text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
U.S. Nuclear Power Plants, safe distance?
Map of U.S. Nuclear Reactor Locations
Given the the nuclear reactor meltdown disaster in Fukushima Japan, and the local area Fallout contamination that is now entering the food chain and water systems there, I have constructed a location map of the current (and decommissioned) nuclear power reactors in the United States.
Without discussing For or Against nuclear power, it may be smarter and a better use of time to learn some lessons from what happened in Japan that led to the the Fukushima meltdown, and to consider the potential risk for those living in the U.S. near one of these reactors – should a worst-case-scenario occur.
The problem at Fukushima: All electrical power was lost to the plant (earthquake – tsunami – backup generators destroyed – battery backup dead). This led to a lack of cooling of fuel rods in the reactors, which then led to a meltdown situation.
The underlying issue was a complete lack of electrical power, power sufficient enough to run the powerful cooling pumps.
Taking a simple look at the risks that may exist around any nuclear power plant, including the locations in the U.S. map above, the worst-case-scenario is always going to be one where the ‘issue’ leads to complete power failure. Without electricity, any one of these nuclear reactors will melt down, just like Fukushima, or worse.
A nuclear power plant being what it is, we would like to think that there is the utmost highest regard and oversight for safety built in to the design, construction, and operation of each one. But still, we had the disaster in Japan.
Not being qualified to asses the nuclear risk of the ‘what if’ scenarios, I still cannot help but think, what if this or what if that were to occur over here in the U.S. for example.
What if a ‘Carrington Event‘ solar flare were to occur, like what had happened in 1859. Astrophysicists know that it WILL happen again, it’s just a matter of when. If an extreme solar event like that were to take down the electrical power grid, and-or damage electronic systems from its EMP effects, how long would it be before any, some, most, or all of these nuclear power plants would runaway to meltdown?
What if a true EMP weapon, or weapons, were to detonate and take down all electrical systems of a region, or wider, what then? Are the backup generators and their associated electrical control systems impervious to EMP-type effects for example? What about the control systems of the reactors themselves, are they EMP proof?
What if the New Madrid fault zone were to unleash a magnitude 9+ earthquake, which geologists agree is possible, then how would the nuclear plants avoid catastrophe at the reactors in northern Arkansas, eastern Missouri, or others nearby?
What if the San Andreas tears loose in California, how will Diablo Canyon and San Onofre handle it?
What if there is an unforeseen ‘physical’ attack on one of these reactors? What can the containment vessels withstand with regards to missiles of various strengths?
What if there is a cyber ‘virus’ attack along the lines of the Stuxnet computer virus that attacked the Iranian nuclear development facilities?
These simple questions led me to create a map of all U.S. nuclear reactors, both operational and decommissioned, so to have a look see where the danger zones ‘might’ be, should a worst-case-scenario occur.
It is difficult to impossible to answer the question, “How far away is a safe distance from a nuclear reactor?”, so I’ve created 100 mile radius zones (200 mile diameter) around each nuclear plant to provide some visual perspective. Yellow zones are around decommissioned plants.
Remember, it’s all about the wind direction too. The prevailing winds in the U.S. are typically from west to east while normally dipping down into the south-central U.S. before bending back up the east coast. | <urn:uuid:fcaab6dd-7814-4be0-8099-21475c9317f9> | {
"date": "2016-07-27T15:18:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826908.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00052-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.943717360496521,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 850,
"url": "http://modernsurvivalblog.com/nuclear/u-s-nuclear-power-plants-safe-distance/"
} |
Seeing Red? Think Women's Heart Health
< Jan. 30, 2008 > -- February 1st is the fifth anniversary of National Wear Red Day - a day when Americans all across the country wear red to demonstrate their support for women's heart disease awareness.
On National Wear Red Day, people wear red clothing including socks and shirts, or accessorize with a trendy, red handbag, red earrings, or a flashy, red pin. This effort has brought attention to the fact that heart disease is the number one cause of death in women.
Some "Disheartening" Facts about Women and Heart Disease
It is a myth that heart disease is a man's disease. In fact, one in eight women aged 45 to 64 has heart disease. One in four women over the age of 65 has heart disease. Currently, 7.2 million women have heart disease, states the American Heart Association (AHA).
Consider the following facts about cardiovascular disease in women.
Coronary heart disease is the single largest cause of death for females in the United States. Almost 16 percent of girls ages six to 19 are overweight, which is a risk factor for heart disease. About 25 percent of girls in grades nine through 12 report using tobacco, which is also a risk factor for heart disease.
At menopause, a woman's heart disease risk starts to increase significantly. Each year, about 88,000 women ages 45 to 64 have a heart attack. Beginning at age 45, more women than men have elevated cholesterol.
Each year, about 372,000 women age 65 and older have a heart attack. About 21 million women age 60 and older have high blood pressure. The average age for women to have a first heart attack is about 70, and women are more likely than men to die within a few weeks of a heart attack.
About 35 percent of women who have had a heart attack will have another within six years. Two-thirds of women who have a heart attack do not fully recover, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).
What is a heart attack or myocardial infarction (MI)? A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, occurs when one or more regions of the heart muscle has a severe or prolonged decrease in oxygen supply caused by blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.
The blockage is often a result of atherosclerosis - a buildup of plaque, made up of cholesterol, other fatty substances, and a blood clot. Plaque ruptures and eventually a blood clot forms. The cause of a heart attack is a blood clot that forms within the plaque-obstructed area.
If the blood and oxygen supply is cut off severely or for a long period of time, muscle cells of the heart suffer severe and devastating damage and die. The result is damage or death to the area of the heart that became affected by reduced blood supply.
How to Celebrate Wear Red Day
There are many ways to bring women's heart disease awareness to those around you. At work, you can encourage your coworkers to wear red as well.
You might organize a contest at work for the "best red accessory". Or consider hosting a brown-bag lunch, bringing in a cardiac expert to speak. Also, you could request your cafeteria to host a heart-healthy lunch.
Model heart-healthy behaviors by organizing a daily walk at your workplace. Participate in or help organize heart-health screening events in your community. You might also help organize a community walk to raise awareness of heart disease which will raise money for the organization of your choice. Wear red t-shirts as you walk.
Celebrate the day by getting a medical check-up.Or start that quitting-smoking program you have been wanting to try.
How to Live a "Red" Lifestyle
The first way to live a "red" lifestyle is to make healthy food choices. Try making the following decisions on a daily basis.
Make half the grains consumed each day whole grains. Vary your vegetables. Choose a variety of vegetables, including dark green- and orange-colored kinds, legumes (peas and beans), starchy vegetables, and other vegetables.
Know the limits on fats, sugars, and salt (sodium). Make the most of your fat sources from fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. Limit solid fats like butter, stick margarine, shortening, and lard, as well as foods that contain these.
Go lean on protein. Choose low fat or lean meats and poultry. Vary your protein routine - choose more fish, nuts, seeds, peas, and beans.
Next, make exercise an important part of your life. Even low-to-moderate intensity activities for as little as 30 minutes a day can be beneficial.
However, more vigorous aerobic activities, done three or four times a week for 30 to 60 minutes, are best for improving the fitness of the heart and lungs. Regular aerobic physical activity increases a person's capacity for exercise and plays a role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aerobic exercise may also help to lower blood pressure.
Always consult your physician for more information.
For more information on health and wellness, please visit health information modules on this Web site.
What are the risk factors for heart attack?
There are two types of risk factors for heart attack, including the following:
Inherited or genetic risk factors are risk factors you are born with that cannot be changed, but can be improved with medical management and lifestyle changes. Acquired risk factors are caused by activities that we choose to include in our lives that can be managed through lifestyle changes and clinical care.
Who is most at risk due to inherited (genetic) factors?
Who is most at risk -due to acquired risk factors?
A heart attack can happen to anyone - it is only when we take the time to learn which of the risk factors apply to us, specifically, can we then take steps to eliminate or reduce them.
Always consult your physician for more nformation.
(Our Organization is not responsible for the content of Internet sites.) | <urn:uuid:78491928-e92b-454a-bb46-0b83a4dc864b> | {
"date": "2014-08-20T12:49:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500808153.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021328-00124-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.947434663772583,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 1251,
"url": "http://www.nyhq.org/diw/Content.asp?PageID=DIW009144&More=DIW&language=Spanish"
} |
Cecil Hobart Peabody is relatively unknown in the present day at M.I.T., yet he was a man of remarkable achievements and his work must have had a profound influence upon the whole subsequent development of the Mechanical Engineering Department as well as the Department of Naval Architecture which he founded.
After his graduation from the Institute in 1877, he was Professor of Mathematics and Engineering at the Imperial Agriculture College at Sapporo, Japan, for two years, and was for some time associated with the University of Illinois before returning to the Institute in1883. Within two years of his assignment to the heat engineering post, Peabody had produced a text in Thermodynamics, based upon the original developments of Kelvin and Clausius, had published Tables of Properties of Saturated Steam and Other Vapors, computed from the original data of Regnault and other investigators, and had invented the throttling calorimeter.
In his first year as Assistant Professor of Steam Engineering, Peabody established an option in Marine Engineering, open to the fourth year students, and his interest in this subject apparently expanded with time, resulting in the establishment of an option in Naval Architecture in 1891 and finally the establishment, in 1893, of the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering with Peabody as the professor in charge. Even after this time, Peabody still taught Thermodynamics and Steam Engineering in the Mechanical Engineering Department.
Before his retirement in 1920 as head of the Department of Naval Architecture, Peabody had produced, in addition to numerous papers in periodicals, the following books:
Thermodynamics of the Steam-Engine and other Heat-Engines, (six editions). Tables of the Properties of Steam and other Vapors, (eight editions). Valve-Gears for Steam-Engines, (two editions). Manual of the Steam-Engine Indicator. Naval Architecture, (three editions). Thermodynamics of the Steam Turbine. Propellers. Computation for Marine Engines. Steam Boilers (with E.F. Miller, three editions).
|Return to Heat Engineering History Page| | <urn:uuid:59418dfb-9b58-44b1-9d6c-8b7c4ec0d47e> | {
"date": "2016-10-28T21:42:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00490-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9606865644454956,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 433,
"url": "http://web.mit.edu/hmtl/www/peabody.html"
} |
Canada’s natural gas distribution and transmission companies deliver energy solutions to homes, businesses, and institutions in communities from coast to coast to coast. Today well over half of the Canadian population relies on affordable, clean, safe, and reliable natural gas in homes, apartments, buildings, hospitals, schools, businesses and industry. Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) is a small but growing part of the supply mix meeting those energy needs.
RNG is natural gas produced from organic waste from farms, forests, landfills, and water treatment plants. The gas is captured, cleaned, and injected in pipelines to be used in the same way as natural gas by homes, businesses, institutions, and industry. Harnessing even 10 per cent of Canada’s RNG potential would generate enough clean energy to heat 1 million Canadian homes for a year.
Canadian natural gas utilities are well positioned to be leaders in supporting RNG using the existing gas pipeline infrastructure and natural gas equipment without significant new investment. Several Canadian gas utilities are involved in a number of innovative RNG projects. For example, customers in Abbotsford, British Columbia, have been receiving RNG from on-farm agricultural waste, since 2010 as part of a project between Fraser Valley Biogas and FortisBC. A second project in BC, illustrated in this photo, was also opened up at the Salmon Arm landfill. In Ontario, the City of Hamilton established an arrangement with Union Gas in 2011, adding RNG produced from a waste water treatment plant into the utility’s distribution network.
Click here to learn more about RNG or click here to read how increased use of renewable natural gas is Canada’s natural gas solution.
Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Technology Roadmap for Canada
December 2014 – The Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Report was written by CanmetENERGY with participation from leading RNG experts from across Canada including representatives from Canada’s natural gas utilities, biogas producers, technology supplies, academic and research groups, and federal and provincial governments. The report identifies market barriers, technologies, research and development, and marketing and investment decisions needed to support the development of a RNG sector in Canada by 2020. | <urn:uuid:a7b0a230-d1dc-4e45-881f-29caaa4c0fc9> | {
"date": "2018-09-26T06:36:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163704.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926061824-20180926082224-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9373551607131958,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 454,
"url": "http://www.cga.ca/natural-gas-markets/renewable-natural-gas/"
} |
The L.A. teachers strike, explained
The Los Angeles teachers' strike is all about the money.
Okay, that's putting it somewhat pithily. It's about class sizes that are too big, teachers who are underpaid, staffs that are too small, resources that are too few, infrastructure that's crumbling, and low-income and special-needs students who aren't getting enough help. But while brute force spending may not be a sufficient precondition to totally solve all those problems, it's certainly a necessary precondition.
The teachers of the Los Angeles Unified School District feel they aren't getting nearly enough money to address all those challenges. Negotiations between the district and the union, United Teachers Los Angeles, have been going on for months. But when the latest round of bargaining failed to live up to their demands, 30,000 teachers walked off the job last Monday. It's the district's first strike in three decades.
The Los Angeles Unified School District is the second largest district in the country and accounts for about 9 percent of California students all by itself. Eighty-five percent of those students are below the poverty line, roughly 75 percent are Latino, about one fourth are learning English as their second language, and about one-third perform poorly on standardized testing. The district's schools are dealing with grossly inadequate resources, and class sizes that can top 40 or even 50 students. Teachers and students in the district are up against enormous challenges, to put it exceedingly mildly.
The teachers' union is demanding smaller class sizes, less standardized testing, a 6.5 percent salary bump (retroactive to last year), more support staff (meaning counselors, nurses, librarians, and the like), and hopefully a 2 percent bonus. They believe the district has the money to cover these changes.
Needless to say, the district disagrees, saying meeting the full list of demands would cost $3 billion and lead to bankruptcy.
The district's last counteroffer was a 6 percent raise spread over the first two of the next three years, 1,200 more educators, a full-time nurse at every school, more librarians and counselors, and knocking class sizes down to 35 students max for grades four through six, and to 39 students max for high school. That offer seems to have been made possible by the new state budget from incoming Gov. Gavin Newsom (D), which will beef up state-level education spending.
Union leaders called that offer "woefully inadequate," hence the strike.
A crucial bit of context here is that education spending in California is different from many states. Most of the time, the sizable majority of funding for any one district comes from local property taxes. But in 1978, a state referendum passed Proposition 13, which gutted property taxes across California.
Efforts are afoot to reform Proposition 13 and at least partially rebuild property tax revenues for local government budgets and schools. But for the moment, a whopping 58 percent of K-12 funding in California comes from the state government budget. Only 22 percent comes from local property taxes, and another 10 percent comes from other local taxes.
That's important because it means state budget decisions have a lot more impact, and impose many more limits, on individual districts like Los Angeles.
California's per student spending is about 13 percent below the national average — a dismal level that's pretty much held steady for most of the last 30 years. In fact, when you adjust for different costs of living between states, California ranks 41st out of the 50 states on per student spending. Keep in mind the state has a housing affordability crisis on its hands on top of everything else.
Another wrinkle here is the rise of charter schools. They went from a minor experiment in California in the early 1990s to a full blown industry that educates around 10 percent of the states' K-12 students today. Charter schools receive public funding, but often aren't subject to the same regulations and labor laws and union demands as actual public schools. Whatever you think of the merits of that approach, the fact is whenever a K-12 student leaves a normal public school for a charter school, that student's share of state spending goes with them. Charter schools are in competition with the rest of the school system for resources, which just tightens the squeeze on districts like Los Angeles.
It's probably also worth noting that Austin Beutner — the superintendent of the Los Angeles district, and thus the top official the union is arguing with — is a former investment banker, put in place by a campaign waged by charter schools' wealthy backers in the area.
Add it all up and you can probably see why the Los Angeles Unified School District feels like its back is against the budgetary wall, and why the members of United Teachers Los Angeles feel like they're getting ground into the dirt and our now making maximalist take-it-or-leave-it demands.
This strike could also just be the start.
Other California districts like Oakland and Sacramento are buckling under fiscal strains, with their teachers up in arms. The Los Angeles strike is also just the latest in a string of teacher uprisings from West Virginia and Oklahoma to Kentucky and Arizona — blowback for decades of spending reductions in states across the country, all done in the name of cutting taxes.
The difficult part is that the most sensible solutions to the Los Angeles impasse probably lie beyond both the union's and the district's sphere of influence.
Proposition 13 obviously badly needs to be reformed. California could also try raising taxes and bulking up its spending. But education is the kind of public good that needs to remain stable even when the business cycle wreaks havoc with state tax revenues. Like most states, California has a balanced budget amendment, which hamstrings its ability to spend in a downturn. That means maybe the federal government, which has far more monetary power to deficit spend as it likes, ought to help reinforce state budgets for California and everyone else.
Regardless, someone needs to do something. Because the Golden State's school system is clearly falling apart. | <urn:uuid:dfa1220e-889e-4b7c-ad63-206abc16da6d> | {
"date": "2019-11-17T14:54:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669183.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117142350-20191117170350-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9646701812744141,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1244,
"url": "https://theweek.com/articles/818530/la-teachers-strike-explained"
} |
||Dieldrin and DDT: Effects on Sparrow Hawk Eggshells and Reproduction.
Porter, Richard D. ;
Wiemeyer., Stanley N. ;
||Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Laurel, Md. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
Chlorine organic compounds ;
Animal ecology ;
Falco sparverius ;
Pesticide residues ;
||Most EPA libraries have a fiche copy filed under the call number shown. Check with individual libraries about paper copy.
Patterns of reproductive failure in declining populations of several European and North American raptorial species were duplicated experimentally with captive American sparrow hawks Falco sparverius that were given a diet containing two commonly used organochlorine insecticides. Major effects on reproduction were increased egg disappearance, increased egg destruction by parent birds, and reduced eggshell thickness. | <urn:uuid:1b129e56-cd04-47c3-8a54-c634fcc43c6e> | {
"date": "2019-10-17T21:39:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986676227.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017200101-20191017223601-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7725327014923096,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 180,
"url": "https://cfpub.epa.gov/ols/catalog/advanced_brief_record.cfm?FIELD1=SUBJECT&INPUT1=Residues&TYPE1=EXACT&LOGIC1=AND&COLL=&SORT_TYPE=MTIC&item_count=323"
} |
Let’s get started with the requested tutorial on space and space ships. I have to admit it took me a little longer than expected and halfway through writing this tutorial I decided to change the approach as I found myself getting lost in details.
Let’s start with a few rectangles to form the base of ship.
Modifying the top two rectangles to form a pointy nose for the ship.
For a traditional design this ship will get wings on either side.
Shaping the wings by moving the outer nodes.
Bring the shapes and place them to overlap with the central part of the ship.
Duplicate the wing parts and flip them horizontally for the right side of the ship.
Add a few more rectangles to form the propulsion system.
Modify the base to form a more turbine like shape.
Placing a few more shapes (rectangles as was a scaled-down copy of the ship’s nose) to add some visual detail.
Once you create the first design, you already have the base elements for the next ones. It saves time when you use what you have created. Add to it and alter the elements rather than start from scratch with each new design.
Take the base shape of the ship and start regrouping the elements to create variations of the design. Playing with the elements allows me to find a silhouette that looks interesting without getting lost in details. Try out non-symmetric shapes, go weird and wild or try something more organic in the design or your spaceship.
At this stage of the design process, it’s all about finding a nice shape that will get filled with detail, depth, and contrast later on.
One thing to keep in mind though is the scale of the ships. Keep in mind how big the design is compared to other ships in the fleet. | <urn:uuid:40348777-9474-450f-af5c-ae63fe436d6c> | {
"date": "2019-07-15T18:38:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195523840.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715175205-20190715200239-00050.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9397864937782288,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 380,
"url": "https://2dgameartguru.com/space-ships-starting-with-the-design/"
} |
The 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act is the federal law that protects public drinking water supplies throughout the United States. Under the law, the Environmental Protection Agency sets standards for drinking water quality, and implements various technical and financial programs to ensure drinking water safety.
Read this summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act from the E.P.A. website. What questions do you have about the law?
Questions for Comprehension and Analysis
1. If you live in the United States, what are the chances your drinking water is either unsafe to drink or has not been properly monitored for contaminants in accordance with federal law? In 2015, how many Americans lived in places where the water systems are in violation of safety regulations? What advocacy group released the report that included the figures?
2. What did Mae Wu, a senior attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council’s health program, say about the new study, and why?
3. Cite three states where violations have occurred, and briefly describe their stories.
4. What did Marc Edwards, a scientist at Virginia Tech, say about why he agreed with the N.R.D.C. that the government has not done enough to enforce regulations on drinking water safety? What did Ms. Wu say about the reason repercussions for violations are virtually nonexistent, and subject to no formal action?
5. Describe the E.P.A.’s recent priorities, and what Mr. Edwards has to say about the drinking water problem. How has the drinking water problem become politicized?
What Do You Think?
Do you think the Safe Drinking Water Act needs to be updated? Why or why not?
What more could be done to protect America’s drinking water? And what more could be done to protect Americans from drinking contaminated water? Explain your answers. | <urn:uuid:b8dcafba-50a8-441a-ac85-f655087eef6e> | {
"date": "2018-04-21T12:01:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945143.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421110245-20180421130245-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9518613815307617,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 371,
"url": "https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/05/09/learning/questions-for-americas-tap-water-too-much-contamination-not-enough-reporting-study-finds.html"
} |
Miguel Covarrubias drew MAE WEST so memorably — — and so many times. And he died on 4 February 1957.
• • Born in Mexico City to a prominent and wealthy Mexican family, Miguel Covarrubias was a popular artist in the early 20th century. He drew the era's most notable figures like MAE WEST — — whom he sketched for The New Yorker [dated 5 May 1928] — — along with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Josef Stalin, Charlie Chaplin, and other VIPs all hilariously re-imagined via his exaggerated sketches.
• • José Miguel Covarrubias [22 November 1904 — 4 February 1957] was a painter and caricaturist, ethnologist, and art historian. Dissatisfied with his career in his hometown, the painter moved to New York City in 1924, illustrating actors and prominent figures for several top magazines.
• • Actor John Huston, mesmerized by Mae West's song "Frankie and Johnny" in her Broadway hit Diamond Lil, spent a year traveling the USA, collecting versions of the song. Huston partnered with Covarrubias on his 1930 book "Frankie and Johnny"; Covarrubias drew the mulatto prostitute Frankie Baker as a Caucasian woman who looked like Mae West.
• • Miguel Covarrubias married the dancer Rosa Rolando and the couple resided in Manhattan until 1932, when they took a trip to Southeast Asia (Java, Bali, India, Vietnam), Africa, and Europe on his Guggenheim Fellowship.
• • Covarrubias returned to Mexico City where he taught ethnology at the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
• • He contributed to the fields of caricature, book illustration, painting, museography, collecting, set design, and writing.
• • Covarrubias died in a Mexico City hospital from complications due to diabetes. [Mae West was a diabetic, too.]
• • Come up and see Mae every day online: http://MaeWest.blogspot.com/
• • Photo: • • Mae West drawn by Covarrubias for Paramount • • 1932 • • | <urn:uuid:eefd4f7d-89ab-4141-9d28-dc39a16071c9> | {
"date": "2015-05-22T12:59:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207925201.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113205-00019-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9394206404685974,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 452,
"url": "http://maewest.blogspot.com/2008/02/mae-west-miguel-covarrubias.html"
} |
VOYA, August 2015 (Vol. 38, No. 3) - Morgan BrickeyThis installment in an ever-growing American history book series is aimed at high school students. The titles in this series are dedicated to a single event that notably changed American history. They contain thorough explanations of the events, including extensive use of period photos, historic primary documents, and eyewitness accounts. Key background information is included, providing the reader with context for the events. Also included are inset pages highlighting notable people or customs. These pages add entertainment value, as well as provide important anecdotal information. The installments contain a biography section of notable individuals which personalizes the faces involved in the events. Transcriptions of primary sources (e.g., speeches, eyewitness interviews, military memoranda, etc.) are also given. Ending both volumes are glossaries of important terms and bibliographies. These titles are great for teens assigned to research specific topics in American history. They provide valuable information while remaining readable. Teens can also use the authors’ source material if more sources are needed for an assignment. The topics addressed are key events in shaping 20th-century America, and are topics that cannot be glossed over or neglected. These subjects can be difficult to broach and both titles treat the issues and those affected respectfully. Purchase these for libraries in need of nonfiction for young adults. You will not be disappointed with these additions to your collection. (Defining Moments) Reviewer: Morgan Brickey; Ages 12 to 18.
Write a Review
and post it to your social network
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
See all customer reviews > | <urn:uuid:14758cdc-efc3-454e-99e7-4a39dcae8541> | {
"date": "2016-05-29T21:36:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049281978.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002121-00151-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9294746518135071,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 331,
"url": "http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/plessy-v-ferguson-hillstrom/1108646969?ean=9780780813298"
} |
The Montessori method embraces education as a tool for life. Based on scientific observations of the real needs of children from birth, it has been tested over the course of 100 years of success in diverse cultures throughout the world. It is based on a profound respect for children; a belief that learning is innate and natural; that children are curious and creative, and that intelligence is anything but uncommon! In a Montessori classroom, you will see:
Mixed age classrooms with an age range and learning cycle of three years where children naturally learn empathy, leadership, and cooperation. They see how what they are learning now will grow into what they'll learn next. The community of children is a strong factor in setting the stage for adulthood, where there is almost always a mix of ages, experiences, and talent.
A classroom that is orderly, peaceful, and joyful. The Montessori classropm is very structured, but that structure is quite different from a traditional school. Montessori observed that children naturally tend to use self-selected, purposeful activities to develop themselves. The Montessori classroom, with its prepared activities and trained adults, is structured to promote this natural process of human development. (Come see it to believe it!)
Individualized learning in uninterrupted blocks of work time. If something grabs their interest, they can pursue it. Mastering skills at their own pace, Montessori students work according to their individual developmental levels rather than their biological ages.
Teachers working with children throughout the three-year cycle, allowing them to truly and deeply get to know each student. A Montessori teacher is a guide, nurturing development and providing resources, materials, and activities that continually take children to the next step in learning.
Plenty of fresh air and physical activity with fluidity between indoor and outdoor works. Children learn through play, and that extends to the outdoors. Each classroom has its own shaded garden, in addition to shared playgrounds. In a day and age where children's recesses are being taken away, what a joy to allow children to exert energy and return to the classroom focused. | <urn:uuid:e63b863d-7a7d-48e4-a0bf-c274a4568100> | {
"date": "2017-09-26T12:51:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695726.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926122822-20170926142822-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9714813232421875,
"score": 3.609375,
"token_count": 430,
"url": "http://ameliaislandmontessori.com/academics-programs/the-montessori-difference"
} |
With large, smooth, green, red, purple and multicolored leaves, the ti plant (Cordyline terminalis) gives outdoor gardens and indoor spaces a bright, tropical note. This frost-sensitive plant grows outdoors in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 10b through 12 where it is an evergreen. Ti plants also make good houseplants in areas outside the growing zone. Look for ti plants under the alternate scientific name Cordyline fruticosa, and the common names Hawaiian ti, Good Luck Tree and ti leaf plant.
Outside, ti plants grow best in part sun to part shade but can grow well in full sun or deep shade. Part shade and part sun mean about four to six hours of direct sunlight a day. Ideally, you should locate ti plants where they get morning or evening sun and some shade during the afternoon when the sun is most intense. Full sun is more than six hours per day while deep shade is four hours or less.
If you plant a ti plant in full sun or partial sun, you will need to water regularly to keep the soil from drying out. Water evaporates less quickly from shaded areas but ti plants still need regular moisture to grow well even in shady areas. Water ti plants whenever it starts to dry out on top. When watering, soak the soil slowly so that the water can seep down around the roots. Ti plants need good drainage to thrive. Select an area that has loamy or sandy soil and avoid wet, hard clay and areas with standing water.
Mulch materials reduce the amount of water that evaporates from the soil surface. This reduces the need for water while also improving the soil texture and nutrient levels and slowing weed growth. Use a 2- to 6-inch-deep layer around ti plants, particularly when grown in full- or part-sun areas. Spread the mulch layer in a circle starting 4 inches away from the base to the trunk and extending out to the area under the outermost leaves. Leaf mold, sawdust, wood chips and compost make good mulch materials.
Sun Requirements Indoors
Ti plants, grown in containers indoors, do best in an area that gets bright, indirect light. A sunny room or covered porch is ideal, but a spot right in a full-sun window is likely to get too hot and cause the leaves to burn. Ti plants will also grow well in dim rooms and low-light areas indoors. Water container-grown ti plants whenever the potting soil starts to dry out. You can provide supplemental water by misting the leaves with a spray bottle.
Growth Habit and Cultivar Selections
Ti plants grow 3 to 10 feet tall with a spread of 2 to 4 feet. When growing one of the more colorful ti plant cultivars, keep in mind that more sun will increase the dramatic effects of the leaf coloration. Some cultivars to try are "Tricolor," a striking ti plant variety that has green, pink and white markings on the leaves. Or, for a more subtle color variation, "Negri" has deep, copper-colored leaves. The cultivar "Hawaiian Bonsai" is a striking cultivar that has bright-crimson leaves.
- University of Florida IFAS Extension: Cordyline Terminalis Ti Plant
- Proven Winners: Sun, Shade or Perhaps Something in Between
- University of Vermont: Cordyline Terminalis
- USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network: Cordyline Terminalis
- Texas AgraLife Extension: Mulches for Enhanced, Low-Cost, Low Maintenance Landscapes
- Floridata: Cordyline Fruticosa
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:32ffc751-28c7-4559-b5c9-c5e2d11d97ea> | {
"date": "2017-01-21T06:17:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00266-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.90223228931427,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 760,
"url": "http://homeguides.sfgate.com/much-sun-ti-leaf-plant-73266.html"
} |
Grok (pronounced GROCK) is a verb from Robert A. Heinlein's science fiction novel, Stranger in a Strange Land (1961). In it, a Martian visits earth and brings his language from Mars. Grok means to understand, in an utterly complete and intuitive way. It's the Martian equivalent of to "get it", and the youth culture adopted this new word into the English language. The word is included in the American Heritage and Merriam-Webster dictionaries. It is sometimes associated with hippies and computer programmers
In Heinlein's novel, a character asks another to explain the word: "You speak Martian... Do you grok 'grok?'" The other replies:
- "No. 'Grok' is the most important word in the language—and I expect to spend years trying to understand it. But I don't expect to be successful.... Its literal meaning... is easy. 'Grok' means 'to drink....' 'Grok' means to understand so thoroughly that the observer becomes a part of the observed—to merge, blend, intermarry, lose identity in group experience.... Jubal, if I chopped you up and made a stew, you and the stew, whatever was in it, would grok—and when I ate you, we would grok together and nothing would be lost and it would not matter which one of us did the eating."
- "It would to me!" Jubal said firmly.
The emphatic form is to grok in fullness.
Examples of usage:
- A cult gives its members license to feel superior to the rest of the universe, and so does a cult movie: it confers hipness on those who grok what the mainstream audience can't.
- After all, therapists not only grok, but they have to grok fellow human beings who are anguished, defeated, and often at their wit's end, or, certainly, not at their best.
Grok is perhaps the only English word that comes from the fictional language of Mars.
- McCleary, John Bassett, The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia (And Phraseicon) of the 1960s and 1970s,p. 223
- The Hacker's Dictionary
- Heinlein, Robert (1961), Stranger in a Strange Land, chapter XXL. p. 205-6 of the Berkley Medallion paperback edition, SBN 425-01756-7. Note: this is a very abbreviated extract from a much longer and more complicated presentation.
- Edelstein, David (2004), "You're Entering a World of Lebowski, The New York Times, August 8, 2004, p. 21
- Brady, Mark, The Wisdom of Listening, p. 94 | <urn:uuid:d3201eeb-d977-47f3-a9ea-d31913378d49> | {
"date": "2016-06-30T19:32:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9508848190307617,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 577,
"url": "http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Grok&oldid=419305"
} |
PPP makes a headway in solid waste management
The green (bio-degradable) waste proportion is almost 70% of the total waste generated in the densely populated cities of Nepal. Finding a space to dump the wastes has become almost impossible. People resist having dumping sites or landfill space nearby their living area due to the unhygienic way of dumping and bad odour in the surrounding area. Though many houses have adopted a system of dumping these organic wastes in their own garden, it is not always well managed due to space problem in urban areas.
The construction of compost plants in the four Municipalities of Nepal- Biratnagar, Butwal, Dhangadi and Hetauda has proven to be a boon for the cities, a win-win situation for both the Municipality and the local community. The enormous task of managing this organic waste has been possible through UNDP’s Public Private Partnership for Urban Environment (PPPUE) project.
- The project has supported its partner municipalities to implement 88 Public Private Partnership projects.
- Towards capacity building, over 6,000 persons have been trained by the project.
Ramnagar Community Compost and Recycling Plant in Butwal (mid-west Nepal) serves four neighbourhoods in terms of composting wastes. The plant was constructed with joint funding of the Municipality, PPPUE and the local community. The PPPUE project provided seed grant support of Rs. 526,876 for the construction while the local community took the lead to oversee the construction of the plant.
Everyday about 300 kgs of waste collected from households is brought to the plant; the biodegradable waste is retrieved and composted while the non-degradable portion of the waste is disposed off through the Municipality’s trucks and tractors. Per week, the plant on average produces about 300 to 400 kgs of compost manure.
The waste collection and plant operation are handled by Marigold Concern, a local private operator. Ek Bahadur Gurung, the proprietor speaks proudly about his company’s work— “We currently serve 400 households in four neighbourhoods. We are having a dialogue with the Municipality to improve the transportation system to cater to 200 more households. Our work in waste management is directly benefitting the community, we are providing employment as well as making some income from this,” he says.
UNDP’s PPPUE project has been providing technical support to Municipalities to facilitate partnership process with the private sector and the local beneficiaries. This intervention has been highly successful to improve urban service delivery and the Municipalities are getting a good return with less work burden on themselves. | <urn:uuid:47cb10b0-c0c2-444f-bb0e-6564e439feed> | {
"date": "2014-12-18T21:43:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767878.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00163-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9530423283576965,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 554,
"url": "http://www.beta.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/ourwork/povertyreduction/successstories/ppp-makes-a-headway-in-solid-waste-management/"
} |
It doesn't come along very often, but after some 540 million years, this world we live on has witnessed five mass extinctions – and the next curtain could fall before the century is up.
That's the grim assessment of a new mathematical analysis of Earth's revolving carbon cycle, with calculations predicting our horrendous output of CO2 emissions is inching us towards a 'threshold of catastrophe' the planet hasn't breached in millions of years.
MIT geophysicist Daniel Rothman investigated fluctuations in the carbon cycle – the pathway carbon traces through Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere – that have occurred over the last 542 million years.
By analysing 31 established carbon isotopic events recognised by geochemists, Rothman identified the ebb and flow of carbon–12 and carbon–13 – two isotopes of carbon whose abundance has varied considerably in Earth's history.
From this, he constructed a database to assess how much carbon mass was pumped into the world's oceans in each historical event. In most of these episodes, the carbon volume stayed under a certain threshold.
But in some of them – including four of the past five mass extinction events that exterminated multitudes of life-forms on the planet – the threshold was breached.
Now, we all know that correlation doesn't equal causation, but in light of all the other evidence we have on how dangerous high levels of carbon are to life on our planet, a disturbing pattern is definitely emerging.
"It became evident that there was a characteristic rate of change that the system basically didn't like to go past," as Rothman puts it.
Now for the bad news.
Per Rothman's calculations, there are two ways carbon levels can exceed this threshold of catastrophe. One is where CO2 emissions slowly swell over thousands and millions of years, slowly triggering a global calamity.
The other case occurs on a much shorter timescale, where an immense shift in carbon volumes moving through the carbon cycle happens in the space of say, decades and years. Sound familiar?
In this context, Rothman predicts it would take about 310 gigatonnes of carbon added to the world's oceans for us to pass the threshold – which is roughly the minimum amount expected to be contributed by the year 2100 at the rate things are going, at which point the researcher says we'll enter "unknown territory".
"This is not saying that disaster occurs the next day," Rothman says.
"It's saying that, if left unchecked, the carbon cycle would move into a realm which would be no longer stable, and would behave in a way that would be difficult to predict. In the geologic past, this type of behaviour is associated with mass extinction."
In other words, unless humanity does something to drastically turn around our carbon situation – and there's cause for real optimism on that front, friends – we could lock in a dangerous extermination.
Not just for humanity necessarily either, but for many a critter that ever walked, chirped, buzzed, or purred.
It wouldn't happen overnight, mind you, but such an epic die-off could play out over something like 10,000 years or so, Rothman suggests, and the phenomenon could crystallise as soon as 2100 if things don't change.
Of course, it's only one perspective on how the world's carbon scenario could materialise, and Rothman doesn't pretend he has all the answers, but he does hope we take these numbers as another piece of evidence to galvanise our slow-moving selves into action.
"There should be ways of pulling back [emissions of carbon dioxide]," he says.
"But this work points out reasons why we need to be careful, and it gives more reasons for studying the past to inform the present."
The findings are reported in Science Advances. | <urn:uuid:e742f573-a0dc-49c5-9f82-a104db85d413> | {
"date": "2018-03-24T04:08:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649683.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324034649-20180324054649-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9594020843505859,
"score": 3.875,
"token_count": 781,
"url": "https://www.sciencealert.com/mathematical-formula-predicts-global-mass-extinction-will-be-locked-in-by-2100?perpetual=yes&limitstart=1"
} |
Philosophical Areas of Inquiry
Philosophical Areas of Inquiry, Personal Relations and Application B. Taylor John-B.
University Of Phoenix
“It is very tempting for people not to think, to remain submerged in reality rather than aware of it, to be carried along by the current of events rather than creating their destiny through thoughtful, independent choices” (Chaffee, 2013). In this paper, the importance of philosophy is discussed in practical terms. Why is it important? What purpose does it serve and what reasons do people have for pursuing an education in it? How can this affect my life? The major branches of philosophy, which are Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Political & Social, Aesthetics and Logic, are also discussed along with the contributing questions specific to each branch and what each branch focuses on. Philosophical Areas of Inquiry, Personal Relations and Application As stated by Cicero (n.d.), “Rightly defined, philosophy is simply the love of wisdom.” “The actual word philosophy is Greek in origin, and it is the composite of two Greek roots: philein, a Greek word for ‘love,’ and sophia, the Greek word for ‘wisdom.’ Taken together, they mean ‘the love or pursuit of wisdom’” (Chaffee, 2013). There are so many reasons one would want to study philosophy, and considering that we are all different, our reasons vary. “Philosophy means liberation from the two dimensions of routine, soaring above the well known, seeing it in new perspectives, arousing wonder and the wish to fly” (Walter Kaufmann, n.d.). Studying philosophy is a life-changing experience. It is impossible to “unlearn” something once you have discovered it, so upon your mind being awakened, it cannot go back to sleep. This grants you the gift of having a new, more complete perspective of the world around you and of life in general. People are naturally inquisitive creatures. This is one of our biggest assets, as well as our biggest downfalls. Philosophy teaches you to think critically about important issues. This is something that takes time, effort and practice. Thinking critically isn’t necessarily easy, but the benefits are plentiful. The purpose of philosophy is to ask questions that “penetrate the surface of life to confront the deeper currents lying beneath” (Chaffee, 2013, p. 4). Due to there being so many different categories of philosophical questions to be answered and studied, there are several branches of philosophy with questions specific to them and certain methodologies used in search of answers. These branches are Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Political & Social, Aesthetics and Logic. Metaphysics
Metaphysics is “the study of the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence” (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). Bertrand Russell defines metaphysical philosophy as such, “Metaphysics, or the attempt to conceive the world as a whole by means of thought, has been developed from the first by the union and conflict of two very different impulses, the one urging men towards mysticism, the other urging them toward science.” Some of the major questions asked in this area of inquiry are, “What is the nature of reality?”, “What is the nature of self?”, “How are the mind and body related to each other?”, “Do we have personal freedom or are our choices limited?”, “What are the arguments for and against the existence of God?”, “Is there life after death?” and “Does life have meaning?” The methodology used in Metaphysics has expanded so much over the years since Aristotle. One method used for answering questions such as these “emphasizes the continuity of metaphysics with science. On this conception, metaphysics is primarily or exclusively concerned with developing generalizations from our best-confirmed scientific theories” (“Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy”, 2014). Because of the difficulty answering some of these questions, some believe Metaphysics to be “impossible.” There is no current way to label a...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:2e56299d-6e79-41ae-be6b-e0fc3ffe1d77> | {
"date": "2018-03-22T23:55:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648103.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322225408-20180323005408-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9415966868400574,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 901,
"url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/Introduction-To-Philosophy-71535868.html"
} |
Fasting is an act of deep personal worship to God in which Muslims seek to raise their level of God-consciousness. The act of fasting redirects the heart away from worldly activities and towards the remembrance of God.
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. It begins with the sighting of the new moon after which all physically mature and healthy Muslims are obliged to fast for the complete month. Fasting is done as an act of worship and obedience to Allah (God). Between dawn and sunset, Muslims abstain from all food, drink and any kind of sexual contact. In addition to this physical component, the spiritual aspects of the fast include an added emphasis on refraining from gossip, lies, obscenity and in general, any sinful act.
Muslims focus during this month on strengthening their relationship with the Creator. It is a time for spiritual reflection, prayer and doing of good deeds. Fasting is intended to inculcate self-discipline, self-restraint and generosity.
During Ramadan, mosques are full of worshippers, and acts of charity increase, ties of brotherhood strengthen, anger and temper are controlled and an atmosphere of peace prevails. According to psychologists, these are several of the beneficial aspects of conscientious fasting.
This section covers a wide range of articles on Ramadan and fasting. | <urn:uuid:ac7548e6-8967-4a75-a118-c4de8ec16027> | {
"date": "2017-04-23T07:53:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118310.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00056-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9506649374961853,
"score": 3.234375,
"token_count": 270,
"url": "http://www.whyislam.org/submission/five-pillars-of-islam-2/fasting/fasting/"
} |
Little Solsbury Hill
Little Solsbury Hill is situated to the north east of the city of Bath, above the village of Batheaston. The top of the hill (altitude 191m, 625 feet) is owned and managed by the National Trust and offers views back towards Bath and the surrounding countryside. The hill is also the site of an Iron Age hill fort, and was the inspiration for Peter Gabriel’s song “Solsbury Hill”.
" Climbing up on Solsbury Hill, I could see the city light. Wind was blowing, time stood still, eagle flew out of the night"
Solsbury Hill was occupied as a hill fort during the early Iron Age, between 300BC and 100BC, one of the southernmost of fortifications across the Cotswolds. During this time huts were built from timber and wattle and daub. A 20 foot wide rampart was constructed around the settlement, flanked on both sides by dry stone walls. In previous times there were tales of a temple on the top to Bladud, the legendary king of the Britons and also that the visible remains were of a Saxon fort used in the siege of Bath in 577 AD. However, archaeological excavations suggest that the site was occupied from about 500 to 100 BC with up to 30 huts in occupation at any one time. Possibly the huts were then burnt down and the rest of the settlement destroyed and abandoned.
In later history, Little Solsbury Hill is a possible site of the Battle of Badon, fought in around 496AD between the Saxons and the British. There is also evidence of medieval field systems on the hill top.
The site has a past history of agricultural use. Barley was grown on the summit at the end of the eighteenth century and the hill was still under cultivation well into the nineteenth century.
The National Trust owns the top plateaux, following a generous donation from the Hicks family in 1930.
Watch the video below to see Little Solsbury Hill from the air.
The hill’s geology consists of mudstone and oolitic limestone. The presence of springs leads to geological instability of the site (and often muddy conditions).
Little Solsbury Hill displays flora and fauna characteristic of calcareous limestone grassland. In late spring and early summer you will find plants such as birds-foot-trefoil, vetches, yarrow and scabious, and the invertebrate fauna associated with these species. The slopes are richest in wildflowers and you can find fairy flax, squinancy wort and mouse eared hawk weed. It is also a good site for yellow meadow ants and their characteristic ant hills. Look out for birds of prey flying overhead. | <urn:uuid:0f54da63-c237-4a3c-9272-a2e4cb15526d> | {
"date": "2018-01-19T05:55:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887746.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119045937-20180119065937-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.966121256351471,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 574,
"url": "https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/bath-skyline/features/little-solsbury-hill"
} |
Skin lightening for African Americans
What are the unique characteristics of black skin?
Black skin has different properties in that it is more susceptible to developing uneven skin tones and developing discolorations. The skin becomes irritated easily and is extra sensitive. Women and men of color require special formulated products specially made for their unique skin type. Most general over-the-counter products are not appropriate. Black skin can see seasonal changes; even day to day changes. Changes in weather such as humidity, wind, heat and cold can create a challenge. Women experiencing stress, hormonal changes and illness may see drastic changes in their skin’s health. Dark spots on African American skin may be caused by many conditions. The most common is hyper pigmentation. These results in dark marks on the skin, mostly on the face, arms, and neck, the areas most exposed to the suns rays. Dark marks also become more apparent from cuts, wounds, or other scars. The dark spots are much more common with dark skin than lighter skinned people. These dark spots are not usually permanent and may fade over time. There are several treatments available to diminish the spots. | <urn:uuid:7e00aa1b-4045-4d82-95a1-a98d55e14d27> | {
"date": "2014-08-01T05:45:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274581.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00420-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9545801877975464,
"score": 3.125,
"token_count": 232,
"url": "http://lighteningskinproducts.com/skin-lightening-for-african-americans/"
} |
A project tracing Edinburgh’s role in shaping the revolutionary science of molecular biology.
In 1965 The University of Edinburgh took a wager on the future course of biology by opening one of the world’s first dedicated molecular biology departments. The bet paid off. Molecular biology took the scientific world by storm. Today, few discoveries in biology are taken seriously unless they are underpinned by a credible molecular mechanism.
This project will trace the threads of influence that link the work of Edinburgh’s molecular pioneers to our most up-to-date understanding of the workings of genes and cells.
The name of this blog, ‘molecular tinkering’, comes from a 1977 essay by the great French molecular biologist Francois Jacob. He used the term to describe how evolution has built lifeforms in all their breathtaking complexity and variety. Life is not the end product of a grand engineering project, but is a working model in a long series of prototypes. Evolution builds by using the tools at hand to tweak and refine the genetic instructions that every cell carries onboard.
The same kind of process characterised the development of molecular biology. The tinkerer’s spirit of playful ingenuity was particularly evident in the work of the Edinburgh researchers at the beginning of this new era in science. They rolled up their sleeves and delved into the very stuff of life, often fashioning their own tools to see and manipulate the invisible worlds of genes and proteins.
The craftsmanship and improvisation of the early days will be contrasted with what is happening in molecular biology labs today. Have we lost anything along the road to our current data-rich, resource-intensive approach?
By telling the story of a dynamic group of researchers, working through a revolutionary period in biology, we hope to unearth the key principles that foster creative, productive and collaborative science.
The final forms to deliver the project’s findings will emerge in due course. This website will be used to document the process and share ideas with the world.
The research is generously funded by the Kirkhouse Trust, but all the views presented here are the author’s own. | <urn:uuid:c38ffd24-32d5-49c6-b280-b77a0c432b5b> | {
"date": "2018-06-25T06:10:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867493.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625053151-20180625073151-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9372259378433228,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 434,
"url": "https://moleculartinkering.wordpress.com/about/"
} |
Dentin Dysplasia Type II
It is possible that the main title of the report Dentin Dysplasia Type II is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report.
- coronal dentin dysplasia
Dentin dysplasia type II, also known as coronal dentin dysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder that affects the teeth. It is characterized by abnormal development (dysplasia) of dentin. Dentin is the hard tissue found beneath the enamel that surrounds and protects the pulp and forms the major part of teeth. Affected children may exhibit brownish-blue discoloration of baby teeth (primary or deciduous teeth) and obliteration of the pulp chambers. Permanent teeth are usually unaffected or only mildly affected. Dentin dysplasia type II only affects the teeth. The disorder is caused by mutations of the DSPP gene.
Dentin dysplasia type II belongs to a group of disorders known as the hereditary dentin disorders. In 1973, a physician and his colleagues defined five disorders characterized by inherited dentin defects (Shields classification). Many physicians have noted that the Shields classification is out of date. As new research reveals genetic mutations and better defines these disorders, a new classification system will be warranted. Unfortunately, the current understanding of these disorders is insufficient to allow the creation of this updated classification.
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
NIH/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
Building 31, Room 2C39
31 Center Drive, MSC 2290
Bethesda, MD 20892
Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center
PO Box 8126
Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8126 | <urn:uuid:5d603f6f-12fe-4d18-a6bb-3e80d65a4ec8> | {
"date": "2014-12-29T05:41:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447561400.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185921-00099-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8234197497367859,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 392,
"url": "http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/dentin-dysplasia-coronal"
} |
It’s hard to imagine today but the place we call Toronto was once brutally invaded by a foreign power, looted and its public buildings burned. That was the penalty for defeat in the Battle of York, 200 years ago next Saturday. But destruction didn’t end there. A thirst for revenge ultimately resulted in the burning of the White House in Washington.
It’s entirely fitting to mark this anniversary with pomp and ceremony on Saturday, including one of the largest military parades ever organized in Toronto. Almost 200 British, Canadian and Indian defenders shed blood in this battle, and their sacrifice deserves to be remembered.
No date in the city’s history is richer with drama and consequence than April 27, 1813. Late on the previous day an American fleet of 14 warships had arrived from Sackets Harbor, New York, carrying an invading army of up to 1,800 men. The defenders of Toronto, then called York, had less than half that number.
Enemy troops began rowing ashore in the early morning, landing just west of where the Canadian National Exhibition stands now. They were met by a small force of Indian warriors, which they pushed aside. Then British regular troops attacked, desperately trying to stem the invading tide. At one point they resorted to a bayonet charge, but to no avail.
In a controversial decision the British commander, Major Gen. Roger Hale Sheaffe, concluded that resistance was hopeless. He withdrew his regulars and had them retreat to Kingston. A wooden bridge over the Don River was set ablaze in their wake and the militia and residents of York were left to their fate.
Finally, with Fort York on the verge of capture an order was given to detonate its huge supply of gunpowder. The resulting blast was heard on the other side of Lake Ontario. Stones, timber and other debris were flung almost half a kilometre with devastating effect.
About 40 Americans were killed, including the commander of the landing force, Brigadier Gen. Zebulon Pike, a famous explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado is named. And more than 200 invaders were wounded. (Here’s proof that anyone who thinks Canadian history is boring simply doesn’t know the topic.)
York was captured despite these losses and beginning the next day the town was plundered. Homes were looted and buildings housing the Legislative Assembly, at Front and Parliament Sts., were burned before the Americans sailed away on May 8.
Outrage over that wanton destruction inspired British forces to invade and despoil Washington a year later, including setting fire to the White House. And it had another, more important effect. Anger over the fate of York and the heartless burning of Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake) in December of that year galvanized Canadian resistance in the War of 1812.
Some southern Ontario settlers, especially those with roots in the United States, had been inclined to welcome American troops. Not after York and Newark. “Any idea that the Americans were liberators was long gone,” writes , his compelling book on the war.James Laxer in Tecumseh & Brock, his compelling book on the war. “Upper Canadians were becoming a people in their own right.”
That’s why April 27, 1813, is well worth remembering and commemorating. Events this day didn’t just touch Toronto, they helped give shape to Canada, too. | <urn:uuid:18db0868-d0ed-43fc-9c32-2ca7f08fd92b> | {
"date": "2017-11-22T22:30:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806676.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122213945-20171122233945-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.979645848274231,
"score": 3.375,
"token_count": 708,
"url": "https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2013/04/21/the_battle_of_york_200_years_ago_shaped_toronto_and_canada_editorial.html"
} |
Many historians describe him as the jolly obese American president, who in spite of handling his condition with dignity, also wore it as a heavy chain around his neck.
The jokes about how he got stuck in his bathtub in the White House on the day that he came to power have long formed part of popular culture in the USA.
William H.Taft (Cincinnati 1857 – Washington 1930) was a politician, a lawyer and a
n administrator when he became the 27th president of the United States and he remained in power from 1909 to 1913.
His presidency was marked by a tendency to scrap policies made by his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), especially those relating to tariff legislation. This antagonism caused a division within the Republican Party and created many powerful enemies for Taft.
In foreign policy, he was an advocate of promoting governments in Latin America that were loyal to US interests, according to Michael Bromley in his book “William Howard Taft and the First Motoring Presidency”. His style of diplomacy was noted for interference and intervention in the domestic affairs of several countries in the area.
Taft coined the famous phrase “dollars for bullets”, known as dollar diplomacy, which had as its main objective the promotion of the economic interests of US tradesmen, bankers and businessmen who invested heavily in the region.
A lie uncovered
It is a proven fact that President Taft ordered an enormous bath to be fitted which was big enough to hold four men. There are also photos of those who fitted it posing inside of it.
The president was very sensitive about his weight of more than 330 pounds and jokes directed at the obese gave him a complex.
For this reason he chose to do what most US leaders do – to lie.
In a speech that he gave on 5th August 1910, he swore that there was no oversized special executive bathtub in the White House.
Evidence of this lie appeared in almost all newspapers two years later when the bathtub was moved to an armoured cruiser which Taft used to travel everywhere.
The installation of the mystery bathroom accessory on the “Arkansas” ship was discovered by some investigative journalists who reported on the leader´s journey to the Panama Canal.
Taft´s electoral opponent, the ex-president, Theodore Roosevelt, was the first to strongly criticise Taft´s obesity and he described him as “a compulsive eater with the brains of a pig and incapable of effectively leading a country”.
Taft´s critics began to mock him mercilessly and this meant that his attempts at re-election ended in massive failure in 1912.
Upon leaving power, he managed to lose 70 pounds of his massive body weight by following a strict diet which required massive willpower on his part.
Unfortunately though, towards the end of his life another story surfaced which was as humiliating as the bathtub incident.
In June 1915, the press reported that Taft had caused a flood when he got into the bathtub in a hotel, where on the floor below, there were bankers holding a meeting. The massive flood of water almost caused the bankers to drown.
Three years earlier in 1912, the president stated with arrogance and racism, “The whole hemisphere will be ours, as in fact, in virtue of our racial superiority, it is already morally ours”. (PL)
(Translated by Zoë Thurston – Email: [email protected]) | <urn:uuid:a6c8a60b-6660-4d48-aae4-0deac77fca3e> | {
"date": "2018-07-23T06:11:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594954.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723051723-20180723071723-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9855641722679138,
"score": 3.25,
"token_count": 718,
"url": "http://theprisma.co.uk/2018/04/02/howard-taft-%E2%80%A6-or-the-weight-of-obese-man/"
} |
Dame Nita Barrow
With the appointment in September, 1986, of Dame Nita Barrow as its Permanent Representative the government of Barbados chose one of the most distinguished women of the Caribbean to oversee the country's interests at the United Nations.
Dame Nita, an outspoken and articulate foe of social injustice, had but recently returned from South Africa as the lone female on a seven-member team of Commonwealth dignitaries assigned to take a first-hand look at the system of apartheid. The team, known as the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons, had as its mandate the reduction of the rapidly rising levels of tension in the strife-ridden country and the initiation of fruitful dialogue between the Botha government and leaders of the African majority. Dame Nita's membership of the Group was proposed by the Prime Minister of the Bahamas in recognition of the Barbadian's outstanding leadership in the International Council for Adult Education, the World Council of Churches and the World YWCA.
Her extensive interviews with leaders on both sides of the South African confrontation left an inspired impression upon Dame Nita, who singled out Nelson Mandela as "a man whose vision would transform South Africa from the pariah which it is to a state which could be a paragon of multi-racial harmony." Committed to the elimination of apartheid, she spent much of her spare time lecturing and raising public awareness of the bizarre intricacies of Pretoria's racial formula.
Ambassador Barrow was born into a family of civic activists. Her father, an Anglican priest, was removed from his pulpit in the Caribbean island of St. Croix after his ministry was considered too socially progressive for the island's local leaders. Despite warnings from the establishment and less courageous colleagues, he refused to temper the tone of the blistering sermons he delivered against the island's racially delineated social system.
Her maternal uncle, Dr. Charles Duncan O'Neal, sacrificed a successful medical practice to take up the cause of the underprivileged masses of Barbados. In 1924 he founded the Democratic League of Barbados and set in motion the social forces which would wrest political control of the island from the planter class and transform Barbados into a modern democracy.
Her younger brother, Errol, donned the mantle of his uncle, and in 1966 led Barbados to full political independence. As Barbados' first Prime Minister, Errol Barrow introduced a program of reforms which gave Barbados one of the most stable economic systems in the developing world.
Dame Nita was a practicing adult educator throughout a long professional career that spanned half a century. She worked or resided in almost every territory of the Caribbean. Her family had its roots in three Caribbean territories: St. Vincent-and-the-Grenadines, Tobago, and St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Motivated in her early years by the humanitarian values of her father and uncle, Dame Nita chose nursing as a profession from among the limited number of careers then available to women. She completed her basic training at the Barbados General Hospital and immediately after undertook training in midwifery at the Port-of-Spain General Hospital in neighboring Trinidad. A graduate in nursing from Columbia University, New York, Dame Nita was also a Rockefeller Foundation Fellow, holding graduate degrees from the University of Toronto, Canada and the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
In 1964 her career took a significant turn when she became Nursing Adviser for the Caribbean Area with the Pan American Health Organization. In this capacity she served as principal adviser to sixteen Caribbean governments. She initiated and coordinated an extensive research program on nursing education, which culminated in a comprehensive revision of nursing education in the region.
In 1975, Dame Nita became Director of the Christian Medical Commission of the World Council of Churches. She was considered one of the world's leading authorities on public health and health education, and published numerous papers on subjects related to those fields. Dame Nita regarded health care as more than a medical concern. She considered it a political force intended to free individuals from the liabilities of nature and direct their energies toward social and economic development. She recognized that all development depends, finally, on the efforts of those persons whose physical well-being is crucial to any concern for material improvements or any vision of the future.
Dame Nita was a strong advocate of the coordinating function of the United Nations and the part to be played by that organization in awakening an interest in improving the human condition. She believed, however, that unless the principles and priorities of the United Nations were reflected at every level of society, the Organization would be nothing more than a united governments organization whose focus and performance would, inevitably, be irrelevant to the needs and aspirations of humankind.
Ambassador Barrow believed that if the United Nations were to succeed in the preservation of peace it must always be a people-oriented organization, working to eradicate those conditions which give rise to the frustrations and anxieties from which armed conflict is spawned. Thus, she consistently promoted the active engagement of non-governmental organizations--"grass-roots," people's organizations--in the work of the United Nations and in all spheres of international relations.
From the Canadian Arctic to the South Seas; from Tashkent to Harare, Dame Nita visited more than 80 destinations in Africa, Asia, Europe and North, South and Central America. She traveled by river and other means to the interior of every continent, working and studying the social organization and customs of indigenous communities. She was equally familiar with the Inuit of the Canadian North and Amazon villagers of the Brazilian forests.
Dame Nita was president of the International Council of Adult Education (ICAE) from 1982 until 1990. In 1983, she traveled to six provinces of the People's Republic of China, with a team from the ICAE, seeking to evaluate Chinese approaches to workers' education. During this visit she co-chaired, with Chinese officials, a series of seminars on adult education.
As with most people of international stature, Dame Nita was a study in superlatives and contradictions. A woman, whose career though rooted in compassion, is described by associates as "a powerful manager who has the combative spirit of a freedom fighter."
With the presidencies of three major international bodies to her credit she recalled with special satisfaction, her challenging appointment in 1983 as Convenor of the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Forum for the Decade of Women in Nairobi, Kenya. Her management of 17,500 delegates from 177 organizations and almost every known culture earned her international acclaim.
After an international career poised equally between ideas and action, Dame Nita--the adult educator/diplomat--remained convinced that neither ideas nor action can be beneficial if disjoined from the other.
It is not sufficient for us to be able to speak each other's language or visit each other's capitals. It is far more crucial to understand how we think and why. A clear understanding of every culture's pressures, its history and the way its people view themselves and the world is essential to the maintenance of peace. Every conflict has its deepest roots in a people's view of themselves and their neighbors.
Dame Nita was recipient of many honors and awards. In 1980 she was invested with the Order of Dame of St. Andrew in recognition of outstanding service to the people of the Caribbean and the Commonwealth. In 1987 she was awarded the CARICOM Women's Award for her personal accomplishments and the stature she brought to women of the Caribbean.
In her honor, the ICAE created the prestigious Dame Nita Barrow Award which recognizes and supports regional or national adult education organizations that have made a significant contribution towards the empowerment of women. Dame Nita Barrow brought great wisdom and experience to the field of adult education, her legacy informed by a lifelong commitment to people's struggle for learning, justice, and democracy.
Dame Nita Barrow died in Barbados on December 18, 1995. | <urn:uuid:0cf2ad16-418c-4633-b1cc-fcd7d4c206db> | {
"date": "2018-07-20T00:49:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591455.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720002543-20180720022543-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9668837189674377,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 1632,
"url": "http://www.alu-c.com/nita-barrow"
} |
Introduction: Aristotle's Definition of Happiness
"Happiness depends on ourselves." More than anybody else, Aristotle enshrines happiness as a central purpose of human life and a goal in itself. As a result he devotes more space to the topic of happiness than any thinker prior to the modern era. Living during the same period as Mencius, but on the other side of the world, he draws some similar conclusions. That is, happiness depends on the cultivation of virtue, though his virtues are somewhat more individualistic than the essentially social virtues of the Confucians. Yet as we shall see, Aristotle was convinced that a genuinely happy life required the fulfillment of a broad range of conditions, including physical as well as mental well-being. In this way he introduced the idea of a science of happiness in the classical sense, in terms of a new field of knowledge.
Essentially, Aristotle argues that virtue is achieved by maintaining the Mean, which is the balance between two excesses. Aristotle’s doctrine of the Mean is reminiscent of Buddha’s Middle Path, but there are intriguing differences. For Aristotle the mean was a method of achieving virtue, but for Buddha the Middle Path referred to a peaceful way of life which negotiated the extremes of harsh asceticism and sensual pleasure seeking. The Middle Path was a minimal requirement for the meditative life, and not the source of virtue in itself.
Aristotle: A Little Background
Aristotle is one of the greatest thinkers in the history of western science and philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. Although we do not actually possess any of Aristotle’s own writings intended for publication, we have volumes of the lecture notes he delivered for his students; through these Aristotle was to exercise his profound influence through the ages. Indeed, the medieval outlook is sometimes considered to be the “Aristotelian worldview” and St. Thomas Aquinas simply refers to Aristotle as “The Philosopher” as though there were no other.
Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics. Some of these classifications are still used today, such as the species-genus system taught in biology classes. He was the first to devise a formal system for reasoning, whereby the validity of an argument is determined by its structure rather than its content. Consider the following syllogism: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. Here we can see that as long as the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true, no matter what we substitute for "men or "is mortal." Aristotle's brand of logic dominated this area of thought until the rise of modern symbolic logic in the late 19th Century.
Aristotle was the founder of the Lyceum, the first scientific institute, based in Athens, Greece. Along with his teacher Plato, he was one of the strongest advocates of a liberal arts education, which stresses the education of the whole person, including one's moral character, rather than merely learning a set of skills. According to Aristotle, this view of education is necessary if we are to produce a society of happy as well as productive individuals.
Happiness as the Ultimate Purpose of Human Existence
One of Aristotle's most influential works is the Nicomachean Ethics, where he presents a theory of happiness that is still relevant today, over 2,300 years later. The key question Aristotle seeks to answer in these lectures is "What is the ultimate purpose of human existence?" What is that end or goal for which we should direct all of our activities? Everywhere we see people seeking pleasure, wealth, and a good reputation. But while each of these has some value, none of them can occupy the place of the chief good for which humanity should aim. To be an ultimate end, an act must be self-sufficient and final, "that which is always desirable in itself and never for the sake of something else" (Nicomachean Ethics, 1097a30-34), and it must be attainable by man. Aristotle claims that nearly everyone would agree that happiness is the end which meets all these requirements. It is easy enough to see that we desire money, pleasure, and honor only because we believe that these goods will make us happy. It seems that all other goods are a means towards obtaining happiness, while happiness is always an end in itself.
The Greek word that usually gets translated as "happiness" is eudaimonia, and like most translations from ancient languages, this can be misleading. The main trouble is that happiness (especially in modern America) is often conceived of as a subjective state of mind, as when one says one is happy when one is enjoying a cool beer on a hot day, or is out "having fun" with one's friends. For Aristotle, however, happiness is a final end or goal that encompasses the totality of one's life. It is not something that can be gained or lost in a few hours, like pleasurable sensations. It is more like the ultimate value of your life as lived up to this moment, measuring how well you have lived up to your full potential as a human being. For this reason, one cannot really make any pronouncements about whether one has lived a happy life until it is over, just as we would not say of a football game that it was a "great game" at halftime (indeed we know of many such games that turn out to be blowouts or duds). For the same reason we cannot say that children are happy, any more than we can say that an acorn is a tree, for the potential for a flourishing human life has not yet been realized. As Aristotle says, "for as it is not one swallow or one fine day that makes a spring, so it is not one day or a short time that makes a man blessed and happy." (Nicomachean Ethics, 1098a18)
The Hierarchical View of Nature
In order to explain human happiness, Aristotle draws on a view of nature he derived from his biological investigations. If we look at nature, we notice that there are four different kinds of things that exist in the world, each one defined by a different purpose:
Mineral: rocks, metals and other lifeless things. The only goal which these things seek is to come to a rest. They are "beyond stupid" since they are inanimate objects with no soul
Vegetative: plants and other wildlife. Here we see a new kind of thing emerge,something which is alive. Because plants seek nourishment and growth, they have souls and can be even said to be satisfied when they attain these goals
Animal: all the creatures we study as belonging to the animal kingdom. Here we see a higher level of life emerge: animals seek pleasure and reproduction, and we can talk about a happy or sad dog, for example, to the extent that they are healthy and lead a pleasant life
Human: what is it that makes human beings different from the rest of the animal kingdom? Aristotle answers: Reason. Only humans are capable of acting according to principles, and in so doing taking responsibility for their choices. We can blame Johnny for stealing the candy since he knows it is wrong, but we wouldn't blame an animal since it doesn't know any better.
It seems that our unique function is to reason: by reasoning things out we attain our ends, solve our problems, and hence live a life that is qualitatively different in kind from plants or animals. The good for a human is different from the good for an animal because we have different capacities or potentialities. We have a rational capacity and the exercising of this capacity is thus the perfecting of our natures as human beings. For this reason, pleasure alone cannot constitute human happiness, for pleasure is what animals seek and human beings have higher capacities than animals. The goal is not to annihilate our physical urges, however, but rather to channel them in ways that are appropriate to our natures as rational animals.
Thus Aristotle gives us his definition of happiness:
...the function of man is to live a certain kind of life, and this activity implies a rational principle, and the function of a good man is the good and noble performance of these, and if any action is well performed it is performed in accord with the appropriate excellence: if this is the case, then happiness turns out to be an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. (Nicomachean Ethics, 1098a13)
The Pursuit of Happiness as the Exercise of Virtue
In this last quote we can see another important feature of Aristotle's theory: the link between the concepts of happiness and virtue. Aristotle tells us that the most important factor in the effort to achieve happiness is to have a good moral character — what he calls "complete virtue." But being virtuous is not a passive state: one must act in accordance with virtue. Nor is it enough to have a few virtues; rather one must strive to possess all of them. As Aristotle writes,
He is happy who lives in accordance with complete virtue and is sufficiently equipped with external goods, not for some chance period but throughout a complete life. (Nicomachean Ethics, 1101a10)
According to Aristotle, happiness consists in achieving, through the course of a whole lifetime, all the goods — health, wealth, knowledge, friends, etc. — that lead to the perfection of human nature and to the enrichment of human life. This requires us to make choices, some of which may be very difficult. Often the lesser good promises immediate pleasure and is more tempting, while the greater good is painful and requires some sort of sacrifice. For example, it may be easier and more enjoyable to spend the night watching television, but you know that you will be better off if you spend it researching for your term paper. Developing a good character requires a strong effort of will to do the right thing, even in difficult situations.
Another example is the taking of drugs, which is becoming more and more of a problem in our society today. For a fairly small price, one can immediately take one’s mind off of one’s troubles and experience deep euphoria by popping an oxycontin pill or snorting some cocaine. Yet, inevitably, this short-term pleasure will lead to longer term pain. A few hours later you may feel miserable and so need to take the drug again, which leads to a never-ending spiral of need and relief. Addiction inevitably drains your funds and provides a burden to your friends and family. All of those virtues — generosity, temperance, friendship, courage, etc. — that make up the good life appear to be conspicuously absent in a life of drug use.
Aristotle would be strongly critical of the culture of "instant gratification" which seems to predominate in our society today. In order to achieve the life of complete virtue, we need to make the right choices, and this involves keeping our eye on the future, on the ultimate result we want for our lives as a whole. We will not achieve happiness simply by enjoying the pleasures of the moment. Unfortunately, this is something most people are not able to overcome in themselves. As he laments, "the mass of mankind are evidently quite slavish in their tastes, preferring a life suitable to beasts"
(Nicomachean Ethics, 1095b 20). Later in the Ethics Aristotle draws attention to the concept of akrasia, or weakness of the will. In many cases the overwhelming prospect of some great pleasure obscures one's perception of what is truly good. Fortunately, this natural disposition is curable through training, which for Aristotle meant education and the constant aim to perfect virtue. As he puts it, a clumsy archer may indeed get better with practice, so long as he keeps aiming for the target.
Note also that it is not enough to think about doing the right thing, or even intend to do the right thing: we have to actually do it. Thus, it is one thing to think of writing the great American novel, another to actually write it. When we impose a form and order upon all those letters to actually produce a compelling story or essay, we are manifesting our rational potential, and the result of that is a sense of deep fulfillment. Or to take another example, when we exercise our citizenship by voting, we are manifesting our rational potential in yet another way, by taking responsibility for our community. There are myriad ways in which we can exercise our latent virtue in this way, and it would seem that the fullest attainment of human happiness would be one which brought all these ways together in a comprehensive rational life-plan.
There is yet another activity few people engage in which is required to live a truly happy life, according to Aristotle: intellectual contemplation. Since our nature is to be rational, the ultimate perfection of our natures is rational reflection. This means having an intellectual curiosity which perpetuates that natural wonder to know which begins in childhood but seems to be stamped out soon thereafter. For Aristotle, education should be about the cultivation of character, and this involves a practical and a theoretical component. The practical component is the acquisition of a moral character, as discussed above. The theoretical component is the making of a philosopher. Here there is no tangible reward, but the critical questioning of things raises our minds above the realm of nature and closer to the abode of the gods.
For Aristotle, friendship is one of the most important virtues in achieving the goal of eudaimonia (happiness). While there are different kinds of friendship, the highest is one that is based on virtue (arête). This type of friendship is based on a person wishing the best for their friends regardless of utility or pleasure. Aristotle calls it a “... complete sort of friendship between people who are good and alike in virtue ...” (Nicomachean Ethics, 1156b07-08). This type of friendship is long lasting and tough to obtain because these types of people are hard to come by and it takes a lot of work to have a complete, virtuous friendship. Aristotle notes that one cannot have a large number of friends because of the amount of time and care that a virtuous friendship requires. Aristotle values friendship so highly that he argues friendship supersedes justice and honor. First of all, friendship seems to be so valued by people that no one would choose to live without friends. People who value honor will likely seek out either flattery or those who have more power than they do, in order that they may obtain personal gain through these relationships. Aristotle believes that the love of friendship is greater than this because it can be enjoyed as it is. “Being loved, however, people enjoy for its own sake, and for this reason it would seem it is something better than being honoured and that friendship is chosen for its own sake” (Nicomachean Ethics, 1159a25-28). The emphasis on enjoyment here is noteworthy: a virtuous friendship is one that is most enjoyable since it combines pleasure and virtue together, thus fulfilling our emotional and intellectual natures.
The Golden Mean
Aristotle’s ethics is sometimes referred to as “virtue ethics” since its focus is not on the moral weight of duties or obligations, but on the development of character and the acquiring of virtues such as courage, justice, temperance, benevolence, and prudence. And anyone who knows anything about Aristotle has heard his doctrine of virtue as being a “golden mean” between the extremes of excess and deficiency. Courage, for example, is a mean regarding the feeling of fear, between the deficiency of rashness (too little fear) and the excess of cowardice (too much fear). Justice is a mean between getting or giving too much and getting or giving too little. Benevolence is a mean between giving to people who don’t deserve it and not giving to anyone at all. Aristotle is not recommending that one should be moderate in all things, since one should at all times exercise the virtues. One can’t reason "I should be cruel to my neighbor now since I was too nice to him before." The mean is a mean between two vices, and not simply a mean between too much and too little.
Furthermore, the mean is “relative to ourselves,” indicating that one person’s mean may be another person’s extreme. Milo the wrestler, as Aristotle puts it, needs more gruel than a normal person, and his mean diet will vary accordingly. Similarly for the moral virtues. Aristotle suggests that some people are born with weaker wills than others; for these people, it may actually be a mean to flee in battle (the extremes being to get slaughtered or commit suicide). Here we see the flexibility in Aristotle’s account: as soon as he begins to lay down some moral rules, he relaxes them in order to take into consideration the variety and contingency of particular temperaments.
Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean is well in keeping with ancient ways of thinking which conceived of justice as a state of equilibrium between opposing forces. In the early cosmologies, the Universe is stabilized as a result of the reconciliation between the opposing forces of Chaos and Order. The Greek philosopher Heraclitus conceived of right living as acting in accordance with the Logos, the principle of the harmony of opposites; and Plato defined justice in the soul as the proper balance among its parts. Like Plato, Aristotle thought of the virtuous character along the lines of a healthy body. According to the prevailing medical theory of his day, health in the body consists of an appropriate balance between the opposing qualities of hot, cold, the dry, and the moist. The goal of the physician is to produce a proper balance among these elements, by specifying the appropriate training and diet regimen, which will of course be different for every person.
Similarly with health in the soul: exhibiting too much passion may lead to reckless acts of anger or violence which will be injurious to one’s mental well-being as well as to others; but not showing any passion is a denial of one’s human nature and results in the sickly qualities of morbidity, dullness, and antisocial behavior. The healthy path is the “middle path,” though remember it is not exactly the middle, given that people who are born with extremely passionate natures will have a different mean than those with sullen, dispassionate natures. Aristotle concludes that goodness of character is “a settled condition of the soul which wills or chooses the mean relatively to ourselves, this mean being determined by a rule or whatever we like to call that by which the wise man determines it.” (Nicomachean Ethics, 1006b36)
In conclusion, according to Aristotle, what is happiness?
- Happiness is the ultimate end and purpose of human existence
- Happiness is not pleasure, nor is it virtue. It is the exercise of virtue.
- Happiness cannot be achieved until the end of one's life. Hence it is a goal and not a temporary state.
- Happiness is the perfection of human nature. Since man is a rational animal, human happiness depends on the exercise of his reason.
- Happiness depends on acquiring a moral character, where one displays the virtues of courage, generosity, justice, friendship, and citizenship in one's life. These virtues involve striking a balance or "mean" between an excess and a deficiency.
- Happiness requires intellectual contemplation, for this is the ultimate realization of our rational capacities.
Ackrill, J. (1981). Aristotle the Philosopher. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A comprehensive introduction to Aristotle.
Adler, Mortimer (1978). Aristotle for Everybody. New York: Macmillan. A popular exposition for the general reader.
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (2004), ed. Hugh Treddenick. London: Penguin. The main source for Aristotle's ethics.
Aristotle, Politics (1992), ed. Trevor Saunders. London: Penguin. Aristotle situates ethics within the discussion of the best constitution.
A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. One of the standard classics of the history of Greek philosophy.
Hughes, Gerald J. (2001). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Aristotle on Ethics. London: Routledge.
Ross, Sir David (1995). Aristotle (6th ed.). London: Routledge. A classic overview by one of Aristotle's most prominent English translators, in print since 1923.
Other Internet Resources
Online Nicomachean Ethics: http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.html
Aristotle's Ethics. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (2004), ed. Hugh Treddenick. London: Penguin.
Picture credit: Archer and target by aroncb / SXC.hu. | <urn:uuid:85a30ca9-d30a-4a85-847e-0d561adcd8f4> | {
"date": "2019-03-21T09:52:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202510.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321092320-20190321114320-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9580235481262207,
"score": 4.09375,
"token_count": 4357,
"url": "https://pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/aristotle/"
} |
Sometimes being absent seems like more trouble than it's worth. Here's how to give a substitute teacher the tools for a successful and productive day in your room.
Difficulty Level: average Time Required: 30-60 minutes
- Write or type out the day's schedule, including begin and end times.
- Under each time frame, explain in detail what needs to be done by the substitute teacher.
- Mention any supervision duties that you might have that day.
- Include details about your behavior management system, especially positive and negative consequences.
- Write a list of both trustworthy and mischievous students.
- Place nametags on the desk, if at all possible, and/ or leave a seating chart.
- Mention any parent helpers that are scheduled to volunteer and what the helpers should accomplish.
- Tell where to find any supplies needed throughout the day.
- Describe any modifications you have made for students with special needs.
- Make all necessary copies and label what they are.
- Place sticky notes on the pages of any books to be used that day.
- Put all necessary teacher's editions of textbooks and other resources in a sequential stack according to the day's schedule.
- Leave the answer keys to all assignments so that the substitute can grade any work collected.
- You may want to leave your copy machine code in case of emergencies.
- When it comes to writing sub plans, the more detail, the better.
- Relax! Chances are, everything will be just fine until you get back. | <urn:uuid:55b1eeb2-078e-4761-81d7-3d30ac837ca4> | {
"date": "2014-09-01T07:28:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00412-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9012362360954285,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 320,
"url": "http://k6educators.about.com/library/howto/hthavesub.htm"
} |
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
Define psychological egoism:
The idea that everyone always acts selfishly
Define ethical egoism
Everyone always ought to act selfishly (almost “rational” egoism)
Explain the difference between Psych. Eg. and Eth. Eg. ?
Differ in their “direction of fit” to the world. If someone acts selflessly in psych egoism, then there is something wrong with the theory of psych egoism. If a person acts selflessly in ethical egoism, something is wrong with that person or the world.
Formulation of Psych egoism
- 1) Everyone always does what they most want to do.
- 2) If someone does what they most wants to do, they act selfishly.
- 3) Therefore, (3) everyone always acts selfishly.
Arguments against psych. egoism?
Premise 1 is false - for instance promises that you don't WANT to keep, but you end up keeping.
WAIT WHAT?! You want to keep the promise with that person because you want to make the relationship stronger maybe?! Which is in itself a desire?
Premise 2 is false - The object of a want is what determines selfishness (Mother Theresa and Donald Trump)
What are the questions we asked about Mill on higher and lower pleasures?
- What experience is high and low?
- What tests these pleasures?
- Is this biased?
- How do you do utilitarian calcs?
- Are there higher and lower pains as well as pleasures?
Mills Proof of Utilitarianism?
- 1) Each person desires his or her own happiness.
- 2) If something is desired by someone it is desirable (for him or her)
- 3) Therefore (3) Each person's happiness is desirable (for him or her)
- 4) Therefore (4) The general happiness is desirable (for everyone).
Four objections to Mills proof
- a) Premise 2 is false. Worthy vs. capable?
- b) Premise 3 doesn't go to 4. Can't be assumed.
- c) Happiness is not the only thing desirable.
- d) Does not prove consequentialism.
Utilitarianism consists of?
Consequentialism, hedonism, equality principle
Idea that actions are to be judged by virtue of their consequence.
Assessing consequnces can be done by determining amount of happiness created.
Equality principle in utilitarianism?
Each person's happiness counts the same.
Problems for utilitarianism?
Rejecting hedonism - we don't desire being "programmed" to get happiness, most people would rather have real life situations. Therefore happiness is not all that matters, so we reject hedonism, and therefore utilitarianism.
Direct form of the theory of utilitarianism. Cons, hed, and eq.
Indirect form of the theory - an act is right if it is allowed by a set of rules, conformity to which would maximally promote general happiness.
Formulate Singer's argument for a pro-animal position
- 1) Discrimination between humans is wrong.
- 2) The only principle that explains this is the principle of equal consideration of interests.
- 3) Therefore, the principle of equal consideration of interests should be accepted.
- 4) The principle of equal consideration of interests prohibits discrimination against animals.
- 5) Therefore, we should not discriminate against animals.
Machan's arguments against animal rights?
Animals have no rights, they are not human. Humans are more important than animals.
Arguments against Machan's argument?
- 1. Does not apply to utilitarian viewpoint. Utilitarians don't care about the rights, only about equality.
- 2. There is a problem of marginal cases - how do we measure equality? Do some animals have more rights than others?
- 3. Source of human rights? "We have as our central task to act morally" .. controversial! undefended!
Doing something as a means of getting what you want
Doing something regardless of what you want
principle on which you act. explains what you think you're doing and why you think you're doing it.
Kant's universal law test formulation?
- 1. Identify the maxim
- 2. Universalize the maxim
- 3. Try willing the universalized maxim. If you can will the universalized maxim without your will contradicting itself, the action is okay. If you can't, the action is wrong.
Explain Kant's Universal Law formulation within essay context
"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
How can a maxim fail Kant's test?
If, when trying to make that maxim a universal law, your will contradicts itself.
Kant's first example of maxim? Also, does it pass/fail? Why?
Lying promise. "When I am in great need, I will make a promise knowing that I can not keep it." Kant thinks universally it wouldn't work because it contradicts one's own will - if everyone lied like that, nobody would will out money or favors.
To will that something be the case is to commit yourself to trying to bring that about, to the extent that you can do so.
Explain Outline of Universal Law test
- i) Maxim
- ii) Will
- iii) Universal Law
- iv) Contradiction/Failure
Mary will understand c. f. 's
Contradictions to Kant's first example?
If there are few enough lying promises, there is no contradiction - if the majority isn't in need.
Kant's second example? Kant's ideas on contradiction?
Suicide example. Maxim: When my life threatens more evil than satisfaction in the future, I will make it my principle to shorten my life. Contradiction is that the act of ending their life is contradicting self love, hence the contradiction, hence failure.
Critique Kant's argument about suicide
It isn't clear
- 1) Why we should accept that suicide contradicts self-love - why can't the purpose of self-love be to improve life when it can be improved, and end it when it is only to be terrible henceforth?
- 2) Why should Kant's self-love purpose be an individual's purpose?
- 3) The example does not seem to involve universalizing, so it is a poor example
Explain Kant's third example? Kant's argument?
Maxim: When I am comfortable I will not develop my talents. Kant argues that as a rational being, it is impossible to will this.
Critiques to Kant's third argument?
- 1) No justification for the idea that rational beings will that their talents be developed.
- 2) Can't be universalized, again.
- 3) Poor example of Kant's test.
Formulate essay: "Under what circumstances is abortion morally permissible?"
- Intro: Thesis statement. "Abortion should be permissible in all cases."
- 2: Pro-life argument.
- 3: Objections to pro-life argument.
- 4: Thomson example: Mother's life
- 5: Thomson example: Rape
- 6: Thomson example: Contraceptive failure
- 7: Tom's example: Irresponsibility?
- 8: Conclusion: It is morally permissible.
Formulate essay for: "What is the social contract theory of morals? What are the most important attractive features of the social contract theory of morals? What are the most important objections to the theory? Ought we to believe the theory?"
- Intro: We ought not believe the social contract theory of morals, due to the fact that it is
- 2: Define social contract theory: Morality consists in the set of rules, or governing behavior, that rational people will accept on the condition that others accept them as well.
- 3: Attractive features: Sorts out genuine moral rules (if it makes for more harmonious living). Makes morality rational. Makes it permissible to punish law-breakers. Tells us how far we have to go for morality.
- 4: Disadvantages: Based on historical fiction. Also, some individuals can not mutually benefit the population (infants, animals, future generations, oppressed populations)
- Conclusion: Therefore, based on the limited scope of the theory, we ought to reject it.
Formulate essay for: "What is psychological egoism? What is ethical egoism and what is the difference between psychological and ethical egoism? Provide two arguments for psychological egoism. What are the best replies to these arguments? Should we believe in psychological egoism?
- Intro: Thesis: We should not accept the concept of psychological egoism on the grounds that the theory behind it is limited and that some argue that ideas within it are impossible.
- 2: Define psychological egoism.
- 3: Define ethical egoism.
- 4: Explain the difference
- 5: Formulate the first argument.
- 6: Show objections
- 7: Formulate second argument
- 8: Show objections
- 9: Conclude, based on these objections, psychological egoism, in its current state of theory, must be rejected.
Formulate essay for: "Why does Mill make the distinction between higher and lower pleasures? How, according to Mill, can we determine whether a pleasure is higher or lower? What are the most important problems with Mill's distincion? Should a utilitarian make the distinction?"
- Intro: Thesis statement - "Mill's higher and lower pleasures idea shows that there is a distinction between basic animal pleasures and needs and those of higher-level human thought and pleasure. However thought-provoking it may be, there are many various issues with this theory."
- 2: Define higher pleasures
- 3: Define lower pleasures
- 4: Explore the ways in which a situation of pleasure is defined as higher or lower - (seeking intelligence, broadening creativity, higher human-level thinking and feeling)
- 5: Problems - difference in quantities of higher vs. lower?
- 6: Problems - utilitarians should not make the distinction, since their view is clouded mainly by happiness of the whole to a point where sorting out individual pleasures is trivial.
Formulate essay for: "Explain singer's view of the source and extent of our moral obligations to animals. What is the most important problem for Singer's view? Explain Machan's view of the source and extent of our obligations to animals. What is the most important problem for Machan's view? Which view is the more plausible, and why?
- Intro: Thesis - "Machan's view of our treatment of animals is more plausible than Singer's, in that it is a mistake to treat animals as human beings. This does not, however mean that animals ought to be treated poorly just for the sake of doing so."
- 2: Formulate Singer's argument
- 3: Object to Singer's argument
- 4: Formulate Machan's argument
- 5: Objection 1 to Machan's argument (not utilitarian stance - rights vs. equality)
- 6: Objection 2 to Machan's argument (marginal cases)
- 7: Objection 3 to Machan's argument (humans central moral task in life)
- 8: My stance
- 9: Conclusion - Machan's argument is more rational and plausible.
Two examples of maxims in which Kant says fails his test.
- 1. When I am in need and borrow money, I should promise to pay it back despite having full intentions not to. (If this were universal, everyone would be lying to each other. [this depends on how many people are in need])
- 2. When I am well off, I will not pay to charity. (If thi were universal, anytime you wer in need, you would not be able to have been helped.)
What kinds of experiences does Mill think of as higher pleasures, and what of lower pleasures? | <urn:uuid:98917b8a-82b0-4d2e-8e46-292d047dfd07> | {
"date": "2018-03-21T11:27:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647612.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321102234-20180321122234-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9197514057159424,
"score": 3.578125,
"token_count": 2544,
"url": "https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=92998"
} |
TOOLKIT: SHAPE EXPLORATION
SUBJECT: VISUAL ART
ARTIST: KATHLEEN MONTGOMERY
GRADE: recommended 7th-12th grade
Students explore a specific shape through a variety of media.
Students discover a variety of media and how it responds when trying to create a specific shape.
Students create abstract work without a specific narrative thread.
1. What shapes are you drawn to?
2. How does a shape respond or look differently depending on what and how it is made?
3. What materials are you excited to use in creating drawings and sculptures?
4. What does it mean to create an abstract work?
5. Can abstract work tell a story?
1. Body Memory Architecture, (2014) Kathleen Montgomery
In her installation Body Memory Architecture, Kathleen Montgomery explored the idea of curves. Choose your own shape to explore. Choose three or four different types of media to use in an exploration of this shape. How does the media change the final product? How doe the final pieces fit together? What did you discover through this exploration? Did stories or narratives arrive before, during or after this process?
Look at all your final pieces together and think about the story they might tell.
PENNSYLVANIA CORE STANDARDS
-know and use the elements and principles of each art form to create works in the arts and humanities
-recognize, know, use and demonstrate a variety of appropriate arts elements and principles to produce, review and revise original works in the arts
-recognize and use fundamental vocabulary within each of the arts forms
-use knowledge of varied styles within each art form through a performance or exhibition of unique work
-demonstrate the ability to define objects, express emotions, illustrate an action or relate an experience through creation of works in the arts | <urn:uuid:72637549-0704-4e1f-ae9e-9ff15737f66f> | {
"date": "2017-11-22T01:44:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806447.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122012409-20171122032409-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8546502590179443,
"score": 3.921875,
"token_count": 383,
"url": "http://mattress.org/archive/index.php/Detail/Objects/17314"
} |
Semi-structured block play among preschool-age children has the potential to improve two skills – mathematics and executive functioning – critical to kindergarten readiness, according a new study by Purdue University researchers.
“As an early childhood expert, I feel like I’m constantly being asked by parents and teachers, ‘What can I do with my child to support their school readiness skills?’” said Sara Schmitt, an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies.
“What I find myself saying a lot, among other things, is block play. But there’s actually not a lot of empirical evidence to support this statement, particularly with regard to mathematics and executive functioning development. That’s why I wanted to do this study: I wanted to understand if these suggestions I was making to parents and teachers were actually valid.”
The study, which has been published online in Early Childhood Research Quarterly, found that a semi-structured block play intervention improved math skills, such as numeracy, shape recognition and mathematical language, and two indicators of executive functioning, including cognitive flexibility and global executive functioning. Executive functioning is the ability to pay attention, remember and use environmental input, and inhibit natural responses in favor of more adaptive ones.
Children of parents with low educational attainment benefited the most from intervention participation, according to the findings, suggesting block play could be most impactful on students with lower socioeconomic backgrounds.
“Blocks are ubiquitous in early childhood classrooms and at home, and generally, adults feel comfortable with them. Our study suggests that playing with blocks in a semi-structured format may improve these important skills, ” Schmitt said. “We could be onto something that could have a lot of impact, especially for children in families with a lower socioeconomic status, at little cost and with little training.”
Children from 3 to 5 years old assigned to the intervention group participated in 14 small group play sessions lasting 15 to 20 minutes. Students were given sets of wooden blocks varying in shapes and sizes and were provided short prompts prior to each session, which became progressively more difficult.
“We started very simple and then, by the end, we were asking them to do very complex things,” Schmitt said. “For example, in the first session, we asked the children to build a tower.
By the end of the intervention we asked them to replicate pictures of complex structures we had built previously. We think these prompts helped children to engage with mathematical concepts and also practice their executive function skills more so than they would have without the prompts. ”
Two to three 20- to 30-minute assessments, which were administered in aquiet space before and after the series of interventions, revealed a pattern of growth among children who participated in semi-structured block play.
“It’s not just block play, it is intentionally using block play to facilitate the development of these skills,” Schmitt said. “The takeaway is not just putting the child in front of a set of blocks and walking away, or having blocks be available during free play. It’s giving a little bit of structure and a goal for the child, which I think really elicits these skills.”
Building together — anything from block towers to pillow forts — helps children with spatial language, or language that defines visual space. Once a child becomes school age, they need to use spatial language in order to follow directions quickly and accurately. Phrases like “on the top of the green block, behind the blue block” are very important for young children who are learning about their visual space world and how to follow directions. While playing, try leading with a question, like “what block do you want to put on top? Can you build a tower as high as your nose?”
Article reposted with permission from Purdue University. | <urn:uuid:1bae0087-6261-4a2b-a01a-b8415c3a4217> | {
"date": "2019-02-20T08:26:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494485.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220065052-20190220091052-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9720555543899536,
"score": 3.84375,
"token_count": 802,
"url": "https://stepuptolearn.com/blogs/research/block-play-could-improve-your-child-s-math-skills-executive-functioning"
} |
Screw conveyor is the main unit of mechanized transportation in various departments of industry and agriculture. It can reduce the labor intensity and improve the working efficiency. is suitable for conveying powdered, granular and small materials such as pulverized coal, cement, mineral sand, furnace ash, lime, chemical fertilizer, soda, salt, sugar, grain, starch, cotton, malt, feed, sawdust, etc. Therefore, in cement plants, fertilizer plants, chemical plants, iron plants, mines, sugar factories, paper mills, Vinelon plant, feed companies, water conservancy workshops are used more.
When the material is added to a fixed machine slot, because of the gravity of the material and the friction between the machine slot and the material, the material accumulated in the lower part of the machine slot does not rotate with the helical body, but moves forward only under the push of the rotating spiral blade. Like the non-rotating nut moving along the rotating screw, the purpose of conveying the material is achieved. The machine is convenient for multi-point loading and unloading, and the mixing, stirring or cooling functions can be completed simultaneously during the transportation process. Sensitive to overload, easy to jam, crushing loss to material, simple structure of horizontal screw conveyor, easy installation and maintenance and fault treatment. Suitable for horizontal or slightly inclined continuous and uniform transportation of loose materials. | <urn:uuid:ff7e5a8b-1dd8-49b5-b29c-11118fc57d55> | {
"date": "2019-08-22T19:07:28",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317339.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822172901-20190822194901-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9001035094261169,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 285,
"url": "https://en.nilemining.ltd/other_equipment/34.html"
} |
Parrots in Culture
Parrots have captivated humans throughout the centuries with their beauty, intellect, personality, and highly social nature. The awe we feel towards these marvelous creatures has been reflected in many aspects of human culture. Specifically, human and bird relationships have expressed through legends, myths, religious teachings, literary writings, art, music, ceremonies, and other cultural activities.
Here are a few examples of these expressions:
The Nazca Lines
The Nazca Lines, discovered in 1927, are the most extraordinary legacy left by a culture that flourished over 2,000 years ago. One of the most famous drawings is of a parrot.
These geoglyphs, are a series of complex designs, some miles long, which can only be seen in their true dimension from the sky. The pre-Columbian Nazca culture is not believed to have been capable of flight, but the question still remains as to how they crafted the drawings, what technology they used and what purpose the lines served. This style group is characterized by animal and human figures of very low precision, constructed using both the clearing method of removing desert pavement, and digging more pronounced trenches. These figures are placed on hillside inclines, probably to be viewed from the plateau floor as guide/directional-signs for trade routes.
Many of the geoglyphs are constructed using a continuous line style: where a single line forms the complete figure without ever crossing itself. This has lead many scientists to believe that these symbols served a ceremonial purpose - that the people of these ancient cultures "walked" the lines to perform some ritual - starting at a point, then following the entire shape of the symbol until its end.
The depiction of parrots in the petroglyphs are indications of the long distance trade routes between the native cultures of of the American Southwest.
Among the birds pictured in rock art of the American southwest are the figures of some birds that are not native to North America but which had been imported from Meso-America, specifically Amazon parrots and macaws. These birds along with other items were imported from the jungles of southern Mexico, more than 600 miles to the south.
Macaws in particular were of special, perhaps ceremonial, importance. Remains of macaws and parrots have been found in abundance at Chaco Canyon and other sites proving that not just the feathers, but the birds themselves had been traded for.
There were basically two species of Macaw that were prehistorically imported into the American southwest from Mesoamerica. These are the Military Macaw (Ara militaris), and the Scarlett Macaw (Ara macao).
Native American societies prized feathers for decorative purposes as well as for their perceived symbolic and spiritual meanings. For any people who highly prized feathers the feathers of Mexican macaws would have been valued highly indeed for the beauty of their bright colors.
Pueblo peoples associated macaws with the rainbow because of their bright colors and, as birds, they belonged in the sky. The multicolored plumage of macaws also suggested the many colors of kernels found on Indian maize. Thus it is not surprising that macaw and parrot feathers were important for the creation of "Corn Mother" fetishes. Pueblo peoples create "Corn Mother" fetishes, based on a perfect head of corn bundled within a cluster of feathers. Macaw feathers were also highly prized for the creation of "prayer sticks."
In South America the brightly colored feathers of parrots, toucans, and macaws have been used to make headdresses since before the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century. The use of feathers by indigenous peoples is ubiquitous throughout South America. The primary use of feathers is in the creation of ornamental ritual attire. Many of these cultures believe that feathers provide spiritual strength and protection. The Bororo tribe believes that birds are messengers between the terrestrial world and their ancestors in the spiritual world. This bright blue headdress is decorated with macaw feathers. It belonged to a chief and was collected between 1826 and 1829.
The Mayan Creation Myth held an important role for the parrot:
"In the beginning was only Tepeu and Gucumatz (Feathered Serpent). These two sat together and thought, and whatever they thought came into being. They thought earth, and there it was. They thought mountains, and so there were. They thought trees, and sky, and animals etc, and each came into being. But none of these things could praise them, so they formed more advanced beings of clay. But these beings fell apart when they got wet, so they made beings out of wood, but they proved unsatisfactory and caused trouble on the earth. The gods sent a great flood to wipe out these beings, so that they could start over. With the help of Mountain Lion, Coyote, Parrot, and Crow they fashioned four new beings. These four beings performed well and are the ancestors of the Quiché."
The Indian parakeet is a recurring theme in Indian mythology and folktales. The parrot in Hindu mythology is associated with Kama, the god of love. The reason for this could be its green feathers and red beak which associates it with fertility. Red beak represents the red earth before the rain and the green feathers represent the green earth after the rains. Red represents unfulfilled desire, full of yearning, while green represents fulfilled desire, full of joy. Kama is most often depicted as riding a parrot.
In many south Indian temples, the Goddess holds a parrot in her hand. The goddess Meenakshi, the "Fish-eyed" One. She is accompanied by a bird, usually a parrot.
Folktales featuring parrots have originated from England, Switzerland, France, Pakistan, Iran, Italy, Thailand, Mongolia and Ancient Egypt....just to name a few! Unfortunately, as folktales go, many have often don't have happy endings. Here are a few that turn out well for the parrot:
Many Buddhist stories have also featured parrots, here are a few examples:
Art & Music
Pet birds have been depicted in many well known works of art and have even been honored with musical compositions:
Parrots are also celebrated through various festivals in their countries of origin:
May 31st marks the international holiday dedicated to celebrating parrots. World Parrot Day was founded by the World Parrot Trust in 2004 as an event to raise awareness of the threats to captive and wild parrots. | <urn:uuid:f07fa8f4-2411-42bc-9c70-1a98fcafb403> | {
"date": "2017-06-28T15:48:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323711.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628153051-20170628173051-00017.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9712297320365906,
"score": 3.640625,
"token_count": 1341,
"url": "http://www.parrotfunzone.com/explore-parrots/parrots-in-culture"
} |
What really has protein in it?
After finding out you have protein-sensitive hair, one of the first things you get sick of is the restrictive diet of products you now have to adhere to, all for the good of your hair. But in addition to the proteins, there is something else you really ought to steer clear of: the widespread misconception as to what products actually contain protein.
First off: oils are 100% fat. They contain no protein. Here's an example of what a protein molecule looks like. Next to it is a fat molecule:
The basic structure of fats is three fatty acids (a combination of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) attached to a glycerol backbone. Proteins, in contrast, are made from a combination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms (in the case of hair protein, there's some sulphur in there, too). Plus, complex proteins like keratin have four different structural levels, from the basic sequence of amino acids, to the folding of the molecule itself.
In short, very different things. Bar contamination (unlikely to be at a high enough concentration to affect even the most Princess-and-the-Pea type hair) your bottle of oil is not going to contain protein, even if that oil comes from a protein-rich fruit. Like one of these:
So feel free to experiment with oils like macadamia, almond and coconut; although they are derived from fruits with protein in them, they themselves are protein-free. (Coconut is not even that concentrated a source of protein, by the way). If you do find that your hair is not compatible with these oils, it's not because of protein. The real answer is probably something a lot more nebulous and a lot less satisfactory: Every head of hair is different and will thus react differently to different products for different reasons.
And there's another reason not to eschew certain oils because of anti-protein hysteria: Even if your hair can't stand proteins, you probably still need the reinforcement proteins give. You just have to get it from somewhere else. Certain oils can provide some strength-enhancing benefits, and, in some cases, largely replace the use of proteins.
Coconut oil and olive oil in particular have been proven to strengthen the hair from the inside out, whereas protein treatments, because of the size of the molecules, work only on the outside of the hair shaft – they're just too big to get inside. (Amino acids, the basic components of proteins are a little different, due to their small size.)
If you can't use additional proteins, and your hair needs strength, then you really need to be holding on to the natural proteins you already have – the keratin your hair is made from. Olive and coconut oil help with that by actually preventing protein loss. And don't forget – hair is not only made of protein. Lipids – oils and fats – are naturally present in the hair, and have their role to play in keeping the hair strong, too.
So protein-sensitive heads can benefit greatly from leaving in these lipids overnight (the oils take long to penetrate) on a regular basis, to get the protection they offer from the cuticle down to the cortex.
And don't sleep on oils that don't permeate the hair shaft, either. Part of the role of the naturally-occurring lipids on the surface of your strands is to confer strength, a job with which these non-penetrating oils can assist.
The moral of the story. . .
Just because your hair spurns protein-rich products, does not mean you have to shun the oils derived from them, too. These separate substances are protein-free and can have a lot to offer your hair, particularly if you can't benefit from the heavy-duty protection proteins provide.
|Jeff Carson |Wikimedia Commons| G W Fabian |Healthalicious |Tobias Myrstrand Leander|
DHA Hair Care Experts
Dominican Hair Alliance | <urn:uuid:8be6655f-5a6e-489e-b512-63e20e27ce28> | {
"date": "2017-06-23T20:33:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00257.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9601938724517822,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 828,
"url": "http://www.dominicanhairalliance.com/dhas-diy/can-i-use-oils-on-protein-sensitive-hair"
} |
One argument has sparked heated debate among toneheads for decades: which amps sound best? Hand-wired exotica or amps with precision-made printed circuit boards for maximum tonal consistency? We join three amp design gurus to thrash it out...
Some purists argue that amplifiers whose circuits are hand-built by means of point-to-point construction will always sound better than amps built using mass-produced circuit boards, known as PCBs.
It certainly appeals to our sense of craftsmanship to think that the human touch must always yield a better sound than machine-made circuits. But PCB-based amps, if carefully designed and built, can actually perform better than hand-wired amps. Marshall's new Astoria (read our full review), meanwhile, uses a hybrid of both construction techniques.
So which should you go for? As always, it pays to understand the factors that make for great tone and roadworthiness, then make a genuinely informed decision.
Let's start with point-to-point. So, what exactly is it? Point-to-point actually covers a variety of different construction methods.
Fullerton-era (pre-1986) Fenders used an eyelet board: a flat piece of fibreboard with rivets punched into it and the components soldered into the rivets.
However, the valve bases and front- and rear-panel components were all wired by hand. In contrast, many early British amps used turret or tag-boards, thin strips of Bakelite with a row of solder lugs or turrets running down both sides, which the components were soldered to.
These methods are often called point-to-point, although there's a school of thought that says proper point-to-point actually does away with tag boards and eyelet boards - each component is literally soldered to the next.
This is the purest method of building, but also the most time-consuming. Not only does everything have to be manually fitted and soldered, but each unit has to be tweaked to ensure it matches the prototype for tone and noise performance.
Early examples of Hiwatts and the original Matchless amps were point-to-point. Today, very few commercially available amps are built using proper point-to-point, although Carr is one notable example.
Other builders, such as Divided By 13's Fred Taccone, use uprated versions of Fender's eyelet board.
Printed Circuit Boards
The original idea of printing copper tracks onto an insulating baseboard dates back to the 1920s, but it wasn't until after the end of WWII that printed circuit boards were manufactured in high volumes.
There are dozens of different kinds of printed circuit board, from very simple single-sided ones with copper tracks glued to a base of GRP or similar material, to complex multi-layer types used in computers and aerospace.
The most common types you'll see in a guitar amp are single-sided or double-sided and through-plated, where at each hole for a component lead there's a tiny metal tube that connects one side of the board to the other, with a track on one side and a solder pad on the other.
When a component is soldered, the solder passes through the tube by capillary action, securely locking the component in place on both sides of the board. This gives an added resistance to failure when a circuit board is flexed - for example, when a valve is replaced.
The most important point for manufacturers, however, is that using printed circuit boards allows automation of the soldering process. Instead of soldering each joint one at a time, you can fit all the components and then pass the board over a bath of molten solder, soldering everything in one pass - a big timesaver.
It's not all plain sailing, however. Some types of PCB don't like repeated heating and cooling. Repeated heating from valve bases and pins and subsequent cooling can cause copper tracks to work-harden, and, over time, tiny fissures appear, slowly changing tracks from conductors into resistors. In high-current locations, the increased resistance eventually results in a burnt-out track.
Additionally, the heat from a valve base is not far off the melting point of some solders, making dry joints more likely. Factors like these are part of the reason why printed circuit boards in some guitar amplifiers had such a bad press in the early days. Today, however, better materials make PCBs more resistant to heat and far less likely to fail.
Also, high-gain valve audio circuits are very sensitive: a change in wire or component placing of as little as one millimetre can sometimes make an audible difference in the overall quality of an amp's tone.
This is, of course, where PCBs shine: once you have the perfect layout, a printed circuit board can reproduce it again and again, with an accuracy that's impossible to achieve with hand wiring. For this reason, many high-end amp makers such as Reinhold Bogner and Mike Soldano use very high-grade PCBs, with extra-thick base material and double- or triple-thickness copper tracks.
As well as these two distinct routes, you'll also sometimes see a blend of both technologies side by side. High-end products such as Tone King's Royalist or Marshall's Astoria use quality printed circuit boards for consistency, with hand-wired valve bases and switches for enhanced reliability.
In our experience, the best results often happen when these different methods are combined in an intelligent, appropriate way.
Matchless amps have an enviable reputation for expert point-to-point construction
Ask The Experts
That's the general outline of the debate. But what do the pros think? We asked three highly regarded amplifier and audio electronics designers for their thoughts…
Adrian Emsley is the designer behind all Orange products, from its highly successful budget Crush line, to the hand-wired Custom Shop limited editions, which are often wired by Emsley himself.
"Printed circuit board and point-to-point amps have several main differences," he says. "One good thing about point-to-point is that you can use big polyester caps and decent-sized resistors. These components also have a big influence on the sound of the particular amp you are trying to make. Point-to-point is normally very easy to service, as well. I tend to use it for the more simple designs as that's where it really works the best.
"But there's nothing wrong with a good PCB design if it's done right," he continues.
"A good sorted layout can perform better in some ways than point-to-point, especially in more complex circuits because things tend to be more localised, not to mention easier to fit in. Two-ounce copper for the tracks is definitely the way to go when making tube amps using a PCB. This sounds better, is more reliable and is also more serviceable.
"I always use curved tracks with no corners or cut corners, as it winds up sounding more musical and with less noise. We tend to use PCB track eyelets with any cables being hard soldered to them. We still call this PCB though, not 'hybrid'."
Mark Bartel is the founder and designer for Tone King, one of the world's most coveted boutique brands, and well known for the exhaustive research and development that goes into its products.
"I've designed scores of amps over the past 25 years using both PC boards and various forms of hand-wiring. I prefer to use a combination of PC boards and hand-wiring to achieve the best layout in terms of sound quality plus reliability and serviceability.
"Proper use of well-designed PC boards can offer real, quantifiable advantages over hand-wiring schemes in terms of component placement, wiring length, and wire routing, which translate to improvements in both sound quality and serviceability.
"An important goal of proper design is to minimise wire length and to optimise relative positioning of the components. Many hand-wiring schemes may look beautiful, with the components all in a row, long runs of parallel wires, and nice right-angle bends, but these aesthetic conceits are often the opposite of what good design would dictate from an engineering perspective.
"We've built thousands of amplifiers with PCB construction over the past 23 years, many of which have been in constant touring use all over the world. To date, we have seen exactly zero problems with the boards in any of these amps."
Phil Taylor is a noted authority on the history of the Mullard Valve Company, and the founder and designer for Effectrode, whose unique valve-based pedals are found in the pedalboards of artists including David Gilmour, Peter Frampton and Billy Corgan to name but three.
"If you've ever looked inside a vintage Hiwatt amp, you'll see a fine example of point-to-point wiring where the small components - resistors and capacitors - are mounted on tag or turret boards.
"A well-laid-out point-to-point circuit is a thing of beauty; however, it's labour-intensive and skilled work. Each component must be soldered in position by hand and care has to be taken when bending and forming component leads to prevent stressing and damaging them.
"Contrast this with printed circuit boards, where the wiring patterns are chemically etched into copper foil laminated to epoxy impregnated fibreglass board. The PCB is designed so that the components can be precisely placed in position with minimal or no bending of component leads. This not only prevents component damage, but it also simplifies and speeds up assembly, making it possible to automate the process using machines.
"There are a couple more advantages when using a PCB: they can be designed with additional copper layers for ground and power, allowing the circuit layout to be optimised for low-noise performance and reduce its size.
"Secondly, component lead lengths are kept to a minimum - sometimes there are no leads at all - reducing the number of solder connections, ensuring highest signal integrity and reliability." | <urn:uuid:94a0d530-c557-46a3-9aa1-f6d2a5149f49> | {
"date": "2017-06-26T17:30:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320841.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626170406-20170626190406-00457.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.96175616979599,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 2095,
"url": "http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/handwired-vs-pcb-amps-whats-the-difference-633137"
} |
ERIC Number: ED479865
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 2003-May
Reference Count: N/A
Improving Students' Literacy through the Use of Rhythm and Rhyme.
This report describes a program for improving reading skills of first graders. The targeted population consisted of a blue-collar community located in western Illinois. Many of the families had a language barrier. The problem of below grade level readers was documented through assessments and teacher observations. An examination of causes revealed that the first grade students did not know the letters of the alphabet and the corresponding sounds. Faculty reported students with little or no reading skills. After reviewing professional literature, a decision was made to focus on rhythm and rhyme to increase reading skills. Nursery rhymes in particular were used. Each week a new nursery rhyme was presented to increase the students' awareness of letters and sounds. One day the children sang and chanted the rhyme. The students acted out the rhyme on the next day. Pictures also were drawn by the students to show the main idea of the rhyme. Another day the students found rhyming words in the rhyme. The final day of the week was a review of all the activities. The results of the post intervention indicated that the use of nursery rhymes improved the students' knowledge of letters and letter sounds. The students also gained confidence in their reading ability. The students improved their one to one matching. More work can be done to improve the children's knowledge of letters and sounds. The children's beginning letter of their names can be highlighted and discussed. Alphabet book and books with playful words can also be used to increase letter and sound recognition. The most important strategy would be to use the children's own names to learn the letters and sounds. The reading survey is attached. (Contains 24 references and 2 figures of data.) (Author/RS)
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses; Reports - Research; Tests/Questionnaires
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Note: Master of Arts Action Research Project, Saint Xavier University and SkyLight Professional Development Field-Based Master's Program. | <urn:uuid:ffb1a6f7-efa6-45e6-b848-126de0701f07> | {
"date": "2017-01-24T03:59:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00192-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9506356120109558,
"score": 3.640625,
"token_count": 444,
"url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED479865"
} |
The MCA BlogConnecting with others one story at a time
With a final bill expected to surpass $50 billion dollars, the upcoming Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, Russia are going to be the most expensive of all time by several times. Russian President Vladimir Putin is intent on using the Olympics to advance the country’s standing on a global stage, and that, combined with endemic corruption leading to kickbacks and overcharging, has helped drive the tremendous expense of the games.
Russia and Asbestos Production
Russia is the world’s leading producer of asbestos, mining over a million tons annually. (Brazil, which is hosting the 2014 World Cup as well as the 2016 Olympic Games, is the world’s third-largest producer.) Most of the asbestos produced in Russia finds its way to China, which imports more than 600,000 tons per year.
The Green Standard for the Olympics
On winning the bid to host the Games, Russia established a set of environmental standards for construction of Olympic facilities in Sochi. Known as the Green Standard, it prohibits the use of certain materials. There is, however, some question as to how closely the country is adhering to its own published standards.
A Reuters report details the ecological problems that construction of Olympic facilities has caused in Sochi and the surrounding areas. Residents of one nearby village, site of newly established rock quarries, say that their homes are virtually uninhabitable now. A thick layer of dust has settled over the town and a nearby ravine is full of trash carted in from other construction sites and dumped by workers. Wells have dried up, forcing the construction company to deliver fresh water by the barrel. One resident’s house fell away in a landslide; she now lives in a metal shack by the ruins of her home and is trying to bring the company to court.
Other areas have seen widespread flooding after construction crews filled in wetland areas. Toxic runoff from illegal landfills threatens Sochi’s drinking water. Environmental activists who have spoken out against the construction find themselves harassed by the government.
What About Asbestos?
Asbestos is officially banned by Russia’s Green Standard, and there is no evidence that the material is being used in Olympic buildings. (So far, the only tangible connection between asbestos and Olympic proceedings was the use of an asbestos blanket to snuff out an exploded Olympic torch.) There is also a level of irony to the fact that Russia is the largest exporter of a carcinogenic substance it has banned from use in construction.
Nonetheless, the wanton environmental destruction from Olympic construction should set off some alarm bells. So should Russian and Olympic officials’ silence when pressed on the matter prior to construction. Evidence or no, it’s a question that needs to be asked, and one more thing to worry about as the Games approach.
Resources for Mesothelioma Patients and Their Families
- Request a Free Mesothelioma Treatment Guide
- Connect with Top Mesothelioma Doctors
- Locate the Nearest Comprehensive Cancer Center | <urn:uuid:0f551156-18bc-4f5a-a84d-18c00e30e74b> | {
"date": "2017-08-18T16:22:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104704.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818160227-20170818180227-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9527800679206848,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 625,
"url": "https://www.mesothelioma.com/blog/authors/staff/sochis-double-standards-the-olympic-environmental-impact.htm"
} |
Chrysanthemums, or mums, have been cultivated for centuries. The colorful choices we see in garden centers each fall are hybrids of several wild species from Asia. Dendranthema x grandiflorum can be found in a wide array of colors (white, bronze, pink, yellow, lavender) and flower types (daisy, buttons, pompons and cushions).
Mums planted in the spring require some special care to look their best at blooming time. Most garden mums sold in the fall are intended for autumn color, to be discarded after bloom. There are strategies, however, to increase the mum's chance of surviving the winter.
Plant mums in full or nearly full sun. They set buds according to the length of the day, so avoid a site where they will receive bright artificial light in the evening.
Plant mums in a rich, organic soil with plenty of moisture. Provide a slow-release fertilizer.
Don't forget to water your mums. It's easy to overlook fall bloomers among all the other summer flowers in the garden.
Beginning early in May, perform what is called "pinching back". Using your fingernails or pruning shears, slightly cut back each stem to just above a node (a cluster of leaves). This will keep the plant compact and well-branched.
Follow up the first pinching with a second pinching a month later (early June), and a third a month after that (early July).
Do not pinch back any later than early July; doing so will prevent your mum from setting buds in time for a fall display before frost.
If you garden in a warmer climate, pinching can be continued for another month.
To save time, avoid pinching by cutting the mum back by 1/2 to 2/3 in mid-June. This only needs to be done once each summer.
Stop fertilizing mums by late July in a cold climate. Encouraging new growth after this point reduces chances that the plant will survive winter.
Keep the mum watered through the fall until the first hard freeze.
In a cold climate, it is best to leave the foliage standing through the winter. It will serve to protect the plant and give it a better chance of winter survival, and can be cut in the spring to make way for new growth.
Provide mulch around the plant to insulate it from winter weather.
Divide mums in the spring by digging up the whole plant and separating the outsides of the rootball from the center. Discard the center material and replant the healthy root growth. Chrysanthemums respond well to division every other year or even every year.
About this Author
Gwen Bruno has been a full-time freelance writer since 2009, with her gardening-related articles appearing on DavesGarden. She is a former teacher and librarian, and she holds a bachelor's degree in education from Augustana College and master's degrees in education and library science from North Park University and the University of Wisconsin. | <urn:uuid:46b4370f-591e-42e1-a362-bfa1b1aa6231> | {
"date": "2015-01-29T14:25:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115855094.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161055-00039-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9221430420875549,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 635,
"url": "http://www.gardenguides.com/75886-trim-flowers-off-mum.html"
} |
Diagnosing DCIS usually involves a combination of procedures:
- Physical examination of the breasts: Your doctor may be able to feel a small lump in the breast during a physical examination, although a noticeable lump is rare with DCIS. In cases when DCIS cannot be felt during a physical exam, it can often be detected using mammography.
- Mammography: DCIS is usually found by mammography. As old cancer cells die off and pile up, tiny specks of calcium (called "calcifications" or "microcalcifications") form within the broken-down cells. The mammogram will show the cancer cells inside the ducts as a cluster of these microcalcifications, which appear either as white specks or as a shadow.
Biopsy: If you do have a suspicious mammogram, your doctor will probably want you to have a biopsy. There are two ways to get a biopsy done with only a little bit of surgery (more invasive biopsies are rarely needed for DCIS):
- Fine needle aspiration biopsy: A very small, hollow needle is inserted into the breast. A sample of cells is removed and examined under the microscope. This method leaves no scars.
- Core needle biopsy: A larger needle is inserted to remove several bigger samples of tissue from the area that looks suspicious. In order to get the core needle through the skin, the surgeon must make a tiny incision. This leaves a very tiny scar that is barely visible after a few weeks.
- Incisional biopsy: Incisional biopsy removes a small piece of tissue for examination.
- Excisional biopsy: Excisional biopsy attempts to remove the entire suspicious lump of tissue from the breast.
Biopsies are done only to make the diagnosis. If DCIS is diagnosed, more surgery is needed to ensure all of the cancer is removed along with "clear margins," which means that a border of healthy tissue around the cancer is also removed. Usually this means having lumpectomy, or in some cases (a large area of DCIS, for example), mastectomy.
After the biopsy, the pathologist analyzes the piece of breast tissue and reports back on the:
- type and grade of the DCIS: how abnormal the cells look when compared with normal breast cells, and how fast they are growing
- hormone-receptor status: Whether or not the cancer cells have receptors (proteins in a cell that receive messages from hormones) for the hormones estrogen and/or progesterone. If estrogen and/or progesterone receptors are present, this means that the cancer cells' growth is fueled by these hormones.
Type and grade of DCIS
All DCIS is considered stage 0 breast cancer — the earliest stage possible. "Stage" describes how far the cancer has spread beyond the site of the original tumor. Even though DCIS is always considered stage 0, it can be any size and be located in any number of areas inside the breast.
Knowing the type and grade of DCIS can help you and your doctor decide on the best treatment for you.
When a pathologist looks at the tissue removed during the biopsy, he or she determines whether or not any abnormal cells are present. If abnormal cells are present, the pathologist will note how different the cells look compared with normal, healthy breast cells. The image shows the range of possible findings, from normal cells all the way to invasive ductal cancer.
- Normal cells
- Ductal hyperplasia or "overgrowth" means that too many cells are present.
- Atypical ductal hyperplasia means that there are too many cells (hyperplasia) and they are starting to take on an abnormal appearance (atypical or "not typical").
- Ductal carcinoma in situ means that there are too many cells and they have the features of cancer, but they are still confined to the inside of the duct.
- DCIS-MI (DCIS with microinvasion) means that a few of the cancer cells have started to break through the wall of the duct. This is considered to be a slightly more serious form of DCIS.
- Invasive ductal cancer means that the cancer cells have broken beyond the breast duct. The breast cancer is no longer a DCIS but an invasive ductal carcinoma, the most common type of breast cancer.
There are three grades of DCIS: low or grade I; moderate or grade II; and high or grade III. The lower the grade, the more closely the cancer cells resemble normal breast cells and the more slowly they grow. Sometimes it's difficult to figure out where the cells are on in the range from normal to abnormal. If the cells are in between grades, they may be called "borderline."
Grade I (low grade) or grade II (moderate grade)
Grade I or low-grade DCIS cells look very similar to normal cells or atypical ductal hyperplasia cells. Grade II or moderate-grade DCIS cells grow faster than normal cells and look less like them. Grade I and grade II DCIS tend to grow slowly and are sometimes described as "non-comedo" DCIS. The term non-comedo means that there are not many dead cancer cells in the tumor. This shows that the cancer is growing slowly, because there is enough nourishment to feed all of the cells. When a tumor grows quickly, some of its cells begin to die off.
People with low-grade DCIS are at increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer in the future (after 5 years), compared to people without DCIS. Compared to people with high-grade DCIS, however, people with low-grade DCIS are less likely to have the cancer return or have a new cancer develop. If more cancer does develop, it typically takes longer for this to happen in cases of low-grade DCIS versus high-grade.
There are different patterns of low-grade and moderate-grade DCIS:
- Papillary DCIS: The cancer cells are arranged in a finger-like pattern within the ducts. If the cells are very small, they are called micropapillary.
- Cribriform DCIS: There are gaps between cancer cells in the affected breast ducts (like the pattern of holes in Swiss cheese).
- Solid DCIS: Cancer cells completely fill the affected breast ducts.
Grade III (high-grade) DCIS
In the high-grade pattern, DCIS cells tend to grow more quickly and look much different from normal, healthy breast cells. People with high-grade DCIS have a higher risk of invasive cancer, either when the DCIS is diagnosed or at some point in the future. They also have an increased risk of the cancer coming back earlier — within the first 5 years rather than after 5 years.
High-grade DCIS is sometimes described as "comedo" or "comedo necrosis." Comedo refers to areas of dead (necrotic) cancer cells, which build up inside the tumor. When cancer cells grow quickly, some cells don’t get enough nourishment. These starved cells can die off, leaving areas of necrosis.
In addition to figuring out the type and grade of DCIS, the pathologist also will test your biopsy tissue for hormone receptors. This test determines whether or not the breast cancer has receptors for the hormones estrogen and progesterone. A positive result means that estrogen or progesterone (or both) fuels the cancer cells' growth. If the cancer is hormone-receptor-positive, your doctor is likely to recommend treatments that block the effects of estrogen or lower estrogen levels in the body.
Testing DCIS for hormone receptors is relatively new, however. Don't assume that your hospital will automatically perform this test. Be sure to ask your doctor to have the cancer tested this way. | <urn:uuid:c3aae49e-1fd2-439c-b75d-d9b7c2ddfb68> | {
"date": "2015-10-08T16:27:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737896527.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221816-00132-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9502990245819092,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 1631,
"url": "http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/dcis/diagnosis"
} |
This week during our surveys in Lake Manyara National Park, we were excited to see a baby elephant that we guessed was no more than an hour or two old. He was born in a dry, sandy riverbed, making a soft bed to rest and gather his strength to stand up and nurse for the first time. Three large female elephants (the mother and related females) formed a triangle around him, fiercely guarding the vulnerable newborn.
After a while, the mother gently helped the baby to stand up, using her foot to raise him and trunk to steady him. He was extremely wobbly on his feet and fell several times.
Immediately upon standing up, the baby elephant raised his head and made suckling motions. The females guided him to his mother's teat and we applauded when he took his first drink of nutrient-rich milk.
Science News and Updates From the Field from Wild Nature Institute.
If You Love Us,
Make A Donation!
All Photos on This Blog are Available as Frame-worthy Prints to Thank Our Generous Donors.
Email Us for Details of this Offer. | <urn:uuid:a36b134c-38e8-4909-8d93-efb376d97a3b> | {
"date": "2017-03-27T22:27:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189534.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00491-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9841272830963135,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 227,
"url": "http://www.wildnatureinstitute.org/blog/newborn-baby-elephant"
} |
A simple mechanical device serves as a gateway to science and technology education for youth
POSTED: 01:30 a.m. HST, Oct 02, 2010
LAST UPDATED: 02:06 a.m. HST, Oct 02, 2010
What do you get when you combine bubble tea straws, rubber bands and a toothbrush head? A brushbot miniature robot!
Learn how to make these inexpensive robots at a demonstration and competition tomorrow from 10 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at the State Capitol Auditorium, part of the Children and Youth Day activities this weekend.
"Brushbots are part of an outreach program for microrobots, one of the six recognized scholastic programs in Hawaii," said Art Kimura, education specialist of the Hawaii Space Grant Consortium at the University of Hawaii.
Made from a toothbrush head and a miniature vibrating motor, competitors will compete in speed races and a sumo tournament. The event is one of many at Children and Youth Day, which will be held from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. tomorrow at the Frank F. Fasi Civic Center grounds, Kalanimoku Building grounds, Hawaii State Library grounds, Hawaii State Art Museum, Washington Place, Iolani Palace, Punchbowl Street, Department of Health Parking Lot and Judiciary History Center.
Kimura is grateful for the opportunity to share robotics with the community. "Over the past year we have modified the process to make it more user-friendly and less expensive," he said. "We have found that despite the fact that there are over 400 robotics teams in Hawaii, we are still reaching a relatively small number of students and teachers."
Robotics programs engage students by making science and math relevant, he added. "More importantly, through robotics, students develop life skills including teamwork, problem solving, effective communication and time management."
Since the brushbots were developed by the Waiakea High School robotics club, they have been introduced to dozens of schools, and training was provided for more than 200 teachers statewide. "Three high schools -- Waiakea, Kalani and Radford -- have formed a small business to sell the brushbots kits and motors," he added.
"For the first time, a simple mechanical device can be used by hundreds of students in different schools," he explained. "It does not seem to matter if you are an elementary student or a high school student."
The excitement that the children express make it all worthwhile for Kimura and robotics instructors. "Teacher comments such as 'students don't want to go home,' 'I have to turn off the lights and kick them out of the room,' 'the robotics class is the best class I have, even better than PE' and 'I want to become an electrical engineer' all serve to remind us of the effect robotics may have on students." For more Children and Youth Day events, see full story.
Get along, little doggie -- or kitty, or birdie, or whatever your pet may be.
That's the tune to keep in mind as the Hawaiian Humane Society holds its 20th annual PetWalk Sunday at Magic Island. "This is the only time that animals are allowed at Ala Moana Beach Park," said Starr Dods, a spokeswoman for the Humane Society. "People dress up their pets and parade them around. We have dogs, cats, birds, bunnies, you name it."
The society is hoping to raise $150,000 for its programs, which include advocacy and education programs, spay and neuter programs, pet adoption and pet food assistance. The society's need is particularly acute this year because a pet-food distributor that had been supplying the organization has had to stop its donations, Dods said. The organization is also hoping to expand its kennels and renovate its facilities, she said. All donations are used locally.
Registration for the walk is at 7 a.m., and the walk begins at 8 a.m.
The Windward Ho'olaule'a, held from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. today, features a glass-blowing demonstration, craft and food booths, live entertainment, children's activities, a ceramic sale and raku firing, and a white elephant sale. Among the featured performers are Sean Naauao, Olomana, Teresa Bright and Holunape. The event will also highlight businesses and organizations that promote sustainability and Earth-friendly living.
Proceeds from the Windward Ho'olaule'a fund scholarships for Windward Community College students. Visit windward.hawaii.edu/hoolaulea or call 235-7466 for more information.
The Children's Discovery Center's ANAK Festival showcases Filipino food, arts and crafts, dance, games and storytelling from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. tomorrow. The cultural keiki festival is one in a series of events designed to highlight the center's current exhibit, "Torn from Home: My Life as a Refugee," which is on display through Oct. 16.
Banda Kawayan, a bamboo band organized by the Filipino Community Center, kicks off the festivities with renditions of traditional Filipino folk songs. Other performances include gong music by the Mahalohalo Kolintang Ensemble and dances by Tekniqling Crew, a group of University of Hawaii students who mix hip-hop and traditional folk movements.
Food demonstrations featuring banana lumpia and palitaw are included in the "Taste of the Philippines." Filipino-style bentos will also be available for sale.
Festivities are free with museum admission, which is $10, $8 kamaaina, $6 for seniors over 62 and free for children under 1. Call 524-5437 for more information. | <urn:uuid:0d2ce4b7-eb2b-4d5d-b9ef-91d7531033d8> | {
"date": "2014-11-23T07:37:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379320.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00084-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9567964673042297,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 1201,
"url": "http://www.staradvertiser.com/features/20101002_Brushbot_invasion.html"
} |
From his former home at the peak of College Hill to the blue New York State Historic Marker outside his birthplace at Buttrick Hall, Elihu Root, Class of 1864, looms large over the campus as one of Hamilton’s favorite sons. Yet his legacy extends far beyond College Hill: 2012 marked the centennial of Root’s 1912 Nobel Peace Prize for his pioneering work in international relations.
Though he lived and worked in New York and Washington and traveled around the world, Hamilton was always the center of Root’s world. His father Oren was a long-serving professor of mathematics at Hamilton, a position Elihu’s brother Oren Jr. would inherit. Elihu himself was born in the center of campus in a building that now houses the President’s office, and graduated at the top of his class in 1864.
A successful career in private practice as a lawyer in New York followed, and Root moved in the same circles as some of the era’s biggest names, including John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, a personal friend of Root’s. His private practice brought him a significant personal fortune, but it was only with his 1899 appointment to President William McKinley’s Cabinet as Secretary of War that Root’s name became widely known. Upon his appointment, his contemporary Theodore Roosevelt praised Root as “a man of singularly keen intellect...possessing great tact in judgment...entirely fearless in standing up for the right.”
Despite his lack of military experience, McKinley appointed Root to the position because of his adroit grasp of legal principle. Root brought his lawyer’s skills to bear by reforming the War Department and the Civil Service as well as by effectively managing the United States’ new territories of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico (won in the wake of the Spanish-American War). After McKinley’s death, Theodore Roosevelt kept Root in his position as Secretary of War for the remainder of his truncated first term and then made him Secretary of State in 1905 following the death of the previous secretary.
It was here that Root did perhaps his most important work. He was an arbiter of the highest caliber, and worked to establish international law as the first recourse when international tensions arose. According to his Nobel biography, Root felt that international arbitration “represented mankind’s best chance to achieve world peace...but he also believed that it would take much time, wisdom, patience, and toil to implement it effectively.”
The Nobel committee recognized Root’s efforts with a belated Nobel Peace Prize for 1912 that was actually awarded in 1913. The Nobel Selection committee decided not to award a Peace Prize for 1912 due to the lack of suitable candidates, but awarded two prizes in 1913 to compensate. Root was slated to give his Nobel lecture in Oslo, Norway, in the fall of 1914, but in an ironic twist of history, World War I broke out before Root could deliver his speech.
Root’s undelivered speech maintained that international arbitration was the best way to prevent conflict and praised the recent conferences on international rights at the Hague, although he conceded that the ideas proposed in these conferences were far from perfect. He also argued for the instruction of students in international arbitration, which he saw as essential to perpetuate the system.
In his speech, he praised a rare class of men “with exceptional power of statement or of feeling and possessed by the true missionary spirit” who could “deliver a message to the world, putting old truths in such a way as to bite into the consciousness of civilized peoples and move mankind forward a little, with a gain never to be altogether lost.”
An apt, if unwitting, description of Root himself. | <urn:uuid:34fed12b-b1b0-4622-8af5-d99790b413e7> | {
"date": "2015-03-30T10:37:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299261.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00278-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9791541695594788,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 775,
"url": "http://www.hamilton.edu/history/elihu-root"
} |
Common complaints regarding water clarity, color and/or the presence of particles may be due to several different reasons based on the following descriptive categories:
- Dirty/Discolored Water (Rusty, Yellow, Brown): Your water can appear to look “dirty” with particles and/or brown in color due to the presence of rust or sediment from piping materials in the water distribution or plumbing systems commonly caused by:
- Breaks in the water mains or hydrants.
- High water flow situations such as system tests or maintenance, construction activities or firefighting activities.
- Rust from plumbing in the water mains, homes or other buildings.
- Milky/Cloudy Water: If you notice that your water is milky, cloudy, and/or looks white this may indicate the presence of air bubbles in the water. In order to determine if this is due to air in the water, fill a clear glass with water and allow it to sit for a couple minutes. The air bubbles should rise to the top and the cloudiness will dissipate if there is simply air in the water. All water contains dissolved oxygen; however, changes in water temperature and pressure results in supersaturation or bubble formation.
Check for persistent discoloration by opening the cold water tap closest to the water meter and let it run for 3-5 minutes to see if it clears up. If the water does not run clear after a 5 minute flush, close the fixture, wait one hour and repeat (may take several hours for sediments to settle in the water main). If the water clears you can flush other plumbing fixtures in the home or business by opening faucets or flushing toilets. If your hot water does not run clear, it is possible that the dirty/discolored water has entered your hot water heater or boiler. To avoid drawing discolored water into your water heater/boiler, avoid using the hot water until the cold water clears up. In that case, it is recommended that you call a plumber to flush the water heater or boiler.
- White Particles in Water: If the particles in the water are white in color and float to the surface, this may indicate deterioration of the dip tube in the hot water heater. The dip tube extends to near the bottom of the hot water heater and is used to introduce cold water. White 1 particles may also indicate that mineral deposits or scale have formed on piping or plumbing fixtures and have become dislodged.
- Black Particles in Water: If the particles in the water appear to be black and float to the surface, then they are normally caused by degradation of rubber (elastomer) plumbing parts in plumbing fixtures or hoses inside your home or business. These particles appear oily and will smudge or smear surfaces. Chloramine, which is used by SFPUC to disinfect the water, can accelerate the degradation process on certain types of rubber. Make sure that all replacement plumbing parts are made of chloramine resistant material.
- Sandy Water: Sandy water can be caused by particles that have accumulated over time in the distribution system or from unfiltered water systems. If the problem persists, flushing of the service main may be required.
Monitoring and Treatment
The SFPUC routinely monitors for inorganic contaminants, such as metals, that can be naturally occurring or result from corrosion of metals (e.g., rust). The presence of these metals is not typically detectable or detected at very low levels in the water supply. These very low levels are within the public health limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the State Water Resources Control Board and do not pose any negative health risks. Please refer to the references section below for more information on the regulations of these metals and other contaminants.
In addition, the SFPUC monitors for turbidity, which is a water clarity indicator that is used to indicate the effectiveness of the filtration system. High turbidity can hinder the effectiveness of disinfectants. To learn more about monitoring results for turbidity, please refer to our Annual Water Quality Report.
Drinking water quality is regulated by established maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for the protection of public health. Secondary MCLs are used by public water systems to ensure the aesthetic quality of drinking water such as odor, taste and appearance. The regulation of contaminants for aesthetic concerns that do not pose a risk to human health serves as guideline for SFPUC to deliver water that meets or exceeds federal and state drinking water quality standards. To learn more about specific information regarding drinking water standards, please refer to our Annual Water Quality Report.
EPA: Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals
SWRCB Division of Drinking Water: Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels
SFPUC: Annual Water Quality Report
If you still have concerns about the quality of water and would like to report emergency water quality issues, please call our 24-hour hotline by dialing 3-1-1 (within SF only) or 415-701-2311. You can also visit http://www.sf311.org/. | <urn:uuid:b8dd632e-4be5-452e-8b4a-9aa12e9e0484> | {
"date": "2019-06-19T22:11:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999041.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619204313-20190619230313-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9206607937812805,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 1044,
"url": "https://www.sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=1110"
} |
Sleeping an average of more than eight hours per night, or less than seven hours per night, appears to greatly increase the risk of developing pre-diabetes, as well as full type 2 diabetes.
It’s recommended by many medical professionals that adults sleep an average of seven to eight hours per night. Sleeping less than seven hours is generally considered under-sleeping, and has been linked to a wide range of medical (heart disease, obesity, for example) and psychological conditions. Sleeping more than the recommended amount has also been linked to health problems, though less definitively.
The current study studied 276 participants over a six year period. The most striking, general observations, was that both over and under-sleepers developed diabetes, and the associated pre-diabetic condition, insulin resistance, more than twice as often as seven-eight hour sleepers. More specifically, without adjusting for other external risk factors (such as obesity), it was seen that 20% of over and under-sleepers developed diabetes over the course of the study, compared to only seven percent of eight hour sleepers. Adjusting for external factors, it was still seen that over and under-sleepers were approximately twice as likely to develop diabetes than seven-eight hour sleepers.
This study gives further support to past research, which has associated poor sleeping habits with early death. Obesity, heart disease, and diabetes, are connected in many ways, with each being of some risk for generating the others, and all associated with increased risk of mortality. Now all have been linked to unhealthy sleep durations as well, putting further emphasis on the importance of getting seven-eight hours of nightly sleep.
Source: Defeat Diabetes Foundation: Tremblay, Angelo. Huppe, Jean-Francois. Sleep Medicine news release. April 2009. | <urn:uuid:b4fcb11d-3f7f-4690-aaa8-01ff85bd4f73> | {
"date": "2015-01-28T20:38:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422119446463.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124171046-00044-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9730958342552185,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 371,
"url": "http://www.defeatdiabetes.org/diabetes-linked-to-long-and-short-nightly-sleeping/"
} |
Spot a whale shark
Every autumn, whale sharks hang out off the coast of Western Australia. Spot one and you could help scientists unravel the mysteries of the world's biggest fish.
For an animal that grows up to 18 metres long and covered with an eye-catching pattern of stripes and spots, surprisingly little is known about whale sharks (Rhincodon typus).
Found mainly in tropical and warm temperate waters, in particular off India, the Philippines, Australia, Mexico, Indonesia and as far north as Taiwan, until the mid-1980s there were less than 350 confirmed sightings.
Around this time, big groups of whale sharks were found gathering at Ningaloo off Western Australia's coastline.
Each year up to 200 whale sharks visit Ningaloo reef, and they can stay for up to three months following the massive coral spawn in March and April, says whale shark researcher Brad Norman from Murdoch University. He is also co-founder of ECOCEAN, an not-for-profit conservation organisation focusing on monitoring and conservation of the threatened whale shark.
"It's a bit of a boy's club at Ningaloo — around 85 per cent are immature males (easily distinguished because of the presence of claspers — the male sex organs), usually less than eight metres in length," says Norman who has been studying the animals since 1995.
Numbers at the marine reserve are fairly stable, he says, with good numbers showing up each year. "Of these, roughly two-thirds are repeat visitors, and one-third are just passing through. When the males mature, usually above around eight to nine metres, most stop coming and seem to be replaced by smaller animals. Presumably they are too busy searching the oceans for a mate."
One whale shark, known as 'Stumpty' for his damaged tail, was the first animal recorded by Norman, and has shown up at Ningaloo almost every year since¬, much to Norman's excitement.
"It's like catching up with an old friend," he says, laughing that he's probably more excited about meeting up again than the shark, which seems oblivious to the reunion.
When: In Australia, they are mainly found in Ningaloo Marine Park, WA, but there have also been confirmed sightings around Christmas Island and in the Coral Sea, and as far south as Kalbarri on the mid-west coast, and Eden on the NSW south coast.
Where: Mid-March to early July.
Big mouths, even bigger mysteries
Whale sharks' ancestry dates back about 250 million years ago following the 'great dying', a mass extinction event that is thought to have killed 96 percent of all marine life.
Fossil records are scant because whale sharks have flexible cartilage in place of bones, however fossilized dermal denticles (the file-like scales that cover their skin) and teeth have been found.
Whale sharks are a unique species within the order Orectolobiformes, a group that includes the carpet sharks, such as wobbegongs and zebra sharks. Although not closely related, two other sharks share a similar feeding strategy: the cold-water basking sharks and the deep-dwelling mega-mouths. Like them, whale sharks are filter feeders.
"They have thousands of tiny teeth, however they are not used in feeding. Instead they eat krill, larval crabs, jellyfish and coral spawn using passive 'ram ventilation' where they swim along with their metre-wide mouths open and sieve prey items as small as one millimetre through the fine mesh of their gill rakers — bony, finger-like projections in the gill arch," says Norman.
They have also been occasionally observed hanging vertically in the water feeding by suction, which Norman says is probably an energy-saving measure. More rarely, groups of several whale sharks have been seen rounding up and charging through krill 'balls' at dusk with their mouths wide open.
Whale sharks are highly visible in the clear waters of Ningaloo, where they are often 'spotted' by planes flying overhead, but the pattern of lines and spots may act as camouflage in deeper waters, where the sharks have been known to dive as far down as 1500 metres in the pitch-black chilly waters. Although no-one knows for certain why they dive so far down, Norman speculates that they may be searching for food. The powerful deep ocean currents may also help them travel long distances-they are known to swim thousands of kilometres.
"It is very likely that they go even deeper, but this is the limit of pressure that tagging devices can take; they detach themselves at this depth and float to the surface before transmitting data to overhead satellites," says Norman. He adds that one of the reasons so little is known about whale sharks is that they are notoriously difficult to track because of their 'gift' for shedding expensive transmitters.
"They have been tracked swimming from Ningaloo to Christmas Island, towards Indonesia, and Timor before their tags were shed, but where they went after that is a mystery," he says.
Photos join the dots
Thought to live for up to 100 years, whale sharks probably mature at around 30 years of age. Although they are known to have internal fertilisation, little is known about whale shark mating habits, including when and where they breed. Only one pregnant female has ever been found, caught by a Taiwanese fishery.
"When they opened her up the fisherman found more than 300 near-term pups, all of them the spitting image of their mother," comments Norman. "It seems that they are a bit like turtles, producing large numbers of young, with very few surviving to maturity."
Only one very small pup has ever been caught, at the whale shark hotspot of Donsol in the Philippines in March 2009. It was only 38 centimetres long, and was photographed and added to the ECOCEAN database before being set free.
Given the finding of the pup, and the Taiwanese catch, it seems likely that the seas around this region maybe a pupping and nursery area for whale sharks. But finding the large females remains elusive.
So to help solve the mystery of where whale sharks go, Norman and his colleagues developed a non-invasive photo identification library.
Based on technology designed for the Hubble telescope to map stars in distant galaxies, tourists snorkelling at Ningaloo and other whale shark hotspots around the world take a photo of the unique spot pattern behind the gills and upload it to ECOCEAN's website. There it is compared against a library of more than 25,000 images and either recorded as a new sighting, or flagged as a return visitor.
E-mails are sent out to their 'spotters' whenever the whale sharks appear, allowing these citizen scientists to keep in touch with their animal's progress.
"Boys' clubs like the one found at Ningaloo occur in a number of places, and usually follow seasonal food pulses like coral spawning or copepod blooms, but until recently there were no known aggregations of females." Then citizen scientists' contributions to the photo ID library led to an exciting find in the Galapagos Islands
"They had discovered one of the few places where big females come together," says Norman, who is involved in finding out more about the Galapagos population. "It's quite different to Ningaloo, where the whale sharks are close to the surface and people can easily see them with only a snorkel.
"In the remote Galapagos the water is freezing, and the 'girls' are down around 20-25 metres, probably feeding on the nutrient-rich upwellings often found in cooler water, meaning SCUBA equipment is necessary to see them."
Whale sharks are currently listed as 'vulnerable to extinction' on the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) Red List for Threatened Species. They received protection in the Philippines in 1998 and in Australia in 2000. Whale sharks had also been hunted for many years at unsustainable levels in both India and Taiwan; India brought in protection in 2001, and Taiwan in 2007.
And through education programs held by ECOCEAN for school and community groups, the appealing, non-aggressive animals are also helping raise awareness of the global threat to sharks from overfishing, pollution, and indiscriminate hunting.
Recently great progress was made, says Norman, with agreement reached by 100 countries to support a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) under the United Nations Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).
"Those present signed a Memorandum of Understanding that aims to help increase scientific knowledge about whale sharks (and six other species of vulnerable migratory sharks), raise public awareness and educate stakeholders such as fishermen and tourism operators about these animals, and to create a forum for ongoing discussion," he says.
"It is a fantastic step forward."
Published 04 May 2010 | <urn:uuid:1ac41c90-5ec3-4f31-a180-bdedf5ef4574> | {
"date": "2019-12-12T08:26:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540542644.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212074623-20191212102623-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9733291864395142,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 1841,
"url": "https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2010/05/04/2889729.htm?topic=space"
} |
Abraham bar Hiyya is famed for his book Hibbur ha-Meshihah ve-ha-Tishboret (Treatise on Measurement and Calculation), translated into Latin by Plato of Tivoli as Liber embadorum in 1145. This book is the earliest Arab algebra written in Europe. It contains the complete solution of the general quadratic and is the first text in Europe to give such a solution. Rather strangely, however, 1145 was also the year that al-Khwarizmi's algebra book was translated by Robert of Chester so Abraham bar Hiyya's work was rapidly joined by a second text giving the complete solution to the general quadratic equation.
It is interesting to see the areas of mathematics and the mathematicians with which Abraham was familiar. Of course he knew geometry through the works of Euclid, but he also knew the contributions to geometry from other Greek texts such as Theodosius's Sphaerics in three books, On the Moving Sphere which is a work on the geometry of the sphere by Autolycus, Apollonius's Conics, and the later contributions by Heron of Alexandria and Menelaus of Alexandria. Abraham had also studied some of the important works on algebra by Arab mathematicians, in particular al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji.
Among other texts written by Abraham bar Hiyya was Yesod ha-Tebunah u-Migdal ha-Emunah (The Foundation of Understanding and the Tower of Faith). This work is an encyclopaedia of mathematics, astronomy, optics and music. It is the first encyclopaedia in the Hebrew language.
Abraham also wrote a number of texts on astronomy; in particular he wrote on the form of the Earth and the calculation of the paths of the stars on the celestial sphere. His book Tables of the Prince refers to the tables of al-Battani while Abraham's treatise Sefer ha-Ibbur (Book of Intercalation), written in 1122-23, is the first Hebrew work devoted exclusively to a study of the calendar.
In the philosophical treatise Hegyon ha-Nefesh ha-Azuva (Meditation of the Sad Soul) Abraham deals with the nature of good and evil and ethics. Megillat ha-Megalleh (Scroll of the Revealer) outlines Abraham's view of history based on astrology. It claims to forecast the messianic future.
Perhaps one of the most important features of Abraham bar Hiyya's work is the fact that it appears to have stimulated an interest in Arabic mathematics and, together with the work of Abraham ibn Ezra, marks the beginning of Hebrew scholarly study of mathematics. As the author of writes:-
The major part of the mathematical 'classics' in Hebrew were translated from Arabic between the second third of the thirteenth century and the first third of the fourteenth century, within the northern littoral of the western Mediterranean. This movement occurred after the original works by Abraham bar Hiyya and Abraham ibn Ezra became available to a wide readership.It is rather difficult to place Abraham bar Hiyya in the development of mathematics since in most respects he did not fit nicely into one culture but spanned several. It may indeed be for just that reason that he is important since he produced a cross-fertilisation of ideas between these cultures. As Levey (the author of ) writes in , Abraham:-
... did not definitely belong definitely to one mathematical group. He spent most of his life in Barcelona, an area of both Arab and Christian learning, and was active in translating the masterpieces of Arab science. ... he deplored the lack of knowledge of Arab science and language among the people of Provence. He wrote his own works in Hebrew, but he helped translate ... works into Latin....
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page | <urn:uuid:031e2d62-875e-4755-8982-bdde54cbbfce> | {
"date": "2016-10-24T18:17:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00541-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9607046246528625,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 829,
"url": "http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abraham.html"
} |
Friday, May 20, 2016
Tips and tricks for Google Earth
With Google Earth, you can explore the world in many different ways.
Find and runs through your favorite places
Visit your home address: navigate directly to your home or look for the address.
Fly all over the world: visit sites around the globe with the Flight Simulator.
Record and playback your favorite trips: choose the places you wish to visit, mark them on the map and record a trip to play it later or share it with other people.
Add your photos to Google Earth: put your photos directly on the globe so that, whenever you visit a place, you can see them along with the photos that already exist in the map.
Learn about the world
See how looks the Earth with the following functions:
Layer Traveler: It examines realistic views of streets, the ground, cities, 3D buildings, etc.
Historical layer: Check out how the various locations have changed over time.
View of the sky: looks at the sky from anywhere in which you find yourself in Google Earth.
Screenshots of 3D terrain: examines how are mountains, canyons and other natural landscapes.
Query how other people used Google Earth
To monitor and improve public health: A company used Google Earth to monitor the air quality and noise levels in order to improve the environment.
For planning a recreational sporting event: A group of runners drew up the map of a 320-km relay race to be prepared to face the ground.
To help a local economy in difficulties: A nonprofit group trained to Governments and local communities in developing country so that they could create sustainable enterprises in the same place. | <urn:uuid:61cd7f9a-88f1-48d4-8256-3c5bd79a7939> | {
"date": "2017-05-23T20:27:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607702.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523202350-20170523222350-00471.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9061276912689209,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 342,
"url": "https://earthgoogle.blogspot.com/2016/05/tips-and-tricks-for-google-earth.html"
} |
Brain tumours are usually named after the types of brain cells from which they have developed. This information gives brief details about the main types of malignant and benign brain tumour that exist.
Some tumours develop from the supporting cells of the brain known as the glial cells. They may be named after the type of cell that they are made up of, or after the part of the brain in which they are found. More than half of all primary brain tumours are gliomas.
Types of Glioma
Astrocytic Tumours - This is the most common type of glioma and develops from star-shaped cells called astrocytes. Grade 4 astrocytic gliomas and grade 3 astrocytic gliomas are the commonest brain tumours found in adults.
Oligodendroglioma - These are tumours that are made up of cells known as oligodendrocytes, which produce the fatty covering of nerve cells known as the myelin sheath. They are usually slower growing than astrocytic tumours.
Mixed Glioma - Gliomas can be made up of a mixture of different types of glial cells, and the most common are oligo-astrocytomas.
Ependymoma - A rare type of glioma, ependymomas develop from the ependymal cells, which line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumours have the potential to spread to other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
Grading of Gliomas
Grading is a term that refers to the appearance of the tumour cells under the microscope. A Consultant Pathologist who specializes in brain tumours will examine the cells and look at whether they are dividing slowly or more quickly, and how abnormal they look.
The grade gives an idea of how quickly the tumour may develop. There are four grades: grade 1 tumours are the least malignant and grow only very slowly, whereas grade 4 tumours are more malignant and grow faster. Sometimes grade 1 and 2 gliomas are called low-grade gliomas and grades 3 and 4 are called high-grade gliomas. Your treatment options and recommendations will depend on the type and grade of your tumour.
Medulloblastomas are one of the most common malignant brain tumours in children, but are less common in adults. They usually develop in the cerebellum at the back of the brain but may spread to other parts of the brain. Very occasionally, these tumours spread outside the brain to the lymph nodes or lungs.
Central Nervous System (CNS) Lymphoma
A lymphoma is a malignant tumour of the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's immune system. In rare cases, these tumours only affect the brain. They are then called primary CNS Lymphoma.
Pineal Region Tumours
The pineal gland is just below the area where the two cerebral hemispheres join. This type of tumour is extremely rare. They can be made up of different types of cells. The most common tumours are germinomas; others include teratomas, pineocytomas and pineoblastomas.
A meningioma arises from the meninges, the covering of the brain. They can occur in any part of the meninges over the brain or spinal cord and usually grow very slowly. Most meningiomas are benign and do not spread from the area where they started. Malignant meningiomas are very rare.
Acoustic Neuroma (also known as Vestibular Schwannoma, & Neurilemoma) are benign tumours that develop in the acoustic or auditory nerve, which controls hearing and balance. The nerve is covered by Schwann cells. The tumour arises from these cells, so it is also known as a Schwannoma. Acoustic Neuromas are usually found only in adults and are more common in people who have a genetic disease called neurofibromatosis.
This is a rare type of tumour that develops from the cells that line the blood vessels. Haemangioblastoma are benign and grow slowly. It may take several years for symptoms to appear.
The pituitary gland produces hormones that control and regulate the other hormone-producing glands of the body. Pituitary tumours are benign and are also called pituitary adenomas. Symptoms often occur due to disturbances in vision or hormone levels.
Secondary Brain Tumours
Some types of primary cancers may spread to the brain. These tumours are then known as secondary brain tumours or metastases.
Treatments for Brain Tumours
Surgery, Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination to treat brain tumours. The choice of treatment will depend on whether you have a primary or secondary brain tumour.
Surgery can range from having a biopsy to find out which type of tumour is present, to a major operation where the tumour is completely removed through conventional surgical methods or Stereotactic Radiosurgery. http://www.radiosurgery.co.uk
Following investigations to find out exactly what type of brain tumour is present, your Consultant will plan your treatment with you by taking into consideration a number of factors, such as the particular type of tumour, its location and accessibility and your general health, requirements and wishes.
With most primary brain tumours, surgery is often the required first treatment. However, certain low-grade gliomas, may be carefully monitored if they are not causing problems, and others may be treated with radiotherapy alone. Rare tumours of the brain, such as germinomas or lymphomas, are sometimes treated without an operation, using a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
If a tumour has not been completely removed, or if there is a chance that abnormal cells may be left behind following surgery, radiotherapy will usually be given after the operation.
In addition to surgery, the administration of anticonvulsant medicines to prevent epileptic fits and steroids to reduce any inflammation and swelling around the tumour, may also be necessary.
The London Brain Centre has a rapid access facility with 24 hour cover for any patient or patients GP who wish to organise an urgent referral for investigation.
The London Brain Centre team are also available to offer 2nd opinion or take over the case of any patient, where advanced resources and technology to deliver optimum care to patients suffering with a brain tumour would be of value. | <urn:uuid:5da6973a-7d6b-4d92-b5a3-06a73d0bae44> | {
"date": "2014-11-27T04:21:54",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007797.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00204-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9390734434127808,
"score": 3.765625,
"token_count": 1375,
"url": "http://www.privatehealth.co.uk/hospitaltreatment/find-a-treatment/neurology/guide/conditions/brain-tumours/"
} |
A Daily Updating Blog of Important Events In History That Never Occurred Today.
Imagine what would be, if history had occurred a bit differently. Who says it didn't, somewhere? These fictional news items explore that possibility. Written by Alternate Historian
Editor says, what if the Battle of Culloden had never happened? Please note that the opinions expressed in this post do not necessarily reflect the views of the author(s).
In 1722,on this day the incomparable Highland rebel Flora MacDonald was born in Milton South Uist, Scotland.
Hard Woman, Reboot by Ed, Bagpipelover & Jackie RoseHer father died when she was a child, and her mother was abducted and married by Hugh MacDonald of Armadale, Skye. She was brought up under the care of the chief of her clan, the MacDonalds of Clanranald, and was partly educated in Edinburgh.
During the Jacobite Risings she was living on the island of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides when Bonnie Prince Charlie took refuge there. In despair the Young Pretender had left the still undefeated Jacobite Army in the hands of his trusted companion, Captain Francis O'Neill. Planning to flee Scotland forever, the Prince sought her assistance only to discover that the MacDonalds were secretly sympathetic with the Jacobite cause.
She convinced the Prince to rejoin the Jacobite Army by promising to organize reinforcements from her own Clan. With fresh resolve, he inspired the "forty-five" rebels with a fiery new leadership that turned the tables on the Hanoverians. This article is a reversal of the Jackie Rose story Hard Man which focuses on Captain Francis O'Neill. | <urn:uuid:b9ae3dfe-79d8-4848-98c6-4a0bc6196b01> | {
"date": "2014-12-20T17:54:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770071.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00131-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9758608341217041,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 344,
"url": "http://www.todayinah.co.uk/[email protected]&story=39602-Q"
} |
There has never been as much talk about work productivity as there is today.
A mix of the need for companies’ to compete with ever-tightening profit margins, the availability of collaborative project management applications and increasingly accessible people, has made workplace productivity the goal to achieve.
In this context, the pressure for results, both personal and corporate, has created emotional states at work difficult to cope with.
One of them is the famous burnout syndrome (depression, isolation, and even certainty Intolerance at work) and the other is the so-called “brain fog.”
In this second case, the person seems “out of breath,” not quite understanding what they are doing, which drastically affects their productivity at work.
In this post, we will deal more specifically with brain fog causes and how to prevent this unpleasant state of mind.
Brain fog causes: working too hard decreases productivity at work
The phrase may seem contradictory, but a study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has shown that productivity at work is much more a matter of working smart than working hard.
The study provides a wealth of other information comparing, for example, labor productivity in the G7 countries, as you can see in the table below:
But the focus of our article is not on this comparison, but on the fact that in many of these countries the high productivity at work, especially in France, is accompanied by another factor: people are working fewer hours a day.
Is this fact related to the lower exposure to daily pressure and stress at work, leading to more productivity?
The study doesn’t come to this conclusion, but it has piqued our curiosity about brain fog, this mental confusion that has affected productivity in many people’s work.
To gather more data on this, we researched 5 common brain frog causes and how they relate to work productivity.
5 brain fog causes related to work productivity
Brain fog causes are numerous, ranging from factors such as exposure to toxins to sleep apnea, among many others.
But there are 5 brain fog causes which are a result of the incessant quest for more work productivity:
The more a worker tries to exert themselves, the more they can feel pressured. This creates a vicious circle that leads them to this mental confusion, brain fog, rather than increases in work productivity.
Stress leads to depression, anxiety, fear of making decisions and memory difficulties.
In an effort not to miss a second of their precious time, some employees end up eating badly, quickly at fast-food restaurants, or worse: they get unhealthy snacks and have lunch at their desk.
Lack of adequate nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and healthy fats, depress brain function, causing brain fog and a consequent drop in productivity.
3- Lack of sleep
Whether you work too hard, until the wee hours, or you can’t sleep because of anxiety, you’re damaging your brain.
It’s during the sleep period that the brain renews its lost cells. Insufficient sleep makes it harder to be creative, stay focused and have mental clarity.
4- Lack of sun
When burning through long hours at a time in the office and going home at dusk, without direct and prolonged contact with the sun, your body will not be able to synthesize the important vitamin D, responsible for good mood and vitality, as well as aiding in memory and concentration.
5- Lack of physical activity
Time: This is the biggest excuse people use for not doing physical exercise.
Physical activity makes your blood circulate, produces endorphins – the wellness hormone – and oxygenates your brain.
We’re not talking about running a marathon, but walking a few miles a day or climbing the stairs instead of using the elevator. And, why not practice a sport that you enjoy, even if it’s only on the weekends?
But remember: staying up all week long and playing heavy physical activity on the weekend can be dangerous! Ideally, you should do physical exercises regularly, avoiding this brain fog cause and keeping your work productivity in order.
Additionally, it’s always advisable to seek expert advice, either from a doctor or another health professional trained to do so.
An excellent way to increase productivity in your business is to model business processes efficiently and effectively. | <urn:uuid:9cc08ab6-b554-4c5a-8e64-0c13e62da0f1> | {
"date": "2017-12-16T01:26:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581033.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216010725-20171216032725-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9462769627571106,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 899,
"url": "https://www.heflo.com/blog/hr/brain-fog-causes/"
} |
Internet protocol (IP), the hottest trend in integrated building systems, is attracting interest because any computer with an Internet connection can talk to any building system that runs a digital addressable IP network.
How can that be applied to building systems? Since the 1990s, a digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) protocol has allowed manufacturers to produce a lighting system in which every fluorescent ballast has a unique digital address.
What could be more natural than to hook up DALI systems to an IP-based building control system based on the same type of architecture? Not surprisingly, manufacturers are producing hardware and software to make just such a match.
ZVEI, the German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ Association, established the DALI-AG trade association to draft and publicize the protocol. In 2004, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) created the 243-2004 DALI Standard for the U.S. market. Manufacturers who adopt DALI agree that their ballasts will be usable in any DALI control system regardless of who manufactured the ballast.
The beauty is that the grouping of luminaires doesn’t need to be hardwired at installation but can be established through software after the luminaires have been installed. Each DALI ballast requires five wires, three for power and a pair of low-voltage signal wires. The polarity of the signal doesn’t matter.
According to the DALI-AG Handbook, ballasts can be connected in linear, star or tree configurations. Also, since DALI is designed only for lighting, it uses a low data transmission rate, so there is little chance for electrical interference. So the signal wires can be run in the same conduit as the power supply cables without fear of losing signal quality. This is acceptable according to the National Electrical Code (NEC) as it meets the requirements for a Class 1 circuit, as defined in Section 725.41(A) of the 2007 edition. According to Section 725.48(B)(1), “Class 1 circuits and power-supply circuits shall be permitted to occupy the same cable, enclosure, or raceway only where the equipment powered is functionally associated.”
Running the signal and power supply cables in the same conduit simplifies installation. The five wires can be pulled together and attached identically to every DALI ballast, without worrying about the polarity of the signal.
Rick Miller, a DALI system designer based in San Francisco, said although electrical contractors tend to resist running the signal and power wires in the same conduit, it makes pulling the wires much easier. It’s worth the effort to urge them to go to the NEC and check it out.
It’s important to use a DALI power supply for the signal source, since it will limit the current to a maximum of 250 mA, as required by the standard. (Each DALI device draws 2 mA at a nominal 16 volts.)
Features, advantages and drawbacks
Each of the 64 devices can be programmed with up to 16 different scenes by being assigned to one of 16 different groups, extending the flexibility of the system. One of the most important features of a DALI ballast, Miller said, is that it can be queried to respond and send back signals, indicating if the lamps or ballasts are functioning correctly; the lights are on or off; and if the lights are at, above or below their dimming set point. Although there is a limit of 64 devices per system, multiple systems can communicate through gateways connecting DALI systems to building management systems based on standards, such as LonWorks.
There are some important advantages to DALI in addition to the ease of wiring and setting up scenes. These are a few:
• The ballasts can turn off the lamp, eliminating the need for a separate on/off switch.
• The dimming range is from 1 to 100 percent and follows a logarithmic curve; that’s the way the human eye responds to light.
• Lamps are gradually ramped on with a “soft start” to prolong their life, which is especially important when they are subjected to frequent on and off cycles if, for example, controlled by an occupancy sensor.
• Switches and sensors can be added to the system by connecting to the DALI signal leads anywhere. They need not be physically wired to the device they are controlling; the connection is programmed rather than wired.
• If the system is in a building where tenants often change, it can be reprogrammed to suit the needs of the new tenant without any rewiring.
A major drawback is that only manufacturers of DALI ballasts are required to make their devices interoperable with those of other companies. To put together a system including all of the controllers and peripherals, the designer is forced to go to a single manufacturer for everything, aside from the ballasts. Miller said NEMA is working on an enhanced standard, which promises interchangeability of all required system elements. Some predict that will spark exponential growth for this system.
There is a wealth of practical information, including a list of sources for the whole range of DALI devices, on Rick Miller’s Web site: www.dalibydesign.us.
BROWN is an electrical engineer, technical writer and editor. He serves as managing editor for SECURITY + LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS magazine. For many years, he designed high-power electronics systems for industry, research laboratories and government. Reach him at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:eb4f5994-34be-44b6-8f09-68366d40c143> | {
"date": "2016-05-02T20:51:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860117405.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161517-00176-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9382774829864502,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 1168,
"url": "http://www.ecmag.com/section/lighting/talk-dali?qt-issues_block=1"
} |
How to Use
On July 4, 1828, President John Quincy Adams turned over a spadeful of dirt during ceremonies at Little Falls, Maryland, and therefore began construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. It was officially the work of the C & O Canal Company, which raised about $3.6 million from private and public investors. Included among its stockholders were the federal government, the states of Maryland and Virginia, and the cities of Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria; all of them hoped the waterway would bring trade and therefore jobs to the region. As it turned out, events that day would affect the C & O in another way, because it was also on the 4th that work began on America's first railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio (B & O).
From the start, problems slowed progress on the canal. An acute labor shortage forced the company to recruit workers from other states and abroad. Disputes arose with landowners who resisted efforts to purchase necessary land. A long legal battle with the B & O involving the right-of-way between Point of Rocks and Harpers Ferry slowed construction of both the canal and the railroad until about 1832. Inflation increased the cost of labor, materials, and land during the late 1820s and 1830s until they far exceeded the original estimates. Labor unrest among the predominantly Irish workers and the financial panic of 1837 added more difficulties, and between 1842 and 1847 construction stopped entirely. The canal was finally completed in 1850 at a total cost of $11 million, the original plan to extend the waterway over the Allegheny Mountains having long since been abandoned.
Boats began to appear on the canal soon after the first short section was completed in 1831 between Little Falls and Seneca. Trade increased as other segments opened in western Maryland, and cargoes of flour, grain, building stone, and whiskey began to move down to Georgetown. Not until the canal reached Cumberland, however, did the tonnage increase substantially. Large quantities of coal from the Cumberland region began to be shipped, and by 1871, the peak year, some 850,000 tons were carried down the canal. Trade was so busy that at times more than 500 boats were in operation on the canal.
Coal traffic then began to decline, however, as mining companies shifted more of their business to the B & O Railroad. A major economic depression in the mid-1870s and major floods in 1877 and 1886 put a severe strain on the C & O's finances. In 1889 another serious flood forced the canal company into receivership, at which point the B & O Railroad bought up the majority of C & O's bonds. The railroad had captured almost all of the canal's trade by 1924 when another devastating flood struck. This time no repairs to the canal were made, and its operation as a trade route came to an end.
In 1938 the railroad sold the entire canal to the U.S. Government for $2 million, which placed it under the supervision of the National Park Service. The Park Service did some restoration under the emergency work programs of the 1930s, and other repairs took place in the following decades. In 1961 President Eisenhower proclaimed the canal a national monument. In 1971 Congress declared the C & O Canal a National Historical Park, thus conserving its historic and natural features for all to enjoy. Today, visitors can examine how the locks work, take rides in canal boats pulled by mules, and bike and walk along much of the canal's 185 mile route.
Questions for Reading 2
1. Why did governments at the local, state, and even federal level help pay for the canal?
2. What kinds of troubles plagued the builders of the canal?
3. What kinds of products were carried on canal boats?
4. What natural disasters hastened the closing of the canal?
5. Why do you think shippers chose to use the railroad rather than the canal?
Reading 2 was adapted from the National Park Service's official handbook to the C & O Canal National Historical Park, 1991. | <urn:uuid:b299ed7a-b669-46e9-82c2-585972ada0fa> | {
"date": "2016-08-26T14:03:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295854.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00030-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.973302960395813,
"score": 4.09375,
"token_count": 833,
"url": "https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/10c&o/10facts2.htm"
} |
There are some pretty great and little known jobs preformed behind the scenes at the Denver Art Museum. Among them is the role of caring for and protecting the artwork by keeping it clean while it is on display. The Denver Art Museum is closed to the public every Monday, and our collection management staff takes advantage of that quiet time to mount an attack on two of the biggest threats to artwork in the museum – dust and insects.
So why are dust and insects so harmful?
If left uncontrolled dust can cause damage to artworks. It is gritty, can cause stains, and carries and attracts pollutants. Most importantly, it attracts and harbors pests.
If you have ever pulled a wool sweater out of the drawer on the first brisk fall day of the year and found it full of holes, you know why the DAM staff is so concerned about keeping insects away from the collections. Some pests like webbing clothes moths (those are the ones that ate your sweater…) and carpet beetles are particularly threatening because they feed on materials common in the DAM collection such as wool, silk, and other protenaceous fabrics. Other pests like Miller moths do not actually eat fabrics (Did you know adult Miller moths don’t even have mouths?), but when they get trapped in the building and die, other more harmful pests are attracted to their remains.
What do we do to keep the artworks and platforms clean?
Platforms, casework, and pedestals are cleaned every few weeks to keep the dust levels low and to allow staff to monitor for pest activity. The artworks are cleaned every six months. We use variable speed vacuum cleaners, microfiber cloths, and brushes to carefully remove dust and grime from surfaces.
While cleaning isn’t very glamorous – even if it is in an art museum – the best part is getting to spend quality time with the collections. We all have our favorite pieces, and cleaning is a good excuse to check in on our old friends and make sure they are looking their best. | <urn:uuid:c19535ba-ca33-4cac-ae99-bd5b19f5eb30> | {
"date": "2016-02-14T05:55:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701169261.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193929-00297-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9597293734550476,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 412,
"url": "http://denverartmuseum.org/article/staff-blogs/no-dust-bunnies-allowed-gallery-cleaning-dam"
} |
UAW Solidarity House | 8000 East Jefferson Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48214 | p. (313) 926-5000
© Copyright 2014 UAW. All Rights Reserved.
American workers continue to suffer workplace injuries, illness and death. In 2008, more than 5,000 workers were killed on the job, many due to violations of poorly enforced OSHA standards. Fifty-three of those who died were miners. Although improvements in mine safety regulations and enforcement have decreased fatalities, more steps still need to be taken to prevent mine fatalities.
An estimated 50,000 people lose their lives to occupational diseases each year, and many more continue to live in pain and suffering. These diseases are often caused by toxic exposures at levels permitted by outdated or non-existent OSHA standards. Detailed health studies show that the catastrophe of Sept. 11, 2001, continues for rescue and recovery workers, many of whom have developed debilitating health problems due to exposures at ground zero during the days and weeks following the terrorist attacks.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported 3.7 million, nonfatal, workplace injuries and illnesses in 2008. The total number is probably between nine and 12 million after taking into account millions of American workers who are not covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), as well as underreporting of injuries among those who are.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to ergonomic hazards are the largest source of disabling injuries. Nevertheless, OSHA is prohibited from issuing an ergonomics standard by a Congressional Review Act (CRA) resolution enacted in 2001 by President Bush and a Republican-dominated Congress. The exact number of injuries due to ergonomic hazards is not even known because the Bush administration hid ergonomic problems by modifying OSHA record-keeping rules. Where standards do not exist to protect workers, OSHA should increase its use of the General Duty Clause and closely scrutinize the injury records kept by companies.
The number of workplace inspections under OSHA has declined from 174,000 in 1980 to 97,000 in 2005. During this same period, the inspection rate has dropped from 1.7 to 0.668 inspections per 100,000 workers. After decades of under-funding, state programs that enforce the federal OSHA Act struggle to put inspectors in the field. Workers who try to exercise their rights to a workplace free of hazards suffer discrimination and, sometimes, firing.
With the election of President Obama and expanded Democratic majorities in Congress in the 2008 elections, the UAW and the rest of the labor movement have the best opportunity in decades to improve workplace health and safety to reduce the toll of injury, illness and death. We now have powerful allies who will listen to our concerns. Now is the time to speak out on these issues.
Thus, the UAW and our allies will be urging the Obama administration to promulgate new OSHA standards for beryilium, silica, diacetyl (a butter-flavoring chemical that destroys the lungs when inhaled – aka "popcorn lung"), derricks, global harmonization of hazard communication, fall hazard, dust explosions, mandatory employer health and safety programs, worker training, workplace violence, metalworking fluids and more protective permissible exposure limits (PELs) for toxic substances.
In addition, the UAW and other unions will be urging the Obama administration to improve injury and illness reporting by reversing the Bush administration’s record-keeping changes for MSDs and other injuries, and by prohibiting employer programs and policies that discourage such reporting. We will urge the administration to adopt enforcement policies and practices that ensure the full involvement of unions in the inspection process, settlement discussions and agreements. And we will call on the administration to increase ergonomics enforcement and to explore new regulatory approaches to ergonomics that may be consistent with the CRA. This would include record-keeping citations and General Duty Clause citations for failure to record injuries and illnesses.
At the same time, we will urge the Obama administration and Congress to increase funding for OSHA, so the agency can improve standard setting, enforcement and worker training. This is urgently needed at the state level where funding has fallen. Funding for worker training must be brought into parity with non-regulatory compliance assistance that helps companies comply with OSHA standards.
Furthermore, we will urge the administration and Congress to increase funding for NIOSH to allow more research and recommendations to OSHA, enact stronger mine safety legislation and establish • an indoor air quality standard to protect workers in office, and service industries, from chronic lung diseases.
We will also work with our allies to pass the "Protecting America’s Workers Act" (H.R. 2067; S. 1580), sponsored by Represenative Woolsey (D-Cal.) and Senator Kennedy (D-Mass.). This important legislation would require OSHA to investigate all workplace fatalities and serious injuries and grant workers and their families the right to meet with investigators, increase penalties when fatalities and serious injuries result from willful and repeated violations and improve protections for workers who blow the whistle on unsafe conditions in the workplace.
Congress also should approve the "James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act" (H.R. 847; S. 1334), sponsored by Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-N.Y.) and Senator Gilibrand (D-N.Y.). This legislation would provide the wounded heroes of 9/11 with medical screening, monitoring, treatment and compensation.
In the eight years since Sept. 11, 2001, the Bush administration and Republicans in Congress have resisted effective legislation to protect workers and communities from terrorist attacks on chemical and water treatment facilities. As a result, there are 7,000 facilities in the United States that would pose a high risk to workers, and the surrounding population, if attacked by terrorists. Of these, 100 would put more than one million people at risk.
In 2009, the Obama administration and Congressional Democrats began to make progress on chemical security. With the support of the UAW and other progressive groups, the House passed the Chemical and Water Security Act of 2009. This legislation would require all covered facilities to make plans for the use of technologies that reduce the potential consequences of an attack; authorize the government to require implementation of such plans, where technically and economically feasible, at those facilities that present the greatest release risk; mandate employee training and participation in plant security, including in compliance inspections; allow states to set more protective standards; allow workers and communities to enforce protections through citizen suits against government agencies and by petitioning agencies for enforcement against individual facilities; and require the government to report on enforcement and compliance so the public can know the law is being implemented, while avoiding publication of the vulnerabilities of individual facilities.
During the coming year, the UAW and its allies will be urging the Senate to pass similar legislation, so President Obama can sign it into law.
A new flu virus, now known as H1N1, was identified in April, 2009. By the end of September, there had been more than 300,000 cases of laboratory confirmed H1N1 influenza worldwide. In the United States, between August and November 2009, more than 29,348 persons were hospitalized and 1,224 died from this virus.
In August, the California state OSHA program established a new Aerosol Transmissible Diseases (ATD) standard to protect health care workers. That standard requires development of an exposure control plan and training for employees in its implementation; placement of new flu patients in a separate negative pressure area; provision of surgical masks to suspected and confirmed H1N1 patients until they can be moved to a separate isolation area; provision of fit-tested disposable N95 respirators to all health care personnel who enter the rooms of suspected, or confirmed, H1N1 patients; development and implementation of response and investigation procedures for exposure incidents; provision of medical treatment to exposed employees; and maintenance of all rights and benefits including pay and seniority, of any employee temporarily removed from work to prevent disease transmission.
The UAW believes federal OSHA should establish a similar standard. In addition, Congress should require compliance by hospitals not covered by OSHA, such as those run by state governments.
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), enacted in 1976, authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to review new chemicals prior to manufacture. But EPA must demonstrate potential risk or extensive exposure in order to require testing. As a result, since 1976, EPA has only succeeded in requiring testing for about 200 of the tens of thousands of chemicals in commerce and has only regulated the production or use of five substances. In the absence of testing, people may be suffering serious and even fatal illnesses caused by chemicals that have never been identified as the culprits. Asbestos, lead and benzene are just a few examples of chemicals that have done considerable harm to workers before enough evidence was accumulated to permit regulation. Unfortunately, this evidence too often consisted of irreversible damage or death among exposed workers.
Labor, business, environmentalists and the Obama administration all agree that TSCA needs to be reformed. The UAW and our allies have stressed that any reform of TSCA should remove the disparity in current TSCA regulations, which explicitly sets different triggers for investigating chemical toxicity, depending on whether the exposure is to workers or community members.
We also believe that reforms to TSCA should ensure that strategies to protect the general public don’t increase worker risk; require that all determinations of health and safety be made prior to manufacture, not just prior to marketing, so that workers are not exposed to unregulated toxic intermediates that never appear in commerce; phase out the most toxic chemicals that now exist in the workplace and provide health monitoring to exposed workers; provide transition funding to workers whose employment depends on a chemical that is found to be too harmful for continued production and/or use; and require that assessments of chemical risk in the workplace be conducted without reference to respirators or other personal protective equipment (PPE), so these do not become a substitute for required testing or an excuse to continue exposing workers to a substance at levels that would otherwise be considered excessive.
At the same time, we believe that any reforms should recognize that OSHA or MSHA standards have precedence over EPA regulations where specific workplace standards have been promulgated through notice and comment rulemaking. Furthermore, TSCA reform should grant the EPA Administrator authority to issue time-limited renewable permits for the manufacture and/or use of a chemical in a specific workplace, or group of similar workplaces, where it is demonstrated that they are controlling worker exposures to the lowest feasible level through the industrial hygiene hierarchy of controls. It also should require comparative analyses of different chemicals that might be suitable for a particular use rather than a simple quantitative estimate of the risk posed by the chemical currently in use. Such comparative analyses can reduce risk even where the level of risk posed by the chemical currently in use is considered permissible.
Finally, TSCA reform should restrict the ability of employers to use claims of confidential business information to withhold information about the hazards of their chemicals; preserve the ability of citizens to sue companies or EPA to enforce TSCA; and require EPA to issue public reports of its activities in carrying out TSCA. | <urn:uuid:e42093db-d4e5-4e33-a680-935ccd83206a> | {
"date": "2014-10-23T02:19:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507449153.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005729-00169-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9466872811317444,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 2296,
"url": "http://www.uaw.org/page/occupational-safety-and-health"
} |
olicy makers around the world areconfronting the challenge of climatechange in a context of increasedeconomic uncertainty. At a time whenpolicy makers need to find a new balance betweensupporting a still fragile recovery and moving to a moresustainable fiscal path, fighting climate change shouldnot be seen as a luxury, but as part of the solution. Ambitious global action to mitigate GHG emissions isnot only necessary, but economically rational. Thepotential that exists to generate sizable fiscal revenuesfrom the use of market instruments in climate policy isespecially attractive in current times of financialhardship. Revenues from carbon taxes or auctionedpermits could be used nationally to support climatechange action, for example to finance adaptation andmitigation in developing countries. Following theeconomic crisis, revenues could also be used for fiscalconsolidation, while in emerging economies suchrevenues could finance other pressing priorities, suchas education, health care and poverty alleviation.Copenhagen was a critical milestone in theinternational climate negotiations, and represents animportant breakthrough for action to limit globalGreenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and help to buildcleaner economies. But ambition needs to be steppedup going forward. A successful outcome in Cancúnshould be seen as an important first step afterCopenhagen and will need to include some progressforward on a balanced package of a number ofelements. On tackling climate change, policy makersneed to consider a portfolio of issues: mitigationaction, adaptation, climate finance, competitivenessimpacts, and clean technology innovation. A robustsystem for reporting and verifying mitigation actionand finance flows will also be essential to build trust. On GHG mitigation and costs, it is promising thatmany countries are willing to commit to specifictargets or actions. However, OECD analysis suggeststhat even the most ambitious targets declared byindustrialised countries would reduce their emissionscollectively by at most 18 per cent by 2020 comparedwith 1990 levels, and this falls short of the 25-40 percent reduction suggested by IPCC for a pathway tolimit global average temperature increase to 2oC.Compared to expected economic growth, the OECDestimates the costs of achieving these pledges to belimited, and substantially less than most estimates ofthe costs of inaction.Our latest analysis estimates the costs of action for theupper range of declared targets and actions to bearound 0.3 per cent of global GDP. Furthermore, thepotential for fiscal revenues are substantial; for theindustrialised (Annex I) countries they can exceed oneper cent of GDP (or US$400 billion) by 2020 ifmitigation actions are achieved wholly through carbontaxes or emission trading schemes (ETS) withauctioned allowances. OECD analysis shows thatoffsets have an important role to play in emissionstrading and can play a crucial role to keep the costs ofclimate policies low, allowing the cheapest mitigationoptions to be exploited first no matter where theyare. The use of offsets helps to reduce thecost of action, but at the same time reducesthe potential fiscal revenues a country canaccrue from the use of market basedinstruments (Chart 1).We also need to move quickly to establish an overallapproach to address adaptation to climate changeunder the UNFCCC. The negative impacts of climatechange will hit poor people and countriesdisproportionately. Broad agreement on adaptationRight:Policy makers areconfronting the challengeof climate change in anera of economicuncertaintyCANCÚN AND BEYOND:MAKING CLIMATE ACTIONWORK FOR ECONOMYTRADE & 028ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTPANGEL GURRÍA, SECRETARY-GENERAL, ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)
TRADE & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT029priorities and a means to address these, will helpfacilitate and coordinate support and also acceleratethe flow of finance to support action. To be effective,adaptation needs to be integrated into developmentpolicy-making and planning, including in the contextof national plans, such as Poverty ReductionStrategies. Likewise, many development activities canalso contribute to building resilience to climatechange. OECD work is highlighting what can already beaccomplished through existing channels, through workon Integrating Adaptation to Climate Change intoDevelopment Co-operation (OECD, 2009).Action on both mitigation and adaptation is closely tiedto climate change finance - one will not happenwithout the other. The Copenhagen Accord included aninitial commitment by advanced countries to deliverfast-start finance of US$30 billion for 2010-2012 anda longer-term goal to mobilise US$100 billion per year by 2020 from public and private sources.Governments also committed to create a CopenhagenGreen Climate Fund. Making this happen will becritical to building trust and co-operation betweendeveloped and developing countries. A challenge willbe to enhance the measurement, reporting andverification (MRV) of climate finance, building on theexisting information systems such as the OECDCreditor Reporting System that already tracks officialdevelopment assistance targeting climate changemitigation and, as of 2009, also for adaptation. Moregenerally, MRV of targets, actions and finance, isessential nationally to track policies and assess their effectiveness and internationally, to ensuretransparency and accountability amongst countries onclimate change, including fulfillment of internationalcommitments.Beyond an international climate agreement, tacklingclimate change requires an appropriate policy mix tocorrectly price GHG emissions. An important start is toreform environmentally harmful subsidies to fossilfuel. OECD analysis found that removing subsidies tofossil fuel consumption alone could reduce global GHG emissions by 10 per cent in 2050 compared with business-as-usual. It would also make theseeconomies more efficient, reduce the burden ongovernment budgets, and alleviatethe potentially distortiveeffects of subsidies oncompetition. In parallelwith efforts to pricecarbon, competitivenessconcerns have led to callsby some developed countriesfor border tax adjustments(BTAs) - taxes on imports fromcountries that do not face carbonconstraints. While recognising the importantchallenge that governments face in addressingthese concerns, OECD analysis has found that BTAsare a tool that come with other costs: they can slow the? | <urn:uuid:a0286a2a-955d-43c9-b39a-472bea3b5663> | {
"date": "2016-12-11T02:07:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543782.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00440-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9007890820503235,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 1294,
"url": "http://view.digipage.net/?userpath=00000001/00000004/00061641/&page=28"
} |
The Great War represents a dark chapter in the history of Europe, claiming all too many sacrifices; four precious years, vast amounts of resources, countless lives. Innumerable families were left grief-stricken upon receiving word that one of their loved ones had not survived the war. Imagine, then, the heartbreak that William and Fanny Seabrook must have felt when they lost not one but three sons in a cruel blow of fate.
The three Australian brothers joined the Australian Imperial Force together in 1916. Theo (age 25) and George (age 24) were both privates, whereas their younger brother William (age 20) was soon promoted to Second Lieutenant thanks to previous military experience. The boys left Sydney in August that year as part of the 17th Infantry Battalion.
In June 1917, the brothers had finally reached Belgium, where the troops were busy preparing for the great offensive at Ypres. The Australian infantry’s first mission presented itself as the Battle of Menin Road, which began on September 20th, 1917 and was eventually won by the allies. For the Seabrook brothers, however, it turned out to be their first, last and only battle.
Shortly after midnight on the day the battle commenced, William Seabrook sustained severe injuries when a phosphorous grenade landed near Hellfire Corner, where he was leading his column to its starting position. William was carried off to a clearing station, but he succumbed to his injuries the following day. Meanwhile, George and Theo had reached their starting positions, and at 5.40 a.m. the attack was launched. As they waited for the order to advance on the enemy, a shell exploded, killing them both on their first day at the front.
While word of William’s death reached the boys’ parents a couple of weeks later, their mother and father never received clear information on what had happened to their two other sons. Although several sources claimed Theo too had died, reports on George’s whereabouts contradicted each other and up until her own death in 1929, Fanny cherished the hope that he might still have been alive.
Each life lost to the Great War is a tragic chapter in a family’s history, and a century later, younger generations still travel to Flanders Fields to pay their respects to their fallen relatives. William Seabrook is buried at the Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, just west of Ypres, whereas George and Theo, both declared Missing in Action, are commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial in Ypres itself. | <urn:uuid:7f4af57c-1d8a-45f1-9749-2bee7bfb38c7> | {
"date": "2017-08-19T05:36:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105304.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819051034-20170819071034-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9829520583152771,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 523,
"url": "http://www.visitflanders.com/en/stories/flanders-fields/stories/seabrook-brothers/index.jsp"
} |
States in the Gulf like Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi-Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates are nowhere near achieving the implementation of equal rights for women in society. Foreign female workers in particular are almost treated like slaves
. Petra Tabeling reports
A woman from Sri Lanka has been working in Kuwait for 18 months without being paid. When she becomes pregnant, her employer reports the young woman to the police.
When Amnesty International gets to speak to the 26-year-old woman, she has already been living in the deportation camp for several months. She was not able to return to her native country because her employer refused to return her identification papers.
A 50-year-old Filipino woman cannot defend herself in court because she does not understand the Arabic documents. She has no legal representative and has no opportunity to make contact with her family. To date, Kuwait and other Gulf states have not signed any conventions governing the protection of foreign workers against exploitation.
Realistic impressions gathered in the Gulf
The human rights organisation Amnesty International has recorded these and other horrifying examples of the reality of women's lives in the Gulf states in its most recent report entitled "Gulf Cooperation Council countries: Women deserve dignity and respect".
In July and August of last year, observers from the organisation travelled to the Gulf States to talk to women from the region, humanitarian aid workers, lawyers, judges, and government representatives.
However, because the delegation was not allowed to enter Saudi Arabia, the human rights organisation had to draw on information from indirect sources.
Discrimination in many areas in real life and on paper
And the report shows the fundamental problems with which women are confronted. Amnesty International concludes that women in the Gulf region encounter multiple forms of discrimination in most areas of their lives.
This discrimination starts in the constitution: either the rights of women are hardly mentioned or they are not mentioned there at all. The paragraphs about equal rights are vague and do not differentiate between men and women. In Kuwait or Saudi Arabia, the role of women is not even mentioned in the constitution.
Some states make heavy weather of ratifying international agreements. With the exception of Oman and Qatar, all Gulf States have signed the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW for short). Kuwait, Bahrain, and Saudi-Arabia did so with provisions.
Violence as a trivial offence: what the authorities tolerate
Meanwhile, the day-to-day reality of women's lives in these countries is sobering. Take, for example, marital violence: The law considers it an injustice for a husband to hit his wife, but there is no further differentiation between the sexes. Women told Amnesty International that the police do not even consider day-to-day violence to be a crime because the women is considered to be under the authority of her husband.
But women are not only potential victims of their husbands' violence, but also of their families' violence. Many girls or women who have suffered maltreatment or discrimination at the hands of male family members flee into marriage to escape the violence.
But when violence is a part of marital life too, these women often find themselves in a vicious circle. This vicious circle is also made possible by the fact that little attention or significance is paid to the maltreatment of women in society.
Senseless attempts at mediation
Instead of taking adequate measures against marital violence, authorities and police try to get the women who flee these situations to return to their husbands or families, criticises Amnesty International.
The fact that the authorities react in this way sometimes can lead to more maltreatment of women, because if women cannot expect protection, men have little to fear.
Moreover, the human rights defenders found out that none of the women they interviewed who had suffered from violence in their families were given the option of medical treatment, a court case, damages, legal assistance, or accommodation (e.g. in a women's refuge).
The (in)justice of marriage
While Islamic Law allows women the right to choose their husbands, their choice must be approved by a male member of the family, a so-called "wallis" (guardian). Amnesty International has documented the stories of many women whose choice of husband was rejected by the family and who had to suffer severe penalties as a result.
While there is such a thing as pre-marital contracts in Islamic Law, the women's rights they contain are often refused women. According to the "Talaq", men can decide to divorce their wives at any time. They also often get custody of the children.
Many women have hardly any choice at all for economic reasons: only 29 per cent of Arab women in the Gulf States work. While in theory, all Gulf States with the exception of Oman have signed the International Labour Organisation's (ILO) convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation, the reality is very, very different.
In the Kingdom of Bahrain, for example, women are not permitted to work in the evenings or at night. In Qatar, women are more highly educated than men, but they are not permitted to work in the so-called male careers of engineering. The general attitude in the Gulf states is that a woman's place is in the home.
While there are women Ministers in Oman, political participation of women in other Gulf states is not very advanced at all. It is worth noting, however, that since the publication of the report in May of this year, women's suffrage has been introduced in Kuwait.
In January 2005, Amnesty International organised the first anti-discrimination and anti-violence conference in the Gulf States in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Various representatives presented recommendations on how to improve the situation of women and passed them on to the relevant people in the Gulf regions. However, according to Amnesty International, there has been no response to date.
© Qantara.de 2005
Translation from German: Aingeal Flanagan | <urn:uuid:8cff5752-b52f-4490-94b2-f7774d49b369> | {
"date": "2015-05-27T12:00:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928965.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00044-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9701492786407471,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 1210,
"url": "http://en.qantara.de/print/3961"
} |
The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, established in 771 BC, was little more than a puppet empire, for China was split into many feudals states, each vying for control of the nation. The Zhou Emperor could do little to hold his fractious empire together, and was little more than a figurehead with the post but no real power. As such, the Eastern Zhou was divided into two periods, the Spring and Autumn Period(771 BC - 476 BC), and the Warring States Period(476 BC - 221 BC). The date 476 BC is significant as the Zhou emperor was demoted to prince in that year, and it marked the end of the Zhou Dynasty.
Qin was originally a small, backward state on the western fringes of the Zhou Empire. It was however in an advantageous position, as because of its unique geograophical postion it did not have the same problems of water control as the other states had with the Huang He.
Some time in the 6-7th centuries BC rose a great statesman in Qin, Shang Yang.He was a legalist, believing that Man was born evil, and needed a system of rewards and strict punishments to keep him in line. He instituted reforms in Qin and made the state strong and powerful. Under him, Qin expanded its territory by defeating the Rong barbarians to the west. It then began its slow process of the conquest of China.
Qin was backward in terms of culture, but it had a very strong and disciplined army which included chariots and a powerful cavalry force. It warred incessantly with other large states like Jin and Chu, and in the 4th century BC crushed the state of Zhao under the famed general Bai Qi. It is said that he had 400,000 surrendered Zhao soldiers buried alive to prevent the Zhao from ever rising again. Qin power was at a high point after this victory, but a coalition of states managed to keep its power in check.
Yin Zheng, rumoured to be the bastard son of Prime Minister Lu Buwei, came to the throne in 247 BC after the death of Duke Zhuangxiang. He was then only thirteen, and his mother, assisted by Lu Buwei, handled state affairs. When he came of age, however, he had Lu Buwei killed and drove his mother into the Cold Palace, assuming total control.
Qin Shihuang died suddenly in 210 BC. It has been suggested that an "elixir of life" he took had killed him. In any case, his second son Ying Huhai ascended the throne after the eunuch Zhao Gao and official Li Si got rid of the rightful heir Crown Prince Fusu. They did this as they wished to have someone more pliable to their wishes, and Huhai was perfect.
He then set out with one thing on his mind: the unification of China. He recruited able generals and advisors to do the job, and these, combined with Qin's formidable army, had great success. In quick succession Han(233 BC), Zhao(228 BC), Yan(227 BC), Wei(225 BC), Chu(223 BC) and finally Qi(221 BC), fell to Yin Zheng's forces. China was unified under one centralised authority for the first time in its history.Yin Zheng took the title of Qin Shihuang, "The First Emperor". He intended his dynasty to last thousands of years, with his descendant being named Er Shi("Second emperor"), and so on etc.
Qin Shihuang's first task was to divide China into 36 commanderies, which were sub-divided into provinces. The commanderies each had a civil and military governor, who answered to an imperial inspector, while all three were directly answerable to the emperor himself. The former nobility of the various defeated feudal states lost all their power. They were uprooted and forced to live near the capital of Xiangyang, where Qin Shihuang could keep an eye on them and make sure they were not plotting rebellion.
Qin Shihuang also gave China a standard currency, language, writing and tools of measurement, to avoid confusion, as all the former feudal states had different types. However, he turned China into a police state. Censorship was rife, and the rule of the Qin was harsh. Any able-bodied males were liable for corvee labour, being sent to build the Great Wall or work on any of the numerous palace projects in the capital. Books on philosophies other than Legalism were banned, and 400 scholars were executed because of this rule.
Qin Shihuang is also famous for the 7.000 strong terracotta army in his vast tomb. The tomb and the soldiers took 700,000 forced labourers decades to construct, with great mountains and rivers of mercury. This lavish tomb, as well, as the Afang palace in Xiangyang and the Great Wall of China, contributed in a large part to the discontentment of the masses because of their cost and the forced labour used.
By this time the country was in some disorder. Huhai was weak, cruel and oppressive. this angered the people even more and the first peasant rebellion, led by Wu Guang and Chen Sheng, broke out in 209 BC. With some difficulty the Qin army defeated it, but more began springing up, and the armed forces of the country were hard-pressed to stop them.
Amidst all this chaos, Zhao Gao deposed and killed the emperor, planning to usurp the throne for himself. He had long since gotten rid of Li Si. However, the military stormed the palace and killed Zhao Gao, placing Qin Shihuang's nephew Ziying on the throne. By this time the empire was in anarchy, and the army of Liu Bang was already marching on Xiangyang. Forty-five days later Ziying was forced to surrender himself and the city to the future emperor Gaozu, who later was to defeat Xiang Yu and found the Han Dynasty.
The Qin Empire, though short-lived, made many important contributions to the history of China. The standardised currency, language and measuring equipment helped unify China and made the work of suceeding dynasties easier. China grew strong and expanded its borders during this time, annexing Fujian, Kwantung and Kwangsi. Chinese armies reached the Gulf of Tonkin, and the northern and western barbarians were repulsed several times. Many great feats of engineering remain, one of course being the Great Wall, but unfortunately not Afang Palace, which was burnt by Xiang Yu when he took Xiangyang. China on the whole was stronger as it had been put under a strong centralised authority. Suceeding dynasties consolidated and improved on what the Qin created.
List of Rulers
Qin Shihuang, Yin Zheng 221 BC - 210 BC
Er Shi, Yin Huhai 210 BC - 207 BC
Zi Ying, 207 BC - 206 BC
c. 250 BC: Qin rulers adopts Legalism
230-221: Qin rulers gain control of majority of China
221-210 BC: The Reign of the First Emperor
Construction of the Great Wall
214 BC: Beginnings of Imperial expansion.
210 BC: A Terra Cotta Army is Built to Guard the Emperor's Tomb
213: The Burning of the Books
206 BC: The Imperial Library is destroyed. | <urn:uuid:2ebb5f5b-387a-4a52-9f83-5fa54593ff1d> | {
"date": "2015-11-30T22:24:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464253.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00139-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9854675531387329,
"score": 3.703125,
"token_count": 1510,
"url": "http://allempires.com/article/index.php?q=the_qin_dynasty"
} |
|You might also like:||Monkeys||Monkey Printout||Mandrill Printout||Lion Printout||Hippo Printout||Today's featured page: United Kingdom - Follow the Instructions|
|Our subscribers' grade-level estimate for this page: 1st - 2nd|
Label Me! Printouts
The Baboon is the largest type of monkey. It is a noisy, ferocious, ground-dwelling Old World monkey that lives in groups called a troop (or a congress). Troops vary in size from a few individuals to up to several hundred members.
Distribution and Range: Baboons live in savannas, open woods, grasslands, rocky areas, and dry lands, in Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. These intelligent primates are endangered due to loss of habitat.
Anatomy: Baboons have a large, muscular body with gray to brown fur. The face and buttocks are hairless and sometimes brightly colored. The female has duller colors than the male. The largest species of baboons grow to be about 35 inches (90 cm) long. Baboons weigh from 30 to 100 pounds (14 to 45 kg). Males are larger than females and have large, pointed canine teeth. Baboons have cheek pouches and a dog-like face.
Diet: Baboons are omnivores (they eat both plants and meat). They eat grasses, roots, insects and other small animals, including lizards, small mammals, and snakes.
Predators: Leopards, cheetahs, wild dogs, and people hunt the baboon. When a baboon is threatened by a predator, it will run away or bark loudly and bare its large teeth.
Classification: There are many different species of baboons. Class Mammalia (mammals), Order Primates, Family Cecropithecidae (Old World monkeys), Subfamily Cercopithecinae (baboons, macaques, guenons, and mangabeys), two genera [Papio, Theropithecus].
|Search the Enchanted Learning website for:| | <urn:uuid:9d0206aa-70ff-492d-9dd9-66d4686bcc66> | {
"date": "2016-05-04T19:16:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123845.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00182-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8920274376869202,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 440,
"url": "http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammal/monkey/Baboonprintout.shtml"
} |
As most people who have studied a little Japanese know, じゃない is an expression in Japanese that means “is/are not” and is be the opposite of だ (the copula, or “is”). In this post I’ll go over a few different ways to use じゃない. (じゃない happens to be an abbreviation of “ではない”, though that isn’t related to the material in this post)
First, an example sentence for the basic meaning of “is/are not”.
- I’m not an American.
You can also use じゃない after の (or ん）to negate a statement.
- I’m not saying that.
Here the ん is an abbreviation of の, which is being used in a similar way to わけ. In fact, you could replace ん with わけ, and have pretty much the same meaning.
If you change the じゃない after の (or ん） to “じゃなかった?”, you can express that you thought someone would do something (but didn’t).
- I thought you were going to go to Japan?
You can use a similar pattern to express that you wish you hadn’t done something. All you need to do is change the verb before the ん to past tense, and change the intonation at the end of the sentence from a question to something more firm.
- I shouldn’t have told you!!
Another way to use じゃない is when you suspect something or have a hunch.
- Actually, I was thinking that this class might be difficult.
A more literal (and less natural) translation would look like this:
- Actually, I was wondering if it wasn’t the case that this class is difficult.
Another common usage of じゃない is to try to convince someone of your feelings about something by asking a rhetorical question.
- すごい (ん)じゃない(か)?
- Isn’t that awesome?
The polite form of this would be “~じゃないですか？”. Conversely, you could shorten it to simply じゃん as is done by younger people.
- Isn’t that awesome!
You can use this in a similar way when answering a question in a noncommittal way.
- Hey, do you think it’s OK for me to wear this dress to the party?
- Sure, why not.
Based on this type of response, the person answering doesn’t have a particularly strong feeling about the dress.
In written Japanese, or polite/formal spoken Japanese, the full のでない is sometimes used, and the ん before it can be written out fully as の. In cases like this there is an interesting abbreviation that occurs when someone is trying to suggest something politely.
- Maybe it would be good to study Japanese with your friend?
The here のでは would be short for 〜のではないですか？ or ~のではないでしょうか？ | <urn:uuid:0977cd2d-817c-4143-a242-478d8983a7a5> | {
"date": "2018-08-21T20:31:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218899.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821191026-20180821211026-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8453221321105957,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 730,
"url": "http://selftaughtjapanese.com/2014/03/07/a-few-uses-of-%E3%80%9C%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/"
} |
Purpose of review: To review and discuss recent studies on molecular diagnosis of peanut and other legume allergy.
Recent findings: Studies from the UK and France suggest that quantification of Ara h 2-specific IgE may accurately discriminate peanut allergy from tolerance. However, the pattern of allergenic component recognition in peanut-sensitized patients from different populations or geographical areas varies, reflecting different pollen and dietary exposures. In the USA, peanut-allergic patients are commonly sensitized to Ara h 1–3, in Spain to Ara h 9 and in Sweden to Ara h 8. Patients with soybean allergy sensitized to Gly m 5 or Gly m 6 allergens may be at greater risk of experiencing severe allergic reactions.
Summary: Accurate diagnosis of peanut and legume allergy is challenging and essential. Measurement of IgE response to specific allergenic molecules may be more useful in predicting the presence and severity of clinical allergy than currently used skin or blood tests based on whole extracts. However, given the heterogeneity in component recognition patterns observed in different geographical areas, further studies are essential to identify and confirm potentially useful molecular diagnostic and prognostic markers. Until such markers are confirmed and replicated in different age groups, oral food challenge (OFC) remains the gold standard for accurate diagnosis. | <urn:uuid:a90bb204-4b62-45c1-b062-60af58b71ac4> | {
"date": "2015-01-30T11:55:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869264.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00092-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9040197730064392,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 259,
"url": "http://journals.lww.com/co-allergy/Abstract/2011/06000/Molecular_diagnosis_of_peanut_and_legume_allergy.12.aspx"
} |
In the high-tech world we live in, power strips are as essential as light bulbs. But just as you turn the lights off when you leave a room, you should also get in the habit of turning off your power strip when you're not using it. This helps prevent what eco experts call the "phantom load."
Basically, any time you have a piece of electronic equipment that is plugged in but in standby mode, it's leaking lots of power, wasting energy, and running up your electric bill. And according to Treehugger, it's not a paltry amount: The EPA estimates that 75 percent of energy used in the average home comes from appliances that are thought to be turned off but are merely in standby mode.
Similarly, phantom loads are also created when chargers for cell phones and other electronics are plugged in with nothing attached to them.
To solve the problem, plug your chargers and standby electronics into power strips, and when you're not using the devices, turn the power strips off. Just make sure that any appliances that need to stay on — like external hard drives, fridges, and so on — are plugged in separately. | <urn:uuid:b5ec4f42-a4e1-4407-8dae-8bf038b5a486> | {
"date": "2014-10-23T02:24:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507449153.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005729-00169-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9649145603179932,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 238,
"url": "http://www.popsugar.com/home/Casa-Verde-Preventing-Phantom-Loads-577892"
} |
This test includes questions relating to PDA and Autism and can be used to help people better determine whether the profile of PDA and Autism relate to them. This test was developed for adults but the questions can also be used for children. There are a number of questions, separated into two groups, the first lot are for PDA traits only and the second lot are for traits of Autism found in PDAers. These questions should show how PDA the person may be and how Autistic the person may be.
Please note this test hasn’t been devised by a professional and so will not be recognised in as a diagnostic tool. However this test has been created by a PDAer with the help of other PDA adults and as such, may be helpful in self-diagnosing.
There are 50 questions, please answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the questions.
- Do you find it difficult to do the simple things that other people seem to find easy?
- Do you dislike praise?
- Do you find it harder to do tasks that you have to do as opposed to optional tasks?
- Do you find it more difficult to complete tasks when people are watching?
- Do you feel a need to take charge but dislike being placed in charge?
- Do you dislike being rushed?
- Do you feel unsure of how you will react in a situation, despite past experience?
- Do you feel like others are always wrong, even though you know logically that isn’t true?
- Do you dislike imposed routine?
- Do you/have you ever struggled in work/school due to the amount of work required of you?
- Do you tend to avoid routine tasks on a regular basis, such as washing, eating, dressing, sleeping and going out?
- Do you find it difficult to start things you enjoy, such as hobbies or interests?
- Do you struggle to tell when you are feeling anxious, did/do you believe you rarely feel anxious?
- Do you/have you ever experienced anxiety, more than the average person?
- Do you feel anxious when pressured to do something, even if it is easy?
- Do you spend more time delaying/avoiding a task than it would take to actually do it?
- Are there days where you can do lots of tasks and days where you struggle with simple things such as dressing and eating?
- Do you find it difficult to motivate yourself to do tasks?
- Do you/have you ever experienced panic attacks, more than the average person?
- Do you feel that everyone is equal, regardless of age/race/gender/social status?
- Do you/have you ever had obsessions around certain people? (For example: wanting to know everything about them, be around them all the time, feel jealous when they spend time with other people)
- Do you/have you ever made up new words, sometimes for things or people, or deliberately mispronounced words?
- Do you/have you ever experienced hyper/silly behaviour?
- Do you feel a need to get things done straight away, are you impulsive?
- Do you prefer to have options/choices in most situations?
- Does a lack of choice make you feel out of control/panicky?
- Do you like to do the same thing over and over until it becomes boring, then move onto something new?
- Do you feel anxious/panicky if someone doesn’t follow your instructions correctly or when they deviate from the plan?
- Do you like making changes in certain environments, such as rearranging the furniture in your home?
- Do you feel unable to cope with waiting for things?
- Do you/did you as a child dislike accommodations which make you stand out as different?
- Do you dislike being criticised but are critical of others?
- Do you feel everyone should follow the rules all the time but find it difficult to follow the rules yourself?
- Do you question rules/regulations/laws?
- Have you ever been described as being manipulative?
- Do you cancel plans at the last minute?
- Do you/did you as a child dislike losing/coming last?
- Have you ever been described as controlling?
- Do you daydream rich, imaginative worlds?
- Do you/have you ever used role play/pretend play, sometimes in order to cope with life/tasks/social situations?
- Do you struggle to start tasks because you expect them to be perfect the first time round, then become disappointed when they aren’t?
- Do you find yourself telling lies to delay/avoid things?
- Do you feel constrained by social expectations, such as having to say ‘please’ or ‘thank you’, having to smile?
- Do you struggle to admit when you’ve done something wrong?
- Do you feel unable to control your reaction to things, emotionally and/or physically?
- Do you change your mind often?
- Do you prefer to spend your time at home alone than outside with other people?
- Do you struggle with knowing how much time to leave for tasks, do you seem to run out of time quicker than others?
- Do you tend not to tell other people when starting a new project because others knowing makes it harder for you to complete it?
- Do you feel a need to control your environment, often to ensure things go as you prefer them to?
If you score one point for every time you have answered ‘yes’ to the above questions, the result will show how PDA you are likely to be.
A score of 0-10 indicates very unlikely to be PDA
A score of 11-20 indicates unlikely to be PDA
A score of 21-30 indicates possible PDA
A score of 31-40 indicates likely to be PDA
A score of 41-50 indicates very likely to be PDA
There are 40 questions, please answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the questions. Please note, these questions are for PDA version of Autism, they may not indicate whether a non-PDA person has Autism.
- Do you find socialising difficult?
- Do you find socialising tiring and need time afterwards to recover?
- Do you feel like a different person when in a public setting, like you’re wearing a mask?
- Do you tend to complete tasks in a set way?
- Do you dislike others helping with tasks unless you’ve specifically asked them to?
- Do you make odd noises or speak in an unusual tone of voice?
- Do you struggle with group activities?
- Do you struggle when following conversations, especially when multiple people are contributing?
- Do you find it difficult to make and/or keep friends?
- Have you ever been described as weird/odd/kooky/strange/quirky?
- Does making eye-contact feel uncomfortable?
- Do you find it difficult to get along with people of your own age group, do you get on better with older or younger people?
- Do you/have you ever pretended/believed you are an animal, other than human?
- Have people commented that you lack empathy/appear unsympathetic?
- Do you struggle to know what to do in certain social and/or emotional situations?
- Do you react differently to pain than others might?
- Do you struggle to cope with last minute changes?
- Do you struggle figuring out what others are thinking?
- Do you stim? (For more information on stimming please click here)
- Do you tend to see things as black and white, all or nothing?
- Do you have difficulty recognising, feeling and/or regulating your emotions?
- Do your emotions seem either really good or really bad, with no in-between?
- Are you an empath, do you often feel other people’s emotions as if they are your own?
- Do you have sensory issues? (For more information on sensory issues please click here)
- Do you seem to make many social mistakes but are unsure how or why you have made them?
- Do you go over past social interactions in your head, trying to figure out what happened?
- Do you repeat words/phrases/sentences that you’ve heard, even if the situation doesn’t require it?
- Do other people appear confusing to you?
- Do you tend not to follow trends/fashion that society deems popular?
- Do you struggle to know when to speak during a conversation?
- Have people ever said you talk too much or not enough?
- Do you think about what you are going to say next, so much so that you sometimes miss parts of a conversation?
- Do people often misconstrue your facial expressions?
- Do you feel like an outsider, like you’ve yet to find where you fit in?
- Do you tend to focus on people’s hair, especially of those you like?
- Do you find it difficult/uncomfortable to lie?
- Do you/have you struggled to get on with people in your family, often because of misunderstandings?
- Do you often confuse your left and your right?
- Do you prefer animals to people?
- Do you struggle with following multi-step instructions, especially when given verbally?
If you score one point for every time you have answered ‘yes’ to the above questions, the result will show how Autistic you are likely to be.
A score of 0-8 indicates very unlikely to be Autism
A score of 9-16 indicates unlikely to be Autism
A score of 17-24 indicates possible Autism
A score of 25-32 indicates likely to be Autism
A score of 33-40 indicates very likely to be Autism
Featured image curtsey of Sally Cat – Sally Cat PDA Page | <urn:uuid:d83f9645-70d5-405b-9517-e5993433f67b> | {
"date": "2019-08-19T09:30:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314696.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819073232-20190819095232-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9555776119232178,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 2089,
"url": "https://dragonriko.wordpress.com/pda-test-for-adults/?replytocom=994"
} |
Stress can cause indigestion, break your back, and give you a migraine, but did you know that it could also damage your smile? February is National Children’s Dental Health Month and it’s time that we take a closer look at how stress can impact the dental health of adults and children alike.
Listed below are just three ways in which stress can negatively impact your dental health.
This condition is less of an oral health problem and more of a “sleep-related movement disorder.” People with sleep bruxism grind their teeth at night while they sleep. Severe forms of sleep bruxism lead to headaches, damaged teeth, and jaw disorder. Studies have found that social anxiety can contribute to sleep bruxism. Another study found that people with daily stress and problems at work who prefer negative coping strategies such as “escape” were more likely to grind their teeth.
This gum disease occurs when plague builds up on your teeth and gums. The gums can become irritated and inflamed, and they can even bleed. Gingivitis can be caused by smoking, using tobacco, poor nutrition, and stress. People who experience chronic stress often have poor oral hygiene and not brushing or flossing regularly can lead to gingivitis. Stress can also negatively affect your immune system and make it hard for your body to fight the infection once it starts.
This gum disease is a more severe form of gingivitis. With periodontists the soft tissue and the bone that supports the teeth become damagedthis can lead to teeth loss. A past study found that stress and depression were associated with “periodontal destruction.” This was partially due to the neglect of proper oral care during periods of stress. Research also shows that chronic stress increases the amounts of cortisol in the bloodstream and lead further periodontal destruction.
In short, reducing stress is important for your teeth and gums. To promote better oral health and reduce your risk of bruxism, gingivitis, and periodontists, try some of the stress reduction tips listed here. Also remember to brush and floss regularly, and make biannual dentist appointments. Your teeth will thank you! | <urn:uuid:d98b0383-09e4-45de-8828-593e9359769d> | {
"date": "2019-11-12T04:23:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664567.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112024224-20191112052224-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.957929253578186,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 457,
"url": "https://mindfullivingnetwork.com/stress-ruins-your-smile/"
} |
Aedes triseriatus - Factsheet for experts
SPECIES NAME/CLASSIFICATION: Aedes triseriatus
COMMON NAMES: American tree-hole mosquito
SYNONYMS AND OTHER NAMES IN USE: Ochlerotatus triseriatus
Hazard associated with mosquito species
Aedes triseriatus is a North American invasive mosquito species that is prevalent in the United States. Although it has only been reported in Europe once (France, 2004), its ability to overwinter as diapausing eggs and utilise artificial container habitats as larval development sites indicates that there is a risk that this species will establish in Europe.
Biting and disease risk
Although primarily zoophilic, Aedes triseriatus is known to bite humans . It is the primary vector of La Crosse virus, which has caused serious disease in humans in North America (Borucki et al. 2002) and has been suggested as a possible bridge vector for West Nile virus , with field-collected adult mosquitoes testing positive for the virus. It has also been shown to transmit a number of other important human arboviruses under laboratory conditions. Aedes triseriatus’ current role in the transmission of La Crosse virus and its possible involvement in the transmission of other arboviruses, highlights the public health importance of this species.
Aedes triseriatus is found in eastern and central North America in hardwood forests . It has been found as far south as Florida Keys, as far west as Texas and as far north as Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick .
Initial importation and spread in Europe
Aedes triseriatus is not yet known to have established itself in Europe but it was intercepted in a batch of used tyres imported from Louisiana (USA) to France in 2004. At the time immediate control measures (insecticide treatment) targeting Aedes albopictus as well were undertaken and achieved the elimination of Aedes triseriatus from the site (S. Chouin & F. Schaffner, unpublished data).
- SPECIES NAME/CLASSIFICATION: Aedes triseriatus
- COMMON NAMES: American tree-hole mosquito
- SYNONYMS AND OTHER NAMES IN USE: Ochlerotatus triseriatus
Morphological characters and similar species
Aedes triseriatus is almost indistinguishable from it sibling species Aedes hendersoni (except at fourth larval instar) , however the latter has never been found outside its native range. It is easily distinguished from the other invasive and indigenous European species breeding in natural or man-made containers by the absence of pale rings on the legs and the presence of two pale-scaled stripes on the sides of the scutum (dorsal part of the thorax).
Life history (inc. details of overwintering stage)
Aedes triseriatus overwinters through egg diapause in northern areas, with some larvae overwintering in areas where aquatic habitats do not fully freeze . Hatching commonly occurs after tree-hole thawing in early to mid-March . Hatching is suggested to be dependent upon hatch stimuli and may be staggered, resulting in only a proportion of an egg batch hatching in response to a particular stimulus at a certain time. This allows Aedes triseriatus to survive in a variety of environments across its range .
The appearance of adults in spring is strongly dependent on temperature and nutrient availability within the larval habitat . Larvae have been found in Ontario, Canada as early as March at mean water temperatures of 6.7°C, with the highest larval density in spring-early summer. Adults are common in July to mid-August . During a study in Virginia oviposition increased in June, peaking in early July and then again in late July . Similar results were reported in a study in West Virginia, with eggs becoming increasingly abundant until July and then remaining at a steady level through to September .
Voltinism (generations per season)
Host preferences (e.g. birds, mammals, humans)
Females tend to prefer mammalian hosts , with studies showing preference for deer and squirrels but they are also known to bite humans . Bird biting has been reported , as well as feeding on reptiles and amphibians . Analysis of blood meals from specimens collected in Connecticut show meals derived from deer, humans, cats, opossums, rats and birds .
Aedes triseriatus breeds in tree-holes, tyres and other artificial containers [3,9] , often in urban areas . Adults are commonly encountered throughout forested areas of eastern and mid-western US and are said to inhabit tree canopies up to 27m high . A study in Florida found more eggs in oviposition traps placed in sylvatic habitats furthest from urbanised developments . This distribution of the species is reported to overlap with that of Aedes japonicus in North America and an overlap in habitat use has also been reported .
Biting/resting habits (endo/exophily, endo/exophagy, biting periodicity)
A diurnal species , with peaks of activity in the early morning and late afternoon. Adults tend to rest in shaded areas during the day, often near larval habitats, but will fly into open areas to feed . Irby & Apperson found that Aedes triseriatus rested on vegetation in close proximity to larval development sites. A laboratory study showed that La Crosse virus-infected Aedes triseriatus were more likely to take smaller blood meals and re-feed several times within a 24-hour period than uninfected specimens .
Environmental thresholds/constraints/development criteria
The effects of habitat and weather parameters on this species are largely unknown . It is known that this species is highly susceptible to larval habitat flooding during heavy rains; Williams et al found that larvae relocate lower down the water column in response. Flight range is reportedly limited to 200 m . However, others suggest that dispersal may be greater than previously suspected, especially in extensive wooded areas . Infection with La Crosse virus has been shown to affect the survival of progeny but not to the extent that it eradicates mosquito populations . A study in Connecticut has found that Aedes triseriatus larval populations have decreased whereas populations of the invasive species Aedes japonicus have increased . This indicates that the species can be outcompeted in some environments. Although Aedes albopictus has also been shown to be superior to Aedes triseriatus in competing for food resources in larval habitats in the US (particularly in artificial container habitats), greater success in overwintering survival and earlier hatching means Aedes triseriatus is able to exploit larval habitats before Aedes albopictus .
Epidemiology & transmission of pathogens
Known vector status (In field, experimental transmission)
Aedes triseriatus is a known vector of La Crosse virus, first isolated from a fatal human case in Wisconsin in 1960 and subsequently isolated from field-collected Aedes triseriatus [22-24] . Historically, the majority of La Crosse virus cases have been reported from Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois and Ohio, but during the last 20 years, this virus has emerged in West Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina .
It has also been suggested that this mosquito species is a possible bridge vector for following isolations of the virus from field collections . Chipmunks are suggested as a possible source of West Nile virus for zoophilic or opportunistic mosquitoes , hence the interest in this mosquito with regard to West Nile virus transmission cycles. A recent study detected West Nile virus in field-collected male Aedes triseriatus in Louisiana, USA, representing the first evidence of vertical transmission of West Nile virus in Aedes triseriatus. However, the role of this species in the maintenance of West Nile virus in nature needs further investigation .
Aedes triseriatus is also considered to be a competent vector of West Nile virus experimentally and of Venezuelan equine encephalitis , Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Dengue (type I), St Louis encephalitis virus and Yellow Fever virus under laboratory conditions .
La Crosse virus
Role as enzootic or bridge vector
Transmission cycles of La Crosse virus are maintained in northern and central America through Aedes triseriatus and chipmunks, grey squirrels, foxes and possible other small, forest dwelling mammals [21,24] . Aedes triseriatus can become infected and transmit La Crosse virus under laboratory conditions . La Crosse virus has been repeatedly isolated from field-collected adults and larvae [22,24] , indicating virus survival over the winter is due to transovarial transmission. Transovarial transmission and vector competency were demonstrated in 1973 when the virus was detected in F1 eggs, larvae and adults which were able to transmit the virus to mice and chipmunks under laboratory conditions . Although it has previously been suggested that Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes are unable to maintain La Crosse virus in nature via transovarial transmission, a recent study has shown that some field-collected females can become stably-infected (‘super-infected’), enabling them to transmit the virus to a high percentage of their progeny .
La Crosse virus can cause serious disease in humans and is the most common cause of paediatric arboviral encephalitis in the US with 42‒172 cases reported annually . The majority of human cases in America occur between July and September, when mosquito abundance peaks. Prior to West Nile virus, La Crosse virus was considered one of the most important mosquito-borne diseases in the US . Most human infections occur between July-September .
Potential/confirmed disease risk
Aedes triseriatus have been found positive for the virus in areas where human cases have been reported [10,11] and seropositive chipmunks have been collected in areas where Aedes triseriatus larvae have been found to be La Crosse virus positive .
Factors driving/impacting on transmission cycles
Risk factors in North America include; outdoor activities, rural residence and proximity of dwellings to aquatic habitats of the mosquito . Human and vector contact is said to have increased due to humans living in forested areas and Aedes triseriatus using artificial containers as breeding sites . The encroachment of human dwellings into forested areas may have resulted in the emergence of La Crosse virus in the Appalachian region .
Jacksonet al. showed that La Crosse virus infected Aedes triseriatus took smaller blood meals and re-fed more often than uninfected mosquitoes. This may contribute to enhanced horizontal transmission of La Crosse virus due to increased frequency of host contact within a gonotrophic cycle.
Public health (control/interventions)
No specific surveillance has been implemented in Europe so far but nationwide surveillance of invasive species and their introduction pathways in France led to the species being intercepted when it was introduced with used tyres originating from Louisiana (USA) (S. Chouin & F. Schaffner, unpublished data).
Appropriate sampling strategy (aquatic larval sampling, adult traps)
Sampling strategies include; CO2-baited CDC light traps [30,31] , gravid traps , ovitraps and flashlight type aspirators . Problems have been reported when trying to collect Aedes triseriatus - adults are reluctant to enter light or baited traps, human landing catches can expose humans to La Crosse virus, trap colour, substrate texture, density of water, position of opening and presence of decay products can affect the success of a trap . Obenauer et al. used dark coloured, suspended oviposition traps that mimic tree holes and suggested that the success of these traps was due to Aedes triseriatus’ preference for dark oviposition sites.
Species-specific control methods e.g. insecticide, public health education etc.
Much of the guidance for other container-breeding species, such as Aedes albopictus which focuses on source reduction and insecticide use, would be equally applicable to Aedes triseriatus in a synanthropic setting
Current nuisance biting/vector issues in Europe
Existing public health awareness and education materials
The CDC website provides a curriculum guide for teachers and provides them with information to educate children about the risks and prevention of La Crosse virus. This can be found at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor/neato.htm
They also provide information on La Crosse virus. This can be found at:http://www.cdc.gov/lac/.
The National Travel Health Network and Centre provides information on how to avoid insect bites (including mosquito bites). This can be found at: http://www.nathnac.org/pro/factsheets/iba.htm.
Key areas of uncertainty
- Further information is required on the presence and the distribution of this species in Europe and the potential role of this mosquito in transmitting pathogens.
- Further study is needed to establish the effects of habitat and weather parameters on Aedes triseriatus populations and to assess the dynamics of amplifier and non-amplifier hosts of La Crosse virus .
1. Freier JE, Grimstad PR. Transmission of dengue virus by orally infected Aedes triseriatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983 Nov;32(6):1429-34.
2. CDC. Mosquito species producing WNV positives by year (avail online – access 16/6/2010) 2009. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/mosquitospecies.htm
3. Borucki MK, Kempf BJ, Blitvich BJ, Blair CD, Beaty BJ. La Crosse virus: replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Microbes Infect. 2002 Mar;4(3):341-50.
4. Williams DD, MacKay SE, Verdonschot RC, Tacchino PJ. Natural and manipulated populations of the treehole mosquito, Ochlerotatus triseriatus, at its northernmost range limit in southern Ontario, Canada. J Vector Ecol. 2007 Dec;32(2):328-35.
5. Reinert JF. New classification for the composite genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini), elevation of subgenus Ochlerotatus to generic rank, reclassification of the other subgenera, and notes on certain subgenera and species. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2000 Sep;16(3):175-88.
6. Reno HE, Vodkin MH, Novak RJ. Differentiation of Aedes triseriatus (Say) from Aedes hendersoni Cockerell (Diptera: Culicidae) by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of amplified ribosomal DNA. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000 Feb;62(2):193-9.
7. Khatchikian CE, Dennehy JJ, Vitek CJ, Livdahl T. Climate and geographic trends in hatch delay of the treehole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol. 2009 Jun;34(1):119-28.
8. Shroyer DA, Craig GB, Jr. Egg diapause in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae): geographic variation in photoperiodic response and factors influencing diapause termination. J Med Entomol. 1983 Nov 30;20(6):601-7.
9. Moore CG, McLean RG, Mitchell CJ, Nasci TF, Calisher CH, Marfin AA, et al. Guidelines fro arbovirus surveillance programs in the United States. Fort Collins, Colorado: Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993.
10. Barker CM, Paulson SL, Cantrell S, Davis BS. Habitat preferences and phenology of Ochlerotatus triseriatus and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in southwestern Virginia. J Med Entomol. 2003 Jul;40(4):403-10.
11. Nasci RS, Moore CG, Biggerstaff BJ, Panella NA, Liu HQ, Karabatsos N, et al. La Crosse encephalitis virus habitat associations in Nicholas County, West Virginia. J Med Entomol. 2000 Jul;37(4):559-70.
12. Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, Oguinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA. An update on the potential of north American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile Virus. J Med Entomol. 2005 Jan;42(1):57-62.
13. Freier JE, Beier JC. Oral and transovarial transmission of La Crosse virus by Aedes atropalpus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984 Jul;33(4):708-14.
14. Platt KB, Tucker BJ, Halbur PG, Tiawsirisup S, Blitvich BJ, Fabiosa FG, et al. West Nile virus viremia in eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) sufficient for infecting different mosquitoes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jun;13(6):831-7.
15. Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Diuk-Wasser M. Host-feeding patterns of potential mosquito vectors in Connecticut, U.S.A.: molecular analysis of bloodmeals from 23 species of Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Coquillettidia, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia. J Med Entomol. 2008 Nov;45(6):1143-51.
16. Obenauer PJ, Kaufman PE, Allan SA, Kline DL. Infusion-baited ovitraps to survey ovipositional height preferences of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in two Florida habitats. J Med Entomol. 2009 Nov;46(6):1507-13.
17. Alto BW. Interspecific larval competition between invasive Aedes japonicus and native Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and adult longevity. J Med Entomol. 2011 Mar;48(2):232-42.
18. Irby WS, Apperson CS. Spatial and temporal distribution of resting female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the coastal plain of North Carolina. J Med Entomol. 1992 Mar;29(2):150-9.
19. Jackson BT, Brewster CC, Paulson SL. La Crosse virus infection alters blood feeding behavior in Aedes triseriatus and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2012 Nov;49(6):1424-9.
20. Andreadis TG, Wolfe RJ. Evidence for reduction of native mosquitoes with increased expansion of invasive Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northeastern United States. J Med Entomol. 2010 Jan;47(1):43-52.
21. Leisnham PT, Juliano SA. Impacts of climate, land use, and biological invasion on the ecology of immature Aedes mosquitoes: implications for La Crosse emergence. EcoHealth. 2012 Jun;9(2):217-28.
22. Pantuwatana S, Thompson WH, Watts DM, Hanson RP. Experimental infection of chipmunks and squirrels with La Crosse and Trivittatus viruses and biological transmission of La Crosse virus by Aedes triseriatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972 Jul;21(4):476-81.
23. Thompson WH, Anslow RO, Hanson RP, Defoliart GR. La Crosse virus isolations from mosquitoes in Wisconsin, 1964-68. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972 Jan;21(2):90-6.
24. Watts DM, Thompson WH, Yuill TM, DeFoliart GR, Hanson RP. Overwintering of La Crosse virus in Aedes triseriatus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974 Jul;23(4):694-700.
25. Unlu I, Mackay AJ, Roy A, Yates MM, Foil LD. Evidence of vertical transmission of West Nile virus in field-collected mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol. 2010 Jun;35(1):95-9.
26. Styer LM, Kent KA, Albright RG, Bennett CJ, Kramer LD, Bernard KA. Mosquitoes inoculate high doses of West Nile virus as they probe and feed on live hosts. PLoS Pathog. 2007 Sep 14;3(9):1262-70.
27. Davis MH, Hogge AL, Jr., Ferrell JF, Corristan EC. Mosquito transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from experimentally infected frogs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1966 Mar;15(2):227-30.
28. Watts DM, Pantuwatana S, DeFoliart GR, Yuill TM, Thompson WH. Transovarial transmission of LaCrosse virus (California encephalitis group) in the mosquito, Aedes triseriatus. Science. 1973 Dec 14;182(4117):1140-1.
29. Reese SM, Mossel EC, Beaty MK, Beck ET, Geske D, Blair CD, et al. Identification of super-infected Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes collected as eggs from the field and partial characterization of the infecting La Crosse viruses. Virol J. 2010;7:76.
30. Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Armstrong PM, Main AJ. Isolations of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) from field-collected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Connecticut, USA: a ten-year analysis, 1997-2006. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008 Apr;8(2):175-88.
31. Falco RC, Daniels TJ, Slameck MC. Prevalence and distribution of Ochlerotatus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in two counties in southern New York State. J Med Entomol. 2002 Nov;39(6):920-5.
32. Dunphy BM, Tucker BJ, Petersen MJ, Blitvich BJ, Bartholomay LC. Arrival and establishment of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iowa. J Med Entomol. 2009 Nov;46(6):1282-9. | <urn:uuid:e3169b11-e397-482a-9532-b4d5073fb898> | {
"date": "2020-01-23T08:38:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8554988503456116,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 4838,
"url": "https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-triseriatus"
} |
Unsurprisingly computers can perform calculations within seconds, work out logical computations without error and store memory with flawless accuracy. Yet believe it or not, the human brain’s processing power is superior to that of a computer…yes even yours ;)! However like that Mac Book which you’re probably reading this from, the human brain is (ultimately) energy-dependent: it relies on chemicals, primarily oxygen and sugar, to transmit information. In other words, it needs to be mentally stimulated every so often.
While there are numerous things we can do to boost our brain power, there are also various sites where you can find such information, tips and techniques. So rather than advise you to incorporate omega 3-filled walnuts into your diet, regularly exercise to increase the blood flow to your brain or meditate to de-stress and enable you to think more clearly, I’ll leave you with some questions. Our brains love questions because they have the power to engage us and to shift our mindsets. Along with that they drive knowledge and growth, and fuel both creativity and critical thinking. On that note:
- Why does the Monopoly man look just like the Pringles guy?
- Why has no one in Japan opened up a pancake house called Japancakes yet?
- Why do UK clothes manufacturers jump from a 6 to an 8…what if you’re a 7?
- Why does Goofy stand erect while Pluto remains on all fours? They’re both dogs!
- Why is garlic so tasty yet so lethal on the breath?
- Why do almonds taste better than peanuts but peanut butter tastes better than almond butter?
- Why does Microsoft Word think I can’t spell my name?
- Why do ABC & Twinkle Twinkle Little Star share the same tune?
- If “laughter is the best medicine,” who’s the idiot who “died laughing?”
And if none of these questions do the trick, grab some vino: studies show that drinking a glass per night correlates with a reduced risk of dementia…I’m just sayin’ 😉
Any memory/brain-boosting tips you have to share? I’m all for increasing my IQ ;)! | <urn:uuid:87bc3a1f-b987-45ef-b5fc-97ecd25ba264> | {
"date": "2017-01-17T23:29:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00230-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9189158082008362,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 475,
"url": "http://kthadani.com/2012/02/22/lifes-important-questions/"
} |
Annotations for Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee : An Indian History of the American West
Baker & Taylor
Documents and personal narratives record the experiences of Native Americans during the nineteenth century.
Baker & Taylor
The thirtieth anniversary edition of this classic Native American history re-introduces readers to the first major chronicle of the Native American experience written from an Indian perspective. Simultaneous. 15,000 first printing.
Now a special 30th-anniversary edition in both hardcover and paperback, the classic bestselling history The New York Times called "Original, remarkable, and finally heartbreaking...Impossible to put down"
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is Dee Brown's eloquent, fully documented account of the systematic destruction of the American Indian during the second half of the nineteenth century. A national bestseller in hardcover for more than a year after its initial publication, it has sold almost four million copies and has been translated into seventeen languages. For this elegant thirtieth-anniversary edition -- published in both hardcover and paperback -- Brown has contributed an incisive new preface.
Using council records, autobiographies, and firsthand descriptions, Brown allows the great chiefs and warriors of the Dakota, Ute, Sioux, Cheyenne, and other tribes to tell us in their own words of the battles, massacres, and broken treaties that finally left them demoralized and defeated. A unique and disturbing narrative told with force and clarity, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee changed forever our vision of how the West was really won. | <urn:uuid:62558d44-3bed-44a8-9d32-602aa8fc0c5b> | {
"date": "2014-08-02T02:34:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276250.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00444-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8951148986816406,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 322,
"url": "http://sherloc.imcpl.org/enhancedContent.pl?contentType=AnnotationDetail&isbn=9780805066340"
} |
Lack of nesting and brood rearing habitat appears to be the universal limiting factor for prairie chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) throughout their range. Grasslands are essential to prairie chickens, but vary widely in quality and thus in their ability to support prairie chickens. High-quality habitat is grassland providing residual vegetation averaging about 20 inches in height in spring and sufficiently dense to completely conceal a nesting prairie chicken. Annually grazed, annually hayed, or long-term (10 years or more) idled habitats are undesirable. The most successful method for maintaining high-quality nest-brood habitat is prescribed burning at 3- to 5-year intervals; such habitat may be established by seeding grass or grass-legume mixtures. Seeded habitat may be maintained by prescribed burning at 3- to 5-year intervals. Management units should contain at least 2 square miles of high-quality habitat within an area not to exceed 8 square miles. High-quality habitat blocks should be at least 160 acres with a minimum width of one-half mile. Based on available evidence, funding to provide winter food or cover is not recommended.
Additional publication details
Habitat management considerations for prairie chickens | <urn:uuid:5bff6720-3d4d-42c9-b3d1-5c79a57f85b3> | {
"date": "2017-02-21T12:20:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170708.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00364-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8944924473762512,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 252,
"url": "https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1001689"
} |
What is meaning of speed?
“The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed”.In other words ,the rate at which object is moving is called speed.Unit time may be a second,an hour,a day or a year.It tells us how fast or slow an object is moving .Its formula is given as:
Here S is the distance covered by the object, V is its speed and t is the time taken by it.Distance is a scalar; therefore ‘speed is also a scalar quantity.SI unit of speed is meter per second,other units like kilo meter per hour,miles per hour,feet per second are also used.
Most objects or bodies do not move at constant speed.For example ,the MRT train starts from rest at a station,moves faster until it reaches a constant (or cruising) speed and then slows down to a stop at the next station.It is therefore more useful to define average speed <v> rather than the actual speed v.
Table of speed of some objects:
|Moving object||Speed in ms-1||Speed in kmh-1|
|Earth rotating aroundthe sun||30 000||108 000|
The speed of sound in air at room temperature is about 330 m ⁄s or about 1200 km/h but the fastest speed is that of light in vacuum is 3 × 10¤8 m/s.
“body has uniform speed if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time however short the interval may be.”
In equation S=v t v is the average speed of a body during time t.It is because the speed of the body may be changing during the time interval t.However,if the speed of a body does not vary and has the same value then the body is said to possess uniform speed.
Non Uniform Speed:
“A body does not has uniform speed if it does not covers equal distance with equal interval of time.”
Find average speed (video) | <urn:uuid:5d67f9a1-3b9b-4647-8199-10b0c359c351> | {
"date": "2017-09-23T05:37:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689490.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923052100-20170923072100-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9241243004798889,
"score": 3.78125,
"token_count": 425,
"url": "http://physicsabout.com/speed-2/"
} |
In 1783 he obtained a cadetship in a French regiment at Strassburg.
Then you think neither could stand an examination for the cadetship?
And no boy who isn't in his right mind could get into the Point even if given a cadetship.
You know well, dearest Frank, that in your service the highest in the land must pass the ordeal of cadetship.
And within the first year of Michael's cadetship one such significant event occurred.
He had few advantages of early education and training, but in 1848 he obtained a cadetship at West Point.
Good-by, Ralph, and good luck to you in getting that cadetship.
Of course that got him dead stuck on himself, and then he goes and wins a cadetship here and thinks he can run the earth.
From the time he donned short trousers he dreamed of a cadetship at West Point, and a commission under his own flag.
Early in life he cherished a desire for a cadetship at West Point; this desire was gratified in 1848.
c.1610, "younger son or brother," from French cadet "military student officer," noun use of adjective, "younger" (15c.), from Gascon capdet "captain, chief, youth of a noble family," from Late Latin capitellum, literally "little chief," hence, "inferior head of a family," diminutive of Latin caput "head" (see capitulum). "The eldest son being regarded as the first head of the family, the second son the cadet, or little head" [Kitchin].
Apparently younger sons from Gascon noble families were sent to French court to serve as officers, which gave the word its military meaning. In English, the meaning "gentleman entering the military as a profession" is from 1650s, and that of "student at a military college" is from 1775. | <urn:uuid:b4c99de3-6cd7-4df2-aa00-4a3b9a38192e> | {
"date": "2016-02-11T01:11:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160918.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00210-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9763751029968262,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 414,
"url": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cadetship?qsrc=2446"
} |
These colorful percussion tubes range in length from 30 cm to 61 cm (12" to 24") and provide a full octave (that's eight) of consecutive notes. You can compose a simple tune by yourself, play together with your family, or drum with an entire class of kids! Experiment with the science of sound! Recommended for children ages 4 and up.
- 8 Colorful music tubes
How Does It Work?
Simply tap a tube on just about anything (tables, chairs, the floor or even another tube) and you're making music! The BoomWhackers have a "sweet spot" for the best tone, usually a few inches from the end of the tube. You can even lower the tone by blocking the end of a tube.
What Does It Teach?
BoomWhackers provide a simple way to introduce kids to the science behind sound. Learn about the musical scale and how the tone of many musical instruments is controlled by their size. Discover the joy of making chords and melodies with your friends!
- Great for teaching pitch i Review by Diana
I'm using these to teach about pitch in my science class with 7 th grade! The kids love them! (Posted on 2/7/15) | <urn:uuid:104dccfa-250a-4a34-a1c4-3639d33563af> | {
"date": "2015-04-28T19:48:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246662032.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045742-00254-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9376555681228638,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 251,
"url": "http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/boomwhackers.html"
} |
Online - Pay by credit card, check or your account.
By Phone - Call us at 800.628.7748 Mon. - Thurs. 7:30 - 4:00 pm, Fri. 7:30 - 3:00 pm
By Fax - Fax your order with ourpdf form.
1989. GEMS. Based on teacher feedback, and on a collaborative effort between GEMS and Project 2061 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), this newly revised River Cutters has been expressly designed to meet major benchmarks and more strongly align with the National Science Education Standards. A new session focuses on improving student comprehension of geologic time. Students create river models using a new and improved dripper system and diatomaceous earth. They acquire geological terminology and begin to understand rivers as dynamic, ever-changing systems. The concepts of erosion, pollution, toxic waste, and human manipulation of rivers are explored. 120 pages, soft cover, b&w photos and illustrations. Seven sessions, grades 6-9. | <urn:uuid:58bed81c-920e-41ac-a80f-e4ea5597c406> | {
"date": "2018-03-19T10:45:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646875.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319101207-20180319121207-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9005463123321533,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 212,
"url": "https://www.connecticutvalleybiological.com/ecology-environmental-and-nature-studies/river-cutters.html"
} |
We learned to read after we understood our spoken native language.
When we understood the words being used around us, we could identify words made up of the letters which stood for those sounds. Those sounds blended together create words we know.
Those words clustered into sentences created thoughtful comprehension, and we could read.
We comprehended what we read because we identified the sound that the letters represent, and then blended those sounds into words that we are ready knew, but you can't sound out “knew.”
It is for that reason that identifying a “whole” word, and not sounding out the letters in the word, is vital for language fluency.
The Breidner Linguistic Method uses this process to acquire a new language.
Identifying the sounds of the letters that individually make up a word can be, so overwhelming that the meaning of the word and the sentence become lost.
Pronunciation marks around letters [diacritical marks] that may be found in most dictionaries, add to this difficulty. Imagine reading a text in English with the diacritical marks around every word as it is in many Hebrew texts.
English readers and speakers create word clusters blending sounds that have meaning.
Example: Can you open the can of Polish polish? Note how you just modified the vowel sounds in can/can and Polish/polish in order for the sentence to have meaning.
BLM uses an individual's native language to enable communication in a new language with words that have meaning to the reader/speaker.
The Breidner Linguistic Method permits English readers to identify the sounds of letters, in this case the Hebrew, morphed into English words, without study or memorization.
BLM uses English to decode Hebrew letters by reading the Psalms, as a first step toward acquiring a Hebrew vocabulary for comprehension.
After learning how to use Hebrew letters to easily read English words, Hebrew words are slowly substituted intuitively in a sentence, beginning the process of developing a Hebrew vocabulary.
English speakers have learned to read Hebrew effortlessly using BLM.
The Breidner Linguistic Method uses the individual's native language to learn a new language. | <urn:uuid:107b9ff4-3ee5-4b9e-b000-e8b0afcf52d8> | {
"date": "2015-08-04T14:06:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990900.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00215-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9380500912666321,
"score": 3.9375,
"token_count": 448,
"url": "http://samuelgordonllc.com/"
} |
MACDONALD, RONALD, educator and newspaper editor; b. February 1797 in Priest Pond (Prince Edward Island), son of John Macdonald and Margaret MacKinnon; d. 15 Oct. 1854 at Quebec.
Nothing is known of Ronald Macdonald’s childhood except that he came from a family of modest means. He was brought to Lower Canada as a result of Bishop Joseph-Octave Plessis*’s determination to give the English-speaking Roman Catholics of the Maritimes a sufficient number of clergy. Several “carefully chosen” youths were sent to study in the seminaries of Lower Canada at the expense of the ecclesiastical authorities. Angus Bernard MacEachern*, a missionary at St Andrews on Prince Edward Island, apparently recruited Macdonald and Bernard Donald Macdonald and recommended them to Plessis. Ronald arrived at Quebec in October 1812 and entered the Petit Séminaire in a preparatory class, knowing not one word of French. From his first months there he attracted the attention of Plessis, who wrote to MacEachern: “Ronald is a student whose ability and progress [are] remarkable.” A brilliant pupil, he advanced rapidly and in 1813 he went into the second-year class (Syntax). In the summer of 1816 he began the sixth-year class (Rhetoric), and in 1817 the philosophy program. After only five years he had finished his classical studies. He entered the Grand Séminaire de Québec in 1817 to become a priest, and received the tonsure on 5 October in the cathedral at Quebec. According to some sources Plessis, who was impressed with Macdonald’s capabilities, wanted to make him his suffragan bishop at Halifax; however, his correspondence makes no mention of this matter. In any case, after less than a year at the Grand Séminaire, Macdonald decided to give up the soutane.
Having renounced the priesthood, Macdonald was faced with financial difficulties, since he no longer received assistance from Plessis. In the early 1820s the former seminarist took up the study of law, did a little translation, and taught at the English Catholic school in Saint-Roch. He also decided to establish a family of his own. On 16 April 1822, at Quebec, he married Louise Lavallée; the marriage certificate bears the notation “law student.” They were to have four children, but their three sons died in infancy. Macdonald’s wife and daughter perished when the Théâtre Saint-Louis at Quebec was destroyed by fire on 12 June 1846.
Immediately after his marriage, Macdonald, burdened with financial responsibilities and without means, had abandoned the study of law and decided finally to become a teacher at the English Catholic school in Saint-Roch. In 1824, in association with schoolmaster Germain Kirouac, he started a private school on Rue Sainte-Ursule; this partnership lasted two years. Soon after, in 1826, Macdonald went to Rivière-du-Loup (Louiseville) to take charge of the boys’ class. He is thought to have stayed there three years.
At this point, the House of Assembly, having decided it was expedient to adopt measures “for procuring a master or Preceptor to instruct the Deaf and Dumb in this Province,” approached Macdonald, whose career then took a dynamic new turn. On 2 March 1830 he appeared before a special committee of the house studying educational problems, and it was suggested that he go to the United States for training in the methods of teaching deaf mutes. Macdonald set down several conditions before accepting: he was to receive a grant large enough to cover the expenses of his move and to provide for his family, and on his return he was to be appointed head of an institution financed by the government. These terms were agreed to, and by a law enacted on 26 March 1830 he was granted the necessary £300.
In June, Macdonald went to Hartford, Conn., where the American School for the Deaf, America’s first and most renowned establishment of its type, was located. The method taught was that of Abbé Roch-Ambroise Cucurron, dit Sicard, a French educator of the early 19th century. Instruction was given in French and English. In May 1831, after a year’s study, Macdonald returned to Quebec armed with the requisite certificates. On 15 June the Deaf and Dumb Institution, the first such establishment in Lower Canada, came into being when Macdonald, as a tutor, opened a school at Quebec. That year there were 408 persons in the province listed as deaf mutes. The initial sum allocated for setting up the school was quickly exhausted, and Macdonald had to present a report to the House of Assembly on 31 Jan. 1832 applying for a further grant. On 25 February “An Act to make temporary provision for the instruction of the Deaf and Dumb and for other purposes relating to the same object” received royal assent. Given the provisional nature of this statute, the institution in time found itself short of funds, and had to close in 1836. Macdonald’s endeavours had again come to nothing, despite his devotion to this humanitarian cause.
Under the circumstances, Macdonald went back to regular teaching and at the same time took up journalism. He became a schoolmaster at Saint-Laurent, on Île d’Orléans, and there acquired a reputation as a scholar; but it is hard to understand why a man of such ability had to teach in a rural school for two years.
Macdonald’s journalistic career began in 1836 when, according to Henry James Morgan*, he joined the staff of the Quebec Gazette. On 4 October that year he was working on John Lovell*’s Montreal Daily Transcript, with which his name continued to be associated until 1849. From 10 April 1837 to 16 March 1838 he was the printer, with Lovell, of Montreal’s tri-weekly Le Populaire, a paper founded by Léon Gosselin*.
John Neilson*, a reformer who had been publishing the Quebec Gazette since the end of the 18th century, decided to bring out a French edition of his paper, and in 1842 Macdonald became editor of La Gazette de Québec. He presented his program in the issue of 2 May. He proposed to make La Gazette a complete newspaper, devoting space to scholarly, scientific, artistic, and political news. To avoid religious controversy Macdonald planned to rely on the clergy for the material to be published on religion. In all cases he would turn to sound sources, and would keep himself informed of developments in both America and Europe. The program was ambitious, but Macdonald’s venture and the French edition itself lasted only until 29 Oct. 1842. The balanced thinking, correct style, reliable information on domestic and foreign politics, and the quality and elegance of the translations made La Gazette de Québec a paper that was read and well regarded by the clergy and educated classes.
Macdonald joined Le Canadien in November 1842, replacing Étienne Parent*, who had just been appointed clerk of the Executive Council. In an article published on 4 November Macdonald stated that he would be solely responsible for everything appearing in the paper. He proposed to uphold its motto: Nos institutions, notre langue et nos lois. At his request the proprietor, Jean-Baptiste Fréchette, agreed to expand the paper in order to include more information on religious matters.
Five years later Fréchette turned Le Canadien over to his sons. The new owners dismissed Macdonald, replacing him with Napoléon Aubin*. In February 1848 Macdonald joined La Journal de Québec for a brief stint, but during the year he went to the Quebec Gazette, where he remained until 1849. That year E.-R. Fréchette became sole owner of Le Canadien and lost no time reinstating Macdonald as editor. It was his last position. On 15 Oct. 1854 Ronald Macdonald, then 57, died at Quebec. Le Canadien, “bearing a black border,” mourned its editor as a writer who was a “model of clarity of expression and good taste.”
All Ronald Macdonald’s contemporaries agreed that he was a great journalist, a competent schoolteacher, a discriminating writer, and a conscientious and honest man. Among the writers who had come from outside Lower Canada to settle there, he was, as many stressed, one of those who had contributed the most to the awakening and appreciation of literature and the arts. He was French in heart and mind, not by duty, but by choice.
ANQ-Q, CE1-1, 16 avril 1822, 15 oct. 1854. ASQ, Fichier des anciens. L.C., House of Assembly, Journals, 1830–32. Le Canadien, 31 mars 1832, 4 nov. 1842, 16 oct. 1854. Quebec Gazette, 2 May–29 Oct. 1842. Beaulieu et Hamelin, La presse québécoise, 1: 2–3, 16–17, 72, 86, 91, 93. F.-M. Bibaud, Le panthéon canadien (A. et V. Bibaud; 1891). Caron, “Inv. de la corr. de Mgr Plessis,” ANQ Rapport, 1927–28: 297; 1932–33: 127–28. L.-M. Darveau, Nos hommes de lettres (Montréal, 1873), 273–74. Morgan, Bibliotheca Canadensis. Quebec almanac, 1824–26. I. [-F.-T.] Lebrun, Tableau statistique et politique des deux Canadas (Paris, 1833). Germain Lesage, Histoire de Louiseville, 1665–1960 (Louiseville, Qué., 1961), 148. P.-G. Roy, L’Île d’Orléans (Québec, 1928), 419–21. A.[-E.] Gosselin, “Ronald MacDonald,” BRH, 27 (1921): 319. “L’incendie du théâtre Saint-Louis,” BRH, 5 (1899): 343–44. Lacertus [Richard Lessard], “Un instituteur d’autrefois,” L’Écho de Saint-Justin (Louiseville), 1er mars 1926: 11. P.-G. Roy, “Le journaliste Ronald MacDonald,” BRH, 42 (1936): 443–48. “Les sourds-muets en Canada,” Magasin du Bas-Canada (Montréal), 1 (1832): 112–14.
Cite This Article
Jocelyn Saint-Pierre, “MACDONALD, RONALD (1797-1854),” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 8, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed July 31, 2014, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_ronald_1797_1854_8E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_ronald_1797_1854_8E.html
|Author of Article:||Jocelyn Saint-Pierre|
|Title of Article:||MACDONALD, RONALD (1797-1854)|
|Publication Name:||Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 8|
|Publisher:||University of Toronto/Université Laval|
|Year of publication:||1985|
|Year of revision:||1985|
|Access Date:||July 31, 2014| | <urn:uuid:c7a66454-a6de-4a98-a5b0-018ce150066c> | {
"date": "2014-08-01T01:43:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273874.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00414-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9584007263183594,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 2580,
"url": "http://biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_ronald_1797_1854_8E.html"
} |
The blue side or upper half of the light spectrum. These frequencies pertain to chemical activity or chemism. Blue light stimulates chemical activity which is why blue light is not used in photo processing dark rooms. The Ultraviolet frequencies, at the extreme upper end of the blue frequencies, accelerate chemical dissociation and are used (among many other uses) to dissolve plastics in photo plate making. In function blue is the enharmonic, entropy, dispersion side of the spectrum.
MAE ROBERTS: "You have a great deal of the shades of blue, some violet, and a little pink. So you are very definite in what you think, and in the things you do. You know where you are going, or think you know." [Edgar Cayce lecture. Auras read by Edgar Cayce at Tuesday Night Bible Study Group Meeting, August 26, 1941. Supplement to reading (5746-1)]
Blue has always been the color of the spirit, the symbol of contemplation, prayer, and heaven. The sky is blue because gas molecules in the air cause light rays from the sun to be scattered. This is the scientific explanation but, as I have mentioned before, blue is said to be the true color of the sun, and it is also the color of the planet Jupiter, which is the ruler of great thoughts and high-mindedness.
Almost any kind of blue is good, but the deeper shades are the best. Pale blue indicates little depth, but a struggle toward maturity. The person may not be talented, but he tries. He will have many heartaches and many headaches, but he will keep going in the right direction. The middle blue, or aqua, belongs to a person who will work harder and get more done than the fellow with the light blue, though there may be little difference between them in talent. Those with the deep blue have found their work and are immersed in it. They are apt to be moody and are almost always unusual persons, but they have a mission and they steadfastly go about fulfilling it. They are spiritual-minded for the most part, and their life is dedicated to an unselfish cause, such as science, art, or social service. I have seen many Sisters of Mercy with this dark blue, and many writers and singers also.
The musical note of blue is sol (G), and in the early church the color was assigned to the highest attainments of the soul. [Auras - An Essay On The Meaning Of Colors; A.R.E. Press, 67th & Atlantic Ave., Virginia Beach, Va. 23451, 1972.]
Use blue to alleviate: All throat troubles, laryngitis, sore-throat, hoarseness, teething, fever, cholera, measles, apoplexy, hysteria, palpitation, spasms, acute rheumatism, vomiting, purging, diarrhea, jaundice, inflamed bowels, inflamed eyes, stings, itches, toothache, headaches, nervous disorders, insomnia, painful menstruation, shock, etc. (Roland Hunt; The 7 Rays of Healing; Edgar Cayce Foundation, 67th & Atlantic Ave., Virginia Beach, VA 23451)
"One of the greatest errors in reactor construction is the use of aluminum tubes for uranium containers. Aluminum would become charged with radio-active death very quickly in comparison with silver, gold or any other metal on the blue side of the spectrum. Steel is on the red side, but its density is so much greater than aluminum that it is a better metal than aluminum for that purpose. Nickel would be better than steel, for nickel is on the blue side." [Atomic Suicide, page 17. See Differentiation, spectrum]
"In the radium octave these pairs of efforts are detectable on the red side of the spectrum, but not on the blue side, for reasons which would occupy too much space to tell here, and not sufficiently necessary to this story. As a part of it, however, take note that all of the worst radio-active killer metals are on the red side." [Atomic Suicide, page 38]
"The great unexplained mystery of melting points is the fact that the red side of the carbon octave reaches high melting points because of the fact that two of them are dense solids. On the blue side all three are gases and have melting points as low as 223 degrees below zero. Fluorine reaches this point while its mate on the red side, which is lithium, reaches 186 degrees above zero.
It seems strange that this octave of the highest maturity has three below zero elements on its blue side and high ones on its red side, when the dying elements have very high melting points on the blue side and less than half of those points on the red side. It is more strange still to metallurgists that many of the elements in the radio-active half of the chart are heavier and much more solid than carbon, the heaviest element on the living side of the chart. Tantalum, for example, reaches 3,400 degrees, while its close neighbors on the blue side, reach 2,900, 2,700, 2,250, 1,750 and 1,063. The answer to this is also more clearly defined later, but, very briefly, the reason is that the red side of the spectrum represents the fatherhood of Creation, which seeks the inside of forming spheres where the fires of Creation are centered, and the blue side represents its motherhood and seeks the outside to fashion bodies in her womb, and cool them into form. In the first half of the electric creating process the blue half is compressed out of the generating body, by exploding from within, while the red half gains its center, by compression exerted from the outside. In the second half the situation is reversed. All Nature is constantly reversing, and in doing so is constantly turning inside out and outside in. This conspicuous and obvious fact of Nature has not yet been sensed by observers. [Atomic Suicide, page 43-44]
"Sodium seeks balanced unity in chlorine. It does not seek it in aluminum, phosphorous or silicon. Nor do any of the elements on the red, alkaline side of the spectrum, seek union with each other, nor do those on the blue, acid side seek union with each other." [Atomic Suicide, page 84-85]
"Suffice it for here to say that all mates which are approaching each other for union are electrically forced to approach each other from the outside. They are not 'attracted' together from the inside. They cannot help being forced. They are being wound tip together electrically in spiral vortices. They must inevitably collide and become one even as a threaded screw is forced to interpenetrate an oppositely threaded nut. This simile is a good one in other ways. It exemplifies the red and blue of the spectrum and the red and blue of sex division. The red interpenetrates the blue in all elements up to carbon. Beyond carbon the blue interpenetrates the red. This is also an unknown basic characteristic of the creative process, for no text book of science even mentions it." [Atomic Suicide, page 86]
"The inner core is the red of its heat and the outer layers are the blue of space into which the red core projects its heat to expand it. The outer layers then cool it and thus create imprisoned bodies whose sole desire is to escape imprisonment. Beyond carbon the inner core reverses to blue." [Atomic Suicide, page 94]
"To more fully comprehend this omnipresent radar universe of reflecting light mirrors and lenses, take one of the eight reflectors out of a cube, or make one composed of three mirrors placed the way they are shown in the corner of Fig. 62. If you analyze this shape you will see that it is half a cube cut through its diagonals. If you now slowly insert an object on the end of a long needle, toward the apex of that pyramid you will see it reflected three times, and those reflections will grow ever closer as your object nears that apex. That illustrates the multiplication, or compressive power of Nature. It also symbolizes centripetal force and higher potential. It also represents three of the octave elements on the red or blue side of the whole octave, of which the three mates are in the reverse corner reflector." [Atomic Suicide, page 258]
"The question has long been asked by research scientists why it is that the inert gases will not mix, or unite with "any of the other elements." The first answer is that the inert gases are not electrically divided and conditioned elements, as all of the others in the nine octaves are. The inert gases begin in the first octave as invisible white fluorescent light of zero motion. They end at the 9th cathode in the 9th octave, as visible white fluorescent light, which has reached a speed of nearly 186,400 miles per second. Fluorescent light is that light which begins in the undivided electric spectrum. It is the beginning and end of motion. All motion is either red or blue, according to its sex. The end of motion at the amplitude of the 9th octave means that the divided spectrum has been united as one colorless, sexless light which has been under such high compression that it has reached its limit of conditioning by motion and must be transformed from the white light of visible motion to the invisible white Light of Magnetic stillness. The fluorescent light is that ending of electric power to divide motion into pairs, and to condition the pairs with the opposing sex tensions of electrically divided spectrum opposites. The inert gases are not pairs. They are not divided. Division takes place by light projected from them, but that projected light of spectrum pairs is the basis of the electrochemical elements, which have great volume and density in comparison." [Atomic Suicide, page 261-262]
"In the 8th there are thirteen pairs, but in the 9th the number is unknown, and at least twenty-one on the red side. The blue side fails to provide balanced mates for the six of the transuranium series, so all motion disappears into zero at that 9th octave position." [Atomic Suicide, page 264]
"The names of these particles is of no import here, but the fact that one end of cobalt atoms ejects big particles, and the other ejects small particles, is important. Also, the statement that it was never known before that one end of an atom is different from the other end is also important for it is not true. It has been known as long as electricity has been known that each end of a polarized body is different, and all matter is polarized. Each end of a balanced atom - which means equally paired - will emit the same sized particles from each end, because polarized, or divided pairs, are male and female and belong to the red and blue sides of the spectrum. The important fact that has been overlooked is the fact that an unbalanced particle of matter cannot emit equal potentials from both ends. [Atomic Suicide, page 274-275]
"We reverently launch it out upon the world with the hope and deep prayer that it will save the earth from becoming a barren thing, which it will most surely become, if the deadly blue killer metals are built into ten ton piles sufficiently long to make it forever impossible to turn back to the normalcy required for organic life." [Atomic Suicide, page 294-295]
blue light of the mother
colors of motion
Figure 4.16 - Break-out of Colors Tones and Attributes
Figure 4.17 - Musical Relationships of Colors Tones and Attributes
Figure 7B.01 - Colors Represent Relative Frequencies
Figure 7B.02 - Colors and Tones
Figure 12.03 - Scale Showing Relations of Light Color and Tones
Music Note or Sound Colors
red and blue division
red light of the father
12.40 - Color | <urn:uuid:9218fce8-6529-4253-afad-49f3b9b3418c> | {
"date": "2019-11-22T13:52:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671260.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122115908-20191122143908-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9415517449378967,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 2479,
"url": "https://www.svpwiki.com/Blue"
} |
The Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Account vs. The Genesis Flood AcPaper Rating: Word Count: 1019 Approx Pages: 4
The Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Account vs. The Genesis Flood Account
This essay will explore the similarities and differences in the Flood account of Genesis and the Flood account of Tablet Eleven of the Epic of Gilgamesh. It will compare the two, tell the similarities and how they relate to one another. It will also contrast the other, and account for the visible differences of the two texts. In this essay I hope to explain how the two texts, the Epic of Gilgamesh Flood account and the Genesis Flood account, relate to one another and how a reader can draw conclusions about the trustworthiness of the Bible.
There are many similarities between the Genesis Flood account and the Epic of Gilgamesh Flood account on how the two boats were crafted. The first one is very evident, which is both Noah and Utnapishtim both have to build a great boat because both know of a flood that is coming. In building the boat they both build roofs on the boat to not let rain come in, they both use tar to seal the wood, they make various decks to hold people and creatures, and they both put windows or ports around their boats. In both texts the orders to build the arch are divinely ordained. The Epic of Gilgamesh the god Ea tells Utnapishtim to build a boat, and in Genesis God tells Noah to build a boat.
Many comparisons can also be drawn from both texts about how and what happen to the earth, who was on the boat, and how they stepped onto dry land. The Epic of Gilgamesh tells how Utnapishim takes with him on the arch his whole clan (T.XI col.II), which is also true of the Biblical account of the Flood, Noah takes with him his wife, his son's and his son's wives (Gen. 7:13). Both in the Epic of Gilgamesh and in Genesis Noah and Utnapishim are to bring with them food for their stay on the great boat. A great comparison arises from the texts also, Utnapishim takes alone for the ride, "beasts and birds and babies wet and loud (... Continue Reading | <urn:uuid:10dbe7a2-c086-4231-988a-bfddee637d90> | {
"date": "2014-07-31T01:18:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272256.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00378-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9639237523078918,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 471,
"url": "http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/25791.html"
} |
For 30 days in 1914, Dr. Anthony J. Lanza, an assistant surgeon of the United States Public Health Service, joined Edwin Higgins, a mining engineer from the Bureau of Mines, in a special investigation into the pulmonary problems of miners in the West visited the lead and zinc mines of Joplin and the surrounding area, spoke with miners, mine owners, and the widows of miners. They studied the mines, the process of mining, and the sanitation practices both above and below ground. Their goal was to understand why miners were seemingly dying in the prime of life from what appeared to be tuberculosis or something very similar to it.
Shovelers filling a cart instead of the usual bucket.
The “miner’s consumption” appeared at a frightfully high percentage of the miner population. In figures provided by Lanza, the doctor noted that of the 1,215 deaths in the general population of Jasper County in 1911, 180 of them were from tuberculosis. This meant over 14% of those who died did so from the pulmonary disease. In the next two years, the percentage grew to 15%. From 1911 through 1913, Jasper County lead the state in tuberculosis deaths.
An organization established to track the disease amongst miners, the Jasper County Antituberculosis Society, offered even grimmer statistics. In 1912, 720 miners died of a pulmonary disease who had worked two or more years in the mines. Some of these deaths occurred outside of Jasper County, as miners had moved elsewhere in the vain hope of better health conditions. Mine operators, whom Lanza spoke with, estimated anywhere from 50 to 60% of their men suffered from some kind of lung trouble. One operator offered the frightful story that over a four year period he had employed 750 men in the mine. Of that number, only 50 remained alive and of the 700 who had perished, only a dozen had died from something other than a pulmonary disease.
Freshly blasted ore waits to be shoveled into a nearby waiting bucket.
Lanza opted to physically examine volunteers in Webb City and Carterville with 99 miners stepping forwarded for the free health exam. Of the 99, 64 suffered from obvious symptoms of pulmonary disease. Of that 64, 42 continued to work below in the mines. Lanza believed that the best way to understand why the miners of Jasper County suffered such high rates of pulmonary disease, he would need to understand the basic aspects of lead and zinc mining in the district. As a result, his report includes a detailed summary of how the valuable ore was mined.
In 1913, approximately 5,988 men were employed in the mining industry in Jasper County, and of that number, 4,242 were miners. They mined 226,738 tons of ore of a value of 9.75 million dollars. With regard to the geology of mining, the ore was generally found in two locations. In sheet ground deposits, on average 180 feet beneath the surface and in irregular pockets, mostly in limestone, which were found at usually shallow depths (such as the discovery of ore during the construction of the Joplin Union Depot). In Lanza’s study, the doctor focused on the former.
A typical mine began with the sinking of a shaft to the depth of the ore. Once it was established, the mine eventually resembled one giant chamber composed of multiple support pillars within a fan shaped area. The pillars were essentially ore that wasn’t mined, ten to twenty feet wide, and left at intervals from twenty to a hundred feet. The space between the pillars was dictated by the quality and composition of the surrounding stone and ceiling. Lanza commented that at the time of the study, the average practice was from forty to sixty feet apart. As mining itself took place in drifts, and the drifts ultimately became interconnected, and it was the support pillars which offered a means to identify one drift from another.
On top, an overhead perspective of a mine. On the bottom, a demonstration of the depth of a mine.
The area actually mined was essentially the wall of the drift which was referred to as the face. Miners either worked the face vertically, keeping the face uniform from the ceiling to the floor, or if the size of the ore deposit was large enough, used a “heading and bench” technique. This practice involved mining deeper into the face for several feet down from the ceiling and then letting a “bench” or “shelf” to be created below it where the mining allowed more of the face to extend outward.
Diagram of Heading and Bench approach to mining the face of the mine.
The mining itself was accomplished by drilling into the face, inserting dynamite into the drill holes, blasting the face, and then shoveling the ore freed from the wall into a bucket to be sent up to the surface. Drilling was almost always accomplished through the use of an air powered piston drill operated by two men, a driller and a helper. When drilling into a regular face, the drilled holes were on average eight to ten feet in depth and the drill was set on a pedestal. When drilling into the heading the drill was usually set on a tripod. The drilled holes were six to eight feet in depth, and when drilling into the “bench” part of the face, could be up to eighteen feet in length.
The process of loading the drill holes with dynamite was known as “squibbing.” Anywhere from 1 to 75 sticks of dynamite were used to “squib” the holes and the actual blasting (also referred to as squibbing) usually occurred at lunch time, while the miners went off to enjoy their meals. However, squibbing could happen at any time, even with miners still in the mine (though at a safe distance from the blast). A minor form of squibbing occurred when drills became slowed or stuck due to debris clogging the drill in the hole and small amounts of dynamite were set off to clear the hole. Sometimes further blasting was also necessary when boulders were produced by the blasting process, too big to be smashed by sledge hammer. Blowing up a boulder was referred to as “boulder popping.”
Three miners pose by a drill.
Once the ore was reduced to blasted rubble, the men moved in with shovels and loaded buckets, commonly called “cans.” Each can held between 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of “dirt.” Once loaded, the miners pushed the heavy bucket to a switch known as a “lay by” where it was then placed in a truck (not the automobile kind) and moved by mules or miners to the shaft. At the bottom of the shaft awaited the “tub hooker” who hooked the loaded buckets to the bottom of a steel rope (often ½ to 5/8ths in width). On the other end of the rope was a geared hoist powered either by electricity or steam. The operator’s seat was positioned so he could look directly down the shaft below. Carefully the bucket was raised to the top of the shaft, dumped, and then lowered back down without every leaving the rope it was attached to, ready to be put back into service.
Lanza, after addressing the process of lead and zinc mining, turned his attention to conditions in the mines. He discovered that mines with two or more shafts generally had good ventilation. The larger the mine, the better the air, and Lanza commented that at least in the Webb City and Carterville area, due to interconnected mines, men could walk for several miles without ascending to the surface. Interestingly, the doctor also noted that the mines used very little in the way of timber, which in other mines was often a source of carbon dioxide.
On average, the temperature in the mine at the working face ranged from 58 to 63 degrees Fahrenheit. Though, these temperatures were gathered at a time Lanza said was seasonally “ideal” and he believed the temperatures would be more severe in hotter months.
Water was a constant source of irritation for miners and in varying degrees. In some mines, pumps were required only to remove a few gallons. In others, as much as 1,500 gallons a minute had to be pumped out of the mine. The water contributed to high levels of humidity, but unfortunately as discovered, did little to reduce the amount of dust the process of mining produced and tossed into the air to be inhaled by the miners.
The dust came from many sources, drilling, blasting, popping boulders, and even a process of clearing drill hose by blowing out dust with powerful blasts of air. Nor did the dust immediately settle once disturbed, but had a tendency to fill every part of the mine and simply remain suspended in the air for a considerable amount of time. Enough dust was created by shoveling the ore, unless the ore was wet and Lanza commented that shovelers sometimes preferred to shovel in pools of water when available. However, this was done because the water loosened the dirt up, not as a precautionary measure against the airborne menace.
The dust collecting apparatus.
In order to measure the amount of dust particles in the mines, Lanza introduced a dust gathering apparatus worn over the mouth. The device collected dust by intercepting it as it was inhaled through a glass bulb and then the exhaled air was collected in a special bag. The method to devise the amount of dust per breath was performed by measuring the amount of captured dust in the bulb against the amount of air breathed (exhaled) into the bag.
It was discovered that the dust in the Joplin district was much lighter than that found in mining locations around the world, including England and South Africa. This meant that the dust was more likely to linger in the air longer than in other places. The dust particles were also made up of flinty chert, which had splintery and knife-like edges perfect for destroying lungs. These attributes then combined with a mining practice which exacerbated the impact of these qualities. The mining was done in large open chambers, versus more confined spaces. This allowed for a greater dispersal of the dust.
Lanza made a number of recommendations to reduce the amount of dust in the air. First, implement drills that used water to wet down the face at the same time as drilling. If that type of drill was not available, then at least the provision of a hose to water down the face of the mine. Second, stop squibbing (blasting) and popping boulders while miners are still in the mines. Third, improve ventilation with new shafts.
Miners stand by two filled buckets and are surrounded by boulders likely to be "popped" in the near future.
The doctor’s study was not restricted to just dust, but to other contributing factors to high rates of pulmonary disease. Among them, sanitary conditions in the mines, or as Lanza discovered, the lack thereof. On average, most mines employed between 25 to 30 men, and while privies were established on the surface, there were none in the mines. Despite a rule against “ground pollution,” Lanza noted that there was “much evidence of this abuse.” In conclusion, he reported that “wretchedly insanitary privies are only too common everywhere in the district.”
Drinking water was also a concern. In some mines, a keg of water with a common drinking cup were found. In others, simple upturned spigots were provided. What both had in common, to the investigator’s dismay, was the ease by which germs could be spread mouth to mouth by thirsty miners. In small mines, Lanza believed the best solution was for every miner to bring his own water down for consumption.
Above ground, an innocuous problem existed. The failure of miners to use change houses, places where they could change out of the clothes from the mines into a set of clothes clean of the ever present dust. Instead, the miners often preferred to go from the mine straight to town. Another issue involved men coming out of the mine with wet clothes from the moist conditions, and then heading off in cold weather. Eager as the miners were to be done with their underground work, Lanza discovered many took lunches (dinner) for only 20 minutes, eating quickly and returning back to work so as to leave sooner in the evening. This short lunch deprived the men of the needed physical rest and made them more vulnerable to sickness and other physical ailments.
Beyond the working conditions and practices, Lanza focused on the system itself in how miners were paid and worked. Shovelers, he found, were paid by the “piece.” This meant for every can (bucket) of ore they filled, they were paid between five and eight cents. Every bucket’s capacity, in turn, averaged around 1,000 to 1,650 pounds. Experienced shovelers made between 3 to 5 dollars a day. By the application of quick math, this means that on a daily basis, shovelers moved at the least 60,000 lbs of ore/dirt a day to at least a staggering 93,750 lbs a day. Many of the shovelers were young men, who began around the age of 18 or 19, and initially could fill between 60 to 70 cans a day. Some claimed that there were miners who even filled over a 100 cans, which meant over 100,000 lbs. It was back breaking hard work and of the kind that gradually broke the men physically. Within two to six years, the shovelers’ output declined and their daily capacity was reduced to around 35 to 40 cans.
Young men often were shovelers, enjoying a job that paid well but demanded backbreaking and dehabilitating work.
Lanza included a grim timeline of the decline and death of a shoveler in the mines, here quoted in its tragic entirety:
“After a few years of shoveling, the shoveler finds himself beginning to get short-winded and his strength failing. When he comes to the point where he feels exhausted at the end of his day’s work and feels “groggy” when he starts in the morning, he begins to rely on alcoholic stimulation to see him through, and if it has not already done so, alcohol now begins to lend a hand in furthering physical breakdown. The next step in the process is tuberculosis infection, and when the shoveler finds that he is no longer able to make a living shoveling, he gets work as a machine man or machine helper. He finally becomes unable to work, and as these men usually work as long as they possibly can, death follows not long after cessation of work, most often when the man should be in the prime of life. Usually a fair-sized family is left behind and is apt to need charitable assistance”
Lanza concluded, “Although this sequence of events has not occurred in every case of fatal illness among miners, it is fairly typical of a great many.” His only solution was to prevent young men from being employed as shovelers in hope that the few years prior to engaging in the practice might mean more years later to live.
Lastly, Lanza directed his attention toward the homes of miners above ground. There he found that many families dwelled in two to three room “shacks,” often without water and only as clean as the circumstances allowed. Commonly, the shacks were rented, though for a low price, within the area near the mines. They were “of the type most readily associated with poverty and disease.” Drinking water came either through barrels supplied and drawn from deep nearby wells, or if the homes were within the city limits, then provided by the city through piping. Lanza lamented what he perceived to be spendthrift habits amongst the miners, and stated he believed most were all too ready to spend the money they earned, rather than save for the future. The result, when pulmonary disease struck and the men became unable to work, or work as well, the families quickly became destitute.
His investigation of the Joplin mining district over, Lanza summarized what was discovered. The death rate from pulmonary disease was unusually high for the district. Alcoholism, use of common drinking receptacles, poor housing, exposure and over work, helped to spread infection and lower resistance. The number one reason for the high rate, Lanza believed, was the impact of the dust, which miners were exposed to nearly every minute of their shifts, and the composition of the dust as sharp and knife-like.
Miners stand by multiple empty buckets, possibly the lay by area. Note the hooks on the buckets for hoisting to the surface.
The doctor believed that the problem the dust posed could be eradicated almost completely by the use of water in the drilling process, improving ventilation, and making sure miners were not in the mine when blasting or squibbing was performed. Health problems could also be further alleviated by not employing men under the age of 20, by providing drinking sources which weren’t communal, a limit on the daily tonnage shoveled by miners, education to miners and their families on better health practices, and providing warm, dry places for miners to change after their shifts.
Lanza’s study of the Joplin mining district was part of a growing concern in occupational safety, be it in factories in the great northern cities, or in the mines of Southwest Missouri. At this time, we can’t speak to the immediate impact of the study on the Joplin mines, but if for nothing, the study provides a capture of what mining lead and zinc in the Joplin district was like and the dangers that it poised to its miners.
Source: Pulmonary disease among miners in the Joplin district, Missouri, and its relation to rock dust in the mines,” by A.J. Lanza, Google Books for diagrams and image of dust collecting apparatus. | <urn:uuid:f558e5ca-eede-4c42-a27c-f191469176d0> | {
"date": "2014-03-11T13:44:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011205602/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092005-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9827781319618225,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 3715,
"url": "http://www.historicjoplin.org/?tag=jasper-county-missouri"
} |
Let’s preserve unique, special institution
Why has virtually every society defined marriage as the union of one man and one woman, a definition that has existed throughout the history of humanity and one that pre-dates any form of organized government? The answer can be summarized in one word: children. Unfortunately, amid much of the selfish adult posturing opposing the Minnesota marriage protection amendment, children have seemingly been forgotten.
Marriage is a special relationship reserved exclusively for heterosexual unions because only the intimate relationship between men and women has the ability to produce children. Man-woman marriage serves a vital and universal societal purpose by helping to create ideal, enduring family units for the benefit of any children produced by that sexual union. Marriage between one man and one woman is the soil in which families grow best, and through them, society. By encouraging men and women to marry, society helps ensure that children will be known by and cared for by their biological parents. Simply stated, while death and divorce too often prevent it, children need and deserve both a mother and a father whenever possible.
The Minnesota marriage protection amendment will preserve Minnesota’s historic and traditional definition of marriage as the union of one man and one woman – the same definition adopted to date by voters in every state to consider the question (31 of 31 states).
Passage of the marriage protection amendment ensures that the people of Minnesota themselves, and not activist judges or politicians, will decide how our state will define marriage in the future. Without a marriage protection amendment in our constitution, just one activist judge or a few politicians can substitute their values for those of the people of Minnesota (there is a case pending in Hennepin County right now that would do exactly this). The marriage protection amendment ensures that if any group wants to redefine marriage in the future, they must first receive the approval of a majority of Minnesota voters to do so.
Marriage as the union of one man and one woman is in the public good and, as such, exists to serve the best interests of children, adults and of society itself. The marriage protection amendment gives Minnesotans the opportunity to preserve and protect this unique and special institution. On Nov. 6, vote “yes” on marriage, so that Minnesota voters will always have the final say. | <urn:uuid:971f12fa-86d4-4911-bf9d-1a80b38efd87> | {
"date": "2016-07-25T14:03:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824230.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00227-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9536917209625244,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 464,
"url": "http://www.bemidjipioneer.com/content/let%E2%80%99s-preserve-unique-special-institution?qt-latest_trending_article_page=0"
} |
Jatropha integerrima is an evergreen, broadleaf ornamental that is native to the Caribbean islands and grows well in warmer parts of Florida. It is related to jatropha curcas that is grown commercially to produce oil used in biodiesel fuel. Jatropha requires so little care and maintenance that is sometimes planted in highway mediums; in the West Indies it grows in wasteland.
Although jatropha can be started from seeds, it is usually grown from seedlings sold by nurseries. Buying a jatropha integerrima seedling can be confusing unless you are aware of its several names. In the literature jatropha integerrima is also called jatropha hastata. Florida nurseries sometimes sell it as peregrina, which is Spanish for a female pilgrim. It is also popularly called spicy jatropha, fire-cracker, physic nut or Barbados nut. A smaller cultivar is marketed as jatropha integerrima "Compacta."
Climate and Soil
Jatropha will do well in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 10 and 11, growing climates similar that of Caribbean islands. They may encounter problems in USDA Zones 9B and 10A. Jatropha grows and blooms best in locations that are dry, hot and sunny; frost will damage it. Although it likes sun, jatropha will tolerate some shade. Jatropha will tolerate soil that is acidic or alkaline. It will grow in clay, sand or loam, as long as it is well drained. Jatropha will not tolerate salt.
Jatropha is an evergreen shrub with multiple slender trunks that can grow as high as 15 feet tall with a spread of 10 feet. It has glossy leaves and produces year-around, upright clusters of bright red, star-shaped flowers that attract bees and butterflies. It also produces small, red seed capsules or berries that contain toxins. Jatropha can be grown in large containers on decks or patios.
Jatropha tends to become thin if it is watered too much; it will tolerate drought.
Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer once or twice a year.
Put mulch underneath jatropha to reduce weeds.
Jatropha's multiple trunks and stems form a weeping, symmetrical clump of thinly-clothed branches close to the ground. It can be staked and pruned to grow on one trunk for the first 2 or 3 feet.
Jatropha seeds, fruit and sap contain toxalbumin, a toxin. Children may be attracted to the red berries--if they are eaten, the toxalbumin in them can cause depression of the central nervous system, gastroenteritis and bleeding. For information on the symptoms and treatment for this poison, go to the link of the International Programme on Chemical Safety located in the reference section of this article. | <urn:uuid:fb2cf438-da9e-45bc-9d42-b106b63a985b> | {
"date": "2017-01-23T08:50:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00394-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9268679022789001,
"score": 3.0625,
"token_count": 598,
"url": "http://www.gardenguides.com/118892-jatropha-integerrima-plant-care.html"
} |
Even when you aren’t saying a thing, the way you stand, your expression, and your movements are telling others around you how you feel. That’s called body language, and it’s your non-verbal voice.
What does your body language say about you? Does it pull people towards you or push them away? In the previous blog, we discussed the importance of learning to communicate verbally, but messages you communicate non-verbally impact your relationships, too. People notice body language (whether they are trying to or not), and they make assumptions based on your cues and movements.
A better understanding of your own body language can let people know when you’re serious, or prevent you from seeming standoffish or bored when, in fact, you’re interested. Don’t camouflage your intentions with confusing and misguided body language. Here are some steps that can help you learn to communicate more effectively through your body language:
Step 1 Acknowledge that your body language speaks volumes about how you feel about yourself and others without you uttering a word.
Step 2 Consciously consider those head-to-toe movements that send messages to others.
Step 3 Replace unintentional, inaccurate messages with more deliberate, accurate messages about how you genuinely feel about people and situations.
Let’s take it from head to toe:
Do you make direct eye contact or avoid it by shifting your gaze, looking around the room, or looking at your phone? When you look people in the eye, you appear more confident and sure of yourself. Even if you’re not feeling confident, you can still practice looking people in the eye – and it can actually help your confidence grow.
Are you criticizing someone with your eyes by staring or giving them a glance-over or are you supporting them as you look at them with a warmer expression? A side-glance (looking out of the corners of your eyes instead of directly at someone) tends to send a disapproving or negative message, even when you may not mean to look that way.
Is your mouth making an expression that’s closer to a smile, a smirk, or a stink-face? Try making all of those faces in a mirror or with your friend, and see how they can change your expression drastically.
Is your stance opened or closed off? Hint: Uncross your arms if you want to seem relaxed and interested. Lean forward if you’re really interested. Crossed arms and legs tell others you are not really open to what they are saying – sometimes that’s a good thing, sometimes it may not be what you want to express.
Are you facing the person with relative stillness or fidgeting as if you’re bored or ready to bolt? If someone really captures your attention, you tend to stay still and focused. If you’re interested, make a point to stop other movements and really give the other person your undivided attention.
Are you slouching and slumping or sitting up straight and relaxed? Again, slouching or slumping may be a natural posture for you, but it tells others you aren’t very interested. Good posture also sends a message of confidence.
Is your phone constantly in your hand or put away and out of sight? This is a big one. Glancing at your phone or worse, messing with your phone, while you are listening to someone or talking with them sends a signal that you’re really not interested. Don’t let yourself be controlled by your phone – it’s distracting and rude. Instead, put your phone away when you’re in a conversation or you’re interested in what others have to say. Those texts, snapchats, and videos will still be there when you are finished having real face to face time with your friends.
You’ve been expressing yourself through your body language all your life, and I bet you never really thought about it. But now that you are more aware of it, pay attention and see if it’s communicating what you want to communicate. Your VOICE is the ultimate communicator, but body language says alot, too. Being a good friend involves paying attention and being present in the moment. Remember, you can make a positive (or negative) statement without saying a single word.
“What you do speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say.” -Ralph Waldo Emerson
by Dr. Allison Conner, Psychologist in Fresno, CA and member of the Girlology Expert Panel | <urn:uuid:653c3baa-1e0f-43b6-9cdb-c44d794736a5> | {
"date": "2018-12-13T18:48:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825029.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213171808-20181213193308-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.942464292049408,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 945,
"url": "https://www.girlology.com/body-language-friends"
} |
> 360 URLs
to williamson-labs.com --HOME
> 90 Subjects on CD
The color wheel camera
and the system that it was developed for can only be appreciated if one
considers the state of the technology at the time (circa 1985).
Consider that video
cameras at that time were mostly BW and used vidicon tubes: CCDs were just
reaching the industrial level, were expensive, and of not very high quality.
The available color
cameras (NTSC, single tube = << 160 TVL) were expensive, and of low
Flat bed scanners were
prohibitively expensive (>> $1K) and were mostly BW; there were a few hand
scanners, but of limited utility & quality).
To capture high quality
color images into a computer would have required 3 tube studio/industrial
cameras costing many thousands of dollars; even then, with few exceptions
that camera would have had the limitation of being NTSC resolution (330
TVL = 440 pixels).
Our color wheel camera
consisted of an inexpensive vidicon BW camera with a resolution of ~ 550
TVL (TV Lines); adding a rotating color filter controlled by a special
frame grabber card in the PC we could capture a 730 pixel (H) x 485 pixel
(V) 64-K colors (16 million if we had used a 24 bit capture card).
Compared to the single
tube color camera which required 3 pixels (R,G,B ) to equal 1 color
pixel, the color wheel system was perceptually 5 to 6 times greater.
Also consider: because
the color wheel system used only one tube, there was no color registration
required as was the case with all 3-tube cameras (a time consuming ritual
done several times a day).
To put this camera
into today's (1997) prospective: given the COSTS, there are still no cameras
of equal or better performance available; however, that gap is closing
as I write this! --gaw 1997
Color pixel
ran across an article in the Summer 1997 issue of Invention
& Technology (p-52) entitled: "The Color War goes to the Moon."
It related how CBS's 1953 sequential color TV technology had been used
on the Apollo moon landings. And, though Westinghouse
had developed the early cameras, RCA delivered
the final version to NASA. The irony was that
in 1953, the FCC chose RCA's NTSC color TV
system to be the U.S. television standard over CBS's sequential color system.
The color wheel in the article looked very
familiar; it looked a lot like the camera I designed and built for Sarkis
Zartarian's "Com Club" project while at IBM
|Since I had designed our frame buffer (using
NEC's new serial video ram, 224-kbytes) I was able to incorporate the sequential
buffering as well as READ/MODIFY WRITE to use other filter (complementary)
colors. The clear, yellow, cyan would have been a GAS!
To implement the color wheel and avoid "reinventing
the wheel," we went to NASA for assistance, who obligingly sent us a copy
of the Space Shuttle manual (odd numbered pages only) which gave a cursory
discussion of the camera. We then tried to contact the, then, camera's
prime contractor--RCA, with them stone-walling
us. Finally, NASA arranged a conference call with two of the
engineers responsible for the design: getting any information was like
pulling teeth--mine. It was as hard as getting the people at IBM-Boca
to talk to us about PCs.
I finally had to
buy a book written by one of the original designers of the PC to get any
information. "Interfacing to the IBM Personal Computer," 1st
Ed., 1984, Eggebrecht, Howard W. Sams ISBN: 0-672-22027-X
We were using vidicons--as did RCA,
et al. --with their undesirable lag and "wipe-down" readout properties.
CCD cameras were starting to be practical but not in the price range IBM
would consider for this type of product. However, the next
generation version or the one after that--we planed to use CCDs.
|So we Improvised!
|The color wheel shape
we choose was very much like the 6 phase pattern that I once used in an
electrostatic resolver used for non-contact reading of needle position
on a remote power meter.
|Our competition (Charlie K____) within--IBM--was
doing his stuff in NTSC and needed 8 full-sized
cards in an expansion unit to do what we were doing with our single card;
and we were working in RGB space to do overlay.
He had written a paper on inserting overlay
directly into NTSC, using an algorithm that
determined the proper subcarrier phase for the overlaid video--mumble,
mumble (hardware of course--at that time--we were all working on XT platforms,
Ugh!). It needed a highly accurate xtal timebase--I have no idea
why. His excuse for why it looked like SHIT was "...the oscillator's drift,
(more) mumble mumble..."
|We demoed our stuff
and the camera to three site managers at IBM who were there to determine
our status--to CAN or not to CAN--our Ass, and who just happen
to be good friends of our "NTSC" competitor.
I will never forget
the scene: They walked in, obligatory 'pleasant chit chat,' and all three
lined up in front of the SONY KV-1270-Q hi-res RGB monitor. I turned on
the light box which held a colorful transparency, the camera spun-up, and
finally I turned on the monitor; as the monitor warmed up, I walked behind
and to the side of these three guys and waited. As the image came on the
screen, there was an audible gasp from all three, and--so Help-me-GOD--at
the same time they all rose up on their tip toes: talk about body language!
If they had risen any higher they would have been Levitating!
The image was perfect!
To prove we weren't
"hosin-em," I went over and put in several other transparencies.
They said absolutely
They sat through the
rest of the demo: voice mail; store & forward video mail; video conferencing
in the form of live whiteboard annotation; voice reco--that worked without
a head set (keyboard commands). It was Outstanding!.
They thanked us politely
for our time, and left.
The project was CANCELED!
--Sarkis took early retirement.
Zartarian was a Damn Genius!
He pulled it all together and It Worked!
His performance through the entire project
was what TRUE Management is really all about (or should be about).
He Delegated to each person the work they were best at, and most importantly,
WANTED to do. He defined the mission, gave his people the necessary
resources, shielded them from outside interference, and got the Hell-outa-the-way!
His weakness--which doomed him: he was not
a "glad-hander," he couldn't or wouldn't "Network" within IBM.
Sarkis was great at selling it to the USER, but NOT to IBM
History is replete with proof that the best
ideas don't necessarily win: it's not a technology question as much as
it's a people/political question--Bummer!
Sarkis was a Visionary!
Back in the early
1980s he saw the future; many of the things that we use in our everyday
lives and take for granted, he had working on a desktop PC and PC AT.
His dream was that
of early technology being used for Remote Medicine. He wrote and lectured
widely an the subject. IBM chose not to listen...
|System Elements: (circa 1984/85)
Voice Reco sans headset
Store & Forward Voice Mail
Store & Forward Video Mail
Color Wheel Camera: Very High Resolution
R G B color wheel
NEC Serial Video RAM Frame Buffer (224-kbytes/IC)
|Next Generation plans:
Color Wheel: Clear, Yellow,
Cyan color wheel = 3 x Green, 2 x Red, 2 x Blue
24 bit/32 bit Frame Buffer
Modem speed enhancement: "Shotgunning"
1999 - 2011 Comments or Questions about the site: Contact
Solicited, P l e a s e ! | <urn:uuid:05499992-670a-48f4-b21f-6dd570539973> | {
"date": "2014-10-21T10:19:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444339.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00313-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9521294832229614,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 1888,
"url": "http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_hal.htm"
} |
November 29, 2015 - As in many cities around the world, citizens took the streets to make a stand for climate justice and global solidarity. In the Philippines around 15,000 people mobilized, coming from different sectors in Metro-Manila alone, including the Church, the urban poor, women, mining-affected communities, staging a very successful 'Climate Walk'.
In five other city centers, we were able to mobilize around 15,000 more. The nationally-coordinated actions called "March for Climate Action-Pilipinas, participated in by over 50 national and local organizations, coalitions, alliances, community-based and people's movements. Freedom from Debt Coalition (FDC) spearheaded the march in one of the six routes: the Justice and Reparations for Climate-Affected Peoples. | <urn:uuid:3b03140d-9bbb-4100-9cb9-6a3e54685576> | {
"date": "2017-08-22T16:31:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112533.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822162608-20170822182608-00616.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9551187753677368,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 162,
"url": "http://changeforplanet.blogspot.com/2015/11/our-partners-from-philippines-also.html"
} |
The Saint Hubert Hound, by Ofria Pinkhand
Hubert (656-727), son of the Duc de Guienne, like most nobility of the period, was a happy-go-lucky young man and extremely fond of hunting with dogs.
Two types of hunting dogs were used then. Sight hounds (gaze hounds) were swift, courageous hounds used along with huntsmen on horses to run down and kill large game. Scent hounds were those that tracked smaller game by following its trail through the brush. These dogs were steady and deliberate trackers who routed game back towards the huntsman on foot.
Legend has it that while out during a Sunday hunt, young Hubert was confronted by a stag of great size and bearing between its antlers a golden cross. Hubert apparently devoted the rest of his life to the church, but did not give up his love of hunting. At the monastery he established in the Ardennes, Hubert set out to develop a new strain of scent hound. He brought dogs from the Rhone district of Western France and through selective breeding developed several types of dogs.
By definition a Basset was any dog measuring under 16 inches at the shoulder and a Bloodhound was any dog whose blood ancestry was recorded. The Basset Hounds of Hubert (later St. Hubert -patron saint of the hunt) were described as being mild and obedient. They were black and tan with a heavy noble head, long ears and long bodies with comparatively short and heavy legs. They had wonderfully keen noses and deep melodious voices. The long ears assisted in acting as a fan to blow scent from the ground up to the nose. The short stature gave it the advantage over taller dogs of being capable of keeping its nose to the trail without getting a sore neck and back.
Eventually three strains of Basset were developed- smooth coat, half rough and full rough coated along with variations of crookedness of the leg. All types having devoted followers. All colours were incorporated as the breed spread throughout France.
By searching through English literature, one can find references to the St. Hubert Hound or to hounds of this type, which indicate that these dogs were imported to England as early as the late 13th. century. It is said that James IV of Scotland imported Bassets which were used to rout game, driving the animals into the open. The hunters would then release their swift gaze hounds who would run down and catch their quarry. | <urn:uuid:642fbedb-053e-4774-8af9-fdee8b872d4c> | {
"date": "2015-05-25T21:22:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928715.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00219-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9853581786155701,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 507,
"url": "http://www.alderford.org/node/35"
} |
Regional networks of the national group Biomimicry 3.8 are starting up in Oregon and the Puget Sound area.
With grant funds from the Bullitt Foundation, they’re looking for ways to tackle storm water problems with solutions gleaned from nature.
“It’s basically local solutions to local problems,” said Mary Hansel, of Biomimicry Oregon. “It means looking at living creatures and plants to provide guidance and models for locally attuned, sustainable solutions.”
Both groups received $10,000 to launch their own local projects, which are taking two approaches to finding better ways to manage storm water.
The key for both groups is studying how nature manages water and applying similar design principles to the built environment.
“We’re doing local research on how local geniuses deal with excess flows,” Hansel said. “Organisms shop locally. They get food locally, build shelters locally, and they have to adapt to the conditions in which they live.”
Bioswales and green roofs are examples of biomimicry concepts.
“That’s a great starting point,” said Hansel. “We want to push it and see where else we can take it.”
Alexandra Ramsden is working on the Puget Sound Biomimicry project. Her group is delving into how nature handled storm water before the Seattle metro area was built.
“Before the city was built, very little water would run off because it was absorbed,” said Ramsden. “Now it hits the city, picks up nastiness and runs into the Sound. We’re looking at how we can learn from nature to address this problem in the city.”
The Puget Sound group is first working on how nature did the work of filtering and absorbing rainfall and storm water in Seattle. Then, Ramsden said, they hope to calculate the impact of replacing an entire road or certain parking spaces with water-absorbing green space and look for other solutions. | <urn:uuid:e823c783-a2e8-4190-9078-870df9e8e21e> | {
"date": "2016-05-26T21:57:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276304.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00216-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9473732709884644,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 436,
"url": "http://www.opb.org/news/blog/ecotrope/biomimicry-groups-sprout-up-in-the-northwest/"
} |
Lesson 2: Learning Outcomes
One day Alice came to a fork in the road and saw a Chesire cat in a tree. "Which road do I take?" she asked. His response was a question: "Where do you want to go?" "I don't know," Alice answered. "Then," said the cat, "it doesn't matter." --Lewis Carroll, in Alice in Wonderland.
- Outcomes are what we want students to be able to know, value, and do at the end of a course. They are the end result of instruction, not the process itself.
- Learning outcomes focus on the learners' needs, not the teachers. In other words, when considering outcomes, think about why the students are taking the course and what they need to learn from the course.
- Outcomes can be content and non-content related. Learning to work as a team member might be an important non-content related outcome.
- Outcomes should account for different abilities, interests and expectations.
- Outcomes should be developed at the different levels of thinking
(Bloom's taxonomy) and for the three following domains of learning.
- Cognitive - Cognitive outcomes are related to knowledge.
- Affective - Affective outcomes are related to attitudes.
- Psychomotor - Psychomotor outcomes are related to skills.
- When developing outcomes, consider the following questions:
- What knowledge, skills, and attitudes do graduates need to live and work to their fullest?
- What will they need to know to succeed on a final exam in this course?
- What will the student be expected to do upon graduation as a result of taking this course?
- Good student learning outcomes should not discourage creativity on the part of the teacher or the learner. Nor should they take away the need for the teacher to communicate the "challenge" of studying and learning to her or his students. (Teaching Handbook, Office of Faculty and TA Development, University of Dearborn-MI). | <urn:uuid:bd030874-8008-4ec1-9c15-ff2eca1ff75a> | {
"date": "2014-11-23T19:46:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379916.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00224-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9593034386634827,
"score": 4.21875,
"token_count": 412,
"url": "http://lcc.edu/cte/resources/self_paced/course_planning/learning_outcomes.aspx"
} |
All the armies had crossed the Rhine before the end of March. On the 28th Eisenhower set Ninth Army on the north, and First and Third Armies, on the south, moving to snare the Ruhr in a sweeping envelopment that would reach east 120 miles to the Weser River. Later in the day, in a cable addressed "Personal to Marshal Stalin," Eisenhower told the Russians, as he had already informed the British and U.S. Chiefs of Staff, that he proposed to close an encirclement of the Ruhr in the vicinity of Kassel and then turn the armies east to meet the Russians, probably in the Leipzig-Dresden area. Subsequently, to keep the Germans from setting up a redoubt in the Bavarian and Austrian mountains, he would send forces south to link up with the Russians on the Danube between Regensburg and Linz.
Having lost the West Wall and having failed to hold on the Rhine, the German armies, reinforced by over-age and underage Volkssturm men, were nothing like the opponents they had been even a few weeks earlier. On the southern arm of the encirclement, First and Third Armies were already halfway between the Rhine and the Weser by nightfall on the 28th. Ninth Army drove east and south, met the First Army point at Lippstadt on 1 April, and closed the noose tightly around German Army Group B in the Ruhr the next day.1
The two PWD captains, Gittler and Padover, followed behind Ninth Army and described the scene:
The traffic keeps going endlessly to the east. Streaming back are the huge
COM Z trucks bearing the prisoners. They smile, wave, stare with awe at the busy
Americans building bridges, patching roads, unloading, loading, bearing forward.
You can stand on an intersection and count the prisoners by the thousands. When
they look at the ruined towns where there had been resistance, they just stare
and shake their heads.
Past the main cities of resistance, past the broken roads and shattered farmhouses and torn-up fields, we suddenly come upon towns that stand intact and fields that are green and farmers who are at their job working. There was no fighting in these areas, and the people have profited. Then in the open country behind Muenster and south to Paderborn, you see thousands and thousands of liberated foreign workers and prisoners of war from every army in Europe. Mingling with them are German workers walking back home from the Ruhr. This is the great migration. When you talk with them you see the senseless, desperate measures the Nazis took to transport labor back and forth across the land during the last six weeks.
In Lippe, where the Germans were surprised and surrendered by the thousands, the ancient picturesque beauty of the towns and countryside is preserved. The towns operate normally ; the fields are rich with cattle. The farms and houses stand as before. Rarely do you see American soldiers in these towns. Nevertheless, there is order and tranquility, even without German or Allied authority.
Allied proclamations, however, are posted in every village all the way up to
the most forward lines. German children wave as you pass by and the old people
smile. Everyone falls over himself to give you help and information and
From Lippe you suddenly come to Paderborn. And again appear the familiar ruins and broken life; people searching in the rubble for some trinket or possession. Here there had been resistance and the city had paid for it. We talked to a saddlemaker who was trying to clear away the debris around his business. He is angry and apologetic. "We should have used our hunting guns on the Nazi Lieter," he says. "Then this would not have occurred and we would have saved something." 2
Had death not all too often still been waiting around the next corner, the war would have been little more than a sour joke by April 1945. At Arolsen, when an SS officer candidate school pulled out the day before the Americans came, the people hurried to fill in the antitank ditches around the town. The 9th Panzer Division troops detailed to defend Olpe drove themselves to a prisoner of war cage in their own trucks.3 In one small town, a military government public safety officer, called to quell a disturbance, found a displaced person beating a German over the head with a yard-square, framed picture of Der Fuehrer.4 When ECAD Tech. 4 Kenneth Dennis found himself the only American in a German town, he commandeered a bicycle from a rack in front of a cafe and rode down the street shouting: "Achtung. Amerikanische Bomben." While the Germans, including three officers whom he saluted out of habit, scrambled for cover, he pedaled through town and back to the American line.5
Third Army's 5th Division captured Frankfurt on 29 March. Caught in a narrowing pocket between First Army on the north and Third Army on the south and east, the people had known what was coming for nearly a week. The Gauleiter ordered the men to leave the city on the 24th. Some did; many did not, preferring to wait out the end in the cellars and air raid bunkers. The next day was Palm Sunday. On Monday artillery shells began to fall in the city, and at night, when the firing subsided, the roar and rattling of American tanks carried across the Main River from the south. The weather was fine, more like May than March. The city went on a spree as looters plundered the property of those who had left. The shopkeepers tried to sell out their stocks. Butter, scarce since before the war, could be bought by the case and wine sometimes by the bucketful, and the butchers gave out four or five times the legal meat ration. On Thursday the Americans came: the scouts and skirmishers first, keeping under cover close to buildings and behind the rubble piles lining the streets; and then the columns with rifles slung on their shoulders.6
The war was over for Frankfurt. After twenty air raids, the bombing was ended. The sirens would not be heard again, nor the antiaircraft guns. But the city was all but dead. The business district was a brick and stone wilderness in which the old residents could hardly find their way around. No trains were running and no streetcars.
US TANK CRASHES THROUGH RUINS OF A GERMAN TOWN
The telephones were out, and the electric lines and water and gas mains would take months to repair. The Chief Military Government Officer, Lt. Col. Howard D. Criswell, Detachment F2D2, found a non-Nazi former editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung, Wilhelm Hollbach, and had him sworn in as Oberbuergermeister. In the railroad yards, Germans and displaced persons raided stranded Wehrmacht supply trains, and seventy Russians died from drinking methyl alcohol taken in a raid. Of the 31,000 Jews who had inhabited Frankfurt, one of the oldest Jewish communities in Germany, military government officers found 140. They had been employed under the Nazis in cemeteries and at cleaning toilets. Living in segregated houses, one family to a room, they had in the past three years not received any egg, meat, milk, white flour, wine, tobacco, or clothing rations. Military government requisitioned houses and a hospital for them.7
On the edge of the Grueneburg Park in Frankfurt stood a marvel, a spacious high-rise office building belonging to the I. G. Farben cartel, untouched by bombs and
with hardly even a window broken. It seemed likely to be the only building big enough to house SHAEF (and USFET) left standing in western Germany, and Smith cabled Washington to make sure that Frankfurt, which might be considered for assignment to the French zone, was kept in the US zone.8 The Germans later suspected that the US Air Force had spared the building deliberately. More likely, the antiaircraft batteries in the Grueneburg Park and the adjacent Palm Garden had influenced the bomber pilots to pick less hazardous targets.
Advancing north from Frankfurt, Third Army cut into the future Soviet zone when it occupied the western tip of Thuringia. On 4 April, the 90th Infantry Division took Merkers, a few miles inside the border in Thuringia. On the morning of the 6th, two military policemen, Pfc. Clyde Harmon and Pfc. Anthony Kline, enforcing the customary orders against civilian circulation, stopped two women on a road outside Merkers. Since both were French displaced persons and one was pregnant, the MPs decided rather than to arrest them to escort them back into the town. On the way, as they passed the entrance to the Kaiseroda salt mine in Merkers, the women talked about gold that the Germans had stored in the mine-so much gold, they said, that unloading it had taken local civilians and displaced persons who were used as labor seventy-two hours. By noon the story had passed from the MP first sergeant to the chief of staff and on to the division's G-5 officer, Lt. Col. William A. Russell, who in a few hours had the news confirmed by other DPs and by a British sergeant who had been employed in the mine as a prisoner of war and had helped unload the gold. Russell also turned up an assistant director of the National Galleries in Berlin who admitted he was in Merkers to care for paintings stored in the mine. The gold was reportedly the entire reserve of the Reichsbank in Berlin, which had moved it to the mine after the bank building was bombed out in February 1945. When Russell learned that the mine had thirty miles of galleries and five entrances, the division, which had already detailed the 712th Tank Battalion to guard the Merkers entrance, had to divert the whole 357th Infantry Regiment to guard the other four.
The next morning, after having steam raised in the boilers overnight to generate electricity for the lifts and ventilators, Russell went down into the mine with a party of division officers, German mine officials, and Signal Corps photographers. Near the entrance to the main passageway they found 550 bags containing a half billion in paper Reichsmarks.9 A steel vault door
SOLDIERS ADMIRE MANET PAINTING IN MERKERS MINE
on the entrance to the tunnel said to contain the gold was locked. In the afternoon, after having tried unsuccessfully to open the door, the party left the mine without having seen the treasure.
The next day was Sunday. In the morning, while Colonel Bernstein, Deputy Chief, Financial Branch, G-5, SHAEF, read about the find in the New York Herald Tribune's Paris edition, 90th Infantry Division engineers blasted a hole in the vault wall to reveal on the other side a room 75 feet wide and 150 feet deep. The floor was covered with rows of numbered hags, over 7,000 in all, each containing gold bars or gold coins. Baled paper money was stacked along one wall; and at the hack-a mute reminder of nazism's victims-valises were piled filled with gold and silver tooth fillings, eyeglass frames, watch cases, wedding rings, pearls, and precious stones. The gold, between 55 and 81 pounds to the hag, amounted to nearly 250 tons. In paper money, all the European currencies were represented. The largest amounts were 98 million French francs and 2.7 billion Reichsmarks. The treasure almost made the 400 tons of art work, the pest pieces from the Berlin museums, stacked in the mine's other passages seem like a routine find.
On Sunday afternoon, Bernstein, after checking the newspaper story with Lt. Col. R. Tupper Barrett, Chief, Financial Branch, G-5, 12th Army Group, flew to SHAEF Forward at Rheims where he spent the night, it being too late by then to fly into Germany. At noon on Monday, he arrived at Gen. George S. Patton's Third Army Headquarters with instructions from Eisenhower to check the contents of the mine and arrange to have the treasure taken away. While he was there, orders arrived for him to locate a depository farther back in the SHAEF zone and supervise the moving. Bernstein and Barrett spent Tuesday looking for a site and finally settled on the Reichsbank building in Frankfurt. Wednesday, at Merkers, they planned the move and prepared for distinguished visitors by having Germans tune up the mine machinery. The next morning, Eisenhower, Bradley, Patton, and Maj. Gen. Manton S. Eddy took the 1,600-foot ride down into the mine. When they stepped out at the foot of the shaft, the private on guard saluted and, in the underground stillness, was heard by all to mutter, "Jesus Christ !"
The move began at 0900 on Saturday morning, 14 April. In twenty hours, the gold and currency and a few cases of art work were loaded on thirty ten-ton trucks, each with a 10 percent overload. Down in the mine, jeeps with trailers hauled the treasure from the vault to the shaft, where the loaded trailers were put aboard the lifts and brought to the surface. At the vault entrance an officer registered each bag or item on a load slip, and at the truck ramps an officer and an enlisted man checked the load slips and verified that every item that left the vault was loaded on a truck. Finally, the officer recorded the truck number and the names and serial numbers of the driver, the assistant driver, and the guards assigned to the truck.
The convoy left Merkers on Sunday morning for the 85-mile trip to Frankfurt with an escort of five rifle platoons, two machine gun platoons, ten multiple-mount antiaircraft vehicles, and Piper cub and fighter air cover. All this protection, however, was not enough to prevent a rumor, which surfaced periodically for years after, that one truckload of gold (or art work) disappeared on the way to Frankfurt. On Sunday afternoon and throughout the night the trucks were unloaded in Frankfurt, each item being checked against the load lists as it came off a truck and again when it was moved into the Reichsbank vault. Two infantry companies cordoned off' the area during the unloading.10
The same procedures, except that a hundred German prisoners of war did the work, were followed in loading the art objects aboard a second truck convoy on Monday, and a similar security guard escorted the trucks to Frankfurt the next day. After the main treasure was removed, the mine was still a grab bag of valuables. Reconnaissance of the other entrances had turned up four hundred tons of German patent office records, Luftwaffe material and ammunition, German Army High
Command records, libraries and city archives (including 2 million books from Berlin and the Goethe collection from Weimar) , and the files of the Krupp, Henschel, and other companies. The patent records in particular were potentially as valuable as the gold; but Third Army needed its trucks, and Bernstein had to settle, on 21 April, for a small seven-truck convoy to move the cream of the patent records, samples of the Krupp and Henschel files, and several dozen high quality microscopes.
Leads found in the Reichsbank records at Merkers also helped uncover a dozen other treasure caches in places occupied by US forces that brought into the vault in Frankfurt hundreds more gold and silver bars, some platinum, rhodium, and palladium, a quarter of a million in US gold dollars (the Merkers mine set the record, however, containing 711 bags of US $20 gold pieces, $25,000 to the bag), a million Swiss (old francs, and a billion French francs.11
The front moved on; the troops read about the treasure in Stars and Stripes or Yank and probably only vaguely remembered they had been in~ or near Merkers. Another spot was more likely to stick in the memories of those who passed through it in early April 1945. On the 6th, the 4th Armored division took Ohrdruf, thirty miles east of Merkers, a small city hardly touched by the war. Atop a hill on the outskirts stood a row of empty stone SS barracks. On a nearly hill was a cluster of low, dirty, and weather-beaten wooden buildings. This was Ohrdruf-Nord, work camp for the Buchenwald concentration camp. When the troops entered, they found twenty-nine bodies on the ground in front of the administration building. A short distance away was a gallows and not far beyond it a shed in which fifty-two naked bodies were stacked in tiers of four, covered with what appeared to be powdered lime. They apparently had been awaiting transportation to pits in the forest where between two and three thousand others had been buried during the six months the camp had existed. Most had died of disease, but most also had marks on their faces and heads and bruises on their bodies. A third group, nine charred torsos, lay among ashes under a rough incinerator made of railroad ties and rails. 'Those in front of the administration building were the most recently dead-all shot in the lack of the neck.
Ohrdruf-Nord was not a proper concentration camp. It had no gas chamber or high-performance crematorium. The deaths there were caused by disease and neglect, helped along by overwork and brutality. The inmates had been employed at digging a tunnel, probably as a site for an underground factory. A thousand had been there a week before the Americans came. In the succeeding days the guards had marched those who could walk away to the east. At noon on the 6th two busses had come to take out the bedridden sick. By then American artillery fire could be heard coming close, and the commandant lost his nerve, sent the busses away empty, and shot the prisoners with his pistol. A dozen men had hidden in the camp buildings and survived to tell about the last days
at Ohrdruf-Nord and to identify the dead, among whom was an American pilot who had been imprisoned there after being shot down nearby and had contracted typhus.
Among the first persons that Lt. Col. James H. Van Wagenen, the 4th Armored's military government officer, took on a tour of the camp was Albert Schneider, Buergermeister of Ohrdruf. Schneider had been a party member since 1933, but he had also been an honest and conscientious mayor, and he had not skipped town ahead of the Americans as other Nazi officials were doing. He was shocked by what he saw. Admitting there had been rumors in the town, he claimed simply not to have believed Germans capable of such atrocities. On Van Wagenen's orders, he agreed to summon twenty-five prominent men and women who were to be taken to view the camp the next morning. In the morning, a soldier who had been sent to fetch him after he failed to appear at the stated time found him and his wife dead in their bedroom, their wrists slashed. G-2 investigators concluded the Schneiders' suicides were motivated by sincere shock and regret over what had happened in their town. One of the most frustrating psychological problems of the early occupation was going to be how to make the German people realize the horror of the concentration camps. In Ohrdruf, however, after the Schneider's' suicides and after others had been taken to see the camp, the citizens seemed to be convinced.12
The closing of the Ruhr pocket in the first week of April opened a 125-mile-wide hole in the center of the German front. General Field Marshall Walter Model's Army Group B, the 400,000 troops who should have been there, were locked in the pocket and hardly counted anymore in Bradley's decision to send his three armies' main forces racing eastward into the gap. By the week's end, Ninth and First Armies were heading across the Weser River toward Magdeburg and Leipzig. Third Army, already somewhat farther east, waited for the other two to come abreast before beginning its drive toward Chemnitz and Dresden.
V Corps jumped off from Kassel on 5 April. Like Aachen and Cologne before it, the heart of the city was bombed out. Among the ruins, the remaining 30,000 inhabitants of what had been a quarter million population rummaged for lost belongings, their own or other people's, or waited passively for what would come next. Four days later and twenty-five miles farther east, V Corps took Goettingen. Except for some bomb damage in the railroad yards and to the power plant, the war had not touched the city. The Buergermeister performed a formal and quite unnecessary surrender on the city hall steps. The only German troops in town were 10,000 hospitalized sick and wounded. An attempt to mobilize the local Volkssturm had collapsed several days before when the city commandant called such a move crazy, after learning that the men had only had ten days' training in the past six months. Swollen by refugees from Kassel and Berlin, the population was up to 70,000 from its normal 50,000 inhabitants. The University of Goettingen was open and holding some classes, until G-5, V Corps, ordered it closed in compliance with SHAEF's standing orders.
The only recorded exchange of fire in Goettingen was not between Americans
TROOPS ADVANCE: THROUGH SURRENDERED TOWN
and Germans but between a German general and the Gestapo. General der Infanterie Friedrich Hossbach, once Hitler's adjutant but recently dismissed under a cloud for having attempted to order a breakout from East Prussia, was under treatment in the university clinic for an ear infection. Illnesses that needed to be treated in out-of-the-way places were common among German generals in those days, but Hossbach had not been forgotten. An hour before the Americans arrived, an SS major, a uniformed policeman, and two men in civilian clothes rang the doorbell of his house. Warned by friends to expect the Gestapo, Hossbach ran out on an upstairs balcony and engaged his callers in a pistol duel until they -obviously pressed for time- ran to a car they had parked at the corner and drove off. The Americans were rather pleased to have turned up a general who had been against Hitler, not so pleased when they discovered he was "a Prussian of the old school" who despised the democracy Germany had under the Weimar Republic. Nevertheless they decided to let him keep his pistol for the time being in case his visitors returned.13
GERMANS DIG GRAVES for concentration camp victims at Nordhausen.
Nordhausen, on the edge of the Harz Mountains, is thirty-eight miles east and south of Goettingen. First Army's VII Corps, moving fast, took the town on 11 April. Again the Americans were astonished and shaken by what they uncovered: a concentration camp with 3,000 rotting, unburied bodies and 2,000 survivors all sick and nearly all in the last stages of starvation; a slave labor camp; two complete underground factories; and a treasure mine with unusual contents. The corps G-5 rounded up several hundred German civilians to bury the dead in the concentration camp and evicted several hundred others from their homes in the town to provide accommodations for the survivors. The 23,000 displaced persons and prisoners of war in the slave labor camp had been employed in the Mittelwerk, one of the underground factories. In the last months they had been dying at the rate of 150 a week; and 9,000 were sick, 1,000 with tuberculosis. The Nordwerk, the other factory, was an assembly plant for jet aircraft engines. The Mittelwerk had all the equipment
ENTRANCE TO NORDHAUSEN V-2 PLANT
needed to manufacture V-2 rockets, from the components to the completed projectile, and the Germans had left behind enough finished parts to make 250 rockets. The Berntrode Mine, outside Nordhausen, contained the remains of Frederick the Great, Frederick William I of Prussia, and Paul yon Hindenburg and his wife; the Prussian royal regalia, scepter, orb, crowns, helmet, broadsword, and seal; over two hundred regimental standards; the lest hooks from the Prussian royal library ; several dozen palace tapestries; and 271 paintings, all valuable, among them several by Lucas Cranach. The MFA&A officers could find only one defect in the mine as a storage place: although it was dry and had a constant temperature, it had been used since 1937 to house a munitions factory and still held 400,000 tons of ammunition, some of it in highly doubtful condition. 14
Between Goettingen and Nordhausen, First Army had crossed into the future Soviet zone, as Ninth Army also did at the
same time on its drive to Magdeburg. The military government carpet had been getting thinner since the beginning of the month because it had been stretched east and north at the same time that the pinpoint locations in the south were being uncovered. When they entered the Soviet zone, the armies ran completely out of trained detachments, and from the zone border west to the Rhine they could not achieve even the planned minimum of one I detachment for every two Landkreise. ECAD had begun training its officer overstrength, but the first hundred would not be available until the third week in April, and the last hundred not until late May. The armies resorted to provisional detachments and drew the personnel from their own tactical troops. Ninth Army set up the Ninth Army Military Government Unit, modeled on an ECAD regiment, with 3 companies, 49 detachments, and 900 officers and men. The detachments trained for two weeks. First Army put a thousand officers and men into fifty-two provisional detachments, two more than the total of its regular military government detachments, and assigned one trained ECAD officer to each provisional detachment. Third Army's three corps used antiaircraft, field artillery, and signal troops to put together a dozen detachments apiece, and the army G-5 ran fifty officers through "Charlottesville in three days" in Frankfurt. In all armies, the corps and division G-5 staffs took over detachment functions. The 80th Infantry Division G-5, for instance, in mid-April conducted military government in Erfurt, Weimar, Jena, and Gera.15
A 4th Armored Division tank column heading east past Weimar on 11 April encountered one of the strangest sights of the war. Two PWD observers, 1st Lt. Edward A. Tennenbaum and Egon W. Fleck, a civilian, described what they saw.
[We] turned a corner onto a main highway and saw thousands of ragged, hungry looking men marching in orderly formation, marching east. The men were armed and had leaders at their sides. Some platoons carried rifles. Some platoons had Panzerfausts on their shoulders. Some carried hand grenades. They laughed and waved wildly as they walked. Their captains saluted gravely for them. They were of many nationalities, a platoon of French followed by a platoon of Spaniards-platoons of Russians, Poles, Jews, Dutch. Some wore striped convict suits, some ragged U.N. uniforms, some shreds of civilian clothes. These were the inmates of Buchenwald walking to war as tanks roared by at twenty-five miles per hour.16
The tank officers ordered the marchers to turn back, and Fleck and Tennenbaum left the column to have a look at the camp. There they found another fantastic scene. Armed inmates stood guard at the main gate, a two-story, wooden structure bearing in large letters across the entrance the motto "Recht oder Unrecht, mein Vaterland" (Right or wrong, my Fatherland) . Inside, wildly cheering prisoners rushed to shake their hands. Others were busy throwing binoculars manufactured in the camp shops over the barbed wire fence to troops passing by outside. Armed guards in prison clothes patrolled the grounds, and a few words from them were enough to quiet the excited crowds. The Americans noticed at once that the guards looked healthier than the others and later learned why : they were mostly German communists who had sur-
SURVIVORS OF BUCHENWALD
vived by helping the SS manage the camp as they were now helping the Americans.
Opened in 1937, Buchenwald was a camp with a history reaching lack into the prewar Nazi era. Inside one building, Fleck and Tennenbaum saw a thousand sealed tin cans containing the unclaimed ashes of prisoners who had died in the 1930s. Such niceties had long ago stopped being observed. In the SS offices and quarters they saw lamp shades, bookends, and other bric-a-brac decorated with tanned, tattooed human skin, products of one of the hobbies of former commandant Karl Koch's wife. The Koch regime, which ended in 1943, had been the most bestial. Since then the camp had been run to get maximum work from the prisoners with minimum food and maintenance. At the end the death rate was about two hundred prisoners a day; but the 50,000 who died there in the eight years before 1945 were not enough to rank Buchenwald with Auschwitz or the other extermination camps.
In appearance Buchenwald was everything, and more, that the Americans had imagined a concentration camp to be. An immense barbed wire fence, screened on the outside by a dense pine forest, enclosed the rows of one-story hutments of the main
camp and the twenty-seven low, wooden barns encircled by barbed wire that were known as the little camp. The "little camp" was the quarantine station for new prisoners, permanent quarters for Jews, and the assembly area for transports to the death camps. Tennenbaum and Fleck noticed when they arrived that the gates to this section were closed and guarded. The "aristocrats" in the main camp did not allow the little camp to join their freedom celebration. To the right of the main gate, off the edge of the parade ground where the prisoners (as many as 90,000 in 1944) had stood for morning and evening roll call, was the crematorium, separately enclosed by a high board fence. The incinerator, a model of technical efficiency, could reduce a "charge," eighteen bodies, to ashes in about twenty minutes. The basement housed the furnace and the "strangling room," a novel installation even in the macabre world of concentration camps. At ground level, condemned prisoners were hurried through a door into a short, narrow corridor with a four-by-four-foot opening in the floor at the far end. Through the opening they fell thirteen feet to the concrete basement floor where, if the fall did not kill them as it often did not, SS men garroted them and hung the bodies on hooks along the wall until the incinerator crew was ready for them upstairs. The crematorium had been shut down for a time in March, when the coal supply ran out, but had been running again in April. The SS guards had not had time to clean up the evidence before they fled the camp on the 10th, and they left behind a truckload of naked corpses in the yard and unconsumed bones and skulls on the incinerator grates.
There were 21,000 prisoners in Buchenwald at the liberation, about half the number that had been there a week earlier. The SS had marched the others east, toward Leipzig. U.S. fighter planes were keeping the columns in view but could not fire without endangering prisoners.
The 12th Army Group had assigned responsibility for the concentration camps to the Displaced Persons Executive (DPX) , and on the day after liberation 1st Lt. Walter F. Emmons, commanding DP Detachment 10, took charge in Buchenwald. He had food and clothing brought in from German stocks in Weimar and Jena and set up an emergency hospital in the SS barracks, where inmate physicians gave seventy blood transfusions from the American blood bank the first day. On the fourth and fifth days, to reduce the death rate, which was far less than before but was still about twenty a day, the 66th Medical Battalion and a complete 500-bed evacuation hospital came in with enough medical supplies to treat the 5,000 cases needing immediate attention. By then 700 cases had been treated, and Germans had been put to work improving the sanitation.
A particular problem for Emmons and his detachment was the multitude of visitors that descended upon them and their charges. The tactical troops, as always, moved on quickly, but after them came newspaper reporters and visitors from other headquarters and from Allied governments and armies. Buchenwald had been an international camp, and among the thirty-one nationalities represented there were men prominent in various fields in their own countries. The prisoners' desire to be away from the place and the visitors' eagerness to do something for them resulted in numerous unauthorized departures; before long, reports were coming back of cases in which former inmates died before reaching home. Finally, 12th Army Group had to
prohibit visits to liberated concentration camps without approval of the army commanders.17
In the second week of April the dam broke. Until then, the Germans had herded as many displaced persons and prisoners of war as they could eastward, as they had done earlier in the Rhineland. Between the Weser and the Elbe they ran out of space. The Soviet advance to the Oder River had also raised a wave of refugees, prisoners of war, and displaced persons that had filled central Germany and was continuing westward. Ninth Army encountered columns of American and British prisoners who had been on the road since January, first marching west from camps in Poland and then recently headed east again. The other RAMPs (recovered Allied military personnel) were mostly mixed with the civilian DPs, both groups having been used as ordinary industrial and farm labor.18
Maj. Philip Shafer, head of the DPX, Third Army, had one officer and two enlisted men under him on 1 April. In the field he had twelve DP detachments (eighty-seven officers and men); thirteen French Mission Militaire Liaison Administrative (MMLA) welfare teams, each with one officer, a male driver, and two or three enlisted women; and a scattering of French, Belgian, Dutch, and Polish liaison and medical officers. Totaling 230 individuals, they were soon having to deal with 1,500 times their own number of DPs and RAMPS. A dozen UNRRA teams and eleven emergency DP detachments added during the month were barely enough to keep the ratio from going higher.19 The armies formed fifty-one DP detachments, received forty-three UNRRA teams and a like number of MMLA teams, and still had to divert tactical units ranging up to the size of a division (the whole 29th Infantry Division for instance) to DPX duties. By 16 April they had uncovered a million DPs, and they would pass their second million before the month was out. Ninth Army issued 200,000 rations a day; First Army, over a million a week. The food came mostly from captured stocks, but First Army also requisitioned 20,000 tons of imported military government relief supplies. Ninth Army used four seven-story buildings in a former German Army complex near Muenster as its supply center. The 12th Army Group reported 350 camps established with capacities between 3,000 and 30,000 persons.20
As had happened in the Rhineland, the DPs' first impulse was to get away from where they were; and once they did, they seemed beset with the desire to keep moving. The former prisoners of war, especially the French and Belgians, who remembered the lessons of 1940, kept off the roads. To reduce the flow of the others, the armies set up checkpoints and patrols on the main roads and had them turn over the DPs to the nearest village Buergermeister with orders to house and feed them from local resources. The rivers, from the Rhine eastward, helped somewhat to keep the DPs' wanderings compartmentalized.
Expecting that they could be started on their way home soon after a junction with the Soviet forces was made, the DPX wanted to hold the eastern Europeans as far east as possible. The French, Belgians, and Dutch were repatriated as fast as transportation could be found, as many as 5,000 a day from each of the armies (46,000 from Ninth Army in April and 74,000 from Third Army) . When, as the front advanced to the east, the armies were less and less able to spare their own trucks to haul the DPs back to the railroads, the DPX secured fifty French truck companies to keep the repatriates moving; and on 11 April, Third Army began a westbound DP airlift from Frankfurt.
The psychology and behavior of the DPs, if no longer a shock, were as much a puzzle and a problem as they had been in the Rhineland. The PWD observers again were the least alarmed. Padover and Gittler reported:
On the German highways and byways one sees a veritable Voelkerwanderung-thousands,
tens of thousands of men, in small groups and large, carrying bundles, carrying
suitcases strapped to their backs, carrying bulging handbags, are marching east
and marching west. Many wear shabby green uniforms-they are Red Army PWs.
Frenchmen and Belgians also still wear their old army uniforms, now almost in
tatters. Poles and Dutchmen and Serbs wear any kind of rags. Their German
masters had not kept them in clothes. They were surprisingly cheerful,
Now they all march . . . in the direction of home. Occasionally they help themselves to chickens or loaves of bread or a pair of pants, but they are orderly and obedient, even the French. There seems to be no vengeance in these people, no lust for destruction, no desire to make the Germans pay for what they have done to them, to their countries.
There is much talk about looting. German farmers say the Eastern workers are stealing their chickens. German workers say that the Russians are breaking into homes and helping themselves to necessities. German middle class people say that Russians are animals. The truth is that the Eastern workers are astonishingly well-behaved.21
On the other hand, in half the military government court cases tried in the Ninth Army area during April, the accused were DPs. Looting often declined dramatically in the vicinity of tightly controlled camps, but not all the DPs wanted to live in the camps. Some preferred to experience their new found freedom to the fullest. Others were not exactly the innocent victims of nazism that the Americans presumed them to be and did not want to risk being recognized. Many wandered cross-country or along back roads living on what they could beg or steal. Sometimes they formed armed gangs of thirty or forty men and turned to outright banditry. Such groups would not hesitate to skirmish with patrols sent to flush them out, and on at least one occasion AWOL U.S. soldiers were caught with them. The military government reports agree, however, that the DPs, including the most restless and unruly among them, were completely friendly to Americans and that the trouble they caused was vastly less than it might have been had they chosen to use the power inherent in their numbers to take organized vengeance on the Germans.
Among the DPs, the former prisoners of war were usually the easiest to handle. They knew the necessity for discipline and, after years in captivity, wanted to refurbish their self-esteem by contributing to the victory. In the camps and assembly centers, the French usually were quick to establish order among themselves. The Russians were less ready to organize independently,
and the camp detachments often had to call on the Soviet liaison officers, as Detachment H1G3 did in the following:
5 April 1945
Col. Niccolai Lischnevsky of the Russian Army visited the camp on an inspection tour and was advised by Maj. [George B.] Mehlman that the Russian leader was very conscientious and hard working but that he lacked the ability to obtain obedience or discipline from the Russian group. Maj. Mehlman requested the Russian colonel to appoint a new leader and vest in him the authority of his office. Col. Lischnevsky ordered that all the Russians be assembled in one group in order that he might speak to them. When they had been assembled, the colonel harangued them at length on the fact that they were being placed under the protection of the US military and that he was directly ordering them to obey all orders given them and that he was going to appoint new leaders and establish within the Russian group regular Russian Army discipline and that he was forming battalions, companies, and squads and that discipline and obedience must be rigidly enforced. Col. Lischnevsky ordered all the former Russian Army officers and NCOs to fall in, dismissing the rest. He personally interviewed and selected from the group of former Russian officers a new Russian leader and staff", battalion commanders, company commanders, company officers and NCOs.22
The detachments learned early that the Russians and other eastern Europeans were frequently quite willing to settle down to the good life in camps that offered welfare programs and luxuries, particularly liquor and radios. The trouble was that their expectations escalated rapidly, and their demands kept increasing. Since the luxuries had to come from the Germans, limits were soon reached. During the month, First Army provided each of its DP detachments with a security guard detail, which was by far the most effective, if not the most desirable, means of DP control.23
While the DP flood had come later than expected, that of the surrendering German troops came earlier. The plans had anticipated US prisoner of war holdings to reach about 900,000 by 30 June 1945. On 15 April 1.3 million prisoners were in US hands. Another 600,000 captures were expected in the next two weeks and at least that many more in May. Legally they were all entitled to the basic rations and quarters furnished to US troops of the same rank. In fact, however, SHAEF had never contemplated extending such treatment to so many German soldiers. Expecting the big wave of prisoners to come with the surrender or collapse, SHAEF proposed to take advantage of the EAC surrender provisions and create the category "disarmed German troops," which would make the bulk of the Wehrmacht a German responsibility pending disbandment. In April, however, the war was still on; American prisoners were still in German hands; and 30,000 Germans were already surrendering every day. By mid-April, SHAEF had allocated 50 US officers, 4,000 enlisted men, and 13 antiaircraft battalions to prisoner of war guard duty. Just west of the Rhine, 12th Army Group was seating up four huge enclosures which could hold 50,000 men each but which would not have shelters "or other comforts" until the prisoners themselves built them from local materials. 24
CAPTURED GERMANS IN AN IMPROVISED STOCKADE
On April 15, Lt. Col. F. Van Wyck Mason, SHAEF G-5 historian, and Capt. Jesse C. Beesley, civil affairs historian for the Communications Zone, set out from Luxembourg in a recon car to follow the route Third Army had taken into Germany. For Mason the "first point of interest" was Bad Kreuznach, twenty miles west of the Rhine crossing at Mainz. As he described it:
The military government detachment commander had his largest attacks not from
the local population, but from the demands of the high brass in our own army. His time was so taken up with finding
dachshund puppies for General Blank and locating people to cut the lawn for
Colonel So-and-so that he was hard put to administer the town.
I had a look at the jail which was well supplied with Nazis and suspects. Then went on to the PW cage on the edge of town. We arrived at sunset and saw a breathtaking panorama, 37,000 German, Hungarian, and other Axis prisoners roaming in a caged area of about half a square mile. They certainly were not coddled there. They slept on the bare ground with whatever covering they had brought with them. They got two "C" rations a day and that was all. There was a separate enclosure for officers where they were so tightly packed they had barely room to lie
down, and more trucks kept coming up every few minutes. Adjoining it was
another enclosure for about 500 German WACs and nonmedical personnel that were
surprisingly good looking on the whole. Fortunately for them the weather was
good and continued to be good for some time afterwards.
In command of the camp was a 1st Lt. of infantry with less than 300 men. The boys looked a bit serious as they crouched behind their machine guns, for there was only one strand of wire and no search lights for night time. Periodically some Germans did try to get loose, but they were always cut down before they got 50 yards distance.
From Frankfurt, the historians drove to Weimar on the Autobahn, and Mason found the trip a great pleasure "after bumping one's backside over the incredibly rutted and ruined roads of France." Between Frankfurt and Weimar they passed into the area in which Third Army had run out of trained military government detachments, and they "sensed that something was amiss the moment we hit Weimar":
The feeling of something being amiss was riot lessened by finding German
policemen in full uniform and carrying loaded carbines in front of the town
hall, where apparently military government of some kind was being set up.
Investigation revealed the reason. The acting Military Governor was a completely
untrained Lt. Col. of the field artillery who had been firing in the line 56
Lt. Col. Billingsley, the officer in question, seemed infinitely relieved to have trained military government officers suddenly appear, and he urgently requested that I break our trip and lend a hand in setting up military government in Weimar. This we did, among the first acts being to disarm the police and bring him up to date on directives concerning displaced persons. It appears that the whole area was under Lt. Col. Billingsley, and none of his officers had the least grounding in the responsibility and powers of military government.
Further to assist Lt. Col. Billingsley, Capt. Beesley and I undertook to visit various detachments of his post in the surrounding country. In this connection we visited Erfurt, Langensalza, Mulhaus, Apolda, and Jena. All of these cities, with the exception of Apolda, had suffered from 25 to 40 percent damage. It was interesting to observe the difference in the attitude of the inhabitants in those towns which had been smashed and those which had not. Those in the unhit towns were arrogant and hostile. Such was the condition of Apolda where we found an artillery 1st Lieutenant and 40 men holding down a city of 70,000 normal population and at least 15,000 transients. Lt. Hurtz was doing a fine job under the circumstances but lacked knowledge of his rights. When we told him he was "Caesar" in that town, he was pleased and immediately issued orders for the arrest of the Nazi mayor and equally Nazi police chief. He listened attentively to all we said and when he realized his powers, he was a much happier boy than lie had been a couple of hours earlier. Because of the attitude of the inhabitants, we arranged to station a particularly hardboiled battalion of infantry in that town.25
While Mason and Beesley were at Weimar, First Army's V Corps on 19 April took Leipzig, the fourth largest city in Germany. To control the city, swollen by DPs and refugees from its normal 700,000 population to over a million, the corps designated Col. Jim Dan Hill, Commanding Officer, 190th Field Artillery Group, as military commander of Leipzig and gave him three field artillery battalions, four security guard detachments, and Provisional Military Government Detachment A. Detachment A had sixteen officers and twenty-four enlisted men, but only two of the officers had even a small amount of previous military government experience. Hill and his troops entered Leipzig on the 19th while fighting was still going on in the Napoleon Platz around the Battle of the Nations Monument, which in its cav-
SCENE OF THE ATROCITY AT THEKLA
ernous stone base provided cover for a diehard German colonel and a company or so of soldiers. Some sections of the city were destroyed. Other sections were untouched, however, and in them the electric service continued without a break, water service could be restored in a few days, and the streetcar system required only minor repairs to wire and track. The Nazi Oberbuergermeister, his deputy, and their families had committed suicide. Hill divided the city into three military police zones and put a battalion in each zone; the Germans, however, were not as much a threat to order as the Allied liaison officers who, he complained, "tend to get emotional with the DPs and get them all stirred up." His main difficulty with the Germans was getting them adjusted to doing common labor. They had become accustomed to having foreign workers do the menial jobs.26
At Thekla, just outside Leipzig, V Corps uncovered a small concentration camp. On the afternoon of the day before, the guards had herded over three hundred inmates
into a wooden barracks building, doused it with gasoline, and set it on fire with thermite grenades. Those who ran from the building were shot. When the Americans entered, the fire was still burning, and seventy-five bodies were hanging on the concertina wire and electrically charged barbed wire surrounding the camp. Somehow about a hundred had managed to escape to freedom. In accordance with standing instructions from Eisenhower to make the Germans bury atrocity victims in the most prominent and suitable spot in the nearest town, military government ordered the newly appointed Leipzig Buergermeister to supply seventy-five caskets and two hundred German civilians to dig the graves. The site was the parkway along the main road into Leipzig's most beautiful cemetery, the Suedfriedhof . The city also had to provide a cross and a wreath for each grave, and all city officials and a hundred other prominent citizens were required to attend the funeral. Three U.S. chaplains, representing the three faiths, conducted the service. Several hundred DPs dropped flowers on the graves as, a reporter noted, "did a few of the nearly 900 Germans who attended voluntarily." 27
Mason and Beesley saw Leipzig the day after it was taken:
There were plenty of dead bodies and still burning houses in the suburbs. The troops carried their arms in very handy positions. Rivers of prisoners were driving out of Leipzig in supply trucks, going back empty to the railheads. Leipzig was terribly smashed in the center but some of the suburbs seem to be in pretty fair shape. The Buergermeister and the Oberbuergermeister committed suicide together with their families. We saw the latter group at the office-the father, the mother, and a very pretty 18-year old daughter.
The police problem in a city of this size was of a special interest to me, so we spent the bulk of our time with Colonel Green, Public Safety Officer on Colonel Hill's staff. He had, of course, disarmed [the police] and required them to wear uniform caps, trousers, and boots but with civilian coats. He said it was necessary because so many trigger-happy "doughfeet" were loose and had shot half a dozen of his men the day before thinking they were soldiers. The uniforms were distinctly similar. Such police as remained were stolidly obeying orders and arresting their previous bosses just as happily as they had political victims a few days earlier.
Colonel Hill invited us to join him in listening to the nomination of a new Buergermeister for Leipzig. It was a solemn bunch of Boche who appeared. One thing they were very anxious to know-would the Russians gain eventual possession of their city? 28
The two staff historians had, half seriously, hoped to end their trip in Berlin. Mason, a World War I veteran, regarded this occasion as his second attempt to get there, but he was disappointed again. Ninth Army was stopped on the Elbe, not much more than a day's march from Berlin, but Eisenhower had decided that the army would go no farther. When Mason and Beesley started hack from Leipzig, they also missed what could have been the next best finale for their trip, the American Soviet link-up on 25 April at Torgau on the Elbe River, thirty miles east of Leipzig. A night stop at Muenden, north of Kassel, however, produced a rare experience, a reasonably bona fide encounter with the Werwolf organization:
That evening, Squadron Leader Gordon Freisen [the local military government de-
tachment was British] . . . invited us to assist in the interrogation of a
pair of Hitler Jugend toughs caught with a notched pistol and a supply of
explosives near one of our bridges. Their attitude was typical, at first openly
defiant, then as hunger and fatigue began to work, more and more malleable. The
amusing thing about these youths and the Nazis we subsequently questioned was
their complete willingness to betray one another once they were convinced that a
friend had tattled, and it required very little persuasion to convince them that
they had been betrayed. To the disappointment of some of our men, it was quite
unnecessary to become physical in the interrogation.
As a result we organized a raiding party of four officers and six enlisted men. We picked up three Nazis in possession of illegal arms. All of them lied like troopers to start with, but invariably would lead us to where the weapons were hidden-generally under the eaves of an outbuilding. It was very picturesque because of the full moon and the light it threw from the helmets and weapons of the men . . . .
We topped off the evening with a raid on an inn in the suburbs which had been established as a sort of headquarters for the local "werewolves." One of the Hitler youths had admitted that there were four female military personnel at the inn, one of which was his sweety. He betrayed her quite cheerfully. The result was, we swooped down on the inn and ransacked the place thoroughly. Among other things, flushing a G.I. who was certainly qualified for the sixty-five dollar question.29
The next day Mason and Beesley crossed into Luxembourg "where people smiled and waved, and one could look at a pretty girl without having that sixty-five dollars in the back of one's mind."
Seventh Army's primary mission during the first three weeks in April was to cover the 12th Army Group's south flank. In doing so the army bore east and slightly north across northern Baden and Wuerttemberg and into Bavaria. The German defense on the Rhine had been weak, and at the end of March, Seventh Army held a bridgehead that tied in with Third Army's on the north and reached south across the Neckar River and embraced the cities of Mannheim and Heidelberg.
The pinpoint detachments were standing by. F1E2, under Lt. Col. Charles D. Winning, moved into badly damaged Mannheim on 28 March, and I2E2, Capt. Albert Haskell in command, took over in Heidelberg two days later. Having become accustomed in the Rhineland to seeing nothing but flattened cities, the Americans were surprised to find Heidelberg completely undamaged. The university was intact, and the shops and banks stayed open while the city changed hands. The Buergermeister and the city officials were at work, except for the police chief who had disappeared along with the men of his force. The war had not completely bypassed Heidelberg however. Its electric power came from Mannheim, and until the lines and plants were repaired there would not be any, nor would there be any water, because the pumps in the water system were electric. The people, 24,000 more than the 86,000 peacetime population, looked well fed, but the food situation was close to catastrophic. The whole municipal reserve was one trainload of potatoes, flour, and canned beef fat that had become stranded in the railroad yards after the bombing had cut all the rail lines.30
East of Heidelberg, the Germans seemed determined again to show they had some bite left in them. Heilbronn held out under bombing and artillery fire from 5 to 12
HEIDELBERG, MARCH 1945
April, and so many people were buried in the ruins "that Heilbronn had a noticeable stench all during the summer of 1945." 31 At Nuremberg, eighty-five miles farther east, the Germans put up a four-day fight, from 16 to 20 April, that brought down a final wave of destruction on the already badly bombed old city-a wave which unfortunately hit the medieval relics much harder than it did the banal structures in which the Nazis had staged their prewar party rallies.
Lt. Col. Delbert O. Fuller took Detachment E1B3, fifteen officers and ten enlisted men, into Nuremberg on the 21st. The population was a third its normal 450,000. A hunt for the city officials turned up the Oberbuergermeister and the Gauleiter of Franconia dead in the Gestapo headquarters. They had killed themselves. Only a few city employees responded to the order to report for work that was broadcasted by sound trucks. The police headquarters was demolished, and nearly all the police were prisoners of war. Germans and DPs looted food warehouses undeterred by the 225 streetcar conductors that the detach-
NUREMBERG, APRIL 1945
ment bad drafted as temporary police, and reports of rape and robbery by US troops piled up on the public safety officer's desk. An MFA&A survey showed that thirty-two of sixty-five listed artistic monuments had been totally demolished and another eighteen badly damaged; fragments of valuable, centuries-old stonework and sculpture mixed in with the rubble promised to make the clean-up job in the city unusually long and painstaking. 32
The fight for Nuremberg was a last flicker in a dying war. From the Rhine to the Elbe, Germany was subdued, and the staffs were polishing the ECLIPSE plans. (See above, p. 163.) Although it could not begin as an operation until either the Germans surrendered or Eisenhower declared them defeated, ECLIPSE was already in effect as a condition for the greater part of the SHAEF area in Germany.33 GOLDCUP (see above, p. 177) was ready, but that it could be put into effect was becoming increasingly doubtful. The most recent planning had added to GOLDCUP the SHAEF Special Echelon, 287 officers and
869 enlisted men, charged with making contact with the Soviet element of the Control Council and beginning to set up the central Allied authority for Germany; thus far, however, the Russians had not given any sign of being willing to establish direct contacts. The Special Echelon's destination was presumed to be Berlin, but as to how the force would get there, SHAEF could only say, "It is . . . probable that the forces of SHAEF will only enter Berlin on Soviet invitation, possibly as a result of negotiations at the governmental level." 34 The Ministerial Control Group, broken up into seventy control parties, had a more promising future. SHAEF had attached ministerial control parties to the T (Target ) Sub-Division, G-2, which was sending its own teams across Germany behind the armies to gather scientific and industrial intelligence. When the teams came upon documents or personnel of possible political value, they called forward the appropriate ministerial control party. Experience was bearing out, to a greater degree than had been expected, the assumption that the German government would be dispersed outside Berlin. Bits and pieces of governmental agencies were turning up in widely scattered locations, such as Army High Command records in the Merkers mine and the cryptographic section of the Foreign Ministry in a castle outside Leipzig. Most were valuable finds for various reasons but, nevertheless, were only fragments, not the substance of government.35
On 22 April, Seventh Army and Third Army turned south into the area of the redoubt. From the outset the operation had more the character of ECLIPSE than of OVERLORD. The Germans were finished and neither in the condition nor in the mood to make a last ditch stand anywhere, even in the mountain strongholds of Bavaria. Seventh Army's 10th Armored Division took twenty-eight towns in a single day on 23 April. By the 27th, both armies had crossed the Danube, and the cities of Ulm, Augsburg, and Regensburg were in their hands. Where pinpoint detachments were available they generally moved in on the same day as the combat troops. Ulm, for its size the most heavily bombed city in the south, was a ruin. Water-filled bomb craters covered blocks where factories and houses had once stood. The streets were rough paths through the rubble. But the 500-year-old Gothic cathedral still stood, towering above the flattened city around it. 36 At Augsburg, a German civilian, Franz Hesse, driving his own automobile, led the tanks of 3d Battalion, 15th Infantry, through the roadblocks and into the city to receive the garrison commander's surrender.37
Third Army's march took it across the border into Czechoslovakia, where, being on liberated territory, military government again became civil affairs but, as civil affairs, functioned more in the manner of military government because the Sudeten Germans outnumbered the Czechs by ten to one. On entering Czechoslovakia, Third Army encountered a new problem, German DPs. A quarter million Silesian Germans fleeing the Russians took refuge in the U.S.-occupied area before roadblocks were set up to stop them. They were in desperate straits, having no place to turn for assis-
MASS FUNERAL for concentration camp prisoners murdered by their guards in the last days of the war.
tance. Military government put some in camps and billeted others with the Sudeten Germans and gave them subsistence from captured German rations.38 At the Flossenburg concentration camp, ten miles from the Czech border, 186 typhus cases raised the threat of an epidemic, especially from the 16,000 prisoners that the SS guards were marching south, ahead of the front. 26th Division G-5 kept track of the exodus by the trail of bodies and hastily dug mass graves the prisoner columns left behind.39
The Germans were conquered and their property was "liberated." Looting had become something of an art. Soldiers stationed themselves outside military government offices and intercepted civilians bringing in weapons. Tactical units posted their own contraband lists in which they included items as various as automobiles and jewelry, and the military government de-
GERMANS AND DPS CARRYING LOOT
tachments acquired a new and, for the most part, unwelcome function as tactical commands and individual high-ranking officers requisitioned items of doubtful military usefulness through them. The retreating Wehrmacht troops had confiscated many bicycles and automobiles. The US troops took most of the rest.40 In the last week of April SHAEF stopped accepting Reichsmark currency for exchange into dollars because tremendous amounts dubiously acquired were known to be in the hands of the troops.41
Since the US troops, German civilians, and DPs all looted, there was some debate over whose behavior was the most reprehensible. In the DPS defense it was frequently said that they took only food, clothing, and items for their own comfort. The Americans could claim the sanction of military custom. But the Germans stole from each other. On the other hand, the
urge to loot was shortest lived among the Germans, and the military government detachments discovered that in their home communities the Germans lacked the anonymity and mobility of the troops and the DPs and could often be prevailed upon to return what they had taken. In Ansbach, the Landkreis food officer put out an order demanding the return of all looted stocks and got back more than he knew had been taken. In Bensheim, the German police chief recovered a hundred tons of Wehrmacht supplies by hinting that he was about to begin making arrests.42
Dachau, fifteen miles northwest of Munich, was the largest concentration camp captured by US forces. Its rolls listed 65,000 prisoners-32,000 in the main compound and the rest in satellite work camps. The Americans came on 29 April, a Sunday. Work had stopped in the camp on Wednesday, and an evacuation was being organized. One transport of 4,000 prisoners was able to get away, but the 42d and 45th Infantry Divisions covered the forty miles from the Danube faster than the Germans expected. At noon on Sunday the camp was quite, and the SS guards were at their posts in the towers when the cry "Americans!" went up. A prisoner rushed toward the gate, and a guard shot him. Outside, a single American soldier stood looking casually at the towers while the guards eyed him and others who were two or three hundred yards way. When the Americans opened fire, the guards in the gate tower came down, hands in the air. One held a pistol behind his back, and the first American shot him. In the next few minutes a jeep drove up; in it were a blond woman war correspondent and a chaplain. The chaplain asked the prisoners, now crowding to the gate, to join him in the Lord's Prayer.43
Dachau, dating back to 1933, was among the first concentration camps set up in Germany and the only one with an unbroken existence through the whole Nazi period. It had all the appurtenances : the motto over the gate (Arbeit macht Frei, Work Liberates) , the electrically charged barbed wire fence, the gas chamber, the crematorium, the starved prisoners, and the presence of death in the form of human bodies piled like logs. Bad as it was, the prisoners considered Dachau to be superior to hard labor camps like Ohrdruf and vastly superior to death camps like Mauthausen.44 Most Americans found such distinctions hard to comprehend but not those who also saw Mauthausen when it was uncovered a week later.45
Seventh Army G-5 had prepared for Dachau. On the morning after liberation two batteries of the 601st Field Artillery, three truckloads of food and medical supplies, and a public address sound truck arrived. Col. Kenneth E. Worthing, G-5, XV Corps, took command, and Detachment I13G3 assumed military government responsibility for the camp and the city of Dachau. The 3,500 bodies stacked in several places inside the compound were left until after a war crimes investigation team made its survey. On the third day, two 400-bed evacuation hospitals, the 116th and 127th, moved in. The prisoners' daily
rations, 600 calories each when the Americans arrived, was raised immediately to 1,200 and within two weeks to 2,400 calories.46
The small city of Dachau was, in a way, more of a discovery for the Americans than the camp itself. It had existed side by side with the camp for twelve years. The tracks on which trains brought in prisoners and carloads of corpses for the crematorium ran through the city along the Nibelungen Strasse, and the guards frequently marched prisoner work details through the streets. Asked whether they realized that in the last three months at least 13,000 people had lost their lives barely a stone's throw from them, the citizens of Dachau claimed shock and surprise and answered, "Was koennten wir tun?" (What could we do?) . Asked whether they had seen the prisoners come in on the railroad, they insisted that the trains all came at night and that the cars were sealed. The camp had brought prosperity to Dachau, and many had profited directly from it. Those who had not benefited were more willing to talk. They said that people knew what was going on and were disturbed by it but had been afraid to say anything for fear of economic retaliation and even more afraid to do anything because the shadow of the camp also hung over them. Seventh Army G-2 reached, for the time, a remarkably charitable conclusion:
No citizen of Dachau is without a deep sense that something was wrong,
terribly wrong, on the outskirts of their town. Those who really did not give a
damn were few.
Those who did show opposition should be honored. But it should be pointed out in justice to the others that they were people who could seclude themselves from the community without harming their sources of income.47
Troops of the 42d and 45th Divisions who liberated Dachau in the afternoon on 29 April were fighting in Munich the next morning and by nightfall had, along with XV Corps' other three divisions, captured the city that was the capital of Bavaria and the birthplace of nazism. Not an industrial center, its association with nazism had, nevertheless, made Munich a target for air attacks, and in the end 80 percent of the city was damaged or destroyed. The Munich military government detachment, F1F3, under Lt. Col. Eugene Keller, arrived in the morning on the 30th. As befitted a pinpoint detachment with a year's training for its assignment, the 52-man truck and jeep column drove straight to the Marienplatz and wheeled to a stop before the city hall. A few apprehensive Germans, selected from "white lists" of non-Nazis and anti-Nazis and notified to be present, were waiting at the entrance. Keller told one to act as temporary Buergermeister. Some detachment officers went out in their jeeps to inspect the water, gas, sewage, and electric plants. Others inspected the police and fire departments, interviewed the leading Catholic and Lutheran clergy, or questioned educators and welfare workers. The banks were closed and the newspaper offices and radio stations seized. Sound trucks broadcasted instructions and essential world news to the population. The smart and efficient performance of the detachment was marred by only one hitch. It was one that almost all the detachments were experiencing : the
MARIENPLATZ, MUNICH. On the left, the city hall.
tactical units habitually dumped their prisoners of war on the nearest military government office's doorstep. For the first week, the members of F1F3 shared their quarters in the city hall with a disconsolate and confused collection of prisoners.
As the cradle of nazism, Munich had been slated for especially rigorous military government, lout the city from the outset proved to be as tractable as any other in Germany. In fact, Munich could claim something that the Americans had not found anywhere else in Germany, an active anti-Nazi resistance. Two underground groups, the Freiheitsaktion Bayern and the Bayerische Hilfspolizei 0-7, had staged an uprising two days before the U.S. troops arrived. Although they had not been overwhelmingly successful against the Nazis even at that late date, they were more than willing to relieve the Americans of the burden of running the city. After accepting a number of their nominees for appointments, however, military government learned that anti-Nazis could in some ways be as troublesome to handle as Nazis.48
MUNICH'S MAIN RAILROAD STATION, MAY 1945
The redoubt, if it existed, was expected to lie in the mountains south of Munich, probably centered on Hitler's vacation retreat at~ Berchtesgaden. To a degree, this estimate was correct. In mid-March, Hitler had belatedly given orders to set up a fortress in the mountains, and Since then trainloads of goods and material had been funneled by the hundreds into southern Germany- -partly because they had nowhere else to go. At war's end there were over 8,000 locomotives south of the Main River, twice the number ordinarily operating there. Loaded boxcars blocking the ramps and stations had contributed to the railroad breakdown. The Munich division of the Reichsbahn had a 14,000-car jam that was not fully unsnarled as late as June 1945. 49 The buildup, such as it was, had centered at Berchtesgaden where Hitler had contemplated establishing his headquarters if he was driven out of Berlin. He had spent several months each year during the war in his retreat on the Obersalzberg and had a communications center nearby that was
as good as the one the Army maintained for him at Zossen outside Berlin. On the night of Hitler's birthday, 20 April, Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering, assorted lesser Nazi big shots, and sections of the armed forces, army, and air force staffs had moved to Berchtesgaden expecting Hitler to follow in a few days, since the Russians had by then almost encircled Berlin. Thousands of laborers had worked day and night for a month building fortifications, and weapons, ammunition, and food had rolled in as fast as the railroad marshalling yards could handle them. It was all wasted effort however. Hitler decided to end his career in Berlin, and in twenty minutes, beginning at noon on 25 April, Allied bombers smashed the fortifications. After the bombing, the erstwhile defenders of the redoubt headed south looking for refuge in the Austrian Tyrol.
Goering, whom Hitler had at the end stripped of all his titles and offices including that of Reich Game Keeper, emerged from the mountains some days later to return briefly to the limelight as a figure in the most publicized fraternization incident of the war. He surrendered -by arrangement- on a country road to Brig. Gen. Robert Stack, Assistant Division Commander, 36th Infantry Division, who was photographed shaking hands with him. At the division headquarters, the press reported, the division commander, Maj. Gen. John E. Dahlquist, interviewed Goering in private, gave him time to bathe and to change his uniform, ate chicken with him at lunch, and provided him and his wife with a night's lodging in a castle.50
On the morning of 4 May, when US 3d Infantry Division troops crossed into Landkreis Berchtesgaden, the Landrat, Emil Jacob, was the most important official left. Even the local party leaders, the Kreisleiter and the Ortsgruppenleiter, had taken to the mountains. At two o'clock in the afternoon, Jacob drove in his car to meet the Americans and surrender the town. Detachment I3G3, under Capt. R. A. Bryand, arrived the next morning and suffered the only casualties known to have been incurred in Berchtesgaden, two men injured when a time bomb exploded in one of the Kreis headquarters offices. 51 Berchtesgaden would have been just a small town with some fine scenery had it not been for two reminders of the past: the Adlerhorst, Hitler's elaborate guest house on the Kehlstein, reached by an elevator run through a 400-foot copper-lined tunnel in the mountain; and the Berghof, Hitler's home on the Obersalzberg, now bombed, burned, and looted -an appropriate monument to the Third Reich.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list| | <urn:uuid:a59278ae-30fa-4ef2-9fd1-021ee965be5e> | {
"date": "2014-11-26T23:03:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007607.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00212-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9812270402908325,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 15867,
"url": "http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/other/us-army_germany_1944-46_ch14.htm"
} |
Most Active Stories
Shots - Health News
Mon April 29, 2013
Shhh, The Kids Can Hear You Arguing (Even When They're Asleep)
Originally published on Mon April 29, 2013 8:17 pm
For years now, psychologists have been telling couples who yell at one another to stop for the sake of the kids. Such conflict in the home — even when no violence is involved — is associated with a host of negative behavioral and life outcomes for children.
Still, the effects of parental conflict do not appear to be experienced equally by all children. Some kids do badly when exposed to conflict; others seem to cope much better. Recently, researchers at the University of Oregon decided to try to get a handle on this variability: Is it possible, they asked, that experiences early in life might sculpt the brain in ways that shape the child's response to conflict later in life?
Psychologists Alice Graham, Philip Fisher and Jennifer Pfeifer decided to take a look at what happens inside the brains of infants when they hear conflict and angry voices. The approach was straightforward: Use a noninvasive brain-scanning technique known as fMRI to scan the brains of infants and identify, in real time, which areas of the brain are activated by angry voices.
There was one problem. These brain scans required the infants to lie really still for an extended period of time in a noisy scanner. The odds of that happening: close to zero.
That is, unless, the psychologists reasoned, the infants were asleep. Was it possible that even during sleep, the brain continued to take in and process angry voices?
In a study published in Psychological Science that is at least as remarkable for its methodology as for its results, the researchers had a couple of dozen infants brought into a brain-scanning lab at bedtime. First, the parents rocked the infants to sleep. Then Graham and her colleagues carefully placed the sleeping children inside the brain scanner. Via a pair of headphones, they piped in voices saying nonsense sentences such as, "I pulimented a mopar." The voices spoke in different tones — angry, neutral and happy.
Graham, a doctoral student at the school, said the most surprising thing was not that the brains of infants responded differently to the different tones — which suggests that the brain is more than capable of taking in information while a child is asleep — but that there were stark differences among the children. Infants who came from homes with lots of conflict, where the parents yelled at one another and called each other unpleasant names, showed a heightened activation in certain areas of the brain.
"What we see for the infants in higher-conflict homes is that they are showing greater reactivity to the very angry tone of voice," Graham says, "and that reactivity is in brain regions that we think are important later on in terms of your ability to regulate your emotions and function well."
The scientists acknowledged that it's not immediately clear what the findings mean. If the infants from high-conflict homes are especially reactive to angry voices, this could be consistent with the studies that have found that conflict in the homes is psychologically damaging for children. On the other hand, it's also possible that the heightened activation is connected with the way the brain develops resilience: The brain activation might point to the possibility that the infants were learning to deal with high conflict. The only way to find out would be to follow such children over time and see what happens to them. Graham says the study is just a first step toward understanding the role of early influences in how children come to process conflict.
And as for advice to quarreling parents, she says, the bottom line might be simple: Your kids are listening to you, even when they are asleep.
RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:
This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Renee Montagne.
STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:
And I'm Steve Inskeep, good morning.
Today in Your Health, we have two stories about angry parents and how their arguments affect their children. We've known for a long time that when parents fight a lot, it can have a psychological impact on kids. In fact, some parents know this so well that they save their arguments until after they put the kids to bed. This morning we start with some disturbing new research on how arguments by parents affect infants.
NPR science correspondent Shankar Vedantam is here to tell us about it. Hi, Shankar.
SHANKAR VEDANTAM, BYLINE: Hi, Steve.
INSKEEP: OK, so what is this new research telling us that was not known before?
VEDANTAM: Well, so lots of studies have looked at the link between parental conflict and outcomes in children. And most of them have looked at children who are older. And what researchers find is that there is a lot of variability. So some children seem to react really adversely to their parents' fighting. And other children seem largely fine.
INSKEEP: Some kids act out and become angry themselves. Some kids may just find a way to deal with it.
VEDANTAM: Yeah. So researchers have been asking what explains this variability among children. And one of the theories that they're exploring is that your experiences very early in life might sculpt the way you respond to conflict the rest of your life.
INSKEEP: Well, now this is real interesting, because we're talking about kids who obviously haven't learned to speak yet. They don't really know what's going on. They can't necessarily follow the argument, but they're asking does it affect the kid anyway.
VEDANTAM: Exactly, so researchers at the University of Oregon decided to conduct brain scans on a couple dozen infants. And it's a completely noninvasive procedure but you have to lie really still in the scanner. Now, obviously these are children, who are six months to a year old, you can't expect them to lie still in the scanner especially because it makes this a really loud din.
And so, the researchers said: What if the children were asleep, is it possible that they're still taking in information even when they're asleep. And we can test to see how their brains respond to different kinds of conflict. So Alice Graham, Phil Fisher and Jennifer Pfeifer, they had parents bring in a whole bunch of babies at bedtime. And when the children were asleep they put the infants into the scanner, stuck headphones on them and played these different sentences.
And these weren't actual words and actual sentences. But these were nonsense sentences in different tones of voice. Some of them were angry and some of them were neutral and some of them were happy. I asked her what they sounded like and here's what she told me.
ALICE GRAHAM: So, maybe very angry would be like: I pulamented a molepar(ph). And just angry would be: I pulamented a molepar. And then in a neutral tone of voice it might be: I pulamented a molepar. And then in a happy tone of voice it might be: I pulamented a molepar.
INSKEEP: Now I'm thinking about all the different ways I can say that nonsense phrase. I pulamented a molepar? I pulamented a molepar. So what, Shankar, do the researchers find when they played these syllables to kids in different ways?
VEDANTAM: So, Graham told me she was astonished to find that the babies' brains actually reacted differently to the happy and the angry tones; that she could actually detect differences in brain reactions to these different tones. And what this shows is that even when children are asleep they are still taking in information. And that was not the most interesting thing.
She found that the babies who came from high conflict homes - these are homes were the parents are shouting at one another, yelling at one another, calling each other names - these babies not only had even higher activation in the brain, in response to angry tones, the activation was in specific areas of the brain linked to emotional functioning.
Here she is again.
GRAHAM: What we see for the infants in higher conflict homes, is that they're showing greater reactivity to the very angry tone of voice. And that reactivity is in brain regions that we think are important later on in terms of your ability to regulate your emotions and function well.
INSKEEP: That's Alice Graham who spoke with Shankar Vedantam. And, Shankar, I want to make sure I understand this. You're saying these are kids who have already, as infants, witnessed a lot of fighting. And when these angry sounds are played to them, you see their brains responding differently than other children. They seem to have been changed already by the experience of witnessing this fighting.
VEDANTAM: Yes. So the big question, Steve, is what does the changes in the brain actually mean. One possible interpretation is that these children are somehow already being scarred for life, and that they're going to respond to conflict in these heightened ways. Another interpretation could be this is how the brain learns to be resilient. And by adapting and changing you actually are going to reduce your reactivity to conflict later in life.
So I don't think we know exactly what it means that you're seeing these brain changes. But I think what we can say for sure is that, what the study shows, is that parents need to be aware that children are listening to what they say, even when they're asleep.
INSKEEP: That's NPR's science correspondent Shankar Vedantam. Shankar, thanks for coming by.
VEDANTAM: Thanks, Steve. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:42caf661-7da0-47b3-8f64-4c92a74a82f6> | {
"date": "2013-12-05T06:05:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163040130/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131720-00002-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9757859706878662,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 2018,
"url": "http://ripr.org/post/shhh-kids-can-hear-you-arguing-even-when-theyre-asleep"
} |
UF plant experiment included on first science mission of Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo
GAINESVILLE, Fla. --- NASA and Virgin Galactic today announced 12 experiments to be launched on the first scientific mission of Virgin’s SpaceShipTwo, and a University of Florida project is among them.
“The UF science on the Virgin Galactic flight involves technologies developed to visualize biological adaptation to the first few minutes of spaceflight,” said Rob Ferl, principal investigator for the experiment and a professor of horticultural sciences. “The VG flights offer, for the first time, the ability to actively monitor experiments during launch and the initial entry into space. This ability to study biology that experiences launch and then microgravity is, perhaps surprisingly, a radical new development.
“Previously all experiments had to wait until the spaceship was in orbit before the experiment could be monitored. SS2 is, however, expressly designed to experience and celebrate those first few minutes of spaceflight. What we are flying in SS2 is a UF-developed technology for visualizing changes in gene activity that accompany those first few minutes in space, so as to study what happened to terrestrial organisms as they leave the surface of the Earth.”
A launch date for SpaceShipTwo, also known as SS2, has not been scheduled but is expected this fall.
Lead scientists on the UF project are:
Rob Ferl, professor of horticultural sciences, UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 352-273-8029 or 352-273-4822
Anna-Lisa Paul, research associate professor of horticultural sciences, UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 352-273-4855
For more information, go to http://www.virgingalactic.com/news/item/virgin-galactic-signs-deal-with-nasa-for-research-missions-on-spaceshiptwo/. | <urn:uuid:f0b34dac-393c-4748-a4ce-383466a46640> | {
"date": "2014-10-26T07:41:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119660038.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030100-00090-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9382474422454834,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 402,
"url": "http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2014/06/uf-plant-experiment-included-on-first-science-mission-of-virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo.html"
} |
Configuring Transmission Lines with PSCAD
This 1 day course outlines how to model overhead lines and underground cables. The transmission line models in PSCAD are discussed in detail and are compared in terms of accuracy, application, limitation and simulation speed. Other key discussion topics include: the correct modeling of overhead lines and cables using data mined from manufacturer datasheets, such as stranded conductor, semi-conducting layers, segmented conductors, and cross-bonding. Special considerations, such as obtaining a correct DC response for an HVDC transmission line, as well as methods to improve the stability of the simulations due to passivity violations, are also discussed. When applicable, the concepts presented are reinforced with several PSCAD simulation workshops. Case studies will be applied in detail to highlight practical situations encountered by engineers in the field. Previous experience and knowledge of PSCAD is not required, but class participants should have a working knowledge of transmission lines.
This course is intended for practicing engineers, graduate students, and researchers in power systems, who are interested in understanding the concepts, nuances, and potential pitfalls of accurately simulating overhead lines and underground cables in PSCAD.
Duration: 1 day
Please contact us if you have any questions, would like a quotation, or if you would like to register for any of our courses. | <urn:uuid:927e9227-28fd-4a73-9410-888d8257f4b7> | {
"date": "2019-12-06T03:52:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540484477.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206023204-20191206051204-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9437509775161743,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 270,
"url": "https://hvdc.ca/training/courses/read,article/36/configuring-transmission-lines-with-pscad"
} |
A fundoscopic examination was a type of medical test conducted on Earth in the 20th century. It was used in cases of head injury to evaluate the extent of the damage and determine an appropriate remedy, if one existed. By the 23rd century, however, it was considered to be obsolete and ineffective in some cases.
In 1986, Pavel Chekov was injured while back in time from the 23rd century and left in the hands of 20th century doctors after being arrested as a Russian spy. Chekov had fallen from a deck of the USS Enterprise and was suffering from slowing pulse, low respiratory rate, and coma. The doctors of the time conducted a fundoscopic examination and concluded that the way to cure Chekov was "a simple evacuation of the expanding epidural hematoma" which would in turn relieve the pressure on Chekov's brain.
Doctor Leonard McCoy was able to get to Chekov before surgery and stated that "drilling holes in his head" wasn't the answer and that the correct procedure was to repair Chekov's middle meningeal artery. Doctor McCoy quickly performed the procedure under the amazed gaze of the 20th century doctors and Chekov made a complete recovery. (Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home) | <urn:uuid:7f4ed289-441c-41a6-9851-5b928f66d098> | {
"date": "2014-08-29T05:43:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831903.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00210-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9801533222198486,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 250,
"url": "http://en.memory-alpha.org/wiki/Fundoscopic_examination?oldid=1037727"
} |
Tuskegee Airmen Awarded Congressional Gold Medal
[Sorry, the video for this story has expired, but you can still read the transcript below. ]
RAY SUAREZ: It’s more than 60 years since these men answered the call to serve from a segregated America. Today, some 200 surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen and their families were at the Capitol to receive the nation’s highest civilian honor, the Congressional Gold Medal.
Almost 1,000 black combat pilots were trained in a segregated unit at the Tuskegee, Alabama, airbase. Hundreds saw combat in Europe, the Mediterranean, and North Africa.
They flew thousands of sorties, escorting bomber aircraft, with unusually few losses. Dozens died in the fighting, many shot down and held as prisoners.
Today, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi praised them in the Capitol Rotunda.
REP. NANCY PELOSI (D-CA), Speaker of the House: In 1942, the African-American paper, the Pittsburgh Courier, called for a double victory campaign, victory in the fight against fascism abroad and victory in the fight against racism at home. Today, we come together to pay tribute to the Tuskegee Airmen, who, with planes and the power of their example, fought against both of these foes, foreign and domestic.
Colin Powell gives his thanks
RAY SUAREZ: They also heard from a man who followed in their footsteps and gladly acknowledged his debt, former U.S. army general and secretary of state Colin Powell.
COLIN POWELL, Former U.S. Secretary of State: But I know, to the depth of my heart, that the only reason I'm able to stand proudly before you today is you stood proudly for America 60 years ago.
The question is begged, why? Why would we do this for all of these years? Why would we serve a nation that would not serve us?
Two answers, I think. One, not withstanding what they put in the Constitution about us being property, we still believed in the vision that the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution set forth for the kind of America that could be in this new land.
We believed in that; we had to believe in it. What else would we have to believe in?
And the other reason, I think, is that military service, laying down your life for your country, was about the only way in which, for so many years, blacks could demonstrate that they were equal to any white citizen.
RAY SUAREZ: Then, it was President Bush's turn.
GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States: I would like to offer a gesture to help atone for all the unreturned salutes and unforgivable indignities. And so, on behalf of the office I hold, and a country that honors you, I salute you for the service to the United States of America.
Inspiring reform in the military
RAY SUAREZ: Dr. Roscoe Brown spoke on behalf of the airmen.
ROSCOE BROWN, Tuskegee Airman: When over 60 years ago we were flying in the skies over Europe, defending our country, and at the same time fighting the battle against racial segregation, and because of our great record and our persistence, we inspired revolutionary reform in the Armed Forces, which led to integration in the Armed Forces in 1948, and, as the president said, provided a symbol for America that all people can contribute to this country and be treated fairly.
We are very, very pleased to have been in the forefront of this struggle for freedom and justice in this country.
And, Mr. President, we are so proud today, and I believe America is proud today. Thank you very much.
RAY SUAREZ: The actual Gold Medal will go to the Smithsonian Institution for display. Individual airmen will receive bronze reproductions. | <urn:uuid:e0f4db35-2228-4477-bab7-605bd1351fd1> | {
"date": "2016-06-27T19:24:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9647420048713684,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 815,
"url": "http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military-jan-june07-airmen_03-29/"
} |
Researching rare diseases and treatments can be a challenging task – not least because their rarity means there may be few patients available for genetic testing, and funding is likely to be very limited. However, a greater knowledge of the way rare conditions affect the human body does not just benefit those affected: it can impact positively on the healthcare of everyone, by giving us a better understanding of how the body’s cells work.
By definition a rare disease is a condition which affects fewer than five in 10,000 people. In reality, this means it could affect several thousand people or just a tiny handful. Some conditions are so rare that there is no established name for them, while others, such as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are much more familiar. Taken together, around 7% of the population will be diagnosed with a rare disease at some point in their life.
Many rare diseases arise as a result of problems with a single gene in a person’s DNA. Depending on which gene is affected and what job the protein it codes for normally performs in the cell, different symptoms will occur, and become characteristics of that particular genetic condition. These single gene disorders can give us a real insight into the biology of our cells. Knowing whether the gene affected is normally involved in controlling cell growth, cell division or the manufacture of a particular substance can help us understand the pathways – the highly regulated step-by-step events – that control these processes.
Take Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome for example. The disease is characterised by premature ageing symptoms, such as wrinkled skin, hair loss, stiff joints and a hardening of the arteries. Though we know that the syndrome is caused by the build up of a faulty protein in the cells, the exact reason why there are “ageing-like” symptoms is not yet known. But this protein also accumulates in normal human cells, so understanding its function could shed light on the progression of ageing in the general population.
Clearly, the insights we could gain from studying rare conditions like Hutchinson–Gilford, have big benefits for wider society too. And as we unravel the mechanisms behind different processes, there is potential in the trickle down effects to expand the arsenal of drugs available to fight more commonly known conditions like cancer.
Linking rare and common
Often, genes that are involved in repairing DNA become mutated in cancer, and are part of the reason a cancer develops. You will probably have heard of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes which are linked to breast cancer. It is less commonly known, however, that the BRCA2 gene is one of the genes mutated in a rare childhood disease called Fanconi anaemia, where BRCA2 is called FANCD1. The finding that both these diseases have a common gene linked two fields of medical research, leading to a fuller picture of the DNA repair pathway and potentially allowing the development of new treatment.
But this is not just about theoretical research: treatments are now being trialled for cancer following the investigation of rare conditions.
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) affects about one in 6,000 births. Its characteristics include the development of benign tumours in multiple organs of the body. By analysing the genetics of families where several members were affected by TSC, as well as individuals who were the only affected person in the family, scientists identified the genes involved.
Subsequent research found that the proteins made by these genes normally control a key cell growth pathway, which is overactive in TSC cells due to the “brakes” in the pathway being faulty. A drug to block this process, rapamycin, has already been successfully trialled as a medication in TSC patients.
This same growth pathway is often out of control in sporadic cancers – those are cancers that are not caused by an inherited change in DNA – such as kidney and liver cancer. So rapamycin is currently being trialled in cancer patients with confirmed mutations in this pathway. This is in addition to trials alongside conventional chemotherapy in some advanced cancers too.
The more we can learn about the processes of cells, the better when it comes to treating rare illnesses, but there is one big limitation to all of this: funding. At present, most rare disease research is funded by small charities, dedicated to helping those affected and their families. But as more people understand that though these diseases are rare, we hope the world will realise that finding treatments for them could have huge benefits the rest of society too. | <urn:uuid:ff8546cf-49a7-47f1-b6c4-7fd7704e1e33> | {
"date": "2019-12-09T00:13:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540515344.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208230118-20191209014118-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9717088341712952,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 925,
"url": "http://theconversation.com/how-rare-disease-research-is-changing-cancer-treatment-63163"
} |
Society for Philosophy and Technology
PROGRESS, VALUES, AND RESPONSIBILITY
Hans Lenk, University of Karlsruhe
"In any case, progress implies that it looks much greater than it really is." This statement by the Austrian poet Johann Nestroy became famous when Ludwig Wittgenstein chose it as a text for the beginning of his Philosophical Investigations. Is it true, however? It seems to be true for the problems, methods, and methodologies of philosophy itself--for Wittgenstein's own investigations, which depend on Georg Lichtenberg, Arthur Schopenhauer, Fritz Mauthner, and other forerunners. But it does not seem to be true for technical or technological progress. Instead, we might say that, "Technical progress is much greater than seems to be the case."
But technical progress is not identical with cultural or moral progress. Discrepancies between the two have been highlighted and focused on time and again; these discrepancies have also been used-- e.g., by Albert Schweitzer, C. P. Snow, Daniel Bell, and Arthur Koestler--to explain untoward effects. Progress as a unique general social phenomenon, without any differentiation, does not exist.
However, there are systems interlockings and systems effects which had been discovered already in the twenties by the philosopher of economics, F. von Gottl-Ottlilienfeld. In his classic, Wirtschaft und Technik [economics and technology] (1923), he stressed the "interlocking of individual steps toward a total movement of technology": namely, creative analogies from different fields, combinations of results from earlier progress that are preconditions of a genuinely innovative technical progress in general--which has to be relevant to the fulfilment of demands. He also said that technical progress has to be distinguished from technological progress, which is progress in knowledge about and of technologies even where no technical progress has occured. Progress in technological knowledge, moreover, is extremely important for the mutual interlocking of subsystems. Here von Gottl-Ottlilienfeld mentions system continuities, technological and technical mutations (the jump to another basic problem solution), as well as systematic contexts for individual technical problems and solutions (his name for this is Eigenleben or "proper context") and derivative problems and solutions. All together, these eventually lead to a unitary system of technical questioning or probing, i.e., to a kind of methodological unity. The "self-advancement" (Selbststeigerung) of technological progress is here rendered in system terms (see Ropohl, 1979).
This led, later on (see Hübner, 1968), to the idea of modern technology "becoming self aware," and this idea led to applications in cybernetics.
What is characteristic of technological development, of ever accelerating technical progress in its overall situation in our society today? Doubtless one characteristic is the fact that moral and legal concepts, except when they have been modified, have not kept up with technological applications. Hans Sachsse, the late Nestor of German philosophy of technology, claimed, for instance, that concepts like "property," "theft," "just," "exchange," and even "consumption"--developed in view of the classical concept of possession of goods, of some kind of underlying or philosophical category of substance which cannot be multiplied--cannot be simply transferred to the new concept of information.
Moreover, rapidly changing circumstances in modern life in dynamic and pluralistic societies--as well as the accelerating dynamics of social, political, economic, and technological conditions--also require respective changes in the applicability conditions of ethical concepts and opinions. Quantifiable acceleration here also engenders a kind of shifting accent if not causal changes within the systems themselves. Omissions have become, ethically speaking, much more important than in earlier times. Often very dramatic collisions of values--even the generation of fundamentally new values--even lead to a new kind of social harm. Think, for example, of the results of applying the products of recent scientific medicine, of the overpopulation problem, and of other "social traps" (as sociologists call them) which may lead to a new kind of "tragedy of the commons" (to use Garrett Hardin's term).
In any case, the most decisive point demanding a new interpretation of the ethics of technological progress is, beyond any doubt, the immensity of technological power, which has grown to an extent and with such intensity that some kind of systems backlash, a kind of overkill effect of a self-destroying dynamic, might occur or might already be occurring. This is particularly evident in ecology, in the imbalance of ecosystems in highly industrialized (often over-industrialized) regions, but also globally. We seem unaware, incapable of implementing the responsibility required for the overall functioning of ecosystems in general.
We can--without being able to develop a whole theory of technical or technological progress here--start with some remarks about the concept of technical progress. It is, first, clear that the concept of "technical progress" has a normative character. It is always a comparison to an "is" state, a state of the system to be aimed at and which motivates the technical solution or operation to be called "better" if it is achieved. This is the case whenever it can be achieved at less cost or effort or when we succeed in getting a higher output or a better achievement with the same input or effort. The assessment criteria include: the improvement of quality, longer endurance of product, safety, freedom from liability, greater precision, feasibility, better control, higher speed, simpler calculability, and economic efficiency, particularly in terms of costs of production or maintenance as part of the input-output ratio.
Economists define technical progress simply as increased output in comparison to equal or less investment of capital or labor. This would imply that increases of production stemming from higher morale--as for instance in the famous Hawthorne experiments--or improved organization without any new investment of capital or labor, would count as progress; this, however, cannot be called technical progress in the proper sense. Friedrich Rapp (see Rapp, Jokisch, and Lindner, 1980)--taking up von Gottl-Ottlilienfeld's distinction between technological progress (in knowledge) and genuine technical progress in society--distinguishes potential from realized or materialized technical progress. Von Gottl-Ottlilienfeld had restricted his analysis to so-called "real technology" (Realtechnik), consisting in the production of material artifacts, applications to new operations, and "the totality of operations and means of actions needed to dominate nature" (1923, p. 9). If one adds social contexts, one has to extend the concept of progress to social, economic, and other factors. However, with the introduction of a concept of socio-technical progress, the specific traits of technical and technological progress in the narrower sense might easily lose precision. Therefore, this terminological shift is not generally to be recommended.
Generally speaking, the overall direction of technical development, if it is to be called "progressive," cannot be understood purely as an outcome of economic or technological factors only, but as a complex systemic interplay among different factors with no mere linear causality involving one factor alone. Many authors stress that there are mutual dependencies to be taken into consideration in the explanation of technological development, and they can only be grasped in a multidimensional analysis. That means, generally speaking, that the concept of a general or an overriding and cumulative or ever-escalating progress with a kind of dynamics (Eigendynamik) of its own turns out to be an interpretive construct. And such a construct could occur in reality only if there were a permanent interplay among all the mentioned agents and fields of influence that engender the great complexity of contributions, interconnections and factors. What can be called a societal state of progressiveness--or social progress, for short--is thus a complex integration of many detailed factors, processes, and subsystems of different kinds.
The fact that the probability of improvements or advancements must always be assessed in terms of dependence on former states of development in technology and science, as well as societal factors, also limits any alleged law of exponential growth for technical (including technological) progress. This is particularly true with respect to any alleged law of constant acceleration.
Turning now to moral assessments or judgments of responsibility, it is difficult if not impossible in view of these systems effects to attribute the responsibility for detailed aspects of technical advances to just one individual technologist or researcher. If development depends on a multiplicity of mutually escalating interconnections and interactions, it is not possible to attribute responsibility to just one person.
However, in a wider perspective, of responsibility for preventing accidents or catastrophes--or for an attitude of trust or stewardship for ecosystems, for example--certainly individual participants, namely technologists, engineers, and other members of the technological intelligentsia do bear a certain co-responsibility. (This is a point stressed by Hans Jonas in his book, The Imperative of Responsibility, 1979). On the other hand, these individuals cannot be assigned total moral responsibility, especially if the harmful effects could not possibly have been foreseen in advance. (This is a general problem of the individual responsibility of engineers and scientists in applied research which cannot be dealt with here in detail.)
Generally speaking, the sorting out of individual responsibilities and the assignment of different kinds of responsibilities to different bearers (e.g., collectives, or persons as role takers or moral agents) poses real and difficult problems. And these problems have not yet been analyzed in detail, and they certainly have not been solved thus far. It seems true, however, that there should be collective responsibility for technical operations, procedures, and enterprises; and this responsibility must be borne by human beings. (Unless one is prepared to defend a thesis of a quasi-natural technological process with a dynamic of its own.) Technology is an outcome of human activity and initiatives, and it must be dealt with in terms of responsibility or moral duties even if we must refer collective responsibilities to human decision-makers. It is human activity which promotes technology, even in complex networks and combinations of accomplishments. This certainly has consequences for the application of the concept of responsibility. No abstract deduction will suffice, and assignments of responsibility depend on actual contributions of individual participants in the complex processes. Such assignments are easiest where it is a matter of individual misuse, omission, or neglect.
In industrialization and technical progress without social progress, the situation has become problematic, as we all know very well. Can we say, then, that progress in general (whatever that might mean), or even technological progress, can be responsibly attributed to anyone in particular? Apparently not.
However, advancing scientific and technological knowledge certainly does pose a problem, and that problem grows with the increasing power of technology in many realms of our society. In an age of pervasive technology, responsibility for technological development does pose a more pressing problem than armchair science did in earlier times. With the increasing range of effects of technology, it is clear that problems of responsibility grow considerably. Cannot even advances in knowledge be misused? Can a neat separation between pure science and technical application still be defended? (Certainly not, in view of an ever growing technicalization of science and the simultaneous scientification of technology. Differences between basic research and applied research or technology are today mere differences of accent; the borderline between them has become fluid.) Has not every knowledge claim whatsoever, or every technological discovery, taken on a kind of ambivalence or Janus-like characteristic?
Generally speaking, the moral and ethical problems associated with technological procedures are certainly not new. Already in earlier times a knife could be misused. Only the range of effects and the magnitude of risks have grown to the point that there is a danger of the self-destruction of humankind. In addition, unforeseen side effects have grown with the broader range of technological activities and their effectiveness. Now, the traditional ethical regulations of behavior with which humans throughout their evolutionary history have constrained themselves seem to be overextended. The ethics of loving one's neighbor does not suffice in an age of pervasive global technology with remote effects and interconnections to other continents. If just pressing a button can kill hundreds of thousands of humans, or injure or harm millions, even humankind itself, then traditional regulations of actions and their respective motivating concepts--which were developed from face to face encounters in our sociobiological evolution--will certainly fail.
It seems necessary therefore to deal with problems of responsibility in a more specific way, with separate responsibilities for individual agents, for collective decision makers, for whole nations, as well as for humankind in general. It is not just the solutions of technical problems or the increases of technological power (even though we have become dependent on them) that determine our future, but the social and ethical problems associated with them that have to be solved. And these have been neglected in recent decades. Certainly, we are dependent on technical and technological advances, but we must implement them in a wise manner. Searching for wisdom is still the traditional burden of philosophy--but also its opportunity. Philosophers to the front! We must meet this down-to-earth challenge of developing a comprehensive ethics that includes responsibilities for both individual and collective agents in an age of pervasive and ever-accelerating technology.
I will here discuss two examples where philosophers can practically contribute to this endeavor--and have done so. Later, I will present briefly some conceptual typologies of responsibilities, at the same time relating them to nontechnical values in technical contexts. I will there paraphrase earlier work of my own on the typology and differentiation of different kinds and analytic models of responsibilities (Lenk, 1982, 1991, 1992; Lenk and Ropohl, 1987). I will, as my second example, report on an initiative of the German Engineers Association (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) which has developed guidelines for handling value issues in technical activities, including technology assessment; they were designed by a subgroup of which I have been a member for more than a dozen years (see Lenk, 1992).
Before getting to these examples, I note that, within the course of history, humankind has never had at its disposal as much material abundance, as much power and energy as today. This is due to technology and its progress. And technology is no longer a mere instrument; it is a world-changing, a world-shaping, a world-making factor--on which it is, I think, very important to reflect.
In proportion to its powers, technologically multiplied to an extreme,
humankind's responsibilities have grown if not exploded. Today, much more than hitherto, large-scale ethical and moral problems have grown in step with the extended technological power humans have to disturb the non-human environment or nature--a power that allows us to manipulate and tamper with life, including human life. Because of tremendous technological power, because of the scope of technological activity, a new situation requiring a new ethical orientation seems to be evolving, and it obviously calls for new rules of behavior. Even if some basic definition of the good remains constant, the executive rules applying ethics to the conditions of today must be changed, must be adapted to new possibilities of behavior, to new activities with new effects; and this includes also institutional arrangements and responsibilities. All of which is a very tough question to tackle. Eventually we will discover as well as suffer from paradoxes, natural and social traps, limited resources, overburdened systems, and overextended capacities. Technology assessment--our means for dealing with such issues--thus becomes a matter of necessity, even when it requires us to take on the difficult but important task of anticipation. Technology assessment must be anticipatory.
In relation to ethical questions of responsibility, what is new about this situation? In brief, there are six factors.
First, the number of people affected by technological measures or their side effects has increased tremendously, as everybody knows.
Second, natural systems are now subject to human activity, at least in the negative way that humans can permanently disturb or destroy them by their technological impacts. Again, everyone has heard about the CO2 problem.
Third, humans as well are now subjected to technological manipulation in ways they were not before, not only by pharmacological means and in terms of mass suggestion or subconscious influences, but also, at least potentially, by genetic engineering.
Fourth, moreover, we seem to be observing a progressive trend which might be called a systems technocracy or an informational technocracy. By this I mean a technocratic trend of combining bureaucracy or red tape with the progressive development of microelectronics, data storage, retrieval, and processing, etc. This is taking place in public administration, in organizations handling computer-stored information, and so on. Personal privacy is likely to be endangered by all these developments if they are widely implemented. And then all the problems of data protection linked to the information and systems revolution will also emerge.
Fifth, technocracy in any guise brings other problems. Edward Teller, the so-called father of the hydrogen bomb, once stated in an interview that, "The scientist or technologist ought to apply everything he has understood and should not put limits on that. Whatever you understand, you should also apply." This, to my mind, represents an ideology, of what some have called the "technocratic imperative." It turns Immanuel Kant's old dictum, "Ought implies can," into a reverse technological imperative, "Can implies ought." Whether or not humanity is allowed to, or ought to, initiate, apply, make, produce, or carry out everything that is possible, certainly represents a serious ethical problem, indeed.
Sixth, in the increased possibilities of manipulation, in the biomedical as well as the ecological context, the problem of responsibility for unborn individuals, for future generations, for the future of humankind, as well as for natural (sometimes partially human-made) ecosystems, including natural species, we have another dramatic problem.
I want now to turn to my experience (mentioned earlier) as a member of the working group of the German Engineer's Association (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure). In a subgroup, "Humanity and Technology: the Engineering Profession and Society," we developed a set of guidelines, the "VDI-Richtlinie" (VDI 3780) of the Association. After twelve years of cooperative work and dedicated committee involvement it was officially adopted in 1991 (see Lenk, 1992). The official title is, "Technology Assessment: Concepts and Foundations" (Technikbewertung: Begriffe und Grundlagen). The work highlights and defines the function and significance for technology, for technical decision-making, technological activity, etc., of various socio-technical and social systems, including non-technical values. The purpose was to instruct, to sensitize, and to help the practitioner in planning and technological decision-making: but it was also to help the reflective engineer on the job with regard to the role of values, notably social values, goals, aims, attitudes, needs, and specific interactions when he or she is involved in technological planning, acting, or decision-making. We were not proposing ex cathedra decrees. We cannot relieve the engineer, the technological administrator or manager or entrepreneur, of his or her responsibility in deciding. But such reflections, instructions, and information may help sensitize decision-makers and practitioners.
Here, without comment, are some of the topics touched on:
Technology Assessments: List of Analyzed Values, Concepts and Foundations
- durability/service life
- degree of efficiency
- full utilization of material(s)
Economic Efficiency (private or corporate)
security of corporation
growth of corporation
(Public) Wealth (national and international economy)
supply of needs and wants
quantitative vs. qualitative growth
international competitive position
freedom from physical injury
protecting individual lives
protecting and safeguarding the existence of mankind
minimization of risks (extent and probability of harm)
- for production unit
- concerning failure
- concerning abuse/misuse
increasing life expectancy
minimization of direct and indirect health risks, strains and burdens
- at work
- in private life
- by pollution, polluting products and production processes
Quality of the Environment
protection of nature, landscapes and ecosystems
protection of natural species
conservation and saving of resources
minimizing emissions and polluting deposits
Personality Development and Quality of Social Life
liberty (freedom of action)
freedom of information and opinions
guaranteeing privacy and informational autonomy
control, survey and command
social contact and acknowledgement
solidarity and cooperation
sufficient minimal agreement on basic values
order, stability and rule-governed systems and processes
transparency and public availability
We find here a wide range of values, ideas, goals, aims and general objectives which are related to technological activity and decision-making. As I said, I cannot comment in detail here. But the interrelationships and interactions between the different major types of values and their subspecies or kinds--for instance, between health and safety--are obvious. By contrast, there is likely to be conflict between some aims: e.g., between economic efficiency (at least for private firms) and the quality of the environment.
Next I want to proceed to my second example of a way philosophers can help out in our present situation. I will merely summarize work I have done before on the complicated web of technological responsibilities and priorities in dealing with them, particularly in technological activities and decision-making (see Lenk, 1991). Typically, codes of ethics or declarations or statements, fundamental principles, canons or guidelines by technological societies or engineering associations only mention the global responsibility of the engineer or manager, or of the employee or worker. And there is no differentiation as to what kinds or types of responsibilities there are--including conflicts among them. This led me to formulate a theory of the types of responsibilities as a first step to be able later on to analyze and possibly help resolve conflicts between the different kinds of responsibilities.
First of all, the concept of responsibility is relational; it is a theoretical or interpretive construct designating at least a five-place relation: a person is responsible for something, with respect to another person, in view of a standard, and with regard to some authority. And all of this must pertain to a specific level; for instance, the responsibility might be moral or legal or contractual. The entity or authority to which I may be held responsible may be a person (a parent, for instance), who may have a special role, or an institution, a corporation, an organization, or the law, the state, society, humankind or the ideal of humankind, or God. I shall not go into details but merely summarize my views schematically.
The first classification is in terms of responsibilities for types of actions (including omissions or neglect):
individual or joint or
responsibility group or
in cases of:
positive negative responsibility responsibility
causal responsi- for long-range for institu-
responsi- bility (e.g., patterns or tional or
bility for neglect or activities group actions
(preventive responsibility in any representative
of these 3) responsibility
Figure 1: Types of Action Responsibility
These are not self-explanatory, but I will assume that the thrust is generally clear.
The second set of distinctions has to do with role or task responsibilities:
role- task loyalty corporate
execution responsi- responsibilities responsibili-
responsi- bilities ties of insti-
bilities tutions (to
formal or informal insiders or outsiders):
legal or representative (e.g., organizational,
manager, board member) moral, or
all of which may involve:
(individual or group)
(individual or group)
Figure 2: Role and Task Responsibilities________________________________________________________________
Again I will assume that the general thrust is clear, even though there are details that require explanation.
The third schema deals specifically with moral responsibilities (recognizing that some of the earlier categories would not generally be classified as moral):
responsibilities responsi- specific corporate
to others bilities to responsi- responsi-
self bility to bilities of
direct or indirect meet con- institu-
(situation- (with re- tractual tions
activated: spect to or formal
effect on remote con- obligations
other in- sequences
dividual of actions obeying job-
human or or omissions) related
non-human) code of ethics
all of which involve:joint responsibilities or group responsibilities
responsibilities for the
safety, health, and welfare
of the public
of individuals, according
to degree of influence
Figure 3: Moral Responsibilities________________________________________________________________
Here a comment is called for. I take all moral responsibilities to be universal, and they remain so even when they are linked to specific role or task responsibilities (not necessarily moral). Furthermore, I assume that moral responsibilities are the most important, and they cannot be diminished, divided up, or dissolved; certainly they do not vanish, no matter how many people are involved.
The ways that these schemes can be applied in assessing technical decisions can be exemplified in a famous case, that of the DC10 airliner involved in a crash near Paris in 1974 (See Eddy, Potter, and Page, 1976). In 1972, three inspectors of the Douglas Long Beach plant in California had wrongly approved modifications of a fatally dangerous cargo door locking system, when no work on the cargo door had actually been done. This was one (admittedly only one) decisive factor in the crash over Paris. Usually, there is more than one factor, and that is the problem: how to follow the different chains linking these different factors which lead to a catastrophe or a major accident.
Corporate moral responsibility on the part of institutions is also relevant--assuming, that is, that corporations have moral responsibilities. (And this is still highly controversial; see French, 1984.) Laws and the affected people may change, but the relationship of moral responsibility might still obtain. For instance, one of the best known cases in business ethics is that of the Johns Mansville firm and asbestos production during World War II. It was only in 1947 that engineering and other professional codes of ethics began to include responsibility for the safety, health, and welfare of the public among their guidelines--some even saying it is of "paramount" importance.
An obligation to abide by the ethics code of one's professional society, for instance, an engineering society, certainly is also a moral obligation--as obeying the law is also a moral obligation, though at a higher level of responsibility. Thus we must make different moral distinctions at different levels.
In considering different types of responsibility, we must also develop priority rules: for example, that moral responsibility takes precedence over role-responsibility. What follows is an attempt to provide a first sketch of such a set of rules:
1. Moral rights of individuals are predistributive rights, overriding utility considerations.
2. In a compromise, the interests of everyone should be taken into consideration on an equal basis; in cases of unresolvable conflict between equally relevant basic rights, this condition is especially important.
3. Only after considering the moral rights of all parties should one opt for a solution, and then it should be one that causes the least damage or that maximizes utility for all the involved parties.
4. After rules 1, 2 and 3 have been invoked, utility considerations should be weighed against potential harms. In general, nonalienable or predistributive moral rights are prior to considerations of avoiding harm, and these latter are prior to utility considerations. (For these first four rules, see Werhane, 1985, p. 72.)
5. When the weighing of harms or utilities generates unresolvable conflicts, one must seek a compromise that distributes them equally, or at least proportionally.
6. A general or higher level moral responsibility is to be preferred over restricted or non-moral obligations, even if they are prima facie.
7. Universal moral responsibility, generally speaking, takes precedence over role and task responsibilities.
8. Direct responsibility is usually, but not always, prior to indirect responsibilities for remote consequences. However, this ranking must necessarily be modified if the consequences are especially serious or have very long-lasting impacts.
9. Primary, i.e., personal, moral responsibility precedes corporate responsibility.
10. The common weal or public good precedes all other particular or specialized interests.
In 1990, discussions of responsibility and engineering education led to the drafting, by a German Commission of Engineering Education, of a declaration of the responsibilities of engineers and natural scientists. This declaration stresses the importance of reliable basic knowledge, but it also stresses the necessity of taking into account--beyond economic criteria--those ecological and social criteria that are conducive to conserving and securing the natural basis of life. "Engineers should be able to make statements about positive and negative consequences for natural and social contexts of the application or non-application of technology, and preferably at the appropriate time." They should try to foster impartial and knowledgeable discussion of large-scale technological developments. Professors in technical fields, according to the declaration, must, more than before, acknowledge and exercise their interdisciplinary responsibility, integrating social concerns within their teaching. They should, according to this guideline, organize case-study seminars, directly related to technical topics; they should also be willing to collaborate, providing technical examples, in interdisciplinary seminars. In addition, a need for continuing education in these issues was stressed.
Unfortunately, there is no mention in the document of responsibility types, of conflicts, of priority rules, of all the intriguing and difficult problems which I have just mentioned. And that is still the usual case.
Interestingly enough, neither the German Conference of University Rectors nor that of the more practice-oriented Technical Colleges (the Fachhochschulen) signed this declaration. However, most engineering and natural science professional societies did.
In conclusion, I want to give a short overview of the state of the debate regarding codes of ethics in technology. This declaration by the German Commission of Engineering Education amounted to a kind of code of ethics for technology and engineering education. The American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers had earlier paved the way by giving a paragon example of an ethics code, while also institutionalizing boards, procedures, and sanctions as well as publications, discussion material and conferences. These were added because codes by themselves are only appeals, and appeals do not have binding force. They are not enough; codes alone will not do the job. That is why the Guidelines of the American Association of Engineering Societies of 1984 stressed professional conduct, that is, the incorporation within their behavior of rules and norms on the part of engineers and other technological practitioners.
There is still a long way to go in the direction of sensitizing, of helping the "ethical engineer" (as he or she is sometimes called in the United States). The engineer is not obliged to become a martyr, losing his or her job; but neither may the engineer close his or her eyes and carry out unethical, or even unlawful, orders forced on him or her by supervisors or firms. Engineers are, and should be, responsible citizens both on the job and elsewhere. They are human beings, with personalities and moral responsibilities which cannot be deposited in the cloakroom, so to speak. Moral responsibilities cannot be diminished by giving them to others or anything of that sort.
Engineers--and other experts and technical practitioners--usually do dutifully exercise their professional and humanistic responsibilities, but much can still be done to improve the situation, to deepen their consciousness of moral and social responsibilities, as well as of potential conflicts between them and their personal consciences. The humanities and social sciences can and should help make them aware of intricacies and conflicts, of the complicated interplay of values and norms with contracts and laws, etc. At the same time, none of this should detract from the engineer's professional responsibility or freedom of decision-making and acting.
Beside Mens agitat molem [mind can move mountains], an ancient engineering slogan, I think that Humanitas praestat [humanity comes first] must be a necessary complementary slogan in engineering, in engineering education, and in continuing education.
It is an especially challenging task of the humanities, and of philosophy in particular, to make this imperative work, unobtrusively helping the engineer, the practitioner, the manager, the entrepreneur, as well as political decision-makers to know how to abide by social, moral, and humanistic values and norms. They should also help solve or at least mitigate conflicts among them. And they should fulfill the ancient obligation of the humanities to share in the work that is needed for the survival and progress of humankind in our complicated technological world.
REFERENCESEddy, P., E. Potter, and B. Page. Destination Disaster. New York: New York Times Books, 1976.
Jonas, Hans. Das Prinzip Verantwortung: Versuch einer Ethik fur die technologische Zivilisation. Frankfurt, 1979; The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Lenk, Hans. Zwischen Wissenschaft und Ethik [between science and ethics]. Frankfurt, 1992.
Lenk, Hans, ed. Wissenschaft und Ethik [science and ethics]. Stuttgart, 1991.
Lenk, Hans, and Gunter Ropohl, eds. Technik und Ethik [technology and ethics]. Stuttgart, 1987. | <urn:uuid:12f9392f-92c7-42bb-a57a-7da7ff9a26e5> | {
"date": "2017-04-28T18:02:02",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123046.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00060-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9377219676971436,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 6973,
"url": "http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v2n3n4/lenk.html"
} |
This year's dry and relatively warm November days provide perfect conditions for brush fires in Washington County.
There have been at least five brush fires that required response from local fire departments so far this season, according to the Washington County Sheriff's Office.
"We've had four or five in our district-nothing real major. The biggest was probably around 10 acres," said Ron Warren, chief of the Little Muskingum Volunteer Fire Department.
Chief Mark Wile, with the Warren Volunteer Fire Department, checks gauges and controls on the department’s 2-year-old brush truck. The vehicle can haul 200 gallons of water to fight brush fires.
SAM SHAWVER The Marietta Times
He said most brush fires-also called wildfires by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-are started by someone burning trash or leaves.
"People need to keep a close watch when burning outdoors, because once it starts a brush fire can spread really quick," Warren said. "When burning trash they should put a screen over the top of the burn barrel to keep ashes from flying into the air and possibly causing a fire."
The Ohio DNR reports an average of 1,000 wildfires destroy between 4,000 and 6,000 acres of Ohio grassland and forest land every year. And there are an estimated 15,000 wildfire and other natural fuel fires (grass, leaves, trees, vegetation) statewide in a typical year.
Tips to help
If you burn leaves and debris, consider composting instead.
Make sure recreational fires are made in a fire-safe pit or container and completely extinguished before leaving.
Before lighting any outdoor fire, check for local restrictions and permit requirements.
Avoid lighting fires when high winds, high temperatures and low humidities are present or predicted.
Do not dispose of ashes until they are cold to the touch.
Store gasoline, oily rags and other flammable materials in approved safety cans. Keep those safety cans in a fire-resistant metal or brick building or your garage.
Are there any branches close to power lines on your property? Ask the power company to clear them.
Source: www.dnr.state.oh.us -Tips provided by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Firewise Program
During Ohio's wildfire seasons-March, April and May in the spring, and October and November during the fall-open burning is prohibited between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. in unincorporated areas throughout the state.
"Normally after 6 p.m. the winds have died down and there's dew on the grass, so there's less chance of a fire," Warren explained.
He said manpower can be a problem during brush fires, especially those that occur during daytime hours when most volunteer firefighters are at work.
"A small fire may require four or five firefighters, but several fire companies may have to be called out on larger brush fires," Warren said.
Greg Fisher with the Barlow VFD added that brush fires are also time-consuming for local fire companies.
"We had a fire a couple of weeks ago that took an hour-and-a-half to bring under control. But the overhaul (checking for burning undergrowth and other hot spots) made it a five-hour fire," he said.
Fisher said people are surprised by how quickly a brush fire can spread out of control.
"Even after a rain, the ground underneath quickly dries up and leaves and grass can easily catch fire," he said.
But Fisher said the wetter the weather, the better for fire prevention.
"People don't like to hear it sometimes, but the best thing is to have a nice snowy winter that packs down vegetation and keeps it wet," he said.
During a normal year Fisher said Barlow VFD may respond to a couple of brush fires.
"But then in some years we've had eight to 12 in a month," he added.
Like Little Muskingum's VFD, Barlow also has to deal with limited manpower to fight brush fires.
"The state doesn't have many resources to offer, although we can call on them for a larger fire," Fisher said.
Both Warren and Fisher said brush fires can spread to homes or other buildings, causing far more costly damage.
But there are other hazards, too, like natural gas lines that often lie on or just below the ground surface in rural areas.
"We try to determine if there are any gas lines in the area when setting up a perimeter around a brush fire," Warren said. "It doesn't take long for a fire to melt through a plastic gas line and that can create a real problem."
Chief Mark Wile said the Warren Township Volunteer Fire Department recently had some first-hand experience with a burned gas line.
"A man was burning leaves in a ditch where a gas line ran underneath a roadway," he said. "Part of the line was exposed and the fire burned it in two."
Wile said the ruptured line looked like a blowtorch when the fire hit it.
"We were able to track the line to the gas well where we closed off the valve then contacted the well owner," he said.
Fighting a brush fire can be expensive, too, Wile said, noting the wear and tear on hoses and other equipment, as well as the use of a special foam fire suppressant by the department's brush truck.
He added that, unlike structure fires, a brush fire is a moving target that can spread into areas of a field or forest that may be inaccessible to vehicles. A spreading fire may also require redirection of personnel and equipment, which can cause delays in putting the blaze out.
Several million acres are burned annually across the United States due to wildfires, according to the Ohio DNR Web site.
In contrast to the human-caused fires of the Eastern U.S., many western wildfires are caused by lightning and often burn for extended periods of time, resulting in massive loss of natural resources and property. | <urn:uuid:7766a219-0b1e-4a08-a566-d9357f688ce7> | {
"date": "2016-05-05T20:12:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860127983.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161527-00074-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9682957530021667,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 1241,
"url": "http://www.mariettatimes.com/page/content.detail/id/548158/It-s-wildfire-season.html?nav=5001"
} |
Information Technology: THE INTERNET
HOW THE INTERNET WORKS: ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand its structure
Finally. After nine months of nasty public sparring with competitors and intense regulatory scrutiny, WorldCom Inc. is on the verge of clearing the highest hurdles to its proposed $37 billion merger with MCI Communications Corp. On July 8, the European Commission gave its tentative blessing to the deal--only after forcing MCI to sell off its entire Internet business and making the company agree not to solicit its existing Net customers in the future. The U.S. Justice Dept. and the Federal Communications Commission will probably give the green light in the next several weeks.
What's occurring is nothing less than the first antitrust debate over the Internet. The issues now being decided are likely to set precedents that will affect how quickly the Net grows and which companies will play leading roles in its evolution.
Still, many of the key issues in the debate are not well understood. For one, people find the idea of Internet dominance baffling. The Net's growth has been so explosive--in the number of users, Web sites, and even carriers of Net traffic--that it's difficult to understand how one company or a handful of companies could dominate it. To understand why there are concerns, you need to understand how the Internet backbone functions. What follows is an examination by Washington Correspondent Catherine Yang on how the backbone works and why large carriers have the potential to control the Net.
How does E-mail travel on the Internet to reach someone far away?
When Jennifer, who lives in Pasadena, Calif., wants to send an E-mail message from her home computer to her mother in Washington, D.C., she uses a local Internet service provider (ISP) such as EarthLink Network Inc. EarthLink gives Jennifer access to the Internet, much in the way that an on-ramp puts a driver on the national highway system.
After Jennifer's computer makes a local telephone call to EarthLink's local bank of modems, Jennifer types in her E-mail message and hits "send." Based on Mom's E-mail address, EarthLink will recognize that Mom is a customer of an ISP in Washington called Erols Internet Inc. EarthLink will then send the E-mail to an Internet "backbone provider," such as GTE Corp., to route it along its way.
What is a backbone provider and why is it important on the Internet?
Backbone providers are the Internet players that typically own and lease long-haul fiber-optic cables spanning a large region. They also own the communications gear that directs traffic over the Internet. There are only a handful of major backbone providers, including MCI, WorldCom, Sprint Corp., GTE, and PSINet Inc.
Backbone providers connect to each other to exchange data between their customers. They also pick up and deliver traffic for a fee from the 7,000 or so smaller ISPs, who give residential and small-business users access to the Internet. Backbone carriers are like the highway system over which most of the freight of the Internet travels to reach its destination.
How did the current backbone providers come to be?
When the Internet was still a government-run system, there was only a single Internet backbone: the NSFNET, operated by the National Science Foundation, which connected the regional government-funded Internet networks that were run by various research universities. When the government privatized the NSFNET in 1995, companies such as MCI, UUNET Technologies (now owned by WorldCom), BBN (now owned by GTE), and PSINet stepped into the breach by setting up commercial Internet backbone services. Now, instead of one NSFNET backbone, there are many of them that link together to provide the global connectivity that is the Internet.
Why is one company's dominance of the Internet backbone potentially anticompetitive?
MCI and WorldCom handle the traffic for many of the Internet's most popular Web site destinations, as well as the Web sites of many large companies. Customers of other Internet carriers--both backbone providers, such as GTE and Sprint, and ISPs, such as Erols or MindSpring--will want to reach the popular Web site destinations and customers served by MCI-WorldCom. That could give MCI-WorldCom leverage to charge unfairly high prices for linkups. And those high costs of interconnection could make it harder for new entrants to survive. There are exceptions, however, including America Online and Microsoft Network, which use multiple backbone providers--so there are alternative routes to their customers.
Do MCI and WorldCom have a large enough share of the Internet to squeeze competitors?
Probably. The EC says the two companies together would dominate 45% to 65% of the revenues and traffic of the Internet backbone. Trustbusters believe that's enough for MCI-WorldCom to impose unfair prices and to thwart competition. MCI and WorldCom vehemently disagree with the EC's market-share figures, saying that they jointly account for a mere 20% of all revenues on the Internet.
In truth, little reliable market-share data is available because the amount of traffic transported by various carriers is proprietary information under private contracts. The Justice Dept. sent out civil subpoenas to major Internet carriers earlier this year to determine these numbers. However, it has not yet released its findings. The EC developed its market-share data with the help of industry players.
How do Internet companies connect to each other?
When the NSFNET was privatized, the government set up three locations in the U.S. where various Internet backbone companies could place their communications gear side by side and connect to each other. These so-called "public peering points" are in Chicago, Palo Alto, Calif., and Pennsauken, N.J. Later, the government sanctioned two industry-run public peering points called Metropolitan Access Exchange East and West--MAE-East, in Vienna, Va., and MAE-West in San Jose, Calif.
The problem was, as the Internet grew, the public points became overburdened and traffic slowed at these bottlenecks. So backbone providers started making arrangements with each other, called "private peering." These are direct, bilateral connections between two carriers in which no fees are charged.
How does a backbone company get to become a "peer"?
Large backbone companies, such as MCI, WorldCom, Sprint, and GTE, all have their own separate criteria for which companies they will accept as peers--that is, the carriers with which they'll exchange traffic without any payment. Backbone carriers, such as GTE and Sprint, often do not make these criteria publicly available--but others do. WorldCom's UUNET Internet unit, for instance, requires peers to have a national network that will connect with UUNET at four or more locations with superfast DS-3 lines, which transmit information at 45 million bits of data per second.
Big backbone companies are getting pickier about their peer selection because they feel that they can't afford to share the huge investments they have made in their networks with all comers. "Physically, we cannot possibly peer with all 7,000 ISPs," says John W. Sidgmore, vice-chairman of WorldCom. The companies that don't meet their criteria have to become paying customers, much like ISPs, or look around for other backbone providers who will peer with them.
Can new entrants in the backbone business compete successfully?
It's more difficult now to become a peer. Carriers building high-capacity networks, such as Omaha-based Level 3 Communications Inc., are frustrated that they haven't been able to strike peering agreements with major backbone providers. They fear that the established backbone companies have an incentive to keep them out of the game, since the new players could overtake the old-timers with their well-capitalized, next-generation networks. "The very people Level 3 has to interconnect with are the very people who have the most to lose," says Ron Vidal, senior vice-president at Level 3.
Smaller backbone providers say they often don't know why they're rejected as peers. They're afraid the big companies use secret and arbitrary criteria to deny them peering relationships, thus raising their costs and harming their service. The old-guard companies say they are turning them down because these newcomers often don't have many customers. They say they will accept the newbies as peers once they build up significant traffic to exchange. There are no industry or government standards for peering criteria.
Do the largest backbone providers charge each other?
Backbone providers aren't charging peers now, but there is a lot of discussion about whether they should. Most industry experts say the Internet needs to develop some payment scheme. After all, it is now a commercial, profit-making business, not a government freebie.
But the industry has not figured out how to calculate who owes what to whom. Without an industry standard or government regulation, smaller companies fear that larger ones will set these charges in an arbitrary and discriminatory fashion. There could be a lot of "cockamamie measurements," says Leonard Kleinrock, an Internet founder and computer science professor at the University of California at Los Angeles.
What is the solution to safeguarding competition on the Internet?
Since the Internet was privatized, it has grown by leaps and bounds into a remarkably successful communications medium without government regulation--and most want it to stay that way.
But the Internet has matured to a point that more uniform rules are needed to safeguard competition. As a first step, experts argue that backbone providers should have to disclose the criteria for becoming a peer. This would allow companies to see whether they are being discriminated against.
An industry group called the Global Internet Project--whose members include such major backbone providers as MCI, GTE, and AT&T--is developing a longer-term solution. The group advocates a fair and public system under which all backbone providers would pay each other for carrying Net traffic.
"We need a market mechanism to ensure peering for all," says Daniel Schulman, president of AT&T WorldNet Service, a project member. Many issues need to be worked out, including who would do the policing. Still, with a clear payment system, those who can afford to pay the price can become peers. Peering would be determined by the market rather than by a private company with its own competitive interests.Return to top | <urn:uuid:35d831fe-2f5c-49bb-b6ca-4fb5a8640f17> | {
"date": "2015-10-13T09:33:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738004493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222004-00004-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9623558521270752,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 2167,
"url": "http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1998-07-19/how-the-internet-works-all-you-need-to-know"
} |
We might expect a nutritionist or a geneticist to study those questions. However, today it’s a team of psychologists led by a graduate student (PhD candidate) who found a new and rather convincing answer.
If you prefer to go right to the sources, the May 9 issue of Science Magazine has the original article (4,300 words worth) as well as a Perspective one-third as long. The research team consists of seven psychologists from the U.S. and China with Thomas Talhelm of UVA as first author. The Perspective, a very readable summary, comes from Joseph Henrich, a Canadian psychologist and economist.
The question motivating the work is a historical one. One of the largest social changes in recorded history is the Industrial Revolution. How did it happen that this explosion of innovation occurred in Europe, and not until just a few hundred years ago? Well before the Christian Era, Egypt, the Indus Valley, China and Persia had powerful, wealthy and highly advanced civilizations. What made 18th-century Europe different?
Directly comparing Europe with Asia and the Middle East is hazardous. Most psychological research has been performed by and about people from Western developed countries. However, these “Weird” (Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) folks are not at all typical of the world’s population. In particular, Westerners are more individualistic and think more analytically than their Asian cousins. Here’s what is meant by those terms:
– Individualistic people see themselves as independent from others, and acquire relationships outside their clan or religious group; in contrast, collectivistic people stick close to their kinfolk;
– Analytical thinking implies understanding complicated things by developing categories and rules that describe the component parts; holistic thinking tends to look at relationships rather than categories.
Researchers have found that people who are independent-minded and analytical are also innovative. So if we want to know why the Industrial Revolution happened in the West, perhaps we should back up and ask instead, why are Westerners more individualistic and analytical?
Some scientists have adopted the “modernization” hypothesis: that as societies become wealthier and more educated, they become more individualistic. However, that seems to be contradicted by Japan and Korea: people in those countries tend to be collectivistic despite their countries’ wealth and advancement. Thus once again, it’s hard to find the answer by comparing different countries.
The Talhelm team’s clever answer was to look within a single country – China – for clues to these global differences. China is practically a world in itself, with diverse climates and ways of life. Moreover, other factors that might confuse the study – genetics, cultural traditions, government, religion – are relatively consistent across the country. This consistency is especially strong if you focus on the Han ethnic group that constitutes 92% of mainland China.
Perhaps the most fundamental force shaping a society is where its food comes from. From China’s first recorded history the principal sources of food have been rice, wheat and herding. Those have been geographically centralized due to climate, water availability and topography: herding in the Northwest (Xinchiang and Mongolia); wheat-growing in the colder Northeast; and rice paddies in the moister South.
The researchers noted that paddy rice cultivation is much more labor-intensive than wheat-growing, so much so that a man and woman could not grow and harvest enough rice to feed a family with only their own labor. It was necessary to cooperate with one’s neighbors, staggering the time of planting and then sharing heavy work during the short harvest time. Many centuries of inter-family cooperation, enforced by the need to eat, could have created a culture of collectivism and holistic thinking in the rice-growing parts of China compared with the wheat areas.
The research group postulated that people who grow up in rice-growing and wheat-growing parts of China, even though they may have never lived on a farm, will show differences in individualism and analytical thinking. In other words, cultural differences caused originally by the need for food might still determine the way people think and behave, millennia later in a highly industrialized and educated society. That is really a Big Idea!
Once Talhelm and his team had the Big Idea the actual research, although ambitious, was more straightforward. They tested 1,162 Han Chinese university students from six locations across China – North (Beijing), Southeast (Fujian), South (Guangdong), Southwest (Yunnan), West (Sichuan) and Northeast (Liaoning). The researchers used three standard psychological tests to measure how the students thought:
– Analytic versus Holistic Thinking. Imagine a set of three drawings showing a rabbit, a dog and a carrot: would you group the rabbit with the dog or with the carrot? Analytical people tend to think in categories (“animals”); holistic folks think in relationships (“rabbit eats carrot”). Using a number of these triads, you can score any person’s degree of analytical versus holistic style.
– Individualism – Direct Measure. Draw a circle representing yourself and circles representing your friends, with lines between them indicating the closest relationships. Individualists tend to make their own circle the largest; collectivists make their circle the same or even slightly smaller than other people’s.
– Individualism – Indirect Measure. You go into business with a friend. How much do you reward him for making you money, or punish him for costing you money? Now consider going into business with a stranger: how do you reward or punish him? Individualists tend to apply the same rules to friends that they do to strangers; collectivists treat their friends more favorably than they treat strangers.
The researchers found that students from rice provinces were consistently more holistic and more collectivistic than those from wheat provinces. These differences were distinct even between immediately adjacent regions, and despite the fact that these were university students, not farmers raising rice, wheat or other crops.
One measure of innovation is the issuance of patents. Since people from more individualistic cultures tend to hold more patents, you would expect that rice provinces would produce fewer inventions than wheat areas. Talhelm shows evidence that this is the case.
Thus cultural habits of thought and action that were formed by local geography are still evident today, thousands of years later. As Henrich summarizes:
Environmental factors favor some types of family structures or forms of social organization over others. Honed and refined over generations, these institutions create the conditions to which children adapt developmentally, shaping their psychologies and brains. Long after their ecological causes have become irrelevant, these cultural psychologies and institutions continue to influence rates of innovation… As such, wheat farming may contribute to explaining…the industrial revolution.
Science Speculation: The idea that the land shapes the people is not a new one, but it’s startling to think that even after we have moved into an urban, technology-rich society, our thoughts and attitudes are still imprinted by our heritage. However, there’s an emerging consensus among scientists that this is very much the case.
In my “Crazy For Nuts” post I called attention to books by Joel Garreau (The Nine Nations of North America) and Colin Woodard (American Nations) that trace how political positions today on issues such as gun control may have evolved from the occupations and way of life of the people who originally settled in various parts of North America.
Talhelm points out another book that touches on this same effect: Nisbett and Cohen’s Culture of Honor. These authors show evidence that because the resources of herders – their animals – are portable and easily stolen, herding as a way of life evolves a culture in which people must be vigilant and vengeful against theft or insult. The “culture of honor” that evolved among the herders of Scotland and northern Ireland was then transplanted to the southern U.S. by early settlers. According to the authors, that culture helps explain why there’s a higher homicide rate in the South than in some other parts of the country: Southern traditions insist that certain disagreements require a direct physical response.
In last week’s post (Stem Education #2) we saw that political positions, both left and right, keep us from thinking logically. And now we see that our political views themselves, along with our degree of independence and our very approach to thinking, may themselves arise from what our long-ago-forebears used to do to put food on the table. Homo sapiens, wise man? Perhaps we are instead Homo traditionalis.
As a digression, I note that Talhelm’s biography shows that four years of multi-cultural experience can pay great dividends. Not only did his visits to China lead to innovative and fascinating scientific research, but he also acquired a track record of published cross-cultural work with an international team, even before earning a PhD.
Rice, wheat, herding – what long-ago influences may have affected your attitudes when you were growing up, and now? Do these research results make any sense in light of what you know about yourself?
Drawing Credit: Adapted from johnny_automatic, on openclipart.org | <urn:uuid:5b29f4dc-084c-424a-ba8c-d0d2eb842fd3> | {
"date": "2017-08-19T03:46:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105297.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819031734-20170819051734-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9647862315177917,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 1921,
"url": "http://artchester.net/2014/05/rice-wheat-innovation/"
} |
29 March 2011. During the second day of talks at the NYAS meeting on Advancing Drug Discovery in Schizophrenia on 11 March 2011, researchers knuckled down to assess targets for treatment. Jeffrey Lieberman of Columbia University set the stage with an overview of current approaches, which include manipulations of neurotransmitter receptor function or intracellular signaling pathways. There would be no "magic bullet" that would treat all three symptom domains of schizophrenia, he said. Instead, he proposed that research should find adjunctive therapies to treat negative and cognitive symptoms, which likely stem from problems different from those underlying positive symptoms. Because antipsychotics already treat positive symptoms with some success, the challenge will be to find adjunctive therapies that won't undermine the benefits of other drugs.
Lieberman also noted that outcomes are better when psychosis is treated early with antipsychotics, and that early treatment may prevent brain changes that are associated with the worsening of symptoms and cognitive deterioration (Lieberman, 2006). He proposed that brain changes may precede changes in behavior, and that they may make good targets for treatment. In support of this idea, he cited a study that found abnormal fMRI signals in the hippocampus in individuals at risk for schizophrenia that predicted progression to psychosis (see SRF related news story).
Jeffrey Conn of Vanderbilt University described his work looking for ways to boost metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) function—particularly that of mGluR5. Tightly associated with and spurring activity in NMDA receptors, mGluR5 provides a backdoor to normalizing NMDA function, which is hypothesized to be underactive in schizophrenia (see SRF hypothesis). Going after selective agonists for the mGluR5 receptor has been stymied by a highly conserved binding site across all metabotropic receptors. As an alternative, Conn has been developing positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for mGluR5, which bind a different site than the agonist but still promote mGluR5 responses to endogenous glutamate. He described one in detail, a potent and selective mGluR5 PAM that nearly doubles activity of the receptor when it is bound by an agonist. The compound had antipsychotic-like effects in mice, reversing their amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and disruption in prepulse inhibition, and improved performance of mice in the Morris water maze, a test of spatial learning (Ayala et al., 2009). Before moving cousins of this particular PAM into the clinic, Conn emphasized the need to fully characterize them, because subtle changes to their structure can alter their mode of action.
Shifting from receptors to intracellular signaling pathways, Stephen Haggarty of Harvard University and the Broad Institute discussed inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase β (GSK3β) as a strategy for treating psychiatric illness. At a nexus of molecular pathways implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, GSK3β is an enzyme whose numerous interactions suggest it plays multiple roles in development and in the adult nervous system. It has come to the fore in schizophrenia research through studies that find it is suppressed by the mood stabilizer, lithium (see SRF related news story), by antipsychotics (see SRF related news story), and most recently, by DISC1 (see SZGene entry and Mao et al., 2009). Taking a cue from this theme of GSK3β inhibition, Haggarty described a novel compound that is a selective inhibitor of GSK3β in brain, and also had antimanic and antidepressant-like effects in mice (Pan et al., 2011).
Using small molecule microarray screens to probe the ability of 12,000 compounds to bind to DISC1 variants, Haggarty reaped 383 hits which either activated or attenuated GSK3β activity through DISC1. Stressing the need to characterize these compounds in human neurons to more accurately model how they act in the brain, he described his success in deriving neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) developed from human skin cells, saying, "We can grow buckets of these." Applying a GSKβ inhibitor to these neurons increased activity in signaling molecules downstream from GSK3β, consistent with suppression of GSK3β.
…to clinical trials
Amanda Law of the National Institute of Mental Health covered a different part of the GSK3β signaling network: the PI3K/AKT pathway. Aberrations in this pathway are suspected in schizophrenia because genetic studies have pointed to variants in the neuregulin gene (see SZGene entry) and its receptor ErbB4 (see SZGene entry), which act upon the PI3K/AKT pathway. AKT, in turn, inhibits GSK3β. To probe the integrity of this pathway in disease, Law used human lymphoblastoid cell lines from controls and people with schizophrenia, saying, "They give you the genetic architecture of a real person."
She reported abnormal upregulation of an isoform of ErbB4, called CYT-1, and an isoform of PI3K called PI3KCD, in schizophrenia and in people homozygous for the risk allele for ErbB4. These upregulations are also found in postmortem brains from people with schizophrenia. Elevated levels of PI3KCD suppress AKT activity, which disinhibits GSK3β and ultimately attenuates neuregulin signaling. This means selective PI3KCD inhibitors may normalize activity in this pathway, and cancer research—which is interested in GSK3β because of its role in cell proliferation—has already come up with some. One that has been tested prevents amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice, without effects on cognition. PI3KCD inhibitors are in clinical trials already, and these results may establish a place for PI3KCD in the network of schizophrenia-related molecules.
Returning to the idea that underactive NMDA receptors may be at the heart of schizophrenia, Brian Campbell of Pfizer presented a way to suppress kynurenic acid levels in the brain, which are elevated in the CSF in schizophrenia. Kynurenic acid antagonizes NMDA receptors, and abnormally high levels may contribute to cognitive deficits found in schizophrenia. Campbell targeted the key enzyme that makes kynurenic acid in the brain, called kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II), with a compound that potently and selectively inhibits KAT II. This KAT II inhibitor reduced kynurenic acid levels by as much as 80 percent in rats and improved performance of rats and nonhuman primates in tasks measuring attention and working memory. It also rapidly reversed anhedonia, as measured by a decrease in sucrose consumption, that resulted from subjecting rats to chronic, mild stress. However, this KAT II inhibitor did not affect the usual models of psychosis-like behavior, like prepulse inhibition or amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. This suggests that KAT II inhibitors could work as an adjunctive to antipsychotics to treat cognitive and negative symptoms. Campbell said that the KAT II inhibitor did not interfere with the antipsychotic's ability to normalize psychosis-related measures, but that it was still unclear whether an antipsychotic would undermine the KAT II inhibitor's effect on cognitive measures.—Michele Solis. | <urn:uuid:0b9ea020-1a30-4b86-8bd7-ddc6b0ec03a8> | {
"date": "2014-09-23T10:20:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138501.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00253-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9415624737739563,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 1521,
"url": "http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=1654"
} |
|Karl Blossfeldt: Working Collages
ed. Ann and Jurgen Wilde
The MIT Press, $55.00
By Robert Hirsch
From Vol. 2 No. 2
Karl Blossfeldt (1865-1932) used macro- and microscopic photography to present the "artistic" organizing patterns in nature (Art Forms in Nature, 1929). This pioneer of the New Objectivity movement of the 1920s and 1930s wanted to eliminate atmospheric effects and personal reactions to reveal a subjectís basic design and demonstrate that "Nature is our best teacher." Through enlarging discrete portions of a subject - the characteristics, details, patterns, and textures that would otherwise go unobserved by human vision or in normal-range photography - Blossfeldt made the imperceptible perceptible. By removing all nonessentials and dispensing with recreating a psychological mood or a social relationship, he wanted to show that art and nature are so "intimately bound up as to be inseparable."
The discovery of sixty-one unknown collages on gray cardboard in 1997 adds insight into how Blossfeldt apparently used these multiples as part of his systematic approach to study the relation and similarity of plant forms and wrought iron shapes. This sketchbook of brown gelatin silver prints, cyanotypes, and gray gelatin silver chloride prints takes on a rhythmic repetition as the comparative anatomy of each motif comes to the fore. They are looser than his final singular compositions and offer a wider contextual window to his archivist approach of showing an archetypal plant structure. Blossfeldtís inventory style influenced the modern typology movement of German photographers Bernd and Hilla Becher and their students like Andreas Gursky. RH | <urn:uuid:658af10c-3a89-4924-a1fc-aa03d37012be> | {
"date": "2017-03-30T00:43:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191444.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00201-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8959368467330933,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 352,
"url": "http://www.photovisionmagazine.com/articles/rh-blossfeldt.html"
} |
Urinary tract infections can affect the bodies in several ways, depending on the specific location of the infection and the severity of the infection. When the lower urinary tract is involved and the severity is limited, local symptoms such as pain and burning with urination, frequent and hesitant urination, and blood in the urine are typical. When the upper urinary tract is involved and/or the severity of the infection is more pronounced, more generalized symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal and back pain may appear. When urinary tract infections are treated promptly and effectively, complications are unlikely. However, if treatment is delayed or insufficient, significant complications can arise.
A Answers (2)
Honor Society of Nursing (STTI) answered
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) typically occur when bacteria from the rectal area enter through the urethra and travel up the urinary tract to the bladder or kidneys.
Typically, UTIs cause urinary symptoms, such as pain or burning during urination. Some mild bladder infections may go away on their own within a couple of days. Most UTIs clear up quickly with antibiotics and home treatment, which includes drinking plenty of water and urinating frequently. The amount of time required to cure the infection and the need for urine tests will vary with the location (bladder or kidneys), frequency and seriousness of the infection. Kidney infections and UTIs that are complicated by other factors require longer treatment.
Complications of UTIs are not common but do occur. Serious complications can include permanent kidney damage and widespread infection (sepsis), which can be life-threatening. The risk is greater if the infection is not treated or if the infection does not respond to antibiotics.
Although it is possible to have a relapse of the same infection, most recurrent UTIs are caused by new infections. About 20 to 30 out of 100 women have recurrent infections. A rapid relapse usually means that treatment failed or there is another problem affecting the urinary tract (not just the infection). But recurrent UTIs in women usually aren't serious.
UTIs in men - Men sometimes have uncomplicated urinary tract infections. UTIs in older men are more often related to prostate problems. This can make them more difficult to treat. Having an enlarged prostate, which is common in older men, can limit the body's ability to pass urine. Repeated UTIs may indicate prostatitis, epididymitis, or another urinary tract problem.
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:50b705e5-def7-40c2-a06a-0eb07920cc7f> | {
"date": "2014-11-25T23:04:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931004246.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155644-00000-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9441971778869629,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 542,
"url": "http://www.sharecare.com/health/urinary-tract-infections/urinary-tract-infection-affect-body"
} |
The concept of security evolves in step with the changes that occur in the IT solutions themselves. The solutions in the cloud , in addition to offering a wide variety of services (storage, backup, office applications, web hosting, financial activity management, contacts, POS …),
they contribute improvements in the security with respect to the traditional options of storage in the own companies, although this does not mean that they are exempt of risk.
With the use of cloud computing solutions , the security of the system depends, to a large extent, on the providers of these services in the cloud. To better explain these aspects, we will begin by defining the different agents that participate in these cloud computing models.
Cloud service provider: is the company that has the necessary IT infrastructure to host the programs following the cloud computing model.
Client: is the one that contracts the services in the cloud (people, organizations or company) to benefit from the benefits for which it pays.
User: is the person or group of people that uses the benefits of the solutions. They do not necessarily have to be the client. For example, within a company, the end users are those who use the solutions, without having paid individually for them, but using them as employees of that organization.
Solutions in the cloud
The security mechanisms depend on the collaborative work between the service providers and the clients. The responsibility rests with both parties and it is recommended to work together to be protected against possible threats.
What security measures should providers of cloud solutions follow ?
The main task of cloud service providers is to prevent unauthorized persons from accessing the data. It is very important to keep updated the latest versions of the software to deal with the existing threats on the Internet. On the other hand, as mechanisms to strengthen security, virtualization and data segmentation are employed.
The virtualization is the process by which multiple virtual machines running within a single server, and each running an operating system in isolation. Using a hypervisor (application) controls which virtualization platform to use in each case and the space allocated for the use of each operating system.
On the other hand, data segmentation can be exploited as another security mechanism. Since the data is distributed in different servers or even in different data centers, extra security is obtained in the event of hypothetical thefts in the facilities of the service provider. In addition, the segmentation of the data offers the possibility of keeping copies of the data in different locations, almost simultaneously.
And the clients ?
The client is also responsible for keeping the operating system updated and installing the new security patches that appear. It is also necessary to maintain traditional security policies : control users, delete user accounts that are no longer used, or review the software to verify that it has no vulnerabilities, among others.
Among the specific mechanisms through which you can choose include: perimeter control, cryptography and log management.
The perimeter control is carried out through the installation and configuration of a firewall or firewall . It is the computer application responsible for monitoring all communications that are made from or to the computer or the network and decides whether to allow them depending on the rules established by the system administrator. To achieve a higher level of security, it is recommended to install and configure an Intrusion Detection System (or IDS). It is a computer application that allows and blocks connections, analyzing them to detect if they carry dangerous content for the entire network. In addition, it is able to categorize the different threats and inform the system administrator following a list of rules.
The cryptography is another protection mechanism consisting of data encoding to avoid understanding them when the encryption mechanism is not known. There are different levels of encryption depending on the type of communication that is established: between the network and the users of the application, the connections between the cloud administrators themselves and the storage data protection. If any unauthorized user intercepts the data or has access to the cloud file system, it will not be able to interpret the hosted content without knowing the encryption key.
The log management (event log file) is the only way to check computer activity, detect incidents and formulate a plan of action to prevent recurrence. The client must store and review all the logs that are under his responsibility. For example: the registry of users that access an application, the manipulation of the data and files of the virtual machine, or the registry of potentially dangerous connections detected by the IDS and by the firewall. It is also recommended to back up these logs and even store them on a different machine, because if an attacker takes control of the system in the cloud it could destroy the log files and all their traces.
Source: INCIBE – National Institute of Security
You want to know more? In this INCIBE guide you will find much more information, as well as the steps they recommend to “take the leap to the cloud”.
At Tecon Soluciones Informáticas we are approved by Red.es as a Cloud Solution Provider nationwide. Do you want to know more about our security solutions [SEE page] or about the Microsoft cloud, Azure ? [READ ARTICLE: What is Microsoft Azure? How does it work?] | <urn:uuid:4b30739e-a100-4e10-a393-51a870797329> | {
"date": "2019-12-11T09:46:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540530452.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211074417-20191211102417-00376.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.940801203250885,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 1046,
"url": "http://www.trickomatics.com/security-tips-for-cloud-solutions/"
} |
Write My Essay Online for Cheap -
How to Write a Persuasive Essay (with Free Sample Essay) - wikiHow
Brians Song Essays and Research Papers. Songs of the 1950s Songs of the 50s In this paper I will research and identify 5 . English. songs of the 1950s and what the research uk songs reflect about the culture, mood, and values of the 1950s and the ethnic groups the persuasive english essay artists came from. I will also discuss how accurately the songs reflect the mood, value, and love, perceptions of the 1950s as discussed in english our readings, Nation of Nations. “All I Have To Do Is Dream” The first song I would like to address would be: “All I. 1950 , 1950s , Blues 966 Words | 3 Pages. Song Representation of Antigone The song I chose to represent Creon is Pray by Sunny Hill. The song pray fits . Creon because in several lines of lyrics fit regret and guilt of what Creon had done. A couple of the lines from the song related to Creon asking for Tiresias help but then not liking the answer, for example Someone told me to pray to dream, that it will come true no matter what it is. Tell me everything- look at me and tell me, tell me to please stop.
Inside Creon knew Tiresias was right. Antigone , Bias , Creon 1129 Words | 3 Pages. 1 Ms. Spilberg ENG2D1 March 5, 2013 Song Comparison Essay The road of life can be a bumpy one. There will always be twists and turns that . can alter a person’s life, changing the course of essay over a hero, their destination.
Even though life can be tough, you have to draw upon persuasive english your inner strength in order to persevere. The songs , “Move Along” by The All-American Rejects and “Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)” by Greenday sing about day this message. The lyrics in their songs have many literary devices such as personification. Fiction , Literary devices , One Thousand and essay, One Nights 991 Words | 3 Pages. Powerful Messages Conveyed through Song Singer/songwriter Taylor Swift once said, “Every singer out essay a hero and my dad there with songs on the . English. radio is raising the next generation, so make your words count” (Swift). Mythology Over And My. Music plays an essential role in one’s everyday life. Honorable and influential lyrics impart an important message and help one deal with difficult life situations. Inspired by the book, The Hunger Games, the new single, “Safe Sound,” by Taylor Swift (featuring the Civil Wars), embraces the power of. Emotion , Love , Singing 949 Words | 3 Pages. English Essay. From Pilate to mythology over a hero Pilate and Song to Song. Toni Morrison presents various different allusions to the Bible in her novel Song of Solomon.
The most apparent examples of this are . represented within the parallels between Pontius Pilate and Pilate Dead, along with the thematic plot of love present in the novel and in the biblical book Song of Solomon. Morrison shows a great deal of correlation between the Bible and Song of english essay, Solomon. She uses her creativity to present familiar characters in a new and different light. Online Uk. She is able to present the. Bible , Jesus , Judaism 2522 Words | 6 Pages. the past, but none as powerful or significant as Brian Mulroney.
Despite the many political criticisms, Brian Mulroney served as . the longest conservative prime minister in Canada, he attained a struggle through his pre-political life, which lead him to cleaning up his act and persuasive english essay, leading the conservative party to diene the greatest majority in english essay Canadian history, he goes on thesis module to serve the legacy of one of the greatest political leaders of english, all time. Martin Brian Mulroney was born in module 1939, the son of an electrician. Persuasive English Essay. Brian Mulroney , Joe Clark , Kim Campbell 1100 Words | 3 Pages. “How to Write a Song ” by about day Allyson Jones Think back to persuasive english essay the last time you heard your favorite song . You plant your headphones on, . close your eyes, and completely immerse yourself in the music. You hang on to every word and essay over a hero dad, every note, enchanted by the passionate vocals and addictive melodies. But have you ever wondered what really goes into english making a song ? Every Songwriter uses different methods to compose a song . In fact, if you were to type “how to mythology a hero write a song ” in a Google search bar, you would. Alanis Morissette , All You Need Is Love , Debut albums 1096 Words | 3 Pages. “value”. Before explaining the idea of essay, Brian Eno, i want to mention what we discuss before him. Previously, we discussed Benjamin, Gould who . Teachers Day. supported the opposite sides of essay, one point and i think the main point of these discussions is 'the aura of the music has started to destroy with the recording technology', accordingly, 'time and the place' have started to lose their value too. Of course, Brian Eno discussed the time line, while he was mentioning his idea. Brian Eno is an English musician, composer.
1980s music groups , Ambient music , Brian Eno 1119 Words | 3 Pages. seem like a harmless habit, one rarely ever stops to decipher the connotation of the popular songs being played. While an moodle, adult might . mindlessly sing along to the Top 40, a listening child may easily grasp the immoral principles the songs distribute. Some people might declare that not all songs convey a bad message, but in reality, the mass majority of music is offensive in some manner. Not only english essay do many of songs contain foul and abrupt language, but there are also several cases of misogyny and essay teachers, sexism. Human sexual behavior , Iggy Pop , Music 1181 Words | 4 Pages. Song Lyrics Essay Many song writers don’t only write songs , they write poetry as well. Essay. This essay will compare . the song “Hotel California” by the Eagles and “Cats in the Cradle” by Harry Chapin, examining imagery, diction, and repetition to prove that there are many different styles artists use to incorporate poetic devices in their songs . Both the Eagles and Chapin use the moodle poetic device imagery. In “Cats in the Cradle”, Chapin uses visual and auditory imagery. He mainly uses those two types. Persuasive. Eagles , Hotel California , Poetry 835 Words | 3 Pages.
Song Analysis on Revolution by research John Butler. doesn’t feel right. The song is an observation of those things and trying to find some redemption in it. It’s so overwhelming to be completely . surrounded by persuasive essay that feeling all the time; I had to find some redemption and to take back the metathesis definition of english, revolution.” – John Butler. About Day. (Change slide) Good morning/afternoon, students and persuasive english, teacher, Through songs , emotions and issues within society are expressed through the lyricists’ perspective. Through music and poetic devices, songs can appeal to an audience. Literary devices , Literary genre , Literary technique 1227 Words | 3 Pages.
Using Music and Song to Enhance Sla. Using Music and Song to Enhance SLA Music is frequently used by thesis love teachers to help learners acquire a second language (L2). It has been . reported to help second language learners acquire vocabulary and grammar, improve spelling and develop the linguistic skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening. According to educators of second language learners, music is advantageous for many reasons. Persuasive Essay. First, for most students, singing songs and listening to thesis about love relationships music are enjoyable experiences. Persuasive English. The experience. Applied linguistics , Language , Language acquisition 986 Words | 4 Pages. Poetry Unit Song Analysis Assignment [pic] You will analyze the lyrics of a song as poetry. You will look for the use of . the poetic and literary devices that you have learned in your Writing and Reading classes. ? Choose a song that means something to you.
Be sure that it is thesis about, a song that is appropriate for persuasive english essay school (no vulgar or offensive language, or over-emphasis on violence or sexual themes). Choose a song that contains poetic devices like the ones we have been discussing in class. Mythology A Hero Dad. Essay , Instrumental , Lyrics 700 Words | 4 Pages. prefer sleeping than doing blog or even opening my social network online. Persuasive Essay. Here goes my top 6 favorite Japanese songs of all time. :) Not in . chronological order. [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZf9OdWuFlwfeature=related] Yes! - Eri Kitamura I heard this song from my brother Leo when he was randomly playing anime songs from his phone. Module. It felt catchy and english essay, I asked where this song came from and who sang it. Later, I found myself playing it over and over. It is about friendship and its perks. Dongyi , Han Dynasty , Japanese language 1033 Words | 5 Pages.
Song Analysis of Before He Cheats. artists express themselves by writing songs to convey emotions, tell fictional stories, or to share their own experiences. The human mind . attaches many senses and online uk, feelings to melodies; they are tied to moments in life. Everyone feels the persuasive essay same emotions even though people are all different and unique. Songs are written about all sorts of feelings such as happiness, sadness, angriness, and moodle, sorrow. For example, if a person is having a bad day he can find a song relating to how he is persuasive english essay, feeling.
American. American Idol , Before He Cheats , Carrie Underwood 1001 Words | 3 Pages. Literary Critics: Where Is the Love Song. (yeah) We only acyclic diene got (one world, one world) That's all we got (one world, one world) . LITERARY ARGUMENTS This song was a very popular song which is being written by Ralph MacDonald (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2011). This song composed of advices and lessons to the readers. Actually, the song’s title “Where is the Love?” has describing the persuasive english essay whole song’s meaning which is on the, about the love.
Love. What is exactly the meaning. Human , Love , Racism 1697 Words | 7 Pages. coaches in the U.K, Brian Clough and it offers an examination of what went wrong for persuasive essay him when he took over at love Leeds United, the reigning . champions in 1974. Persuasive Essay. Leeds has been previously managed by diene metathesis his irreconcilable rival Don Revie and with him, this club had lived its most successful period ever as a football club. However, Leeds was perceived by persuasive essay many to represent a new aggressive and uk, cynical style of football – the antithesis of the dynamic, flamboyant, outspoken young football manager Brian Clough, who had. English Essay. Billy Bremner , Brian Clough , Derby County F.C. 2247 Words | 7 Pages.
Brian Jones and Syd Barret's Influence on 1960's British Pop Culture. tragedy would strike both bands early. Drugs and mental illnesses would depredate and destroy both of the descriptive on the place young bands' prodigious, iconic front men. Both . Brian Jones (The Rolling Stones) and Syd Barrett (Pink Floyd) were out of the bands they had started by the end of the 1960's; a decade in persuasive english which they helped define. The multi-musically talented Brian Jones met fellow band mates Mick Jagger and Keith Richards in 1962 when Jagger and Richards responded to thesis love relationships Jones advertisement in english essay a magazine looking for.
Blues , Brian Jones , Keith Richards 994 Words | 3 Pages. Kevin Matthews May 12, 2013 ENGL 224 Language in Translations Translations is a three-act play written by Brian Friel set in the small town . of Baile Beag, a fictional Donegal village in online uk Ireland. The play deals with issues ranging from language and communication barriers to Irish history and cultural imperialism by the English. The clash of cultures coupled with misunderstanding and misinterpretations leads to chaos within the small town. The difficulty of trying to communicate without an effective. Brian Friel , Ireland , Irish language 811 Words | 3 Pages. Sec1 Literature Poetic Techniques used in Songs 2014 December holiday homework. ?NAME: Leong Kang Ping, Isaiah ( 27 ) DATE: 9 December 2014 CLASS: 2H SEC 1 LITERATURE 2014 DECEMBER HOLIDAY HOMEWORK ?TASK IN 5 STAGES: ?1 CHOOSE a . song with English lyrics that use at least TWO literary techniques from the six elements we have learnt, namely simile, metaphor, personification, rhyme, alliteration or onomatopoeia. Here are some examples you may choose: 1. “Somewhere Over the Rainbow” by Israel Kamakawiwo’ole 2. English Essay. “100 Years” by moodle module Five for Fighting 3. “Swallowed in the Sea”. Alliteration , Demi Lovato , Ken 1218 Words | 6 Pages.
Song lyrics: looking through the window of cultural texts… If you took the time to listen to the lyrics of a song instead of . mumbling uselessly to the catchy melody, you’d notice that some bands and persuasive english essay, musical artists are informing their audience of present-time themes and issues. In today’s society, song lyrics can be used effectively to find fault with many dominant values and attitudes, somewhat protesting against social issues and module, the preconceived ideas that stand tall on the stage of democracy. Bob Dylan , Hurricane , Lyrics 1590 Words | 4 Pages. ‘Making History’ by persuasive english essay Brian Friel. In this essay the author examines the mythology essay and my dad extent to which Is the character of Hugh O’Neill is more . influenced by private feelings or by public duty. In Brian Friels play ‘Making History’ the persuasive reader wonders whether the character of Hugh O’Neill is over a hero dad, more influenced by essay private feelings or public duty. About Teachers Day. By “private feeling’s” I mean beliefs, private views and opinions and his ‘public duty’ is his obligations to the Irish people. Persuasive English Essay. It should be noted that Friels portrayal. Brian Friel , Drama , England 1788 Words | 5 Pages. The Song of Solomon Summary: Written by the wisest man to moodle thesis module ever live, Solomon, “ Song of Songs ” is a composition of english, . lyric poems which portrays the theme of love between a man and a woman and can be seen almost written as a diary of sorts.
The book explores the feelings, hopes, fears, and the passion between a man and uk, a woman. It can be seen as a celebration of persuasive english, human sexuality. Just through the first few chapters, we learn so much of about, what a relationship is supposed to look like for persuasive essay the believer and. Ecclesiastes , Human sexual behavior , Human sexuality 673 Words | 2 Pages. The Song dynasty had played an important role in China throughout history. The Song dynasty consisted of Northern . Song Dynasty from descriptive essay market place, 960-1127 and the Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279. It was a time of peace and prosperity. During the Song dynasty, there were many changes and advancement that people have never seen before in Chinese history.
It was like a period of golden age where China went through a modern and urban development. China had a time of social and english, economic changes. Before the essay on the market place Song Dynasty. China , Chinese literature , Chinese philosophy 801 Words | 3 Pages. Close look at Bon Marley’s Redemption song “Redemption song ” was written and sang by the legendary Bob Marley. . He was known as a reggae artist who mostly sang about social and persuasive english essay, political issues. His songs touched people all around the world. This song particularly, could be interpreted in so many ways; quite literally, it could be regarded to acyclic diene some people as a song about slavery in the 18th and 19th century. English. But the essay market way the message in english essay the song is delivered, the repetition of thesis, some key. Bob Marley , Damian Marley , Jamaica 1097 Words | 3 Pages. Persuasive English Essay. Song of moodle thesis, Lawino: Cultural Duality and english, Universality Song of Lawino by Okot p’Bitek centers on the main narrator Lawino’s plea . Acyclic Diene. towards her husband, Ocol, who shuns his old Acholi background for Westernization. Lawino implores Ocol not to abandon his heritage but rather accept both Acholi and Western cultures; as noted, cultural duality serves as the persuasive essay prime theme in Song of Lawino.
Through the diene character of Lawino, p’Bitek conveys his message that Acholi and persuasive english essay, Western cultures could be fused in the era. Cultural anthropology , Culture , Friedrich Nietzsche 1453 Words | 4 Pages. Brian Mulroney tied Canada closer to the United States. ?Steven. Shi Mr. E Vanee Social Studies 11 18 July 2014 Brian Mulroney tied Canada closer to the United States On September 17th, 1984 . Martin Brian Mulroney became the 18th Prime Minister of Canada (see fig1). Fig. 1. Brian Mulroney’s first year in office (1984), he led the first conservative majority government in essay about day 26 years.1 As the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, he developed a close relationship with U.S President Ronald Regan; both men shared a similar conservative. Persuasive English Essay. Brian Mulroney , Canada , Cold War 1064 Words | 8 Pages. Written in module 1881 by Walt Whitman, “ Song of Myself”, is known to “represent the core of Whitman’s poetic vision” (Greenspan). Persuasive Essay. To many people, . this poem is essay, confusing and complex because of the persuasive english wordplay and symbolism.
This poem “requires a large perspective; you must not get your face too near the book. Thesis. You must bring to it a magnanimity of spirt, a charity and faith equal to persuasive essay its own.” (Burroughs) Whitman starts out by introducing the subject the poem, himself, and continues to celebrate this topic. Allen Ginsberg , Leaves of Grass , New Jersey 1998 Words | 5 Pages. Toni Morrison begins her 1977 written novel: Song of Solomon in a very non traditional way that was different from most authors. Toni narrated . her stories but introducing the incident. Some themes such as oral traditions,naming, and especially flight are introduced in the first six pages and are further developed in a very similar format throughout the book. One of the essay over a hero dad incredible themes,oral tradition, is used to retell events throughout the book in a consistent manner with the beginning.
On the. Meaning of persuasive english, life , Oprah's Book Club , Song of Solomon 1027 Words | 3 Pages. Nichole Alfeche Musser Lit Film amp; Media 20 September 2014 The Written Word to a Larger Picture Literature is the written word. It may include a . Thesis About. poem, play, or novel. English Essay. The book “The Last Song ” written by Nicholas Sparks, originated as a novel before proceeding to then is translated onto the big screen as a movie. The film was directed by Julie Ann Robinson. Books are written to tell a story through literary devices and descriptions. Over. When translated into movies, the outcome is english essay, not always. Fiction , Film , Literature 963 Words | 2 Pages. Who Has Seen the Wind- Brian and the Young Ben Compare and Contrast. similarities and differences to be found between the main character, Brian O’Connal and the mysterious Young Ben.
The Young Ben is mythology and my dad, known to be . a loner, the persuasive essay boy of the town drunk. Normally the Young Ben would keep to himself; he never had contact with others, but he took an intriguing to Brian O’Connal. The boys began to develop an unspoken friendship throughout the moodle novel. In the Novel, Who Has Seen The Wind, the Young Ben and Brian share many similarities, many are traits are that of persuasive, all young children. Boy , Brian O'Driscoll , Curiosity 1329 Words | 3 Pages. in single file line, and on the, all were dressed in black. The first song , “Kyrie Canon” was slow and in a different language with piano as the . instrumentation.
The children were standing in a formation that mixed all SATB parts. I noticed this when the melody started having two melodies. One melody was sung by the altos and bases, the english essay other sung by the sopranos and tenors. This song was not very interesting to descriptive on the place my taste. They then sang a song that was very catchy and english essay, upbeat, “Polly Wolly Doodle.” The audience.
Audience , Choir , Dance 894 Words | 3 Pages. two parts, the first part had the very first song that was sang was A light in the stable prologue of our maker’s love begotten by prudentius, . trans. J.M. NEALE, H.W. Baker and essay teachers day, R.F. Davis. When this song was sung I could hear all the parts coming out clearly with soprano, alto, tenor and bass. Each singer sung with joy and delight as I could imagine that they were all thrown into some form of worship and deeply enjoying every bit of it. The second song The Journey from Hamlet (Act 1, scene 1), by. Persuasive. Audience , English-language films , Music 2599 Words | 7 Pages.
Exile in Brian Friel's Philadelphia Here I Come! Exile is one of the dominant themes permeating Brian Friel's long career as a playwright. Philadelphia, Here I Come! was his first big . international success. It was also the first to focus on the plight of essay over dad, characters torn by the need to abandon the place to which they feel deeply attached for persuasive english the sake of their own growth and integrity. The exile in Philadelphia is twenty-five-year-old Gar O'Donnell. He lives in diene familiar Friel territory, the persuasive fictional Irish village of descriptive, Ballybeg, in this instance. English. Alter ego , Brian Friel , Id, ego, and super-ego 866 Words | 3 Pages. letter.
I have created a mixed tape of ten songs that I thing you would like. I hope that you can connect with what these songs . Essay And My Dad. are talking about and you love this mixed tape. First we have Demons by english essay Imagine Dragons. Thesis About. I picked this song because, as the title states, your inner demons. “Your eyes, they shine so bright. I wanna save that light. Essay. I can’t escape this now, unless you show me how.” Second I have chosen A World Alone by Lorde.
I put this song on this CD because it talks about all the. 2005 singles , 2009 singles , All That You Can't Leave Behind 859 Words | 3 Pages. Comparison of 'Harakiri' and diene metathesis, 'Butterfly' by Serj Tankian. what purpose? ‘Harakiri’ and ‘Butterfly’ are both songs that display a prominent eco-friendly message, inspiring their target audience of . teenagers and persuasive english essay, young adults, who feel that they have the energy and motivation to make a difference to the world, and save the environment. They both discuss the repercussions of harming the environment in their own unique ways. ‘Harakiri’ is descriptive market, more explicit in its method of indicating the english meaning behind the song , “The blackbirds/ they fell in thousands from the sky”. Climate change , Global warming , Natural environment 821 Words | 3 Pages.
Max Boerstoel Mr. Leonardi English 11, Period 4 31 March 2011 The epigraph of about, Toni Morrison’s novel Song of Solomon introduces the most . important and central theme of the novel; flight. It reads “the fathers may soar/And the children may know their names”. The novel is focused on flight and how it affects those left behind; the persuasive english driving force behind the story is an old tale about Milkman’s great grandfather Solomon flying back to acyclic metathesis Africa and leaving his wife Ryna behind with 20 children to tend. 1977 in literature , Family , Oprah's Book Club 1196 Words | 3 Pages. achievements. Brian May was born to the honor to persuasive be one of those men. In many ways he has been compared to descriptive on the Leonardo Da Vinci.
Brian’s amazing . way to come up music by himself, be an persuasive english essay, outstanding Astrophysics, and he was a loving man who loved to support animals. Papers Online. Brain May is one of the Renaissance men in persuasive english essay today’s society. His music is one of the remarks he has done. Essay About Teachers Day. A well-known hit “We Will Rock You” Brian claimed that “We Will Rock You” came inspired by a dream. The beat of the song was inspired. English Essay. Brian May , Florence , Italy 528 Words | 2 Pages.
Lauren K Analysis of Taylor Swift’s Song “We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together” from album “Red” Thesis Statement: In analysis . of Taylor Swift’s song “We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together” from her newest released album “Red”, she uses a common relationship theme with a strong tone and independent female character to evoke a strong confident message delivered by a strong confident woman as depicted through lyrics and on the cover through style, color choice and lighting. . Essay Over A Hero And My. ABBA , Country music , Song 901 Words | 3 Pages. cope. English. There are many songs that are relatable to a break up but Burn is the essay on the most successful in conveying it's message. Burn is a . song by RB singer Usher, which he wrote with songwriters Jermaine Dupri, Bryan-Michael Cox. The song was produced for Usher's fourth studio album, Confessions , which came out in 2004. Burn is about breakup in a relationship, and the audience is quickly able to relate. Usher's music video to Burn corresponds well with the lyrics of the persuasive song and uses the visual. Papers Online. Confessions , Emotion , Feeling 815 Words | 3 Pages.
Bowling for Columbine Non Verbal Messages. Persuasive. You may respond to THREE PROTEST (SOCIAL COMMENTARY) SONGS . Select three songs , current or historic, that express concern about a . social issue and argue a distinct point of view. Moodle. Do your best to select three songs that deal with the same social problem. In the persuasive english past, musicians have commented on social issues such as war, police brutality, gender equality, or other forms of discrimination. You may already know some songs that are ‘message’ songs , but have perhaps never thought of them that way. Use.
Critical thinking , Documentary film , Film 1195 Words | 5 Pages. countless forms of media out acyclic diene metathesis there that are in persuasive one way or another degrading and offensive towards women. The one that is of most interest to me is music. . Whether songs are blatantly sexist and downright rude to women, like many rap songs , or overtly offensive such as many rock and acyclic diene metathesis, roll songs , women are commonly demeaned by lyrics in countless songs throughout the ages. I don’t even listen to rap music because it is persuasive essay, particularly offensive to acyclic diene women, more so than any genre, making it very profane and unenjoyable. Black-and-white films , Female , Gender 1620 Words | 4 Pages. and is still currently releasing songs today. One of Toby Keith’s song “American Ride” was released in October of 2009, this was . his nineteenth number one single released. It has a deeper meaning then some of his other songs . He lists off politically oriented issues in the USA and where we were in 2009 as a nation and how we are slowly moving away from what used to be, but he also still claims how much he loves America. He uses many different unique styles in this song such as ethos, pathos, logos. Add It Up , Barack Obama , Love 1809 Words | 5 Pages. describing the way music can affect people. Different songs can impact people, change their moods, or bring back memories related to a certain . Persuasive English. tune. Thesis. Each person, however, has their own unique taste in music; one song can be loved by one but hated by another, it all depends on our personal taste and what we can relate to.
This made me wonder, what does the music I listen to say about myself? Do the lyrics define who I am as a person, or do I simply like songs because of the beat? As I looked at my top ten. Happiness , Kid Cudi , Make Her Say 930 Words | 3 Pages. the english life of brian (or lack thereof) ?The Life of about, Brian (or lack thereof) This is a austrailian short story written by Maree Spratt. The story is persuasive english, about Brian and descriptive essay market place, . his uneasy life. He lives in english essay Brisbane, Australian, with his flatmate Richard. Essay And My Dad. Brian has very high interest in Physics and Chemistry, and is also very active on the internet, especially on the Yahoo! Website. But one day, when Brian is on english a full City bus, he meets a girl and suddenly everything changes. But sadly, his insecuerness and lack of self-confidence, blocks his way. Bus , Grammatical person , Hair 1328 Words | 3 Pages. people say that “Pumped up kicks” is a better song about abusive school kids than “Jeremy.” However, most of them do not know what makes those . two songs so popular and why their lyrics, melodies and public receptions, not other songs ’, are compared with each other.
By comparing those two songs in those characteristics, we can reveal the uniqueness of each song and know more about what “Jeremy” and “Pumped up kicks” want to convey. Both of these songs are about kids who lack of care from family and. Moodle. Drinking culture , Eddie Vedder , Long John Silver 1886 Words | 5 Pages. (Electronic Dance Music) isn't set to be of one particular type of music, but rather variously. EDM has now gotten the recognition it deserves . Persuasive English Essay. internationally more than it did years ago. Its songs are a lot broader as well, so therefore it easily illustrates all the different tones it has.This specific song that's been playing popularly since Spring/Summer of metathesis, this year by Sebastian Ingrosso Reload featuring Tommy Trash and John Martin is persuasive english essay, now roaming around the internet, and acyclic metathesis, radio etc. It was released. English Essay. Electronic dance music , Singing , Song 1102 Words | 3 Pages. Negative Effects of over and my dad, Music on the Mind. in their songs and our children are often exposed to the profanity.
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine studied the . Persuasive. Billboard charts, looking at the entire top 279 songs of 2005. They found that one third of the list had violence related lyrics. Nearly 80% of rap songs mentioned killing, racism, and alcohol and drug use, followed by 37% of moodle module, country music lyrics, 20% of english essay, Ramp;B/hip hop and 14% of descriptive essay market place, rock songs . It means that a great portion of english, modern popular songs ’ lyrics pass. Aggression , Music , Popular music 1090 Words | 3 Pages. I was completely clueless in mythology essay over and my dad my group of essay, friends where they would be talking about Justin Timberlake’s new song and I knew and research papers, could say . nothing about persuasive english essay it. I noticed that since every of my friends would be singing along and talking about essay about how good the song was that I found my recess to be boring and a waste of time. Until one day after school, when my cousin came over and started to play songs on her mp3 and that was when I began to persuasive open my eyes and take a good hear of it. Before I knew it I was tapping. Classical music , Culture , Jesse McCartney 852 Words | 3 Pages. Girls Alike The girls are back and research online, better than ever. Girls’ Generation is a group of girls in persuasive a widely known pop group from day, Korea.
Although most of their . songs are in persuasive Korean, their name has also reached most parts of essay about, Asia, Europe, and the U.S. This is their first single since 2011 and they came back strong with an entertaining video, catchy song , and one of their best choreographies to catch everyone’s attention. One of the most important things when it comes to english essay music videos is the essay overall look. Boy , Music , Music video 917 Words | 3 Pages. Article Analysis: Can Music Save Your Life? my life that makes me feel excited and relaxed at the same time. There is persuasive english, nothing greater than listening to a song that has the right balance . of lyrics and melody that actually speaks to you when you need it the most. Music plays a very big part in my life. I listen to music every day and if I am not listening to music, I am usually singing it. Metathesis. There is something about the melody of a song and the lyrics as they flow together that makes me feel infinite for just a little while.
It takes me out english essay of. Bob Dylan , Debut albums , English-language films 1087 Words | 3 Pages. Moodle Module. should be with all that money? Two songs regarding currency will help answer this; Pink Floyd’s song , “Money”, from the album . Persuasive English. The Dark Side of the essay about day Moon (1973) and AC/DC’s song , “Money Talks”, from the album The Razors Edge (1990). Persuasive. “Money” presents the idea that money allows the individual to get what they want. “Money Talks” presents the idea that money allows the individual to get whomever they want. At the heart of both of thesis module, these songs it is evident that the persuasive english song writers wanted the thesis about listener to know. Morality , Need , Pink Floyd 1531 Words | 4 Pages. English Essay. An Important Person Who Give Me a New Heart. An important person who give me a new heart Before I knew this person and his songs , my life was always focused on myself. I was an . Thesis About Love Relationships. introverted person. Even though I can’t say that I am an extroverted person now, I really have had some big changes in recent years after I met him.
I got a new heart that I can use in a positive and optimistic way to face my life, and I really appreciate him. His name is persuasive essay, Eason. There was a party day of our high school classmates after we graduated. About. I felt. Persuasive. Concert , English-language films , Extraversion and introversion 1446 Words | 3 Pages. Thesis. things from areas that we live in, to how we feel, or an event in time, an allusion so to persuasive english essay speak. Depending on descriptive essay place the area of focus in a song it . Persuasive. can help the composer determine the flow or direction of a song or the papers uk placement of the lyrics or stanzas which can also aid in a captivating point to get the audience caught up in that allusion. Yet, when we listen to some songs that can be special in some way or another, and as they explode across the music airway, have you ever evaluated these same lyrics. American Idol , Emotion , Fantasia Barrino 899 Words | 3 Pages.
Humanities: 1st Period Sound Track of My Life Liner Notes Past 1.) Description of the Song : Title: Paradise Artist: Coldplay Release . Year: September 12th 2012 Tempo: Medium Timbre: Blue, Soothing Pitch: Soft and high Mood: Emotional * Contextual Information Writer: Coldplay Band Genre: Electronic Rock and Ramp;B * Sound Elements Symbolism and metaphor Present 1.) Description of the Song : Title: Wide Awake Artist: Katy Perry Release Year: May 22nd 2012 Tempo: Medium Timbre. 2008 albums , Future , Meaning of life 751 Words | 3 Pages. Analysis of Kanye West's All Falls Down. Thanh Do Professor Rehner English 1980, Tutorial 1 24 March 2009 Personal Context Essay: All Falls Down Kanye West produced the . English. popular song “All Falls Down” in 2004. He is well known for creating many wonderful tunes but this one stands out moodle module above the rest. While his other songs contain bass-heavy instrumentals and contain lyrics about money and women, this one is strays away from the english previous structures. “All Falls Down” catches the attention of youth, with its mellow melody. All Falls Down , Jesus Walks , Juno 1200 Words | 3 Pages. question « What is the papers online uk name of this song ? » • Free app (5 tags/month) • Available on all smartphones (for every major platforms) . Shazam in the app market • Others similar application like SoundHound, Midomi • • • • • 375 million mobile users 2 million new users a week Over 10 million tags per days In over 200 countries Top ten most-downloaded app of all time on iTunes Demonstration How does it work ? 1. The application records the song and creates a time frequency called. Acoustic fingerprint , Acoustic fingerprinting , Shazam 306 Words | 3 Pages.
Indie/ Folk Rock) These two songs both talk about cheating by someone you love but lyrically they are very different. Ani Difranco uses . words that are softer and more emotional where as Slipknot chooses words that are harder and more physical. The word choice of essay, these two distinct songs gives distinct overall sounds that are very different from one another. Ani uses the typical U that gives it a folky sound that in noticeable in moodle her vocal timbre. English. The texture of her song is much softer and does this. Diene. Aerosmith , American films , Debut albums 786 Words | 4 Pages.
WORLD MUSIC By: Mit Patel, Nisarg Patel, Pinkal Patel, Reshma Mohan and persuasive essay, Vidhata Question. Analysis a piece of music that represents your home . culture/country. Song : Maa Tujhe Salaam by A.R. Rahman. (My respect to mother India) Video Song Instruments used in the Song Tambourine Guitar Drums Keyboard Rattles Timbre • Low to high pitch • Multiple pitch • Heterophony • Polyphony • Heavy sound • Melodious Significance The lyrics of this music piece are very patriotic and module, reflects our. Essay. A. R. Essay Teachers Day. Rahman , India , Languages of persuasive, India 282 Words | 11 Pages. Assignment Melissa Adcock Kaplan University HU300 – 21 Music has played a significant role in my life from the time I was born. Module. First, my name . came from a very popular singer/ song writer Melissa Manchester that my mother really loved. I remember growing up she used to sign and dance to her music one of persuasive essay, her favorite song was “Shine like you should”.my mom still listens to her music today.
I remember always listening to older music that seemed to have a lot of sole growing up such as Air Supply. 2008 singles , Emotion , Feeling 1275 Words | 3 Pages.
Buy Essays Online from Successful Essay -
How to Write a Persuasive Essay (with Free Sample Essay) - wikiHow
IB Maths Resources from British International School Phuket. This is the British International School Phuket’s IB maths exploration (IA) page. This list is for SL and HL students – if you are doing a Maths Studies IA then go to essay this page instead. Be aware that this page gets a large amount of traffic from thesis relationships, IB students – do not simply copy articles. This will almost certainly be spotted by the IB moderators and could result in essay you failing your diploma. Essay And My Dad. Use this resource like you would a good wiki – as a starting point and persuasive english essay inspiration for your own personal investigation. Before choosing a topic you need to moodle read this page which gives very important guidance from the IB. Not paying attention to this guidance from the IB is the biggest mistake that students make. It could easily mean the difference between coursework which gets 17/20 and english essay one which gets 11/20. That will probably cost you at least 1 IB grade.
Do not skip this step! You may also enjoy taking part in our school’s code breaking website. There are 8 levels of coding difficulty – with each code giving you a password to access the next clue. Thesis Module. There are Maths Murder Mysteries, Spy games and more. Solve all the clues in a level to make it onto english essay the leaderboard.
The 2 hardest levels – Level 6 and Level 7 are particularly tough – are you good enough to crack them? The authors of the latest Pearson Mathematics SL and HL books have come up with 200 ideas for students doing their maths explorations. I have supplemented these with some more possible areas for research papers investigation. English. With a bit of ingenuity you can enrich even quite simple topics to bring in a range of mathematical skills. 1) Modular arithmetic – This technique is used throughout Number Theory. Moodle Module. For example, Mod 3 means the remainder when dividing by persuasive 3. 2) Goldbach’s conjecture: “Every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.” One of the great unsolved problems in mathematics. 3) Probabilistic number theory. 4) Applications of complex numbers: The stunning graphics of Mandelbrot and Julia Sets are generated by complex numbers. 5) Diophantine equations: These are polynomials which have integer solutions. Fermat’s Last Theorem is about teachers day, one of the most famous such equations.
6) Continued fractions: These are fractions which continue to english essay infinity. The great Indian mathematician Ramanujan discovered some amazing examples of these. 7) Patterns in Pascal’s triangle: There are a large number of patterns to discover – including the Fibonacci sequence. 8) Finding prime numbers: The search for prime numbers and the twin prime conjecture are some of the most important problems in thesis love relationships mathematics. There is a $1 million prize for solving the Riemann Hypothesis and $250,000 available for anyone who discovers a new, really big prime number. 9) Random numbers. 10) Pythagorean triples: A great introduction into persuasive essay, number theory – investigating the solutions of Pythagoras’ Theorem which are integers (eg.
3,4,5 triangle). 11) Mersenne primes: These are primes that can be written as 2^n -1. 12) Magic squares and cubes: Investigate magic tricks that use mathematics. Why do magic squares work? 13) Loci and complex numbers. 14) Egyptian fractions: Egyptian fractions can only have a numerator of 1 – which leads to some interesting patterns. 2/3 could be written as 1/6 + 1/2. Descriptive On The Market. Can all fractions with a numerator of 2 be written as 2 Egyptian fractions? 15) Complex numbers and transformations. 16) Euler’s identity: An equation that has been voted the most beautiful equation of all time, Euler’s identity links together 5 of the most important numbers in mathematics. 17) Chinese remainder theorem.
This is a puzzle that was posed over 1500 years ago by a Chinese mathematician. Persuasive English. It involves understanding the modulo operation. 18) Fermat’s last theorem: A problem that puzzled mathematicians for centuries – and one that has only recently been solved. 19) Natural logarithms of complex numbers. 20) Twin primes problem: The question as to acyclic whether there are patterns in the primes has fascinated mathematicians for essay centuries. The twin prime conjecture states that there are infinitely many consecutive primes ( eg. 5 and 7 are consecutive primes). There has been a recent breakthrough in this problem.
21) Hypercomplex numbers. 22) Diophantine application: Cole numbers. 23) Perfect Numbers: Perfect numbers are the sum of their factors (apart from the last factor). ie 6 is acyclic diene, a perfect number because 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. 24) Euclidean algorithm for GCF. 25) Palindrome numbers: Palindrome numbers are the same backwards as forwards. 26) Fermat’s little theorem: If p is a prime number then a^p – a is a multiple of p. 27) Prime number sieves. 28) Recurrence expressions for phi (golden ratio): Phi appears with remarkable consistency in nature and appears to english shape our understanding of thesis module, beauty and symmetry. 29) The Riemann Hypothesis – one of the persuasive essay, greatest unsolved problems in mathematics – worth $1million to anyone who solves it (not for the faint hearted!)
30) Time travel to the future: Investigate how traveling close to the speed of light allows people to travel “forward” in time relative to research someone on Earth. Why does the twin paradox work? 31) Graham’s Number – a number so big that thinking about it could literally collapse your brain into english essay, a black hole. 32) RSA code – the most important code in the world? How all our digital communications are kept safe through the about, properties of primes. 33) The Chinese Remainder Theorem: This is a method developed by english essay a Chinese mathematician Sun Zi over thesis 1500 years ago to persuasive solve a numerical puzzle. Moodle. An interesting insight into essay, the mathematical field of Number Theory.
34) Cesaro Summation: Does 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 … = 1/2?. A post which looks at the maths behind this particularly troublesome series. 35) Fermat’s Theorem on about day, the sum of essay, 2 squares – An example of how to use mathematical proof to solve problems in number theory. 36) Can we prove that 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 …. = -1/12 ? How strange things happen when we start to manipulate divergent series. 37) Mathematical proof and paradox – a good opportunity to explore some methods of proof and to show how logical errors occur. 38) Friendly numbers, Solitary numbers, perfect numbers. Acyclic Metathesis. Investigate what makes a number happy or sad, or sociable! Can you find the loop of infinite sadness? 39) Zeno’s Paradox – Achilles and the Tortoise – A look at persuasive english essay the classic paradox from ancient Greece – the philosopher “proved” a runner could never catch a tortoise – no matter how fast he ran.
40) Stellar Numbers – This is an research online excellent example of a pattern sequence investigation. Choose your own pattern investigation for english essay the exploration. 41) Arithmetic number puzzle – It could be interesting to do an acyclic diene metathesis exploration where you solve number problems – like this one. 1a) Non-Euclidean geometries: This allows us to “break” the persuasive essay, rules of conventional geometry – for example, angles in a triangle no longer add up to moodle thesis module 180 degrees. In some geometries triangles add up to more than 180 degrees, in others less than 180 degrees. 1b) The shape of the universe – non-Euclidean Geometry is at the heart of Einstein’s theories on General Relativity and essential to understanding the persuasive essay, shape and research behavior of the universe. 2) Hexaflexagons: These are origami style shapes that through folding can reveal extra faces. 3) Minimal surfaces and soap bubbles: Soap bubbles assume the essay, minimum possible surface area to contain a given volume.
4) Tesseract – a 4D cube: How we can use maths to imagine higher dimensions. 5) Stacking cannon balls: An investigation into the patterns formed from stacking canon balls in different ways. 6) Mandelbrot set and fractal shapes: Explore the world of infinitely generated pictures and fractional dimensions. 7) Sierpinksi triangle: a fractal design that continues forever. 8) Squaring the circle: This is a puzzle from ancient times – which was to find out whether a square could be created that had the same area as a given circle. Essay Day. It is now used as a saying to represent something impossible. 9) Polyominoes: These are shapes made from persuasive english essay, squares.
The challenge is to see how many different shapes can be made with a given number of squares – and how can they fit together? 10) Tangrams: Investigate how many different ways different size shapes can be fitted together. 11) Understanding the fourth dimension: How we can use mathematics to imagine (and test for) extra dimensions. 12) The Riemann Sphere – an exploration of some non-Euclidean geometry. Relationships. Straight lines are not straight, parallel lines meet and angles in a triangle don’t add up to 180 degrees. 13) Graphically understanding complex roots – have you ever wondered what the complex root of a quadratic actually means graphically?
Find out! 14) Circular inversion – what does it mean to reflect in english a circle? A great introduction to papers uk some of the persuasive essay, ideas behind non-euclidean geometry. 15) Julia Sets and love Mandelbrot Sets – We can use complex numbers to create beautiful patterns of infinitely repeating fractals. Persuasive Essay. Find out acyclic metathesis how! 16) Graphing polygons investigation. Can we find a function that plots a square? Are there functions which plot any polygons? Use computer graphing to investigate. 17) Graphing Stewie from Family Guy. How to use graphic software to make art from equations.
18) Hyperbolic geometry – how we can map the english essay, infinite hyperbolic plane onto the unit circle, and how this inspired the art of Escher. 19) Elliptical Curves– how this class of curves have importance in on the market solving Fermat’s Last Theorem and in persuasive english essay cryptography. 20) The Coastline Paradox – how we can measure the lengths of coastlines, and uses the day, idea of fractals to arrive at fractional dimensions. 21) Projective geometry – the development of geometric proofs based on persuasive english essay, points at infinity. Calculus/analysis and functions. 1) The harmonic series: Investigate the relationship between fractions and music, or investigate whether this series converges. 2) Torus – solid of revolution: A torus is a donut shape which introduces some interesting topological ideas. 3) Projectile motion: Studying the motion of projectiles like cannon balls is an essential part of the mathematics of war. Day. You can also model everything from Angry Birds to persuasive essay stunt bike jumping.
A good use of your calculus skills. 5) Fourier Transforms – the mythology and my, most important tool in mathematics? Fourier transforms have an essential part to english play in modern life – and are one of the keys to understanding the descriptive, world around us. This mathematical equation has been described as the most important in all of physics. Persuasive English Essay. Find out more! (This topic is essay market, only suitable for persuasive english IB HL students). 6) Batman and Superman maths – how to essay about use Wolfram Alpha to plot graphs of the Batman and Superman logo. 7) Explore the Si(x) function – a special function in calculus that can’t be integrated into an elementary function. Statistics and english essay modelling. 1) Traffic flow: How maths can model traffic on the roads. 2) Logistic function and constrained growth.
3) Benford’s Law – using statistics to catch criminals by making use of essay, a surprising distribution. 4) Bad maths in court – how a misuse of statistics in the courtroom can lead to devastating miscarriages of persuasive english, justice. 5) The mathematics of acyclic diene, cons – how con artists use pyramid schemes to get rich quick. 6) Impact Earth – what would happen if an asteroid or meteorite hit the Earth? 7) Black Swan events – how usefully can mathematics predict small probability high impact events? 8) Modelling happiness – how understanding utility value can make you happier. 9) Does finger length predict mathematical ability? Investigate the surprising correlation between finger ratios and english essay all sorts of abilities and traits. 10) Modelling epidemics/spread of market place, a virus.
11) The Monty Hall problem – this video will show why statistics often lead you to english unintuitive results. 12) Monte Carlo simulations. 14) Bayes’ theorem: How understanding probability is moodle thesis, essential to our legal system. 15) Birthday paradox: The birthday paradox shows how intuitive ideas on probability can often be wrong. How many people need to essay be in a room for it to be at least 50% likely that two people will share the same birthday? Find out! 16) Are we living in a computer simulation?
Look at essay teachers day the Bayesian logic behind the argument that we are living in essay a computer simulation. 17) Does sacking a football manager affect results? A chance to descriptive place look at some statistics with surprising results. 18) Which times tables do students find most difficult? A good example of essay, how to conduct a statistical investigation in mathematics. 19) Introduction to Modelling.
This is a fantastic 70 page booklet explaining different modelling methods from essay about teachers day, Moody’s Mega Maths Challenge. 20) Modelling infectious diseases – how we can use mathematics to persuasive english predict how diseases like measles will spread through a population. 21) Using Chi Squared to over crack codes – Chi squared can be used to crack Vigenere codes which for hundreds of years were thought to be unbreakable. Unleash your inner spy! 22) Modelling Zombies – How do zombies spread? What is your best way of surviving the zombie apocalypse? Surprisingly maths can help! 23) Modelling music with sine waves – how we can understand different notes by sine waves of persuasive english essay, different frequencies. Listen to acyclic the sounds that different sine waves make. 24) Are you psychic? Use the persuasive english essay, binomial distribution to test your ESP abilities.
25) Reaction times – are you above or below average? Model your data using a normal distribution. 26) Modelling volcanoes – look at how the Poisson distribution can predict volcanic eruptions, and perhaps explore some more advanced statistical tests. 27) Could Trump win the next election? How the normal distribution is used to predict elections. 28) How to avoid a Troll – an example of descriptive market, a problem solving based investigation. 29) The Gini Coefficient – How to model economic inequality.
30) Maths of Global Warming – Modeling Climate Change – Using Desmos to model the english essay, change in atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. 31) Modelling radioactive decay – the mathematics behind radioactivity decay, used extensively in science. 1) The prisoner’s dilemma: The use of game theory in psychology and moodle economics. 3) Gambler’s fallacy: A good chance to investigate misconceptions in probability and probabilities in gambling. Why does the house always win? 4) Bluffing in Poker: How probability and persuasive essay game theory can be used to explore the the best strategies for bluffing in poker. 5) Knight’s tour in chess: This chess puzzle asks how many moves a knight must make to thesis about love relationships visit all squares on a chess board. 6) Billiards and snooker. 7) Zero sum games. 8) How to persuasive essay “Solve” Noughts and Crossess (Tic Tac Toe) – using game theory.
This topics provides a fascinating introduction to both combinatorial Game Theory and Group Theory. 9) Maths and football – Do managerial sackings really lead to an improvement in moodle thesis module results? We can analyse the english, data to on the market find out. Also look at the finances behind Premier league teams. 10) Is there a correlation between Premier League wages and league position? Also look at how the Championship compares to the Premier League.
11) The One Time Pad – an uncrackable code? Explore the persuasive, maths behind code making and breaking. 12) How to win at Rock Paper Scissors. Look at some of the maths (and psychology behind winning this game. 13) The Watson Selection Task – a puzzle which tests logical reasoning. Are maths students better than history students? 2) Steiner problem. 3) Chinese postman problem – This is a problem from graph theory – how can a postman deliver letters to every house on thesis about love, his streets in persuasive english the shortest time possible?
4) Travelling salesman problem. 5) Konigsberg bridge problem: The use of research papers online, networks to solve problems. This particular problem was solved by Euler. 6) Handshake problem: With n people in a room, how many handshakes are required so that everyone shakes hands with everyone else? 7) Mobius strip: An amazing shape which is a loop with only 1 side and 1 edge. 9) Logic and sets. 10) Codes and ciphers: ISBN codes and persuasive credit card codes are just some examples of how codes are essential to modern life. Maths can be used to both make these codes and break them. 11) Zeno’s paradox of Achilles and the tortoise: How can a running Achilles ever catch the tortoise if in the time taken to moodle module halve the distance, the tortoise has moved yet further away? 12) Four colour map theorem – a puzzle that requires that a map can be coloured in so that every neighbouring country is in a different colour.
What is the persuasive essay, minimum number of colours needed for about teachers any map? 13) Telephone Numbers – these are numbers with special properties which grow very large very quickly. This topic links to graph theory. 14)The Poincare Conjecture and Grigori Perelman – Learn about the reclusive Russian mathematician who turned down $1 million for solving one of the world’s most difficult maths problems. 1) The Monkey and the Hunter – How to Shoot a Monkey – Using Newtonian mathematics to decide where to aim when shooting a monkey in a tree. 2) How to english essay Design a Parachute – looking at the physics behind parachute design to ensure a safe landing! 3) Galileo: Throwing cannonballs off The Leaning Tower of Pisa – Recreating Galileo’s classic experiment, and using maths to on the market understand the surprising result.
4) Rocket Science and Lagrange Points – how clever mathematics is used to essay keep satellites in over a hero just the right place. 5) Fourier Transforms – the most important tool in persuasive english mathematics? – An essential component of JPEG, DNA analysis, WIFI signals, MRI scans, guitar amps – find out about the thesis about, maths behind these essential technologies. 6) Bullet projectile motion experiment – using Tracker software to model the motion of a bullet. 7) Quantum Mechanics – a statistical universe? Look at the inherent probabilistic nature of the universe with some quantum mechanics. 1) Radiocarbon dating – understanding radioactive decay allows scientists and historians to accurately work out english essay something’s age – whether it be from thousands or even millions of years ago. 2) Gravity, orbits and escape velocity – Escape velocity is the speed required to essay and my dad break free from a body’s gravitational pull. Essential knowledge for english future astronauts. 3) Mathematical methods in thesis economics – maths is persuasive english, essential in both business and economics – explore some economics based maths problems.
4) Genetics – Look at the mathematics behind genetic inheritance and essay natural selection. 5) Elliptical orbits – Planets and comets have elliptical orbits as they are influenced by the gravitational pull of persuasive english, other bodies in space. Investigate some rocket science! 6) Logarithmic scales – Decibel, Richter, etc. are examples of log scales – investigate how these scales are used and what they mean. 7) Fibonacci sequence and spirals in nature – There are lots of examples of the Fibonacci sequence in about relationships real life – from pine cones to petals to modelling populations and the stock market. 8) Change in essay a person’s BMI over time – There are lots of examples of BMI stats investigations online – see if you can think of an interesting twist. 9) Designing bridges – Mathematics is essential for engineers such as bridge builders – investigate how to research papers online uk design structures that carry weight without collapse.
11) Flatland by Edwin Abbott – This famous book helps understand how to essay imagine extra dimension. Essay Over A Hero And My. You can watch a short video on it here. 12) Towers of Hanoi puzzle – This famous puzzle requires logic and patience. English. Can you find the pattern behind it? 13) Different number systems – Learn how to add, subtract, multiply and divide in essay on the market place Binary. Persuasive English Essay. Investigate how binary is used – link to acyclic diene codes and computing. 14) Methods for solving differential equations – Differential equations are amazingly powerful at modelling real life – from population growth to to pendulum motion. Persuasive Essay. Investigate how to solve them. 16) Hyperbolic functions – These are linked to relationships the normal trigonometric functions but with notable differences.
They are useful for modelling more complex shapes. 17) Medical data mining – Explore the use and misuse of statistics in medicine and science. Thanks for the list, was very useful for me (currently choosing a topic for the math exploration). extremely helpful as my teacher is super vague! love this! Most of persuasive english, these are excellent and I love the majority (CRT is the Way, the Truth, and the Light!) but these range from research papers online uk, quite easy (modular arithmetic, at least at the basic level) to impossibly hard (GRH? Goldbach?). I think the easier ones are more suitable; I find it hard to essay imagine a good paper on thesis relationships, GRH or Goldbach without a background in persuasive complex analysis or analytic number theory, respectively: these topics are just too hard for high schoolers (and too hard for everyone else probably also). On the other hand, I’d quite enjoy reading (or writing?) an expository paper on mods, especially since NT is such a neglected topic in schools. Also, what is with “Does finger length predict mathematical ability?”?
Some of the Stats topics seem quite bizarre and wholly unmathematical in nature. This is so helpful! Really helpful, I had no idea on even where to start. Thank you!
Write My Essay : 100% Original Content -
How to Write a Persuasive Essay | Scribendi
Essay Elaboration Techniques For Writing 626510. This topic contains 0 replies, has 1 voice, and was last updated by plannanisnamo 4 days, 13 hours ago. Essay Elaboration Techniques For Writing. How To Teach Writing : 7 Strategies for…Describe a Place in Detail. It is easy for any writer to mention a place without really telling the reader much about it. Encourage your students to persuasive english go back through Effective Writing , Support and Elaboration Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing are in the process of writing essays to emphasize effective writing elements.ICED: The Key to Elaboration ReadWriteThinkThough somewhat formulaic in essay market place, nature, the ICED technique offers students a framework for See “The C-Rule” writing prompt and english, The Crucible literary analysis . Writing the Body Paragraphs for Your Essay -…In the mythology over a hero and my body of the essay , all the persuasive preparation up to this point comes to fruition.
In the space under each point, write down some elaboration for that point.Support and thesis about love, elaboration The five features of effective…The first step in developing a story or essay is learning to add sufficient information. Persuasive English Essay! The best advice for a hero and my dad developing support and elaboration in essay, narrative writing is “Show, Students can learn rhetorical techniques to tailor their support to their Essay Writing Skills Essay Elaboration |… essays #039; activity. The aim of this activity is for thesis love relationships students to develop their essay . Exam technique advice. Essay Writing Skills Essay Elaboration . Levels: AS, A Strategies to elaborate in essay, informational… Elaboration strategies for informational text! Elaborating | Informational writing . Writing Papers, Essay Writing , Writing Strategies , Writing Process, Opinion ways to acyclic be more convincing. English! Elaboration in opinion… Elaboration in opinion writing This is a cute educational tool to thesis module elaborate on new Writing Papers, Essay Writing , Writing Strategies , Writing Process, Opinion elaboration 1To share teaching strategies that will help students develop a piece of writing (e.g., inverts sentence to draw attention to the point being made in an essay ).How to Write an Essay Using the Drapes…7 Sep 2012 DRAPES is an essay writing method that helps the students with elaboration techniques , which in turn, facilitates students to persuasive essay come up with PEEL Paragraph Writing Virtual LibraryThe PEEL paragraph writing approach is a proven way to help students#039; writing Retrieved from http://www.bestcustomwriting.com/blog/ essay - writing /peel- Just Keep Going: Writing Strategies for…1 Sep 2014 Just Keep Going: Writing Strategies for Elaboration to paragraphs, and paragraphs to research uk their essays , they need to build up some stamina.Best Practices in the Teaching of Writing Brevard County…Teaching writer#039;s craft techniques based on an understanding of the writing elaboration or detail, a mature command of language, and essay, appropriate Support in an FCAT writing essay is defined as the quality of details illustrating or.Supporting Your Writing with Examples and Evidence -…26 Aug 2014 Watch this lesson to learn how to make strong arguments and write better papers How to Write a Persuasive Essay and Use Several Sources. Writing Essentials – Lesson 2 Elaboration… Wilson tackles every topic from Mother#039;s Day to litter in a slice-of-life essay of mythology essay over and my sorts. I can hardly Elaboration Strategies ) Our students just hear, “tell me more. Strategies for Scaffolding Narrative and Expository… 12 Feb 2014 Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and organization and persuasive english, analysis of content. 3. Moodle Thesis Module! Word-level semantic elaboration techniques .Six Techniques for Writing Your 150-Word…2 Jan 2013 A: The Common App used to require that students write a 1,000 character (approx.
150-word) extracurricular statement. When in persuasive essay, 2013 the Top 10 Tips For Writing Effective Scholarship…Scholarships.com Top 10 Tips for Writing Effective Scholarship Essays . Write your essay by elaborating on each of the research papers points in english, your outline. Use clear, concise and essay about, simple language Scholarship Application Strategies · Apply for Paragraphing | Student assessment NSW Department of…21 Nov 2016 Paragraphing. English Essay! Students at this stage can be expected to write paragraphs with three main parts: Sentences could be arranged with: idea – elaboration , idea – evidence, or idea – example. All sentences General strategies . Essay On The Market! Essay writing for children Western Piedmont Community…7 Aug 2017 Pattern Based Writing : Quick Easy Essay does reveal that truth. the form of commentary and elaboration , both of which are important writing concepts. . techniques for teaching multi-paragraph writing are either essay Topic Sentences Elaboration YouTube22 Jan 2015 Topic sentences and elaboration Once you#039;ve created a solid thesis the writing process that your essay has some real muscles to flex.CRAFT METHODAs a writer , define in essay, a two page essay for your classmates what you believe makes the process and relationship that the writer establishes between the online support and elaboration and english essay, the topic/subject. Strategies for writing Definition Essays .SparkNotes: GRE: General Essay Strategies To write two “6” essays on the GRE in the time allotted, you need to work fast. To do that, you need to have a firm essay - writing strategy in place and a solid grasp of the thesis about love relationships fundamentals of english essay GRE essay writing before you sit down .. Elaborating .Paragraph and essay and my, Essay Development Definition and…31 Aug 2017 Also known as elaboration . Paragraphs and essays can be developed in english essay, many different ways. In conventional The methods are tools for achieving your purpose in writing , whatever that purpose may be. They can help you Writing - Essays Mnemonics Resources … Writing - Essays . Types .. Character Elaboration with Oscar the Grouch · avatar. by about, Writing Style Techniques for Vivid, Concise Writing in All Genres · avatar.
Writing the Persuasive Essay In persuasive writing , a writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to essay convince Persuasive writing , also known as the argument essay , utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is . Thesis Relationships! Elaboration to back your rebuttal.Best Practices in Teaching Writing elaboration often draws attention to persuasive english essay more specific practices that are related to . writing or of specific skills and strategies ; conference records; planning forms and . etc.; writing to demonstrate learning to about teachers the teacher, such as essays , reports, Weekly Digest #39: Writing Strategies for Students — The…11 Dec 2016 There is nothing worse than writing that first paragraph of an persuasive english essay . The crippling onset of writer#039;s block is inevitable, and can easily spiral into a Top 5 Strategies for the GRE Argument Essay -…29 Apr 2013 Here are five, simple GRE argument essay strategies by our GRE You can mention those issues, before elaborating on them in the body paragraphs. Simply rushing through the about relationships paragraph and writing whatever comes to PIE Paragraph Structure Ashford Writing Ashford…Explanation, The explanation is the writer#039;s ANALYSIS , elaboration , evaluation, or interpretation of the persuasive english point and diene, information given, connecting the information PEEL writing technique SlideShare19 Nov 2010 Using the PEEL writing technique in Geography lessons. Peel essay writing . Persuasive English Essay! Meghan Fennessy. PEEL structure for papers online literature essays . 2015 Grade 5 FSA ELA Writing Scoring Sampler FSA… text-based writing prompt for the FSA ELA Writing test. Students .. elaboration techniques (That shows that the sea turtles were going to go inside of resort, That. Essay Writing Technique Antarctic Glaciers24 Jul 2013 Good essay writing technique means having a well-ordered essay . Make sure you plan your essay . Make a bullet point list, table, or spider WRAC Online Chabot College2 Feb 2017 A helpful acronym for this technique is “P.I.E.” The explanation is the persuasive english essay writer#039;s analysis or elaboration of the point and illustration given, which Efficient Ways to Improve Student Writing | University of… Strategies , Ideas, and Recommendations from the faculty Development Literature View the improvement of students#039; writing as your responsibility. and poor writing will be penalized receive better essays than instructors who . Write their comments on the board, asking for essay dad elaboration and probing vague generalities.Classification essay writing help, ideas, topics,…In a classification essay , a writer organizes, or sorts, things into categories. Persuasive English Essay! most important category, usually reserved for essay teachers day last, might require more elaboration . Writing introductions and conclusions for… Writing introductions and Writing an essay is not like writing a mystery novel with of argument. Indication of conclusion.
Elaboration on content of persuasive essay essay Four Square Writing Technique 4 Square Method is a way to learn to write . (for any grade Elaboration : tell more about the topic or tell what is so great multiple essay , use a rote lesson by:.Lesson Idea The Writing Recipe: Essay Structure…Discover an essay writing lesson that works great for thesis love relationships English Language Learners. English! In this simple lesson, Ms. Sackman shows how to essay day use writing prompts and manipulatives to get ELLs started on english essay, their way to module essay writing . Great strategies !Tips for persuasive essay Writing Essay ExamsTips for Writing Essay Exams Writing a good essay requires synthesis of material that cannot be done in papers online, They give no credit for elaboration of the obvious.Chapter 4. What Are You Writing , to Whom, and How? |… explains a writer#039;s ideas by defining, explaining, informing, or elaborating on english essay, points to module An expository essay allows the writer the opportunity to explain his or her ideas How to apply the Heimlich manoeuvre, or other lifesaving technique Writing Standards and Test Preparation Summary for… Essays by fifth-graders contain formal introductions, ample supporting evidence, and As they learn different techniques and write for english essay different purposes, their writing Revising: Students revise selected drafts by adding, elaborating , deleting, English Literature Writing Guiderealise that essay writing at University level may be different from the practices you have so far . About Day! Obeying the rubrics is an important part of examination technique ; disobeying them .. elaboration , and occasional misjudgement as to english essay where a Opinion Writing Best PracticesAccording to the NAEP Writing Report Card (2003), only 17% of 4supth/sup graders, 18% of 8supth/sup graders, and 31% of 12supth/sup graders wrote opinion/argumentative essays that were judged to be “skillful” or better. Research Based Strategies . Diene! #3 ELABORATION : develop and support the focus in a way that is appropriate for the 4 Writing Strategies for essay Creative Thinking | Thoughtful…Discover four traits of module creative thinking—fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration —and activities for essay incorporating them in students#039; writing . You must be logged in to reply to this topic. Even The Best Marriages Go Through Rough Patches. Essay Dad! Sometimes even the essay best marriages look a whole lot like something you’d never opt to be a part of. These Are The Things I Didn’t Know About Babies (And Now I Do) I didn#8217;t know I#8217;d look back on those baby years and miss them. FYI: Listening To Your Favorite Tunes Can Put You In The Mood For Sexy Time. Over And My Dad! If things are getting a little stale between the sheets, break out the music and persuasive, play your favorite jams.
We Spent The Day At The Cemetery, And Here’s Why. I made a conscious decision with my kids that I would never shy away from death as a topic. Acyclic Diene Metathesis! I wouldn#8217;t glorify it or fixate on it, but I wouldn#8217;t shy away from english essay it either. I May Be Young, But Breast Cancer Didn’t Care. I had almost no breast cancer risk factors.
Yet here I am. And I am only in moodle, this place of healing and recovery because I listened to my intuition.
Order Essay from Experienced Writers with Ease -
Persuasive Essay and Speech Topics | Ereading Worksheets
composite resume Atlanta, GA 30338. Accomplished Senior IT professional with a background in business intelligence, reporting systems, data quality (including ETL), software design and persuasive essay full life-cycle development. Capable of managing numerous projects while leading cross-functional teams to meet and exceed overall IT initiatives. Demonstrated consultative process skills with emphasis on technical, written, and relationship development. Business Objects Enterprise ETL (Data Services -- BODI / BODS, SSIS) Reporting (Web Intelligence, Xcelsius, Crystal Reports) Highlights of skills:
Teradata Certified Professional, Teradata Certified SQL Specialist. Development of BODS objects supporting multiple change data capture styles that include thousands of mappings and over seventy SAP DSO destinations. All information sourced from and research online writing to SAP HANA. Created BODS specific portions of mapping documents, including CDC information. Design (modeling) and construction of persuasive SAP HANA tables, functions, procedures, and thesis about love views using a combination of persuasive english Data Services, PowerDesigner, and essay about teachers HANA Studio. Performed modeling with HANA, using attribute, analytic, and calculation views. Migration of information from multiple source systems (out of SAP HANA) into SAP Bank Analyzer, with various data profiling and quality checks and use of a composite table to ease maintenance/LI Environment: Data Services (BODS) 4, SAP HANA, SAP Bank Analyzer, DB2, PowerDesigner, Windows 7. Creation of persuasive executive dashboard illustrating volumes, imbalances, accounting details, and essay place customer information related to acquisition.
Improvement of existing dashboards – organization and bug fixes. Essay. Ensured data accuracy and essay over and my providing of most important and up to date details by meeting with business analysts and management in multiple locales. Developed several multi-source IDT universes referencing relational databases, containing derived tables. Provided key and timely details in user-friendly dashboard to help management make informed decisions. Conversion of persuasive english essay existing dashboards from Xcelsius to essay a hero dad, Lumira, for comparison purposes.
Environment: Xcelsius 4.1, SAP Lumira, IDT, MS Access 2012, SQL Server 2012, Windows 7. Successful and rapid conversion of english multiple Ab Initio processes to Data Services, implementing methodologies to increase maintainability, including simplification, logging, and inline documentation. Data analysis, modeling, and profiling using SQL Server and Data Services, to metathesis, provide new and improved structures and aid in essay, data quality checks related to conversion efforts. Cost savings through replacement of scheduler with scripting involving file watcher loops and, or database flag checks, moving files to staging and production folders, and emailing of diene metathesis results, including attachments. Executed technical leadership on the use of the persuasive english essay, technology platform and tools, mentoring in acyclic, optimal use of BODS in a SQL Server, SAP, and Unix environment. Environment: Data Services (BODS) 4, SQL Server 2008, Oracle, SAP, Ab Initio, Acorn, Windows 7, Unix. Created and optimized executive summary and several linked dashboards, including hierarchical selectors, flash variables, and dynamic sales and marketing information based on live SAP BPC data. Built Crystal Reports detail reports connected to BI services pointed at persuasive, Web Intelligence blocks containing BEx query details.
Reports launched by and received prompts from essay teachers day, Xcelsius dashboard. Acted as go-to for the team for technical concerns and idea development. Significant contributions to dashboard and ETL architecture and english design, including best practices. Constructed reusable templates to speed batch and real-time ETL development in descriptive market, BODS and provide auditing functionality. Led training sessions explaining usage of english templates and descriptive essay on the market gathering ideas for improvement. Environment: Data Services (BODS) 4, Dashboard Designer (Xcelsius), Business Objects 4 (WebI, UDT, IDT), Crystal Reports 4, SQL Server 2008, Neteeza, XML, Windows 7.
Converted data conversion processes from BW to ECC sources, using Data Services integrated with SAP. Created reporting system, including data model and dictionary, ETL, and WebI reports, based off SAP ECC material master information. Involved frequent discussions with offshore team members and business analysts. Troubleshooting of reporting, universe, and ETL issues with onshore and offshore engineers. Environment: Data Services (BODS) 4, Business Objects 4 (WebI, UDT), Oracle, SAP BW and ECC, Windows 7. Acted as systems/software engineer for system architecture planning, technical design, software development and test, and software, hardware, and interface integration. English. Installation and configuration of Business Objects Enterprise and Data Services, including Data Quality.
Creation, improvement, and documentation of HR reports and research papers related universe, including standardization and applying best practices. Environment: Data Services XI r3.2, Business Objects XI r3.2, SQL Server 2008; Win Server 2008. Engineered conversion projects, using a self-designed standardized process, for migrating information between SAP 4.7 and 6.0. Converted information from SAP modules, including manufacturing, material master, basic data, fico, general plant, mdm, mrp, purchasing, qm, sales data, units of measure, warehouse mgmt, and english work scheduling. Built and implemented validation projects to ensure quality data migration. Frequent daily interaction with SAP functional analysts and business to review requirements and mythology essay over and my dad results. Environment: Data Services XI r3.2, Oracle 9i; SQL Server 2008; SAP ECC 4.7, 6.0; Win XP. Converted and enhanced Cognos into WebI, Crystal, and Xcelsius reports with SAP data (HCM and SCM). Mapping of reporting requirements from business terms into SAP objects.
Creation and essay maintenance of OLAP universes sourced from BEx queries. Writing and metathesis editing of essay SAP BEx queries using Query Designer. Writing of diene metathesis test scripts for accuracy, formatting, and persuasive english essay performance. Environment: Business Objects XI r3.2; SAP ECC 4.7 – HCM, SCM, SD; SQL Server 2008; Win XP. Guided and played key role in design document production, including ETL field mappings for 500+ fields in moodle thesis, four systems (2000+ fields total), data dictionary, universe and report documents, and DDL scripts. Constructed universe and related star schema database, with focus on user-friendly configuration of classes and objects.
Universe automatically updated with self-created automation tool. Led report development effort, including creation of many Web Intelligence reports. Designed and essay implemented Business Objects architecture, including hardware and software requirements, CMS information, security, and migration from descriptive essay on the market, XIr2 to XIr3. Championed standardization of field mappings, data dictionary, and universe and report documents. Coordinated offshore ETL efforts, including meetings and answering of daily questions. Environment: Business Objects XI r3.2; SQL Server 2008; Designer SDK; Crystal Enterprise SDK, Win XP.
Designed, created, implemented, and tested dataflows, workflows, scripts, and english jobs for thesis relationships multiple projects. Persuasive Essay. Troubleshooting and performance tuning which reduced several jobs from research papers online uk, several hours to less than one. Full lifecycle project focusing on surveys, including Data Services and Designer (universe) components. Migrated dataflows, workflows, scripts, and persuasive english jobs between repositories. Environment: Data Services XI r3.2, Business Objects XI r3.2; SQL Server 2008; Windows Server 2008, Windows XP. Created and ran ETL jobs to load and manipulate Material Master and Vendor SAP information. Essay Dad. Generated, put into successful production, and english trained others in data validation / testing tool, using Data Services and SQL Server procedures and acyclic metathesis functions. Administration and configuration of english multiple datastores and servers. Upgrade of First Logic / Data Quality to Data Services, with data and multiple country address cleansing. Developed, published, and scheduled batch and real-time jobs. Produced contact duplicate checking ETL project, including match transforms and adjustable parameters.
Constructed dashboards to review data validation results. Environment: Data Services XI r3.1, 3.2; SQL Server 2005; SAP (extracts); Xcelsius 2008; Windows XP. Directed and coordinated organizational strategies of employees responsible for conceptualizing, designing, constructing, testing and implementing business and technical solutions for telecommunications data. Partnered with software and architectural teams to plan and build out new systems, understand scalability and constraints of software, and manage disaster recovery and business continuity planning. Acted as key developer, leading a team of essay on the market place four (mostly remote) developers in the creation of Webi reports, universes, and Xcelsius dashboards consisting of proprietary telecommunications information. Implemented ETL related to numerous systems, including creating and manipulating tables with raw SQL/SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) and conversion of SAS into packages and persuasive essay SQL. Guided and developed the Business Objects teams, including providing hiring recommendations, training, mentoring and moodle thesis module monitoring staff performance to effectively adhere to persuasive essay, company’s “best practice” initiatives. Environment: Business Objects XI r2 (Webi, Designer, CMS, Admin); Crystal Reports XI; Crystal Xcelsius 2008; SQL Server 2005; Teradata; SSIS; Netezza; SAS; Aqua Data Studio; Windows XP.
Responsible for creating Business Objects universes and reports to provide information on clinical trials. Essay Teachers. Successfully migrated universes and reports from persuasive english essay, development to test to production. Created Oracle functions and stored procedures to supply comma-delimited lists and date information. Created functional and thesis module technical documentation for all reports and universes, outlining processes to create an easily readable roadmap of all procedures for end users. Environment: BusinessObjects XI r2; Oracle 9i; ARISg; Windows XP. Led efforts in the successful extraction and transformation of information from Excel to SQL Server database, designing a database geared towards OLAP reporting and english later Essbase loading.
Created over two thousand transformations to alter information extracted from Excel. Developed ETL program using VB with features for types of processes to display and run, status lists, storing metrics, HTML help, and papers online uk options to skip process with errors to convert text values to essay, zero’s. Environment: SQL Server 2005; Visual Basic 6; Hyperion Essbase; Microsoft Excel 2003; OLAP; Windows XP. Responsible for gathering customer requirements, architecting prototypical solutions, acquiring customer acceptance, and managing software processes from initial design to moodle module, final implementation and deployment. Primarily responsible for persuasive migrating Sybase, Business Objects (6.x), and Oracle Sagent data warehouses to essay teachers, provide commodities-related financial information to client and internal business users. Key Projects: Migrated three reporting systems to Business Objects XI and Crystal Reports XI, with Oracle 9i.
Administration using Central Management Console to persuasive english, schedule reports, configure user and group security, and manage categories, folders, universes, and licensing. Thesis. Created and tested reports and universes with information about persuasive, commodities, futures, and options. Installed, tested, and maintained Business Objects XI (including Crystal) client and server software. Environment: Oracle 9i; Business Objects XI r2 (Webi, Crystal Reports, Performance Management, SDK); Sagent; Visual Basic 6; Scripting (VB, Java, batch); ASP; HTML; XML; CSS; SDLC; Cisco VPN; Windows XP. IT Consultant 1995 to 2006. Key Clients: LeasePlan, Lockheed Martin, WPAFB (Air Force), Haworth, HPFS, ATT, Travelers, CIT, Cigna, Anheuser-Busch, Peabody Group, MasterCard, Ralston Purina, Maritz, Davis Interactive Client:nbspnbsp LeasePlan -nbspAtlanta, GA,nbsp Business Objects Expert (2005 to 2006) Created a Business Objects data warehouse to moodle module, provide leasing information to persuasive english, 100 key clients. Designed and rolled out an innovative reporting system using Webi, including linked reports. Created conversion utility supporting improved (Excel) and unavailable formats (Word and HTML).
Client:nbspnbsp Lockheed Martin (US Navy) -nbspNew Orleans, LA,nbsp Business Objects Expert (2004 to 2005) Gained acceptance of a conversion of an essay over a hero and my dad, Access reporting system into Business Objects. Developed, documented, and essay performance tuned thirteen reports and associated universes. Conducted qualitative and quantitative analysis to define project scopes and technical criteria. Created many Data Integrator jobs, workflows, and dataflows supplying source data for systems. Moodle. Collaborated with key internal and english external decision makers to recommend process enhancements, including creation of conversion utility for perfecting Word and Excel files from moodle thesis, Excel exports. Persuasive English. Recipient of the mythology essay a hero dad, “Lockheed Martin Outstanding Performer” Award (2004). Client:nbspnbsp WPAFB (US Air Force) -nbspDayton, OH,nbsp Business Objects Technical Support Analyst (2005 to persuasive, 2006) Provided expert analysis and assistance for descriptive the Air Force Knowledge System application, supporting over 450 tickets arising from over 300 users. Persuasive English. Tested and troubleshot WIS and INF errors, training, and essay about network, database and persuasive essay universe issues. Troubleshot invalid data resulting from universe and database problems.
Client:nbspnbsp Haworth -nbspHolland, MI,nbsp Data Integrator Developer (2005 to 2006) Gathered specifications and developed, tested, and rolled out transformations and metathesis universes for AP, PO, and english FA segments of Oracle Financials using Business Objects Data Integrator and Designer. Client:nbspnbsp HPFS -nbspMurray Hill, NJ,nbsp Business Objects Expert (2003) Served as financial reporting analyst, balancing data related to a conversion of a loan system. Provided support to users for report requests and acyclic diene metathesis maintenance, creating and testing 30 reports. Analyzed, documented, and implemented recommendations for SQL Server DTS scripts. Client:nbspnbsp ATampT -nbspBedminster, NJ,nbsp Business Objects Expert (2003) Reporting analyst/administrator for a data warehousing project targeted to analyze and improve call center performance and processes.
Responded to daily maintenance requests, streamlining processes through the installation, administration and persuasive english essay configuration of Business Objects, including Publisher. Descriptive Essay On The Place. Client:nbspnbsp Travelers -nbspHartford, CT,nbsp Business Analyst (2002 to 2003) Main point of contact in a Focus mainframe, SAS to client-server (Business Objects, Crystal Reports) migration and persuasive conversion of the Annuity Reporting System. Collaborated with cross-functional teams to develop 42 reports including prototype creation, testing, documentation, performance tuning, and about requirements gathering and design. Conducted in-depth data analysis including data dictionary, physical data model, entity relationship diagrams, and PL/SQL queries for balancing and reviewing integrity of data. Client:nbspnbsp CIT Group -nbspLivingston, NJ,nbsp Business Objects Expert (2002) Served as lead financial reporting analyst in a Citation mainframe to client-server (ALS) Business Objects implementation of english essay a data warehouse (Oracle, Sybase) for module leasing. Partnered with end-users and key internal decision makers on requirements gathering. Full life-cycle development and performance tuning of 54 flawless reports using Business Objects Reporter, Designer, Supervisor, and persuasive english Broadcast Agent.
Trained, mentored and monitored new and existing developers, instilling “best practices” to adhere to internal protocols and procedures. Client:nbspnbsp Cigna -nbspHartford, CT,nbsp Data Warehousing Consultant - Genio / Brio (2001 to essay about, 2002) Responsible for the enhancement and maintenance of a customized Brio data warehouse reporting application for investment data, including transforming source data (Genio). Gathered scopes and persuasive specifications to test and provide daily support of Brio and Genio. Taught end users on the capabilities, enhancements, and limitations of Brio. Thesis Love Relationships. Client:nbspnbsp Anheuser-Busch, Inc. -nbspSt. Persuasive English Essay. Louis, MO,nbsp Senior Business Objects Developer (1999 to 2001) Implemented full lifecycle design of a 60 report data warehouse for pricing and promotions, that aided retailer sales tracking and thesis module marketing applications. Administered Business Objects repository, security, setup, universes, and report scheduling, including an upgrade from version 4 to english essay, 5. Constructed automated universe and report documentation with Business Objects SDK. Participated in Oracle ETL (transformation) related efforts, including creation of PL/SQL functions, packages, stored procedures, views, tables, indexes, explain plans, and types. Client:nbspnbsp Peabody Group -nbspSt. Louis, MO,nbsp Business Objects Developer (1999) Production included report creation, design, and prototyping security, universe maintenance and mythology essay over dad origination, data definition and persuasive manipulation, testing and research layout. Client:nbspnbsp MasterCard -nbspSt.
Louis, MO,nbsp Consultant (1998 to 1999) Accountable for the conception of financial reporting system and persuasive english essay associated graphical user interface, generating financial reports using Crystal Reports, VB, and Oracle. Client:nbspnbsp Davis Interactive (Interchange Technologies) -nbspSt. Moodle Thesis. Louis, MO,nbsp Consultant (1995 to 1999) Responsible for design and support of multimedia projects with Macromedia Director and persuasive english essay VB. Created graphical user interfaces and research database engines to interact with databases and kiosks. Assembled software for reusable client incentive system (CIMS for Windows).
Performed database administration, including backups, scheduling tasks, and essay setting up users and groups. Designed, developed, and mythology essay a hero and my tested reports and associated interface using Visual Basic and Crystal Reports. Produced reusable Visual Basic tools, including batch form dynamic link library, report executable creator, system administration form creator, data source creator, and english essay SQL Server administrative software. Environment: Visual Basic 6; Crystal Reports; SQL Server 6.5; Filemaker; Windows NT. B.S.
Accounting; Minor: Business Management, December 1996. Recipient of Academic Scholarship. Tutor: General Statistics, 1995-97. Teradata Certified Professional; Teradata Certified SQL Specialist. | <urn:uuid:40294a4b-7c8e-4dc7-9f3b-ceec8e527d1f> | {
"date": "2018-06-22T18:31:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9048082232475281,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 20482,
"url": "http://helpwritinganessay.dehaorhan.com/article/2/paper/persuasive-english-essay/"
} |
"Congress Deserves A Big Fat Raise"Submitted by damdrod on Tue, 04/02/2013 - 16:18
"Americans loathe Congress. Cockroaches, traffic jams, and colonoscopies have higher favorability ratings. Important decisions are endlessly delayed because of petty bickering and political posturing. Congress’s biggest accomplishments these days are government shutdowns and a costly budget sequestration—precisely when the U.S. economy is struggling to rebound.
That’s why Congress needs a big fat pay raise.
You read that last line correctly. Members of Congress are overworked and underpaid, and we are all suffering as a result. While plenty of people are willing to run for Congress, being in office isn’t what it used to be. Senators and representatives earn less than they have in decades. They don’t have the same level of staff support, even while the workload has exploded. They work in a poisonous political environment. Representatives have every reason to keep an eye on the exit—they all could earn more as lobbyists. We get what we pay for, and there’s no question we are not paying enough to keep the best people on the job." | <urn:uuid:6b5a01b4-4d2e-44c8-a6f2-2cd30151757f> | {
"date": "2014-10-23T06:01:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507450767.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005730-00264-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9600197076797485,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 254,
"url": "http://www.dailypaul.com/280470/congress-deserves-a-big-fat-raise"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.