As these before thee thou thyself shalt bleed.
Of all say’d yet, mayst thou prove prosperous!
Of all say’d yet, I wish thee happiness!
Like a bold champion, I assume the lists,
Nor ask advice of any other thought
But faithfulness and courage.
I am no viper, yet I feed
On mother’s flesh which did me breed.
I sought a husband, in which labour
I found that kindness in a father:
He’s father, son, and husband mild;
I mother, wife, and yet his child.
How they may be, and yet in two,
As you will live, resolve it you.
Sharp physic is the last: but, O you powers
That give heaven countless eyes to view men’s acts,
Why cloud they not their sights perpetually,
If this be true, which makes me pale to read it?
Fair glass of light, I loved you, and could still,
Were not this glorious casket stored with ill:
But I must tell you, now my thoughts revolt
For he’s no man on whom perfections wait
That, knowing sin within, will touch the gate.
You are a fair viol, and your sense the strings;
Who, finger’d to make man his lawful music,
Would draw heaven down, and all the gods, to hearken:
But being play’d upon before your time,
Hell only danceth at so harsh a chime.
Good sooth, I care not for you.
Prince Pericles, touch not, upon thy life.
For that’s an article within our law,
As dangerous as the rest. Your time’s expired:
Either expound now, or receive your sentence.
Few love to hear the sins they love to act;
‘Twould braid yourself too near for me to tell it.
Who has a book of all that monarchs do,
He’s more secure to keep it shut than shown:
For vice repeated is like the wandering wind.
Blows dust in other’s eyes, to spread itself;
And yet the end of all is bought thus dear,
The breath is gone, and the sore eyes see clear:
To stop the air would hurt them. The blind mole casts
Copp’d hills towards heaven, to tell the earth is throng’d
By man’s oppression; and the poor worm doth die for’t.
Kings are earth’s gods; in vice their law’s
And if Jove stray, who dares say Jove doth ill?
It is enough you know; and it is fit,
What being more known grows worse, to smother it.
All love the womb that their first being bred,
Then give my tongue like leave to love my head.
Heaven, that I had thy head! he has found
But I will gloze with him.–Young prince of Tyre,
Though by the tenor of our strict edict,
Your exposition misinterpreting,
We might proceed to cancel of your days;
Yet hope, succeeding from so fair a tree
As your fair self, doth tune us otherwise:
Forty days longer we do respite you;
If by which time our secret be undone,
This mercy shows we’ll joy in such a son:
And until then your entertain shall be
As doth befit our honour and your worth.
Exeunt all but PERICLES
How courtesy would seem to cover sin,
When what is done is like an hypocrite,
The which is good in nothing but in sight!
If it be true that I interpret false,
Then were it certain you were not so bad
As with foul incest to abuse your soul;
Where now you’re both a father and a son,
By your untimely claspings with your child,
Which pleasure fits an husband, not a father;
And she an eater of her mother’s flesh,
By the defiling of her parent’s bed;
And both like serpents are, who though they feed
On sweetest flowers, yet they poison breed.
Antioch, farewell! for wisdom sees, those men
Blush not in actions blacker than the night,
Will shun no course to keep them from the light.
One sin, I know, another doth provoke;
Murder’s as near to lust as flame to smoke:
Poison and treason are the hands of sin,
Ay, and the targets, to put off the shame:
Then, lest my lie be cropp’d to keep you clear,
By flight I’ll shun the danger which I fear.
He hath found the meaning, for which we mean
To have his head.
He must not live to trumpet forth my infamy,
Nor tell the world Antiochus doth sin
In such a loathed manner;
And therefore instantly this prince must die:
For by his fall my honour must keep high.
Who attends us there?
Doth your highness call?
You are of our chamber, and our mind partakes
Her private actions to your secrecy;
And for your faithfulness we will advance you.
Thaliard, behold, here’s poison, and here’s gold;
We hate the prince of Tyre, and thou must kill him:
It fits thee not to ask the reason why,
Because we bid it. Say, is it done?
Let your breath cool yourself, telling your haste.
My lord, prince Pericles is fled.
Wilt live, fly after: and like an arrow shot
From a well-experienced archer hits the mark
His eye doth level at, so thou ne’er return
Unless thou say ‘Prince Pericles is dead.’
If I can get him within my pistol’s length,
I’ll make him sure enough: so, farewell to your highness.
Till Pericles be dead,
My heart can lend no succor to my head.
SCENE II. Tyre. A room in the palace.
[To Lords without]
Let none disturb us.–Why should
this change of thoughts,
The sad companion, dull-eyed melancholy,
Be my so used a guest as not an hour,
In the day’s glorious walk, or peaceful night,
The tomb where grief should sleep, can breed me quiet?
Here pleasures court mine eyes, and mine eyes shun them,
And danger, which I fear’d, is at Antioch,
Whose aim seems far too short to hit me here:
Yet neither pleasure’s art can joy my spirits,
Nor yet the other’s distance comfort me.
Then it is thus: the passions of the mind,
That have their first conception by mis-dread,
Have after-nourishment and life by care;
And what was first but fear what might be done,
Grows elder now and cares it be not done.
And so with me: the great Antiochus,
‘Gainst whom I am too little to contend,
Since he’s so great can make his will his act,
Will think me speaking, though I swear to silence;
Nor boots it me to say I honour him.
If he suspect I may dishonour him:
And what may make him blush in being known,
He’ll stop the course by which it might be known;
With hostile forces he’ll o’erspread the land,
And with the ostent of war will look so huge,
Amazement shall drive courage from the state;
Our men be vanquish’d ere they do resist,
And subjects punish’d that ne’er thought offence:
Which care of them, not pity of myself,
Who am no more but as the tops of trees,
Which fence the roots they grow by and defend them,
Makes both my body pine and soul to languish,
And punish that before that he would punish.
Enter HELICANUS, with other Lords
Joy and all comfort in your sacred breast!
And keep your mind, till you return to us,
Peaceful and comfortable!
Peace, peace, and give experience tongue.
They do abuse the king that flatter him:
For flattery is the bellows blows up sin;
The thing which is flatter’d, but a spark,
To which that blast gives heat and stronger glowing;
Whereas reproof, obedient and in order,
Fits kings, as they are men, for they may err.
When Signior Sooth here does proclaim a peace,
He flatters you, makes war upon your life.
Prince, pardon me, or strike me, if you please;
I cannot be much lower than my knees.
All leave us else; but let your cares o’erlook
What shipping and what lading’s in our haven,
And then return to us.
Hast moved us: what seest thou in our looks?
An angry brow, dread lord.
If there be such a dart in princes’ frowns,
How durst thy tongue move anger to our face?
How dare the plants look up to heaven, from whence
They have their nourishment?
Thou know’st I have power
To take thy life from thee.
I have ground the axe myself;
Do you but strike the blow.
Rise, prithee, rise.
Sit down: thou art no flatterer:
I thank thee for it; and heaven forbid
That kings should let their ears hear their
Fit counsellor and servant for a prince,
Who by thy wisdom makest a prince thy servant,
What wouldst thou have me do?
To bear with patience
Such griefs as you yourself do lay upon yourself.
Thou speak’st like a physician, Helicanus,
That minister’st a potion unto me
That thou wouldst tremble to receive thyself.
Attend me, then: I went to Antioch,
Where as thou know’st, against the face of death,
I sought the purchase of a glorious beauty.
From whence an issue I might propagate,
Are arms to princes, and bring joys to subjects.
Her face was to mine eye beyond all wonder;
The rest–hark in thine ear–as black as incest:
Which by my knowledge found, the sinful father
Seem’d not to strike, but smooth: but thou
‘Tis time to fear when tyrants seem to kiss.
Such fear so grew in me, I hither fled,
Under the covering of a careful night,
Who seem’d my good protector; and, being here,
Bethought me what was past, what might succeed.
I knew him tyrannous; and tyrants’ fears
Decrease not, but grow faster than the years:
And should he doubt it, as no doubt he doth,
That I should open to the listening air
How many worthy princes’ bloods were shed,
To keep his bed of blackness unlaid ope,
To lop that doubt, he’ll fill this land with arms,
And make pretence of wrong that I have done him:
When all, for mine, if I may call offence,
Must feel war’s blow, who spares not innocence:
Which love to all, of which thyself art one,
Who now reprovest me for it,–
Drew sleep out of mine eyes, blood from my cheeks,
Musings into my mind, with thousand doubts
How I might stop this tempest ere it came;
And finding little comfort to relieve them,
I thought it princely charity to grieve them.
Well, my lord, since you have given me leave to speak.
Freely will I speak. Antiochus you fear,
And justly too, I think, you fear the tyrant,
Who either by public war or private treason
Will take away your life.
Therefore, my lord, go travel for a while,
Till that his rage and anger be forgot,
Or till the Destinies do cut his thread of life.
Your rule direct to any; if to me.
Day serves not light more faithful than I’ll be.
I do not doubt thy faith;
But should he wrong my liberties in my absence?
We’ll mingle our bloods together in the earth,
From whence we had our being and our birth.
Tyre, I now look from thee then, and to Tarsus
Intend my travel, where I’ll hear from thee;
And by whose letters I’ll dispose myself.
The care I had and have of subjects’ good
On thee I lay whose wisdom’s strength can bear it.
I’ll take thy word for faith, not ask thine oath:
Who shuns not to break one will sure crack both:
But in our orbs we’ll live so round and safe,
That time of both this truth shall ne’er convince,
Thou show’dst a subject’s shine, I a true prince.
SCENE III. Tyre. An ante-chamber in the palace.
So, this is Tyre, and this the court. Here must I
kill King Pericles; and if I do it not, I am sure to
be hanged at home: ’tis dangerous. Well, I perceive
he was a wise fellow, and had good discretion, that,
being bid to ask what he would of the king, desired
he might know none of his secrets: now do I see he
had some reason for’t; for if a king bid a man be a
villain, he’s bound by the indenture of his oath to
be one! Hush! here come the lords of Tyre.
Enter HELICANUS and ESCANES, with other Lords of Tyre
You shall not need, my fellow peers of Tyre,
Further to question me of your king’s departure:
His seal’d commission, left in trust with me,
Doth speak sufficiently he’s gone to travel.
How! the king gone!
If further yet you will be satisfied,
Why, as it were unlicensed of your loves,
He would depart, I’ll give some light unto you.
Being at Antioch–
What from Antioch?
Royal Antiochus–on what cause I know not–
Took some displeasure at him; at least he judged so:
And doubting lest that he had err’d or sinn’d,
To show his sorrow, he’ld correct himself;
So puts himself unto the shipman’s toil,
With whom each minute threatens life or death.
Well, I perceive
I shall not be hang’d now, although I would;
But since he’s gone, the king’s seas must please:
He ‘scaped the land, to perish at the sea.
I’ll present myself. Peace to the lords of Tyre!
Lord Thaliard from Antiochus is welcome.
From him I come
With message unto princely Pericles;
But since my landing I have understood
Your lord has betook himself to unknown travels,
My message must return from whence it came.
We have no reason to desire it,
Commended to our master, not to us:
Yet, ere you shall depart, this we desire,
As friends to Antioch, we may feast in Tyre.
SCENE IV. Tarsus. A room in the Governor’s house.
Enter CLEON, the governor of Tarsus, with DIONYZA, and others
My Dionyza, shall we rest us here,
And by relating tales of others’ griefs,
See if ’twill teach us to forget our own?
That were to blow at fire in hope to quench it;
For who digs hills because they do aspire
Throws down one mountain to cast up a higher.
O my distressed lord, even such our griefs are;
Here they’re but felt, and seen with mischief’s eyes,
But like to groves, being topp’d, they higher rise.
Who wanteth food, and will not say he wants it,
Or can conceal his hunger till he famish?
Our tongues and sorrows do sound deep
Our woes into the air; our eyes do weep,
Till tongues fetch breath that may proclaim them louder;
That, if heaven slumber while their creatures want,
They may awake their helps to comfort them.
I’ll then discourse our woes, felt several years,
And wanting breath to speak help me with tears.
I’ll do my best, sir.
This Tarsus, o’er which I have the government,
A city on whom plenty held full hand,
For riches strew’d herself even in the streets;
Whose towers bore heads so high they kiss’d the clouds,
And strangers ne’er beheld but wondered at;
Whose men and dames so jetted and adorn’d,
Like one another’s glass to trim them by:
Their tables were stored full, to glad the sight,
And not so much to feed on as delight;
All poverty was scorn’d, and pride so great,
The name of help grew odious to repeat.
O, ’tis too true.
But see what heaven can do! By this our change,
These mouths, who but of late, earth, sea, and air,
Were all too little to content and please,
Although they gave their creatures in abundance,
As houses are defiled for want of use,
They are now starved for want of exercise:
Those palates who, not yet two summers younger,
Must have inventions to delight the taste,
Would now be glad of bread, and beg for it:
Those mothers who, to nousle up their babes,
Thought nought too curious, are ready now
To eat those little darlings whom they loved.
So sharp are hunger’s teeth, that man and wife
Draw lots who first shall die to lengthen life:
Here stands a lord, and there a lady weeping;
Here many sink, yet those which see them fall
Have scarce strength left to give them burial.
Is not this true?
Our cheeks and hollow eyes do witness it.
O, let those cities that of plenty’s cup
And her prosperities so largely taste,
With their superfluous riots, hear these tears!
The misery of Tarsus may be theirs.
Enter a Lord
Where’s the lord governor?
Speak out thy sorrows which thou bring’st in haste,
For comfort is too far for us to expect.
We have descried, upon our neighbouring shore,
A portly sail of ships make hitherward.
I thought as much.
One sorrow never comes but brings an heir,
That may succeed as his inheritor;
And so in ours: some neighbouring nation,
Taking advantage of our misery,
Hath stuff’d these hollow vessels with their power,
To beat us down, the which are down already;
And make a conquest of unhappy me,
Whereas no glory’s got to overcome.
That’s the least fear; for, by the semblance
Of their white flags display’d, they bring us peace,
And come to us as favourers, not as foes.
Thou speak’st like him’s untutor’d to repeat:
Who makes the fairest show means most deceit.
But bring they what they will and what they can,
What need we fear?
The ground’s the lowest, and we are half way there.
Go tell their general we attend him here,
To know for what he comes, and whence he comes,
And what he craves.
I go, my lord.
Welcome is peace, if he on peace consist;
If wars, we are unable to resist.
Enter PERICLES with Attendants
Lord governor, for so we hear you are,
Let not our ships and number of our men
Be like a beacon fired to amaze your eyes.
We have heard your miseries as far as Tyre,
And seen the desolation of your streets:
Nor come we to add sorrow to your tears,
But to relieve them of their heavy load;
And these our ships, you happily may think
Are like the Trojan horse was stuff’d within
With bloody veins, expecting overthrow,
Are stored with corn to make your needy bread,
And give them life whom hunger starved half dead.
The gods of Greece protect you!
And we’ll pray for you.
Arise, I pray you, rise:
We do not look for reverence, but to love,
And harbourage for ourself, our ships, and men.
The which when any shall not gratify,
Or pay you with unthankfulness in thought,
Be it our wives, our children, or ourselves,
The curse of heaven and men succeed their evils!
Till when,–the which I hope shall ne’er be seen,–
Your grace is welcome to our town and us.
Which welcome we’ll accept; feast here awhile,
Until our stars that frown lend us a smile.
SCENE I. Pentapolis. An open place by the sea-side.
Enter PERICLES, wet
Yet cease your ire, you angry stars of heaven!
Wind, rain, and thunder, remember, earthly man
Is but a substance that must yield to you;
And I, as fits my nature, do obey you:
Alas, the sea hath cast me on the rocks,
Wash’d me from shore to shore, and left me breath
Nothing to think on but ensuing death:
Let it suffice the greatness of your powers
To have bereft a prince of all his fortunes;
And having thrown him from your watery grave,
Here to have death in peace is all he’ll crave.
Enter three FISHERMEN
What, ho, Pilch!
Ha, come and bring away the nets!
What, Patch-breech, I say!
What say you, master?
Look how thou stirrest now! come away, or I’ll
fetch thee with a wanion.
Faith, master, I am thinking of the poor men that
were cast away before us even now.
Alas, poor souls, it grieved my heart to hear what
pitiful cries they made to us to help them, when,
well-a-day, we could scarce help ourselves.
Nay, master, said not I as much when I saw the
porpus how he bounced and tumbled? they say
they’re half fish, half flesh: a plague on them,
they ne’er come but I look to be washed. Master, I
marvel how the fishes live in the sea.
Why, as men do a-land; the great ones eat up the
little ones: I can compare our rich misers to
nothing so fitly as to a whale; a’ plays and
tumbles, driving the poor fry before him, and at
last devours them all at a mouthful: such whales
have I heard on o’ the land, who never leave gaping
till they’ve swallowed the whole parish, church,
steeple, bells, and all.
A pretty moral.
But, master, if I had been the sexton, I would have
been that day in the belfry.
Because he should have swallowed me too: and when I
had been in his belly, I would have kept such a
jangling of the bells, that he should never have
left, till he cast bells, steeple, church, and
parish up again. But if the good King Simonides
were of my mind,–
We would purge the land of these drones, that rob
the bee of her honey.
How from the finny subject of the sea
These fishers tell the infirmities of men;
And from their watery empire recollect
All that may men approve or men detect!
Peace be at your labour, honest fishermen.
Honest! good fellow, what’s that? If it be a day
fits you, search out of the calendar, and nobody
look after it.
May see the sea hath cast upon your coast.
What a drunken knave was the sea to cast thee in our
A man whom both the waters and the wind,
In that vast tennis-court, have made the ball
For them to play upon, entreats you pity him:
He asks of you, that never used to beg.
No, friend, cannot you beg? Here’s them in our
country Greece gets more with begging than we can do
Canst thou catch any fishes, then?
I never practised it.
Nay, then thou wilt starve, sure; for here’s nothing
to be got now-a-days, unless thou canst fish for’t.
What I have been I have forgot to know;
But what I am, want teaches me to think on:
A man throng’d up with cold: my veins are chill,
And have no more of life than may suffice
To give my tongue that heat to ask your help;
Which if you shall refuse, when I am dead,
For that I am a man, pray see me buried.
Die quoth-a? Now gods forbid! I have a gown here;
come, put it on; keep thee warm. Now, afore me, a
handsome fellow! Come, thou shalt go home, and
we’ll have flesh for holidays, fish for
fasting-days, and moreo’er puddings and flap-jacks,
and thou shalt be welcome.
I thank you, sir.
Hark you, my friend; you said you could not beg.
I did but crave.
But crave! Then I’ll turn craver too, and so I
shall ‘scape whipping.
Why, are all your beggars whipped, then?
O, not all, my friend, not all; for if all your
beggars were whipped, I would wish no better office
than to be beadle. But, master, I’ll go draw up the
Exit with Third Fisherman
How well this honest mirth becomes their labour!
Hark you, sir, do you know where ye are?
Why, I’ll tell you: this is called Pentapolis, and
our king the good Simonides.
The good King Simonides, do you call him.
Ay, sir; and he deserves so to be called for his
peaceable reign and good government.
He is a happy king, since he gains from his subjects
the name of good by his government. How far is his
court distant from this shore?
Marry, sir, half a day’s journey: and I’ll tell
you, he hath a fair daughter, and to-morrow is her
birth-day; and there are princes and knights come
from all parts of the world to just and tourney for her love.
Were my fortunes equal to my desires, I could wish
to make one there.
O, sir, things must be as they may; and what a man
cannot get, he may lawfully deal for–his wife’s soul.
Re-enter Second and Third Fishermen, drawing up a net
Help, master, help! here’s a fish hangs in the net,
like a poor man’s right in the law; ’twill hardly
come out. Ha! bots on’t, ’tis come at last, and
’tis turned to a rusty armour.
An armour, friends! I pray you, let me see it.
Thanks, fortune, yet, that, after all my crosses,
Thou givest me somewhat to repair myself;
And though it was mine own, part of my heritage,
Which my dead father did bequeath to me.
With this strict charge, even as he left his life,
‘Keep it, my Pericles; it hath been a shield
Twixt me and death;’–and pointed to this brace;–
‘For that it saved me, keep it; in like necessity–
The which the gods protect thee from!–may
It kept where I kept, I so dearly loved it;
Till the rough seas, that spare not any man,
Took it in rage, though calm’d have given’t again:
I thank thee for’t: my shipwreck now’s no ill,
Since I have here my father’s gift in’s will.
What mean you, sir?
To beg of you, kind friends, this coat of worth,
For it was sometime target to a king;
I know it by this mark. He loved me dearly,
And for his sake I wish the having of it;
And that you’ld guide me to your sovereign’s court,
Where with it I may appear a gentleman;
And if that ever my low fortune’s better,
I’ll pay your bounties; till then rest your debtor.
Why, wilt thou tourney for the lady?
I’ll show the virtue I have borne in arms.
Why, do ‘e take it, and the gods give thee good on’t!
Ay, but hark you, my friend; ’twas we that made up
this garment through the rough seams of the waters:
there are certain condolements, certain vails. I
hope, sir, if you thrive, you’ll remember from
whence you had it.
Believe ‘t, I will.
By your furtherance I am clothed in steel;
And, spite of all the rapture of the sea,
This jewel holds his building on my arm:
Unto thy value I will mount myself
Upon a courser, whose delightful steps
Shall make the gazer joy to see him tread.
Only, my friend, I yet am unprovided
Of a pair of bases.
We’ll sure provide: thou shalt have my best gown to
make thee a pair; and I’ll bring thee to the court myself.
Then honour be but a goal to my will,
This day I’ll rise, or else add ill to ill.
SCENE II. The same. A public way or platform leading to the lists. A pavilion by the side of it for the reception of King, Princess, Lords, &c.
Enter SIMONIDES, THAISA, Lords, and Attendants
Are the knights ready to begin the triumph?
They are, my liege;
And stay your coming to present themselves.
Return them, we are ready; and our daughter,
In honour of whose birth these triumphs are,
Sits here, like beauty’s child, whom nature gat
For men to see, and seeing wonder at.
Exit a Lord
It pleaseth you, my royal father, to express
My commendations great, whose merit’s less.
It’s fit it should be so; for princes are
A model which heaven makes like to itself:
As jewels lose their glory if neglected,
So princes their renowns if not respected.
‘Tis now your honour, daughter, to explain
The labour of each knight in his device.
Which, to preserve mine honour, I’ll perform.
Enter a Knight; he passes over, and his Squire presents his shield to the Princess
Who is the first that doth prefer himself?
A knight of Sparta, my renowned father;
And the device he bears upon his shield
Is a black Ethiope reaching at the sun
The word, ‘Lux tua vita mihi.’
He loves you well that holds his life of you.
Who is the second that presents himself?
A prince of Macedon, my royal father;
And the device he bears upon his shield
Is an arm’d knight that’s conquer’d by a lady;
The motto thus, in Spanish, ‘Piu por dulzura que por fuerza.’
The Third Knight passes over
And what’s the third?
The third of Antioch;
And his device, a wreath of chivalry;
The word, ‘Me pompae provexit apex.’
The Fourth Knight passes over
What is the fourth?
A burning torch that’s turned upside down;
The word, ‘Quod me alit, me extinguit.’
Which shows that beauty hath his power and will,
Which can as well inflame as it can kill.
The Fifth Knight passes over
The fifth, an hand environed with clouds,
Holding out gold that’s by the touchstone tried;
The motto thus, ‘Sic spectanda fides.’
The Sixth Knight, PERICLES, passes over
The sixth and last, the which the knight himself
With such a graceful courtesy deliver’d?
He seems to be a stranger; but his present is
A wither’d branch, that’s only green at top;
The motto, ‘In hac spe vivo.’
A pretty moral;
From the dejected state wherein he is,
He hopes by you his fortunes yet may flourish.
He had need mean better than his outward show
Can any way speak in his just commend;
For by his rusty outside he appears
To have practised more the whipstock than the lance.
He well may be a stranger, for he comes
To an honour’d triumph strangely furnished.
And on set purpose let his armour rust
Until this day, to scour it in the dust.
Opinion’s but a fool, that makes us scan
The outward habit by the inward man.
But stay, the knights are coming: we will withdraw
Into the gallery.
Great shouts within and all cry ‘The mean knight!’
SCENE III. The same. A hall of state: a banquet prepared.
Enter SIMONIDES, THAISA, Lords, Attendants, and Knights, from tilting
To say you’re welcome were superfluous.
To place upon the volume of your deeds,
As in a title-page, your worth in arms,
Were more than you expect, or more than’s fit,
Since every worth in show commends itself.
Prepare for mirth, for mirth becomes a feast:
You are princes and my guests.
But you, my knight and guest;
To whom this wreath of victory I give,
And crown you king of this day’s happiness.
‘Tis more by fortune, lady, than by merit.
Call it by what you will, the day is yours;
And here, I hope, is none that envies it.
In framing an artist, art hath thus decreed,
To make some good, but others to exceed;
And you are her labour’d scholar. Come, queen o’
For, daughter, so you are,–here take your place:
Marshal the rest, as they deserve their grace.
We are honour’d much by good Simonides.
Your presence glads our days: honour we love;
For who hates honour hates the gods above.
Sir, yonder is your place.
Some other is more fit.
Contend not, sir; for we are gentlemen
That neither in our hearts nor outward eyes
Envy the great nor do the low despise.
You are right courteous knights.
Sit, sir, sit.
By Jove, I wonder, that is king of thoughts,
These cates resist me, she but thought upon.
By Juno, that is queen of marriage,
All viands that I eat do seem unsavoury.
Wishing him my meat. Sure, he’s a gallant gentleman.
He’s but a country gentleman;
Has done no more than other knights have done;
Has broken a staff or so; so let it pass.
To me he seems like diamond to glass.
Yon king’s to me like to my father’s picture,
Which tells me in that glory once he was;
Had princes sit, like stars, about his throne,
And he the sun, for them to reverence;
None that beheld him, but, like lesser lights,
Did vail their crowns to his supremacy:
Where now his son’s like a glow-worm in the night,
The which hath fire in darkness, none in light:
Whereby I see that Time’s the king of men,
He’s both their parent, and he is their grave,
And gives them what he will, not what they crave.
What, are you merry, knights?
Who can be other in this royal presence?
Here, with a cup that’s stored unto the brim,–
As you do love, fill to your mistress’ lips,–
We drink this health to you.
We thank your grace.
Yet pause awhile:
Yon knight doth sit too melancholy,
As if the entertainment in our court
Had not a show might countervail his worth.
Note it not you, Thaisa?
What is it
To me, my father?
O, attend, my daughter:
Princes in this should live like gods above,
Who freely give to every one that comes
To honour them:
And princes not doing so are like to gnats,
Which make a sound, but kill’d are wonder’d at.
Therefore to make his entrance more sweet,
Here, say we drink this standing-bowl of wine to him.
Alas, my father, it befits not me
Unto a stranger knight to be so bold:
He may my proffer take for an offence,
Since men take women’s gifts for impudence.
Do as I bid you, or you’ll move me else.
Now, by the gods, he could not please me better.
And furthermore tell him, we desire to know of him,
Of whence he is, his name and parentage.
The king my father, sir, has drunk to you.
I thank him.
Wishing it so much blood unto your life.
I thank both him and you, and pledge him freely.
And further he desires to know of you,
Of whence you are, your name and parentage.
A gentleman of Tyre; my name, Pericles;
My education been in arts and arms;
Who, looking for adventures in the world,
Was by the rough seas reft of ships and men,
And after shipwreck driven upon this shore.
He thanks your grace; names himself Pericles,
A gentleman of Tyre,
Who only by misfortune of the seas
Bereft of ships and men, cast on this shore.
Now, by the gods, I pity his misfortune,
And will awake him from his melancholy.
Come, gentlemen, we sit too long on trifles,
And waste the time, which looks for other revels.
Even in your armours, as you are address’d,
Will very well become a soldier’s dance.
I will not have excuse, with saying this
Loud music is too harsh for ladies’ heads,
Since they love men in arms as well as beds.
So, this was well ask’d,’twas so well perform’d.
Here is a lady that wants breathing too:
And I have heard, you knights of Tyre
Are excellent in making ladies trip;
And that their measures are as excellent.
In those that practise them they are, my lord.
O, that’s as much as you would be denied
Of your fair courtesy.
Thanks, gentlemen, to all; all have done well.
But you the best. Pages and lights, to conduct
These knights unto their several lodgings!
We have given order to be next our own.
I am at your grace’s pleasure.
Princes, it is too late to talk of love;
And that’s the mark I know you level at:
Therefore each one betake him to his rest;
To-morrow all for speeding do their best.
SCENE IV. Tyre. A room in the Governor’s house.
Enter HELICANUS and ESCANES
No, Escanes, know this of me,
Antiochus from incest lived not free:
For which, the most high gods not minding longer
To withhold the vengeance that they had in store,
Due to this heinous capital offence,
Even in the height and pride of all his glory,
When he was seated in a chariot
Of an inestimable value, and his daughter with him,
A fire from heaven came and shrivell’d up
Their bodies, even to loathing; for they so stunk,
That all those eyes adored them ere their fall
Scorn now their hand should give them burial.
‘Twas very strange.
And yet but justice; for though
This king were great, his greatness was no guard
To bar heaven’s shaft, but sin had his reward.
‘Tis very true.
Enter two or three Lords
See, not a man in private conference
Or council has respect with him but he.
It shall no longer grieve without reproof.
And cursed be he that will not second it.
Follow me, then. Lord Helicane, a word.
With me? and welcome: happy day, my lords.
Know that our griefs are risen to the top,
And now at length they overflow their banks.
Your griefs! for what? wrong not your prince you love.
Wrong not yourself, then, noble Helicane;
But if the prince do live, let us salute him,
Or know what ground’s made happy by his breath.
If in the world he live, we’ll seek him out;
If in his grave he rest, we’ll find him there;
And be resolved he lives to govern us,
Or dead, give’s cause to mourn his funeral,
And leave us to our free election.
Whose death indeed’s the strongest in our censure:
And knowing this kingdom is without a head,–
Like goodly buildings left without a roof
Soon fall to ruin,–your noble self,
That best know how to rule and how to reign,
We thus submit unto,–our sovereign.
Live, noble Helicane!
For honour’s cause, forbear your suffrages:
If that you love Prince Pericles, forbear.
Take I your wish, I leap into the seas,
Where’s hourly trouble for a minute’s ease.
A twelvemonth longer, let me entreat you to
Forbear the absence of your king:
If in which time expired, he not return,
I shall with aged patience bear your yoke.
But if I cannot win you to this love,
Go search like nobles, like noble subjects,
And in your search spend your adventurous worth;
Whom if you find, and win unto return,
You shall like diamonds sit about his crown.
To wisdom he’s a fool that will not yield;
And since Lord Helicane enjoineth us,
We with our travels will endeavour us.
Then you love us, we you, and we’ll clasp hands:
When peers thus knit, a kingdom ever stands.
SCENE V. Pentapolis. A room in the palace.
Enter SIMONIDES, reading a letter, at one door: the Knights meet him
Good morrow to the good Simonides.
Knights, from my daughter this I let you know,
That for this twelvemonth she’ll not undertake
A married life.
Her reason to herself is only known,
Which yet from her by no means can I get.
May we not get access to her, my lord?
‘Faith, by no means; she has so strictly tied
Her to her chamber, that ’tis impossible.
One twelve moons more she’ll wear Diana’s livery;
This by the eye of Cynthia hath she vow’d
And on her virgin honour will not break it.
Loath to bid farewell, we take our leaves.
They are well dispatch’d; now to my daughter’s letter:
She tells me here, she’d wed the stranger knight,
Or never more to view nor day nor light.
‘Tis well, mistress; your choice agrees with mine;
I like that well: nay, how absolute she’s in’t,
Not minding whether I dislike or no!
Well, I do commend her choice;
And will no longer have it be delay’d.
Soft! here he comes: I must dissemble it.
All fortune to the good Simonides!
To you as much, sir! I am beholding to you
For your sweet music this last night: I do
Protest my ears were never better fed
With such delightful pleasing harmony.
It is your grace’s pleasure to commend;
Not my desert.
Sir, you are music’s master.
The worst of all her scholars, my good lord.
Let me ask you one thing:
What do you think of my daughter, sir?
A most virtuous princess.
And she is fair too, is she not?
As a fair day in summer, wondrous fair.
Sir, my daughter thinks very well of you;
Ay, so well, that you must be her master,
And she will be your scholar: therefore look to it.
I am unworthy for her schoolmaster.
She thinks not so; peruse this writing else.
A letter, that she loves the knight of Tyre!
‘Tis the king’s subtlety to have my life.
O, seek not to entrap me, gracious lord,
A stranger and distressed gentleman,
That never aim’d so high to love your daughter,
But bent all offices to honour her.
Thou hast bewitch’d my daughter, and thou art
By the gods, I have not:
Never did thought of mine levy offence;
Nor never did my actions yet commence
A deed might gain her love or your displeasure.
Traitor, thou liest.
Even in his throat–unless it be the king–
That calls me traitor, I return the lie.
Now, by the gods, I do applaud his courage.
My actions are as noble as my thoughts,
That never relish’d of a base descent.
I came unto your court for honour’s cause,
And not to be a rebel to her state;
And he that otherwise accounts of me,
This sword shall prove he’s honour’s enemy.
Here comes my daughter, she can witness it.
Then, as you are as virtuous as fair,
Resolve your angry father, if my tongue
Did ere solicit, or my hand subscribe
To any syllable that made love to you.
Why, sir, say if you had,
Who takes offence at that would make me glad?
Yea, mistress, are you so peremptory?
I am glad on’t with all my heart.–
I’ll tame you; I’ll bring you in subjection.
Will you, not having my consent,
Bestow your love and your affections
Upon a stranger?
who, for aught I know,
May be, nor can I think the contrary,
As great in blood as I myself.–
Therefore hear you, mistress; either frame
Your will to mine,–and you, sir, hear you,
Either be ruled by me, or I will make you–
Man and wife:
Nay, come, your hands and lips must seal it too:
And being join’d, I’ll thus your hopes destroy;
And for a further grief,–God give you joy!–
What, are you both pleased?
Yes, if you love me, sir.
Even as my life, or blood that fosters it.
What, are you both agreed?
Yes, if it please your majesty.
It pleaseth me so well, that I will see you wed;
And then with what haste you can get you to bed.
Enter PERICLES, on shipboard
Thou god of this great vast, rebuke these surges,
Which wash both heaven and hell; and thou, that hast
Upon the winds command, bind them in brass,
Having call’d them from the deep! O, still
Thy deafening, dreadful thunders; gently quench
Thy nimble, sulphurous flashes! O, how, Lychorida,
How does my queen? Thou stormest venomously;
Wilt thou spit all thyself? The seaman’s whistle
Is as a whisper in the ears of death,
Unheard. Lychorida!–Lucina, O
Divinest patroness, and midwife gentle
To those that cry by night, convey thy deity
Aboard our dancing boat; make swift the pangs
Of my queen’s travails!
Here is a thing too young for such a place,
Who, if it had conceit, would die, as I
Am like to do: take in your arms this piece
Of your dead queen.
How, how, Lychorida!
Patience, good sir; do not assist the storm.
Here’s all that is left living of your queen,
A little daughter: for the sake of it,
Be manly, and take comfort.
O you gods!
Why do you make us love your goodly gifts,
And snatch them straight away? We here below
Recall not what we give, and therein may
Use honour with you.
Patience, good sir,
Even for this charge.
Now, mild may be thy life!
For a more blustrous birth had never babe:
Quiet and gentle thy conditions! for
Thou art the rudeliest welcome to this world
That ever was prince’s child. Happy what follows!
Thou hast as chiding a nativity
As fire, air, water, earth, and heaven can make,
To herald thee from the womb: even at the first
Thy loss is more than can thy portage quit,
With all thou canst find here. Now, the good gods
Throw their best eyes upon’t!
Enter two Sailors
What courage, sir? God save you!
Courage enough: I do not fear the flaw;
It hath done to me the worst. Yet, for the love
Of this poor infant, this fresh-new sea-farer,
I would it would be quiet.
Slack the bolins there! Thou wilt not, wilt thou?
Blow, and split thyself.
But sea-room, an the brine and cloudy billow kiss
the moon, I care not.
Sir, your queen must overboard: the sea works high,
the wind is loud, and will not lie till the ship be
cleared of the dead.
That’s your superstition.
Pardon us, sir; with us at sea it hath been still
observed: and we are strong in custom. Therefore
briefly yield her; for she must overboard straight.
As you think meet. Most wretched queen!
Here she lies, sir.
A terrible childbed hast thou had, my dear;
No light, no fire: the unfriendly elements
Forgot thee utterly: nor have I time
To give thee hallow’d to thy grave, but straight
Must cast thee, scarcely coffin’d, in the ooze;
Where, for a monument upon thy bones,
And e’er-remaining lamps, the belching whale
And humming water must o’erwhelm thy corpse,
Lying with simple shells. O Lychorida,
Bid Nestor bring me spices, ink and paper,
My casket and my jewels; and bid Nicander
Bring me the satin coffer: lay the babe
Upon the pillow: hie thee, whiles I say
A priestly farewell to her: suddenly, woman.
Sir, we have a chest beneath the hatches, caulked
and bitumed ready.
I thank thee. Mariner, say what coast is this?
We are near Tarsus.
Thither, gentle mariner.
Alter thy course for Tyre. When canst thou reach it?
By break of day, if the wind cease.
O, make for Tarsus!
There will I visit Cleon, for the babe
Cannot hold out to Tyrus: there I’ll leave it
At careful nursing. Go thy ways, good mariner:
I’ll bring the body presently.
SCENE II. Ephesus. A room in CERIMON’s house.
Enter CERIMON, with a Servant, and some Persons who have been shipwrecked
Doth my lord call?
Get fire and meat for these poor men:
‘T has been a turbulent and stormy night.
I have been in many; but such a night as this,
Till now, I ne’er endured.
Your master will be dead ere you return;
There’s nothing can be minister’d to nature
That can recover him.
Give this to the ‘pothecary,
And tell me how it works.
Exeunt all but CERIMON
Enter two Gentlemen
Good morrow to your lordship.
Why do you stir so early?
Our lodgings, standing bleak upon the sea,
Shook as the earth did quake;
The very principals did seem to rend,
And all-to topple: pure surprise and fear
Made me to quit the house.
That is the cause we trouble you so early;
‘Tis not our husbandry.
O, you say well.
But I much marvel that your lordship, having
Rich tire about you, should at these early hours
Shake off the golden slumber of repose.
‘Tis most strange,
Nature should be so conversant with pain,
Being thereto not compell’d.
I hold it ever,
Virtue and cunning were endowments greater
Than nobleness and riches: careless heirs
May the two latter darken and expend;
But immortality attends the former.
Making a man a god. ‘Tis known, I ever
Have studied physic, through which secret art,
By turning o’er authorities, I have,
Together with my practise, made familiar
To me and to my aid the blest infusions
That dwell in vegetives, in metals, stones;
And I can speak of the disturbances
That nature works, and of her cures; which doth give me
A more content in course of true delight
Than to be thirsty after tottering honour,
Or tie my treasure up in silken bags,
To please the fool and death.
Your honour has through Ephesus pour’d forth
Your charity, and hundreds call themselves
Your creatures, who by you have been restored:
And not your knowledge, your personal pain, but even
Your purse, still open, hath built Lord Cerimon
Such strong renown as time shall ne’er decay.
Enter two or three Servants with a chest
So; lift there.
What is that?
Sir, even now
Did the sea toss upon our shore this chest:
‘Tis of some wreck.
Set ‘t down, let’s look upon’t.
‘Tis like a coffin, sir.
Whate’er it be,
‘Tis wondrous heavy. Wrench it open straight:
If the sea’s stomach be o’ercharged with gold,
‘Tis a good constraint of fortune it belches upon us.
‘Tis so, my lord.
How close ’tis caulk’d and bitumed!
Did the sea cast it up?
I never saw so huge a billow, sir,
As toss’d it upon shore.
Wrench it open;
Soft! it smells most sweetly in my sense.
A delicate odour.
As ever hit my nostril. So, up with it.
O you most potent gods! what’s here? a corse!
Shrouded in cloth of state; balm’d and entreasured
With full bags of spices! A passport too!
Apollo, perfect me in the characters!
‘Here I give to understand,
If e’er this coffin drive a-land,
I, King Pericles, have lost
This queen, worth all our mundane cost.
Who finds her, give her burying;
She was the daughter of a king:
Besides this treasure for a fee,
The gods requite his charity!’
If thou livest, Pericles, thou hast a heart
That even cracks for woe! This chanced tonight.
Most likely, sir.
Nay, certainly to-night;
For look how fresh she looks! They were too rough
That threw her in the sea. Make a fire within:
Fetch hither all my boxes in my closet.
Death may usurp on nature many hours,
And yet the fire of life kindle again
The o’erpress’d spirits. I heard of an Egyptian
That had nine hours lien dead,
Who was by good appliance recovered.
Well said, well said; the fire and cloths.
The rough and woeful music that we have,
Cause it to sound, beseech you.
The viol once more: how thou stirr’st, thou block!
The music there!–I pray you, give her air.
This queen will live: nature awakes; a warmth
Breathes out of her: she hath not been entranced
Above five hours: see how she gins to blow
Into life’s flower again!
Through you, increase our wonder and set up
Your fame forever.
She is alive; behold,
Her eyelids, cases to those heavenly jewels
Which Pericles hath lost,
Begin to part their fringes of bright gold;
The diamonds of a most praised water
Do appear, to make the world twice rich. Live,
And make us weep to hear your fate, fair creature,
Rare as you seem to be.
O dear Diana,
Where am I? Where’s my lord? What world is this?
Is not this strange?
Hush, my gentle neighbours!
Lend me your hands; to the next chamber bear her.
Get linen: now this matter must be look’d to,
For her relapse is mortal. Come, come;
And AEsculapius guide us!
Exeunt, carrying her away
SCENE III. Tarsus. A room in CLEON’s house.
Enter PERICLES, CLEON, DIONYZA, and LYCHORIDA with MARINA in her arms
Most honour’d Cleon, I must needs be gone;
My twelve months are expired, and Tyrus stands
In a litigious peace. You, and your lady,
Take from my heart all thankfulness! The gods
Make up the rest upon you!
Your shafts of fortune, though they hurt you mortally,
Yet glance full wanderingly on us.
O your sweet queen!
That the strict fates had pleased you had brought her hither,
To have bless’d mine eyes with her!
We cannot but obey
The powers above us. Could I rage and roar
As doth the sea she lies in, yet the end
Must be as ’tis. My gentle babe Marina, whom,
For she was born at sea, I have named so, here
I charge your charity withal, leaving her
The infant of your care; beseeching you
To give her princely training, that she may be
Manner’d as she is born.
Fear not, my lord, but think
Your grace, that fed my country with your corn,
For which the people’s prayers still fall upon you,
Must in your child be thought on. If neglection
Should therein make me vile, the common body,
By you relieved, would force me to my duty:
But if to that my nature need a spur,
The gods revenge it upon me and mine,
To the end of generation!
I believe you;
Your honour and your goodness teach me to’t,
Without your vows. Till she be married, madam,
By bright Diana, whom we honour, all
Unscissor’d shall this hair of mine remain,
Though I show ill in’t. So I take my leave.
Good madam, make me blessed in your care
In bringing up my child.
I have one myself,
Who shall not be more dear to my respect
Than yours, my lord.
Madam, my thanks and prayers.
We’ll bring your grace e’en to the edge o’ the shore,
Then give you up to the mask’d Neptune and
The gentlest winds of heaven.
I will embrace
Your offer. Come, dearest madam. O, no tears,
Lychorida, no tears:
Look to your little mistress, on whose grace
You may depend hereafter. Come, my lord.
SCENE IV. Ephesus. A room in CERIMON’s house.
Enter CERIMON and THAISA
Madam, this letter, and some certain jewels,
Lay with you in your coffer: which are now
At your command. Know you the character?
It is my lord’s.
That I was shipp’d at sea, I well remember,
Even on my eaning time; but whether there
Deliver’d, by the holy gods,
I cannot rightly say. But since King Pericles,
My wedded lord, I ne’er shall see again,
A vestal livery will I take me to,
And never more have joy.
Madam, if this you purpose as ye speak,
Diana’s temple is not distant far,
Where you may abide till your date expire.
Moreover, if you please, a niece of mine
Shall there attend you.
My recompense is thanks, that’s all;
Yet my good will is great, though the gift small.
SCENE I. Tarsus. An open place near the sea-shore.
Enter DIONYZA and LEONINE
Thy oath remember; thou hast sworn to do’t:
‘Tis but a blow, which never shall be known.
Thou canst not do a thing in the world so soon,
To yield thee so much profit. Let not conscience,
Which is but cold, inflaming love i’ thy bosom,
Inflame too nicely; nor let pity, which
Even women have cast off, melt thee, but be
A soldier to thy purpose.
I will do’t; but yet she is a goodly creature.
The fitter, then, the gods should have her. Here
she comes weeping for her only mistress’ death.
Thou art resolved?
I am resolved.
Enter MARINA, with a basket of flowers
No, I will rob Tellus of her weed,
To strew thy green with flowers: the yellows, blues,
The purple violets, and marigolds,
Shall as a carpet hang upon thy grave,
While summer-days do last. Ay me! poor maid,
Born in a tempest, when my mother died,
This world to me is like a lasting storm,
Whirring me from my friends.
How now, Marina! why do you keep alone?
How chance my daughter is not with you? Do not
Consume your blood with sorrowing: you have
A nurse of me. Lord, how your favour’s changed
With this unprofitable woe!
Come, give me your flowers, ere the sea mar it.
Walk with Leonine; the air is quick there,
And it pierces and sharpens the stomach. Come,
Leonine, take her by the arm, walk with her.
No, I pray you;
I’ll not bereave you of your servant.
I love the king your father, and yourself,
With more than foreign heart. We every day
Expect him here: when he shall come and find
Our paragon to all reports thus blasted,
He will repent the breadth of his great voyage;
Blame both my lord and me, that we have taken
No care to your best courses. Go, I pray you,
Walk, and be cheerful once again; reserve
That excellent complexion, which did steal
The eyes of young and old. Care not for me
I can go home alone.
Well, I will go;
But yet I have no desire to it.
Come, come, I know ’tis good for you.
Walk half an hour, Leonine, at the least:
Remember what I have said.
I warrant you, madam.
I’ll leave you, my sweet lady, for a while:
Pray, walk softly, do not heat your blood:
What! I must have a care of you.
My thanks, sweet madam.
Is this wind westerly that blows?
When I was born, the wind was north.
My father, as nurse said, did never fear,
But cried ‘Good seaman!’ to the sailors, galling
His kingly hands, haling ropes;
And, clasping to the mast, endured a sea
That almost burst the deck.
When was this?
When I was born:
Never was waves nor wind more violent;
And from the ladder-tackle washes off
A canvas-climber. ‘Ha!’ says one, ‘wilt out?’
And with a dropping industry they skip
From stem to stern: the boatswain whistles, and
The master calls, and trebles their confusion.
Come, say your prayers.
What mean you?
If you require a little space for prayer,
I grant it: pray; but be not tedious,
For the gods are quick of ear, and I am sworn
To do my work with haste.
Why will you kill me?
To satisfy my lady.
Why would she have me kill’d?
Now, as I can remember, by my troth,
I never did her hurt in all my life:
I never spake bad word, nor did ill turn
To any living creature: believe me, la,
I never kill’d a mouse, nor hurt a fly:
I trod upon a worm against my will,
But I wept for it. How have I offended,
Wherein my death might yield her any profit,
Or my life imply her any danger?
Is not to reason of the deed, but do it.
You will not do’t for all the world, I hope.
You are well favour’d, and your looks foreshow
You have a gentle heart. I saw you lately,
When you caught hurt in parting two that fought:
Good sooth, it show’d well in you: do so now:
Your lady seeks my life; come you between,
And save poor me, the weaker.
I am sworn,
And will dispatch.
He seizes her
LEONINE runs away
A prize! a prize!
Half-part, mates, half-part.
Come, let’s have her aboard suddenly.
Exeunt Pirates with MARINA
These roguing thieves serve the great pirate Valdes;
And they have seized Marina. Let her go:
There’s no hope she will return. I’ll swear
And thrown into the sea. But I’ll see further:
Perhaps they will but please themselves upon her,
Not carry her aboard. If she remain,
Whom they have ravish’d must by me be slain.
SCENE II. Mytilene. A room in a brothel.
Enter Pandar, Bawd, and BOULT
Search the market narrowly; Mytilene is full of
gallants. We lost too much money this mart by being
We were never so much out of creatures. We have but
poor three, and they can do no more than they can
do; and they with continual action are even as good as rotten.
Therefore let’s have fresh ones, whate’er we pay for
them. If there be not a conscience to be used in
every trade, we shall never prosper.
Thou sayest true: ’tis not our bringing up of poor
bastards,–as, I think, I have brought up some eleven–
Ay, to eleven; and brought them down again. But
shall I search the market?
What else, man? The stuff we have, a strong wind
will blow it to pieces, they are so pitifully sodden.
Thou sayest true; they’re too unwholesome, o’
conscience. The poor Transylvanian is dead, that
lay with the little baggage.
Ay, she quickly pooped him; she made him roast-meat
for worms. But I’ll go search the market.
Three or four thousand chequins were as pretty a
proportion to live quietly, and so give over.
Why to give over, I pray you? is it a shame to get
when we are old?
O, our credit comes not in like the commodity, nor
the commodity wages not with the danger: therefore,
if in our youths we could pick up some pretty
estate, ’twere not amiss to keep our door hatched.
Besides, the sore terms we stand upon with the gods
will be strong with us for giving over.
Come, other sorts offend as well as we.
As well as we! ay, and better too; we offend worse.
Neither is our profession any trade; it’s no
calling. But here comes Boult.
Re-enter BOULT, with the Pirates and MARINA
Come your ways. My masters, you say
she’s a virgin?
O, sir, we doubt it not.
Master, I have gone through for this piece, you see:
if you like her, so; if not, I have lost my earnest.
Boult, has she any qualities?
She has a good face, speaks well, and has excellent
good clothes: there’s no further necessity of
qualities can make her be refused.
What’s her price, Boult?
I cannot be bated one doit of a thousand pieces.
Well, follow me, my masters, you shall have your
money presently. Wife, take her in; instruct her
what she has to do, that she may not be raw in her
Exeunt Pandar and Pirates
Boult, take you the marks of her, the colour of her
hair, complexion, height, age, with warrant of her
virginity; and cry ‘He that will give most shall
have her first.’ Such a maidenhead were no cheap
thing, if men were as they have been. Get this done
as I command you.
Performance shall follow.
Alack that Leonine was so slack, so slow!
He should have struck, not spoke; or that these pirates,
Not enough barbarous, had not o’erboard thrown me
For to seek my mother!
Why lament you, pretty one?
That I am pretty.
Come, the gods have done their part in you.
I accuse them not.
You are light into my hands, where you are like to live.
The more my fault
To scape his hands where I was like to die.
Ay, and you shall live in pleasure.
Yes, indeed shall you, and taste gentlemen of all
fashions: you shall fare well; you shall have the
difference of all complexions. What! do you stop your ears?
Are you a woman?
What would you have me be, an I be not a woman?
An honest woman, or not a woman.
Marry, whip thee, gosling: I think I shall have
something to do with you. Come, you’re a young
foolish sapling, and must be bowed as I would have
The gods defend me!
If it please the gods to defend you by men, then men
must comfort you, men must feed you, men must stir
you up. Boult’s returned.
Now, sir, hast thou cried her through the market?
I have cried her almost to the number of her hairs;
I have drawn her picture with my voice.
And I prithee tell me, how dost thou find the
inclination of the people, especially of the younger sort?
‘Faith, they listened to me as they would have
hearkened to their father’s testament. There was a
Spaniard’s mouth so watered, that he went to bed to
her very description.
We shall have him here to-morrow with his best ruff on.
To-night, to-night. But, mistress, do you know the
French knight that cowers i’ the hams?
Who, Monsieur Veroles?
Ay, he: he offered to cut a caper at the
proclamation; but he made a groan at it, and swore
he would see her to-morrow.
Well, well; as for him, he brought his disease
hither: here he does but repair it. I know he will
come in our shadow, to scatter his crowns in the
Well, if we had of every nation a traveller, we
should lodge them with this sign.
Pray you, come hither awhile. You
have fortunes coming upon you. Mark me: you must
seem to do that fearfully which you commit
willingly, despise profit where you have most gain.
To weep that you live as ye do makes pity in your
lovers: seldom but that pity begets you a good
opinion, and that opinion a mere profit.
I understand you not.
O, take her home, mistress, take her home: these
blushes of hers must be quenched with some present practise.
Thou sayest true, i’ faith, so they must; for your
bride goes to that with shame which is her way to go
‘Faith, some do, and some do not. But, mistress, if
I have bargained for the joint,–
Thou mayst cut a morsel off the spit.
I may so.
Who should deny it? Come, young one, I like the
manner of your garments well.
Ay, by my faith, they shall not be changed yet.
Boult, spend thou that in the town: report what a
sojourner we have; you’ll lose nothing by custom.
When nature flamed this piece, she meant thee a good
turn; therefore say what a paragon she is, and thou
hast the harvest out of thine own report.
I warrant you, mistress, thunder shall not so awake
the beds of eels as my giving out her beauty stir up
the lewdly-inclined. I’ll bring home some to-night.
Come your ways; follow me.
If fires be hot, knives sharp, or waters deep,
Untied I still my virgin knot will keep.
Diana, aid my purpose!
What have we to do with Diana? Pray you, will you go with us?
SCENE III. Tarsus. A room in CLEON’s house.
Enter CLEON and DIONYZA
Why, are you foolish? Can it be undone?
O Dionyza, such a piece of slaughter
The sun and moon ne’er look’d upon!
You’ll turn a child again.
Were I chief lord of all this spacious world,
I’ld give it to undo the deed. O lady,
Much less in blood than virtue, yet a princess
To equal any single crown o’ the earth
I’ the justice of compare! O villain Leonine!
Whom thou hast poison’d too:
If thou hadst drunk to him, ‘t had been a kindness
Becoming well thy fact: what canst thou say
When noble Pericles shall demand his child?
That she is dead. Nurses are not the fates,
To foster it, nor ever to preserve.
She died at night; I’ll say so. Who can cross it?
Unless you play the pious innocent,
And for an honest attribute cry out
‘She died by foul play.’
O, go to. Well, well,
Of all the faults beneath the heavens, the gods
Do like this worst.
Be one of those that think
The petty wrens of Tarsus will fly hence,
And open this to Pericles. I do shame
To think of what a noble strain you are,
And of how coward a spirit.
To such proceeding
Who ever but his approbation added,
Though not his prime consent, he did not flow
From honourable sources.
Be it so, then:
Yet none does know, but you, how she came dead,
Nor none can know, Leonine being gone.
She did disdain my child, and stood between
Her and her fortunes: none would look on her,
But cast their gazes on Marina’s face;
Whilst ours was blurted at and held a malkin
Not worth the time of day. It pierced me through;
And though you call my course unnatural,
You not your child well loving, yet I find
It greets me as an enterprise of kindness
Perform’d to your sole daughter.
Heavens forgive it!
And as for Pericles,
What should he say? We wept after her hearse,
And yet we mourn: her monument
Is almost finish’d, and her epitaphs
In glittering golden characters express
A general praise to her, and care in us
At whose expense ’tis done.
Thou art like the harpy,
Which, to betray, dost, with thine angel’s face,
Seize with thine eagle’s talons.
You are like one that superstitiously
Doth swear to the gods that winter kills the flies:
But yet I know you’ll do as I advise.
Enter GOWER, before the monument of MARINA at Tarsus
Thus time we waste, and longest leagues make short;
Sail seas in cockles, have an wish but for’t;
Making, to take your imagination,
From bourn to bourn, region to region.
By you being pardon’d, we commit no crime
To use one language in each several clime
Where our scenes seem to live. I do beseech you
To learn of me, who stand i’ the gaps to teach you,
The stages of our story. Pericles
Is now again thwarting the wayward seas,
Attended on by many a lord and knight.
To see his daughter, all his life’s delight.
Old Escanes, whom Helicanus late
Advanced in time to great and high estate,
Is left to govern. Bear you it in mind,
Old Helicanus goes along behind.
Well-sailing ships and bounteous winds have brought
This king to Tarsus,–think his pilot thought;
So with his steerage shall your thoughts grow on,–
To fetch his daughter home, who first is gone.
Like motes and shadows see them move awhile;
Your ears unto your eyes I’ll reconcile.
See how belief may suffer by foul show!
This borrow’d passion stands for true old woe;
And Pericles, in sorrow all devour’d,
With sighs shot through, and biggest tears
Leaves Tarsus and again embarks. He swears
Never to wash his face, nor cut his hairs:
He puts on sackcloth, and to sea. He bears
A tempest, which his mortal vessel tears,
And yet he rides it out. Now please you wit.
The epitaph is for Marina writ
By wicked Dionyza.
‘The fairest, sweet’st, and best lies here,
Who wither’d in her spring of year.
She was of Tyrus the king’s daughter,
On whom foul death hath made this slaughter;
Marina was she call’d; and at her birth,
Thetis, being proud, swallow’d some part o’ the earth:
Therefore the earth, fearing to be o’erflow’d,
Hath Thetis’ birth-child on the heavens bestow’d:
Wherefore she does, and swears she’ll never stint,
Make raging battery upon shores of flint.’
No visor does become black villany
So well as soft and tender flattery.
Let Pericles believe his daughter’s dead,
And bear his courses to be ordered
By Lady Fortune; while our scene must play
His daughter’s woe and heavy well-a-day
In her unholy service. Patience, then,
And think you now are all in Mytilene.
SCENE V. Mytilene. A street before the brothel.
Enter, from the brothel, two Gentlemen
Did you ever hear the like?
No, nor never shall do in such a place as this, she
being once gone.
But to have divinity preached there! did you ever
dream of such a thing?
No, no. Come, I am for no more bawdy-houses:
shall’s go hear the vestals sing?
I’ll do any thing now that is virtuous; but I
am out of the road of rutting for ever.
SCENE VI. The same. A room in the brothel.
Enter Pandar, Bawd, and BOULT
Well, I had rather than twice the worth of her she
had ne’er come here.
Fie, fie upon her! she’s able to freeze the god
Priapus, and undo a whole generation. We must
either get her ravished, or be rid of her. When she
should do for clients her fitment, and do me the
kindness of our profession, she has me her quirks,
her reasons, her master reasons, her prayers, her
knees; that she would make a puritan of the devil,
if he should cheapen a kiss of her.
‘Faith, I must ravish her, or she’ll disfurnish us
of all our cavaliers, and make our swearers priests.
Now, the pox upon her green-sickness for me!
‘Faith, there’s no way to be rid on’t but by the
way to the pox. Here comes the Lord Lysimachus disguised.
We should have both lord and lown, if the peevish
baggage would but give way to customers.
How now! How a dozen of virginities?
Now, the gods to-bless your honour!
I am glad to see your honour in good health.
You may so; ’tis the better for you that your
resorters stand upon sound legs. How now!
wholesome iniquity have you that a man may deal
withal, and defy the surgeon?
We have here one, sir, if she would–but there never
came her like in Mytilene.
If she’ld do the deed of darkness, thou wouldst say.
Your honour knows what ’tis to say well enough.
Well, call forth, call forth.
For flesh and blood, sir, white and red, you shall
see a rose; and she were a rose indeed, if she had but–
O, sir, I can be modest.
That dignifies the renown of a bawd, no less than it
gives a good report to a number to be chaste.
Here comes that which grows to the stalk; never
plucked yet, I can assure you.
Is she not a fair creature?
‘Faith, she would serve after a long voyage at sea.
Well, there’s for you: leave us.
I beseech your honour, give me leave: a word, and
I’ll have done presently.
I beseech you, do.
First, I would have you note, this is
an honourable man.
I desire to find him so, that I may worthily note him.
Next, he’s the governor of this country, and a man
whom I am bound to.
If he govern the country, you are bound to him
indeed; but how honourable he is in that, I know not.
Pray you, without any more virginal fencing, will
you use him kindly? He will line your apron with gold.
What he will do graciously, I will thankfully receive.
Ha’ you done?
My lord, she’s not paced yet: you must take some
pains to work her to your manage. Come, we will
leave his honour and her together. Go thy ways.
Exeunt Bawd, Pandar, and BOULT
Now, pretty one, how long have you been at this trade?
What trade, sir?
Why, I cannot name’t but I shall offend.
I cannot be offended with my trade. Please you to name it.
How long have you been of this profession?
E’er since I can remember.
Did you go to ‘t so young? Were you a gamester at
five or at seven?
Earlier too, sir, if now I be one.
Why, the house you dwell in proclaims you to be a
creature of sale.
Do you know this house to be a place of such resort,
and will come into ‘t? I hear say you are of
honourable parts, and are the governor of this place.
Why, hath your principal made known unto you who I am?
Who is my principal?
Why, your herb-woman; she that sets seeds and roots
of shame and iniquity. O, you have heard something
of my power, and so stand aloof for more serious
wooing. But I protest to thee, pretty one, my
authority shall not see thee, or else look friendly
upon thee. Come, bring me to some private place:
If you were born to honour, show it now;
If put upon you, make the judgment good
That thought you worthy of it.
How’s this? how’s this? Some more; be sage.
That am a maid, though most ungentle fortune
Have placed me in this sty, where, since I came,
Diseases have been sold dearer than physic,
O, that the gods
Would set me free from this unhallow’d place,
Though they did change me to the meanest bird
That flies i’ the purer air!
I did not think
Thou couldst have spoke so well; ne’er dream’d thou couldst.
Had I brought hither a corrupted mind,
Thy speech had alter’d it. Hold, here’s gold for thee:
Persever in that clear way thou goest,
And the gods strengthen thee!
The good gods preserve you!
For me, be you thoughten
That I came with no ill intent; for to me
The very doors and windows savour vilely.
Fare thee well. Thou art a piece of virtue, and
I doubt not but thy training hath been noble.
Hold, here’s more gold for thee.
A curse upon him, die he like a thief,
That robs thee of thy goodness! If thou dost
Hear from me, it shall be for thy good.
I beseech your honour, one piece for me.
Avaunt, thou damned door-keeper!
Your house, but for this virgin that doth prop it,
Would sink and overwhelm you. Away!
How’s this? We must take another course with you.
If your peevish chastity, which is not worth a
breakfast in the cheapest country under the cope,
shall undo a whole household, let me be gelded like
a spaniel. Come your ways.
Whither would you have me?
I must have your maidenhead taken off, or the common
hangman shall execute it. Come your ways. We’ll
have no more gentlemen driven away. Come your ways, I say.
How now! what’s the matter?
Worse and worse, mistress; she has here spoken holy
words to the Lord Lysimachus.
She makes our profession as it were to stink afore
the face of the gods.
Marry, hang her up for ever!
The nobleman would have dealt with her like a
nobleman, and she sent him away as cold as a
snowball; saying his prayers too.
Boult, take her away; use her at thy pleasure:
crack the glass of her virginity, and make the rest malleable.
An if she were a thornier piece of ground than she
is, she shall be ploughed.
Hark, hark, you gods!
She conjures: away with her! Would she had never
come within my doors! Marry, hang you! She’s born
to undo us. Will you not go the way of women-kind?
Marry, come up, my dish of chastity with rosemary and bays!
Come, mistress; come your ways with me.
Whither wilt thou have me?
To take from you the jewel you hold so dear.
Prithee, tell me one thing first.
Come now, your one thing.
What canst thou wish thine enemy to be?
Why, I could wish him to be my master, or rather, my mistress.
Neither of these are so bad as thou art,
Since they do better thee in their command.
Thou hold’st a place, for which the pained’st fiend
Of hell would not in reputation change:
Thou art the damned doorkeeper to every
Coistrel that comes inquiring for his Tib;
To the choleric fisting of every rogue
Thy ear is liable; thy food is such
As hath been belch’d on by infected lungs.
What would you have me do? go to the wars, would
you? where a man may serve seven years for the loss
of a leg, and have not money enough in the end to
buy him a wooden one?
Do any thing but this thou doest. Empty
Old receptacles, or common shores, of filth;
Serve by indenture to the common hangman:
Any of these ways are yet better than this;
For what thou professest, a baboon, could he speak,
Would own a name too dear. O, that the gods
Would safely deliver me from this place!
Here, here’s gold for thee.
If that thy master would gain by thee,
Proclaim that I can sing, weave, sew, and dance,
With other virtues, which I’ll keep from boast:
And I will undertake all these to teach.
I doubt not but this populous city will
Yield many scholars.
But can you teach all this you speak of?
Prove that I cannot, take me home again,
And prostitute me to the basest groom
That doth frequent your house.
Well, I will see what I can do for thee: if I can
place thee, I will.
But amongst honest women.
‘Faith, my acquaintance lies little amongst them.
But since my master and mistress have bought you,
there’s no going but by their consent: therefore I
will make them acquainted with your purpose, and I
doubt not but I shall find them tractable enough.
Come, I’ll do for thee what I can; come your ways.
SCENE I. On board PERICLES’ ship, off Mytilene. A close pavilion on deck, with a curtain before it; PERICLES within it, reclined on a couch. A barge lying beside the Tyrian vessel.
Enter two Sailors, one belonging to the Tyrian vessel, the other to the barge; to them HELICANUS
[To the Sailor of Mytilene]
Where is lord Helicanus?
he can resolve you.
O, here he is.
Sir, there’s a barge put off from Mytilene,
And in it is Lysimachus the governor,
Who craves to come aboard. What is your will?
That he have his. Call up some gentlemen.
Ho, gentlemen! my lord calls.
Enter two or three Gentlemen
Doth your lordship call?
Gentlemen, there’s some of worth would come aboard;
I pray ye, greet them fairly.
The Gentlemen and the two Sailors descend, and go on board the barge
Enter, from thence, LYSIMACHUS and Lords; with the Gentlemen and the two Sailors
This is the man that can, in aught you would,
Hail, reverend sir! the gods preserve you!
And you, sir, to outlive the age I am,
And die as I would do.
You wish me well.
Being on shore, honouring of Neptune’s triumphs,
Seeing this goodly vessel ride before us,
I made to it, to know of whence you are.
First, what is your place?
I am the governor of this place you lie before.
Our vessel is of Tyre, in it the king;
A man who for this three months hath not spoken
To any one, nor taken sustenance
But to prorogue his grief.
Upon what ground is his distemperature?
‘Twould be too tedious to repeat;
But the main grief springs from the loss
Of a beloved daughter and a wife.
May we not see him?
But bootless is your sight: he will not speak To any.
Yet let me obtain my wish.
This was a goodly person,
Till the disaster that, one mortal night,
Drove him to this.
Sir king, all hail! the gods preserve you!
Hail, royal sir!
It is in vain; he will not speak to you.
We have a maid in Mytilene, I durst wager,
Would win some words of him.
‘Tis well bethought.
She questionless with her sweet harmony
And other chosen attractions, would allure,
And make a battery through his deafen’d parts,
Which now are midway stopp’d:
She is all happy as the fairest of all,
And, with her fellow maids is now upon
The leafy shelter that abuts against
The island’s side.
Whispers a Lord, who goes off in the barge of LYSIMACHUS
Sure, all’s effectless; yet nothing we’ll omit
That bears recovery’s name. But, since your kindness
We have stretch’d thus far, let us beseech you
That for our gold we may provision have,
Wherein we are not destitute for want,
But weary for the staleness.
O, sir, a courtesy
Which if we should deny, the most just gods
For every graff would send a caterpillar,
And so afflict our province. Yet once more
Let me entreat to know at large the cause
Of your king’s sorrow.
Sit, sir, I will recount it to you:
But, see, I am prevented.
Re-enter, from the barge, Lord, with MARINA, and a young Lady
O, here is
The lady that I sent for. Welcome, fair one!
Is’t not a goodly presence?
She’s a gallant lady.
She’s such a one, that, were I well assured
Came of a gentle kind and noble stock,
I’ld wish no better choice, and think me rarely wed.
Fair one, all goodness that consists in bounty
Expect even here, where is a kingly patient:
If that thy prosperous and artificial feat
Can draw him but to answer thee in aught,
Thy sacred physic shall receive such pay
As thy desires can wish.
Sir, I will use
My utmost skill in his recovery, Provided
That none but I and my companion maid
Be suffer’d to come near him.
Come, let us leave her;
And the gods make her prosperous!
Mark’d he your music?
No, nor look’d on us.
See, she will speak to him.
Hail, sir! my lord, lend ear.
I am a maid,
My lord, that ne’er before invited eyes,
But have been gazed on like a comet: she speaks,
My lord, that, may be, hath endured a grief
Might equal yours, if both were justly weigh’d.
Though wayward fortune did malign my state,
My derivation was from ancestors
Who stood equivalent with mighty kings:
But time hath rooted out my parentage,
And to the world and awkward casualties
Bound me in servitude.
I will desist;
But there is something glows upon my cheek,
And whispers in mine ear, ‘Go not till he speak.’
My fortunes–parentage–good parentage–
To equal mine!–was it not thus? what say you?
I said, my lord, if you did know my parentage,
You would not do me violence.
I do think so. Pray you, turn your eyes upon me.
You are like something that–What country-woman?
Here of these shores?
No, nor of any shores:
Yet I was mortally brought forth, and am
No other than I appear.
I am great with woe, and shall deliver weeping.
My dearest wife was like this maid, and such a one
My daughter might have been: my queen’s square brows;
Her stature to an inch; as wand-like straight;
As silver-voiced; her eyes as jewel-like
And cased as richly; in pace another Juno;
Who starves the ears she feeds, and makes them hungry,
The more she gives them speech. Where do you live?
Where I am but a stranger: from the deck
You may discern the place.
Where were you bred?
And how achieved you these endowments, which
You make more rich to owe?
If I should tell my history, it would seem
Like lies disdain’d in the reporting.
Falseness cannot come from thee; for thou look’st
Modest as Justice, and thou seem’st a palace
For the crown’d Truth to dwell in: I will
And make my senses credit thy relation
To points that seem impossible; for thou look’st
Like one I loved indeed. What were thy friends?
Didst thou not say, when I did push thee back–
Which was when I perceived thee–that thou camest
From good descending?
So indeed I did.
Report thy parentage. I think thou said’st
Thou hadst been toss’d from wrong to injury,
And that thou thought’st thy griefs might equal mine,
If both were open’d.
Some such thing
I said, and said no more but what my thoughts
Did warrant me was likely.
Tell thy story;
If thine consider’d prove the thousandth part
Of my endurance, thou art a man, and I
Have suffer’d like a girl: yet thou dost look
Like Patience gazing on kings’ graves, and smiling
Extremity out of act. What were thy friends?
How lost thou them? Thy name, my most kind virgin?
Recount, I do beseech thee: come, sit by me.
My name is Marina.
O, I am mock’d,
And thou by some incensed god sent hither
To make the world to laugh at me.
Patience, good sir,
Or here I’ll cease.
Nay, I’ll be patient.
Thou little know’st how thou dost startle me,
To call thyself Marina.
Was given me by one that had some power,
My father, and a king.
How! a king’s daughter?
And call’d Marina?
You said you would believe me;
But, not to be a troubler of your peace,
I will end here.
But are you flesh and blood?
Have you a working pulse? and are no fairy?
Motion! Well; speak on. Where were you born?
And wherefore call’d Marina?
For I was born at sea.
At sea! what mother?
My mother was the daughter of a king;
Who died the minute I was born,
As my good nurse Lychorida hath oft
O, stop there a little!
This is the rarest dream that e’er dull sleep
Did mock sad fools withal: this cannot be:
My daughter’s buried. Well: where were you bred?
I’ll hear you more, to the bottom of your story,
And never interrupt you.
You scorn: believe me, ’twere best I did give o’er.
I will believe you by the syllable
Of what you shall deliver. Yet, give me leave:
How came you in these parts? where were you bred?
The king my father did in Tarsus leave me;
Till cruel Cleon, with his wicked wife,
Did seek to murder me: and having woo’d
A villain to attempt it, who having drawn to do’t,
A crew of pirates came and rescued me;
Brought me to Mytilene. But, good sir,
Whither will you have me? Why do you weep?
It may be,
You think me an impostor: no, good faith;
I am the daughter to King Pericles,
If good King Pericles be.
Calls my lord?
Thou art a grave and noble counsellor,
Most wise in general: tell me, if thou canst,
What this maid is, or what is like to be,
That thus hath made me weep?
I know not; but
Here is the regent, sir, of Mytilene
Speaks nobly of her.
She would never tell
Her parentage; being demanded that,
She would sit still and weep.
O Helicanus, strike me, honour’d sir;
Give me a gash, put me to present pain;
Lest this great sea of joys rushing upon me
O’erbear the shores of my mortality,
And drown me with their sweetness. O, come hither,
Thou that beget’st him that did thee beget;
Thou that wast born at sea, buried at Tarsus,
And found at sea again! O Helicanus,
Down on thy knees, thank the holy gods as loud
As thunder threatens us: this is Marina.
What was thy mother’s name? tell me but that,
For truth can never be confirm’d enough,
Though doubts did ever sleep.
First, sir, I pray,
What is your title?
I am Pericles of Tyre: but tell me now
My drown’d queen’s name, as in the rest you said
Thou hast been godlike perfect,
The heir of kingdoms and another like
To Pericles thy father.
Is it no more to be your daughter than
To say my mother’s name was Thaisa?
Thaisa was my mother, who did end
The minute I began.
Now, blessing on thee! rise; thou art my child.
Give me fresh garments. Mine own, Helicanus;
She is not dead at Tarsus, as she should have been,
By savage Cleon: she shall tell thee all;
When thou shalt kneel, and justify in knowledge
She is thy very princess. Who is this?
Sir, ’tis the governor of Mytilene,
Who, hearing of your melancholy state,
Did come to see you.
I embrace you.
Give me my robes. I am wild in my beholding.
O heavens bless my girl! But, hark, what music?
Tell Helicanus, my Marina, tell him
O’er, point by point, for yet he seems to doubt,
How sure you are my daughter. But, what music?
My lord, I hear none.
The music of the spheres! List, my Marina.
It is not good to cross him; give him way.
Rarest sounds! Do ye not hear?
My lord, I hear.
Most heavenly music!
It nips me unto listening, and thick slumber
Hangs upon mine eyes: let me rest.
A pillow for his head:
So, leave him all. Well, my companion friends,
If this but answer to my just belief,
I’ll well remember you.
Exeunt all but PERICLES
DIANA appears to PERICLES as in a vision
My temple stands in Ephesus: hie thee thither,
And do upon mine altar sacrifice.
There, when my maiden priests are met together,
Before the people all,
Reveal how thou at sea didst lose thy wife:
To mourn thy crosses, with thy daughter’s, call
And give them repetition to the life.
Or perform my bidding, or thou livest in woe;
Do it, and happy; by my silver bow!
Awake, and tell thy dream.
Celestial Dian, goddess argentine,
I will obey thee. Helicanus!
Re-enter HELICANUS, LYSIMACHUS, and MARINA
My purpose was for Tarsus, there to strike
The inhospitable Cleon; but I am
For other service first: toward Ephesus
Turn our blown sails; eftsoons I’ll tell thee why.
Shall we refresh us, sir, upon your shore,
And give you gold for such provision
As our intents will need?
With all my heart; and, when you come ashore,
I have another suit.
You shall prevail,
Were it to woo my daughter; for it seems
You have been noble towards her.
Sir, lend me your arm.
Come, my Marina.
Enter GOWER, before the temple of DIANA at Ephesus
Now our sands are almost run;
More a little, and then dumb.
This, my last boon, give me,
For such kindness must relieve me,
That you aptly will suppose
What pageantry, what feats, what shows,
What minstrelsy, and pretty din,
The regent made in Mytilene
To greet the king. So he thrived,
That he is promised to be wived
To fair Marina; but in no wise
Till he had done his sacrifice,
As Dian bade: whereto being bound,
The interim, pray you, all confound.
In feather’d briefness sails are fill’d,
And wishes fall out as they’re will’d.
At Ephesus, the temple see,
Our king and all his company.
That he can hither come so soon,
Is by your fancy’s thankful doom.
SCENE III. The temple of Diana at Ephesus; THAISA standing near the altar, as high priestess; a number of Virgins on each side; CERIMON and other Inhabitants of Ephesus attending.
Enter PERICLES, with his train; LYSIMACHUS, HELICANUS, MARINA, and a Lady
Hail, Dian! to perform thy just command,
I here confess myself the king of Tyre;
Who, frighted from my country, did wed
At Pentapolis the fair Thaisa.
At sea in childbed died she, but brought forth
A maid-child call’d Marina; who, O goddess,
Wears yet thy silver livery. She at Tarsus
Was nursed with Cleon; who at fourteen years
He sought to murder: but her better stars
Brought her to Mytilene; ‘gainst whose shore
Riding, her fortunes brought the maid aboard us,
Where, by her own most clear remembrance, she
Made known herself my daughter.
Voice and favour!
You are, you are–O royal Pericles!
What means the nun? she dies! help, gentlemen!
If you have told Diana’s altar true,
This is your wife.
Reverend appearer, no;
I threw her overboard with these very arms.
Upon this coast, I warrant you.
‘Tis most certain.
Look to the lady; O, she’s but o’erjoy’d.
Early in blustering morn this lady was
Thrown upon this shore. I oped the coffin,
Found there rich jewels; recover’d her, and placed her
Here in Diana’s temple.
May we see them?
Great sir, they shall be brought you to my house,
Whither I invite you. Look, Thaisa is recovered.
O, let me look!
If he be none of mine, my sanctity
Will to my sense bend no licentious ear,
But curb it, spite of seeing. O, my lord,
Are you not Pericles? Like him you spake,
Like him you are: did you not name a tempest,
A birth, and death?
The voice of dead Thaisa!
That Thaisa am I, supposed dead
Now I know you better.
When we with tears parted Pentapolis,
The king my father gave you such a ring.
Shows a ring
This, this: no more, you gods! your present kindness
Makes my past miseries sports: you shall do well,
That on the touching of her lips I may
Melt and no more be seen. O, come, be buried
A second time within these arms.
Leaps to be gone into my mother’s bosom.
Kneels to THAISA
Look, who kneels here! Flesh of thy flesh, Thaisa;
Thy burden at the sea, and call’d Marina
For she was yielded there.
Blest, and mine own!
Hail, madam, and my queen!
I know you not.
You have heard me say, when I did fly from Tyre,
I left behind an ancient substitute:
Can you remember what I call’d the man?
I have named him oft.
‘Twas Helicanus then.
Embrace him, dear Thaisa; this is he.
Now do I long to hear how you were found;
How possibly preserved; and who to thank,
Besides the gods, for this great miracle.
Lord Cerimon, my lord; this man,
Through whom the gods have shown their power; that can
From first to last resolve you.
The gods can have no mortal officer
More like a god than you. Will you deliver
How this dead queen re-lives?
I will, my lord.
Beseech you, first go with me to my house,
Where shall be shown you all was found with her;
How she came placed here in the temple;
No needful thing omitted.
Pure Dian, bless thee for thy vision! I
Will offer night-oblations to thee. Thaisa,
This prince, the fair-betrothed of your daughter,
Shall marry her at Pentapolis. And now,
Makes me look dismal will I clip to form;
And what this fourteen years no razor touch’d,
To grace thy marriage-day, I’ll beautify.
Lord Cerimon hath letters of good credit, sir,
My father’s dead.
Heavens make a star of him! Yet there, my queen,
We’ll celebrate their nuptials, and ourselves
Will in that kingdom spend our following days:
Our son and daughter shall in Tyrus reign.
Lord Cerimon, we do our longing stay
To hear the rest untold: sir, lead’s the way.
In Antiochus and his daughter you have heard
Of monstrous lust the due and just reward:
In Pericles, his queen and daughter, seen,
Although assail’d with fortune fierce and keen,
Virtue preserved from fell destruction’s blast,
Led on by heaven, and crown’d with joy at last:
In Helicanus may you well descry
A figure of truth, of faith, of loyalty:
In reverend Cerimon there well appears
The worth that learned charity aye wears:
For wicked Cleon and his wife, when fame
Had spread their cursed deed, and honour’d name
Of Pericles, to rage the city turn,
That him and his they in his palace burn;
The gods for murder seemed so content
To punish them; although not done, but meant.
So, on your patience evermore attending,
New joy wait on you! Here our play has ending. | <urn:uuid:011c35c9-5299-428b-aef5-de323cddc6ae> | {
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Making Sense of Values
by John Heenan
Had we lived one hundred and twenty years
ago we would not have heard the plural noun "values," meaning the
moral beliefs and attitudes of a society. Until then the word "value"
was used only as a verb meaning to value or esteem something or
as a singular noun, meaning the measure of a thing, for example,
the economic value of money, labour or property.
The change came in the 1880's when the German
philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche began to speak of values as moral
beliefs and attitudes. Nietzsche used the word "values" consciously,
repeatedly and insistently to signify what he took to be the most
profound event in history. His "transvaluation of values" was to
be the final, ultimate revolution against both classical and Judaic-Christian
ethics. Neitzsche believed that with their death would come the
death of truth and above all any morality. There would be no good
or evil, no virtue or vice but only values that were personal and
subjective. Then, at last, Neitzsche believed, humanity would be
freed from the prison of virtues and morality.
Over the years Neitzsche's concept of values
was absorbed unconsciously and without resistance into the ethos
of modern society just as the word values was absorbed into the
vocabulary. Values have become whatever any individual, group or
society chooses for any reason. The old virtues have been demoralized
and personalized to become values.
With the growing use of the word values, the word virtues; those
traits of character that aspire to moral excellence like honesty,
compassion, courage and perseverance, fell into disuse. But contrary
to Neitzsche's belief and hope, virtues did not die but become regarded
as moral or objective core values.
For this reason, today, any list of values is likely to include
the old virtues.
Values, as we now know them, can be either preferences or principles,
which represent the opposite ends of the moral spectrum.
Values that are preferences, like any other preferences, whether
it is for tea or coffee, for long rather than short hair, are personal
choices that are subjective and able to be changed at any time.
On the other hand, values that are principles, like honesty and
compassion, are consistent, universal, transcultural and objective.
The greatest difference between the two types of values is that
preference values are some thing "to have," in the same way as one
may have a skateboard or a bag of marbles, while values that are
principles, are something "to be." In fact, the most important thing
to be, like, honest, kind, compassionate and responsible.
Over recent years, as citizens throughout the western democracies
have become aware of, and concerned about, the loss of social cohesion
in their communities, the part played by values in the formation
of character has been more closely studied.
What Neitzsche did not understand was that virtues, moral or objective
core values, worked in three interrelated parts; moral knowing,
moral feeling and moral behaviour, that connect to good character.
To possess the objective core value of, for example, compassion,
one must first understand what compassion is and know what it requires
of one's relationship to others. To be compassionate one must have
moral knowledge, but that does not make one compassionate.
That requires the addition of a moral feeling about compassion,
being emotionally committed to it, having the capacity for appropriate
discomfort when one behaves without compassion, and being capable
of moral indignation when one sees others victims of suffering,
exploitation or greed.
But again, moral knowledge and moral feeling do not make one compassionate.
One must behave with compassion; acting compassionately in one's
personal relationships and carrying out one's obligations as a citizen
to help build a caring and just society.
Compassion, like all objective core values, requires the involvement
of the head and the heart together with the hand.
The three parts of an objective core value, moral knowledge, moral
feeling and moral behaviour are directly linked to good character.
Good character is the habit of knowing the good, the habit of desiring
the good and the habit of doing the good.
The teaching of objective core values like honesty, kindness, compassion,
respect and responsibility by parents and schools is essential if
communities are to restore and advance their social cohesion.
Historically, education, in countries all over the world, has had
two main goals. To help young people master the skills of literacy
and numeracy, and to help them build good character. Societies since
the time of Plato have made character a deliberate aim of education.
They understand that to create and maintain a civil society there
has to be education for character as well as intellect, for decency
as well as literacy, and for virtue as well as for skills and knowledge.
Until recent decades, major philosophers concerned with education
stressed the critical role of moral education. They were almost
unanimous in assuming that adults, as either parents or teachers,
should bear the central authority and responsibility for shaping
the character of the young.
While we New Zealanders can be justly proud of many of our achievements,
the reality is, that over recent decades we have not been teaching
and replenishing those attributes of character that are essential
for social cohesion, the maintenance of a civil society and the
preservation of a liberal democracy.
John Heenan, a former school principal, is director of the
New Zealand Foundation for Values Education Inc. and author of "Cornerstone
Values - A Values Education Curriculum."
Published with permission of John Heenan,
The New Zealand Foundation for Values Education Inc. | <urn:uuid:45e7c8f7-f19a-478a-b80e-a8436d9583e3> | {
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Hyperkeratosis is a condition in which the skin becomes thickened causing corns and calluses on certain parts. Normally skin is somewhat thicker on the outer layer for giving protection for the underlying tissue and also to withstand rubbing and irritant reactions. Skin’s layer also protects you against sunlight, infection and powerful chemicals from entering the tissue and muscles below.
Types of hyperkeratosis :
Hyperkeratosis can occur in many forms like corns, calluses, warts, and eczema and lichen planus.
Corns are small areas of skin layer that thickens when the skin is subjected to repeated pressure. Corns develop on the toes and palms of hands. Normally corns are harmless but for some it may be painful.
Warts are nothing but small bumps on the skin surface which develop on the feet and hands. Eczema is a skin inflammation caused by chemicals and allergens.
Chronic type of eczema can cause hyperkeratosis giving rise to irritation, dry skin, scaling or patches on the skin. Even prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause this condition. If not treated well, it can cause skin cancer also. Seborrheic keratosis are small growth found on legs, trunk and face and is very common in adults.
For some patients, it is passed to next generation by genes. The symptoms of lesions are seen when the child begins to grow.
Your doctor may physically examine you and collect information about the skin problem. He may check for family history and allergic reactions. Allergy can be main factor for people affected with chronic eczema. He may go for skin biopsy to confirm hyperkeratosis.
It is easy to prevent corns and plantar warts by wearing right fitting shoes and avoid walking barefoot in public places. In case of allergic reactions, you have to stay away from allergy causing agents. Do not go out in hot climate and avoid working with strong chemicals. Use cotton clothes which absorb moisture from the skin. Follow the instructions of your doctor for avoiding eczema.
However if hereditary is the triggering factor, one cannot escape from hyperkeratosis.
Pictures of Hyperkeratosis :
Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Hyperkeratosis
Treatment methods depend on the form of hyperkeratosis.For treating corns, calluses, you can use padding and moleskin to get rid of pain and discomfort. Choose only right size shoes to avoid pressure. In case of warts you can easily remove them by cryosurgery, vaporizing technique, and trimming. Warts can be trimmed down during surgery but take enough care that you are not getting it back. Several home remedies are also available for treating warts. Diabetic patients should take more care for preventing hyperkeratosis.
Topical ointments containing corticosteroid is prescribed for treating chronic eczema and lichen planus. Cryosurgery is done for removing lichen planus and actinic keratoses. In case you have inherited the symptoms, then it is difficult to cure. | <urn:uuid:ea16a4c3-fd51-4485-91e0-5e53efc2c81d> | {
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The diagram shows a regular pentagon with sides of unit length. Find all the angles in the diagram. Prove that the quadrilateral shown in red is a rhombus.
Prove Pythagoras' Theorem using enlargements and scale factors.
An iterative method for finding the value of the Golden Ratio with explanations of how this involves the ratios of Fibonacci numbers and continued fractions.
This is an interactivity in which you have to sort the steps in the completion of the square into the correct order to prove the formula for the solutions of quadratic equations.
Powers of numbers behave in surprising ways. Take a look at some of these and try to explain why they are true.
Liam's house has a staircase with 12 steps. He can go down the steps one at a time or two at time. In how many different ways can Liam go down the 12 steps?
This article invites you to get familiar with a strategic game called "sprouts". The game is simple enough for younger children to understand, and has also provided experienced mathematicians with. . . .
Pick the number of times a week that you eat chocolate. This number must be more than one but less than ten. Multiply this number by 2. Add 5 (for Sunday). Multiply by 50... Can you explain why it. . . .
Janine noticed, while studying some cube numbers, that if you take three consecutive whole numbers and multiply them together and then add the middle number of the three, you get the middle number. . . .
An article which gives an account of some properties of magic squares.
The final of five articles which containe the proof of why the sequence introduced in article IV either reaches the fixed point 0 or the sequence enters a repeating cycle of four values.
A serious but easily readable discussion of proof in mathematics with some amusing stories and some interesting examples.
Try to solve this very difficult problem and then study our two suggested solutions. How would you use your knowledge to try to solve variants on the original problem?
The diagonal of a square intersects the line joining one of the unused corners to the midpoint of the opposite side. What do you notice about the line segments produced?
Is the mean of the squares of two numbers greater than, or less than, the square of their means?
You can work out the number someone else is thinking of as follows. Ask a friend to think of any natural number less than 100. Then ask them to tell you the remainders when this number is divided by. . . .
Spotting patterns can be an important first step - explaining why it is appropriate to generalise is the next step, and often the most interesting and important.
When number pyramids have a sequence on the bottom layer, some interesting patterns emerge...
In this 7-sandwich: 7 1 3 1 6 4 3 5 7 2 4 6 2 5 there are 7 numbers between the 7s, 6 between the 6s etc. The article shows which values of n can make n-sandwiches and which cannot.
Take any two numbers between 0 and 1. Prove that the sum of the numbers is always less than one plus their product?
Which set of numbers that add to 10 have the largest product?
In how many ways can you arrange three dice side by side on a surface so that the sum of the numbers on each of the four faces (top, bottom, front and back) is equal?
The sums of the squares of three related numbers is also a perfect square - can you explain why?
Can you see how this picture illustrates the formula for the sum of the first six cube numbers?
The problem is how did Archimedes calculate the lengths of the sides of the polygons which needed him to be able to calculate square roots?
If you think that mathematical proof is really clearcut and universal then you should read this article.
Imagine we have four bags containing numbers from a sequence. What numbers can we make now?
Can you convince me of each of the following: If a square number is multiplied by a square number the product is ALWAYS a square number...
Can you find the areas of the trapezia in this sequence?
The largest square which fits into a circle is ABCD and EFGH is a square with G and H on the line CD and E and F on the circumference of the circle. Show that AB = 5EF. Similarly the largest. . . .
Let a(n) be the number of ways of expressing the integer n as an ordered sum of 1's and 2's. Let b(n) be the number of ways of expressing n as an ordered sum of integers greater than 1. (i) Calculate. . . .
In this third of five articles we prove that whatever whole number we start with for the Happy Number sequence we will always end up with some set of numbers being repeated over and over again.
Caroline and James pick sets of five numbers. Charlie chooses three of them that add together to make a multiple of three. Can they stop him?
There are four children in a family, two girls, Kate and Sally, and two boys, Tom and Ben. How old are the children?
Imagine we have four bags containing a large number of 1s, 4s, 7s and 10s. What numbers can we make?
L triominoes can fit together to make larger versions of themselves. Is every size possible to make in this way?
Which of these roads will satisfy a Munchkin builder?
Advent Calendar 2011 - a mathematical activity for each day during the run-up to Christmas.
What fractions can you divide the diagonal of a square into by simple folding?
A little bit of algebra explains this 'magic'. Ask a friend to pick 3 consecutive numbers and to tell you a multiple of 3. Then ask them to add the four numbers and multiply by 67, and to tell you. . . .
You have twelve weights, one of which is different from the rest. Using just 3 weighings, can you identify which weight is the odd one out, and whether it is heavier or lighter than the rest?
How many pairs of numbers can you find that add up to a multiple of 11? Do you notice anything interesting about your results?
Pick a square within a multiplication square and add the numbers on each diagonal. What do you notice?
Can you rearrange the cards to make a series of correct mathematical statements?
Four identical right angled triangles are drawn on the sides of a square. Two face out, two face in. Why do the four vertices marked with dots lie on one line?
This article extends the discussions in "Whole number dynamics I". Continuing the proof that, for all starting points, the Happy Number sequence goes into a loop or homes in on a fixed point.
Can you discover whether this is a fair game?
In how many distinct ways can six islands be joined by bridges so that each island can be reached from every other island...
ABCD is a square. P is the midpoint of AB and is joined to C. A line from D perpendicular to PC meets the line at the point Q. Prove AQ = AD.
Imagine two identical cylindrical pipes meeting at right angles and think about the shape of the space which belongs to both pipes. Early Chinese mathematicians call this shape the mouhefanggai. | <urn:uuid:2ba95151-12cc-4c91-ae2b-0faf433e2781> | {
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Friday, February 27, 2009
Historical Influences on U.S. Immigrants
The subject of immigration is complex due to the social, economic and political issues associated with the topic. Alan Smith discusses these issues in four parts. The first, Immigration History & U.S. Ports, Part One revisits immigration push and pull, those things that drove or encouraged immigration to the United States. It also explores the attitudes with which immigrants were received at various time, which sometimes influenced where immigrants may have settled. | <urn:uuid:6433870e-d330-47f5-9644-41629e01fa53> | {
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In a world where literacy has become a major problem, it is somehow tragic that a promising student should have such a precarious chance at academic success. Tests are a source of dread for most students. Various reasons are given, yet there is an underlying similarity between all the students who have test anxiety: The One-Right-Answer Fable.
From an early age, all of us are taught that there is only one answer to each question. This myth extends beyond curriculum, and infiltrates the very fabric of psychological development and sociological interaction. One researcher has said that “…there are right answers and [children] will be rewarded for getting as many of them as possible…questions to which there is one and only one right answer are of no use in stimulating thinking…” (Schank 334-5). If the objective of examinations is to gauge the learning of the student, then standard testing is contrary to the objective of learning since it does not allow for the variables, the creativity, or the individuality of the student.
(From The One-Right-Answer Fable: An Argument for Creatively Modified Testing)
Delving deeper into the antecedents for these ideas leads to examination of advanced cultures of the past. The Sumerian culture is one of the most advanced cultures ever known, yet they existed during a time period where most people lived in a primitive fashion. Still, they created many mathematical concepts, geometry, algebra, and were the first to develop the zodiac, dividing the heavens into the 12 houses; the first to develop 400 characters of cuneiform writing, and the first to display a complete understanding of astronomy. “Ooparts is the term used to describe the purportedly out of place in time artifacts, toys, tools, technical devices, depictions and documents which have come to light through archaeological excavation or discovery” (Freer). The Sumerians’ culture is filled with ooparts that cannot be explained in any way other than they were influenced by another species from a more advanced culture. Sumerians recorded a great deal of their own history, even the day to day mundane events. It is clear from their records that they lived among beings they referred to as the Anunnaki. These beings were purportedly from the plant Nibiru, and had come here to colonize. This is where the Sumerians gained their incredible knowledge base, apparent in all their artifacts and records. For instance, the Sumerians knew the number of planets and the distance of the planets from Earth—how? We didn’t even know that until we sent probes in the 1970’s. How could they know so much about astronomy? All of this knowledge, though, is authenticated by artifacts left behind (AncientX).
~ from Life in the Universe: The Significance of Planet X, The Dropas and The Anunnaki
While I recognize that the general reader will not be interested in this material, there are others who will be, and I decided that compiling it might be a good idea, both for myself and for those souls who find academic writing titillating.
*Also on Smashwords, which has formats: EPUB, MOBI (Kindle). HTML, PDF, PDP *Kindle has only MOBI (Kindle) | <urn:uuid:e6526efa-1f42-45cf-b592-177046d89688> | {
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Illness & Conditions - Medical Tests
A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys . A regular urine test may be done to help find the cause of symptoms. The test can give information about your health and problems you may have.
The kidneys take out waste material, minerals, fluids, and other substances from the blood to be passed in the urine. Urine has hundreds of different body wastes. What you eat and drink, how much you exercise, and how well your kidneys work can affect what is in your urine.
More than 100 different tests can be done on urine. A regular urinalysis often includes the following tests:
Why It Is Done
A urine test may be done:
How To Prepare
Do not eat foods that can color the urine, such as blackberries, beets, and rhubarb, before the test. Do not exercise strenuously before the test.
Tell your doctor if you are menstruating or close to starting your menstrual period. Your doctor may want to wait to do the test.
Your doctor may ask you to stop taking certain medicines that color the urine. These include vitamin B, phenazopyridine (Pyridium), rifampin, and phenytoin (Dilantin). Be sure to tell your doctor if you are taking diuretics , which may affect the test results.
Talk to your doctor any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. To help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form (What is a PDF document?) .
How It Is Done
A routine urine test can be done in your doctor's office, clinic, or lab. You may also be asked to collect a urine sample at home and bring it with you to the office or lab for testing.
Collecting a urine sample from a small child or baby is done by using a special plastic bag with tape around its opening. The bag is placed around the child's genitals until he or she urinates. Then you carefully remove the bag. To collect a urine sample from a very sick baby, a doctor may use a urinary catheter through the urethra or a needle through the baby's belly directly into the bladder (suprapubic tap).
Clean-catch midstream one-time urine collection
Double-voided urine sample collection
This method collects the urine your body is making right now.
Return the urine sample to the lab. If you are collecting the urine at home and cannot get it to the lab in an hour, refrigerate it.
24-hour urine collection
Your doctor may ask you to collect your urine for 24 hours.
Return the urine sample to the lab.
How It Feels
There is no discomfort in collecting a urine sample.
There is no chance for problems in collecting a urine sample.
A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys .
The normal values listed here—called a reference range—are just a guide. These ranges vary from lab to lab, and your lab may have a different range for what's normal. Your lab report should contain the range your lab uses. Also, your doctor will evaluate your results based on your health and other factors. This means that a value that falls outside the normal values listed here may still be normal for you or your lab.
What Affects the Test
Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:
What To Think About
Last Revised: September 4, 2012
Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
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Lyme Disease Cases Increase Locally
PITTSBURGH (KDKA) — More than 90 percent of Lyme disease comes from 12 states and Pennsylvania is one of them, but how about southwestern Pennsylvania specifically?
“Eastern Pennsylvania has lots of Lyme disease. Here in western Pennsylvania we are considered low risk, but there are, again, the ticks have been found, so it is of concern here,” says Dr. Ron Voorhees of the Allegheny County Health Department.
A map from a study in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and hygiene shows we’re in the green, meaning “low risk.” But what have doctors actually been seeing?
“It’s clear the numbers are much higher than they were maybe four or five years ago,” says Children’s Hospital pediatric infectious diseases physician Dr. Michael Green.
The map was made by collecting deer ticks from the woods and testing them for the bacteria that cause Lyme disease.
Allegheny County tracks only human cases.
“We get a report of all the positive tests, and those have been going up over the last several years,” says Dr. Voorhees. “One thing we’re hoping to do this year is to actually be testing ticks themselves.”
So why, with increasing numbers here, does the map show we are low risk? For one, the ticks in the study were collected from 2004 to 2007 before the numbers were noticeably up. Also, the pattern we’re seeing could be due to greater awareness and more testing.
“Even though our numbers have gone up, we really don’t have a good way to understand yet what that really means,” Dr. Voorhees continues.
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that you get from a deer tick bite. As housing plans expand into wooded areas, the likelihood of coming in contact with deer ticks increases.
“My experience would suggest that we would anticipate that the number of cases are likely to increase, until we hit a plateau. It’s not clear if we’ve reached that plateau at this time,” says Dr. Green.
The classic sign of Lyme disease is a bull’s eye rash at the tick bite. This infection can also affect the heart, brain, and joints. It can be confirmed with blood tests, and luckily, the prognosis is good if it’s recognized and treated with antibiotics. | <urn:uuid:8af573e4-4c70-4a67-b3a5-fcede97033a3> | {
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I thank Professor Matthew Harrington for having invited me to present at this Constitution at 150 Conference, and for having organized such an interesting series of talks from 16 to 18 May. In this entry, I provide an account of the first panel of the conference, in which I presented on Canada’s Legal-Constitutional Continuity, 1791-1867, and in which Professor Ryan Alford of Lakehead University presented on the true meaning Responsible Government in the preamble of the British North America Act, 1867.
You can download a copy of my PowerPoint presentation here: Canada’s Legal-Constitutional Continuity, 1791-1867. I have also written a manuscript on this topic and will try to find it a publisher.
In short, I argue that while the British North America Act, 1867 turns 150th this year, constitutional government more generally in what are now Ontario, Quebec, and the federal order of government of Canada dates back to the Constitutional Act, 1791 and that the Province of Canada (1841-1867) is the continuator, or successor polity, of Upper Canada and Lower Canada (1791-1841), and that Canada (1867-present) is, in turn, the successor polity of the Province of Canada. The best evidence in support of this idea comes from the text of the Constitution Act, 1791, the Act of Union, 1841¸ and the British North America Act, 1867 themselves. By “constitutional government,” I mean the establishment of representative government and an elected legislative assembly. I didn’t have time to touch upon this during my presentation, but with respect to the other provinces which existed as British North American Crown colonies in 1867 (all of them except Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta), they are, in legal-constitutional terms, the successor polities of themselves as they made the transition from Crown colony to province within the Dominion of Canada. Constitutional government dates to 1756 in Nova Scotia, for instance. And since the Colonial Office partitioned New Brunswick from Nova Scotia, it would use the same date. British Columbia joined Confederation in 1871, but it existed prior to that as a Crown colony. Newfoundland and Labrador includes the oldest unofficial English colonies in the New World, though we normally count Jamestown, Virginia, founded in 1607, as the oldest English (and, after 1707, British) colony in the New World because official English and British policy didn’t recognize the early colonization of Newfoundland.
I’m drawing upon the law on the succession of states as an analogy to the successor of polities in British North America. These three polities (the Canadas, the Province of Canada, and the Dominion of Canada) remained self-governing colonies ultimately subject to the authority of Westminster Parliament and the Colonial Laws Validity Act until the Statute of Westminster, 1931. From 1931 to 1982, Canada couldn’t come up an indigenous constitutional amending formula, so we allowed by default the Westminster Parliament to continue to amend the British North America Act as required.
I stumbled upon this whole topic by accident, or perhaps I should say, by happenstance. Alpheus Todd, the last Librarian of the Legislature of the Province of Canada and the first Librarian of the Parliament of Canada, wrote in Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies that what we would normally regard as Sir John A. Macdonald’s first ministry lasted from 1864 to 1873 — not 1867 to 1873. I found this very odd indeed, even though I was vaguely aware at the time that Macdonald had also served as prime minister of the Province of Canada. This, in turn, stuck with me when I thhought back on the question, “Who is Canada’s longest-serving Prime Minister?” While Mackenzie King remains the longest-serving prime minister since Confederation, Sir John A. Macdonald surpassed King’s tenure by several years when we acknowledge that one of his ministries began in 1864, rather than in 1867, and that he had served as co-premier in two ministries prior to that.
|Sir John A. Macdonald||William Lyon Mackenzie King|
|26 November 1857 to 2 August 1858||29 December 1921 to 28 June 1926|
|6 August 1858 to 24 May 1862||25 September 1926 to 7 August 1930|
|30 May 1864 to 5 November 1873||23 October 1935 to 15 November 1948|
|17 October 1878 to 6 June 1891|
In the presentation, I briefly outlined how the Constitutional Act, 1791 established the main political institutions of constitutional and representative government: the colonial Crown-in-Parliament, with Lieutenant Governors, appointed Legislative Councils, and elected Legislative Assemblies. The Constitutional Act also established the principles that the legislatures must meet at least once every twelve months and that general elections to the legislative assembly must take place at least once every four years. It also entrenched bijuridicalism by allowing Lower Canada to keep French law for civil matters and by permitting Upper Canada to repeal that system within its borders and replace it with English Common Law on civil matters, which it did in 1792.
After the Rebellions of 1837 and Lord Durham’s famous report, the Westminster Parliament reorganized the Canadas into the Province of Canada by way of the Act of Union, 1841. Sections 45, 46, and 47 of that statute expressly provide for the continuity of executive, legislative, and judicial authority from the Canadas to the united Province of Canada. Therefore, despite combining Upper and Lower Canada into one united province, the Act of Union contained the seeds of the Province’s political breakdown by expressly continuing the bijuridicalism of the Canadas, and by mandating the equality of representation of Canada West (Upper Canada) and Canada East (Lower Canada). Responsible Government also emerged in the Province of Canada between 1841 and 1848; 19th-century historians like Alpheus Todd tended toward the earlier date, while 20th- and 21st-century historians have gravitated toward 1848. As I explored in The Dorchester Review “1841 or 1848? When Responsible Government Began“, the difference in historiography hinges upon the separate emergence of individual ministerial responsibility, in 1841, and the later emergence of collective ministerial responsibility, in March 1848, when Elgin appointed the Baldwin-Lafontaine ministry after the assembly had withdrawn its confidence from the previous ministry as a whole.
But collective ministerial responsibility between 1848 and 1867 worked within a framework of a consociational, bifurcated ministry because of the sectional equality between and bijuridicalism of Canada West and Canada East. Like in contemporary Belgium, political parties remained firmly within their own section — with Liberals in Canada West and their Rouges counterparts in Canada East, and Conservatives in Canada West and Bleues in Canada East — and formed sectional coalitions with one another. Each section had its own Premier, Attorney General, and Solicitor General, the latter two because of the different legal systems for civil matters. This “Double Majority Convention” also emerged for legislation that dealt with only one section over the other, such as in legal and educational matters: the bill usually required both an overall majority in the assembly and a majority in the section that the legislative affected. In some cases, only one-half of the ministry — that for either Canada West or Canada East — would resign, but the ministry as a whole would not be regarded as having resigned unless both co-premiers resigned at once.
Consociationalism, bifurcated ministries, and the Double Majority Convention all went extinct in 1867 because representation by population replaced sectional equality, and because federalism and its division of powers allowed for an orderly re-organization of the united Province of Canada into and permitted Canada, Ontario, and Quebec to exist simultaneously as separate entities. Modern collective ministerial responsibility, where the tenure of the ministry as a whole is determined by the tenure of the prime minister alone, came into effect and replaced the bicephal co-premiership and double-compartmented collective ministerial responsibility. But the British North America Act makes clear that the Dominion of Canada is the continuator of the Province of Canada, except for those jurisdictions which section 92 granted to the provinces. Several sections of the BNA Act — notably, sections 9, 15, 41, and 84 — expressed continued the Province of Canada to the Dominion of Canada. Sections 64 and 88 continued the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia into the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
In particular, section 9 provided for a seamless transition of the executive government of the Province of Canada to the Dominion of Canada because the ultimate sources of executive authority, Queen Victoria, remained the same. The Colonial Office dutifully re-commissioned Governor General Lord Monck from Governor General of British North America to Governor General of Canada. Lord Monck, in turn, commissioned Sir John A. Macdonald as the first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada precisely because he was the co-Premier (and senior figure) of the Province of Canada. Finally, Macdonald reappointed most of his colleagues in the last ministry of the Province of Canada to the first ministry of the Dominion of Canada. Furthermore, the militia and most of the civil service, and its deputy ministers, of the Province of Canada continued to the Dominion of Canada, as far as sections 91 and 92 allowed. These charts show the timeline and the overlap of the ministries and civil service.
Timeline of the Executive Transition
|22 May 1867||The Queen-in-Council sets 1 July as the coming into force of the British North America Act|
|24 May 1867||Colonial Secretary re-commissions Lord Monck as Governor General of Canada|
|24 May 1867||Governor General Monck formally commissions Sir John A. Macdonald as the Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada (takes effect on 1 July)|
|1 July 1867||Sir John A. Macdonald advises GG Monck to appoint his cabinet and create their departments|
|17 August-20 September 1867||1st General Federal Election|
|6 November 1867||Meeting of the 1st Parliament|
|Minister||Cabinet in the Province of Canada||Cabinet in the Dominion of Canada|
|John A. Macdonald||Premier and Attorney General for Upper Canada: 30 March 1864-30 June 1867||Prime Minister and Attorney General: 1 July 1867-5 November 1873|
|Hector Louis Langevin||Solicitor General for Lower Canada: 30 March 1864-30 June 1867||Secretary of State of Canada: 1 July 1867-7 December 1869|
|Alexander Tilloch Galt||Minister of Finance: 30 March 1864-30 June 1867||Minister of Finance: 1 July 1867-7 November 1867|
|William Pierce Howland||Postmaster General: 24 November 1864-30 June 1867||Minister of Inland Revenue: 1 July 1867-14 July 1868|
|Alexander Campbell||Commissioner of Crown Lands: 30 March 1864-30 June 1864||Postmaster General:1 July 1867-30 June 1873|
|Jean-Charles Chapais||Commissioner of Public Works: 30 March 1864-30 June 1867||Minister of Agriculture: 1 July 1867-15 November 1869|
|Adam J.F. Blair||President of the Executive Council and Minister of Agriculture: 3 January 1866||President of the Privy Council: 1 July 1867-29 December 1867|
|William McDougall||Provincial Secretary: 30 June 1864-30 June 1867||Minister of Public Works: 1 July 1867-27 September 1869|
|George-Etienne Cartier||Premier and Attorney General for Lower Canada: 30 March 1864-30 June 1867||Minister of Militia and Defence: 1 July 1867-20 May 1873|
|Sir N.F. Belleau||Receiver General: 7 August 1865-30 June 1867|
|J. Cockburn||Solicitor General for Upper Canada: 30 March 1864-30 June 1867|
|Samuel Leonard Tilley||Minister of Customs: 1 July 1867 – 21 February 1873|
|Peter Mitchell||Minister of Marine and Fisheries: 1 July 1867-5 November 1873|
|Edward Kenny||Receiver General: 4 July 1867 – 15 Nov. 1869|
|Adams George Archibald||Secretary of State for the Provinces: 1 July 1867 – 30 April 1868|
|Deputy Minister||Province of Canada||Dominion of Canada|
|William Henry Lee||Executive Council Office, 1841-1867||Privy Council Office, 1867-1873|
|Hewitt Bernard||Office of Attorney General for Upper Canada, 1858-1867||Justice, 1867-1873|
|George Futvoye||Office of Attorney General for Lower Canada, 1851-1867||Militia and Defence, 1867-1873|
|Étienne Parent||Provincial Secretary’s Office, 1847-1867||Secretary of State, 1867-1873|
|Edmund Allen Meredith||Provincial Secretary’s Office, 1847-1867||Secretary for the Provinces, 1867-1873|
|T. Douglas Harington||Receiver General’s Office, 1858-1867||Receiver General, 1867-1873|
|William Dickinson||Finance, 1863-1867||Finance, 1867-1869|
|Robert S.M. Bouchette||Crown Lands Department, 1857-1867||Customs, 1867-1873|
|Toussaint Trudeau||Public Works Department, 1864-1867||Public Works, 1867-1873|
|W.H. Griffin||Postmaster General’s Office, 1857-1867||Post Office, 1864-1873|
|J.C. Taché||Bureau of Agriculture and Statistics, 1864-1867||Agriculture and Statistics, 1867-1873|
The Legislature of the Province of Canada provided the foundation for the Parliament of Canada as well, both literally and figuratively, in accordance with section 16 of the British North America Act. The Victoria Building and Victoria Tower burned down in 1916, but the current Centre Block sits on the same site as its predecessor. The buildings on Parliament Hill that had served the Province of Canada fulfilled this role for the Dominion of Canada. The chamber for the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada became the first House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada, and the chamber of the Legislative Council became the Senate. Electing a new Legislative Assembly of House of Commons is easy. But what should become of the Legislative Council? Sections 25 and 127 of the British North America Act, which were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act, 1893 (presumably because they could only have been used once and were spent by November 1867) reveal how the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada became the Senate of Canada. Section 127 contained the general policy that the 24 Legislative Councillors of Canada West would become the 24 Senators of Ontario and that the 24 Legislative Councillors of Canada East would become the 24 Senators of Quebec; it also specified that the Legislative Councillors of the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia had the option of remaining in their new provinces’ upper chambers, or becoming the first crop of Senators for their provinces in Ottawa. (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick each had 12 Senators in 1867, but I’m not sure how many Legislative Councillors each province had at the time. New Brunswick abolished its Legislative Council in 1891, and Nova Scotia followed suit in 1928). Under section 25, Queen Victoria appointed, on the advice of the British Cabinet, this first batch of Senators. Ironically, most of these Senators for Ontario and Quebec had originally been elected as Legislative Councillors between 1856 and 1866!
I concluded my presentation on why the Canadas and the Province of Canada have been forgotten. Despite the legal-constitutional continuity between the these three successor polities, the first two, the Canadas and the Province of Canada, and the years 1791 to 1867, are often seen as failures. The Canadas ended in the civil strife of the Rebellions of 1837. The Province of Canada suffered from incessant political gridlock by its very design (sectional equality and bijuridicalism) and only overcame its morass by transforming into a new federal Dominion of Canada. Perhaps nothing better represents the absurdity of the Province of Canada than its rotating capital city between 1841 and 1867:
- Kingston (1841-1844)
- Montreal (1844-1849)
- Toronto (1850-1851)
- Quebec City (1852-1854)
- Toronto (1855-1859)
- Quebec City (1860-1865)
- Ottawa (1866-1867)
As Ryan accentuated in his presentation, Orangemen rioters burned down the legislature in Montreal in 1849 in protest of the Rebellion Losses Bill. They also caused several months of strife and made Montreal an untenable capital city. If they had not burned down the legislature in Montreal, it is quite possible that Montreal would have remained the capital city of the Province of Canada, and then would have become the capital of the Dominion of Canada as well. Perhaps Montreal is the capital of Canada in an alternate universe.
The legislature of the Province of Canada then moved to Upper Canada’s legislature in York, now Toronto, and then to Lower Canada’s legislature in Quebec City. That legislature also burned down in 1854, though by accident (as was common in the 19th century) and not by arson. The Province of Canada finally settled on Ottawa as the permanent capital city in 1858. But since all the parliament buildings had to be built from scratch, the legislature couldn’t sit there until 1866.
Canada and Ontario are content to forget Upper Canada and the Province of Canada entirely. Official records — sessional papers, Hansard, orders-in-council, etc. — are all difficult to come by and are not easily accessible online. The Parliament of Canada’s useful ParlInfo only compiles information from the 1st Parliament of Canada, and not anything on the Legislature of the Province of Canada. The Library and Archives have only made orders-in-council from 1867 and afterwards accessible online. Only Quebec and its National Assembly pay tribute to Lower Canada and the Province of Canada at all. The Publication of Statutes Act states that the Clerk of the Senate is, ex officio, the Clerk of the Parliaments, and holds custody of all statutes passed by the legislatures of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and the Province of Canada, and the Parliament of Canada, from 1791 to present. So perhaps the Parliament of Canada in particular should do more to make records from 1791 to 1867 accessible to Canadians.
Incidentally, I speculated in my presentation that the title is “Clerk of the Parliaments” plural because this person is responsible for the records of four legislatures and parliaments; however, the current Clerk of the Senate and Clerk of the Parliaments, Charles Robert, also presented at this conference and informed me that the title “Clerk of the Parliaments” comes from Early Modern England, and it signified that the holder of this office occupied his position across more than one parliament. So that’s why it says “parliaments” in the plural. In Tudor and Stuart England, one spoke of calling “a parliament”, as a count noun, where today we use parliament as a mass noun and would say “call parliament.” The title therefore reflects the older usage of “parliament” as a count noun.
But if Upper and Lower Canada and the Province of Canada were failures, they were necessary failures, which the Dominion of Canada redressed through federalism. One could perhaps look at Canadian history from 1791 to 1867 as a Hegelian dialectic, wherein the Constitution Act, 1791 and the two Canadas represent the thesis, because they started constitutional government and representative government, where the Act of Union, 1841 and the Province of Canada act as the antithesis and the reaction against the Rebellions of 1837 and the separate governments of the two Canadas, and, finally, where the Dominion of Canada blends the two together in synthesis, having taken into account all the hard-won lessons.
In short, while the British North America Act, 1867 and Confederation turn 150 this year, constitutional government in what is now the Dominion of Canada dates back to 1791 and therefore turns 226 in 2017. In fact, constitutional government in Canada is only 4 years younger than the current United States Constitution, which dates from 1787.
Ryan Alford’s Presentation
Professor Ryan Alford gave an interesting presentation which complemented my own quite well. He focused his talk on the political turmoil surrounding the Rebellion Losses Bill, 1849 and how the Baldwin-Lafontaine ministry and Governor General Lord Elgin cemented Responsible Government, and how this entire debate destroyed the Family Compact and Chateau Clique. In 1848, Elgin had accepted the principle of collective ministerial responsibility when the previous Conservative administration lost a vote of confidence in the new legislature, just after the general election, and he appointed the Baldwin-Lafontaine Reform ministry. And in 1849, Elgin affirmed that he would grant Royal Assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill if the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council validly passed it. No Canadian Governor General has ever attempted to withhold Royal Assent outright. (When Governors General were officers of the Imperial Crown and reported to the Colonial Office, they could reserve bills of Imperial concern for the consideration of the British cabinet, usually on the advice of the Colonial Secretary, but this is not quite the same thing as rejecting a Canadian bill outright himself on his own initiative).
Lord Elgin had appointed Baldwin and Lafontaine as co-premiers of a Reform Ministry in March 1848. Their Reformers, Patriotes, and Liberals had won a parliamentary majority in the election of January 1848. In those days, it was the norm that ministries remained in office after the election and met the new parliament; they would only resign after losing a vote of non-confidence in the new parliament. Baldwin and Lafontaine’s formations defeated the outgoing ministry on a vote of confidence, and Elgin dutifully appointed them to form a new administration because, as a good Whig, he was committed to implementing Responsible Government and collective ministerial responsibility, as per Colonial Secretary Earl Grey’s instructions. This Rebellion Loses Bill focussed primarily on compensating Lower Canadians who had lost property in the Rebellions of 1837, and it struck at the heart of concepts of loyalty and constitutional government in Canada. The bill enraged the Tories of the Family Compact, who saw themselves as the legitimate rulers of the Canadas because of their Loyalism and loyalty to the Crown and British Empire. In contrast, Baldwin and Lafontaine believed that Canadians’ Loyalism and loyalty should be directed toward constitutional government and norms themselves — to the institutions of self-government, liberty, and the rule of law — and not to the Loyalist families who made up the Family Compact and Chateau Clique. Baldwin charged that MacNabb and other Tories were the true rebels, because their obstinacy and heavy-handedness had fomented the Rebellions of 1837, which were justified because the Loyalist Family Compact and Chateau Clique had derogated from constitutional government and the true principles of the British constitution. This debate echoes those of 1774 in the Continental Congress and Thomas Jefferson’s pamphlet, A Summary View on the Rights of British Americans. Baldwin and Lafontaine also deliberately drew upon the debates surrounding the Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights of 1688-89 and portrayed themselves as the inheritors of Whiggism and Burke’s Sons of Liberty.
The Tories believed that this Reform ministry and its bill were depriving them of their right to rule. Orangemen Loyalists stormed the legislature and set it on fire while it was in session, while parliamentarians were debating legislation. Riots and civil strife roiled through Montreal for weeks. Ryan argued that the violence directed toward Lord Elgin — pelting his carriage with rocks — amounted to assassination attempts. Indeed, Elgin’s brother was seriously injured by this lapidation. According to Alastair Bruce, a British historian and presenter — and one of John Bruce, Lord Elgin’s, great-great grandsons — the Bruce family have kept some of these rocks as “reminders of the dangers of leadership.”
The Orangemen in Ontario threatened to seize militia stores and execute a veritable coup d’état, and Lord Elgin wrote that he feared that he would be assassinated in Ontario.
Ryan argues as well that Baldwin and Lafontaine reacted justly and correctly to this civil strife. Unlike in the Rebellions of 1837, they did not resort to imposing martial law and trying civilians in courts martial. Instead, they relied on the normal civilian courts to prosecute rioters and mete out justice. This decision stands testament to their strength: they believed in constitutional government and the rule of law, and they backed up that belief in their actions.
Q&A on the Preamble and Lessons Learned
In the Q&A after our presentations, Peter Oliver, Professor of Law at the University of Ottawa, asked me about the discontinuity of Canada’s legal-constitutional history and the eventual break with the British Empire. (I have covered this in my manuscript, but I didn’t incorporate it into my PowerPoint due to time constraints). I replied that in terms of Canada’s relationship to the United Kingdom and place within the British Empire, nothing changed in 1867. The Dominion of Canada remained subject to the Colonial Laws Validity Act and the Westminster Parliament more generally, which remained the only authority competent to amend the British North America Act. In addition, the Governor General remained an agent of the Imperial Crown responsible to the Colonial Secretary until the early 20th century. Not until the Statute of Westminster, 1931 and the multiplication of the Imperial Crown into a Personal Union of Crowns in the 1930s did Canada become the successor state to the United Kingdom in areas of defence, foreign affairs, and treaty-making.
Ann Chaplin asked us about the preamble of the British North America Act and the meaning of its first recital, that the Dominion of Canada would have “a constitution similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom.” In my view, this phrase can only refer to the unwritten norms of Responsible Government because even in 1867, there were strict limits to how closely the constitution of the Dominion of Canada could resemble that of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom was a unitary state and the metropolitan center of a vast Empire, while the Dominion of Canada was a federation, with an entrenched division of powers, and a Crown colony subject to the jurisdiction of the Westminster Parliament. Therefore, it is clear, even in 1867 and especially post-1931, “similar in principle” does not mean identical in practice or in form because the two constitutions were very different. Canada has always possessed a hybrid constitution, partially codified and partially uncodified, while the United Kingdom’s constitution is entirely uncodified and not entrenched beyond the competency of the Westminster Parliament alone to amend. The preamble thus refers only to this unwritten constitution, or to “constitution” in the classical sense of the word. That is the only explanation that makes sense.
Overall, I thought that my presentation went well; public speaking is certainly a skill on which I have improved over the last few years. Several of my fellow-presenters and attendees told me afterwards that they had found my presentation interesting, which is nice to hear and rather gratifying — especially since all of the other panellists are more educated and experienced than I am. I have learned not to read off the slides directly (though some of you might think that they’re still too text-heavy, and you might be right) and instead to rely on some speaking notes. This is primarily because the reading register of voice sounds more stilted than a more normal, extemporaneous register of voice. If you’ve ever listened to someone given a presentation by reading a speech verbatim, you know what I mean; sometimes, the presenter breaks the fourth wall by abruptly switching to a speaking register of voice — suddenly becoming more lively and engaging — and then falling back to the prepared text. Boring speeches almost always spring from the presenter reading a prepared text verbatim instead of practising the art of oratory. You should be sufficiently interested in your own subject-matter that you can convey and engender a certain enthusiasm about it to your audience and engage with them. I say all this based on my own experience and criticism of my earlier, worse speeches. I practice my presentation at least twice: in the first round, I talk without regard to time in order to establish a baseline of how long my PowerPoint presentation would take to go through; in the second, cut the speech as required in order to conform to a time limit. Usually at these conferences, the best time limit should fall between 10 and 20 minutes and no longer.
I look forward to more in the future! And I’ll write up my other notes and summarize the proceedings of the other panels that I attended.
- Presentation to the Canada at 150 Conference
- 1841 or 1848? When Did Responsible Government Begin?
- Who Is Canada’s Longest-Serving Prime Minister? It Depends on When “Canada” Began | <urn:uuid:959a44b6-9ad0-44af-8bcd-639589109691> | {
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Chemistry in its element - water
Distilling the compounds that count, you're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World magazine
Welcome to a new series of Chemistry in its element, where we bring you the tales of discovery and experimentation behind our chemical compounds. And what better compound to start with than the one that brings us life. Explaining more, here's Brian Clegg.
If you look at Earth from space, its defining feature is water. Our planet is blue with the stuff. A deceptively simple compound, water is composed of two atoms of hydrogen to one of oxygen - making it technically dihydrogen monoxide or oxygen hydride, though these are terms only likely to be used to emphasize geeky credentials.
It would be meaningless to speak of a discoverer of water - we've always been aware of it - but various scientists lay claim to uncovering water's composition. Laviosier realised that hydrogen and oxygen could be made from water in the 1770s, but the explicit discovery of its makeup is down to either James Watt, who suggested its composition in 1783, or Henry Cavendish who recombined oxygen and hydrogen in 1781, but didn't publicise it until a year after Watt's discovery. We do know, though, that it was in 1826 that J?ns Jakob Berzelius fixed the atomic weights of hydrogen and oxygen, and came up with the familiar H2O designation.
Over 70 per cent of the Earth's surface is water - in round figures there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometres. This is such a huge amount, it's difficult to visualise. A single cubic kilometre is a trillion kgs of water. That's a nice round number because water had a starring role in the establishment of metric units. A gram was originally defined as the weight of a cubic centimetre of water.
Water has huge significance for biology, so much so that the when we search the solar system for likely signs for life, we first look for water. Bacterial life has been found at the extremes of heat, cold and airlessness that our planet can serve up. There is no known life without water.
Underlying water's importance is a unique collection of properties. It's the only compound that exists as solid, liquid and gas at the typical temperatures of the Earth's surface. And as a molecule it has some surprising characteristics - without one of these, its boiling point would be below -70 degrees Celsius. There would be no liquid water on Earth, which means no life. But thanks to this special property the water molecule shares with a few others, it boils at the familiar 100 Celsius.
The property in question is hydrogen bonding, an electromagnetic attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom like oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine. When hydrogen forms a covalent bond with one of these elements, the hydrogen has a relative positive charge and the oxygen (in the case of water) a degree of negative charge. The hydrogen in one water molecule is attracted to the oxygen in another. The result of this bonding is that it's harder to separate the molecules into a gas. The bond has to be overcome, pushing up the boiling point.
Hydrogen bonding is also responsible for another of water's unusual properties. Most substances occupy less volume as a solid than they do as liquid. Solid water - ice as we tend to call it - has a higher volume, which is why it's not recommended to freeze a bottle full of water, and why ice floats on a pond. It's often said that this is a unique property of water. It's not - acetic acid and silicon, for example, are both less dense as a solid than as a liquid - but it is unusual.
The shape of the standard crystal form of water, a six-sided lattice, won't fit with the way the hydrogen bonds pull the hydrogen of one water molecule towards the oxygen of another. To slot into the structure, these bonds have to stretch and twist, pulling water molecules further apart than they are at water's most dense form (at around 4 degrees Celsius).
The relative negative charge on the oxygen arises from the covalent bonds connecting it to hydrogen. The remaining four electrons in the oxygen's outer shell stay away from bonding electrons, so there's a tendency to have a negative charge on the opposite side. Similarly, the hydrogen's only electron is in the bond, so it has no electrons opposite, leaving it relatively positive. Without this, you'd expect the four pairs of electrons around the oxygen to form a tetrahedron (a three-sided pyramid), with the covalent bonds separated by 109.5 degrees. But the electrons in the bonds are pulled away from the oxygen, weakening their repulsive effect, so the actual angle is around 104.5 degrees.
Water is, of course, transparent but does have a slight blue colouration due to scattering of light (the same reason the sky is blue), not obvious except when there's a large amount of water we can see through - for example in glacier ice.
One of the reasons water is so important for life is that it is a great solvent thanks to the polarity of the molecule, dissolving many other materials and acting as a transport for them in living cells. But this isn't the only way that water supports life. It takes part in many of the chemical reactions necessary for the metabolic processes of the body.
With water so important to life, and so common on Earth, it might seem odd that we often talk about water shortages. Divide the amount of water in the world by the number of people and we end up with 0.2 cubic kilometres each. Around 212 billion litres for everyone. And much of the water we consume is soon returned to the supply. So how can there be a shortage? What is usually represented as a water shortage is actually an energy problem. There's plenty of water, but it's in the wrong place, and is often contaminated - for example with salt in the sea. Fixing this is entirely possible, provided you have the energy to make it happen.
We aren't going to run out of water. And that's just as well. This wonderful compound, with its unique properties, remains the true staff of life.
In deed, and although abundant it is to be used widely and not taken for granted. That was Brian Clegg with the unique and essential chemistry of water. Now next week, a compound that gets a bit too much bad press.
Sometime in the 1990s, the pharmaceutical companies started waging war against cholesterol. By 2001, millions of people were taking statins and the cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor had become the biggest-selling pharmaceutical ever made. Scientists have even suggested the drugs be handed out with Big Mac meals to counteract the effects of cholesterol on our arteries.
But cholesterol isn't all bad. Besides being crucial to maintaining the integrity of the membranes that hold cells together, it's needed in bile salts, which digest our food, and in making sex hormones. Our bodies churn out around a gram a day, and that's without any help from McDonald's. Quite literally, we wouldn't be here if it wasn't for cholesterol.
And join Hayley Birch to find out how good and bad cholesterol is for our bodies and the chemistry behind this in next week's Chemistry in its element. Until then, thank you for listening. I'm Meera Senthilingam.
Chemistry in its element comes to you from Chemistry World, the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry and is produced by thenakedscientists dot com. There are more compounds that count on our website at chemistryworld dot org slash compounds. | <urn:uuid:16bb2220-c96b-43dd-a941-9e502823d4e4> | {
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