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This information was prepared by ASCIA in conjunction with ANZAAG, the Australian & New Zealand Anaesthetic Allergy Group.
Chlorhexidine is a highly effective antiseptic agent. Allergic reactions to chlorhexidine are rare, but are increasing in frequency, possibly related to increased use of chlorhexidine containing products in recent years.
Chlorhexidine is used in a large number of products and its presence can sometimes be ‘hidden’
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of chlorhexidine containing products in hospital and community settings over the last couple of decades. As antibiotic resistant organisms are becoming more common, its use in both prevention and treatment of infection is likely to continue.
In the hospital setting, chlorhexidine is routinely used for handwashing and to clean the skin before performing a surgical procedure or inserting a needle. Some surgical dressings, medical devices (such as central venous lines) and lubricants also contain chlorhexidine, to reduce the risk of infection. Many over-the-counter (OTC) products contain chlorhexidine. The table on page 3 lists some of the products that may contain chlorhexidine. Please note this list is not exhaustive. New products containing chlorhexidine are frequently released, so it is essential to read all labels carefully prior to use to check the contents of products
If you are allergic to chlorhexidine, you need to be aware that the presence of chlorhexidine is often not obvious. Labelling can be inconsistent. There is no universal symbol identifying that a product contains Chlorhexidine. It may be described using the full word ‘chlorhexidine’ or sometimes as an abbreviation (such as CHG in dressings or AGB on central venous lines). If you are uncertain ask your pharmacist to help to ensure OTC preparations do not contain chlorhexidine as labels can be difficult to read and not placed in a prominent position.
As chlorhexidine can be ‘hidden’, for example, as a coating agent on medical devices such as central venous lines, allergic reactions can be difficult to diagnose. Chlorhexidine allergic people often have more than one reaction, due to misdiagnosis or accidental re-exposure caused by inadequate labelling or awareness.
Immediate allergic reactions to chlorhexidine can be severe
Immediate allergic reactions (also known as Type 1 or IgE mediated reactions) are the most serious adverse reactions to chlorhexidine. In people with immediate chlorhexidine allergy, contact with chlorhexidine results in activation of immune cells and release of histamine into the tissue. This can result in a variety of symptoms including itching, hives (urticaria) and angioedema (swelling).
Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) can result in difficulty breathing, dizziness, a drop in blood pressure and collapse. Anaphylaxis typically occurs when chlorhexidine comes in contact with internal (mucosal) surfaces or deeper tissues in the body, through an opening of the skin during a medical procedure. People who develop anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine may report prior mild hives (urticaria) to chlorhexidine. The significance of these may not have been appreciated. Further information on anaphylaxis is available on the ASCIA website: www.allergy.org.au/anaphylaxis
Whilst chlorhexidine allergy is rare, it is a well recognised cause of anaphylaxis during surgery. A past history of other allergies such as eczema, asthma or allergic rhinitis (hay fever) does not appear to increase the risk of developing chlorhexidine allergy.
So far, we do not know whether health care professionals who are frequently exposed to chlorhexidine are at increased risk of developing chlorhexidine allergy. People with chlorhexidine allergy should be able to tolerate other antiseptic products due to the lack of cross-reactivity.
Chlorhexidine can also cause irritant contact dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis
Chlorhexidine can also cause irritant dermatitis. This is not a true allergic reaction as it does not involve a specific immune response. It is caused by chlorhexidine directly irritating skin and results in rough, dry and scaly skin, sometimes with weeping sores. Chlorhexidine can also cause allergic contact dermatitis. Whilst the symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis look similar to those of irritant dermatitis, it involves a non-immediate (non-IgE mediated) allergic response. It typically occurs 12-48 hours after contact with chlorhexidine.
Irritant dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis to chlorhexidine are annoying but not dangerous. However, there are reports of people with allergic contact dermatitis who later develop immediate allergic reactions to chlorhexidine. In both these conditions, recognition, treatment, and chlorhexidine avoidance are recommended.
Awareness and diagnosis are important first steps
Your doctor will initially assess your history to identify the cause of your problem. This will often be followed by allergy testing to help confirm or exclude chlorhexidine allergy. Allergy skin tests and/or blood tests for allergen specific IgE (commonly known as RAST) are often used to confirm or exclude immediate chlorhexidine allergy. Other types of skin tests called patch tests may be used for the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. Further information on allergy testing is available at www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergy-testing/allergy-testing
Management of chlorhexidine allergy involves careful avoidance
If you are allergic to chlorhexidine, you should:
- Avoid chlorhexidine exposure. It is important to check the labels carefully to make sure that chlorhexidine is not included in prescribed or OTC products. Ask health care professionals such as pharmacists if you are not sure whether a product contains chlorhexidine.
- Advise doctors, nurses, dentists and blood collectors of your chlorhexidine allergy well in advance of any procedures, dental treatment, blood tests or x-rays, to ensure that chlorhexidine is not used.
- Wear a medical identification bracelet stating that you are allergic to chlorhexidine. If you are unconscious or confused and need emergency treatment, then the nurses and doctors will know to avoid chlorhexidine. This is especially important since chlorhexidine is often used as an antiseptic in medical procedures.
- Discuss an Emergency action plan (ASCIA Action Plan for allergic reactions or ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis) with your doctor. This may include training in the use of an adrenaline (epinephrine) autoinjector (such as EpiPen®) which may be prescribed by your doctor where appropriate.
Currently there isn't evidence that chlorhexidine allergy may resolve with time or by avoidance. It is therefore important to remember that the avoidance of chlorhexidine is lifelong.
Products that may contain chlorhexidine
In hospital settings
- Skin antiseptic wipes
- Hand gels and hand wash solutions
- Surgical skin disinfectants
- Pre-surgery wash sponges and wipes
- Surface cleaning sprays and solutions
- Lubricant preparations
- Central venous lines
- Surgical dressings and mesh
In community settings
- Hand gels and washes
- Mouthwashes, toothpastes and other mouth products
- Disinfectants or antiseptics
- Shampoo, body wash, sponges and wipes
- Skin creams, ointments and cleansers
- Antiseptic throat lozenges and sprays
- Nasal sprays
© ASCIA 2019
ASCIA is the peak professional body of clinical immunology/allergy specialists in Australia and New Zealand.
ASCIA resources are based on published literature and expert review, however, they are not intended to replace medical advice. The content of ASCIA resources is not influenced by any commercial organisations.
For more information go to www.allergy.org.au
To donate to allergy and immunology research go to www.allergyimmunology.org.au/donate
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The trek of the pika
- by Michael Morris, Mount Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks
- October 30, 2002
We’ve enjoyed a great autumn for hiking but there are fewer animals to encounter at this time of year. However, on a recent hike to Abbott Ridge in Glacier National Park, I heard the unmistakable eeeeeek! of a pika as my group passed a jumble of rock well above treeline. Pikas are a kind of rabbit about the size of my fist with tiny ears and a puff-ball tail. Despite the late season with snow on the ground, this pika was still asserting its territory by giving its alarm call.
Unlike many small mammals, such as marmots, which lower their body temperature and go into a deep hibernation, pikas remain active all winter. Through the summer you may have noticed their neat piles of cut plants along the side of the trail that they have laid out to dry. They put up enough hay to last until next spring, which in pika habitat around here can be as late as August, as was the case this year. Their hay stashes are tucked in several places throughout their rock pile home and enable them to keep a warm body temperature as they live out the winter under a deep cover of snow. Dried vegetation also as serves as their nests, which are situated deep enough in talus piles to avoid predators.
Once on a trek through the MacKenzie Mountains in Yukon, I heard the same pika sound. As I struggled across the rugged terrain and raging streams, it occurred to me that somehow in the past pikas had spread from Yukon to the Columbia Mountains where I was accustomed to hearing them on just about any hike in the alpine. Having seen the mountains, lakes and rivers between here and there on my plane ride north, I had a hard time imaging pikas being able to move so far and over so many obstacles.
Actually they have traveled much further. Pikas evolved in central Asia, arriving in North America via the Bering Land Bridge during the most recent Ice Age, about 20,000 years ago. Sea level was lower then due to the amount of ice that overlay much of the Northern Hemisphere. Grizzly bears, mammoths, humans, and many other forms of life arrived in North America via this route.
Mammoths were hunted to extinction and grizzlies occupy but half their former North American range. But the little pika remains relatively abundant throughout the alpine areas of North America as far south as California.
To hear a sound files of a pika and a marmot, which lives in simialar terrain but has a different call, click the links below: | <urn:uuid:53df32ae-732d-492b-8336-6d3bbf6407f7> | {
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Is UNITE valid for Scrabble? Words With Friends? Other games?!
Definitions of UNITE in various dictionaries:
- verb - act in concert or unite in a common purpose or belief
- verb - become one
- verb - have or possess in combination
- verb - be or become joined or united or linked
- verb - bring together for a common purpose or action or ideology or in a shared situation
- verb - join or combine
- To bring together so as to form a whole.
- To combine (people) in interest, attitude, or action: “the love that unites humanity” (Germaine Greer).
- To join (a couple) in marriage.
- To cause to adhere.
- To have or demonstrate in combination: She unites common sense with vision.
- To become or seem to become joined, formed, or combined into a unit.
- To join and act together in a common purpose or endeavor.
- To be or become bound together by adhesion.
- adv - to bring together so as to form a whole [v UNITED, UNITING, UNITES] : UNITEDLY
There are 5 letters in UNITE: E I N T U
Scrabble results that can be created with an extra letter added to UNITE
To search all scrabble anagrams of UNITE, to go: UNITE?
Rearrange the letters in UNITE and see some winning combinations
Contextual use of UNITE
What's nearby UNITE
Lookup in Wiki for UNITE
Anagrammer is a game resource site that has been extremely popular with players of popular games like Scrabble, Lexulous, WordFeud, Letterpress, Ruzzle, Hangman and so forth. We maintain regularly updated dictionaries of almost every game out there. To be successful in these board games you must learn as many valid words as possible, but in order to take your game to the next level you also need to improve your anagramming skills, spelling, counting and probability analysis. Make sure to bookmark every unscrambler we provide on this site. Explore deeper into our site and you will find many educational tools, flash cards and so much more that will make you a much better player. This page covers all aspects of UNITE, do not miss the additional links under "More about: UNITE" | <urn:uuid:cca16eab-02e9-4102-ab56-b963f0c333bf> | {
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System Power Management Events
A system power management event is a change in the system power status, the operational mode of a device or the system, or the value of a power setting. Because these events can affect the operation of applications and installable drivers, the system notifies all applications and installable drivers by broadcasting a notification for each event. Applications and services register for notifications by using the RegisterPowerSettingNotification function. Notifications are received via the WM_POWERBROADCAST message, which contains the power management event and any associated event-specific data.
A system power status event occurs when there is a change in the power supply or in the system battery status. For example, the system broadcasts a PBT_APMPOWERSTATUSCHANGE event whenever the user switches from battery to AC power or vice versa. The system also broadcasts this event when remaining battery power slips below the threshold specified by the user or if the battery power changes by a specified percentage.
An operational mode event occurs when there is a change in power consumption, such as the system switching to a sleep state due to inactivity or the user manually putting the system to sleep. The system broadcasts events about these changes before the change in power consumption is made. For example, if the system determines that it is idle, it broadcasts a PBT_APMSUSPEND event that notifies applications and drivers that it is about to suspend operation and sleep to conserve power. Applications and drivers can prepare for sleep by closing files and saving data to avoid potential data loss.
When the system carries out a critical suspension, the system is immediately put to sleep due to a critical condition such as a critical battery alarm. In contrast to a normal sleep transition, the system does not notify applications and drivers before carrying out a critical suspension. Therefore, applications must be prepared to handle critical suspensions.
When system operation is restored after having been suspended, the system notifies all applications and drivers. It also indicates whether the system is resuming from a critical suspension so the application or driver can take appropriate steps to restore its data and continue operation.
Applications should make every attempt to handle the transition to the sleep state without any user intervention because it may not be possible for the user to respond. For example, the lid on the notebook computer may be closed. When an application receives notification that the system is about to enter sleep, it should perform any necessary operations quickly and return out of the message loop. The system allows for a maximum of two seconds per application when handling this message before timing out.
A power setting change event occurs when there is a change in the value of a power setting. For example, the user changes the power plan from High Performance to Balanced in the Power Options application in Control Panel. In this case, the system would broadcast an event that indicates that the power plan has changed. This event includes the new value for the power setting. | <urn:uuid:eb809666-d4f3-4933-a496-018cc8424a99> | {
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I often have two dilemmas at dinnertime. First, my older daughter picks up a book as soon as she comes to the table, and if given the chance, always reads while dining — the very opposite of “mindful” eating. (She grudgingly stops when we tell her, but we have mixed feelings, frankly, because her love of reading is, well, lovely.) The other problem is my younger daughter’s jokey inclination to stuff her mouth with huge chunks of food, which allows her to finish quickly and then rush off to her next activity.
Both of these behaviors are not only impolite, they can lead to overeating. But according to new research out of the Netherlands, simply taking prescribed smaller bites (or sips of soup in this case) can counteract the negative impact of distracted eating. The study was published in PLOS One; here’s more from the news release:
Previous studies have shown that taking smaller bites helps people eat less. Other research has also shown that people tend to eat larger meals if eating while distracted.
In this new study, the authors assessed whether taking smaller bites or sips of food affected meal size if eaters were distracted during their meal. Participants in the study were given a meal of soup as they watched a 15 minute animation film. Two groups ate in pre-measured volumes of either ‘small’ or ‘large’ sips, and the rest were allowed to take sips of whatever size they liked. All participants could eat as much as they wanted, and were later asked to estimate how much they had eaten.
The authors found that people who ate pre-specified ‘small’ bites of food consumed about 30% less soup for their meal than those in the other two groups. The latter two groups also under-estimated how much they had eaten. Across all three groups, distractions during the meal led to a general increase in food intake, but even when distracted, people who ate pre-specified small sips of soup consumed less food than the others. According to the researchers, their results suggest that reducing sip or bite sizes during a meal may help those trying to lower their food intake, even if they are eating while distracted.
The other option would be to simply eliminate the distraction. (Note that all of the groups ate more when distracted, despite bite size.)
Readers, tell the truth, do you read, check your phone or otherwise disengage when eating? Can you share any tricks for eating more mindfully? | <urn:uuid:62a6582b-eb42-44b0-9065-92ccfc5ce172> | {
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A Thousand Shall FallBook - 1979
During World War II, Canada trained tens of thousands of airmen under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Those selected for Bomber Command operations went on to rain devastation upon the Third Reich in the great air battles over Europe, but their losses were high. German fighters and anti-aircraft guns took a terrifying toll. The chances of surviving a tour of duty as a bomber crew were almost nil.
Murray Peden's story of his training in Canada and England, and his crew's operations on Stirlings and Flying Fortresses with 214 Squadron, has been hailed as a classic of war literature. It is a fine blend of the excitement, humour, and tragedy of that eventful era. | <urn:uuid:f9439e39-3f35-473d-92b0-16af7e7e5716> | {
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Whispering Willow Wind Farm
Using the wind to create electricity has been around for a long time, you've probably seen windmills on farms. When the wind turns the blades of a windmill, it spins a turbine inside a small generator to produce electricity, just like a big coal power plant.
A windmill on a farm can make only a small amount of electricity, enough to power a few farm machines. To make enough electricity to serve lots of people, power companies build "wind farms" with dozens wind turbines.
Wind farms are built in flat, open areas where the wind blows at least 14 miles per hour.
Iowa ranks 2nd in the nation for wind energy production as there are almost 2,900 utility scale wind turbines in Iowa. This creates enough electricity to power 1,000,000 homes. Minnesota is fourth in the nation for wind energy production and Wisconsin is 19th.
When it comes to size, bigger is better. The bigger the wind turbine, the more wind it reaches and the more electricity it produces.
Wind turbines used for large-scale wind farms come in various sizes, but are usually approximately 13 feet wide at the base, and between 230 and 265 feet tall at the hub. With one of the blades in the upright position, the total height is approximately 406 feet, like the one pictured here at Cedar Ridge Wind Farm in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin.
When it comes to size, bigger is better - the bigger the wind turbine, the more wind it reaches and the more electricity it produces.
Wind farms can have as few as five wind turbines or as many as 150. One of the largest wind farms in the U.S. is in Altamont Pass, California. It has more than 4,800 wind turbines. Visit the Encyclopedia of Earth for more information on Altamont Pass wind farm.
Alliant Energy owns and operates three wind farms in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin:
In addition to the wind farms owned by Alliant Energy, we also purchase more than 400 MW of energy from other wind farms throughout our service territory
How a wind turbine works
A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, a turbine uses wind to make electricity.
The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution lines to a substation, then on to homes, business and schools.
The diagram below shows the inside of a wind turbine:
Photo courtesy of American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)
Now that you've read about wind power, you can make your own wind-powered toys at home.
Links for teachers and parents: | <urn:uuid:e5795303-87c7-4888-b068-bb0736f77bb9> | {
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Lane Kenworthy has an excellent recent essay on what the U.S. can do to increase equality of opportunity. (Kenworthy is a well-known sociologist at the University of Arizona, who has written several insightful books on issues of poverty and income inequality.)
However, I want to focus attention on one statement in his recent essay with which I disagree:
“Suppose the United States increased tax rates for all households and used the revenue to fund universal early education…That step would do little to counter income inequality, but it could substantially expand opportunity.”
It is true that tax-supported universal early education would not immediately have large effects in reducing income inequality. Tax-supported universal early education would also not directly have government take money away from the rich and transfer that money to the poor.
However, under the range of plausible assumptions about how early education affects different income groups, universal early education would significantly reduce income inequality. Some researchers, such as Nobel prize-winning economist James Heckman, argue that early childhood education has much larger effects on children from low-income families than for children from higher-income families.
If this is so, then universal early childhood education would have much larger dollar effects on the future adult income of children from lower income families. This would have significant effects in redistributing economic opportunity and income.
In my book, Investing in Kids, I estimate the income distribution effects of universal pre-K, under the assumption that the benefits of universal pre-K fall off quite rapidly with higher incomes. For example, I assume that dollar effects on average adult earnings for the middle income quintile are less than a third of the dollar effects on average adult earnings for the lowest income quintile. (Each quintile comes from ordering all households by income, and then dividing that distribution into five equally sized groups of households.)
This results in huge income redistribution effects of universal pre-K. I assume universal pre-K is financed by taxes that are modestly “regressive”, that is the taxes are a larger percentage of income for low income groups. But even under that assumption, the net impact on income of different groups is highly progressive.
For example, I estimate that after adjusting for both tax costs and future earnings benefits, universal pre-K will increase the net present value of the income of the lowest income quintile by 6%. The middle-income quintile has the net present value of their income increased by 0.4%. The highest income quintile has a slight loss from universal early education – this group’s taxes exceed the future earnings benefits, so the net present value of this group’s income declines by a small amount, about 0.1%. (All these numbers, and more details on how they are calculated, can be found in chapter 8 of my book. This is one of the chapters that can be downloaded for free.)
But universal early education can have large effects on reducing income inequality even if the benefits don’t flow so disproportionately to the poor. In my recent paper on Tulsa’s universal pre-K program, co-authored with William Gormley and Shirley Adelstein of Georgetown, our estimates imply that universal pre-K will increase the future average adult earnings of all income groups by about the same annual dollar amount.
However, the same dollar annual earnings boost for all income groups is a much larger percentage boost in the fortunes of low-income groups. Common sense as well as mainstream economics thought would say that adding the same dollar amount to the incomes of the poor has much greater social welfare benefits than adding the same dollar amount to the incomes of higher-income groups.
For example, we estimated that the full-day version of Tulsa’s pre-K program for 4-year-olds would be likely to increase the present value of adult earnings for children eligible for a free lunch by about $27,000, compared to about $25,000 for children whose family income was high enough that they had to pay full-price for lunch. Not much of a difference. But we also estimated that this adult income boost would be sufficient to increase the present value of adult earnings of the free-lunch children, over their entire working career, by 10.4%, compared to 5.5% for children from families ineligible for a lunch subsidy.
By itself, universal early education does not “solve” the problem of income inequality. But if public policy keeps on finding and adopting public policies that help a wide variety of families, but increase the income of disadvantaged families by a higher percentage, over time this mix of policies would have profound effects on income inequality and the nature of U.S. society. | <urn:uuid:1717cd49-a82a-40a7-ac63-d136788610f2> | {
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Agathangelos (Greek Ἀγαθάγγελος; second half of the fifth century): Armenian hagiographer, author of a History of St. Gregory and the Conversion of Armenia.
Although Agathangelos presents himself as a contemporary of king Tiridates III of Armenia (r.c.287-330), modern scholars think the History of St. Gregory and the Conversion of Armenia was in fact completed after the mid-fifth century CE. The author tells atbout the reign of king Chosroes II, about the Christian preacher Gregory the Illuminator, about the conversion of king Tiridates III, and about several later events.
He casts his information in Biblical moulds, which means that a nucleus of information, like Tiridates' madness, is presented with all kinds of Biblical references, like the madness of Nebuchadnezzar in the Biblical book of Daniel. This procedure, which was common among Christian authors (e.g., Eusebius), makes it difficult to recognize what is a real fact and what is not. Still, Agathangelos' message is clear: central in his account is the vision of God's church descending in the city of Vagharshapat (modern Etchmiadzin), which means that the text essentially offers a legitimation of the position of the catholicos of the Armenian Church.
The History of St. Gregory and the Conversion of Armenia has come down to us in an Armenian, Aramaic, Coptic, Georgian, Arabic, and Greek versions. It is offered here in a (slightly adapted) anonymous translation that can be found on several internet sites. I hope the translator can identify himself to receive his credits.
[Prologue.1] The fervent wish of sailors, as their journey nears its end, is to reach port safely. So amidst surging billows and tempestuous winds they spur on their steeds made of wood and iron and held together by nails. They fly over the mounting waves until, finally escaping the troubled waters, they race to their homelands. They tell their loved ones how they braved the fearful tumult of the sea in order to come back home with the spoils of their perilous sea journey. With their profits they settle debts, free their families from servitude to kings and overlords, and make a name for themselves as being generous and rich.
[Prologue.2] Such people risk their lives not because they are greedy, but because they really want to make their lives better. Some of them then use their wealth for their country's good. They give the king treasures of every description. They create jobs for the poor; from their sea journeys they bring back new and wonderful things such as herbs that are beneficial to health. And for this they are willing to put themselves at the mercy of the sea, and allow the tumultuous winds to plot their course.
[Prologue.3] Like them, the one who writes this history now sets sail on the perilous sea of wisdom. Like them, the writer is at the mercy of another power: that of the princes who command that an account of past events should be written. It is impossible to oppose royal commands, so here is the history, written to show forth the glory of God's workers, the saints. They shine like the priceless pearls, adorning the crowns of kings and consoling, refreshing, enlightening even the poorest in the kingdoms. They give rest and hope to the work-worn, and enrich the land by their prayers. They are guideposts on the road to God's Kingdom. They were tortured and died for God, and they gained life, leaving the fruits of their triumph for us to enjoy. They fed the hungry, clothed the naked, and opened the gates of Christ's compassion to all of us.
[Prologue.4] They battled through the sea of sin, and when they reached the heavenly port they offered the King of Light their prayers for us. Through their intercession we receive God's mercy and love. And what can we offer to be worthy of such a gift? Only a heart ready to hear God's word. If we bow our heads we will receive the spiritual crown. If we merely wash ourselves of sin, we will be clothed with an everlasting shining garment that makes us more splendid than the lily. If we just let ourselves be thirsty for His love, a living spring will satisfy us eternally.
[Prologue.5] From these historical writings, readers may gain some spiritual wisdom. Therefore I have set them down, I, Agathangelos from the great city of Rome and trained in the art of the ancients, proficient in Latin and Greek, a not unskilled literary practitioner.
[Prologue.6] And so we come to the Arsacid court during the reign of Tiridates, who has ordered me to narrate not a false account of his brave deeds, but what really happened in the battles, the plundering of provinces, the capture of towns, the struggles of men for renown or revenge. Here are the deeds of the brave king Chosroes, and the equally valorous exploits of his son Tiridates, and the works of God's beloved martyrs who rose like stars to scatter the mist of darkness from this land of Armenia. These martyrs died for God's truth, and He had mercy on the land, showing miracles through one man who endured countless afflictions and then triumphed for Christ, even making the mighty Tiridates accept a salvation he had known nothing about.
[Prologue.7] This history will tell how the teaching of the Gospel came to be honored in Armenia, by the king and then by all his subjects. We shall see how they undertook to destroy the pagan temples and establish the foundations of the Holy Church, and how they appointed a man as shepherd of the land and benefited by his teaching. We shall see how Tiridates visited and made a covenant with emperor Constantine, and returned to glory and honor, dedicating many places to God.
[Prologue.8] All this we shall relate in detail, with the teaching of Saint Gregory who became bishop and inherited the patriarchal title as a champion of virtue who he was, and from what descent and family he came.
[Prologue.9] Then, when future generations look to their past, they will open this book and come to know what happened. They will read how the Gospel was preached in Armenia, and how a man appointed by divine grace did teach and endure tortures, and how by his love for God the cults were crushed. They will read how the first churches were built, and how the people were pulled from the treacherous sea of sin by his preaching. | <urn:uuid:065f6590-5cf1-48ec-8f6d-4795702945d0> | {
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Just shy of two years ago, this column explored the heightened importance of open government when public health is at risk. Multiple examples showed the government was not sharing timely information with the public, or even other branches of government, on issues such as clean drinking water and chronic wasting disease.
Some progress may be on the horizon, however. A bipartisan group of legislators has introduced a bill, AB 700, which would require the state Department of Natural Resources to notify counties within seven days when a water discharge permit-holder has violated groundwater quality standards. It also directs the department to create a notification system for other interested parties, such as residents, regarding the same violations.
Known as the Water Pollution Notification Act, the bill aims to prevent what happened in La Crosse in 2016. Then, La Crosse County health officials worked in vain for months to get information from the DNR about potential groundwater pollution from a local concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO). It turned out that pollution had been ongoing for years.
The bill’s co-author, Rep. Jill Billings, D-La Crosse, worked with county and DNR officials to draft the bill.
“The intent of this legislation is not to go after farmers,” Billings told Wisconsin Public Radio. It merely ensures that people who live near problem wells be notified “so that they can test their wells and make sure that they have clean water.”
This makes sense, and it is in keeping with the ideal of maximum transparency. As one county official expressed, “We make decisions based upon the best information that we have available at any point. So there cannot be a decision made to notify the public if we’re not aware of a problem.”
The bill is not limited to farm contamination; it would require disclosure of contaminants from industrial or other sources as well. The bill is co-authored by Rep. John Nygren, R-Marinette, whose district has experienced groundwater pollution from a class of contaminants called PFAS, and who has criticized withholding information about groundwater pollution.
Sadly, not everyone agrees that sharing information about groundwater contamination is a good idea. Officials in Lafayette County were roundly criticized in November for proposing to prosecute media and discipline board members who report results from a three-county groundwater study in a manner not favored by county officials. While that sweeping proposal did not pass, a scaled-back version received approval from a county committee, and some county officials still supported releasing results only to local media.
Scientists working on the study pushed back against the county proposal.
“We are public employees and our work is public work,” said state geologist Ken Bradbury. “We cannot choose to release some data to some parties and not to others.”
That’s the spirit. Information about clean drinking water and clean air is of fundamental importance to the public. That alone is reason for proper communication about testing results, instead of trying to withhold studies that taxpayers are funding.
We hope policymakers resolve in 2020 to bring additional transparency to matters of public health.
Your Right to Know is a monthly column distributed by the Wisconsin Freedom of Information Council (wisfoic.org), a group dedicated to open government. Christa Westerberg, an attorney at Pines Bach law firm in Madison, is the group’s co-vice president. | <urn:uuid:d274fee0-90e9-4db4-9964-8d2d0cf0beef> | {
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Oil cleanup technology hasn't kept pace
In 1969, when people still used manual typewriters and rotary telephones, a Union Oil well blew out five miles off the coast of Santa Barbara, Calif. People attacked the oil washing ashore by skimming it off the surface, dispersing it with chemicals, and soaking it up with straw and other materials.
Forty-one years and many generations of technology later, BP is attacking the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico with techniques similar to those used in Santa Barbara. And just as in those days, choppy water and strong winds can make it impossible to use those tools to bottle up oil once it has leaked into open seas.
"Taking proper care of the oil and then the pollution is damn near the same as what we see today," said Robert G. Bea, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of California at Berkeley who spent 16 years working for Shell Oil. "We're still chasing it around with Scott towels."
Unlike the 1969 Santa Barbara and 1989 Exxon Valdez spills, which were close to shore and coated coastlines, the well that blew up April 20 while being drilled by Transocean's Deepwater Horizon rig is much farther out and has given BP and federal authorities an extra week or more to respond to the oil leaking into the gulf.
Yet the more than 100 boats and dozens of aircraft deployed by BP and the U.S. Coast Guard have been unable to prevent it from creeping up to land and threatening the environment. "The absolute objective is to contain it in the offshore environment," BP chief executive Tony Hayward said optimistically Wednesday. By Friday, it had started to touch Louisiana's shores.
"From the mid-'80s, it is the same thing," said Lois Epstein, an Alaska-based engineering and policy consultant to nonprofit conservation organizations. "At the time of the Valdez spill, we were utilizing booming and dispersants and controlled burns -- the same three major techniques as now."
The reason little has changed, said Byron W. King, an energy analyst at Agora Financial, is a "failure of imagination."
"The industry says it never had a blowout," he said, and as a result the oil "industry is not going to spend good money on problems that it says aren't there." But King said that "you need new technology to deal with the problems that your other new technology got you." And he said that the federal government, instead of just collecting its royalties, should have made sure that research took place.
The most visible tool for containing the oil slick is the long string of floating plastic booms. Half a million feet of booms are on hand and about half of them have been set out so far, but they work best in calm seas.
"They presume oil is floating on the surface and the sea is still," said Hammond Eve, a former specialist in the environmental impact of offshore drilling at the Minerals Management Service who lives just east of New Orleans. "The sea is certainly not still now. They don't stick up very high. The waves are going right over them, the oil's going right over them. They don't work very well."
Burning oil on the water surface is dramatic but of limited use. It also requires calm seas to corral oil where it's thickest and drag it to a spot where it can be ignited with flares. Last week BP and the Coast Guard did that in what they described as a test; they burned 100 barrels of oil, a tiny fraction of what's pouring from the well. They said later burns could consume as much as 1,000 barrels of oil, still less than the 5,000 barrels a day that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimates is leaking into the gulf.
Bad weather has made it impossible to do a second burn. And the technique sends thick, black clouds of smoke into the atmosphere -- also bad for the environment and possibly the lungs. | <urn:uuid:68853c3d-b47e-476e-90a0-3487c7c3adc9> | {
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What is Thorium?
Thorium is a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal. It is estimated to be about three to four times more abundant than uranium in the Earth's crust.
Thorium was successfully used as an alternative nuclear fuel to uranium in the molten-salt reactor experiment (MSR) from 1964 to 1969 to produce thermal energy, as well as in several light-water reactors using fuel composed of a mixture of 232Th and 233U, including the Shippingport Atomic Power Station (operation commenced 1957, decommissioned in 1982). Currently, officials in the Republic of India are advocating a thorium-based nuclear program, and a seed-and-blanket fuel utilizing thorium is undergoing irradiation testing at the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow. Advocates of the use of thorium as the fuel source for nuclear reactors state that they can be built to operate significantly cleaner than uranium based power plants as the waste products are much easier to handle........
Thorium, as well as uranium and plutonium, can be used as fuel in a nuclear reactor. A thorium fuel cycle offers several potential advantages over a uranium fuel cycle, including greater abundance on Earth, superior physical and nuclear properties of fuel, enhanced proliferation resistance, and reduced nuclear waste production.
So how realistic is Thorium as a fuel alternative?
Lets see what the WNA say
and guess who else is starting to take an interest
Rather than copy the whole article i'll pick out the part on the developing the thorium fuel cycles main features and problems
The possibility of utilising a very abundant resource which has hitherto been of so little interest that it has never been quantified properly.
The production of power with few long-lived transuranic elements in the waste.
Reduced radioactive wastes generally.
The problems include:
The high cost of fuel fabrication, due partly to the high radioactivity of U-233 chemically separated from the irradiated thorium fuel. Separated U-233 is always contaminated with traces of U-232 (69 year half-life but whose daughter products such as thallium-208 are strong gamma emitters with very short half-lives). Although this confers proliferation resistance to the fuel cycle, it results in increased costs.
The similar problems in recycling thorium itself due to highly radioactive Th-228 (an alpha emitter with two-year half life) present.
Some concern over weapons proliferation risk of U-233 (if it could be separated on its own), although many designs such as the Radkowsky Thorium Reactor address this concern.
The technical problems (not yet satisfactorily solved) in reprocessing solid fuels. However, with some designs, in particular the molten salt reactor (MSR), these problems are likely to largely disappear.
Much development work is still required before the thorium fuel cycle can be commercialised, and the effort required seems unlikely while (or where) abundant uranium is available. In this respect, recent international moves to bring India into the ambit of international trade might result in the country ceasing to persist with the thorium cycle, as it now has ready access to traded uranium and conventional reactor designs.
Nevertheless, the thorium fuel cycle, with its potential for breeding fuel without the need for fast neutron reactors, holds considerable potential in the long-term. It is a significant factor in the long-term sustainability of nuclear energy. | <urn:uuid:feeceafe-9f28-416e-917b-afe493be0647> | {
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NASA looks at the flyby of asteroid 2012 DA14 from several amateur observatories across Australia.
Asteroid 2012 DA14 has made its closest pass of Earth, just a scant 17,200 miles from our surface, and now astronomers are watching it recede harmlessly into the cosmos. You can watch it, too, thanks to a variety of webcasts.
The time of closest approach came at 2:25 p.m. ET, as scheduled, when the asteroid was zooming above the eastern Indian Ocean at a speed of almost 17,500 mph (7.8 kilometers per second). It was too dim to see with the naked eye, but observers in Australia, Asia and Europe could follow it with binoculars or small telescopes.
"It's on its way out now," said Paul Chodas, an astronomer with the Near-Earth Object Program Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
Chodas and his colleagues monitored 2012 DA14 with high-powered optical telescopes and huge radar dishes to learn more about the asteroid's color, shape, spin and reflectivity. Such data could tell them what the object is made of, and perhaps provide insights into how similar objects could be diverted if they were on a threatening course.
Experts estimate that asteroids the size of 2012 DA14 hit our planet every 1,200 years or so, exploding with the energy of a 2.5-megaton atomic bomb: The last such impact struck a remote region of Siberia without warning in 1908, flattening 820 square miles of forest. If an object that big were to hit in just the wrong place, it could wipe out a city. Coincidentally, a much smaller space rock came down over Russia on Friday, sparking a fireball and a glass-shattering shock wave.
Even though the 150-foot-wide (45-meter-wide) asteroid 2012 DA14 is the biggest object of its kind to be seen coming this close to Earth, its orbit is so well-known that NASA's Near-Earth Object Program can rule out any chance of collision in the foreseeable future. And even though 2012 flew 5,000 miles closer than satellites in geosynchronous orbit, NASA said its mostly south-to-north orbital path went through a "sweet spot" that kept it far away from those satellites — as well as from other spacecraft that are in closer orbits, including the International Space Station.
Astronomer hope their observations of 2012 DA14 will provide insights into subtle phenomena such as seismic disturbances that are induced by Earth's gravitational kick, or characteristics of the asteroid's spin that are affected by radiation absorption and emission.
This animated set of three images shows 2012 DA14 as it was observed by the Faulkes Telescope South in Australia on Feb. 14 at a distance of 465,000 miles. The asteroid is the moving bright spot in the middle. NASA's website provides details. Credit: LCOGT / E. Gomez / Faulkes South / Remanzacco Observatory.
Radar readings provide the best way to get a fix on the asteroid's shape and spin, in part because observations from multiple radio telescopes can be combined to produce a clearer picture. During the 2012 DA14 encounter, scientists used radio telescopes in California and New Mexico to produce new sets of radar imagery.
The first pictures from NASA's 230-foot (70-meter) dish at Goldstone, Calif., are due to be released on Saturday, and eventually those radar images will be combined to produce a 3-D map of the space rock.
Other telescopes, spread out from Australia to Israel to the Canary Islands to the U.S., gathered optical data — and the images from some of those telescopes were shared over the Internet on Friday. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has been passing along pictures from a variety of telescopes via its Ustream video channel. Here's a rundown of other post-encounter webcasts:
5 p.m. ET: The Virtual Telescope Project 2.0 presents live video of the asteroid flyby from a telescope in Italy, weather permitting. Video site: Watch Virtual Telescope Project's webcast.
9 p.m. ET: Slooh Space Camera plans to present several live shows about the asteroid flyby, accompanied by expert commentary. Weather permitting, imagery will be beamed to Slooh HQ from telescopes on the Canary Islands and in Arizona. Watch the show on Slooh.com.
9 p.m. ET: A video feed of the flyby from a telescope at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center will be streamed for three hours. During the live-streaming event, viewers can ask researchers questions about the flyby via Twitter or the Ustream chat window. Watch Marshall's Ustream channel.
Chodas said the initial observations confirmed scientists' estimates of 2012 DA14's size, but other revelations will have to wait until astronomers have had a chance to analyze the data collected on Friday. By that time, the asteroid will be long gone. Earth's gravitational influence has changed 2012 DA14's orbit to keep it farther away from our planet during future orbits.
"It won't return for many, many years," he said.
More about the asteroid encounter:
- How 2012 DA14 rates among asteroid hits and misses
- Would-be miners say asteroid is worth $195 billion
- Hooray! Earth will kick asteroid into a safer orbit
- Flash interactive: Close encounters of the asteroid kind
- NBCNews.com's archive on asteroids
Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the Cosmic Log page to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.
This story was originally published on Fri Feb 15, 2013 7:51 AM EST | <urn:uuid:3b76cda1-aaf9-4789-9078-a397d28952f5> | {
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persistence of vision
- A characteristic of vision in which the retina briefly retains an image after it, or its source, has been removed. This interval is usually approximately 0.05 second. Thus, a light that switches on and off at a frequency of greater than 20 cycles per second generally appears as non-flickering. persistence of vision and the Phi phenomenon are exploited to enable a movie or TV presentation to be perceived as consisting of continuous motion, even though they are comprised of frames. | <urn:uuid:7d2bd52f-eec0-4888-a206-e67b37489c66> | {
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Dark green leafy vegetables are highly nutritious, providing a wide variety of important essential vitamins and minerals (such as folic acid, potassium, magnesium, iron and calcium) plus a source of carotenoids and anti-oxidants (including vitamins A, C and E).
However, despite their nutritional advantages they are one of the most under-consumed foods in the average person’s diet.
Spinach has long been known as the food that gave Popeye his bulging muscles. And it seems he had the right idea; research has indicated that eating 200g of green leafy vegetables can make your muscles more efficient, reducing the amount of oxygen needed to power muscles during exercise by as much as 5% (resulting in both improved muscle gains and better overall health).
So why not follow Popeye’s example for an improved workout?
Try some of these suggestions to increase your intake of leafy greens:
- Wrap it up: Try preparing a tortilla wrap with chicken or turkey and adding romaine leafy greens for some extra nutrients and flavour.
- Wilt It: Wilted green leafy vegetables will hugely reduce in size, providing the same nutritious goodness in a far more manageable form. Try lightly steaming spinach over a pan of boiling water then mixing with crushed garlic and stirring into hot pasta.
- Curried: Spinach is an old favourite in curry houses. Make your own Saag Aloo by mixing shredded spinach with chopped new potatoes and adding turmeric, cumin and grated ginger.
© Sarah West Nutrition | <urn:uuid:21c44c36-73fd-42fe-8fbd-66d124effac8> | {
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A brand new Primary Maths CPD opportunity for Cambridgeshire with Rachel Rayner from Herts for Learning.
Session 1 – 28.11.18
Why can’t fractions behave like normal numbers?
Have you got children who wonder this? Do you as a teacher wonder this? The national QLA data for KS2 SATs identifies fractions as an area that children find difficult to secure each year. How can we build a secure progression that really supports children to make better connections between fractions and the rest of the number system? This course aims to address how we can strengthen the learning in every year group of the Primary phase. Through a hands on day, time will be taken to demonstrate proven approaches, tackle and explain big misconceptions and generally showcase when fractions are not so different after all and how sometimes they are. But isn’t that what’s so exciting about them?
Session 2 – 16.01.19
Measuring Up: Securing progression in measurement
What does it take to measure up in measure in the Primary years? Well more than you might think. This course will show leaders the barriers many children have in measure and the foundational learning that may be missing. Through practical exemplification, Rachel will lead you through the kinds of tasks and thinking that allow children to build year on year through the Primary phase. The day will be centred on the use of the concrete pictorial approach and will make links to other underpinning theories of teaching for mastery. By the end of the day leaders will have a clear idea of progression, foundational learning to secure, the main difficulties and ways to overcome these. Warning you may get wet!
Herts for Learning Facilitator, Rachel Rayner is an accredited Maths Specialist Teacher and Adviser for Herts for Learning. Rachel is passionate about mathematically rich learning environments that promote curiosity and independence and a strong advocate for enjoyment and positive subject engagement. She works with schools to help them change children’s (and adult) attitudes towards maths. She is particularly skilled at creating lessons and sequences of lessons that include opportunities for problem solving and deeper mathematical thinking; providing challenge for all.
DATES: 28.11.18 & 16.01.19
VENUE: Spinney Primary School, CB1 9PB
COST: £225 and £175 for additional teachers from the same school. | <urn:uuid:79dafa88-7609-4505-bb6b-b2b38c0ed2bd> | {
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Published: Jan 1975
| ||Format||Pages||Price|| |
|PDF Version (108K)||7||$25|| ADD TO CART|
|Complete Source PDF (3.8M)||7||$62|| ADD TO CART|
A system representing the state-of-the-art has been formulated to separate various materials contained in municipal solid waste. This materials recovery system uses equipment which is either in production or in pilot operation. The system utilizes the different physical properties of paper, glass, ferrous metals, aluminum, and other nonferrous metals to achieve mechanical separations. The first operation of the system is shredding which produces a relatively uniform particle size and liberates individual materials from composite structures. This is followed by a series of equipment which operate on size, density, magnetism, lift/drag, electrical conductance, and light reflectance to achieve separation. The materials so recovered can be utilized by industry as raw materials, thereby conserving natural resources.
conservation, reclamation, materials recovery, natural resources
Manager of Demonstration Programs, National Center for Resource Recovery, Inc., Washington, D.C.,
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Langemark-Poelkapelle is a rural twin community in and on the edge of the Ypres Salient. It’s known for its folkloric figures, its countryside, but not in the least, as a community that was badly scarred by the First World War. Langemark-Poelkapelle is known as the place were they used gas for the first time, where the 3rd Battle of Ypres took place and where the renowned French Pilot, Guynemer fought his last battle.
After the First World War, a lot of German cemeteries and single graves could be found everywhere. Shortly after the war, of lot of these graves were collected into 184 German cemeteries.
On the territory of Langemark-Poelkapelle, there were more than 40 German cemeteries. One of them was “Langemarck-Nord” or “Nr 123” at the Klerkenstraat. This cemetery was founded by a British Regiment, in October 1914. After the first gas attack on the 22nd of April (during the Second Battle by Ypres) the cemetery was located in German territory until the summer of 1917. Half a year later, in April 1918 (during the 4th Battle of Ypres) the Germans recaptured Langemark.
During the war, the amount of casualties rose almost every day. At the end of the War, there were 859 graves of German, British, French and Belgian soldiers; 627 of them were German. In the first years, after the war, the Belgian Association for Military Wargraves, took the initiative to erect this cemetery
The “Canadien”, as it is known in the region, is one of the most poignant statues in the whole Ypres Salient.
As said before, Langemark-Poelkapelle is the community where they used (chlorine) gas for the very first time in modern warfare. On April 22nd 1915, German soldiers released 150 tons of gas from 6000 cylinders. At the Brooding Soldier, the Canadians resisted the German attack. The Canadian Forces Memorial was erected in rememberance of the 2000 dead from the First Canadian Division. The soldier is looking at the area where the cloud of gas came from. Standing ‘Arms reversed’ he is giving a military salute to the fallen soldiers.
The victims of the gas attack aren’t buried in this memorial park. Literally, you are standing on Canadian ground, because the earth for this little park was imported from Canada. The monument dates from 1921 and was designed by F.C. Clemeshaw, who was also a Canadian soldier during World War 1.
The French aviator Georges Guynemer (1894 – 1917) belonged to the elite of the World War 1 pilots. After a difficult start, Guynemer strung one victory after the other. With the “Escadron des Cigognes” (squadron of the stork) he brought 53 opponents down. On 11 September 1917, he fought his last battle. He went missing; his body and his plane were never to be found again.
The monument erected on his behalf dominates the community of Poelkapelle. On top of the statue, you see a bronze stork flying to the place where Guynemer is believed to have crashed. A laurel decorates the statue.
The Poppy Cenotaph, which will be a strong symbol for peace, will be placed nearby the entrance of the German Cemetery. As Langemark-Poelkapelle, once the scene of the great war, is profiling itself as a peace village, therefore, we have a lot of symbols and events. Three times a year, the village organises peace conferences (see www.vredeswakes.be)
In the village, we have a monument placed by Harry Patch (eldest surviving soldier) in 2008, with the not to be misunderstood message : “always remember both sides of the line”. We will place a peace-signpost in March 2015.
So, placing a poppy cenotaph, a very British remembering symbol, nearby the German Cemetery will be another symbol of peace. And a lot of tourists will be able to see and visit this cenotaph. This year, 253.000 visitors went to visit the German Cemetery. After Tyne Cote Cemetery and In Flanders fields’ museum, the third most visited war relict in the Ypres Salient.
Coordinator commemoration First World War for Langemark-Poelkapelle | <urn:uuid:a2122de9-2be4-4b31-b44d-0a9fdfcb8516> | {
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Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM)
The Academy of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) offers pathways in engineering, programming, and digital design. Students in this academy will have the opportunity to gain theoretical knowledge and practical experience through relevant and engaging learning experiences including project based learning, inquiry, design thinking, apprenticeships, and internships. Students will use structured approaches, like the engineering design process, and employ STEM knowledge, skills, and habits of mind to take risks and overcome obstacles. Through scientific inquiry and application, critical thinking, creativity, innovation, and real-world problem solving, students will be empowered to pursue their area of interest while becoming scientifically, technologically, and mathematically literate. The creative and collaborative nature of the program engages students on multiple levels, exposes them to industry standard professional expectations and practices, and provides them with a strong foundation for their future and empowers them to make a positive contribution to society. | <urn:uuid:f68af483-ddee-4178-b8ca-acc6b43cb163> | {
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Pokeweed is one of those plants whose flowers have no petals. There are instead, five sepals, white or pink, which appear to be petals, and thus are said to be “petaloid.” Many stamens are included within each flower, as are a number of pistils, all arranged in a ring. These beautiful plants get to be 5 or 6 feet tall (sometimes taller). Late in the summer, the plants’ stems commonly become bright red, especially if growing in the sun. The young berries, first green and hard, swell, becoming a lustrous purple-black, marvelously shiny. The mature berries are full of juice, and a number of seeds. The juice has been used a sort of dye for fabrics, or even “war paint” for young renegades…but be warned: this juice really can stain your clothing (or skin)! Various bird species don’t mind eating these succulent fruits, and you can often see the artful purplish windshield trails and splotches provided by our avian friends.
This common plant is a weed, generally, most often found in sunny places that have been recently disturbed. Roadsides, windrows, and forest tip-ups are frequent sites. It is fairly common throughout the eastern United States and eastern Canada.
The proper recipes for producing a mess of greens from Pokeweed involve boiling the young leaves two or three times, changing the water on each occasion. You can actually purchase this delicacy, canned, or find various recipes for its preparation, picked yourself. Most of these recipes involve a considerable amount of fatback or ham hocks, tomatoes and some hot peppers. Maybe some chopped onions. Wow, this really is starting to sound good!
Nelson is the curator of the A. C. Moore Herbarium in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina. As a public service, the Herbarium offers free plant identifications. For more information, visit http://www.herbarium.orgwww.herbarium.org or call 803-777-8196.
(Photo by John Nelson Pokeweed may make good eating, but getting rid of these plants often considered weeds can be tough.) | <urn:uuid:42c019fb-9207-46c8-8c77-8ee3e1132d09> | {
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Narrator: The first time you're called a nigger, you won't be expecting it. Your assailant won't choose their adjectives carefully. You will wonder if it makes it hurt less if they chose an adjective that incorrectly describes who you perceive yourself to be as a person.
The first time you're called a nigger, you will feel like the only person for miles. The words will appear to be pouring from the shadows as your surroundings begin to blur and your skin will seem to get darker with every passing second. You will stand in the same spot for minutes but it will feel like years as the words wash over you and cover you in confusion, hurt, anger, and pain.
The first time you're called a nigger, you will treat the soap in your shower like an eraser in an attempt to scrub away the scathing attack on your identity but you won't feel as clean as you were before. As you brush your teeth you will wonder to yourself, what kind of toothpaste your assailant uses. You tell yourself there's no way a mouth filled with so much hate could be well cared for. Out of the corner of your eye you will notice your reflection staring at you from the bathroom mirror with a empathetic gaze that says "This too shall pass."
The first time you're called a nigger, you will lie awake in bed unable to sleep as the ghosts of black men who recognized you from history class and news headlines will line the edges of your bed. Emmett Till, Kimani Grey, Amadou Diallo, Timothy Stanley, Barry Jr., Sean Bell, Orlando Barlow, Oscar Grant, will tell you, they know all too well the pain you're experiencing. They will remind you it could have been worse and assure you that you could have done nothing to prevent it. They will tell you there are hundreds of faceless and nameless people who have had those words followed by much worse than a cup of ice.
The first time you're called a nigger, you will wake up to a flood of messages from your friends apologizing for the transgressions of your assailant. You will be reminded of your grandmother's words, "Don't let the actions of others change who you are as a person." You will get dressed. You will go to class. You will promise to yourself to remain unjaded.
The first time that you are called a nigger, you will write a poem about it. It will not break you, it will only make you stronger than you were before.There may be small errors in this transcript. | <urn:uuid:18827472-8fe7-42ae-8a8c-0d598d65a0a8> | {
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Purchasing power increased by 6.15% in 1922 compared to the previous year, 1921. On average, you would have to spend 6.15% less money in 1922 than in 1921 for the same item. This is an example of deflation.
In other words, $1 in 1921 is equivalent in purchasing power to $0.94 in 1922.
The 1921 inflation rate was -10.50%. The inflation rate in 1922 was -6.15%. The 1922 inflation rate is lower compared to the average inflation rate of 2.83% per year between 1922 and 2019.
Inflation rate is calculated by change in the consumer price index (CPI). The CPI in 1922 was 16.8. It was 17.9 in the previous year, 1921. The difference in CPI between the years is used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to officially determine inflation. Because the 1922 CPI is less than 1921 CPI, negative inflation (also known as deflation) has occurred.
|Average inflation rate||-6.15%|
|Converted amount ($1 base)||$0.94|
|Price difference ($1 base)||$-0.06|
|CPI in 1921||17.900|
|CPI in 1922||16.800|
|Inflation in 1921||-10.50%|
|Inflation in 1922||-6.15%|
Inflation can vary widely by city, even within the United States. Here's how some cities fared in 1921 to 1922 (figures shown are purchasing power equivalents of $1):
Chicago, Illinois experienced the highest rate of inflation during the 1 years between 1921 and 1922 (-5.55%).
Detroit, Michigan experienced the lowest rate of inflation during the 1 years between 1921 and 1922 (-10.63%).
Note that some locations showing 0% inflation may have not yet reported latest data.
Inflation can also vary widely by country. For comparison, in the UK £1.00 in 1921 would be equivalent to £0.86 in 1922, an absolute change of £-0.14 and a cumulative change of -13.85%.
In Canada, CA$1.00 in 1921 would be equivalent to CA$0.98 in 1922, an absolute change of CA$-0.02 and a cumulative change of -2.13%.
Compare these numbers to the US's overall absolute change of $-0.06 and total percent change of -6.15%.
CPI is the weighted combination of many categories of spending that are tracked by the government. This chart shows the average rate of inflation for select CPI categories between 1921 and 1922.
Compare these values to the overall average of -6.15% per year:
|Category||Avg Inflation (%)||Total Inflation (%)||$1 in 1921 → 1922|
|Used cars and trucks||0.00||0.00||1.00|
|Medical care services||0.00||0.00||1.00|
|Medical care commodities||0.00||0.00||1.00|
It's important to note that not all categories may be tracked since 1921. This table and visualization use the earliest available data for each category.
This inflation calculator uses the following inflation rate formula:
Then plug in historical CPI values. The U.S. CPI was 17.9 in the year 1921 and 16.8 in 1922:
$1 in 1921 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as $0.94 in 1922.
To get the total inflation rate for the 1 years between 1921 and 1922, we use the following formula:
Plugging in the values to this equation, we get:
To help put this inflation into perspective, if we had invested $1 in the S&P 500 index in 1921, our investment would be nominally worth approximately $1.42 in 1922. This is a return on investment of 42.15%, with an absolute return of $0.42.
These numbers are not inflation adjusted, so they are considered nominal. In order to evaluate the real return on our investment, we must calculate the return with inflation taken into account.
The compounding effect of inflation would account for -6.55% of returns ($-0.03) during this period. This means the inflation-adjusted real return of our $1 investment is $0.45.
|Original Amount||Final Amount||Change|
Politics and news often influence economic performance. Here's what was happening at the time:
Raw data for these calculations comes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Price Index (CPI), established in 1913. Inflation data from 1665 to 1912 is sourced from a historical study conducted by political science professor Robert Sahr at Oregon State University.
You may use the following MLA citation for this page: “Inflation Rate in 1922 | Inflation Calculator.” U.S. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 16 Feb. 2019, https://www.officialdata.org/inflation-rate-in-1922.
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In August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill held a series of secret meetings on the USS Augusta and the HMS Prince of Wales, both of which were anchored in a secure Newfoundland bay. Although the United States had not yet entered World War II, Roosevelt and Churchill drew up a blueprint for the post-war order. The Atlantic Charter that they crafted arguably marked the birth of the West-not only did the Atlantic democracies prevail in World War II, but the West, under American leadership, went on to dominate global politics for the next seven decades, capitalizing on its primacy to put in place an international order anchored by liberal democracy and open markets.
This article appears in full on CFR.org by permission of its original publisher. It was originally available here. | <urn:uuid:b8593c74-361c-47a6-8ac6-98cd59e04f26> | {
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Better Students Ask More Questions.
Determine all the missing angle . Justify your answers andshow your work
1 Answer | add yours
Given that line segment AD ll CL, AL is a transversal,
`angle DAL=angle ALC ` (alternate interior angles are congruent)`=33^o`
Now consider `Delta ALC, angle CAL=180^o-(33+53+40)=54^o`
Again consider `Delta AXC, angle AXC=180^o-(54+40)=86^o`
Opposite `angle DXL=angle AXC=86^o`
From `Delta LDC, angle LDC=180-(53+33+21)=73^o`
Finally, `from Delta ADC, angle ADC=180-(54+33+40)=53^o`
Posted by llltkl on August 19, 2013 at 6:51 AM (Answer #1)
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students. | <urn:uuid:9bffbc95-08c8-48a6-8377-8138c9709b83> | {
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Here are two different ways to play the F chord without having to make a bar (or barre). Most guitar learners have trouble with the F chord when they come across it. The bar across the first fret is very difficult to make without first developing good technique and finger strength.
But the F chord doesn't have to be so hard when you know that there are different ways to play the F chord. In the rest of this lesson you will learn two fingerings to play the F chord without making a bar.
Firstly you are going to learn a simple three finger position to play notes from the F bar chord at fret one. Then we'll have a look at another F chord fingering based on the simple open D chord you can use a little higher up the neck.
F Chord 3 Finger Version
The first way to play an F chord without making the bar is to play only the three notes shown in the diagram below.
x|---|---|---| |-1-|---|---| |---|-2-|---| |---|---|-3-| x|---|---|---| x|---|---|---|
It can take a little practice to place your fingers across three frets like this, but until your fingers are stronger it's less of a struggle than making a bar.
Here's a little trick you can use to get a good sound. Lean your index finger down towards the bottom string so that you touch the first string with the side of the finger tip. This muffles the first string so it doesn't ring out when you strum. If you sound the first string E note then you'll end up playing an Fmaj7 chord instead.
F Chord from D Shape
You can also play the F chord a little further up the neck using the familiar D chord shape shown below.
5th fret |-2-|---|---| |---|-3-|---| |-1-|---|---| x|---|---|---| x|---|---|---| x|---|---|---|
You may have learned this fingering at the second fret to form a D major chord. But you can also move it up three frets to the fifth fret and it becomes an F chord. Check the notes on the third, second and first strings: C, F, A - the fifth, root, and third of the F major chord.
Note that the open fourth string remains a D when you move this fingering up the neck so you should avoid picking this string when you play the F chord.
You can optionally play the F root note in the bass at the 3rd fret. To do this use the fingering shown below - it takes quite a stretch so you might need some time to make it. Start by learning to make the basic three finger shape using the second, third and fourth fingers of your fretting hand. When you can do this easily then you can try to add the root note with the first finger.
|---|---|-3-|---| |---|---|---|-4-| |---|---|-2-|---| |-1-|---|---|---| x|---|---|---|---| x|---|---|---|---|
Now you know two different ways to play F chords without making a bar. This should make it easier for you to play those favourite songs that have F chords in them.
If you enjoyed this post sign-up for more free guitar tips from Not Playing Guitar delivered by email or to your RSS reader.
Photo by Al Jordan. | <urn:uuid:84c1fa51-6329-455f-98be-2c3b059543b5> | {
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People with gluten intolerance must avoid a range of foods, from baked goods to pasta. Anything containing flour made from wheat may cause diarrhea, abdominal bloating and gas, vomiting and weight loss. If react adversely to gluten, consider replacing wheat flour in your diet with cassava flour, also called tapioca flour. This type of flour, made from the root of the cassava, contains no gluten. While this type of flour is typically course, processing advancements developed cassava flour to more closely mimic the texture of wheat flour, without adding gluten.
Calories and Carbohydrates
A 100-gram serving of cassava flour – approximately 3.5 ounces – contains 340 calories. The majority of these calories, 94 percent, come from carbohydrates. Approximately 4 percent of the calories are from fat, and 2 percent of the calories are from protein. Cassava flour's contains high carbohydrate content means it serves as an excellent source of energy, and provides fuel to keep your brain functioning properly. Each serving of the flour offers 79.8 grams of carbohydrates, or 61 percent of the 130 grams recommended for daily consumption by the Institute of Medicine.
Cassava flour also provides you with some protein, and it's low in fat. Each serving boasts 1.6 g of protein. While this amount helps meet your needs, supplement your diet with protein-rich foods to meet the suggested intake of 46 to 56 g per day. This protein nourishes your tissues and helps your maintain healthy muscle. One serving of cassava flour also contains 1.6 grams of fat. If you're looking to limit your fat intake, cassava flour makes a welcome addition to a low-fat diet.
The fiber content of cassava flour makes this food a good choice for bowel health. One serving contains 11.9 grams of fiber. This makes up 46 percent of the recommended daily intake for women, or 31 percent for men, according to recommendations from the Institute of Medicine. Dietary fiber may lessen your risk of a variety of disease and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, diverticulitis and constipation. In addition, including adequate amounts of fiber in your diet can help you limit calorie intake – this nutrient takes up space in your stomach, making you feel fuller for longer time periods.
One serving of cassava flour contains 417 milligrams of sodium. The American Heart Association recommends limiting yourself to 1500 mg per day to avoid elevated blood pressure and decrease your risk of heart attack and stroke, and a single serving of cassava provides almost one-third of this limit. Your body needs very little sodium to function but the average American consumes double the suggested limit, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Limit your portion sizes when using cassava flour to avoid consuming too much sodium.
- PubMed Health: Celiac Disease - Sprue
- Celiac.com: Will New Gluten-free Cassava Flour Rock Your Baking World?
- Barry Farm: Cassava Flour
- Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes
- McKinley Health Center: Macronutrients: The Importance of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat
- University of Utah Health Center: Finding the Right Mix of Carbs, Proteins, and Fats
- Colorado State University: Dietary Fiber
- Linus Pauling Institute: Sodium (Chloride)
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Americans Consume Too Much Sodium (Salt)
- HealthAliciousNess: Tapioca, Dry
- kuchnia3 image by Andrzej Solnica from Fotolia.com
This article reflects the views of the writer and does not necessarily reflect the views of Jillian Michaels or JillianMichaels.com. | <urn:uuid:f30f48a1-54e8-4dd2-9578-6f22e2a15f79> | {
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1. Neonates exposed in utero to opiates should be examined systematically for signs of neonatal abstinence syndrome to assess the need for intervention. A standardized assessment tool (Finnegan et al., 1975) appears as Exhibit 2. The protocol for opiate-exposed infants is summarized in Exhibit 3, and is discussed in detail below.
2. Paregoric has been found to decrease seizure activity, increase sucking coordination, and decrease the incidence of explosive stools. Phenobarbital is also a commonly used agent, and may be especially helpful in cases of poly-drug abuse. Other specific agents have been considered in the treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome, but experience with morphine, methadone, chlorpromazine, and rauwolfia is much too limited to support their use.
Neonates experiencing abstinence often attempt to suck frantically on their fists or thumbs, yet their sucking reflex may be uncoordinated and ineffectual. Infants undergoing abstinence frequently develop mild tremors that occur only when the infant is disturbed; however, tremors can progress to a point where they occur spontaneously without stimulation. High-pitched crying, increased muscle tone, greater irritability, decreases in cudliness, and decrements in responsitivity to visual stimulation also may develop. ( Kaplan et al. 1976, Strauss et al.1976b, 1979; Chasnoff et al. 1984; Jeremy and Hans 1985; Finnegan and Kaltenbach 1992)
In addition, methadone -exposed infants have been observed to be in deficient in their ability to interact with the environment, with a reduced capacity for attention and less social responsiveness immediatly after birth. (Kaltenbach and Finnegan, 1988). >>> Deficits in interaction are present until infants are free from other with-drawal symptoms and completely detoxified. If abstinence is appropriately recog- nized, assessed,and adequately treated, the risk of severe consequences such as dehydration, seizures, and death can be minimized. ( Martin, Payte, and Zweben 1991; Jarvis and Schnoll)
Diazepam has been used to treat neonatal abstinence, but this agent controls seizures poorly and may lead to respiratory depression in the neonate (Finnegan and Ehrlich, 1990).
3. Naloxone is sometimes given to newborns to reverse the perinatally acquired effects of analgesics administered to the mother during labor and delivery.
Naloxone is contraindicated in opiate-exposed infants with respiratory depression due to its potential for precipitating a severe narcotic withdrawal. Naloxone is not specifically contraindicated for infants born to cocaine-using mothers,
Providers should be aware that such mothers may be polydrug abusers who have also used opiates and that in this circumstance, naloxone may precipitate narcotic withdrawal in the infant.
4. Modification of the infant's environment - by placing the infant in a dimly-lit, quiet room; swaddling him or her; and using a nonoscillating waterbed if available - may be useful. However, this environmental modification does not eliminate the need for close observation of the infant. Drug-exposed infants in a prone or lateral position are generally comforted best. But caretakers should note an ongoing debate over prone versus supine positioning as possible factors in SIDS.
Drug ---------------------- Dose ----------------------------------- Considerations ---------------------
1. Paregoric 0.2ml every 3hrs (PO) up to max of If abstinence syndrome
(0.4mg MS/cc) 0.4ml every 3hrs. Gradually decrease remains uncontrolled, add
dose every other day by 0.05mgL/dose phenobarbital.
Observation of infant should
After stabilization for 5 days, taper the be maintained for 1-2 days
dose cautiously. after discontinuing drugs.
Drug ----------------- Dose ------------------------------------------- Considerations ---------------------
2. Phenobarbital Loading Dose: 5mg/kg IM,IV After stabilization for 5 days,
Maintenance Dose: 3-5mg/kg/day taper the dose cautiously.
(po, IM, or IV) divided into doses Serum phenobarbital should
every 8 hours. be monitored when clinically
Increase as needed, by 1mg/kg indicated. Excessive pheno-
every other day or as clinically barbital dose may cause poor
indicated. feeding behavior and lethargy.
Exhibit 4 presents pharmacologic interventions for seizures associated with opiate withdrawal.
Diagnostic evaluation of seizures associated with opiate withdrawal should include:
1. Full sepsis workup.
2. Metabolic workup including tests of blood sugar, electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels and arterial blood gases.
3. Central nervous system imaging (cranial ultrasound, coaxial tomography [CT], or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]).
4. An electroencephalogram (EEG). If the EEG is normal, levels of phenobarbital (Bellegral-S, Donnatal) and then paregoric should be tapered. Fifty percent of opiate-exposed infants will have an abnormal first EEG. > If the EEG remains abnormal, a pediatric neurologist should be consulted for possible maintenance anticonvulsant treatment.
Phenobarbital Loading Dose: 10mg IV push; Maintain therapeutic range
repeat with another 10mg/kg by following levels.
in 10 minutes.
Maintenance: 24 hrs after
loading dose, start 3-5mg/kg
divided in q12h doses.
Dilantin Loading Dose: 10mg/kg IV; Maintain therapeutic range.
repeat with another 10mg/kg by following levels.
Maintenance: 12 hrs after
loading dose, start 5-7mg/kg/d
divided in doses every 12 hr.
Note: If patient is not on paregoric, paregoric treatment regimen should be implemented.
Hospitals can promote positive interaction between parents and infants by adopting liberal visiting policies and mother-infant interaction time for newborn nurseries. Two other areas of concern are breastfeeding and instruction of mothers in handling drug-exposed infants.
Breastfeeding is a key area of concern, especially among substance-using women. The advantages of breastfeeding are many, and are well documented. Benefits include the fact that breastfeeding strengthens the bond between the mother and the infant - an advantage that is of vital importance.
Despite the instances described below, when breastfeeding is contraindicated, the decision on the part of service providers to advise women against breast-feeding should not be made without careful thought and training, taking into account the particular circumstances of the individual woman. Service providers must often become active breastfeeding advocates, encouraging the mother to breastfeed despite initial resistance to do so and educating her on breastfeeding advantages to both herself and the newborn.
Nonetheless, there are instances when breastfeeding of drug-exposed infants is contraindicated. Since most drugs are secreted in breast milk, it has often been the practice to advise drug-using mothers not to breastfeed. Women who have been actively using drugs through the pregnancy and after the delivery have been discouraged from breastfeeding because of a number of factors including possible drug toxicity from diverse agents in varying levels, including the risk of exposure to drugs used intravenously, and the mother's medical and nutritional problems associated with continued drug use.
Cocaine readily passes into breast milk and may lead to neonatal neurotoxicity, including irritability, tremors, brisk reflexes, mood lability, and even seizures. In addition, breastfeeding is contraindicated if the mother is HIV positive. (It should be noted, however, that the HIV status of the mother may not be known to the care provider or the mother.)
Despite these warnings, the well-known advantages of breastfeeding have led to a reconsideration of breastfeeding in selected substance-using women. There are two kinds of situations, highlighted below, in which care providers might wish to recommend that substance-using women breastfeed their babies: when the woman is on methadone or abstinent.
In many instances, women who are methadone-maintained should be encouraged to breastfeed, particularly if the woman is known to be HIV-negative and free of other drug use.
The fact that breast-feeding is not contraindicated among methadone-maintained patients is an advantage to methadone that is sometimes underemphasized, yet is of crucial importance.
The recovering user of other substances (including cocaine), who has complied with rehabilitation and been documented to be AOD-free for a suitable period of time before delivery, may be able to breastfeed the infant, provided she continues to abstain from AODs and consents to frequent, random toxicology screens.
» » » In sum, the recommendation regarding whether a substance-using woman should breastfeed her newborn should be made on an individual basis, taking a variety of factors into account. Service providers should receive ongoing training on the issue to keep up with the latest developments in the field.
Parents and other providers of primary care should be taught (Gardner et al., 1989):
Þ To assess the baby, interpret his or her cues for more or less interaction, and synchronize one's behavior with that of the infant.
Þ To organize care and handling so that the baby is not bombarded by multiple stimuli that overwhelm her or his limited ability to habituate.
Þ To utilize graduated interventions in quieting the fussy, irritable baby.
Þ To appreciate the infant's unique competencies: The baby's ability to see, hear, and interact with the environment.
It is often quite difficult to follow an AOD-using mother and her newborn after release from the hospital, and thus it is vital that the infant and the mother not be discharged too early. According to the Newborn Assessment Score, most babies (96 percent) are symptom - free of withdrawal seizures by the third or fourth day after birth and might otherwise be ready to be discharged from the hospital. However, a small but significant percentage of babies present with withdrawal seizures within 7 to 10 days after birth.
For this reason, it is important to closely monitor the drug-exposed infant to determine if he or she needs to remain in the hospital after 4 days. Other medical, social, or environmental issues may further prolong the need for hospitalization (Doberczak et al., 1988).
The infant's discharge should occur after the following criteria are met:
1. The infant is taking oral feeds and gaining weight satisfactorily.
2. The infant is physiologically stable (has normal vital signs including blood pressure).
3. The infant is showing neurobehavioral recovery (can reach full alert state, responds to social stimuli, and can be consoled with appropriate measures).
4. All necessary assessments have been completed, since adherence to followup schedules cannot be ensured.
1. The parent(s) or alternate primary care provider should receive anticipatory guidance (oral and written) regarding late and subacute withdrawal, seizures, behavioral interventions, and medications (side effects, route of administration, dose, etc.).
2. A home evaluation should be performed on all drug-exposed infants or those with multiple risks by a public health nurse or a protective social service worker within 7 days of discharge, when feasible.
3. A follow-up appointment for pediatric care should be scheduled within 2 to 4 weeks.
4. Mothers and fathers who are not already enrolled in drug abuse treatment and need to be should be referred to an accessible and suitable treatment program prior to the infant's discharge.
5. Facilitation of mother's postpartum gynecologic care and family planning should be incorporated into discharge planning of the infant. To promote quality improvement, discharge planning instructions should be documented in medical records, and a discharge summary of the hospital course should be given to parents or alternate primary caregiver.
Þ Drug abuse during pregnancy is associated with medical, psychological, and economic problems that require extensive evaluation by qualified service providers. Mothers and fathers of drug-exposed infants need substance abuse treatment and a wide array of services to support them in their parenting role. Provision must be made for such services prior to an infant's discharge.
1 The research documents aspects of neurobehavioral development in 36- and 48-month-old children. At 48 months, significantly lower scores in verbal and memory domains were associated with maternal marijuana use after adjusting for confounding variables. This negative relationship is the first reported association beyond the neonatal stage, and may represent a long-term effect of the drug upon com-plex behavior that, at a younger age, had not developed and/or could not be assessed.
2 Information in this section is based on data from Pietrantoni and Knappel, 1991.
Reference: Improving Treatment For Drug-Exposed Infants TIP 5 Chapter 2 Reference: Methadone Treatment For Opioid Dependence, Strain & Stitzer
Jessica Carr 20 August 2005 Kent Daily Times
Chase was born with neonatal abuse syndrome. __ With high hopes of recovery from her addiction to opiates, Veronica signed up at a clinic that could assist her in her recovery efforts. ____ The clinic put her on buphenorphine, a legal but controlled substance that would help to wean her off the drugs.
When Veronica learned she was pregnant, her clinical doctor informed her that the buprenorphine was much too dangerous, now that she was pregnant and her only hope was to change her treatment to methadone.
"When they first told me I had to switch to the methadone, I was kind of in shock because I really didn’t know much about it," Veronica said.
"The only thing that my doctor had told me was that if I didn’t stop taking the buprenorphine that my baby would die. He didn’t really explain anything, he basically just told me that this was what I had to do and that was that."
That’s when Sharon Dembinski, the pediatric nurse practitioner in the neonatal special care nursery at Kent, came into the picture.
"My OBGYN referred me to Sharon and I am so glad that she did," Veronica said. "Sharon explained to my boyfriend and I what would happen when our baby was born. *** She talked with us about how we would care for his withdrawal symptoms and how they would monitor him. She was always there to answer our questions and explained for me what I would and wouldn’t be able to do."
"For one thing, I really wanted to breastfeed the baby and I really didn’t think I would be able to, but Sharon explained to me that I could," Veronica said. "Then, she let us know ahead of time that we weren’t going to be able to take him home because they were going to have to medicate him for the first 24 hours and that was really hard especially because when people find out that it’s because the baby’s mother is on methadone. I guess that’s because there is such a stigma attached to it, but the people at Kent weren’t like that at all, they were all so compassionate with us."
Veronica said that she, as a result of her encounter with Sharon Dembinski and her experience with the new program at Kent, was able to give birth. She is now raising a healthy baby boy, nine months old and doing well.
"My boyfriend, Eddy and I would have been scared to death had Sharon not been there to help us through it all and even still to this day, we have stayed in touch -- we talk almost every day and have really become good friends," Veronica said."I just can’t say enough about the program."
Veronica and Chase’s progress is not something that’s too far out of the ordinary, according to Dembinski.
"What I have seen in patients that I have worked with before their delivery and then followed up with afterwards is that they are doing well and have maintained their recovery," Dembinski said.
"For a lot of moms in the early recovery stages, pregnancy can turn out to be her way and, with the appropriate education and support, recovery can be successful and the result in far reaching positive consequences for the family affected as well as the community at large."
©Kent County Daily Times 2005
If you are interested in pursuing more information - you can order the book above free. Call: (800) 729-6686 or (301) 468-2600
Ask For: Improving Treatment For Drug-Exposed Infants TIP 5
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This isn’t an ordinary markbook. All the markbooks that I have downloaded from the TES, or teachit.co.uk, or any of the conventional resource websites are essentially digital versions of the paper version. And if something can be completed on paper with a pen, then that is best used.
That is, unless the use of ICT enhances, or even transforms, its use.
The profound change in this markbook is its reliance on regular rubrics. Without expert rubrics specifically tailored to that class, it is perhaps worse than its paper and pen counterpart.
Below I show you an example in the autumn term 2012 of how my markbook allowed me to identify whether my planning was effective, or not, and how my rubrics enabled me to do so.
Although my marbook only began in the latter half of the autumn term, you can see its main functionality in the picture above. It rates the formative work of the students according to the rubric from 1 to 4, and rates the success of the class in completing that piece of work. It requires another picture to make more sense of it, though.
You can see here, via a comment box picture background, a rubric that was tailored to a class focussed upon revising (or, it seemed, devising!) the use of subordinate clauses to add more information to a main clause. Coming after relatively extensive work, it sought to see if adding a phrase to a sentence (something distinguished as different to a subordinate clause/main clause with a subordinating conjunction) overloaded these students. While many students were able to use an adjectival phrase (indicated by ‘2’ in the 30th November 2012 column), three students were unable to do this (indicated by a ‘3’). Surprisingly, for me, previous security in using conjunctions was not retained. And even the most able students were unable to maintain a phrase with an additionally accurate subordinate clause (at least in terms I phrased it).
Therefore, the next piece of work aimed to revise the similar facet of adding a subordinate clause and a phrase by differentiating between ‘connectives’ (because; although) and ‘words that allow a phrase’ (that; who). In this piece of work, some students improved, while some were unable to maintain even the standards of last week. You can see this in the homework headed ’10 sentences’.
Therefore, the progress is proved in more students (who handed it in on time!) attaining higher standards, with some completing this impressive level 5 feat. Those who didn’t have targets with which to improve.
Looking at the three last pieces of work, you can see them rated at 2.45, 2.55 and 2.17 respectively. As these three pieces of work linked explicitly, you can see how the reiteration of the second piece of work in the series produced ‘worse’ marks (indicated by a red down arrow for the overall class rating), but these were then proceeded by the best marks of the series so far (indicated by a horizontal arrow). The act of including phrases and accurate clauses is by no means mastered by this class. However, they have greater skill and awareness in what they need to do. There is an almost palpable excitement to build upon in our next module.
But isn’t conventional levelling good enough for my marking?
In the meantime, the conventional system of levelling meant that many students achieved a solid ‘level 4c’. That means, they were able to produce paragraphs and legible sentences with some skilled vocabulary and variation, but without any kind of consistency. This is, of course, a fraction of the story for these students (as indicated above). As you can see below, the student ranked 11 achieved a 4C while utterly struggling any kind of additional sophistication: perhaps the entirety of their cognitive capacity was spent on merely producing something nearing a coherency. The student ranked third, though, was able to produce varied and linked sentences with impressive consistency, but struggled with harnessing all this under pressure. Their ‘4c’, though, was a world-apart from the ‘4c’ of their classmate. Judiciously, though, they were equally far from the writing skills of the top-ranked student in the class who achieved a 4b with nearly perfect (1.20) work.
It should be reiterated at this point that the closer a student is to 1, the better their work is.
The average rating of the class this term was 2.26, which meant the work was pitched to a reasonably stretching standard. However, I would have hoped for more students to have dipped under 2 (as only 3 students did in this class). Still, this is down to the nature of my rubrics, which can be made as challenging or as simple as I wish them to be.
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Rogers Lake is a desert playa used as a military airport for Edwards Air Force Base in the Antelope Valley of southern California. Previous measurements of land subsidence and ground-water levels in the study area indicated that ground-water pumping induced tensional stresses in the playa, which were sporadically relieved through the formation of long cracks. Drying of the sediments beneath the playa also may have accelerated the natural formation of giant desiccation polygons. When water flows across the playa, the cracks erode into fissures of sufficient width and depth to endanger traffic on the playa. Topographic surveys of the playa were made to derive a contour map that would allow examination of erosive flow paths. Crack networks were surveyed in selected areas during 1995 and compared with cracks visible in aerial photographs taken in 1990. Crack networks remained visible in their positions following several inundations of the playa. The density of the crack networks increased in all of the selected areas.
Additional publication details
USGS Numbered Series
Topography, surface features, and flooding of Rogers Lake playa, California
Water-Resources Investigations Report
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;
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Introduction: How to Make Gripped Utensils
Someone whose hand has been affected by a stroke may have difficulty with a strong grip or moving his or her fingers in a precise way to manipulate a small object like a fork. The same may be true for certain people with cerebral palsy, brain injury or spinal cord injuries. In trying to hold a small object in the affected hand it may slip out or they may not be able to grip it tightly enough.
If a person has a strong hand, they may rely on it only. However there is extensive research on increasing the use of the affected arm and making various functional progress. Although no one can tell how much recovery a person can gain, using an affected hand in daily activities can also build self-esteem and confidence despite deficits.
Step 1: Gather Materials
To make an object easier to use you will need the following materials
The object- in the project we will use a fork
Grip/shelf liner- this is found in the kitchen/housewares section of most stores. It is used to line shelves so that items do not slide, but it works well for bulking up an object and making sure it doesn’t slip out of the hand. It also comes it a variety of colors and designs and is pretty cheap. I bought this roll for $2.
Step 2: Cut and Tape Liner to Object
Decide how much liner you will need and cut the appropriate amount in a long strip. Wrap the liner around the object until it has reach desired thickness and use masking tape to secure it.
Step 3: The Possibilities Are Endless!
By having the liner on, you can use many different ways to hold the object that you couldn’t before.
Similar products sell for a lot. I have seen a set of 4 utensils with bulked up grips sell for $50. Now you can easily make any object easier to hold and use in your affected hand.
**BONUS** The shelf liner also works as a great placemat to make objects not slide around as you are trying to use them, such as a plate or bowl. Similar products like dycem sell for a lot as well ($50 for a placemat), now you can have the same benefits for $2. | <urn:uuid:b74734aa-7aca-4a52-9c0e-a01113f1475d> | {
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Most bacteria is heterotrophic and gets energy from organic chemical compounds such as:
On this page we’ll be refering to heterotrophic bacteria and not autotrophic bacteria.
What Tools You’ll Need
To grow bacteria, you’ll need:
- Nutrient Agar Plate: sterile petri dish with nutrient agar, a general purpose prepared media that grows many types of bacteria and fungi
- Bacteria Culture: can be purchased online or collected
- Sterile Swabs: to transfer the bacteria to the petri dish
- Manifying Glass: to help identify the bacteria once it’s grown.
The Unseen World: Bacteria Culturing Kit contains all you need to grow your own bacteria.
How to Put the Bacteria on the Nutrient Agar Plate
Keep the lid over your plate to prevent contamination.
Aseptic technique is the process of growing and transferring bacteria without contaminating the culture by touching or breathing on the sample.
If you have a specific bacteria culture, you can spread the bacteria on the plate using a sterile swab or innoculating loop. If you would like to collect bacteria growing on a sink, chair, table, or other areas, rub a sterile swab across the area you would like to test. Then transfer the bacteria to the nutrient agar plate by swiping the swab across the surface of the agar plate.
By holding the lid over the plate as you apply the bacteria, as in the picture here, you help prevent contamination. Avoid breathing on the swab or allowing it to make contact with other surfaces as you transfer it to the petri dish.
Where to Grow The Bacteria
Keep the bacteria out of sunlight: the UV rays may kill off the bacteria. Most bacteria grow best at normal human body temperature (98-99 degrees F). When growing bacteria, incubate at a temperature as close to this as possible. Bacteria grows slower at lower temperatures.
Some recommended places to incubate the bacteria are:
- On top of a water heater
- Under a warm light (but not sun light)
What to Expect
After 24-48 hrs, you may find many different-looking colonies growing on the nutrient agar plate. Each type of bacteria look a little different (color, shape, size) when they grow.
Where you can get supplies
Here are links to the various supplies you might need for growing bacteria:
Where you can get more information
If you have any questions, leave a comment down below or check out these links: | <urn:uuid:d729dfff-8983-4913-a31b-132aaac4baba> | {
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Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green, OH, USA
With the rise of cultural studies, positivism and formalism fell out of favor. But in recent years, altered versions of these methodologies have been suggested as solutions to the deficiencies of the ideological approach dominating the field. Where the ideological approach looks at the content of texts to determine their meaning, the aesthetic approach adopted by media scholars in recent years returns to the close textual readings of formalism (while abandoning its assertion that meaning resides in the text alone). Similarly, where the ideological approach tends to use textual analysis devoid of sociological empiricism, the use of “big data” in the humanities enhances interpretation by using empirical data alongside it (while rejecting positivism’s assumption that measurable data alone is probative). This article draws both methodological strands together to propose an approach to media interpretation called “grounded aesthetics.” Grounded aesthetics involves correlating sociological data with close textual reading to argue for the likely social meaning of the text, given the techniques it uses and the social reality around it. Examples of classroom activities are used to show how the approach can address the “post-truth” perspective many students share: that analyses of representation are interchangeable opinions. Grounded aesthetics greatly improves students’ ability to create well-supported textual analyses and to evaluate the persuasiveness of others’ arguments. It also models critical thinking skills that are useful for dismantling attacks on reality in the “fake news” era, especially those that dismiss analyses of inequality as ideology.
Keywords: aesthetics, big data, class, cultural studies, empiricism, formalism, gender, inequality, media studies, pedagogy, post-truth, race
Becca Cragin is an Associate Professor of Popular Culture in the School of Cultural and Critical Studies at Bowling Green State University. Her research interests include gender, race, and sexuality in television and film, in comedy and crime genres.
Cragin, B. (2018). Grounded Aesthetics: Pedagogy for a Post-Truth Era. Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy. 5(3) http://journaldialogue.org/issues/v5-issue-3/grounded-aesthetics-pedagogy-for-a-post-truth-era/
Cragin, Becca. “Grounded Aesthetics: Pedagogy for a Post-Truth Era.” Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy. 2018, vol 5, no 3. http://journaldialogue.org/issues/v5-issue-3/grounded-aesthetics-pedagogy-for-a-post-truth-era/ | <urn:uuid:d36f60e4-31b5-40a4-8da7-91cfb34ac7cd> | {
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We would like to share with you a very interesting article about Niagara falls so if you are interested in visiting Niagara or if you would just like to read something interesting here it is. If you would like to take a tour to Niagara falls from Toronto Ontario Canada then check out Niagara Falls Day Tour as they offer AMAZING Toronto to Niagara Falls Tour services and have been ranked as the number 1 choice for Toronto to Niagara Falls day tours by Trip Advisor 2 years in a row. You can check their website out here Niagara Falls Tours Toronto.
Of the three major falls in the Niagara Gorge, the Horseshoe Falls stands at 53 meters high and 780 meters wide while yielding approximately 202,000 cubic feet per second between all the falls combined during the high flow season between spring and summer. The low season is during our winter and only yields about 50,000 cubic feet per second. The American falls are 21-30 meters high due to a large number of boulders at its base. The hydroelectric power is harnessed by employing gates upstream that divert the flow of the water at night to gain energy from the awesome power of the falls. Many people are fascinated by the green color of the water and they are curious about the reason behind it. The reason is simply due to the erosion of the river itself, it is full of minerals and limestone that naturally erode and create that colour. The erosion will slowly cause the falls to disappear entirely and they predict that this will happen in 50,000 years. The falls were created about 10,000 years ago when the Wisconsin glaciers melted away to form the great lakes. The Great Lake of Erie overflows and created the Niagara River that flows down the Niagara Gorge and into Lake Ontario. The falls were created as water flowing over the Gorge area eroded the limestone and Lockport dolostone rocks. These rocks erode slowly but the formation was mainly full of shale, which erodes easily; hence the gorge was created leading water into lake Ontario. The Niagara River has been eroding much slower the last few hundred years but even at this new low eroding rate we can expect the falls to stop flowing in about 50,000 years. Even the falls themselves have been moving. 10,000 years ago the falls were located 10 km north up stream. Erosion and falling debris and rocks have made it possible over the long periods of time and we don’t expect it to stop changing anytime soon. So check out the great Canadian Niagara Falls and witness a true world wonder. For expert advice don’t hesitate to contact Niagara Toronto Tours, they are great people with tons of experience touring Toronto and Niagara Falls. | <urn:uuid:9570d321-97f8-4e0c-9b34-9aaaa3635e68> | {
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
Used to address or refer to another member of one's own party in the House of Commons.
- ‘Although I completely disagree with my honourable friend, the question was about whether something is illegal.’
- ‘I turn to my honourable friend behind me, whom I was quite rude to, and I am not normally rude.’
- ‘As my honourable friend has said, that is why the title of this bill needs to be changed.’
- ‘I thought my honourable friend might have said with equal force that it was not conscript soldiers who had fought the long weary war in South Africa so steadily and unflinchingly.’
- ‘Commons leader Peter Hain replied: ‘Clearly, my honourable friend has drawn a worrying episode to the House's attention.’’
- ‘But he instead said: ‘If my honourable friend was referring, as I think he was, to the prospect of the UK becoming involved in missile defence, I am sure he knows my answer better than I do.’’
- ‘I shall support my honorable friend now, and if he succeeds in this amendment, then I shall support him if he moves to leave out the latter part of the clause.’
- ‘Still, as my honorable friend said, the states would have power to arm them.’
- ‘Desperate to put his wayward backbencher right he asked, in the usual polite Commons tradition, ‘Will my honourable friend give way?’’
- ‘I know that my honourable friend from the United Future party does not need my assistance on this issue, but I am having difficulty in hearing the member's contribution.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:bba2af41-d1da-4a4b-90a2-75fe5803d8bd> | {
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Every desktop computer uses an operating system. The most popular operating systems in use today are:
- Mac OS
Linux is an operating system -- very much like UNIX -- that has become very popular over the last several years.
Operating systems are computer programs. An operating system is the first piece of software that the computer executes when you turn the machine on. The operating system loads itself into memory and begins managing the resources available on the computer. It then provides those resources to other applications that the user wants to execute. Typical services that an operating system provides include:
- A task scheduler - The task scheduler is able to allocate the execution of the CPU to a number of different tasks. Some of those tasks are the different applications that the user is running, and some of them are operating system tasks. The task scheduler is the part of the operating system that lets you print a document from your word processor in one window while you are downloading a file in another window and recalculating a spreadsheet in a third window.
- A memory manager - The memory manager controls the system's RAM and normally creates a larger virtual memory space using a file on the hard disk. (See also this Question of the Day.)
- A disk manager - The disk manager creates and maintains the directories and files on the disk. When you request a file, the disk manager brings it in from the disk.
- A network manager - The network manager controls all data moving between the computer and the network.
- Other I/O services manager - The OS manages the keyboard, mouse, video display, printers, etc.
- Security manager - The OS maintains the security of the information in the computer's files and controls who can access the computer.
An operating system normally also provides the default user interface for the system. The standard "look" of Windows 98 includes the Start button, the task bar, etc. The Mac OS provides a completely different look and feel for Macintosh computers.
Linux is as much a phenomenon as it is an operating system. To understand why Linux has become so popular, it is helpful to know a little bit about its history. The first version of UNIX was originally developed several decades ago and was used primarily as a research operating system in universities. High-powered desktop workstations from companies like Sun proliferated in the 1980s, and they were all based on UNIX. A number of companies entered the workstation field to compete against Sun: HP, IBM, Silicon Graphics, Apollo, etc. Unfortunately, each one had its own version of UNIX and this made the sale of software difficult. Windows NT was Microsoft's answer to this marketplace. NT provides the same sort of features as UNIX operating systems -- security, support for multiple CPUs, large-scale memory and disk management, etc. -- but it does it in a way that is compatible with most Windows applications.
The entry of Microsoft into the high-end workstation arena created a strange dynamic. The proprietary operating systems owned by separate companies and the lack of a central authority in the UNIX world weaken UNIX, but many people have personal problems with Microsoft. Linux stepped into this odd landscape and captured a lot of attention.
The Linux kernel, created by Linus Torvalds, was made available to the world for free. Torvalds then invited others to add to the kernel provided that they keep their contributions free. Thousands of programmers began working to enhance Linux, and the operating system grew rapidly. Because it is free and runs on PC platforms, it gained a sizeable audience among hard-core developers very quickly. Linux has a dedicated following and appeals to several different kinds of people:
- People who already know UNIX and want to run it on PC-type hardware
- People who want to experiment with operating system principles
- People who need or want a great deal of control over their operating system
- People who have personal problems with Microsoft
In general, Linux is harder to manage than something like Windows, but offers more flexibility and configuration options. | <urn:uuid:8419582c-1db7-4687-9878-2471bbc6bddd> | {
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In the following regression, X = weekly pay, Y = income tax withheld, and n = 35 McDonald's employees. (a) Write the fitted regression equation.(b) State the degrees of freedom for a two- tailed test for zero slope, and use Appendix D to find the critical value at α = .05.(c) What is your conclusion about the slope? (d) Interpret the 95 percent confidence limits for the slope. (e) Verify that F = t2 for the slope. (f) In your own words, describe the fit of this regression.
t (df =33)
A Complete, Neat and Step-by-step Solution is provided in the attached file. | <urn:uuid:4483dba1-6140-4a7e-a35c-617626c279ce> | {
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Regional cooperation takes a number of forms. Types of formal regional cooperation include preferential trade agreements, free trade agreements, customs unions, common markets, economic unions, economic and monetary unions, full economic integration, and political unions (Marinov, 2015, pp. 24-25). The literature identifies a number of benefits and risks of regional cooperation. While the literature search conducted for this report did not find evidence that there is a direct link between regional integration and economic growth, the evidence does suggest that regional integration still has a positive impact on growth in member states via the effects of increased trade and investment. benefits and risks are however dependent on a range of variables. These include the political and economic nature of the countries engaging in integration, the size of the countries integrating, the political will of member states for increased integration, and their capacity to implement integration. These factors therefore have to be taken into account when considering the impact on prosperity and political stability of individual regional cooperation agreements. There is a considerable body of literature on the impact of regional cooperation on prosperity and political stability. The literature consists of books, peer-reviewed journal articles and policy papers. The studies considered in this review use both qualitative and quantitative methods. While many ways in which regional integration affects prosperity and political stability are identified in the literature, there is often a lack of rigorous evidence to support these findings. The literature identified during the course of the research was largely ‘gender-blind’. | <urn:uuid:b4eb50e2-0ef8-4fcd-9cf2-8b66feaf422e> | {
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Fifteen years years ago the villages around Abrha Weatsbha in northern Ethiopia were on the point of being abandoned. The hillsides were barren, the communities, plagued by floods and droughts, needed constant food aid, and the soil was being washed away.
Today, Abrha Weatsbha in the Tigray region is unrecognisable and an environmental catastrophe has been averted following the planting of many millions of tree and bush seedlings. Wells that were dry have been recharged, the soil is in better shape, fruit trees grow in the valleys and the hillsides are green again.
The “regreening” of the area, achieved in just a few years for little cost by farming communities working together to close off large areas to animals, save water and replant trees, is now to be replicated across one sixth of Ethiopia – an area the size of England and Wales. The most ambitious attempt yet to reduce soil erosion, increase food security and adapt to climate change is expected to vastly increase the amount of food grown in one of the most drought- and famine-prone areas of the world.
“Large areas of Ethiopia and the Sahel were devastated by successive droughts and overgrazing by animals in the 1960s and 1970s,” says Chris Reij, a researcher with the World Resources Institute in Washington.
“There was a significant drop in rainfall, people had to extend the land they cultivated and this led to massive destruction and an environmental crisis across the Sahel. But the experience of Tigray, where over 224,000 hectares of land has now been restored shows that recovery of vegetation in dryland areas can be very fast. Tigray is now much more food secure than it was 10 years ago. You really see the changes there,” he says.
Rather than just plant trees, which is notoriously unreliable and expensive in dry land areas, the farmers have turned to “agro-ecology”, a way to combine crops and trees on the same pieces of land.
In Tigray it has involved communities building miles of terraces and low walls, or bunds, to hold back rainwater from slopes, the closure of large areas of bare land to allow natural regeneration of trees and vegetation, and the widespread planting of seedlings.
“The scale of restoration of degraded land in Tigray is possibly unmatched anywhere else in the world. The people ... may have moved more earth and stone [in recent years] to reshape the surface of their land than the Egyptians during thousands of years to build the pyramids,” says Reij.
“In the early 1990s every able-bodied villager in Tigray had to contribute three months of labour to dig pits to save water, or to construct terraces and bunds to stop water rushing off the hills. This was reduced later to 40 days a year and currently it is 20 days a year.
“Several hundred thousand hectares are now under ‘exclosures’ - degraded areas in which no cutting and grazing is permitted. This allows the natural regeneration of vegetation. Tens of thousands of kilometres of rock bunds and terraces have been constructed, often on steep slopes,” he added.
Ethiopia’s pledge to restore a further 15m hectares of degraded land was the largest of many made at the end of UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon’s New York climate summit last month, where governments, companies and civil society groups together agreed to try to restore 350m hectares of deforested landscapes - an area the size of India - by 2030.
Commitments have now come from Uganda (2.5m hectares), Democratic Republic of the Congo (8m hectares), Colombia (1m hectares), Guatemala (1.2m hectares), and Chile (100,000 hectares). Many others are expected to follow in the run-up to the Paris climate talks in December 2015 because the restoration of degraded land is expected to qualify for carbon credits.
Africa, with help from the World Bank, the UK government and development groups like Oxfam and World Vision, has emerged as the leader in restoring the world’s estimated 2bn hectares of degraded lands.
According to Reij, a quiet revolution has seen over 200m trees planted and 5m hectares of degraded land regreened in Niger. The result, says a report by the International Food policy research institute, has been extra 500,000 tonnes of food grown in the country with the fastest growing population in the world, as well as an increase in biodiversity and incomes.
In Burkina Faso where 2-300,000 hectares of land has been regreened, food production has grown about 80,000 tons a year – enough to feed an extra 500,000 people.
“There are a lot of inspirational examples in Africa. In Tanzania 500,000 hectares of land has been restored. What this shows is that well-managed ecosystems are good for biodiversity as well as for food security, water supplies and climate change,” said Stewart Maginnis, director of International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) nature-based solutions group in Geneva.
Increasing the rate of restoration of degraded lands will be vital both for feeding fast-growing populations and adapting to climate change, says Green Belt Movement (GBM) international director, Pauline Kamau.
“Africa is already experiencing some of the most dramatic extreme temperature events ever seen. Without action to reduce emissions, average annual temperatures on the continent are likely to rise 3-4C by the end of the century and [there could be] a 30% reduction in rainfall in sub Saharan Africa.
“We know that regreening could be a key part of the solution to these problems. Agriculture, forestry and other land use changes accounts for nearly 25% of greenhouse gas emissions globally. Restoring degraded lands can both help rein in warming and adapt to higher temperatures,” she said. | <urn:uuid:ccacd419-8b79-4938-bb0c-7d9705ea4aa5> | {
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You missed the part 1? Keep calm and click here.
Long distance decals
The problem with the artillery in the game is that you don’t have a clear idea of its possibilities. For example, you’d like to park it behind a mountain and target the enemy base, forcing him to bypass the relief and loose a precious time. However, since it is impossible to have the base and your artillery in the same screen, you cannot know how your artillery would react to such an order. In fact, if not at range, it will move right into the enemy base and be destroyed. The point is, when you start thinking strategically and not just a-clicking the enemy, you need critical information, such as the range of a unit.
Now technically, how should we do it ? We could make a decal from a texture, as we did with the selection circle, but that would be a really large area, mostly empty, so it may not be the best option. What we can do, is using the GPU to render vector art on the screen. I’ll explain it later, but if you want to know more about it you can check this chapter from GPU Gems 3 : http://http.developer.nvidia.com/GPUGems3/gpugems3_ch25.html.
But, what is a vector art?
The most common way to consider an image on a computer is basically with a table of colours. When you create an image you have to define its size, which is the number of pixels it contains, and each one of these pixels will have a colour. So all you have to write in the file are the colours of the pixels in the right order, and the GPU will be able to print the image whenever you need it. However, this induces a small problem when it comes to scaling the image.
Picture yourself in a FPS, and in front of you is a brick wall. You are a few meters away from the wall, and can admire the beautiful brick texture the graphic designer created. However, as you get closer, this texture takes a bigger part of your screen, since it is larger, in pixels, than its original size. At this point the details of the texture are less accurate since the colour of a pixel is extended to 5 or 6 adjacent pixels. We could increase the size of the texture, but then the file would be two times bigger, and we want to avoid a heavy file that will take longer to load.
The classic way to overcome this difficulty is vector art, used in the svg format that we need for large decals, such as ranges. The idea is to save a description of the image that doesn’t depend on its size in pixels. To do that we rather consider the curves that form the image, as “paths”. Each path is a command, a set of points, plus a colour and various options about fill, or stroke, or whatever you need, defined in the svg standard. But it will be easier with an example.
Please, draw me a triangle
Let’s make a simple triangle : all we have to do is draw three lines, with each end being the beginning of the next one. For instance,
M 0 0 L 0 100 L 100 0 Z.
This is what a path looks like, a set of letters that are commands to indicate a certain shape to draw. The numbers after it are the coordinates that describe this shape. M means “Move” the current point to this position. It represents the start of the shape, as if it was the position of a virtual mouse. Here we position this cursor in (0,0). L is the command for “Lineto”, that draws a line from the current point to the arguments. At this point we drew a line from (0,0) to (0,100) then from (0,100) to (100,0). Z is the command that closes the shape, by drawing a line to the start point. In this example the line joins (100,0) and (0,0).
We now have a triangle between the points (0,0), (0,100) and (100,0). We can add options like “fill: black” if we want to fill the shape in black, but basically that is how svg files work.
This way, we can always adapt the shape to how large our image appears on the screen, and then avoid the problem of resolution, but of course complex images can induce a lot of paths, so it is better to save it for something schematic, with only simple shapes.
Other commands (Q, C, A) are used to draw the Bezier curves that we will need for the large decals, and are a little more complex, as you will see in the next part. Yes, there will be a part 3! Wait for it. | <urn:uuid:5eb1a4e2-cde9-4c9f-9f37-23a84d4c0236> | {
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The Democratic Republic from the Congo is really a state in Central Africa. It’s the second largest country in Africa by area and also the 11th largest on earth. Which has a population well over 71 million,the Democratic Republic in the Congo may be the 18th most populous nation in the world, and also the fourth most populated nation in Africa, as well as the most populated officially Francophone country.
It borders the Central African Republic and South Sudan for the north; Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi in the east; Zambia and Angola to florida; the Republic of the Congo, the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, and the Atlantic Ocean for the west; which is separated from Tanzania by Lake Tanganyika inside east. The country has access to the ocean via a 40-kilometre (25 mi) stretch of Atlantic coastline at Muanda along with the roughly 9 km wide mouth from the Congo River which opens up into the Gulf of Guinea. | <urn:uuid:49c9d105-c557-40f5-b56e-8f9b4d1c6cc2> | {
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Nuclear power is having a bit of a low moment these days. But that's just because we don't know how to do it right, the way the sun does. General Fusion--a startup that just announced that Amazon.com billionaire Jeff Bezos is providing financial backing as part of a $19.5 million funding round--claims it's going to solve the nuclear problem by creating clean, harmless nuclear power from water.
You read that correctly--Bezos is betting on nuclear fusion, the holy grail of nuclear nerds everywhere. Today's nuclear plants generate power from fission, a process that splits atoms to release energy as heat. The simple version of the nuclear fusion process--which is what happens on the sun--goes something like this: isotopes of hydrogen atoms fuse together to make helium. The reaction releases incredibly large amounts of heat, which is used to power steam turbines.
The amount of hydrogen isotopes found in one liter of water could generate the power of 1,000 liters of gasoline. Some of the hydrogen isotopes for the process can be found in seawater, and others can be found in lithium. This means that nuclear fusion should be able to provide virtually unlimited amounts of clean energy (according to General Fusion, we have enough lithium for 23,000 years of fusion energy). There is also no risk of meltdown or production of long-lived nuclear waste. In other words, there will never be a nuclear fusion Fukushima disaster.
In the past, no one has been able to create a controlled fusion reaction that creates more energy than was used to start it. So General Fusion certainly sounds a little crazy in saying that it can. But the company is confident, claiming that it will have a full-scale proof-of-concept fusion generator within four years. The key, according to General Fusion, is its Magnetized Target Fusion technology, which traps plasma in a magnetic field and then compresses it to high temperatures and density.
If the plan works, General Fusion's nuclear plants could be cost-competitive with the capital and operating costs of today's coal plants. It all sounds a little too good to be true: scalable, ultra-safe, reasonably priced, and unlimited nuclear power? It's the kind of breakthrough that really gets a tech billionaire's heart pumping--but we'll have to wait four years to see if General Fusion can actually save us from our energy woes.
[Photo by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center] | <urn:uuid:ee4e4a0c-92f2-46df-b2c8-1fe8deb18702> | {
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The main types of noodles in Asian cuisine
Udon is a very thick (thickness 2-3 cm), soft noodles made from wheat flour, salt and water. It is best to cook fresh noodles. Dry Udon noodles though, and has the same taste, but has a more dense texture. Udon noodles it has neutral taste, so it is often added to soups, with a pronounced taste shade. Udon, as, indeed, any other varieties of Japanese noodles, served cold in summer and hot in winter. Toppings for noodle is also chosen depending on the time of year.
Soba is made from buckwheat flour and has a pronounced nutty flavor. In some varieties of this noodle is added wheat flour, so it contains gluten. However, pure buckwheat noodles, too, can find – it has a more delicate taste and contains no gluten. Soba is sold in dry form, as familiar to us pasta. Buckwheat noodles can have color from light beige to dark brown. Soba has fewer calories than noodles made from wheat, so it is a great option for those who are watching their figure. Buckwheat noodles are rich in manganese, magnesium and dietary fibers that help to lower cholesterol levels. Soba noodles are served either chilled with a variety of sauces or hot broth. Buckwheat noodles is a traditional Christmas dish in Japan, and its length symbolizes long and prosperous life.
Ramen is a type of thin noodle made from eggs, water and wheat. Initially, the ramen noodles were invented in China, but it soon became widely used in Asian countries as a cheap fast food. This kind of noodle is very nutritious product. This noodles has a dense texture and has a pale yellow color. Before drying ramen noodles fried in oil and formed into rectangular cakes. Preparing this noodles is very quick and easy – just fill it with boiling water and wait 2 minutes.
Rice noodles is a translucent threads made from rice flour. It has virtually no taste, but it is very satisfying. The length of the rice noodles is about 50 cm (in the process of making it never break), and the width of the filaments may vary from a few millimeters up to 3 centimeters. Thin rice noodles are often used as substitutes for cellophane noodles. Before you boil the rice noodles should be soaked in water for 5-30 minutes - time will depend on the form of preparing meals. For example, if the noodles are intended to prepare the soup, then soaking will be enough only a few minutes, after which it was another couple of minutes boiled in broth. If the rice noodles to mix with meat, seafood or vegetables, the time for soaking will need a little more.
Cellophane noodles are also very often called glass, as it is a thin translucent thread. The noodles are made from starch obtained from the products of legumes. Cellophane noodles are often used as a replacement for rice noodles and vegetarian spring rolls. Ready add the noodles to the soup, mix with roasted vegetables or fried in deep fat, after which it becomes crispy. To prepare cellophane noodles, you just soak it in hot water for 5-10 minutes for soups and fried food – you do not need.
Soman is long and thin wheat noodles, white in color. This noodles is served both cold and hot. Noodle Somen has exquisite taste and satisfies hunger. To cook noodles Somen, it is necessary to boil in lightly salted water for 2-3 minutes. | <urn:uuid:a4782722-a343-488c-9681-a4a6354441a0> | {
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The Seven Days
June 25 to July 1, 1862
With failures in attempts to advance directly on Richmond at First Manassas and Ball's Bluff, the Union decided on a new approach. In April 1862, Gen. George Brinton McClellan moved his Army of the Potomac to Fortress Monroe to advance toward Richmond up the Peninsula between the York and James Rivers. Moving slowly up the Peninsula, McClellan was near the outskirts of Richmond by late May 1862. McClellan's supply line was a rail line from White House due east of his army. The rail line crossed the Chickahominy River on its way to Richmond, so McClellan believed that he had to defend both sides of the Chickahominy River. The Confederates saw the vulnerability of McClellan's army, and Joseph Johnston attacked with his Confederate army on May 31st. Despite the great potential of the attack, it was bungled, and Johnston was wounded. McClellan's army remained outside of Richmond as Union armies in the west were advancing. Thoughtful Confederates could envision a short and dim future for their new nation.
On the morning June 26th, Lee observed the crossing of the Chickahominy River by three divisions from here, an earthwork built for the defense of Richmond that overlooks the broad, swampy valley below. Waiting to cross for word from Jackson, A.P. Hill heard nothing and decided to cross his division anyway. D.H. Hill and Longstreet followed.
Beaver Dam Creek
| With three
of his divisions north of the Chickahominy against the isolated Union V
Lee had left only two divisions south of the river to hold off most of
army. Jackson was to join Lee north of the river directly from
Valley, but he was uncharacteristically late. A.P.
Mechanicsville on time expecting
that Jackson would turn the Yankees out of their formidable position
Beaver Dam Creek. Lee had crossed the Chickahominy and was while
conferring with A.P. Hill, he was visited by Jefferson Davis.
Concerned that McClellan might snatch the iniatitive
and attack the vastly outnumbers Confederates south of the
Chickahominy - or mass against Jackson - Lee ordered A.P. Hill to
attack. An attack would also serve to pin the Federals in
position, making them vulnerable to Jackson's planned maneuver around
At the time of the battle, the slopes on the left of the panorama were bare, not wooded, and they were occupied by Yankee artillery atop the hill (14 guns) and infantrymen in tiers of riflepits. The foot bridge obscured behind some trees on the right of the panorama was the location of the road bridge which crossed the creek, then passed Ellerson's Mill. The creek was dammed to run Ellerson's Mill. The near, Confederate, side of the creek was bare except for a small group of woods at the creek. Pender's brigade had already attacked. After feeling out the position, it was decided that Ripley's brigade would move against the Union left near the Chickahominy and hopefully move around the Union left flank. The ground was not inspected and the resulting attack fell well short of the Union flank and struck here at the pond of Ellerson's Mill. The Confederate brigade was raked as it moved diagonally to the flank. The attack was a complete and costly failure. Although some men entered the creek, the brigade largely went to ground near the creek bank and remained there until dark. Confederate casualties on the day approached 1,500 compared to only 361 Federals.
Jackson had never entered the fight, and Lee had not reached New Bridge, where he hoped to gain a more direction connection with Magruder and Huger south of the Chickahominy. On orders from McClellan, Porter withdrew to a position south of Gaines's Mill and New Cold Harbor early on the next day. McClellan decided to 'change base' to the James River, and Porter taking a stand south of Gaines's Mill would buy time to evacuate the White House base.
West Point Atlas of American Wars 1689-1900
By 2 P.M. on June 27th, Lee was attacking Porter's corps near Gaines Mill. This is the creek at the foot of the hill defended by Porter's V Corps. Attacking Confederate troops advanced toward the swampy Boatswains Creek off the picture to the left with the objective of capturing the hill to the right. The Yankees were entrenched in three lines on the slope in a sparse woods. The land to their front at the time was cleared with no cover except for near the creek itself. Confederate troops went to ground, unwilling to go forward or fall back. On the rebel left, Jackson's planned turning movement had gotten lost and attacked the Union center.
Late in the day, Lee's first major battle as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia was looking like a defeat. At 7pm, he committed Whiting's Division. Hood's Texas brigade was part of the division. Lee asked Hood if he could take the heights. Hood responded, "I will try." Previous attacks had failed because the men had stopped to fire. Hood ordered his men to advance with the bayonet without stopping to fire. Near here, the Texans swept over their prone comrades, the men from previous attacks who had gone to ground, and they advanced into the Union position. It was a breakthrough!
5th Massachusetts Battery
|Hood's brigade had smashed through the Union defenses on the wooded slopes on either side of this 360 degree panorama. Now they were atop the hill near the Watts House, shown here. The action continued into the area not preserved by the national park. The advancing brigade, led by the 4th Texas and 18th Georgia, captured 14 of the 18 guns of Weedon's Artillery in the field beyond. A desperate charge by 250 men of the 5th US Cavalry was repulsed with only 100 survivors. The Texas brigade lost 571 men but had won the day. Porter was forced south of the Chickahominy and McClellan decided to retreat with his whole army to Harrison's Landing.|
June 28, 1862
June 29, 1862
The simplified map above shows the situation on July 1st. With marshy Turkey Run dominated by Union artillery, McClellan's left flank was secure from Holmes. Union artillery was massed on Malvern Hill, with good fields of fire in all directions. Lee, however, believed he could destroy McClellan's army at Malvern Hill, and he saw this as his last chance to do so before McClellan escaped. To attack the hill, Lee had to silence the Union artillery. Confederate artillery emerged from both Confederate flanks to duel their Union counterparts, but they were silenced soon afterward. Confederate infantry was to attack only after the Union artillery had been silenced. One brigade, however, moved forward due to its own local circumstances. They cheered, which was the signal for the army to begin the attack. The other brigades interpreted it as such and advanced up Malvern Hill. Lee, meanwhile, had been scouting a potential move around the Union right flank. Returning to find his men attacking, he ordered them to continue. The Confederate attack was repulsed with heavy losses, about 5,000 men, and no gains. Union losses were also high, around 3,000, demonstrating that the battle was not as one sided as it is often portrayed. McClellan continued the retreat to Harrison's Landing the next day.
Approaching along Carter's Mill Road, this is where the Confederate artillery on Lee's right flank entered the action facing Union artillery already in position on either side of the West House. As the Confederates entered the field, they faced the concentrated fury of the Union guns. With less space available to deploy, the Confederate could get few guns into action; further, it was difficult to coordinate the deployment with the Confederate gunners on the left flank for the intended converging bombardment. The Confederate gun on the left flank entered the action afterward and were also silenced. For a successful infantry assault, Lee had to gain superiority in an artillery duel, but the Confederate batteries were silenced on both flanks.
| With the Confederate bombardment
Lee began investigating a potential turning movement to the east,
something which he learned was impractical. The orders that
had given for an infantry assault were only after successful
artillery duel, so in his mind the orders were now dated and not in
force. Some of his subordinates, however, did believe they were
still in force, with the signal for the beginning of
the attack being cheering. It wasn't a sophisticated system by
any means, and the campaign showed bad staff work on many occasions.
When a portion of the Confederate infantry under Armistead gained
small, local success against Berdan's Sharpshooters, they cheered.
Magruder launched the rest of his division in an attack, and his
neighbor, D.H. Hill, followed suit. Gordon's
Brigade attacked in this area, eventually supported by Semmes's
Brigade. This attack directly toward the Union gun line reached
some slave cabins that were on the right side of the panorama, but
stopped the Confederate attack.
On the right of the panorama there are some trees. They didn't exist at the time of the battle, but they will remain in place due to government environmental regulation. These modern woods cover a slope that descends to Crew's Run or Turkey Run, and several Confederate brigades attacked along these slopes and into the Union flank near the Crew House.
Ignore "You are Here".
|The panorama above shows the type of slope that the western side of Malvern Hill had. Not wooded during the war, fields of fire were generally open, but undulations, or hollows, gave some protection to the Confederate troops as they advanced along the side of Malvern Hill, although this is not obvious now with all of the trees. Union guns near the Crew House stopped the Confederate attack in this vicinity, but the Confederates got close enough for small arms fire on the gun crews. The original Crew House survives, but it is a private residence outside of park boundaries.|
|Here you can see where the slope of Malvern Hill gets steeper. The West House is partially obscured, and by direct fire the Union guns could not reach much of the area between where the photo was taken and the Willis Church Road. After the Confederate infantry assault was repulsed, Union infantry advanced from the West House toward the Parsonage and engaged their Confederate counterparts. The fighting was indecisive and ended with nightfall.|
|The Union army halted and camped at Harrison's Landing on the James River. Although Jeb Stuart fired a few artillery rounds into the camp from Evelington Heights, Lee considered the area too easily defended to attack it. The place was already historic by any definition. It had witnessed the first Thanksgiving in 1619, was home to America's first whiskey distillery, was home to a colonial shipyard, and was the ancestral home of William Henry Harrison. In the Civil War, this history was added to when "Taps" was written there. Lincoln also visited McClellan here twice to confer on strategy.||
Jeb Stuart's cannonball - allegedly
What now, with the Union Army encamped on the James? The Union Navy dominated the river. McClellan might have moved on Petersburg just as Grant would do two years later, potentially turning the tables on Lee and cutting the rail link south. He did not.Lee had saved Richmond but at great cost. In truth, he had had little alternative but to attack McClellan. His strategic position was improved, but it was still far from rosy. What would McClellan do now? And a new army of 'those people' under 'the miscreant' Pope was forming in Northern Virginia. To deal with it, Lee shifted Jackson's force north, where they clashed with the Yankees at Cedar Mountain. Lee then accompanied much of the rest of the army under Longstreet north to join Jackson, taking with him the subordinates that had performed best. Lee struck again at Second Manassas, hoping to smash Pope's army before McClellan's army transitioned north by water to join it. Another victory might change the course of the war.
Copyright 2009-14, John Hamill
Back to Civil War Virtual Battlefield Tours | <urn:uuid:6410e9cc-b0aa-4a6b-85ea-e840a96a7613> | {
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South-west Australia's endangered fishes
Our project is a collaboration between a number of key stakeholders in Western Australia that care for our endangered fishes and is funded by the Western Australian Government's State Natural Resource Management Program (State NRM).
These include the State NRM, Department of Fisheries, Murdoch University (Freshwater Fish Group & Fish Health Unit), University of Western Australia (CENRM), Department of Water, Department of Parks and Wildlife, South West Catchments Council, South Coast NRM, Blackwood Basin Group, Denmark Environment Centre and YOU!.
Our goal is to ensure the long-term conservation of south-western Western Australia's threatened fishes. The target species include the Trout Minnow (Galaxias truttaceus), Balston's Pygmy Perch (Nannatherina balstoni) and Australia's 'newest' freshwater fish, the Little Pygmy Perch (Nannoperca pygmaea).
Photographs: Freshwater Fish Group (Murdoch University); Artwork (Trout Minnow): Lindsay Marshall | <urn:uuid:e9c7c0ad-3133-4e7c-9c45-a92a2ba07f34> | {
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The Future of Dog Spaying
Spaying is a procedure few of us question. This year alone, thousands of female dogs will undergo the hysterectomy operation, which removes the ovaries and uterus. Chances are your own pet has already undergone these removals.
A groundbreaking new study, however, may change the way we view this common surgery.
Longevity and Ovaries Linked
Women tend to live longer than men do, but did you know this life span edge holds true for female dogs too? “Like women, female dogs in our study had a distinct survival advantage over males,” according to project leader Dr. David Waters, Ph.D., a veterinarian, director of the Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation and associate director of Purdue University’s Center on Aging and the Life Course.
Nevertheless, female dogs do not always reach the same age. That became obvious when Waters and his team studied information on the oldest living pet dogs in the United States. (Data on these canine seniors is tracked by the Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies.) Waters had a nagging suspicion: “We think that ovaries are part of a system that impacts longevity and perhaps the rate of aging.”
To test out the theory, Waters, who is also a professor in the department of veterinary clinical sciences at Purdue, and his team analyzed 119 rottweiler “centenarians,” which were elderly dogs that survived to 13 years. That’s 30 percent longer than the life span of most breed members. “We found that female rottweilers that kept their ovaries for at least six years were four times more likely to reach exceptional longevity compared to females who had the shortest lifetime ovary exposure.”
Yet another study, on more than 29,000 women, came to a similar conclusion. Dr. William Parker of the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, Calif., led that research. “For the last 35 years, most doctors have been routinely advising women undergoing hysterectomy to have their ovaries removed to prevent ovarian cancer,” he said. “We believe that such an automatic recommendation is no longer warranted.”
Important to Weigh the Pros and Cons
When it comes to longevity, Waters, Parker and their colleagues believe it’s worth it for a female to keep her ovaries. Women who retain their ovaries for at least 50 years often live longer than women who don’t, according to the new findings. For dogs, the comparable age for keeping the ovaries intact, at least for large breeds like rottweilers, is about 6 or 7 years.
Waters is quick to point out that all women and dog owners should weigh the pros and cons of keeping ovaries and should initiate an informed discussion on the upside and downside with their doctor and their pet’s veterinarian.
The Benefits of Spaying
Linda Lasky, a registered veterinary technician at Montclair Veterinary Hospital in Oakland, Calif., said she is not aware of any veterinary hospital that performs a partial hysterectomy on dogs. Owners must therefore choose between three options:
1. Do not have the dog spayed.
2. Spay the dog after she is at least 6 years old.
3. Spay the dog before she reaches puberty, which is the commonly accepted practice.
Lasky strongly recommends the third option, which she said helps prevent two potentially fatal health problems: mammary tumors and pyometra, a canine uterine infection. Spaying also prevents certain behavioral problems related to dogs going into heat. The most obvious benefit of spaying is that it curbs canine overpopulation.
Other Ways of Extending Your Dog’s Life
Through his Gerontology Training Program for DVMs, Waters works with veterinarians to address the findings about ovaries and other longevity matters. He says participants in the program also “emerge as effective educators of pet owners on issues pertaining to lifestyle choices that promote healthy longevity.”
Lasky agrees that lifestyle choices, such as what owners feed their dogs and how they care for them, can also make a huge difference in the quality and length of their pets’ lives. Over the years, she’s noticed that “companion animals are living longer and longer” due to improved medical help, quality nutrition, and love and care provided by owners. Therefore, while retention of ovaries remains a hotly debated issue, spayed dogs may still have a chance at earning a coveted spot in the oldest canines database at the Center for Exceptional Longevity Studies. | <urn:uuid:29a2892d-83ac-43c3-874f-0289f33dbc0b> | {
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A warm winter in Taranaki helped to offset the damages done to farms during the drought.
Taranaki's weather in 2013 was among the warmest on record, Climate scientist Dr Jim Salinger said.
Latest figures show last year's weather in the region was the third warmest ever recorded.
The average temperature for the province was more than half a degree higher than the normal 13.68 degrees Celsius.
This increase was due not only to the drought, but also to a winter that was warmer than usual, he said. "For a farming community it is good because warmer winters help the growth of pastures."
Taranaki Federated Farmers president Bronwyn Muir said the warm winter had been a great relief to farmers after the devastating effects of the drought.
"It was very much welcomed in Taranaki. We had an abundance of growth and we have been set up very well for the new season," she said.
"It is a very different kettle of fish compared to where we were 12 months ago. The growth from the warm winter is still continuing and we are all making the most of the surplus we have."
Mrs Muir said the challenge for farmers now was to manage and finance the cost of turning that extra growth into a supplement.
"Paying to get that into bales and into sheds is something farmers have to consider.
"But, it's definitely better to have heaps of grass than not enough," she said.
Taranaki's warmer weather was in line with Dr Salinger's national findings, which showed New Zealand had its second-warmest year and warmest winter since records began in 1870.
Last year the country recorded temperatures that were on average 0.84C above normal. The only year it was hotter was 1998, which was 0.89C above average.
Last year's weather was not the warmest on record for Taranaki though. Records for Taranaki began in 1904 and showed the hottest years for Taranaki were 1998 and 1999, now followed by 2013.
The New Zealand regional mean temperature for 2013 was derived from 22 land stations, and three islands.
Record annual mean temperatures were recorded in the south east of the South Island, Dr Salinger said.
Dr Salinger said the above-average temperatures were expected to continue this year and average temperatures of 0.2 to 0.6C above average were predicted.
- Taranaki Daily News
What's your expectation of former tropical cyclone Pam?Related story: Cyclone Pam hits New Zealand
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Get your South Taranaki news online | <urn:uuid:04c2cba9-5702-4546-b2de-eee9f3df3692> | {
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The sight of famous historical places reminds us of our ancient magnificence. Besides glorifying the country, these sites give a vivid idea about the religious, political and economic state of their respective nation. Be it amazing architecture, beautiful structures or captivating location, their exquisiteness showcases the splendid era of our rich world heritage. Moreover, the vintage locations signify the skills, knowledge and way of living by our earlier generations. Apart from cultural importance, these places portray the belief of changing times which that specific region experienced with the eternities. Even after so many centuries, witnessing the historical memoirs of the past exhibit the precious treasures and memories of the people. It very well substantiates their traditions and customs that are sometimes ignored by today’s new generation. But even with this wide generation gap, these stunning world heritage sites are considered as one of the best places in the world to visit and lure millions of holidaymakers. However, some historical destinations are still unknown to many. But with our post you will not miss out on any historic opulence. Go through our list of Top 10 Historical Places in the World and discover their beauty all over again-
Besides being considered as the cradle of western civilization, Athens is also regarded as the birthplace of democracy. Acropolis, Parthenon and Temple of Olympian Zeus are some of the prominent historic sites the wealthiest capital city boasts of. Athens is magnificently one of the famous historical places and do visit it if you happen to be in Greece.
This holy city has been cited many times in the recognized collection of sacred archives assembled in the New Testament of the Bible. Located between the Mediterranean and Dead Sea, it is the largest city in Israel. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, Jerusalem is home to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism since 10th century.
Owing to its exquisite beauty, this capital city of Lebanon is also known as the Paris of the Middle East. It was established in 15th century B.C and has been inhabited continuously since then. Beirut is prominent in Europe and Saudi Arabia for its unmatched nightlife, theaters and cultural activities.
Located near the Dead Sea, Jericho is also known as the city of Palms. Besides Jerusalem, it is one of the oldest cities mentioned in the Old Testament. Though it is believed to be one of the oldest inhabited cities, Jericho is the least populated region on this earth.
At number 6 we have Aleppo. It is a Muslim region and you will find that the behavior of the people along with their lifestyle is very well preserved. Aleppo is one of those conventional cities that are well known all over the world for its picturesque location and world heritage sites.
Sidon is the third largest city in Lebanon. The city has been serving as an ideal habitation since 4000 B.C and is undoubtedly one of the famous historical places. If you happen to be in this beautiful city of fortes, then you should not miss out on temple of Eshmoun and Castle of the Sea.
Tall hills and large exclusive mosques with unique medieval touch very well define the Plovdiv region. This oldest city in Bulgaria has been in existence for about 5000 years. Plovdiv is located between Rhodope Mountains and Balkan Range, exhibiting historical form in its every essence.
Previously known as Kashi and Banaras, Varanasi is regarded as one of the most sacred places in India. Beautiful temples with one of the most striking architecture truly make Varanasi an incredible World heritage site.
Interestingly by having Byblos at number two, we have three Lebanese cities in our list. Some of the oldest places like The Crusader Castle, Tower Temple, Kings Tomb and NortheasternGate will make you fall in love with this historical city. Byblos has been also applauded as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Established in 10,000 B.C, This capital city of Syria has been successfully luring tourists from all over the world. Well maintained constructions, important scriptures, magnificent architectural designs and antique artifacts have made Damascus a true world heritage. | <urn:uuid:87cd57bd-efa2-4982-a29d-1928b6629100> | {
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Paraguay Parliament Recognizes Khojaly Genocide
Paraguay Parliament has condemned the genocide committed by Armenia in Khojaly.
According to the parliament of Paraguay, the statement notes that the Khojaly massacre was the biggest attack on the civilian population during the three years of the military phase of the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan. As a result, 613 Azerbaijanis including 63 children, 106 women and 70 year old people were killed and 1275 civilians were captured for ethnic reasons, the fate of 150 of them is still unknown; In addition, 487 people, including 76 children, were injured in Khojaly, 26 children lost both parents and 130 children lost one of their parents. It was noted that this fact was fully documented by different bodies of the Republic of Azerbaijan and independent sources.
The document notes that a number of states have condemned the genocide and crimes against humanity committed by the Armenian armed forces against the civilian population of Azerbaijan, the armed occupation of the Azerbaijani territories by Armenia and expressed respect for the territorial integrity, sovereignty and inviolability of internationally recognized borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
The document notes that the Resolutions No 822, 853, 874 and 884 adopted by the UN Security Council in 1993 demand to end occupation, direct attention to victims and choose dialogue to resolve the conflict caused by the occupation of Azerbaijani lands by Armenia. The House of Deputies condemned the genocide committed in the town of Khojaly of the Nagorno Karabakh region of Azerbaijan in 1992 considering the aforesaid and the violation of the main principles and norms of international law and expressed their solidarity with the Azerbaijani people on occasion of the 26th anniversary of the crime against humanity.
- Turkish - Armenian Relations
- American Academicians' Declaration (May 19, 1985)
- Turkish diplomats killed by armenian terrorists
- Questions and Answers
- Western perception towards the issue
- How the armenian issue came about?
- Armenian Terror
- What is the Armenian Problem?
- Armenian-Azerbaijan Conflict
- So Called Armenian Genocide
- Karabakh Conflict
- Khojaly Massacre
- Book Reviews | <urn:uuid:8a5afc5d-760b-49dc-a032-b649f09504a1> | {
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1. Movement or prevailing movement in a given direction: observed the tendency of the wind; the shoreward tendency of the current.
2. A characteristic likelihood: fabric that has a tendency to wrinkle.
3. A predisposition to think, act, behave, or proceed in a particular way.
a. An implicit direction or purpose: not openly liberal, but that is the tendency of the book.
b. An implicit point of view in written or spoken matter; a bias.
[Medieval Latin tendentia, from Latin tendns, tendent-, present participle of tendere, to tend; see tend1.]
Synonyms: tendency, trend, current, drift, tenor, inclination These nouns refer to the direction or course of an action or thought. Tendency implies a predisposition to proceed in a particular way: The tendency of our own day is ... towards firm, solid, verifiable knowledge (William H. Mallock). Trend often applies to a general or prevailing direction, especially within a particular sphere: the trend of religious thought in recent times (James Harvey Robinson). Current suggests a course or flow, as of opinion, especially one representative of a given time or place: the whole current of modern feeling (James Bryce). A drift is a tendency that seems driven by a shifting current: a drift toward communism in Latin America. Tenor implies a continuous, unwavering course: His conduct was ... uniform and unvarying in its tenor (Frederick Marryat). Inclination usually refers to an individuals propensity for or disposition toward one thing rather than another: an inclination to overindulge in sweets.
tendency /tndnsi/ n.-cies an inclination, leaning in attitude or behavior: When he talks, he has a tendency to get lost in details.
Thesaurus: tendency a leaning toward s.t., bent | propensity frml., proclivity frml. | <urn:uuid:18f5e583-a91e-4204-9529-c8a497fc2f92> | {
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Some salient features of Buddhism
of Buddhism are the four Noble Truths -- namely, Suffering (the raison
d'etre of Buddhism), its cause (i.e., Craving), its end (i.e.,
Nibbana, the Summum Bonum of Buddhism), and the Middle Way.
What is the Noble
Truth of Suffering?
suffering, old age is suffering, disease is suffering, death is suffering,
to be united with the unpleasant is suffering, to be separated from
the pleasant is suffering, not to receive what one craves for is suffering,
in brief the five Aggregates of Attachment are suffering."
What is the Noble
Truth of the Cause of Suffering?
"It is the
craving which leads from rebirth to rebirth accompanied by lust or
passion, which delights now here now there; it is the craving for
sensual pleasures (Kamatanha), for existence (Bhavatanha)
and for annihilation (Vibhavatanha)."
What is the Noble
Truth of the Annihilation of Suffering?
"It is the
remainderless, total annihilation of this very craving, the forsaking
of it, the breaking loose, fleeing, deliverance from it."
What is the Noble
Truth of the Path leading to the Annihilation of Suffering?
"It is the
Noble Eightfold Path which consists of right understanding, right
thoughts, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right endeavor,
right mindfulness, and right concentration."
Whether the Buddhas
arise or not these four Truths exist in the universe. The Buddhas
only reveal these Truths which lay hidden in the dark abyss of time.
interpreted, the Dhamma may be called the law of cause and effect.
These two embrace the entire body of the Buddha's Teachings.
The first three
truths represent the philosophy of Buddhism; the fourth represents
the ethics of Buddhism, based on that philosophy. All these four truths
are dependent on this body itself. The Buddha states: "In this
very one-fathom long body along with perceptions and thoughts, do
I proclaim the world, the origin of the world, the end of the world
and the path leading to the end of the world." Here the term
world is applied to suffering.
on the pivot of sorrow. But it does not thereby follow that Buddhism
is pessimistic. It is neither totally pessimistic nor totally optimistic,
but, on the contrary, it teaches a truth that lies midway between
them. One would be justified in calling the Buddha a pessimist if
he had only enunciated the truth of suffering without suggesting a
means to put an end to it. The Buddha perceived the universality of
sorrow and did prescribe a panacea for this universal sickness of
humanity. The highest conceivable happiness, according to the Buddha,
is Nibbana, which is the total extinction of suffering.
The author of
the article on Pessimism in the Encyclopedia Britannica writes: "Pessimism
denotes an attitude of hopelessness towards life, a vague general
opinion that pain and evil predominate in human affairs. The original
doctrine of the Buddha is in fact as optimistic as any optimism of
the West. To call it pessimism is merely to apply to it a characteristically
Western principle to which happiness is impossible without personality.
The true Buddhist looks forward with enthusiasm to absorption into
enjoyment of sensual pleasures is the highest and only happiness of
the average man. There is no doubt a kind of momentary happiness in
the anticipation, gratification and retrospection of such fleeting
material pleasures, but they are illusive and temporary. According
to the Buddha non-attachment is a greater bliss.
The Buddha does
not expect his followers to be constantly pondering on suffering and
lead a miserable unhappy life. He exhorts them to be always happy
and cheerful, for zest (piti) is one of the factors of Enlightenment.
is found within, and is not to be defined in terms of wealth, children,
honor or fame. If such possessions are misdirected, forcibly or unjustly
obtained, misappropriated or even viewed with attachment, they will
be a source of pain and sorrow to the possessors.
Instead of trying
to rationalize suffering, Buddhism takes suffering for granted and
seeks the cause to eradicate it. Suffering exists as long as there
is craving. It can only be annihilated by treading the Noble Eightfold
Path and attaining the supreme bliss of Nibbana.
These four truths
can be verified by experience. Hence the Buddha Dhamma is not based
on the fear of the unknown, but is founded on the bedrock of facts
which can be tested by ourselves and verified by experience. Buddhism
is, therefore, rational and intensely practical.
Such a rational
and practical system cannot contain mysteries or esoteric doctrines.
Blind faith, therefore, is foreign to Buddhism. Where there is no
blind faith there cannot be any coercion or persecution or fanaticism.
To the unique credit of Buddhism it must be said that throughout its
peaceful march of 2500 years no drop of blood was shed in the name
of the Buddha, no mighty monarch wielded his powerful sword to propagate
the Dhamma, and no conversion was made either by force or by repulsive
methods. Yet, the Buddha was the first and the greatest missionary
that lived on earth.
writes: "Alone of all the great world religions Buddhism made
its way without persecution, censorship or inquisition."
Lord Russell remarks:
"Of the great religions of history, I prefer Buddhism, especially
in its earliest forms; because it has had the smallest element of
In the name of
Buddhism no altar was reddened with the blood of a Hypatia, no Bruno
was burnt alive. Buddhism appeals more to the intellect than to the
emotion. It is concerned more with the character of the devotees than
with their numerical strength.
On one occasion
Upali, a follower of Nigantha Nataputta, approached the Buddha and
was so pleased with the Buddha's exposition of the Dhamma that he
instantly expressed his desire to become a follower of the Buddha.
But the Buddha cautioned him, saying:
"Of a verity,
O householder, make a thorough investigation. It is well for a distinguished
man like you to make (first) a thorough investigation."
Upali, who was
overjoyed at this unexpected remark of the Buddha, said: "Lord,
had I been a follower of another religion, its adherents would have
taken me round the streets in a procession proclaiming that such and
such a millionaire had renounced his former faith and embraced theirs.
But, Lord, Your Reverence advises me to investigate further. The more
pleased am I with this remark of yours. For the second time, Lord,
I seek refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma and the Sangha."
Buddhism is saturated
with this spirit of free enquiry and complete tolerance. It is the
teaching of the open mind and the sympathetic heart, which, lighting
and warming the whole universe with its twin rays of wisdom and compassion,
sheds its genial glow on every being struggling in the ocean of birth
The Buddha was
so tolerant that he did not even exercise his power to give commandments
to his lay followers. Instead of using the imperative, he said: "It
behooves you to do this -- It behooves you not to do this." He
commands not but does exhort.
the Buddha extended to men, women and all living beings.
It was the Buddha
who first attempted to abolish slavery and vehemently protested against
the degrading caste system which was firmly rooted in the soil of
India. In the Word of the Buddha it is not by mere birth one becomes
an outcast or a noble, but by one's actions. Caste or colour does
not preclude one from becoming a Buddhist or from entering the Order.
Fishermen, scavengers, courtesans, together with warriors and Brahmins,
were freely admitted to the Order and enjoyed equal privileges and
were also given positions of rank. Upali, the barber, for instance,
was made, in preference to all others, the chief in matters pertaining
to Vinaya discipline. The timid Sunita, the scavenger, who attained
arahatship was admitted by the Buddha himself into the Order. Angulimala,
the robber and criminal, was converted to a compassionate saint. The
fierce Alavaka sought refuge in the Buddha and became a saint. The
courtesan Ambapali entered the Order and attained arahatship. Such
instances could easily be multiplied from the Tipitaka to show that
the portals of Buddhism were wide open to all, irrespective of caste,
colour or rank.
It was also the
Buddha who raised the status of downtrodden women and not only brought
them to a realization of their importance to society but also founded
the first celibate religious order for women with rules and regulations.
The Buddha did
not humiliate women, but only regarded them as feeble by nature. He
saw the innate good of both men and women and assigned to them their
due places in his teaching. Sex is no barrier to attaining sainthood.
Pali term used to denote women is matugama, which means "mother-folk"
or "society of mothers." As a mother, woman holds an honorable
place in Buddhism. Even the wife is regarded as "best friend"
(parama sakha) of the husband.
are only making ex parte statements when they reproach Buddhism
with being inimical to women. Although at first the Buddha refused
to admit women into the Order on reasonable grounds, yet later he
yielded to the entreaties of his foster-mother, Pajapati Gotami, and
founded the Bhikkhuni Order. Just as the Arahats Sariputta and Moggallana
were made the two chief disciples in the Order of monks, even so he
appointed Arahats Khema and Uppalavanna as the two chief female disciples.
Many other female disciples too were named by the Buddha himself as
his distinguished and pious followers.
On one occasion the Buddha said to King Kosala who was displeased on hearing that a daughter was born to him: "A woman child, O Lord of men; may prove even a better offspring than a male."
Many women, who
otherwise would have fallen into oblivion, distinguished themselves
in various ways, and gained their emancipation by following the Dhamma
and entering the Order. In this new Order, which later proved to be
a great blessing to many women, queens, princesses, daughters of noble
families, widows, bereaved mothers, destitute women, pitiable courtesans
-- all, despite their caste or rank, met on a common platform, enjoyed
perfect consolation and peace, and breathed that free atmosphere which
is denied to those cloistered in cottages and palatial mansions.
It was also the
Buddha who banned the sacrifice of poor beasts and admonished his
followers to extend their loving-kindness (metta) to all living
beings -- even to the tiniest creature that crawls at one's feet.
No man has the power or the right to destroy the life of another as
life is precious to all.
A genuine Buddhist
would exercise this loving-kindness towards every living being and
identify himself with all, making no distinction whatsoever with regard
to caste, colour or sex.
It is this Buddhist
metta that attempts to break all the barriers which separate one from
another. There is no reason to keep aloof from others merely because
they belong to another persuasion or another nationality. In that
noble Toleration Edict which is based on Culla-Vyuha and Maha-Vyuha
Suttas, Asoka says: "Concourse alone is best, that is, all should
harken willingly to the doctrine professed by others."
Buddhism is not
confined to any country or any particular nation. It is universal.
It is not nationalism which, in other words, is another form of caste
system founded on a wider basis. Buddhism, if it be permitted to say
so, is supernationalism.
To a Buddhist
there is no far or near, no enemy or foreigner, no renegade or untouchable,
since universal love realized through understanding has established
the brotherhood of all living beings. A real Buddhist is a citizen
of the world. He regards the whole world as his motherland and all
as his brothers and sisters.
Buddhism is, therefore,
unique, mainly owing to its tolerance, non-aggressiveness, rationality,
practicability, efficacy and universality. It is the noblest of all
unifying influences and the only lever that can uplift the world.
These are some
of the salient features of Buddhism, and amongst some of the fundamental
doctrines may be said: Kamma or the Law of Moral Causation, the Doctrine
of Rebirth, Anatta and Nibbana. | <urn:uuid:dd85de4d-f99f-41b9-a8eb-354d0c190a53> | {
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Identify the purpose of financial statements and their key elements.
Distinguish between BS and IS accounts.
Given any two items of assets, liabilities, or stockholders equity, calculate the missing
A = L
1. First-in, first-out inventory costing method using the price of merchandise purchased
first to calculate the cost of merchandise sold first
2. Gross profit method of estimating inventory estimating inventory by using the previous
years percentage of gr
1. Capital stock total shares of ownership in a corporation
2. Cash discount a deduction that a vendor allows on the invoice amount to encourage
3. Cash over a petty cash on hand amount that is more than a recorded amount
4. Cash payments j
Test 3 Review
April 15, 2014
Items that arent extraordinary are higher up on the income statement.
Higher earnings persistence and recurrence.
Materiality (how significant an item is to the company; large in monetary amount to
Chapter 3 Accounting Cycle at the End of a Period
January 29, 2014
I. Accrual-Basis Accounting (record rev when earned; record expenses w/ related rev).
A. Revenue and Expense Reporting
1. Revenue Recognition (record revenue in the period | <urn:uuid:4c792a4f-e9f8-4ddb-b775-c31dc3ff90a6> | {
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The sea lice parasite is the greatest disease problem facing the Norwegian aquaculture industry. But help may be on its way -- an army of 15 million lice-eating Ballan wrasse.
The already significant problem of sea lice is compounded by the fact that the parasite has become resistant to chemical treatment methods. The estimated losses to Norway's aquaculture industry due to sea lice range from NOK 500 million to 2 billion yearly.
Research aimed at combating sea lice is rapidly expanding as both scientists and the industry search for solutions. Between 2010 and 2013 the Research Council will be allocating nearly NOK 50 million to research on sea lice.
This little troublemaker has been given high priority in the HAVBRUK programme. In all, four of the 26 new research projects receiving funding in 2010 revolve around sea lice.
Researchers have been focusing most of their efforts on vaccines and other pharmaceutical measures to battle the tenacious parasite. But now, a cleaner fish called the Ballan wrasse is being enlisted to eat mass quantities of sea lice directly off infected salmon. Leading the charge on this anti-lice offensive are Villa Organic, Marine Harvest and the Institute of Marine Research's Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station.
Ballan wrasse alone will not be able to defeat the parasite, but Per Gunnar Kvenseth of Villa Organic, a seafood producer on Norway's west coast, firmly believes that this fish species could prove to be a key weapon in the arsenal for fighting sea lice.
"Ballan wrasse are ideal for eating lice off the salmon," explains Dr Kvenseth. "As juveniles they can be placed in the cage together with salmon juveniles, and the two species will grow up alongside each other. The fact that Ballan wrasse are so hardy -- and that they maintain such a high activity level throughout the winter -- makes them better suited to the task than any other type of cleaner fish we have experimented with."
300 lice for lunch
Unlike most other salmon producers, Villa Organic normally uses no chemical agents against sea lice. Yet the company feels it manages to keep the parasite in check at least as well as other aquaculture facilities.
Over the last few years, Dr Kvenseth has become a steadfast champion of the Ballan wrasse. "This is truly a fabulous project to be working on," he says.
Dr Kvenseth and his colleagues have found up to 300 sea lice in the stomach of a single Ballan wrasse grazing among farmed salmon.
Wrasse production next
The main obstacle to using Ballan wrasse within the aquaculture industry is the logistical matter of having enough of them to do the job. In the wild, Ballan wrasse of the size needed are in short supply. Providing this species in adequate numbers will require hatcheries and feeding tanks on land.
Villa Organic has been working with Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station to solve various challenges relating to light conditions and other aspects of Ballan wrasse production. Together, they have now developed production protocols -- the routines for raising Ballan wrasse. It takes 12 months of tank feeding before this cleaner fish is ready for sea duty in the salmon cage.
Wanted: 15 million Ballan wrasse
If Ballan wrasse is to become the weapon of choice in fighting sea lice, millions of new individuals will need to be produced each year.
One group of Norwegian salmon farmers plans to produce 100,000 of the cleaner fish this year and another 500,000 next year. Based on an estimated demand of 15 million individuals per year, Norway could build up a Ballan wrasse industry worth some NOK 250 million annually within a few years.
Empty cod tanks could house wrasse
But where on earth is there room for 15 million wrasse fry?
For proponents of Ballan wrasse, the problems plaguing cod production in Norway in recent years could prove a blessing in disguise, since several aquaculture facilities along the nation's coast currently have empty cod tanks. "These tanks could be converted relatively easily to facilities for raising Ballan wrasse," Dr Kvenseth points out.
So Ballan wrasse production could be the silver lining for Norwegian cod farmers in troubled times.
Cage nets must be clean
Successfully using Ballan wrasse rather than chemical agents to combat sea lice entails another challenge: ensuring that the wrasse do not simply feast on molluscs and algal growth instead of feeding on the salmon parasites. Specially treated nets is one possible solution.
But Villa Organic prefers environment-friendly measures whenever possible, so it will physically remove growth on the nets. Dr Kvenseth acknowledges that this is a labour-intensive process but says that keeping the nets clean has the added benefit of improving seawater exchange within the net, yielding higher-quality salmon.
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Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Veterans Affairs National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers
Established in 1867, the Central Branch, National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers in Dayton, Ohio (now the Dayton Veterans Affairs Medical Center) was one of the three original branches in the National Home system, which provided medical and rehabilitative care to Union veterans after the Civil War. The Central Branch was the first branch laid out using a decentralized plan with a grid pattern for the streets and a Picturesque style landscape for the parks and gardens surrounding the campus core. This campus plan served as a model for the remaining National Home branches and later VA hospitals. Located east of the modern medical facility, 28 pre-1930 buildings survive including the Putnam Library (Building 120) and the Home Chapel (Building 118). In addition to the numerous buildings from the National Home period, the Central Branch also illustrates its transition from a Civil War era domiciliary to modern VA medical facility, as illustrated by the 1940 Colonial Revival Patrick Hospital (Building 302). Elements of the Picturesque style landscape like the lake and the grotto arch still remain on the eastern edge of campus. Dayton's still-active National Cemetery dates from 1867 and includes the graves of veterans who served as early as the Revolutionary War and the first U.S. Colored Troops admitted to a National Home branch.
The Board of Managers wanted to place a National Home branch in the lower Midwest to serve the large veteran population in the area. The board’s secretary, Lewis B. Gunkel, a Dayton native, convinced the board to locate the new National Home branch in Dayton, Ohio. The City of Dayton donated $20,000 for the purchase of land for the facility. In 1867, the board acquired 380 acres of farm land to the west of Dayton and began construction immediately.
Thomas Budd Van Horne, a veteran and chaplain, designed the Central Branch. Van Horne laid out the campus with a grid pattern for streets with the major thoroughfare dividing the barracks from the administrative offices to mimic a small village. This layout created small neighborhoods or sections on the campus. Van Horne designed large parks and open spaces around the streets and buildings. While the administrative buildings were laid out in a grid pattern, the parks and open space had a curvilinear pattern with extensive walking paths and gardens. Mr. C. B. Davis designed the gardens. The natural feel of the gardens and the parks provided the veterans with an enjoyable place to spend their time, since they could not return to work. The gardens and parks were so attractive that tourists made day trips out to the Central Branch to enjoy the natural beauty. The Board of Managers reported that 100,000 people visited the Central Branch annually in the mid-1870’s.
The historic core of the Central Branch is on the eastern portion of the campus. This section consists of buildings from both the National Home era and the early Veterans Administration era, which are intermixed throughout this part of the facility. The western portion of the campus houses the modern hospital and parking lots. The National Cemetery occupies the entire northern portion of campus.
Dedicated in 1870, the Soldiers Home Chapel (Building 118) is the oldest building at the Central Branch and the first National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers stand alone chapel. The Gothic Revival chapel features a bell tower that holds the 1876 “Centennial Bell,” which was made in New York from cannons captured from Confederate forces during the Civil War. Both Catholic and Protestant services were held in the chapel until the construction of the Catholic Chapel (Building 119) in 1898. The Catholic Chapel, also built in the Gothic Revival style, is made of yellow brick with buttresses supporting it. The small bell tower has an octagonal spire rising from a square tower. The altar’s centerpiece is by Heinrich Schroeder, a widely known altar/pulpit builder for Catholic Churches.
Just south of the chapels, the Administration Building (Building 116), also known as the Headquarters Building, was constructed in 1871 in the French Second Empire style. Across from the Administration Building, the modified Flemish-style Putnam Library (Building 120) dates from 1880. The library closed in 2000. Now the American Veterans Heritage Center, Inc., which advocates for and assists in the preservation of the historic district, uses the building for offices. Just south of the Administration Building is the old Bandstand (Building 113) that dates from 1871 and was the focal point of the parade ground. Highly ornamental ironwork and wood trim decorate the exterior of the Italianate structure.
Located just west of the recreational buildings, the Italianate style Liberty House (Building 225) served as an amusement hall from the time it was built in 1870 until the construction of a new clubhouse in 1881. After that time, the building served as officers’ quarters. Additional revival-style staff quarters from the period between 1870 and 1885 surround the Liberty House.
The 1881 Clubhouse (Building 129) provided a place for the veterans to play billiards and other games, in addition to being a meeting space for clubs. The two-story Renaissance Revival style brick building has quoined corners on a stone base. The interior has a central hallway that divides the building into two sections.
In 1868, Frank Mundt, a landscape gardener, began planting vines in rock crevices at Grotto Springs on the lower east side of the historic district. The landscaping became quite elaborate over time. The stone steps, Grotto Arch constructed around 1900 of roughly hewn lime stone, and two springs remain. Nearby is the Swan House (Building 111), a small wooden gazebo-type structure built in the Stick style with 12 columns supporting the square-shaped hipped roof.
The early Veterans Administration era buildings on the campus date from 1930 to 1959. The peak of this new construction at the Dayton VAMC was between 1936 and 1940 when the medical center received funding from New Deal programs. These buildings were erected quickly to provide jobs for men and in preparation for war in Europe, as tensions mounted. Centrally located on campus, the three-story brick Colonial Revival Patrick Hospital (Building 302) dates from 1940. The building is currently used for outpatient mental health services. Just west of the hospital are two Colonial Revival domiciliary facilities (Buildings 409 and 410) and a Dining Hall (Building 411) also from 1940.
The historic cemetery to the north of the campus is largely intact. The cemetery design is attributed to Chaplain and Captain William B. Earnshaw, who worked on National Cemeteries in Tennessee as well. He arrived at the Central Branch in 1867 with the first residents and stayed there until he died in 1885. The Dayton Soldiers’ Monument was created in 1877 to honor the veterans buried in the cemetery. The cemetery is still active and enlarged as needed to make room for more veterans. | <urn:uuid:1494bb8b-d9b5-42dc-84ec-8a5605dc5116> | {
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Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
What are trisomies?
The term trisomy is used to describe the presence of three chromosomes, rather than the usual matched pair of chromosomes. For example, if a baby is born with three #21 chromosomes, rather than the usual pair, then the baby would be said to have "trisomy 21." Trisomy 21 is also known as Down syndrome. Other examples of trisomy include syndromes like trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. Again, trisomy 18 or trisomy 13 simply means the child has three copies of the #18 chromosome (or of the #13 chromosome) present in each cell of the body, rather than the usual pair.
What is Down syndrome?
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that involves birth defects, intellectual disabilities, characteristic facial features. Additionally, it often involves heart defects, visual and hearing impairments, and other health problems. The severity of all of these problems varies greatly among affected individuals. Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic birth defects, affecting approximately one in about 800 babies. In this country, around 250,000 individuals have Down syndrome. Life expectancy among adults with Down syndrome is about 60 years, though average lifespan varies.
The term Down syndrome comes from Dr. Langdon Down, the doctor who first described the collection of physical symptoms in 1866. It was not until 1959 that the cause of Down syndrome (the presence of an extra #21 chromosome) was identified.
What causes Down syndrome?
Normally in reproduction, the egg cell of the mother and the sperm cell of the father start out with the usual number of 46 chromosomes. The egg and sperm cells both undergo a cell division in which the 46 chromosomes are divided in half, so that both the egg and the sperm cells will have 23 chromosomes each. When a sperm with 23 chromosomes fertilizes an egg with 23 chromosomes, the baby will have a complete set of 46 chromosomes, half from the father and half from the mother.
Sometimes, an error occurs when the 46 chromosomes are being divided in half, and an egg or sperm cell keeps both copies of the #21 chromosome instead of just one copy. If this egg or sperm is fertilized, then the baby will have three copies of the #21 chromosome, which is called trisomy 21, or Down syndrome. The features of Down syndrome are caused by that extra copy of chromosome #21 being in every cell in the body.
Most cases of Down syndrome are caused by trisomy 21. Occasionally, the extra chromosome #21 or a portion of it is attached to another chromosome in the egg or sperm; this may cause "translocation Down syndrome." This is the only form of Down syndrome that may be inherited from a parent. Some parents have a rearrangement called a balanced translocation, in which the #21 chromosome is attached to another chromosome, but it does not affect their own health. Rarely, another form called "mosaic Down syndrome" may occur when an error in cell division happens after fertilization. These individuals have some cells with an extra chromosome #21 (47 chromosomes total), and other cells have the usual number (46 total).
What does a child with Down syndrome look like?
A child with Down syndrome may have eyes that slant upward and small ears that may fold over slightly at the top. The child's mouth may be small, making the tongue appear large. The child's nose also may be small, with a flattened nasal bridge. Some babies with Down syndrome have a short neck and small hands with short fingers. Rather than having three "creases" in the palm of the hand, a child with Down syndrome usually has one single crease that goes straight across the palm, and a second crease that curves down by the thumb. The child or adult with Down syndrome is often short and has unusual looseness of the joints. Most children with Down syndrome will have some, but not all, of these features.
What types of health problems do children with Down syndrome typically have?
About half of babies with Down syndrome have heart defects. Some defects are minor and may be treated with medications, while others may require surgery. All babies with Down syndrome should be examined by a pediatric cardiologist. This is a doctor who specializes in heart diseases of children. Babies with Down syndrome should also have an echocardiogram. This is a procedure that evaluates the structure and function of the heart by using sound waves recorded on an electronic sensor that produce a moving picture of the heart and heart valves. This exam and test should be done in the first two months of life, so that any heart defects can be treated.
Some babies with Down syndrome are born with intestinal malformations that require surgery.
Children with Down syndrome are at increased risk for visual impairment. Common visual problems include crossed eyes, near- or farsightedness, and cataracts. Most visual problems can be improved with glasses, surgery, or other treatments. A pediatric ophthalmologist should be consulted within the first year of life. This is a doctor who specializes in comprehensive eye care and provides examinations, diagnosis, and treatment for a variety of eye disorders.
Children with Down syndrome may have hearing loss because of fluid in the middle ear, a nerve defect, or both. All children with Down syndrome should have regular vision and hearing examinations so any problems can be treated before they hinder development of language and other skills.
Children with Down syndrome are at increased risk for thyroid problems and leukemia. They also tend to have many colds, as well as bronchitis and pneumonia. Children with Down syndrome should receive regular medical care, including childhood immunizations. The National Down Syndrome Congress publishes a "Preventive Medicine Checklist" that outlines which checkups and medical tests are recommended at various ages.
How significant is the degree of intellectual disability that accompanies Down syndrome?
The degree of intellectual disability that accompanies Down syndrome varies widely. It ranges from mild to moderate to severe. However, most intellectual disability falls within the mild to moderate range. There is no way to predict the mental development of a child with Down syndrome based on their physical features.
What disabilities does a child with Down syndrome have?
Children with Down syndrome can usually do most things that any young child can do, such as walking, talking, dressing, and being toilet trained. However, they generally do these things later than other children. The exact age that these developmental milestones will be achieved cannot be predicted. However, early intervention programs, beginning in infancy, can help these children achieve their individual potential.
Can a child with Down syndrome go to school?
Yes. There are special programs beginning in the preschool years to help children with Down syndrome develop skills as fully as possible. Along with benefiting from early intervention and special education, many children can be integrated into the regular classroom, to some extent. The outlook for children with Down syndrome is far brighter than it once was. Many will learn to read and write and participate in diverse childhood activities, both at school and in their neighborhoods. While special work programs are designed for adults with Down syndrome, many can hold regular jobs. Today, an increasing number of adults with Down syndrome live semi-independently in community group homes. They take care of themselves, participate in household chores, develop friendships, partake in leisure activities, and work in their communities.
Can people with Down syndrome marry?
Some people with Down syndrome marry. Although there have been rare exceptions, most men with Down syndrome cannot father a child. In any pregnancy, a woman with Down syndrome has a 50/50 chance of conceiving a child with Down syndrome, although many of the pregnancies are miscarried.
How is Down syndrome diagnosed?
Since Down syndrome has such a unique group of characteristics, physicians can sometimes determine whether a baby has Down syndrome simply by physical examination. To confirm the physical findings, a small blood sample can be taken and the chromosomes can be analyzed to determine the presence of extra #21 chromosome material. This information is important in determining the risk in future pregnancies. (Translocation Down syndrome and mosaic Down syndrome have different recurrence risks in future pregnancies).
Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome can often be diagnosed before birth by analyzing cells in the amniotic fluid or from the placenta. Fetal ultrasound during pregnancy can also give information about the possibility of Down syndrome, but ultrasound is not 100 percent accurate. Many babies with Down syndrome may look the same on ultrasound as those without Down syndrome. A chromosome analysis, whether performed on a blood sample, cells from the amniotic fluid, or placenta, is very accurate.
What are the maternal age risks for Down syndrome?
The mother's age at delivery is the only factor found to be linked to the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. This risk increases with every year, especially after the mother is 35 years old. However, because younger women are more likely to have babies than older women, most babies with Down syndrome are born to women younger than 35.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that all pregnant women, regardless of age, be offered screening for Down syndrome.
What is the risk of having a second child with Down syndrome?
In general, for women who have had one child with Down syndrome, the chance of having another baby with Down syndrome depends on several factors, such as the mother's age. It is important to know that most babies with Down syndrome are born to women under 35. This is because women under 35 have more babies than women over 35. Your physician may refer you to a geneticist or genetic counselor who can explain the results of chromosomal tests in detail, including what the recurrence risks may be in another pregnancy, and what tests are available to diagnose chromosome problems before a baby is born.
Can Down syndrome be cured or prevented?
There is no cure for Down syndrome. Doctors are not certain how to prevent the chromosomal error that causes Down syndrome. To date, there is no reason to believe that a parent could have done anything to cause or prevent the birth of a baby with Down syndrome. However, a recent study suggests that some women who have had a baby with Down syndrome had an abnormality in how their body metabolizes, or processes, the B vitamin folic acid. If confirmed, this finding may provide yet another reason why all women who might become pregnant should take a daily multivitamin containing 400 micrograms of folic acid. This has been shown to reduce the risk for certain birth defects of the brain and spinal cord.
Some people claim that various high-dose vitamins given to children with Down syndrome will improve the mental performance and lessen the degree of intellectual disability. To date, however, no medical studies have proved that this actually works. It is important for new families to talk with their physician, other families, and national Down syndrome support agencies to learn what to expect with Down syndrome and to learn about things that may be helpful in raising a child with Down syndrome. | <urn:uuid:326a9514-c045-417f-9ab9-b0e1c3c00109> | {
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The UN Security Council shows its weakness (again)
For decade after decade, diplomats at the United Nations have had on-again, off-again talks on how to reform the Security Council, the supreme decision-making panel on international security. The crisis in Syria shows that progress has been minimal and that power politics often trump human rights.
At issue is the composition of a body “frozen in amber since the end of World War II,” in the words of Stewart Patrick, a fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, a New York-based foreign policy think tank. The biggest difficulty in unfreezing it is the veto power wielded by the five permanent members of the 15-nation council – the United States, Russia, China, Britain and France.
A veto by one permanent member is enough to sink a resolution. On February 4, two veto-wielders, Russia and China, banded together to vote against a resolution that provided for Syria’s president, Bashar al-Assad, to step aside, halt a ruthless crackdown on dissidents, and begin a transition to democracy. Assad saw the veto as a green light to crack down even harder. A week before the vetoes, the U.N. estimated the death toll at 5,400.
On February 28, it was revised to more than 7,500, the result of a merciless artillery and tank bombardment of the central city of Homs, an opposition stronghold. In the weeks between those body counts, there has been a growing chorus of condemnation of the Assad government, including a United Nations General Assembly vote (by 137 to 12) criticizing “widespread and systematic human rights violations by Syrian authorities.” Russia, China and 10 other countries voted against that resolution. It has no legal force, unlike council resolutions.
More international condemnation came from a “Friends of Syria” meeting that brought together Western and Arab foreign ministers whose calls for ending the violence and allowing access for humanitarian aid fell on deaf ears in Damascus.
Russia and China stayed away from the Tunis gathering and were showered with blistering criticism from U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for their “despicable” Security Council vetoes.
Why the make-up of the council and the way it operates has remained unchanged since 1945 is a question that merits more vigorous public debate than there has been in the past. The case for re-thinking the system becomes stronger every time a veto frustrates the will of the majority. Clinton complained that the council had been “neutered” by the vetoes on Syria but the neutering is a logical consequence of the power wielded by the permanent five.
NEVER SAY NEVER
They have the privilege to ignore the rest, push their own interests and protect their allies, as Russia did on Syria and as the United States (the most active veto-wielder in the past four decades) has done often to shield Israel from censure. None of the five have shown eagerness to change the veto system but that doesn’t mean it will never happen.
Ideas on what to change and how to do it have been tossed around since 1993 in the bureaucratic obscurity of the bureaucratically-named “Open ended Working Group to consider all aspects of the question of an increase in the membership of the Security Council and other matters related to the Council.”
An expansion of the top UN decision making body is more likely in the foreseeable future than “other matters”, a phrase that embraces abolishing the veto. In February, the four countries that have lobbied most energetically to become veto-wielding Security Council members (Germany, Japan, India, Brazil) issued a statement urging tangible progress before September, when the current session of the U.N. General Assembly ends.
Japan and Germany are the second and third-biggest financial contributors to the U.N., India is a nuclear power and the world’s second-most populous country, and Brazil is becoming a regional superpower in Latin America. Their inclusion would be a big step towards a Security Council that reflects the world as it is now, not as it was in 1945.
Skeptics tend to argue that expansion of the council would result in a decision-making process even more difficult and time-consuming than it is now. Perhaps. But adding four stable, liberal democracies to the lineup would probably also result in better decisions.
PHOTO: Members of the United Nations General Assembly vote to endorse the Arab League’s plan for Syria’s President Bashar al-Assad to step aside, at the United Nations Headquarters in New York February 16, 2012. The 193-nation U.N. General Assembly on Thursday overwhelmingly approved a non-binding resolution endorsing an Arab League plan that urges Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to step aside. REUTERS/Andrew Kelly | <urn:uuid:cd7fb297-e8d9-4c2c-9012-ae44a73ad108> | {
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MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 are two different standards for full motion video to digital compression/decompression techniques advanced by the Moving Pictures Experts Group. MPEG-1 compresses the bandwidth needed for 30 frames/second of full-motion video (several hundred megabytes) down to about 1.5 Mbits/sec. MPEG-2 only compresses to about 3 Mbits and provides for better image quality when comparing compressed files of the same size. This industry application competes with other compression techniques, know as JPEG, Captain Crunch, Cinepak and Indeo. 1
Formerly American Document Management, Glossary of Terms, now 5i Solutions Glossary. | <urn:uuid:91964d39-9e43-4003-9ab3-02f35c48caef> | {
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Assault on Gandhi
"During his stay in India, Gandhiji had been trying to tell people of the hardships which the Indians in South Africa suffer at the hands of the white people. The white men therefore strongly disliked Gandhiji's activities. And the South African newspapers gave a very wrong and misleading account of what he was trying to do. So the whites became indignant with him. If they could have had their way, they would have done away with him. But the hand of God was with Gandhiji, and he was not afraid. He had hardly come down from the ship, when he was surrounded by a group of European boys and ruffians. They threw stones and rotten eggs at him and kicked him and handled him roughly. Poor Gandhiji could hardly do anything to defend himself. Luckily the wife of one of his European friends was passing that way. She ran through the crowd and came and stood in front of him. Seeing a white woman protect him, the crowd of hooligans gradually melted away, and she took him to the house of his friend Rustomji. In the evening, however, Rustomji's house was surrounded by a white mob, who shouted and yelled and threatened to hang Gandhiji on the sour apple tree. The crowd looked mad and murderous and Gandhiji's life was in real danger. It was with the greatest difficulty that his friends managed to rescue him and take him to a place of safety.
Gandhiji could have easily got those hooligans punished. But he had not forgotten the lesson of love and forgiveness which his father had taught him. He showed no desire to avenge himself on the white people. This had a great effect on the whites. Their hatred for the Indians became less fierce.
When the Boer War broke out in South Africa, Gandhiji helped the English against the Boers. Any one else would have used this excellent opportunity to have his revenge upon the English people. But Gandhiji always believed in returning good for evil, and in winning over the enemy with love and kindness. He stuck to his noble ideal. He made Englishmen believe in his own goodness and sincerity as well as in the goodness and sincerity of the other Indians living in South Africa.
God had blessed Gandhiji with everything that man could desire-wife and children and money. But he was not happy and his mind was not at peace. As with Gautama the Buddha, comfort and luxury made him uneasy, and he felt that the way to find peace lay in giving up worldly comfort and luxury, and living a life of simplicity. And so he decided to do everything himself: he washed his own clothes, swept his rooms himself, cooked his food and even cleaned his lavatory himself.
Barber denies service
One day Gandhiji needed a hair-cut, and he went to a white barber's shop. I have told you already how the white people hated the Indians. The white barber refused to serve Gandhiji. And what do you think Gandhiji did? He quietly returned home and sat down to cut his own hair. He had never practiced hair-cutting before and you can imagine, the hair was cropped very unevenly and clumsily, as though a mouse had been nibbling at it while he was asleep. His friends laughed at him when he went to the court the next day. But when he told them how he had been driven to do the job himself, they were all stunned. And since that day, he never kept the hair-style of the west and always cut his hair himself."
"I am sure, mother, that day when Gandhiji saw himself in the mirror, he must have had a good laugh at himself."
"Yes, of course. He always enjoyed a joke, even at his own expense. But, to go on with our story, when the Boer war ended in 1902, Gandhiji longed to return home and serve his people there. At last he decided to pack up and sail for India. The Indians in South Africa showed their gratitude by giving him a number of valuable presents. To his wife Kasturbai they presented a lovely diamond necklace. But Gandhiji handed over everything to the local Congress office, so that these could be used in the service of the people. He believed that a servant of the people had no right to accept presents and keep them for his personal use.
Returns to India
Gandhiji returned to India in 1906. Preparations for the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress were then in full swing. Every Indian's heart was set on winning freedom. But they lacked unity and organization. They had little discipline or sense of duty. They had not learnt that the smaller things of life were as important as the bigger ones, and they did not understand that there was dignity in all labour. At this time, Gandhiji offered his services to the Congress. He took upon himself the job of cleaning up the visitors' rooms every day. It was at this session of the Congress that he told the Indian leaders all about the conditions of the Indians in South Africa, and made them keenly interested in their cause.
After the Congress session he returned to his home in Rajkot, visiting Banaras, Agra, Jaipur and Palanpur on the way. He travelled third class all along, and his total expenses throughout the journey came to only thirty-one rupees! And he travelled very light. His entire luggage consisted of a small tin box for carrying food, and a bag in which he kept a
warm coat, a dhoti, a shirt and a towel. And these simple habits remained with him ever after. Till the last day of his life, he travelled third class."
"But, mother, didn't Gandhiji carry a soap and a tooth-brush in his bag ?"
"No, my child. He used a natural tooth-brush, what we call a dantan in Hindustani."
21.A thin green branch of tree used for scrubbing teeth | <urn:uuid:4b1f823d-ab04-44f3-8f06-cdbfa842e219> | {
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The USDA P.O.S.O.H. Project recently sponsored the Oskēh-Mamāceqtāwak Kēketōwak: Youth Speak Event Hosted by the College of Menominee Nation’s High School Sustainability Leadership Cohort (SLC)to showcase different opportunities for area youth and provide a platform for young people to have their voices heard. On Friday, Dec 6, 2013, about 100 people gathered to celebrate these youth voices, which took various shapes and forms.
Dr. Patty Loew, a UW-Madison professor who hails from Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and focuses outreach efforts on Native youth and digital story-telling, introduced the video/action research panel.She emphasized the importance of youth being at the heart of the story telling process and the power they had in speaking to many sustainability issues we face. She facilitated a group of Bad River youth in creating the appropriately named film, Protect Our Future.It spoke to the environmental and cultural threats from the proposed taconite mine in the Penokee Hills near Bad River’s Reservation in Northern Wisconsin.
“Your parents and grandparents may remember fighting mining issues with the Crandon Mine…Now we are facing another threat.” Dr. Loew said, noting the intergenerational commonality of the mining issue for tribes in Wisconsin. After viewing the student video, Mr. John Teller, Assistant Dean of Continuing Education and Menominee Language Liaison at the College of Menominee Nation commented, “That [Protect Our Future] video should be shown everywhere.It should get out far and wide. They showed some clips of other taconite mines in Minnesota, and it’s just ugly.”
The SLC high school students from Menominee Indian and Shawano High schools also introduced and showed their action research projects.Dylan Enno, Jaime Oshkeshquoam, Chelsey Haberl, and Susan Webster filmed, produced, and edited a film about obstacles to Menominee athletes reaching their full athletic potential called Work Hard Play Hard.Brandon Reiter, Mylia Olson, and Jade Oneil constructed some garden beds over the summer and showed pictures of their project (as well as serving tea from the dried plant leaves).Jacob Schwitzer, Nicholas Schwitzer, and Ania Smith created a film Nama’o: The Ancient Story Teller on the sturgeons’ relationship to the Menominee people in the past, present, and future.
The SLC fielded a variety of questions from the audience on their projects: what’s next, what were your greatest challenges and accomplishments, will you create more films, where are you sharing the films, etc? Though the group had bumps along the way, it was clear they had formed a unique bond and appreciated the rewards of project-based learning. Dylan Enno summed it up when he said, “We had our share of challenges…but in the end, we are like family.” | <urn:uuid:e69a1331-7721-461e-bde6-720e4edf973e> | {
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Throughout the last century, the automobile industry has been consistently at the forefront of traditional manufacturing industries, while also spurring development in associated component manufacturers. As car ownership exploded, car functionality also diversified. Modern vehicles are equipped with a mass of electronic components, which has led to the expansion of the autotronics market.
Furthermore, social and economic trends, including global environmental change, urbanization, and the rise in consumer purchasing power in emerging markets, have steered vehicle manufacturers towards creating cars which are energy saving, smart and convenient. Today, the automobile industry is no longer considered a traditional manufacturing industry. Future development trends such as the Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS), the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), renewable energy cars and self-driving cars will bring the automobile industry into the next era of technology. The use of sensors and microcontrollers (MCUs) will make vehicles safer, more comfortable and more user-friendly. The autotronics industry will work closely with other industries, such as semiconductor manufacturers, technology solution providers, and service providers, to develop more comprehensive applications.
With leading ICT product manufacturers now developing smart-car-related applications leading automakers launching ICT smart cars, the scope of autotronics is expanding to include a range of vehicle ICT products, such as GPS-enabled entertainment systems, automatic parking, blind spot detection, night vision, tire pressure detection, emergency reporting systems, and so on. Traditional automakers are combining cutting-edge products with newly developed applications which integrate remote control into smart watches, tablets and mobiles, and self-driving cars to meet the needs of the future aging society. In this way, smart cars will become part of daily life and will help to improve road safety and standards of living. | <urn:uuid:dd16f39e-80c8-4ad8-816c-e7123eeacf8d> | {
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You know it’s true. It takes about two or three seconds for the odour of asparagus pee to waft up to your nose, and when it does, oh boy. It is foul and it is pungent.
Approximately 22 to 50 per cent of people report rank urine after they’ve consumed asparagus (according to BuzzFeed), but we’re inclined to believe this happens 100 per cent of the time. At least, it certainly
feels smells that way.
So why does this occur? We thought vegetables were good for you!
Well, don’t worry, they still are. The asparagus stink is the result of an all-natural chemical breakdown. The lean, green veggie contains a unique chemical called asparagusic acid, and as it’s digested, it leaves sulphur as a result. The remaining sulphuric compounds are volatile, so they convert into a gaseous state at room temperature, wafting up to you as nature’s stink bomb.
Watch the folks at BuzzFeed sleuth their way through this one in the video, above. (Though, as you’ll see, we’d probably choose a better method than they did — gross.) | <urn:uuid:d927ae99-84ab-4bc4-9f9d-63fc3e996883> | {
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Diphenhydramine is often reported to produce extremely unpleasant, if not dangerous, effects.
The effects of DPH are very unpredictable and may result in serious injury. Please use harm reduction practices (such as always having a trip sitter) when using this substance. See this section for more details.
|Summary sheet: Diphenhydramine|
|Common names||DPH, Benadryl, Nytol, Sominex, Unisom, ZzzQuil|
|Routes of Administration|
Diphenhydramine (also known as DPH, Benadryl, and many others) is a deliriant substance of the ethanolamine class. Diphenhydramine is a first-generation H1 antihistamine that is widely used as a generic, over-the-counter medication to treat allergies. When exceeding approved doses, diphenhydramine produces powerful deliriant effects.
Diphenhydramine was first synthesized in 1943. In 1946, it became the first prescription antihistamine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and was approved for over-the-counter use in the 1980s. Today, it is typically used to treat allergies, but it may also be used for a number of conditions including itchiness, insomnia, motion sickness, nausea and the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
According to user reports, diphenhydramine has a non-linear dose-response, meaning the effects do not correspond directly with the dose. Lower doses produce a body high effect, while higher doses produce a state of delirium in which the user sees and hears fully-formed, extremely convincing hallucinations. Doses between these two extremes are uncomfortable and dysphoric. Diphenhydramine is frequently reported to produce significant nausea and bodily discomfort ("body load"). Most users who try diphenhydramine typically do not report positive effects and do not wish to repeat the experience.
The toxicity of recreational diphenhydramine use has not been studied. Anecdotal reports suggest that heavy use may cause persisting hallucinations and reduced cognitive function. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
- 1 History and culture
- 2 Chemistry
- 3 Pharmacology
- 4 Subjective effects
- 5 Forms
- 6 Toxicity and harm potential
- 7 Legal status
- 8 See also
- 9 External links
- 10 References
History and culture
Diphenhydramine was discovered in 1943 by George Rieveschl, a former professor at the University of Cincinnati. In 1946, it became the first prescription antihistamine approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
In the 1960s diphenhydramine was found to inhibit reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. This discovery led to a search for viable antidepressants with similar structures and fewer side effects, culminating in the invention of fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
Diphenhydramine, or 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine, is an organic compound belonging to the ethanolamine class. The chemical structure of diphenhydramine consists of an ethylamine chain with two methyl groups bonded to the terminal nitrogen group RN. Additionally, this ethylamine chain is substituted at R2 with a diphenylmethoxy group, forming an ether. The diphenylmethoxy group consists of two aromatic phenyl rings bonded the carbon member of a methoxy group CH3O-.
DPH is produced as a hydrochloride salt.
Diphenhydramine is an inverse agonist of the peripheral histamine H1 receptor and a central histamine H1 receptor. The peripheral inverse agonism induces the allergy reducing effects. Like many first-generation antihistamines, it is also a competitive antagonist at mACH receptors.
Diphenhydramine is an acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Although the precise mechanism is not understood, the inhibition of the action of acetylcholine is thought to be primarily responsible for the delirium, sedation and intensely realistic hallucinations alongside the extremely uncomfortable and dysphoric physical side effects.
Diphenhydramine has been shown to block sodium channels and inhibit the reuptake of serotonin. It also blocks voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs), meaning it has the potential to cause or lead to torsades de points, a potentially dangerous cardiac condition that can lead to sudden cardiac death.
|Receptor Site||Binding Affinity (nM, Lower = Stronger)|
According to user reports, diphenhydramine displays a non-linear dose-response, meaning the effects don't correspond directly with the dose. Doses under 300 mg are reported to produce restlessness, muscle relaxation, and a body high while doses above 500 mg begin to produce a state of delirium in which the user sees and hears fully-formed, extremely convincing hallucinations. Doses in between these two extremes are said to be uncomfortable and dysphoric. Nausea and bodily discomfort ("body load") is reported almost universally.
The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. The listed effects should be taken with a grain of salt and will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier doses will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death.
- Sedation - Diphenhydramine produces considerable sedation and low doses are commonly used as a sleep aid. This sense of sedation is accompanied by a heavy body load which can become overwhelmingly uncomfortable. However, higher doses of diphenhydramine also have a stimulating quality that can make actual rest difficult.
- Spontaneous bodily sensations - Users commonly report all-encompassing, sharp and painful jolts of electricity that spontaneously manifest themselves uncontrollably in a similar rhythm to hiccups.
- Perception of bodily heaviness - One of the most apparent effects is having a massive body as if the gravity has been multiplied tenfold. This makes it extremely tough and uncomfortable to move.
- Restless leg syndrome - Restless legs are very prominent and arguably one of the most uncomfortable side effects of diphenhydramine . It can also last for days after the experience and can even be chronic when it is abused repeatedly.
- Tactile enhancement - This results in increased feelings of touch, pain, warmth and orgasms. It is usually only present at the peak and not during the come up or come down.
- Tactile suppression - Diphenhydramine produces feelings of numbness throughout the body. This is attributed to its ability to block sodium channels within the nerves.
- Tactile hallucination - This is often a direct result of visual hallucinations and they commonly feel and look as if insects are crawling on one's skin.
- Nausea or Nausea suppression- Depending on the dose, diphenhydramine can both suppress and cause nausea. Low doses effectively suppress nausea, which is why it is marketed and sold as a motion sickness suppressant, while high doses cause it in significant amounts.
- Abnormal heartbeat
- Dehydration - Diphenhydramine can be extremely dehydrating, which often leads to dry mouth and skin, chapped lips and nose bleeds. Users should drink plenty of water before and after an experience.
- Frequent urination & Difficulty urinating - Diphenhydramine has the strange effect of making the user want to frequently urinate while making actual urination extremely difficult. This sensation is described as very uncomfortable.
- Gustatory hallucination - A foul metallic-like taste is present throughout the entire experience, which in combination with a dry mouth can be a very uncomfortable effect which can last for days after the experience. Eating or drinking flavored drinks will only make the taste go away temporarily. It can also appear as a sign of addiction, where it acts as a trigger for cravings.
- Increased blood pressure - This often results in feelings of a beating chest and, with a high heart rate can lead to hyperventilation if excess stress is applied to the body.
- Increased heart rate
- Increased bodily temperature
- Temperature regulation suppression - This effect can lead the user to experience shivers, especially during the come up phase.
- Increased perspiration
- Motor control loss
- Muscle cramps & Muscle spasms - Sudden muscle cramps and spasms can form unexpectedly. This is common at the beginning of the trip and usually passes quickly.
- Olfactory hallucination - It is common for users to smell a mild, thick and dull smell in the air that can easily be ignored most of the time. Some users also notice a smell enhancement
- Physical fatigue
- Pupil constriction or Pupil dilation - While it it shown that diphenhydramine constricts pupils minimally, many people also report that their pupils dilate, especially at high dosages when anti-cholinergic effects take place similar to substances like atropine or scopolamine.
- Rapid breathing
- Skin flushing - Flushed skin occurs mostly around the eyes, but can also be seen all over the body.
- Temporary erectile dysfunction
While diphenhydramine produces visual hallucinations, it does not enhance visual stimuli in the manner of psychedelics. Instead, it tends to degrade and decrease visual acuity and processing that results in increased hallucinations and degraded vision. This becomes more apparent in darker areas than in well-lit ones.
- Double vision
- Pattern recognition suppression
- Visual acuity suppression - This effect can result in blurry vision to the point of blindness. It sometimes can last for days after the experience itself.
- Drifting (melting, breathing, morphing and flowing) - Compared to hallucinogens, this effect can be described as intricate in complexity, jittery and flexible in motion, static in their permanence, realistic in believability, and interactive in plasticity. It is also very faint.
- Object alteration - The textures seen are described as transparent whirling lines and swirls which move at changing speeds and jitter uncontrollably. They only appear slightly above surfaces, walls and ceilings and can not be felt.
- Brightness alteration - Diphenhydramine can cause one's vision to decrease in brightness and become dark and gloomy.
- Visual haze
- External hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - Relative to other hallucinogens, this effect occurs more frequently at moderate to heavy doses and is the defining feature of the experience. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as delirious in believability, controllable or autonomous in controllability and solid in style. The most common themes for these hallucinations include those of both everyday occurrences such as smoking phantom cigarettes, talking to people who are not there, seeing and feeling insects and immersion in sinister or nightmarish experiences.
- Internal hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - Relative to other hallucinogens, this effect occurs briefly and spontaneously at moderate doses but becomes progressively extended in its occurrence and duration proportional to dosage before eventually becoming all-encompassing. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as delirious in believability, interactive in style, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content, autonomous in controllability and solid in style. Internal hallucinations may occur at lighter dosages than needed to cause external hallucinations and delirium.
- Peripheral information misinterpretation
- Shadow people
- Unspeakable horrors
- Object activation
The head space of diphenhydramine is described by many as generally negative and dysphoric, often consisting of extreme paranoia and feelings of impending doom. It is extremely confusing and disorienting and often results in a complete inability to communicate or understand normal language.
- Analysis suppression - At higher dosages, a person could experience a complete halt of external information processing, which can make the user unable to perform simple tasks or make decisions.
- Anxiety& Paranoia - Anxiety and paranoia are more commonly reported on diphenhydramine than almost any other substance. However, there is a threshold doses (around 500mg) where it begins to disappear.
- Sleepiness - Diphenhydramine is reported to be extremely tiring. Low doses are often used and sold as a sleep aid.
- Wakefulness - Even though diphenhydramine is primarily a depressant and causes sleepiness, it has stimulant effects on the body, which can also keep the user awake. This effect predominates sleepiness at higher dosages.
- Dysphoria - The levels of dysphoria experienced, however, vary between people with a very small percentage of users reporting that they do not seem to experience them at all.
- Cognitive fatigue
- Confusion - Diphenhydramine causes significant confusion which can result in a complete inability to understand others' intentions, emotions, humor and even simple sentences.
- Creativity suppression
- Decreased libido - Interestingly, one's sex drive seems to have diminished, although sex and masturbation are considered more enjoyable in a unique way and often come with powerful orgasms.
- Delirium - Delirium may be experienced with extremely high doses which may necessitate hospitalization.
- Disinhibition - Disinhibition on diphenhydramine is different from substances like alcohol, as it may not even be present in certain situations and is heavily influenced by anxiety and paranoia.
- Dream potentiation - Diphenhydramine is extremely effective at potentiating dreams. This can result in not just increased intensity but a change in dream content, leading to dreams that are both vivid and extremely bizarre.
- Dysarthria - Slurred speech and speaking with a different voice is common on DPH.
- Emotion suppression
- Feelings of impending doom
- Focus suppression
- Increased music appreciation
- Language suppression
- Memory suppression - Memory suppression on diphenhydramine is extremely strong. Short-term memory loss is affected in a manner similar to cannabis.
- Amnesia - At higher dosages, diphenhydramine can cause a complete halt of external information processing, which can make the user unable to perform simple tasks or make decisions.
- Motivation suppression - Diphenhydramine can cause a complete loss of motivation to do almost anything. This is often accompanied by depression and can make the user extremely bored and restless.
- Thought deceleration
- Thought disorganization
- Time distortion - Although not extreme, time dilation is definitely felt and can be overwhelming if the user is having a difficult trip.
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:
- Experience: 550mg DPH - My First Time on DPH
- Experience:700mg - Joining the 700 club
- Experience:700mg Diphenhydramine trip
- Experience:Datura & DPH - Results of Experiment by Isopropanol
Additional experience reports can be found here:
Diphenhydramine is available in several different forms over the counter and online.
- Pills are available over the counter and online. Well-known brands include Benadryl, Benylin, Dramamine, Nytol, Sominex and ZzzQuil. Rarely, some of these products may contain other medicines, including dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, and acetaminophen. Care should be taken when using these products to ensure that there is not an overdose on other medicines in these DPH-containing products.
- Liquid is available over the counter and online. Diphenhydramine in liquid form can be taken orally or injected. Well-known brands include Benadryl and ZzzQuil. Rarely, some of these products may contain other medicines, including dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, and acetaminophen. Care should be taken when using these products to ensure that there is not an overdose on other medicines in DPH-containing products.
- Powder is available online. Diphenhydramine in powdered form can be taken orally as well as via injection. Any other routes of administration other than oral are not recommended because diphenhydramine burns and dehydrates skin tissue, which leads to extremely painful burns and bleeding.
Toxicity and harm potential
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.
As such, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information. You can help by expanding or correcting it.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational diphenhydramine use have not been studied.
User should note that diphenhydramine can be extremely unpredictable and the mechanism by which it produces hallucinations has the potential to result in serious injury, hospitalization or death. Additionally, diphenhydramine puts users in a state where they have little control over their actions. Diphenhydramine can provoke bizarre and nonsensical behavior which may put the user at risk.
Anecdotal reports suggest that regular use of diphenhydramine can have serious effects on one's kidney and bladder with the potential to result in issues similar to that of ketamine cystitis.
Diphenhydramine is reported to cause psychosis and delirium at a significantly higher rate than other hallucinogens like psychedelics and dissociatives. There are a large number of experience reports online which describe states of psychotic delirium, amnesia, and other serious consequences after abusing the substance. In many cases, it has resulted in hospitalization and death.
Diphenhydramine can become fatal at amounts close to or exceeding 2 grams. This can result in death when combined with most stimulants, depressants and MAOIs. A dose of 1 gram is considered extreme and could potentially result in a fatal overdose if a person happened to be particularly sensitive to this substance.
Dependence and abuse potential
Diphenhydramine produces dependence with chronic use. In comparison to other hallucinogens, DPH has been reported to have significantly less abuse potential than other hallucinogens. This is simply because the vast majority of people who try it do not wish to repeat the experience.
Tolerance to many of the effects of DPH develops with repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 1 - 2 weeks for tolerance to return to baseline (in the absence of further consumption). DPH presents cross-tolerance with all deliriants, meaning that after the consumption of DPH, all deliriants will have a reduced effect.
Although many psychoactive substances are safe to use on their own, they can become dangerous or even life-threatening when taken with other substances. The list below contains some potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses but still increase the possibility of injury of death. Independent research should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
- Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - SSRIs can suppress the visual effects of diphenhydramine. However, this combination may elevate the risk of serotonin syndrome due to diphenhydramine's serotonergic effect.
- Stimulants - Because of diphenhydramine's excitatory cardiac effect, combining it with stimulants poses a risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, severe tachycardia, or a heart attack as well as other cardiovascular events.
- Benzodiazepines - Benzodiazepines can suppress the visual effects of diphenhydramine. However, it may combine to produce a dangerous amount of sedation and respiratory depression.
- Anticholinergics - Because of diphenhydramine's excitatory cardiac effect, combining it with other anticholinergics poses a risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, severe tachycardia, or a heart attack as well as other cardiovascular events (inhibition of acetylcholine causes increased heart rate).
Diphenhydramine is available either over the counter or by prescription in most countries. However, some countries require the purchaser to be over 16, 18 or 21.
- Zambia: Diphenhydramine is illegal to possess and sell in Zambia; foreigners have been detained for possession.
- Emanuel, M. B. (1999). Histamine and the antiallergic antihistamines: a history of their discoveries. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 29(S3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00004.x-i1
- Hevesi D (29 September 2007). "George Rieveschl, 91, Allergy Reliever, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
- "Benadryl". Ohio History Central. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- Ritchie J (24 September 2007). "UC prof, Benadryl inventor dies". Business Courier of Cincinnati. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
- Domino EF (1999). "History of modern psychopharmacology: a personal view with an emphasis on antidepressants". Psychosomatic Medicine. 61 (5): 591–8. doi:10.1097/00006842-199909000-00002. PMID 10511010.
- Awdishn RA, Whitmill M, Coba V, Killu K (October 2008). "Serotonin reuptake inhibition by diphenhydramine and concomitant linezolid use can result in serotonin syndrome". Chest. 134 (4 Meeting abstracts). doi:10.1378/chest.134.4_MeetingAbstracts.c4002.
- Domino, E. F. (1999). History of modern psychopharmacology: a personal view with an emphasis on antidepressants. Psychosomatic medicine, 61(5), 591-598.
- Kim, Y. S., Shin, Y. K., Lee, C. S., & Song, J. H. (2000). Block of sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons by diphenhydramine. Brain research, 881(2), 190-198.
- halifa, M., Drolet, B., Daleau, P., Lefez, C., Gilbert, M., Plante, S., ... & Turgeon, J. (1999). Block of potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes and lengthening of cardiac repolarization in man by the histamine H1 receptor antagonist diphenhydramine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 288(2), 858-865.
- Block of sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons by diphenhydramine | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899300028602?via%3Dihub
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1885114/ | Relationship between sedation and pupillary function: comparison of diazepam and diphenhydramine | <urn:uuid:4b044803-34e5-483f-ad9a-ca9c1dcbf9b7> | {
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The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, more popularly called HIPAA, is the defining federal statute on health privacy. It was enacted in 1996 under President Bill Clinton, and is as of now the only national health privacy law in the US. Although two decades have lapsed from the time of the passage of this important legislation, there still persist many myths and misconceptions about HIPAA.
Although it is not possible to enumerate all the possible HIPAA myths and facts that need to be listed, a few common ones are described here:
HIPAA myths and facts 1: Patients can take healthcare providers to court for a HIPAA privacy violation.
They cannot. Fact is, even if the healthcare provider commits the worst kind of privacy violation, the affected individual may only complain to the Secretary of the Health and Human Services (HHS). Appropriate investigations and subsequent penalties, if levied, will be imposed by the HHS and will be enforced by the Department of Justice (DoJ).
HIPAA myths and facts 2: Healthcare providers are allowed to share personal health information about patients with their employers.
They are not. Employers are allowed to get access to the personal health information about patients who are their employees, but only with the consent of the patient. This cannot be done without the explicit, written consent of the employee. This written permission should contain all the necessary details about the information to be shared, such as what information is to be shared, who is sharing it, till what time the information can be shared, and so on. This permission has to be endorsed by being signed by the patient.
HIPAA myths and facts 3: The patient's family member is not allowed to pick up prescriptions and other documents related to the patient.
They are. Documents such as prescriptions, X-rays and other medical records can be picked up by the patient's family member. In fact, a pharmacist can sell the prescribed medicines to any person other than the patient.
HIPAA myths and facts 4: Healthcare providers cannot share information about the patient with the patient's family without written permission.
This is not so. When the situation warrants it, the patient's family or a close friend or associate can be given information about the patient's health condition, insurance, payments, etc. even without a formal written assent.
HIPAA myths and facts 5: Patients medical records cannot be used for marketing
This is one of the most popular myths surrounding HIPAA. Making the patient known about the details of a certain health or insurance plan is not considered marketing. In fact, this information has to be shared by the healthcare provider to help the patient take an informed decision about the health plan she wants to choose. | <urn:uuid:d1953543-7aee-43f3-a7d4-34a444992554> | {
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A doomsday list of "existential risks" that could threaten our planet has been drawn up by leading scientists.
Rampant climate change, bioterrorism and intelligent computers are among the dangers being investigated by a group which includes Astronomer Royal Lord Rees and physicist Professor Stephen Hawking.
In a speech to the British Science Festival in Newcastle, Lord Rees said: "In future decades, events with low probability but catastrophic consequences may loom high on the political agenda.
"That's why some of us in Cambridge - both natural and social scientists - plan, with colleagues at Oxford and elsewhere, to inaugurate a research programme to compile a more complete register of these existential risks and to assess how to enhance resilience against the more credible ones."
The Cambridge Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER) is currently looking funding for a range of research projects.
Speaking at the University of Newcastle, Lord Rees described some of the issues which give him and his colleagues most concern.
They included out-of-control climate change, potential runaway technologies such as artificial intelligence and synthetic biology, and cyber or bioterrorism.
"We fret too much about minor hazards of everyday life: improbable air crashes, carcinogens in food, low radiation doses, and so forth," said Lord Rees.
He went on to say that we should be more concerned about wider threats to the environment, and the vulnerability of the digital world by human error or terror attacks.
"To survive this century," he said, "we'll need the idealistic and effective efforts of natural scientists, environmentalists, social scientists and humanists.
"They must be guided by the insights that 21st century science will offer, but inspired by values that science itself can't provide." | <urn:uuid:91212c27-d67b-4f70-b4b7-d8c73a6aa2d6> | {
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Some people are born with the gift of gab, while others are simply lacking in it. For the latter group, there’s something called the “My Automated Conversation Coach” system that can help them out a lot in this department.
Called MACH for short, it’s basically a system that was created to help socially awkward people with their conversation skills.
How? By providing these people with a virtual human to talk to. The system lets the user interact with the three-dimensional character in a variety of situations. It monitors these interactions using facial and speech analysis software to allow the user to evaluate his or her progress afterwards.
MACH’s creator, M. Ehsan Hoque, did a study with 90 MIT undergraduates to test the effectiveness of the system. These students were shown to have improved social interaction performance after using the system. On his website, Hoque explains: “We are currently expanding this technology to open up new possibilities in behavioral health (e.g., treating people with Asperger syndrome, social phobia, PTSD).” | <urn:uuid:b4d2ca32-8cb1-4a6c-8754-82585aadb92a> | {
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Minor Wound Care
A wound occurs when the skin is broken. A minor wound typically does not need medical treatment; it is one that is small and sufficiently clean so that the edges can be easily approximated using tape.
- Wash your hands well so that you do not further contaminate the wound.
- Wash area well with warm soapy water for about 60 seconds or longer, making certain that dirt and foreign bodies are removed. Rinse well with tepid water. Blot dry with a 4 x 4 gauze.
- Apply a small amount of antibiotic ointment, such as bacitracin, is optional.
- Cover with a loose bandage that will keep out the dirt, or a Band-Aid. Change the bandage/band-aid whenever it is loose or dirty, and at least one time a day.
- Check to be sure that you have had a tetanus shot in the past 10 years.
When to see a Healthcare Provider:
- If you have any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or drainage from the wound, or if you have fever.
- If you are uncertain when or if your tetanus shot has been more than 10 years ago.
- The wound is:
- located on the face
- penetrating deep into the skin
- involving other tissues so that you lose sensation, motion, or bleed a lot
- made by a very dirty object
To make an appointment at Student Health & Wellness, call 319-335-8394. | <urn:uuid:7dfa2e2b-0669-4de1-8ea6-08f8e4b9b865> | {
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The Chandler wobble is the change in the spin of the earth on its axis. Think of the wobble you see in a toy top when it first starts spinning or slows down. Its "poles" do not spin in a perfectly straight line.
The displacement of the Chandler wobble is measurable -- Imagine a gigantic ballpoint pen poked through the center of the earth, entering at the South Pole and exiting at the North Pole. Imagine the pen is drawing on a scratch pad-equipped space station directly over the North Pole. After a day (one full rotation of the earth on its axis) the ballpoint pen draws a circular path, and not a dot, because of the "wobble" in the earth's rotation on its axis. (A Doodletop, a toy drawing tool that is a pen attached to a top, draws the same sort of path.) Over 14 months the pen draws a spiral path similar to this drawing.
The American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler discovered the wobble in the late 1800s. The exact cause of the wobble in Earth's polar motion has stumped scientists with few agreeing on the actual cause, other than the fact that the earth is not a perfect sphere.
There are theories about the cause and the effect of the wobble. Some think tides and the liquid interior of the earth could play a part. As others have reported recently, some clues have been discovered. Some of the more recent conjectures include the constant winds over the oceans pushing varying amounts of water on the earth at one time or even the effects of a major earthquake. This article talks about one of the most recent theories, which attributes most of the wobble to pressure changes in the ocean.
The chandler wobble doesn't really have any effect on most people. The people who live with it on a daily basis are astronomers using earth-based telescopes and people using various navigation systems. With telescopes, the wobble affects the ability to point at a star accurately. The Chandler wobble also affects celestial navigation, since the latitude does change over a period of 14 months. Global Positioning Systems, (GPS), can overcome the effect of the wobble on navigation. Navigators' star charts, however, still have to be updated to show the new reference point for the geographic North and South Poles. The magnetic North Pole, used by a compass, is not affected.
Here are some interesting links:
- What is Chandler Wobble caused by and how well can it be predicted?
- Chandler biography
- Scientists no longer waver on Earth's wobble - ENN News - Environmental News Network
- National Public Radio Report: As The Earth Wobbles 3:16
- Geophysical Research Letters Online mentioned in the above radio broadcast
- Representation of the Chandler Wobble
- Encyclopaedia Britannica entry on Seth Carlo Chandler
- How a Global Positioning System Receiver Works | <urn:uuid:322a7faf-c652-4d63-9366-e628f676e35f> | {
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Efficient and Environmentally-Friendly Use of Animal Waste in Turkey
As of: June 2019
Objective and activities
The project established the environmentally-friendly use of agricultural waste in Turkey and reduced greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution in two pilot regions. In these two regions, the project partners developed concepts on the further use of agricultural waste materials in the form of biogas and assisted in their implementation. To this end, it supported the construction and operation of two technically optimised biogas plants. In addition, decision-makers received advice on adapting national frameworks. The project also supported the creation of a technology and information centre for biogas that will serve as a centralised knowledge hub on the national level, thereby supporting the partners in using their own expertise and resources to make further progress in this area.
State of implementation/results
- Project completed
- Based on a country-wide analysis of potential, two appropriate locations have been identified as well as investors to fund the construction of the pilot biogas plants.
- Steering committee on biogas established along with a subordinate inter-ministerial working group on biogas
- Advisory support provided to the Turkish government on the legal and political conditions for further use of agricultural waste materials
- Initial and in-service training on biogas offered to decision-makers and knowledge holders on the national level
- The study on biogas potential in Turkey is conducted. It demonstrates that Turkey has the potential to build up to 4,800 biogas plants with an average capacity of 250 kW each. These could supply up to six per cent of the country’s energy output.
- Advanced research at the pilot site in Gönen was carried out on implementing a holistic biogas concept.
- A model for conducting biogas calculations was developed with Ege University in Izmir.
- A steering committee on biogas and a subordinate inter-ministerial working group has been established.
- Advisory support was provided to the Turkish Government on the legal and political conditions for further use of agricultural waste materials to generate energy.
- Initial and in-service training on biogas was conducted for decision-makers and experts on the national level. | <urn:uuid:c1c954c4-3623-43b5-bae7-413a50096088> | {
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Here’s the 11th piece from my BBC column
On Friday, 11 March 2011, an earthquake struck the oceans near Tohoku, a region on Japan’s east coast. With a magnitude of 9.0, it was among the five most powerful earthquakes ever recorded, strong enough to shift the entire planet by several inches along its axis. It triggered a tsunami that killed thousands of people and wrecked the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant.
A quake that large shouldn’t have happened at Tohoku, at least not to the best of Japanese scientists’ knowledge. The hazard maps they had drawn up predicted that big earthquakes would strike in one of three zones to the south of the country – Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai. No earthquake has hit these regions since 1975, while several have occurred in “low-probability” zones, such as Tohoku.
Japan isn’t alone. The incredibly destructive earthquakes that hit Wenchuan, China in 2008 and Christchurch, New Zealand in 2010 and 2011 all happened in areas deemed to be “relatively safe”. These events remind us that earthquake prediction teeters precariously between the overly vague and overly precise. At one extreme, we can calculate the odds that big earthquakes will strike broad geographic areas over years or decades – that’s called forecasting. At the other extreme, early warning systems can relay news of the first tremors to people some distance away, giving them seconds to brace themselves. But the ultimate goal – accurately specifying the time, location and magnitude of a future earthquake – is extremely difficult.
In 1997, Charles Richter – the man who gave his name to a now-defunct scale of earthquake strength – wrote, “Journalists and the general public rush to any suggestion of earthquake prediction like hogs toward a full trough… [Prediction] provides a happy hunting ground for amateurs, cranks, and outright publicity-seeking fakers.” Susan Hough from the United States Geological Survey says the 1970s witnessed a heyday of earthquake prediction “But the pendulum swung [because of too many false alarms],” says Hough, who wrote a book about the practice called Predicting the Unpredictable. “People became very pessimistic, and prediction got a really bad name.”
Indeed, some scientists, such as Robert Geller from the University of Tokyo, think that prediction is outright impossible. In a 1997 paper, starkly titled Earthquakes Cannot Be Predicted, he argues that the factors that influence the birth and growth of earthquakes are so numerous and complex that measuring and analysing them is a fool’s errand. Nothing in the last 15 years has changed his mind. In an email to me, he wrote: “All serious scientists know there are no prospects in the immediate future.”
Earthquakes start when two of the Earth’s tectonic plates – the huge, moving slabs of land that carry the continents – move around each other. The plates squash, stretch and catch against each other, storing energy which is then suddenly released, breaking and shaking the rock around them.
Those are the basics; the details are much more complex. Ross Stein from the United States Geological Survey explains the problem by comparing tectonic plates to a brick sitting on a desk, and attached to a fishing rod by a rubber band. You can reel it in to mimic the shifting plates, and because the rubber band is elastic, just like the Earth’s crust, the brick doesn’t slide smoothly. Instead, as you turn the reel, the band stretches until, suddenly, the brick zips forward. That’s an earthquake.
If you did this 10 times, says Stein, you would see a huge difference in the number of turns it took to move the brick, or in the distance the brick slid before stopping. “Even when we simplify the Earth down to this ridiculous extreme, we still don’t get regular earthquakes,” he says. The Earth, of course, isn’t simple. The mass, elasticity and friction of the sliding plates vary between different areas, or even different parts of the same fault. All these factors can influence where an earthquake starts (which, Stein says, can be an area as small as your living room), when it starts, how strong it is, and how long it lasts. “We have no business thinking we’ll see regular periodic earthquakes in the crust,” he says.
That hasn’t stopped people from trying to find “anomalies” that reliably precede an earthquake, including animals acting strangely, radon gas seeping from rocks, patterns of precursor earthquakes, and electromagnetic signals from pressurised rocks. None of these have been backed by strong evidence. Studying such “anomalies” may eventually tell us something useful about the physics of earthquakes, but their value towards a predictive test is questionable.
“Groping in the dark to find something like weird animal behaviour or emitted gases –that effort is not worth pursuing,” says Stein. “We have 30 to 40 years of negative results to convince us that this isn’t a good investment of resources.” Hough adds that the field is replete with bad science. “People will go, ‘Here’s an earthquake and here’s a blip beforehand’, but it’s not statistically rigorous.” And those blips, even if they do exist, rarely precede a quake with any consistency. “You can always find those apparent patterns by looking back, but you run the game forward and the methods don’t work.”
This is not a problem that we can data-crunch our way out of, as a group of scientists tried to do in the 1980s. For more than a century, earthquakes had regularly rocked a small part of the San Andreas fault, near Parkfield, California. Anticipating another in 1993, a hundred-strong team of geologists seeded the area with hundreds of seismometers, looking to discover signals that heralded the onset of the next inevitable earthquake. “People said: This is going to be easy,” recalls Stein. “We bet the farm on Parkfield and we put every bloody instrument we had as deep as we could.” When the earthquake finally happened in 2004, the instruments saw nothing. “How is the Parkfield Earthquake Experiment like technology stocks?” joked Stein in 2002. “They both seemed like a great bet at the time.”
The challenge that seismologists face is that there’s five miles of rock between them and what they want to study. “We’ll always be hamstrung by the fact that we’re stuck on the surface, and the surface only goes for the ride,” says Stein. “The action is at depth.” Consider California’s Hayward Fault, which runs parallel to the famous San Andreas. It is over 100 km (60 miles) long, and 10 kilometres (6 miles) deep. To get readings across its entire area would take “hundreds of thousands of drill holes as deep as anything ever drilled for oil and deeper than everything drilled for science,” says Stein. “Maybe then, we could have all the observations we need.”
But while predicting earthquakes may be beyond our grasp, predicting the subsequent aftershocks might be more feasible. Even though the word “aftershock” almost invites you to downplay them, these tremors cannot be ignored. “They’re not a detail,” says Stein. “They can be in some cases as or more dangerous than the main shock.”
Just look what happened in New Zealand. In September 2010, a magnitude-7.1 earthquake shook the ground 40 km (25 miles) away from Christchurch, the country’s second most populous city. The destruction was mild, and no lives were lost. Then, six months later, a magnitude-6.3 aftershock landed six miles from Christchurch’s centre, killing 185 people and causing 20-30 billion New Zealand dollars of damage (US $17-25 billion).
Aftershocks are indistinguishable from main shocks, but they do have some predictable qualities, including their frequency. Ten days after a main earthquake, the frequency of aftershocks falls by a factor of ten; a hundred days later, it falls by a factor of a hundred. But their magnitude stays the same. “They can really turn around and whack you,” says Stein. “They can be very big, and very late.” He and other scientists are trying to understand where aftershocks are most likely to occur, by simulating what happens when faults get distorted by the initial shocks. “That’s a place where we’re making progress. Then, once we’ve had that main shock, we can begin to address what’s more vulnerable and what’s safer.”
Even then, we would have to tread carefully. Six Italian scientists and a former government official are currently being trialled for manslaughter after allegedly downplaying the risk of an earthquake that struck L’Aquila, Italy in 2009, killing 309 people. Meanwhile, a lab technician called Gioacchino Giuliani claims to have predicted the quake based on radon emissions, even though he raised two previous false alarms. The L’Aquila case illustrates how inaccurate predictions can lead to panic and unnecessary evacuations on one hand, or a false sense of security on the other.
And for what? Even if prediction became the exact science it clearly isn’t, we would still need evacuation plans and earthquake-proof buildings – and these measures do not depend on prediction. “If you want to promote resilience and safety, quantify the hazard and expected motions from earthquakes, and build buildings more appropriately,” says Hough. “That’s money better spent.”
Geller concurs. “All of Japan is at risk from earthquakes, and the present state of seismological science does not allow us to reliably differentiate the risk level in particular geographic areas,” he wrote in a recent comment piece in the magazine Nature. “We should instead tell the public and the government to prepare for the unexpected.”
More Will we ever…?
- Will we ever… photosynthesise like plants?
- Will we ever run the 100 metres in 9 seconds?
- Will we ever clone a mammoth?
- Will we ever have an HIV vaccine?
- Will we ever correct diseases before birth?
- Will we ever have a fool-proof lie detector?
- Will we ever talk to dolphins?
- Will we ever restore sight to the blind?
- Will we ever grow organs?
- Will we ever decode dreams? | <urn:uuid:d062d8bb-5511-438e-a55a-b6ea03e13211> | {
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A space simulator is a system that tries to replicate or simulate outer space and/or the experience of space flight in a spacecraft as closely and realistically as possible. This includes full-size cockpit replicas mounted on hydraulic rams and controlled by state of the art computer technology; elaborate watertanks for simulation of weightlessness; and devices used by scientists to study the physics and environment of outer space.
Space flight simulators are used almost solely by the aerospace industry and the military for cosmonaut/astronaut training, disaster simulation and spacecraft design. Examples of devices that simulate the environment of outer space include the Large Space Simulator at the European Space Research and Technology Centre and The Space Simulator at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The world's first Space Simulator that is available for the public and is for entertainment is at SimCenter Tampa Bay in Clearwater, Florida and it allows people to travel in space in virtual reality.
- "New Device Allows Safe And Fast Access To Large Space Simulator". Science Daily. March 27, 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- "The Space Simulator –– Modeling The Universe On A Budget". Science Daily. June 23, 2004. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- Description of Large Space Simulator at ESTEC
- Standard3D Stereoscopic Space Simulator including 30 exoplanets
- 3D full immersion 360 degree space simulator
|This space- or spaceflight-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This article relating to education is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:b3974963-5ab2-4ab7-93c1-ef09daaed55d> | {
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Below is the slightly edited google translate of an article that is reprinted on the website of The Council of Heritage Organizations in Ottawa. Apparently it originally appeared in L’Express Ottawa, but that link is now 404. However, I was able to find it here.
L’Express presents historical chronicles written in collaboration with Michel Prévost, Chief Archivist of the University of Ottawa, in order to draw a portrait of the capital’s heritage through time and the fingerprints it left behind In the Ottawan landscape.
Harmer House is located at 48, Britannia Road, in the Ottawa West area.
The construction dates back to the early 1860s, according to University of Ottawa archivist Michel Prévost, an excellent example of vernacular architecture in Ottawa prior to the Confederation of 1867. Indeed, This very modest residence testifies well to the habitation of the less affluent classes of that period.
The wooden building without great architectural attributes has remained the same since its first owner, Walter Harmer. The latter opened in 1875 in his residence a general store and the first post office of Britannia, a resort very appreciated at the end of the 19th century for the Ottawans.
Its trade also serves workers in the forest industry, but must close its doors in 1880 because of the economic gloom. Seven years later, the house hosts Britannia’s first telephone exchange.
The house, however, regains its residential function in 1890. Although very simple, compared to most heritage features, the Harmer House is one of the oldest in Britannia and is protected for generations to come.
In fact, for the Chief Archivist at the University of Ottawa, the importance of this more than 100-year-old building relies more on its history than on its architectural value.
Michel Prévost offers guided tours of the Franco-Ontarian built heritage for groups of 10 or more. You can book at 613 562-5825 or by e-mail at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:1389c57a-2b29-4343-a357-31dae9f788c2> | {
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The EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings came into effect progressively from 2007 and is an important part of government strategies for tackling climate change. The principle underlying the Directive is to make energy use in buildings transparent by the issuing of a certificate showing the energy rating of a property, accompanied by recommendations on how to improve efficiency. This energy performance certificate (EPC) must be provided whenever a property is constructed, rented out or sold. The EPC shows the energy efficiency rating (relating to running costs) of a dwelling. The rating is shown on an A–G rating scale similar to those used for refrigerators and other electrical appliances.
When the construction of a new building is completed, the builder or person responsible for the construction is responsible for obtaining the certificate and providing it to the owner. This is a duty under Building Regulations. This will also apply if a building is converted into fewer or more units and there are changes to the heating, hot water provision or air conditioning/ ventilation services.
Domestic properties require an EPC on construction and some commercial buildings will require an EPC on construction or conversion. Guidance information on Energy Performance Certificates for homes and commercial buildings is available below and on the gov.uk website.
Communities and Local Government (DCLG) is leading the introduction of a number of energy and cost savings measures to make all buildings more efficient. The measures are being applied across all European Union countries and are in line with the European Directive for the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) (recast). | <urn:uuid:0ca4cbb2-4fe6-4c05-be61-e9cb075611db> | {
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As I explained in my previous post, the 1951 A Christmas Carol, although it contained a number of changes to the surface story (not all of them small), did not alter the trajectory of the plot. More importantly, the major characters in the film had the same personalities and moral qualities they had in the book, and the underlying meaning was the same.
Peter Jackson’s The Hobbit is a different kettle of fish altogether. First of all, the sub-story behind The Hobbit is much more complicated than that of Dickens’s tale. It takes place within an invented reality (“sub-created”, as he himself put it) that Tolkien had already spent many years creating, and which he was at great pains to make both internally consistent (he criticized his friend C.S. Lewis for details such as the incongruous London streetlamp in the woods of Narnia in his book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) but also consistent enough with what he called “the primary world” to make it believable. That is a difficult enough feat in a written work, but much more difficult to pull off in a drama. I don’t know if Peter Jackson has ever read Tolkien’s essay “On Fairy Stories”; if he has, he didn’t take seriously enough the author’s contention such believability in a fantasy story is extremely difficult in a dramatic format.
Tolkien’s Middle Earth stories also take place in a world that, while it contains little or no explicit religious practice, is nevertheless bound together by a very Christian moral sensibility and an inescapable sense of Divine Providence. In the chapter from The Fellowship of the Ring called “The Shadow of the Past” (to which we shall return before we're finished) Gandalf says: “I can put it no plainer than by saying that Bilbo was meant to find the ring, and not by its maker. In which case you also were meant to have it. And that may be an encouraging thought.” We can also see the moral dimension in The Lord of the Rings in the two brothers Boromir and Faramir. Boromir is a type of the Utilitarian, to whom the “good” he can do with the power of the ring outweighs any moral considerations, and whose lust for it drives him mad; he redeems himself only with the sacrifice of his own life. Faramir, on the other hand, is the Man of Principle, who says "I would not snare even an orc with a falsehood" and, speaking of the Ring of Power, "I would not take this thing, if it lay by the highway. Not were Minas Tirith falling in ruin and I alone could save her, so, using the weapon of the Dark Lord for her good and my glory.” When he realizes that the ring is in fact within his power, he stands by his word and resists temptation.
These two personify the moral choices each of the characters in the novel faces: to assert his own will, or to follow the seemingly more difficult path of duty and right. Peter Jackson, in a foretaste of things to come, makes a hash of these two characters in his film version of The Lord of the Rings: here, Faramir is a somewhat milder version of his amoral brother, and his main motivation seems to be that Boromir is his father’s favorite. This failing and some others (My wife was particularly struck by the movie scene where Eowyn, proud shield-maiden of the royal house of Rohan, was trying to make soup for Aragorn) are not enough to sink his The Lord of the Rings series completely, but they leave the impression that Peter Jackson and his crew just don’t “get” Tolkien. He didn’t understand at least some of the characters, and he seemed blind to an important part of the moral dimension of the Tolkien’s invented universe. I found these (and a few other) distortions of the sub story distasteful enough that I haven’t wished to see the movies again.
As we shall see in my next post, these flaws and more loom even larger in Jackson’s The Hobbit. | <urn:uuid:44d06202-7995-47d0-bcc1-f6ceda9340e6> | {
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Pyrotechnics is generally considered the technology of manufacturing and using fireworks, but its scope is wider and includes items for military and industrial uses. Items such as safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners, and the automobile safety airbag all fall under the purview of pyrotechnics. Without pyrotechnics, modern aviation and spaceflight would be impracticable; this is because pyrotechnic devices combine high reliability with very compact and efficient energy storage: Essentially in the form chemical energy which is converted via expanding hot gases often propagated by a shock wave as in bolt and cable cutters.
The controlled action of a pyrotechnic device (initiated by any of several means, including an electrical signal, optical signal, or mechanical impetus) makes possible a wide range of automated and remote mechanical actions, such as the deployment of safety equipment and services, or precisely timed-release sequences. Most of the technical pyrotechnic devices use propellants in their function; a minority use materials that are classified as primary or secondary explosives to obtain very fast and powerful mechanical (mostly cutting) actions.
The use of explosions, flashes, smoke, flames or other propellant driven effects on-stage is known as "Proximate Pyrotechnics." The term "proximate" indicates that it takes place near an audience. Special licensing must be obtained from local authorities to legally prepare and use proximate pyrotechnics.
In general, pyrotechnics can be divided into categories based on the main effects produced. The range of effects include:
A basic pyrotechnic device consists of a sufficiently strong, non-flammable container to hold its active contents. The contents may consist of either flammable compositions, such as nitrocellulose or blackpowder or a mixture of a fuel and oxidizer blended in situ. Various ingredients may be added to provide color, smoke, or sparks.
Special additives are used to modify the character of the effect produced, either to enhance or subdue the effect. For example, the production of an effects—a wave that changes as the effect progresses from several similar devices—to make the similar effect rise or fall towards or away from a crescendo, and so forth. In general, such pyrotechnic devices are initiated by a remote-controlled electrical signal that causes an electric match (or e-match) to produce ignition. The remote control may be manual, via a switch console, or computer controlled, according to a pre-programmed sequence and/or a sequence that tracks the live performance via stage cues.
If not handled and properly pyrotechnics can be dangerous. In 2003, improper use of pyrotechnic devices caused a fire in a Rhode Island nightclub called The Station. The Station nightclub fire was started when fireworks the band, Great White, was using accidentally ignited flammable soundproofing foam, which was not appropriate and/or not installed properly. The foam caused the fire to spread rapidly and the resulting fire led to 100 deaths, ostensibly because quick escape was blocked by ineffective exit doors.
Indoor and/or proximate pyrotechnics is a sub-specialty that requires additional training beyond that of other professional pyrotechnics areas and additionally requires the use of devices especially made for indoor and/or close proximity use. While the type of foam used and the lack of a required sprinkler system were important factors in the fire, the Great White tragedy could have been prevented had those involved paid even minimal attention to standard safety practices around the use of pyrotechnics.
Many musical groups use pyrotechnics to enhance the quality of their live shows. Some of the earliest bands to use pyrotechnics were Queen, Pink Floyd, and KISS. The band Rammstein uses a large variety of pyrotechnics, from flaming costumes to face-mounted flamethrowers. Also, Lordi is known for its vivid pyrotechnics. Many professional wrestlers have also used pyrotechnics as part of their entrances to the ring. One example is Bill Goldberg, who used pyrotechnics during his ring entrances in both WCW and WWE.
All links retrieved June 17, 2015.
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Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. | <urn:uuid:bb768519-b4ad-42ea-978d-0935f64883a8> | {
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A filter provides an ideal environment for large numbers of bacteria to grow in. It is dark with a high water flow bringing waste material to the bacteria colony. Once established in sufficient quantities the bacteria will process large amounts of waste material into harmless compounds.
The filter media discussed here is for external canister type filters. This type of filter has the greatest flexibility when choosing what media you want to use. This is why most canister filters come without filter media except possibly an open cell foam pad.
Smaller cheaper filters such as internal corner filters usually come with open cell foam media. This is quite acceptable but because of the much lower water flows through these types of filters, they are best suited to smaller aquariums.
Canister filters usually have three media trays. For most goldfish aquariums, the best arrangement of media is large in the bottom, medium media in the middle and an open cell foam pad in the top tray.
I am assuming that your filter flow is bottom up as is the case for most canister filters.
This arrangement slows the water flow down as it passes the bacteria clinging to the filter media giving them more time to process the waste.
Notice I haven’t discussed anything about filter media being used to filter the water.
Its primary purpose is to increase the surface area within the filter so increasing the number of bacteria that can colonize it.
The filter media does provide limited filtering of the water, which is why you place the larger media in the bottom of your filter, and the foam pad at the top. This arrangement stops larger particles that are sucked into the filter from quickly clogging it.
On some filters, as the foam pad gets clogged, it can dislodge, float to the top of the filter and clog the outlet. If this becomes a problem, discard the foam pad and fill the top tray with medium filter media.
Large filter media, sometimes called pre-filter media, is usually made up of hard ceramic shapes about ½” long by ½” round or hexagon with a hole through the center. It is placed in the bottom tray of your filter.
Some media are quite smooth such as the Fluval media shown above; others come with a slightly rough surface. Bio balls are also available but are quite large with little surface area for bacterial to cling to. I’m not a fan of these.
The primary job of the pre filter media is to spread the water flow across the filter thereby slowing it down while providing some surface area for bacteria to cling to.
Medium filter media is placed in the middle tray of your filter. It usually comes in the form of hard round or irregular shaped balls about ¼” in diameter. The surface is usually quite rough.
If you have a clogging problem you can use media such as Fluval Biomax rings that look similar to the pre-filter media but are smaller with a rough surface. These give superior water flow because they don’t compact as the round balls do.
Most canister filters come with a foam pad that is placed in the top tray of the filter. If it doesn’t come with one, I just fill the tray with more medium filter media.
Once you have your media in your filter, check the water flow rate. This is the best flow the filter will achieve, because once installed the efficiency will drop as it starts clogging.
Charcoal is used in many industries to absorb chemicals from air and fluids. Charcoal is often added to aquarium filters as a water polisher.
Charcoal can improve the color, clarity and smell of aquarium water. It will also remove heavy metals.
Charcoal is usually supplied in convenient nylon bags that you place in the filter. These bags can be suspended in the aquarium, but their absorption efficiency is low because the water flow past them isn't as high as in a filter.
Charcoal should not be used if medication has been added to aquarium water as it will absorb it.
Charcoal has a limited lifespan. It should be replaced regularly.
Activated charcoal should be placed at the end of your filter's water flow, just before it re-enters the aquarium so that the cleanest water is flowing past it. This will extend the effective life of your charcoal.
You may have to mix and match different media to find your ideal combination, but the options given here will suit most applications as long as the filter is big enough for the job.
Aquarium filter media can also be used in goldfish pond filters, you just need more of it.
Most companies that supply filter media suggest replacing it periodically. I have never needed to replace filter media.
It needs a good rinse in aged water at every filter service, but there is no reason why it would need replacing.If you need to buy some aquarium filter media Amazon.com have a good selection of high quality products at very reasonable prices. Home > Aquarium Filters > Aquarium Filter Media | <urn:uuid:c9841955-03d6-425b-83d5-bbf4b2240150> | {
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Recorded activity from the defendant’s brain is fed into a cybrid system. She has pleaded insanity, but the court requires hard evidence. Inside the cybrid, a living network of neurons communicates with a programmable chip and a computer. The system has been trained to recognized ordered and disordered brain activity. While a human psychiatrist might be fooled by an exceptional act, the difference between a calculated dissimilation and mental illness is obvious to the computer. Its assessment appears on the screen; she’s perfectly lucid.
This is just one of the applications that Eshel Ben-Jacob foresees for integrated systems. People often mentioned cyborgs on the world wide web, he said of the buzz that followed the first press releases of his work. “The vision that I have is to interface the neural network and the computer in a different way. And to do it with something which is called evolvable hardware.”
Cyborgs are human beings with added technological components. A cybrid is sort of the reverse, starting with a computer and adding living elements. Some technology for such a system has yet t
Eshel Ben-Jacob is one of two physicists at Tel Aviv University whose recent research is paving the way for neuro-memory chips. He and his doctoral student Itay Baruchi imprinted rudimentary memories onto a network of neurons interfaced with a computer. Despite the constraints of a tight budget, they are first to accomplish this feat. And they aren’t even formally neurobiologists.
Neural networks lend themselves to cross-over scientists. Electricity, traditionally the domain of physicists, is the signaling method used by neurons. Although he knew as early as junior high that he was interested in questions of consciousness and intelligence, Ben-Jacob chose to study physics and math to learn a clearer-cut set of rules that govern the universe before moving into the more labyrinthine realm of biology. Baruchi, also approaching the field through physics, encountered Ben-Jacob in his undergraduate years and has worked with him through most of his studies.
The physicist’s approach employed by Ben-Jacob offers a simplified model of neural networks and seeks to decipher the hidden principles that govern their behavior. He views neural networks as electrical circuits. While still complex, electrical circuits are more predictable than live neurons. Even the neural networks are just a basic component of Ben-Jacob’s real target: the brain. Physicists, as Ben-Jacob pointed out, like to start with the simplest, most fundamental version of a problem.
The problem is memory. How are memories recorded on neural networks? Their original motivation was pure curiosity about how a brain learns and remembers. After they had actually imprinted a memory onto a network, they realized that the experiment had taken a step toward living memory chips.
Inhibiting the Inhibitors
Before researchers can imprint new memories onto a neural network, they must first create a network of neurons interfaced with a computer. Inna Brainis, research assistant in the laboratory of Baruchi and Ben-Jacob, grew theirs on an array of electrodes, following a method that was developed in the last two decades.
Brainis began with cortical material from the brains of day-old rats which contains both neurons and glia cells. The glia cells are responsible for feeding, protecting, repairing, and cleaning up after the neurons. Research in the last decade has demonstrated that the glia does more than just support the neurons, serving regulatory purposes in neural communication through chemical transmitters.
Neurons have two ends: axons and dendrites. Axons send out signals, and dendrites receive them.
Across the cell membrane of a neuron, charges separate. The difference in charge between the inside of the neuron and outside becomes large, storing energy. Using the same principles, energy is stored by charge separation in a capacitor, a common element in electrical circuits. Voltage, or energy stored by the difference in charge, builds up between two plates that conduct electricity.
When a capacitor discharges, it quickly releases the energy stored by the charge difference. This is analogous to the firing of a neuron. The voltage across the neuron membrane builds until a threshold difference between inside and outside the neuron is achieved. Then, the neuron fires an action potential.
An action potential is a voltage pulse. The voltage runs along the axons and into the dendrites of connected cells, perhaps as many as 10,000 other neurons. As neurons receive pulses, voltage builds across their membranes. Once they reach the threshold, they also begin to fire, sending the signal on.
The places where axons meet dendrites, the junctions where signals are transmitted between cells, are called synapses. If a network of capacitors is connected by wires, the current can flow in either direction. Astrocytes, glia cells that engulf synapses, can serve as gatekeepers and regulate whether current is allowed to pass. This makes the cell junctions like transistors, another element in electrical circuits.
Although neural networks are far more complex than electrical circuits, it can be useful, in the mind of a physicist, to simplify the system into a circuit of capacitors and transistors.
To create a neural network, Brainis mixed cortical cells in a fluid and poured them over the multi-electrode surface, allowing them to settle into an even layer. They had ten minutes to attach themselves to the plate or else they were rinsed away. Over the next ten days, the neurons that had survived the rinsing sent out axons and dendrites, connecting themselves into a network that exhibits rich spontaneous activity.
Ben-Jacob finds the activity resulting from their interconnection surprising. “If you spread the neurons homogeneously, you don’t expect that they would show something that has some order to it. You’d think that it’s a big mess and there would be no sense in the mess.”
However, the connecting neurons adopted a particular firing pattern. In essence, they created their own simple memory. Such firing patterns have been dubbed synchronized bursting events.
“You can think about it like a Christmas tree,” Ben-Jacob suggested. Each flickering light is a neuron. “It’s quiet, quiet, quiet, and then all of a sudden it goes bzzzzz!” The lights flicker in a pattern – red, green, blue, red, yellow and so on. “The neurons fire quite rapidly for, altogether, 200 milliseconds or so, and then it’s quiet again.” A few seconds later, the lights flicker in the same order and with the same timing. The pattern continues at irregular intervals.
Inspiring firing patterns
Because synchronized bursting events repeat the same firing pattern, they are a form of stored information. Recently, scientists have interpreted them as rudimentary memories, and many researchers have conducted experiments seeking to imprint new memories onto the networks.
Neurons signal among themselves by voltage pulses, so electrical stimulation seemed a natural choice. While electrical pulses successfully changed the course of existing firing patterns, these patterns returned to normal after the stimulation session ended. Researchers turned to chemical stimulants.
Within neural networks, there are two kinds of neurons: excitatory and inhibitory. Stimulating excitatory neurons will increase network activity while stimulating inhibitory neurons reduces it.
A New Way to Teach
Researchers attempted to teach neural networks by reward, increasing network activity, through the stimulation of excitatory neurons. They also attempted to teach by punishment, reducing network activity, through the stimulation of inhibitory neurons or the inhibition of the excitatory neurons. None of these approaches successfully imprinted a new memory.
Baruchi and Ben-Jacob employed a third training method, “teaching by liberation,” as they describe it. Instead of exciting either type of neuron, Baruchi chose to inhibit the effects of the inhibitory neurons. If inhibitory signals are restrained, then the excitatory neurons are essentially free to do as they please. With their creativity unleashed, the neurons form a new synchronized bursting pattern.
Note that inhibitory neurons are not repressed directly. Rather, the inhibitory synapses are dampened, reducing the signals originating from inhibitory neurons. As a result, the inhibitory neuron may still send the command, “Stop that!” but it comes out so muffled that the other neurons don’t obey.
Further setting their work apart from previous studies, Baruchi and Ben-Jacob placed the stimulant at a specially selected location rather than distributing it across the network. The injections were so small and the concentration dropped so quickly that the stimulant was localized to a minute region around a single electrode. Baruchi injected a tiny droplet every twenty seconds for a total dose of twenty droplets.
The neurons near this electrode became the starting point for a new synchronized bursting pattern. The firing pattern imprinted through exposure to the chemical stimulant coexisted with the original firing pattern. Now, the network stored two memories.
Twenty-four hours after the first round of stimulant, Baruchi and Ben-Jacob applied a second dose. The second round of stimulant was introduced at a location where neither of the two existing firing patterns began. Because the third firing pattern would begin wherever they placed the stimulant, they would risk overwriting one of the previous firing patterns if they tried to start two near the same point.
Twenty little droplets of stimulant later, a third firing pattern periodically expressed itself in the neural network. The three patterns coexisted in the network for more than forty hours. They mark the first example of persisting memories in a neural network that have been imprinted by scientists.
Limited resources, boundless resourcefulness
The method used to deliver these miniscule amounts of stimulant to such a specific location deserves some attention. The electrodes have a diameter slightly smaller than the width of an average person’s hair. Our clumsy human hands cannot manipulate objects on this level, so positioning a syringe over a particular electrode required some cunning.
A micrometer is a device ordinarily used to measure lengths at accuracies around 1000 times smaller than a millimeter. By rotating a knob, researchers can move an arm forward and backward on this tiny scale. Baruchi attached the syringe to this arm, allowing researchers to place the stimulant over a single electrode that had been selected according to network activity.
The syringe itself requires a bit of cleverness. How does one make a needle that small? It’s not actually that tough; simply heat a small glass tube until it is soft in the middle and then stretch it thin. Such a tube was mounted on a syringe. The researchers controlled the injections of stimulant very precisely by connecting a second micrometer to the piston of the syringe.
Beyond the ingenuity of the setup, it is highly cost-effective. Most of it is made from standard laboratory materials plus around thirty US dollars in additional supplies.
“When you do pioneering and conceptually daring research, you a have hard time getting financed since referees question the likelihood of success,” Ben-Jacob explained. “Most of the research was not supported by a grant. It’s lucky that I have students like Itay who are highly motivated, who have the intellectual courage and self-confidence to try something that has never been done. They research for the sake of doing the research.”
After seven years working together, he feels that Baruchi is more of a collaborator and a colleague. This experiment is among Baruchi’s last projects as a student. His thesis is currently under review for his Ph.D.
Student Baruchi has earned the profound respect of Professor Ben-Jacob for his diligence and scientific curiosity. Baruchi was employed part-time at hi-tech companies, doing work in algorithms and optics as he completed masters and doctorate degrees. “In some sense he funded the research,” said Ben-Jacob. “That’s something that’s very special. It’s very rare.”
While it is important that Baruchi and Ben-Jacob could manipulate the syringe on a microscopic level, they also needed to see what they were doing. Baruchi improved a special chamber that was originally built by Ronen Segev, a former student of Ben-Jacob. The chamber supports the neural network, records the data from the electrodes, and incorporates a microscope so that researchers can position the syringe.
The chamber is like an incubator, the environment in which neural networks are usually maintained. The temperature was held at 37˚C, or 98.6˚F. Likewise, the humidity and carbon dioxide levels were controlled to keep the environment suitable for growing neural networks, mimicking the conditions inside a mammal’s cranium. The neural network can live inside it for days or weeks during an experiment.
Building this chamber, Baruchi incorporated materials available at the laboratory, such as aquarium pumps, in addition to some relatively inexpensive parts that had to be purchased. “It might look like we’re really really poor,” Baruchi said with a laugh. “We’re okay. It’s not that we don’t have money to eat.”
Neuro-memory Chips and Beyond
Right now, Baruchi and Ben-Jacob can only control the starting point of the neuron firing patterns. Ben-Jacob believes that with strategically placed electrical stimulation, as well as the use of other chemicals, scientists may be able to control the order of the firing pattern as well.
Finding a way to structure the neurons will mark another step toward a neuro-memory chip. For this experiment, the neurons were spread homogeneously on the plate. The firing pattern of the neurons depends on their connections, so researchers will need to control their structure before they can make the behavior of the neural networks reproducible.
Perhaps Baruchi will return to the field later in life, but for now, he is starting a company in the field of renewable resources. Teaming up with Yael Hanein from the Faculty of Engineering at Tel Aviv University, Ben-Jacob is already working on controlling the geometry of the neural network using nano-technology. More specifically, they developed special electrodes made from islands of carbon nanotubes.
These biocompatible electrodes are employed to control the arrangement of the network since the neurons and glia cells prefer to attach to the electrodes. At the same time, thanks to their conductance properties, those electrodes record neural activity and apply electrical stimulations.
In the next stage, they will mount the carbon nanotube electrodes on microfluid chips. These chips contain tiny channels and gates that could be controlled by a computer, removing the need for the labor-intensive delivery of chemical stimulants via the micromanipulator device.
A computer connected to this integrated system would record and analyze network activity. It could operate the microfluid chip, delivering stimulant to the neural network and changing its activity. This cybrid, a hybrid of biological material and silicon, could be tuned to accomplish a specific task.
Ben-Jacob sees neuro-memory chips opening the way for evolvable systems. A neural network would be connected to a computer through a programmable chip that uses genetic algorithms.
A programmable chip running a genetic algorithm can change its connections at random, as biological organisms mutate. Then, the chip is tested for fitness. When given a particular input, does it return an appropriate response? If not, the chip mutates until it does.
This evolvable system constitutes a “toddler” computer, capable of learning. The neural networks are made from the cortical neurons of day-old rats, “infant networks,” as Ben-Jacob calls them. “If you give them a task, both the network and the evolvable, programmable chip will grow up and develop together during the few days that the network becomes mature.”
For example, neural networks may be used to detect toxins, quite similar to canaries used in mines of old. The desired system would report a “one” if there was toxin present and a “zero” if the area was toxin-free.
In order to get such a result, scientists would teach the system. A neural network would be exposed to a toxin. It would communicate with the programmable chip, which would change its connections until it reported a one, signifying toxin. In the absence of toxin, the programmable chip would be trained to interpret the neural network’s activity and report zero. A more sophisticated system could even differentiate among different toxins.
As in the courtroom scenario, an integrated system could be trained to recognize ordered and disordered minds. Researchers could give it examples of neural activity from healthy and mentally ill brains until the network could tell them apart. Again, a more sophisticated system might identify specific mental illnesses.
In current computer systems, human specialists know exactly how each program runs. Someone had to make each piece of hardware and software, someone designed every magnet, circuit board, and string of code. Evolvable hardware, capable of learning by example, would have unknown methods of deciding whether or not brain function is ordered or toxins are present. The next generation of computer technology may almost be able to think for itself.
Baruchi and Ben-Jacob's research: Physical Review E 75, 050901(R) (2007)
All images from Ben-Jacob's group except
4. Network -- Pablo Blinder and Danny Baranes
5. Neurons and glia -- Pablo Blinder and Danny Baranes
7. Delivering stimulant -- Ben-Jacob's group in collaboration with Yael Hanein
10. Carbon nanotube electrode -- Ben-Jacob's group in collaboration with Yael Hanein | <urn:uuid:c1588bb2-8eb3-4712-a198-1132b45b9354> | {
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Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.* 1The two angels reached Sodom in the evening, as Lot was sitting at the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he got up to greet them; and bowing down with his face to the ground, 2he said, “Please, my lords,* come aside into your servant’s house for the night, and bathe your feet; you can get up early to continue your journey.” But they replied, “No, we will pass the night in the town square.”a 3He urged them so strongly, however, that they turned aside to his place and entered his house. He prepared a banquet for them, baking unleavened bread, and they dined.
4b Before they went to bed, the townsmen of Sodom, both young and old—all the people to the last man—surrounded the house. 5They called to Lot and said to him, “Where are the men who came to your house tonight? Bring them out to us that we may have sexual relations with them.” 6Lot went out to meet them at the entrance. When he had shut the door behind him, 7he said, “I beg you, my brothers, do not do this wicked thing! 8I have two daughters who have never had sexual relations with men. Let me bring them out to you,* and you may do to them as you please. But do not do anything to these men, for they have come under the shelter of my roof.” 9They replied, “Stand back! This man,” they said, “came here as a resident alien, and now he dares to give orders! We will treat you worse than them!” With that, they pressed hard against Lot, moving in closer to break down the door.c 10But his guests put out their hands, pulled Lot inside with them, and closed the door; 11they struck the men at the entrance of the house, small and great, with such a blinding light* that they were utterly unable to find the doorway.
12Then the guests said to Lot: “Who else belongs to you here? Sons-in-law, your sons, your daughters, all who belong to you in the city—take them away from this place!d 13We are about to destroy this place, for the outcry reaching the LORD against those here is so great that the LORD has sent us to destroy it.”e 14So Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law, who had contracted marriage with his daughters.* “Come on, leave this place,” he told them; “the LORD is about to destroy the city.” But his sons-in-law thought he was joking.
15As dawn was breaking, the angels urged Lot on, saying, “Come on! Take your wife with you and your two daughters who are here, or you will be swept away in the punishment of the city.” 16When he hesitated, the men, because of the LORD’s compassion for him, seized his hand and the hands of his wife and his two daughters and led them to safety outside the city. 17As soon as they had brought them outside, they said: “Flee for your life! Do not look back or stop anywhere on the Plain. Flee to the hills at once, or you will be swept away.”f 18“Oh, no, my lords!” Lot replied to them. 19“You have already shown favor to your servant, doing me the great kindness of saving my life. But I cannot flee to the hills, or the disaster will overtake and kill me. 20Look, this town ahead is near enough to escape to. It is only a small place.* Let me flee there—is it not a small place?—to save my life.” 21“Well, then,” he replied, “I grant you this favor too. I will not overthrow the town you have mentioned. 22Hurry, escape there! I cannot do anything until you arrive there.” That is why the town is called Zoar.g
23The sun had risen over the earth when Lot arrived in Zoar, 24and the LORD rained down sulfur upon Sodom and Gomorrah, fire from the LORD out of heaven.h 25He overthrew* those cities and the whole Plain, together with the inhabitants of the cities and the produce of the soil.i 26But Lot’s wife looked back, and she was turned into a pillar of salt.j
27The next morning Abraham hurried to the place where he had stood before the LORD. 28As he looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah and the whole region of the Plain,* he saw smoke over the land rising like the smoke from a kiln.k
Moabites and Ammonites.* 30Since Lot was afraid to stay in Zoar, he and his two daughters went up from Zoar and settled in the hill country, where he lived with his two daughters in a cave. 31The firstborn said to the younger: “Our father is getting old, and there is not a man in the land to have intercourse with us as is the custom everywhere. 32Come, let us ply our father with wine and then lie with him, that we may ensure posterity by our father.” 33So that night they plied their father with wine, and the firstborn went in and lay with her father; but he was not aware of her lying down or getting up. 34The next day the firstborn said to the younger: “Last night I lay with my father. Let us ply him with wine again tonight, and then you go in and lie with him, that we may ensure posterity by our father.” 35So that night, too, they plied their father with wine, and then the younger one went in and lay with him; but he was not aware of her lying down or getting up.
36Thus the two daughters of Lot became pregnant by their father. 37The firstborn gave birth to a son whom she named Moab, saying, “From my father.”* He is the ancestor of the Moabites of today.l 38The younger one, too, gave birth to a son, and she named him Ammon, saying, “The son of my kin.”* He is the ancestor of the Ammonites of today.m
* [19:1–29] The story takes place in one day (counting a day from the previous evening): evening (v. 1), dawn (v. 15), and sunrise (v. 23). The passage resembles Jgs 19:15–25, which suggests dependence of one story on the other.
* [19:8] Let me bring them out to you: the authority of a patriarch within his house was virtually absolute. Lot’s extreme response of offering his daughters to a violent mob seems to be motivated by the obligation of hospitality.
* [19:11] Blinding light: an extraordinary flash that temporarily dazed the wicked men and revealed to Lot the true nature of his guests.
* [19:14] It is uncertain whether Lot’s sons-in-law were fully married to his daughters or only “engaged” to them (Israelite “engagement” was the first part of the marriage ceremony), or even whether the daughters involved were the same as, or different from, the two daughters who were still in their father’s house.
* [19:25] Overthrew: this term, lit., “turned upside down,” is used consistently to describe the destruction of the cities of the Plain. The imagery of earthquake and subsequent fire fits the geology of this region.
* [19:28–29] In a deft narrative detail, Abraham looks down from the height east of Hebron, from which he could easily see the region at the southern end of the Dead Sea, where the cities of the Plain were probably located.
* [19:30–38] This Israelite tale about the origin of Israel’s neighbors east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea was told partly to ridicule these ethnically related but rival nations and partly to give popular etymologies for their names. The stylized nature of the story is seen in the names of the daughters (“the firstborn” and “the younger”), the ease with which they fool their father, and the identical descriptions of the encounters.
* [19:37] From my father: in Hebrew, me’abi, similar in sound to the name “Moab.”
* [19:38] The son of my kin: in Hebrew, ben-ammi, similar in sound to the name “Ammonites.”
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Since last year, students across the state have taken the AZ Merit standardized tests, which replaced the previous AIMS test.
Beginning March 27, the window officially opened for school districts to begin measuring student proficiency via the test. The AZ Merit has limited scope, assessing English Language Arts and Mathematics, and unlike AIMS is not a requirement for grade-level graduation.
Verde Valley and Sedona school districts have until Thursday, May 4, to conduct the computerized test. Kindergartners through second-graders are exempt.
According to Jennifer Hernandez, Northern Arizona Community Mobilizer for Expect More AZ, regardless of the lower stakes the AZ Merit can cause a lot of stress — particularly for parents, who have become accustomed to standardized testing as a way to gauge their kids’ success.
“When we talk to parents, there’s always that reminder that they shouldn’t stress out about the test,” Hernandez said. “Kids pick up on that.
“It’s not that the tests aren’t important, but as parents we always want to reinforce that our kids are not perfect .... It’s a benchmark along students’ educational timeline.”
Hernandez added that parents and older students should look at the AZ Merit as a way to identify strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities to challenge growing intellects. Though the test does not have the power to hold a student back or accelerate her learning, it can be used as a diagnostic tool.
“After seeing their student’s results, parents may discover that their child is demonstrating certain strengths and may want to have a discussion with the school and the teacher about advanced coursework and other ways to support their student’s success,” Hernandez said.
“Just like when you go to the doctor once a year, it’s a snapshot of your health. The test gives a snapshot of how a student is doing.”
The AZ Merit often doesn’t stand alone, however. According to Tricia Winters, Cottonwood-Oak Creek School District Administrative Assistant to the Superintendent, COCSD retains portions of the AIMS to test science proficiency.
Knowing ahead of time what is being tested and talking with a child’s teacher is “the best advice we can give any parent .... Any time you can sit down and have a chat with your child’s teacher, the teacher loves that. Your a team and you want the best outcome for kids.”
Hernandez advised that parents take time to determine when and what is being tested during the month of April and prepare.
“Not just the night before, but leading up to the test, insure your child is getting enough sleep,” Hernandez said. “The sooner you can start that adjusting, the better. Having a little bit of regularity leading up to important days in your life is important.”
Most importantly, Hernnadez said that parents need to “cheerlead your kids along and support them with affirmations.”
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Tips to Parent Your Shy Child
Work with your child’s natural shyness to improve coping skills.
Every child has bashful moments. Some kids, though, are shy.
Can you simply let your children be shy, or do you need to "bring them out?"
“You can do both,” says Christopher Kearney, PhD, a professor of psychology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
Shy children may not become social butterflies, Kearney says. “But you can still help them learn how to function in social settings and build relationships.”
How shy is too shy?
In general, there’s nothing wrong with being shy. Shy kids are often better listeners and get in less trouble at school.
Being bashful becomes a problem when it gets in the way of doing what’s normally expected, or when it’s making your child unhappy. You may want to get professional advice if your child:
- Doesn’t want to go to school
- Has trouble making friends
- Frets about going to birthday parties or sports practice
- Is anxious about being shy
What causes shyness?
Shyness is pretty common. It’s estimated that between 20% and 48% of people have shy personalities.
Most shy kids are simply born that way, although negative experiences can also play a role. Did your child’s shyness come on suddenly? If so, an event might have triggered it, and they may need help getting past it.
Embracing the shy personality
Shy children often have common traits.
“Once you recognize these natural behaviors, you can work with them instead of against them,” says Bernardo Carducci, PhD, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.
Shy kids are typically self-reliant, thoughtful, and empathetic, but often don’t like trying new things. They are often slow to warm up, taking longer to adjust to a new situation. They may want to be social, but avoid approaching others because they’re afraid or don’t know how.
It’s important that they approach situations at their pace, not your own, Carducci says.
Tips for helping a shy child
Provide an entry strategy. Help your child approach a group of peers and listen, allowing everyone some time to get used to one another. Teach them to find a break in the chatting and join in. Offer talking points beforehand, such as, “I like boats, too.” | <urn:uuid:283d8648-6084-4ab7-8094-98b4e037b743> | {
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American Sign Language
Standard 1: Students will be able to use a language other than English for communication.
Key Idea: VISUAL-GESTURAL skills provide a means of communication with Deaf people in the context of the Deaf culture.
Key Idea: INTERACTIVE communication is possible with Deaf people through the use use of signs.
Performance Indicators--Students will:
- Checkpoint A
- use receptive skills to comprehend simple statements and questions in standard dialect
- express basic needs and compose statements, questions and short messages to signers of the same age group and to familiar adults
- initiate and engage in simple face-to-face conversations
- Checkpoint B
- comprehend messages and short conversations when they contain frequently used grammatical features and word order patterns
- understand some main ideas and some discrete information when watching signed television broadcasts, instructional videotapes, and films on topics of interest to them or to the general public
- express themselves with confidence on a range of topics that include issues related to everyday life, the content of programs on television and videotapes; the content of articles in newspapers or magazines for the general public; and stories and excerpts from Deaf literature
- engage in extended discourse with native ASL signers on a broad range of topics that extends beyond the students’ interests to those of general interest to members of the Deaf culture
- Checkpoint C
- understand a wide range of registers delivered with some repetition and paraphrasing by fluent ASL signers, comprehension may be hindered when the topics are unfamiliar or when more advanced signed communication is being used
- organize presentations on everyday topics
- express complex ideas with confidence
- converse with confidence
- engage in extended discourse with native ASL signers on a broad range of topics including those of general interest to the Deaf culture | <urn:uuid:6b2fb852-3edb-46cc-9edb-82919003105f> | {
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How Can You Live A Long And Healthy Life With Diabetes?
Do you know how many people are affected by diabetes in India? According to the International Diabetes Federation, in the year 2017, there were over 72,946,400 cases of diabetes in India. The World Health Organisation (WHO) predicts that diabetes will be the seventh leading cause of death in 2030. In this article, we will write on how to live a long and healthy life with diabetes.
What is diabetes? Diabetes is a condition which occurs when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or when the body can't effectively use the insulin it produces. High blood sugar levels or hyperglycemia is common and leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems especially the blood vessels and nerves.
To understand diabetes, you first need to understand how insulin works in the body.
What is insulin? It is a hormone which is secreted by the islet cells of the pancreas into the bloodstream. The insulin then circulates, thereby enabling sugar to enter your cells and lowers the amount of sugar in your bloodstream. When there is an insufficiency in the amount of insulin produced or the body can't use insulin properly, it causes diabetes.
Adults who are suffering from diabetes have twice the increased risk of heart attacks, stroke and kidney failure combined with lower blood flow, nerve damage in the feet which increases the chances of foot ulcers, and infections. Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness.
You should first understand what diabetes is and its three types i.e., type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. You have to understand your body well and the way it functions. This will help you to manage your diabetes day by day. Speak to your doctor about how you can take the best care of yourself.
Learning about diabetes and taking care of yourself will make you feel good today and in the future. It will help your body will get more energy, you will be less tired and thirsty, urinate less, wounds heal better, have fewer skin and bladder infections, lower the risk of heart attack or stroke, reduces eye problems, numbness in the hands and feet, teeth and gum problems, and kidney problems.
Speak to your health care professional about how to manage your diabetes ABC (A1C, Blood pressure and Cholesterol). This will lower the chances of getting a stroke, heart attack or other diabetes problems.
A stands for A1C test, a blood test that measures your average blood sugar level over the past three months which is different from the regular blood sugar checks. It is necessary and important to keep a tab on your blood sugar levels so that it doesn't increase. An increase in blood sugar levels can harm your blood vessels, heart, feet, kidneys and eyes.
B stands for blood pressure which refers to the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is important for a diabetic person to check his or her blood pressure as a rise in blood pressure causes a heart attack and stroke.
C stands for cholesterol which is of two types LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein). The LDL (bad) cholesterol clogs your blood vessels which can lead to heart attack or stroke.
HDL (good) cholesterol helps to eliminate the bad cholesterol from the blood vessels.
Ask your health care professional what your A1C, blood pressure and cholesterol numbers are and what should be the average number. The ABC goal will depend on what kind of health problems you have had, how long you have had diabetes and how difficult diabetes is to manage.
People who are living with diabetes should know the steps to take to stay healthy, but somehow find it difficult to stick to their health plan.
Ask your doctor about more ways to be active and when to test your blood sugar levels. Discuss how your diabetes meal plan is working for you whenever you visit your doctor.
Each time when you visit your doctor, make sure to have your blood pressure checked, foot checked, weight checked, and also review your self-care plan. Also ensure that you have a cholesterol test, dental check-up, eye check-up, flu shot and urine and blood test to check for kidney problems.
Ask your doctor if there are other tests that are required and what do the results mean whether they are positive or negative.
A simple change in your lifestyle habits can help in the prevention of diabetes.
1. Making healthier food choices by choosing foods that are low in refined carbohydrates and incorporating more vegetables, whole fruits, lean meats, beans and whole grains will allow you to continue a healthy diet.
2. Exercising regularly such as cycling or jogging will make your heart work better.
3. Take your medications on time.
4. Eat regularly and never miss your meals. Frequent consumption of meals and snacks at regular intervals can keep your blood sugar levels stable.
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பனைமரம் - Panaimaram | <urn:uuid:20c3bc81-2aeb-4645-907b-401d1432b341> | {
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• Our hero: Pam Sloane, 67
• Where she lives: Greenwich, Connecticut
• How she helps: Growing the school garden movement
When Pam Sloane, a French teacher at Dolan Middle School in Stamford, Connecticut, was offered the chance to plant a small garden on school grounds in 2008, she jumped at it. So much so that she sort of overdid it. In her enthusiasm, and with the help of the school garden club, she put in more than 20 different fruits, vegetables, and herbs, including strawberry and tomato plants, potatoes, and parsley. “If someone gave us a packet of seeds, we planted them,” says Sloane. When the plants grew, she says, “the tall ones shielded the short ones from the sun.”
Nevertheless, the garden managed to be a huge success. The harvest was divided between the kids’ homes and the school’s kitchen, where Sloane used it to teach cooking classes. “You know you’ve done something when middle schoolers are excited about vegetable soup,” says Sloane. Encouraged, she launched the Green Initiative for Vegetables in Education (GIVE) last year to inspire nearby schools to start gardens. “Before I knew it, 20 schools had contacted me,” she says. In her director’s role, Sloane advises the schools on plotting seedbeds and helps them hunt down discounted supplies. City and local tree services donate and deliver compost and wood chips, and private donations make up the rest.
“Several people have said that if I hadn’t started GIVE, their school garden wouldn’t have happened,” says Sloane, who learned to garden during summers spent on a farm. “To me, it’s all about helping kids appreciate what the land does for us.”
For more information bout Pam Sloane and other innovative green projects, go to greentowns.com.
Know a local hero? Visit American Towns to submit your nomination: americantowns.com/powerofone. | <urn:uuid:ef718e57-7be5-4dc0-ad59-ee64d6447afc> | {
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Rampant elephant poaching leaves a bloody stain in the Congo Basin
The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW – www.ifaw.org) condemns violence against humans and animals and calls on the European Union to take action to support African countries like Chad which are asking for help to save these endangered animals.
Five of the elephants were killed in the area of Mayo Lemié (near Nanguigoto) and the remaining 15 were killed in the Logone area of southern Chad.
The lucrative illegal trade in ivory continues to kill thousands of elephants in Africa every year.
“The size of the haul indicates that a well-organised team of poachers was involved likely divided into teams of shooters and carriers. They may have used horses, camels or cars to transport the ivory out of Chad,” said Céline Sissler-Bienvenu, an IFAW expert on elephant poaching. “But it is difficult to know for certain. In the past, ivory poaching was committed by non-Chadians and has fuelled conflict in Darfur in the Sudan and the Central African Republic. Chadians have also disguised themselves in foreign clothing to throw suspicion onto others.”
In the last year, approximately 250 elephants were killed in Chad. It is thought that most of the poachers were from Sudan. The ivory sales are used to finance arms purchases and other illicit enterprises but large quantities of ivory are also illegally shipped to Asia to satisfy the growing demand for that product.
The elephant population in Chad is under severe pressure. In 2010 there were only 2,500 elephants in Chad left, a 37.5 per cent drop in just four years from the 4,000 elephants counted in 2006.
“Elephants are in crisis,” continued Sissler-Bienvenu. “The ivory trade continues to flourish and seizures of illegal ivory are scratching the surface of this multi-million euro business.”
Although it is difficult to price ivory exactly recent reports indicate that it can be sold in China for as much as US$1,700/kg[i]. Assuming a conservative average tusk weight of 10kg per tusk, or 20kg of ivory per elephant, the recent killings represent as much as US$680,000 worth of ivory by the time the ivory reaches the end buyer.
NOTE: China and Japan bought 108 tonnes of ivory in a "one-off" sale in November 2008 from Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. These legal sales provide all of the cover necessary for the illegal trade in ivory to flourish. IFAW runs anti-poaching projects to protect elephants where they live.
That’s why – besides policy work and supporting wildlife rangers and anti-poaching patrols in Kenya’s Tsavo National Parks, Malawi’s Liwonde National Park and elsewhere – IFAW has established a roving anti-poaching assessment and training team.
We focus on Central and West African countries with serious elephant poaching problems and a desire to solve them. Our expert anti-poaching assessment team first undertakes an anti-poaching needs assessment at a specific site to identify capacity constraints and equipment needs. Prior to sending in the team, IFAW negotiates an agreement with the government that outlines the terms of IFAW’s intervention and grants government permission.
[i] The Ivory Trail. Wasser, Clark, Laurie. Scientific American. July 2009. | <urn:uuid:e8a53b92-fafe-4ef4-95de-eb3c38014173> | {
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A lot of people know that Thanksgiving started with the Pilgrims and Indians. But today I’m not going to retell that story. Abraham Lincoln’s successors as president followed his example of annually declaring the final Thursday in November to be Thanksgiving. But in 1939, my second to last favorite President, President Franklin D. Roosevelt broke this tradition. November had five Thursdays that year (instead of the more-common four), Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday as Thanksgiving rather than the fifth one.
He did this because the country still in the midst of The Great Depression, Roosevelt thought an earlier Thanksgiving would give merchants a longer period to sell goods before Christmas. He wanted to do this because it was he wanted to increase profits and spending during this period, Roosevelt hoped, this would help bring the country out of the Depression.
At the time, unlike now. Advertising goods for Christmas BEFORE Thanksgiving was considered inappropriate. Fred Lazarus, Jr., founder of the Federated Department Stores (later Macy’s), has been credited with convincing Roosevelt to push Thanksgiving a week earlier to expand the shopping season, and within two years the change passed through Congress into law.
In 1940 and 1941, years in which November had four Thursdays, Roosevelt declared the third one as Thanksgiving. As in 1939, some states went along with the change while others retained the traditional last-Thursday date.
In case you’re wondering who my LEAST favorite President is…….it’s Woodrow Wilson. | <urn:uuid:80933306-1c3a-49d9-96cc-eb4e6cbc9657> | {
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Iran Possesses All the Technology for a Nuclear Weapon
November 24, 2014, is a looming deadline for Iran, Israel, the United States and the world over its nuclear weapons program. America’s Wendy Sherman, who is leading the negotiations, has described the talks as “a forest of distrust.” At the same time, she declares, “Our bottom line is unambiguous … Iran will not, shall not obtain a nuclear weapon.” Against this backdrop, media revelations have disclosed a secret correspondence between the Obama White House and Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei — kept even from Congressional leaders and possibly America’s closest allies, including Israel.
As the world ponders Iran’s dash to enrich more kilograms of uranium, the underlying concern is not so much about the enrichment process itself, but the end product: a nuclear warhead. Iran has been developing its warhead for some sixteen years. That design is nearly perfected.
Compare the process to gunpowder. To use gunpowder, you need to load it into a cartridge, load the cartridge and a bullet into a rifle, and then find a marksman. Iran has nearly mastered all those steps in nuclear terms.
Four technological achievements are key to completing Tehran’s nuclear weapon:
- The accretion of enough nuclear materials, highly enriched to weapons-grade or 90 percent;
- Machining that material into metal for a spheroid warhead so it can fit into a missile nosecone;
- Developing a trigger mechanism to initiate the atomic explosion at a precise moment during missile re-entry;
- And, of course, a reliable delivery system.
Start with the nuclear material. Experts estimate that a single bomb would require approximately 25 kilograms of Highly Enriched Uranium, or HEU, with a U-235 concentration of at least 90 percent. Much of Iran’s nuclear enrichment remains at 3.5 and 20 percent levels. But the numbers are deceiving. Enriching to 3.5 percent is 75 percent of the task of reaching weapons-grade. Once Iran has reached 20 percent, it has gone 90 percent of the distance. Today, Iran possesses enough nuclear material for a fast “break-out” that would finish the job, creating enough for five or ten bombs in about six weeks.
Second, that HEU must be metalized and shaped into a dense spheroid compact enough to fit into a missile nosecone. Iran has mastered the metallurgical techniques using other high-density metals such as tungsten, which have been test-detonated in a special chamber to measure their explosive character.
Third, the spheroid must be detonated. Iran’s warhead design employs a R265 shock generator hemisphere drilled with 5mm boreholes that are filled with PETN— pentaerythritol tetranitrate, an organic high explosive favored by terrorists. When triggered with precision, the PETN array can cause a massive synchronized implosion. That will fire an internal exploding bridgewire, which will in turn actuate an embedded neutron initiator to detonate the atomic reaction—and the mushroom cloud. This sequence of devices has been assembled and tested. Iran has some 500 exploding bridgewires.
Fourth, the warhead must be delivered. The Shabab-3 missile nosecone is large enough to accommodate the warhead. The outer radius of the R265 shock generator-encased warhead is 550 millimeters, less than the estimated payload chamber diameter of about 600 millimeters. Most of all, the Iranian military has selected the Shabab-3 not only because it possesses a range of 1200 kilometers, but because it can be detonated in an airburst some 600 meters off the ground on re-entry. The height of 600 meters was used in the Nagasaki explosion. Such a weapon cannot be crashed into the ground. It must be detonated while still airborne. Iran has a small fleet of Shahab-3 missiles.
Hence, Iran’s metronomic accretion of nuclear material is not just an ambiguous physics undertaking that should worry the West. It is part and parcel of a nuclear attack plan that the international community is determined to address.
Edwin Black is the author of 11 award-winning editions, including IBM and the Holocaust, and his most recent book Financing the Flames. The author can be found at www.edwinblack.com. | <urn:uuid:0185e312-3a34-4d53-a0d2-4630cb7eb91a> | {
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There's a lot we can learn about Earth's atmosphere from studying Venus, however, it's Venus' crushingly thick air—precisely what we want to study—that is preventing us from sending manned missions there. But this radical zeppelin could finally help us unlock the secrets of our celestial neighbour.
We've remotely visited Mars nearly two dozen times already, but we've barely scratched the surface of Venus. Venus is covered by dense clouds of sulphuric acid, its air is mostly carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which have turned Venus into a global greenhouse with a surface temperature hovering around 466 degrees C and atmospheric pressure 92 times that of our sea level.
"The vast majority of people, when they hear the idea of going to Venus and exploring, think of the surface, where it's hot enough to melt lead and the pressure is the same as if you were almost a mile underneath the ocean," NASA's Chris Jones told IEEE. "I think that not many people have gone and looked at the relatively much more hospitable atmosphere and how you might tackle operating there for a while."
However, at a height of around 50 km the atmosphere thins and cools to what one would find here on Earth, which is exactly where NASA's High Altitude Venus Operational Concept (HAVOC) would operate. The plan is to first launch a 31-metre robotic airship to perform initial observations and ensure that the secondary, manned mission would have a fair chance of success.
NASA would then follow up with a 30-day 2-manned mission aboard a 130-metre, solar-powered airship with a small cabin slung beneath the helium-filled dirigible. Then, perhaps, a year-long mission and, if everything goes well, eventually a permanent floating outpost like a real life Cloud City. Though, as you can see in the video above, just getting the necessary gear there will be an enormous challenge and, for the manned missions, we'd have to send a pair of spacecraft—the first with the airship, the latter with the crew. We can't even get our Mars rovers to stop drawing dicks in the sand, and NASA really thinks we're ready to start building floating towns and letting Billy Dee Williams wear a cape again? Man I hope they're right because that's going to be awesome. The capes, I mean. | <urn:uuid:10ec0e4a-b230-4418-bbd2-9f31404f6a85> | {
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While U.S. Jews have a strong attachment to Israel, they are divided in their assessment of Trump’s handling of the Israeli-Palestinian issue.
When compared with other wealthy nations, the U.S. is unique in that a large share of its population prays every day.
Dissatisfaction with democracy is correlated with views on economic conditions, whether key democratic norms are being respected and other issues.
In a new survey, the Center reassesses how it asks Americans about Israelis, Palestinians and their respective governments.
Muslim societies have gained a reputation in recent decades for failing to adequately educate women. But a new analysis of Pew Research Center data on educational attainment and religion suggests that economics, not religion, is the key factor limiting the education of Muslim women.
Read five facts about religion in Saudi Arabia — a country that is the birthplace of Islam and, as such, holds special importance for Muslims worldwide.
Fifteen years after the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, the American public is divided over whether using military force was the right decision.
Across 35 nations, a median of 26% do not identify with any political party in their country. In countries where more people are unaffiliated with any political party, popular support for representative democracy is also lower.
Since the end of World War II, there have been 225 successful coups (counting the events in Zimbabwe) in countries with populations greater than 500,000, according to the Center for Systemic Peace, which maintains extensive datasets on various forms of armed conflict and political violence. Most coups occurred during the height of the Cold War, from the 1960s through the 1980s.
With the number of displaced people in the world at more than 60 million in 2015, the plight of refugees has gained new prominence. | <urn:uuid:60c1df7c-a1f7-4e71-8568-d5c64ee84003> | {
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- generally used for the manipulation of single mono or stereo sound files, application of sound effects, and exporting in various formats and qualities.
Studios, Sequencers and Composers
- multitrack programs which allow you to combine several different sound files or audio sequences to create songs.
- keyboard/synthesizers for the computer. Virtual sound generators, usually including a bunch of sound manipulating tools and effects.
- Programs that allow the conversion of sound files from one format (eg wav) to another (eg mp3). Most Sound Editors are capable of outputting various formats, so if you have a decent sound editor you're probably set.
Special Thanks to Denvish
for organizing the above information.
Also see Denvish's list of Audio Tutorials! | <urn:uuid:15395a5e-094c-41b9-8e67-64106be44d09> | {
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As Americans we love our dogs, we pamper our cats, but we honor and revere our horses. More than any other animal, horses were indispensable in settling the American frontier. They’ve also carried us into battle, starred in our movies and awed us with their wild spirit. We look to them as cultural and historical icons, as partners in work and sport, and as beloved companions.
We do not look at them as dinner. Not now, not ever. Yet, the blood of slaughtered American horses could soon be spilled on American soil for the first time in years — and it would happen right here in Missouri.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture made the troubling announcement that it expects to soon approve an application from a Gallatin, Mo., horse slaughter facility to begin butchering horses for their meat. This is despite a 2012 nationwide poll showing that 80 percent of Americans oppose the practice.
Americans also don’t want millions in tax dollars wasted in support of an industry with a history of traumatizing horses, polluting communities with blood and foul stenches, and destroying local economies with a ruinous stigma.
Horses are killed in slaughter plants mainly because their owners fail to keep up their end of the bargain to provide lifetime care or find a good home for animals that have come under their stewardship. Rather, they make a few bucks by selling the animals to “kill buyers” who then ship them off on a grueling trip to slaughter plants. It is not humane euthanasia but far from it — a death fraught with fear and pain for the animals.
Horses will travel to Missouri from all around the country, likely crammed in trailers for days without food, water or escape from extreme temperatures. For all the misguided arguments that try to justify slaughter on grounds beyond profit, the truth is simple: Horse slaughter is not, and never has been, the answer to neglect, abandonment, starvation and suffering. We have found over and over that so-called “unwanted horses,” if rescued from the slaughter pipeline and given a second chance, go on to win shows, ride trails and simply provide joy to people.
The USDA itself reports that more than 92 percent of horses sent to slaughter are in good condition. Instead of taking advantage of the many suitable re-homing alternatives available for horses, some owners are stuck on the wrongheaded idea that slaughter is their only remedy.
The continued availability of slaughter has led to a prevailing attitude within some segments of the horse industry that horses are a disposable commodity. Slaughter perpetuates the breeding of more and more horses, while more than 100,000 others are sentenced to die every year by owners and breeders who unload them by the pound at horse auctions.
Now, more than ever, is the time to tell our legislators that we value and respect horses — and that Missouri shouldn’t be the place where they come to die. Horse welfare and our state’s reputation are at stake.
Urge Congress to pass the Safeguard American Food Exports Act, S. 541/H.R. 1094, which outlaws the slaughter of American horses on U.S. soil and the export of live horses across the borders for slaughter.
Amanda Good of Kansas City is the Missouri director for the Humane Society of the United States. | <urn:uuid:3e3df7ff-49e7-449c-a404-f01c8d71ab11> | {
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Mount Fuji 富士山
Snow-capped Mount Fuji (3776m) is the tallest and most famous mountain in Japan. It's almost perfectly symmetrical cone shape make it one of the most beautiful volcano in the world, and an indisputable symbol of Japan.
The name "Fuji" probably comes from the Ainu word for "fire" or "fiery goddess". A shrine was dedicated to the fiery goddess in 806, but that didn't prevent Fuji-san from erupting violently in 864. The fiery goddess later became the more peaceful "Konohana Sakuya Hime" or "princess of the blossoming trees".
The religious importance Mount Fuji in Shintoism was such that women were banned from climing it until 1872, when the Meiji government lifted the ban to avoid Western criticism at Japan's first World Exposition in 1877.
Fuji views 富士見
The best views can be captured from Hakone or Gotemba, at the South-East, or from the so-called "Fuji five lakes" ("fujigoko" 富士五湖), on the North side. The 5 lakes are Yamanaka-ko, Kawaguchi-ko, Sai-ko, Shoji-ko and Motosu-ko. Yamanaka lake is the largest, but Kawaguchi lake is arguably the best viewpoint.
Climbing Mount Fuji
The best season for climbing is July and August, but it is also the most crowded. Mount Fuji can be ascended all year round, but winter months can get very cold and are only for experienced mountaineers.
‚vhenever you go, do not forget to take enough water, some snacks, suncream (UV rays are increasingly dangerous with altitude), a hat, gloves and especially warm clothes, as it can freeze at the top even on hot summer days.
There are ten stations from base to summit. Climbers start ascending from one of the four "fifth stations" (Gotemba, Subashiri, Kawaguchi-ko or Fujimomiya/Mishima), which are accesible by bus or car.
How to get there
The five lakes can be accesed by bus or taxi from Fuji-Yoshida or Kawaguchi-ko train stations. Both stations have a youth hostel at proximity. The quickest and cheapest way, however, is by bus from Shinjuku station (about 1h45min, 1700).
Gotemba is on the JR Gotemba line and can be accessed from Shinjuku in about 2h20min (cheapest fare = 1900).
The easiest way to go to Hakone is by using the Odakyu line from Shinjuku (about 1h30min and 1000).
The 5th stations to climb Mount Fuji are ll accessible by bus from one of the train station :
- for Subashiri and Gotemba from Gotemba train/bus station
- for Fujinomiya/Mishima from Shin-Fuji or Mishima train/bus station
- for Kawaguchi from Kawaguch train/bus station or direct bus from Shinjuku bus terminal (cheapest and fastest way) | <urn:uuid:57040ec0-5e00-4f68-bb41-8e43e6dbc975> | {
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Maybe no conventional broadcast signals of intelligent origin have been heard yet, but SETI@home, the number crunching peer service from UC-Berkeley, has played a role in recovering a lost computer. Keep in mind that SETI@home is distinct from SETI.
Stolen laptop recovered thanks to SETI@home software
Kimberly Melin got her stolen laptop back after police traced the IP address her computer was using to send SETI@home data to the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley.
SETI@home is a program that analyzes deep space radio wave data collected by the Arecibo radio observatory in Puerto Rico. Kimberly's husband, James, installed the program on her computer. He's one of over a million people who have SETI@home running on their computers in the hopes of finding non-human intelligent life in the universe. SETI stands for "Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence."
Melin monitored the SETI(at)home database to see if the stolen laptop would "talk" to the Berkeley servers. Indeed, the laptop checked in three times within a week, and Melin sent the IP addresses to the Minneapolis Police Department.
After a subpoena to a local Internet provider, police determined the real-world address where the stolen laptop was logging on. Within days, officers seized the computer and returned it. No one had been arrested as of Wednesday and the case remains under investigation, said Lt. Amelia Huffman of the Minneapolis Police Department.
Kimberly's writings were safe, and the thieves didn't appear to have broken into her e-mail or other personal folders. But the returned computer contained 20 tracks of rap music with unintelligible lyrics, possibly from the person who stole the computer or bought it on the underground.
"It's really, really horrid rap," Melin said. "It makes Ludacris look like Pavarotti."
Link (Thanks, Jay!)
Fascinating, courtesy boing-boing
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CAMBRIDGE, England — Relics that could give an insight into one of the great mysteries of English history, Hereward the Wake's resistance to the Norman Conquest, are to be buried under a housing development.
It's thought the site could include remains of the defenses erected against the Normans in 1070-1071.
An archaeological dig on the waterfront at Ely in Cambridgeshire ended recently when $140,000 set aside for excavations by the site's developer ran out.
"What we found was important but not earth-shattering," said a member of Cambridge University's archaeological unit, which had successfully bid to conduct the dig. "There were no structures, no discoveries that would change the history of Ely."
Others believe further digging could have hit a rich lode.
Bob Sydes, Cambridgeshire County Council's senior development archaeologist, said a golden opportunity is being lost:
"The importance of Ely as an inland trading port for Saxon England is known, but we know next to nothing of the people who lived there in Hereward's time or of the town in which they lived.
"It's as if we've looked through a keyhole into a darkened room which could be a treasure house and walked away."
The British Archaeological Trust, known as Rescue, recently wrote to National Heritage Secretary Virginia Bottomley and English Heritage, pleading for more excavation time and resources.
The legend of Hereward the Wake, who led Saxon resistance to William the Conqueror from his Fenland stronghold at Ely, has thrilled generations of British schoolchildren. One historian called him "the champion of the English national cause."
But almost nothing is known of Hereward or of the life led by his forces as they held out for more than a year. The legend, however, underlines the strategic, political and economic importance of Ely, first recorded by Bede as the site of a monastery founded by Queen Etheldreda in the seventh century.
Although the developer, Wimpey Homes, complied with all planning requirements for the Ely site and allowed an extra two week's excavation, the case illustrates the shortcomings of the Department of the Environment's planning guidelines, which say that developers wishing to build on archaeologically sensitive sites should first fund exploratory digs.
"While Wimpey Homes gave 90,000 pounds (about $135,000) for this dig, we believe that was less than half of what was needed to do the job adequately," said Jean Mellor of Rescue. | <urn:uuid:c099421f-ad56-4b31-bac4-8a0c8380b14c> | {
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How Burns Affect the Body
Burns affect the body differently depending on the circumstances of the injury. The outer tissues of skin are the most obvious part of the body that is affected. However, depending on the severity of the burn, the nerve endings, blood vessels, muscle tissues and bones can also be damaged.
There are many possible causes of burns, including the following:
Burn victims can experience a wide variety of complications, all of which if not properly treated can result in fatal complications. The extent of injury also depends on the location of the injury and the degree of severity. Possible complications of burn injuries include:
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Respiratory distress
Degrees of Severity
Burns are commonly classified into categories of first, second and third degree burns. Some classification systems also refer to fourth, fifth and sixth degree burns. The later higher categories are often used to describe the extent of a victim’s injuries post-mortem (after death).
- First-Degree Burns – Cause redness, a white plaque and pain at the burn site. These burns are limited to the outermost layer of skin (epidermis).
- Second-Degree Burns – Cause redness, superficial blistering and can cause either much pain or very little pain depending on the level of involvement of the nerves in the area. The tissues involved are the outer (papillary) dermis layer and possibly the deeper (reticular) dermis.
- Third-Degree Burns – The epidermis is lost and there is deep charring and extreme damage to the dermis. The innermost layer of tissue (hypodermis) is also damaged in many cases. Scarring and loss of hair shafts and keratin occur and grafting may be necessary to aid in healing and the avoidance of infection.
Burns injuries can be devastating and cause disfigurement, scarring, depression and physical impairment. Michael V. Barszcz, M.D., J.D., handles all of his legal cases on a contingency basis. This means that you are not obligated to pay him until he has achieved a monetary award in your case. If you have suffered a burn injury due to another’s negligence, contact our Florida personal injury lawyers at the Law Offices of Michael Barszcz, M.D., J.D., for a free consultation. | <urn:uuid:ca121532-6b4e-4d79-a2e1-4fd65594e0d7> | {
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The inspiration for this book comes from the words of Adam Smith: Consumption is the sole end of and purpose of all production....' This book concentrates, in that spirit, on people rather on things; it describes the overall income and wealth of Britain, its growth, and how that income and wealth was produced by and distributed between different people in the population. Population growth has a central place, as do the changes in home and workplace, in the transformation of the lives of successive generations in Victorian and Edwardian Britain. Between 1830 and 1914 Britain became the world's major trading nation, carrier of the majority of the world's goods, by far the largest investor overseas, and the centre of the world's financial system. It was an exceptional time in the history of the country and one to which many look back, even a hundred years later, with nostalgia. This book seeks to describe and assess what was achieved in those eighty-five years. | <urn:uuid:0e7f43b3-b303-490d-8eff-57fe74e6d8df> | {
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A new study published in the September issue of the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease reports that even a single mild explosion can cause changes in the brain that have similarities to those found in diseases like Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Flying debris or getting thrown against other objects are not the only things that make explosions so dangerous. The primary shock waves that emanate from explosions also can kill a person if they are intense enough. However, most blast survivors experience less powerful shock waves that cause less severe immediate symptoms, such as temporary disorientation or headaches, but on the surface leave victims apparently unscathed. Scientists are especially concerned when these mild blast exposures happen repeatedly—likening them to the repetitive hits endured by boxers and other athletes.
"Some of the big questions in mild traumatic brain injury are about a molecule called tau" said Dr. David Cook of VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington. "In many brain diseases, tau gets chemically modified to create something called 'phospho-tau'. Phospho-tau is important because it is the starting building block of 'tau tangles', which can build up over time and damage brain cells."
The Seattle team used a rodent laboratory model to study brain changes caused by mild blast exposure. Dr. Cook noted, "We were a bit surprised to find that after only a single mild blast, phospho-tau remained elevated for at least a month."
"Tau pathology is part of end-stage TBI," said Dr. Iboja Cernak of the University of Alberta, Canada and a co-author on this report, "so, it is very interesting to discover that persistent phospho-tau increases also appear to be part of earlier phases of blast-induced neurotrauma".
These new findings raise the possibility that early-intervention with tau-based treatments may someday prove valuable in treating blast-induced neurotrauma.
More information: The article is entitled, "Blast exposure causes early and persistent aberrant phospho- and cleaved tau expression in a murine model of mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury," Journal of Alzheimer's Disease: (2013) 309-323. | <urn:uuid:0af70a85-6ac3-46b6-9e35-af859fd42e30> | {
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Michael (Michael Romanov), 1596–1645, czar of Russia (1613–45), founder of the Romanov dynasty; grandnephew of Anastasia, first wife of Ivan IV. His election as czar, following successive appearances of false pretenders (see Dmitri), ended the so-called Time of Troubles, a period of social and political chaos in Russia that had begun in the late 16th cent. The real power in the government was Michael's father, the patriarch Philaret (d. 1633). During Michael's reign the peasantry was further reduced to serfdom; peace was temporarily obtained with Poland and Sweden; and some Western industrial and military techniques were introduced by foreign manufacturers and other experts. Michael was succeeded by his son Alexis.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Russian, Soviet, and CIS History: Biographies | <urn:uuid:45a66f16-a9d9-41e4-afe6-d388fa380695> | {
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Definition of Lassa virus
Lassa virus: The deadly cause of Lassa fever. Lassa virus is a virulent and highly transmissible RNA virus that belongs to the arenavirus group. Lassa virus was discovered in 1969 by a team led by Dr. Jordi Casals-Ariet.
Last Editorial Review: 10/9/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications? | <urn:uuid:59cbb2bd-5335-4636-bf0c-8e9bb7d13542> | {
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AVR Microcontroller Analog Input/Output
Welcome to the AVR Tutorials analog input/output (I/O) peripherals tutorial page. These tutorials are geared towards the AVR microcontroller's Analog peripherals including the Analog Comparator and Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
A number of the Atmel AVR 8-bits microcontroller provide analog input/output (I/O) capabilities through their "Analog Comparator
" and "Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
Although most if not all of the AVR 8-bits microcontroller provides an analog comparator, not all carries an AD Converter. For instant, the popular ATMega8515 does not
carry an Analog to Digital Converter. As such if you need an AVR microncontroller with an ADC please check the microcontroller datasheet before you purchase the microcontroller. Microcontrolers such as the ATmega32, ATMega16, ATTiny13
along with many others do contain an ADC.
For more information on the Analog I/O peripherals of the Atmel AVR 8-bits microcontrollers please click on the appropriate links to the left.
AVR Tutorials hopes that these AVR tutorials on the AVR microcontroller Analog Input/Output are beneficial to you and looks forward to your continued visits for all your microcontroller tutorial needs. | <urn:uuid:f704ecde-99d4-45b1-8d44-f2cfe2dbb9d7> | {
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In the Roman Catholic Church and other Christian churches of the West, the several weeks before Christmas are known as Advent. It’s from a Latin word meaning “coming.”
It happens that the beginning of Advent falls on the Sunday closest to Nov. 30, the ancient feast day (in both East and West) of the Apostle Andrew.
On Nov. 30, there are two Gospel readings descriptive of Andrew’s bringing new disciples to Jesus.
The observance of the season of Advent can be traced to the late fifth century in Italy and Gaul, perhaps a bit earlier in Spain.
At the time of the Reformation, it was preserved among the liturgical customs of the Anglicans and Lutherans; in more recent years, it has been revived by other Protestant groups.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the penitential season of preparation for Christians begins Nov. 15, the day after the Feast of the Apostle Philip.
For this reason it is popularly known as St. Philip’s Fast.
A count of days between Nov. 15 and Dec. 25 shows that this period lasts 40 days, the same as the Easter Lenten season.
Among Christians in the West, this preparatory season begins on the fourth Sunday before Christmas. Thus from year to year it will vary in length from three to four weeks, but always has four Sundays.
In the Christian West, the season of Advent is marked by special hymns.
Foremost among these, perhaps, is “O Come, O Come Emmanuel,” a hymn with Latin origins in the eighth century. “O Antiphons” are in use among Roman Catholics, Anglicans and Lutherans.
This hymn was first translated into English by John Mason Neale in the mid-19th century and has been recorded many times. One of the best-known versions is by folk singer Joan Baez in 1996.
Another popular Advent hymn is “Conditor Alme Siderum” dating to the seventh century.
The “Conditor” has several times been translated into English and appears in modern hymnals as “Loving Makers of the Stars,” “Creator of the Stars of Night,” or something similar.
Other Advent hymns, often heard in Methodist services, are Charles Wesley’s “Come, Thou Long-Expected Jesus” and “Lo! He Comes with Clouds Descending.”
The Rev. Daniel Rohan is pastor of St. Mark Orthodox Church in Liberty. | <urn:uuid:3cba2913-41c0-483a-8e92-141d4512d095> | {
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The craft of economical engineering is a routine with regards to contracting structures while mulling over pertinent issues like ecological development and supportable advancement. The essential saying of this sort of engineering is to lessen the effect of wide scale development on condition by adhering to a moderate frame of mind in regards to utilization of vitality assets, building materials and improvement space. The accompanying focuses referenced beneath can help in further advancing this respectable practice:
Utilizing Small Space Is Critical To Green Architecture
Building littler houses has turned into the request for the day. We can’t bear to squander common assets and earth space to satisfy our craving of building and living in indulgent houses. Littler houses implies more individuals get settlement without squandering a lot of regular assets.
Sun powered Energy And Green Architecture Coincide Side By Side
All our vitality assets are very nearly getting exhausted. Thus utilization of sun powered vitality is being energized in practically all quarters of the globe. Aside from that, the incorporation of sunlight based warming systems make these structures even more agreeable to live in. An all around contracted uninvolved sun based vitality ought to be adequate for letting in enough daylight in the rooms.
Water Conservation Made Possible Only Through Green Architectural Practices
One of the primary outlooks of green design is to energize preservation of water. Least utilization of water is to be received while building green homes. In a perfect world the toilets, fixture aerators, showerheads advertisement stream limitations ought to be picked with incredible consideration to limit the water utilization in these houses. Inhabitants should likewise be urged to plant dry spell tolerant plant in their nurseries.
Sustainable power source, The Main Standpoint of Green Architecture
An incredibly viable technique for creating power while sparing petroleum product can be accomplished by sung nature specialists like hydel control, wind control, sunlight based power and so on.
Moderating Local And Natural Resources Via Green Architectural Practices
The compelling force of nature has been benevolent to us individuals for many years. Nature has been offering every one of the assets we have to assemble our homes. In this way we need to utilize them carefully while developing fresher structures on the off chance that we need to leave a portion of these assets for our who and what is to come. You can likewise plant an ever increasing number of trees around your home to improve the regular feeling. In conclusion stick to utilizing nearby building assets as that can spare fuel and vitality which or else would have been utilized in moving them to the building site.
Green engineering when pursued genuinely sets aside you cash, yet more significantly spares the earth. So act shrewd and demonstrate your affection and backing for making Green engineering increasingly more well known in days to come. | <urn:uuid:10c9e53a-88ab-4c56-9697-4ada2446a563> | {
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WHAT IS C-13 NMR?
This page describes what a C-13 NMR spectrum is and how it tells you useful things about the carbon atoms in organic molecules.
The background to C-13 NMR spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance is concerned with the magnetic properties of certain nuclei. On this page we are focussing on the magnetic behaviour of carbon-13 nuclei.
Carbon-13 nuclei as little magnets
About 1% of all carbon atoms are the C-13 isotope; the rest (apart from tiny amounts of the radioactive C-14) is C-12. C-13 NMR relies on the magnetic properties of the C-13 nuclei.
Carbon-13 nuclei fall into a class known as "spin ½" nuclei for reasons which don't really need to concern us at the introductory level this page is aimed at (UK A level and its equivalents).
The effect of this is that a C-13 nucleus can behave as a little magnet. C-12 nuclei don't have this property.
If you have a compass needle, it normally lines up with the Earth's magnetic field with the north-seeking end pointing north. Provided it isn't sealed in some sort of container, you could twist the needle around with your fingers so that it pointed south - lining it up opposed to the Earth's magnetic field.
It is very unstable opposed to the Earth's field, and as soon as you let it go again, it will flip back to its more stable state.
Because a C-13 nucleus behaves like a little magnet, it means that it can also be aligned with an external magnetic field or opposed to it.
Again, the alignment where it is opposed to the field is less stable (at a higher energy). It is possible to make it flip from the more stable alignment to the less stable one by supplying exactly the right amount of energy.
The energy needed to make this flip depends on the strength of the external magnetic field used, but is usually in the range of energies found in radio waves - at frequencies of about 25 - 100 MHz. (BBC Radio 4 is found between 92 - 95 MHz!) If you have also looked at proton-NMR, the frequency is about a quarter of that used to flip a hydrogen nucleus for a given magnetic field strength.
It's possible to detect this interaction between the radio waves of just the right frequency and the carbon-13 nucleus as it flips from one orientation to the other as a peak on a graph. This flipping of the carbon-13 nucleus from one magnetic alignment to the other by the radio waves is known as the resonance condition.
The importance of the carbon's environment
What we've said so far would apply to an isolated carbon-13 nucleus, but real carbon atoms in real bonds have other things around them - especially electrons. The effect of the electrons is to cut down the size of the external magnetic field felt by the carbon-13 nucleus.
Suppose you were using a radio frequency of 25 MHz, and you adjusted the size of the magnetic field so that an isolated carbon-13 atom was in the resonance condition.
If you replaced the isolated carbon with the more realistic case of it being surrounded by bonding electrons, it wouldn't be feeling the full effect of the external field any more and so would stop resonating (flipping from one magnetic alignment to the other). The resonance condition depends on having exactly the right combination of external magnetic field and radio frequency.
How would you bring it back into the resonance condition again? You would have to increase the external magnetic field slightly to compensate for the shielding effect of the electrons.
Now suppose that you attached the carbon to something more electronegative. The electrons in the bond would be further away from the carbon nucleus, and so would have less of a lowering effect on the magnetic field around the carbon nucleus.
Note: Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. If you aren't happy about electronegativity, you could follow this link at some point in the future, but it probably isn't worth doing it now!
The external magnetic field needed to bring the carbon into resonance will be smaller if it is attached to a more electronegative element, because the C-13 nucleus feels more of the field. Even small differences in the electronegativities of the attached atoms will make a difference to the magnetic field needed to achieve resonance.
For a given radio frequency (say, 25 MHz) each carbon-13 atom will need a slightly different magnetic field applied to it to bring it into the resonance condition depending on what exactly it is attached to - in other words the magnetic field needed is a useful guide to the carbon atom's environment in the molecule.
Features of a C-13 NMR spectrum
The C-13 NMR spectrum for ethanol
This is a simple example of a C-13 NMR spectrum. Don't worry about the scale for now - we'll look at that in a minute.
Note: The nmr spectra on this page have been produced from graphs taken from the Spectral Data Base System for Organic Compounds (SDBS) at the National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research in Japan.
It is possible that small errors may have been introduced during the process of converting them for use on this site, but these won't affect the argument in any way.
There are two peaks because there are two different environments for the carbons.
The carbon in the CH3 group is attached to 3 hydrogens and a carbon. The carbon in the CH2 group is attached to 2 hydrogens, a carbon and an oxygen.
The two lines are in different places in the NMR spectrum because they need different external magnetic fields to bring them in to resonance at a particular radio frequency.
The C-13 NMR spectrum for a more complicated compound
This is the C-13 NMR spectrum for 1-methylethyl propanoate (also known as isopropyl propanoate or isopropyl propionate).
This time there are 5 lines in the spectrum. That means that there must be 5 different environments for the carbon atoms in the compound. Is that reasonable from the structure?
Well - if you count the carbon atoms, there are 6 of them. So why only 5 lines? In this case, two of the carbons are in exactly the same environment. They are attached to exactly the same things. Look at the two CH3 groups on the right-hand side of the molecule.
You might reasonably ask why the carbon in the CH3 on the left isn't also in the same environment. Just like the ones on the right, the carbon is attached to 3 hydrogens and another carbon. But the similarity isn't exact - you have to chase the similarity along the rest of the molecule as well to be sure.
The carbon in the left-hand CH3 group is attached to a carbon atom which in turn is attached to a carbon with two oxygens on it - and so on down the molecule.
That's not exactly the same environment as the carbons in the right-hand CH3 groups. They are attached to a carbon which is attached to a single oxygen - and so on down the molecule.
We'll look at this spectrum again in detail on the next page - and look at some more similar examples as well. This all gets easier the more examples you look at.
For now, all you need to realise is that each line in a C-13 NMR spectrum recognises a carbon atom in one particular environment in the compound. If two (or more) carbon atoms in a compound have exactly the same environment, they will be represented by a single line.
Note: If you are fairly wide-awake, you might wonder why all this works, since only about 1% of carbon atoms are C-13. These are the only ones picked up by this form of NMR. If you had a single molecule of ethanol, then the chances are only about 1 in 50 of there being one C-13 atom in it, and only about 1 in 10,000 of both being C-13.
But you have got to remember that you will be working with a sample containing huge numbers of molecules. The instrument can pick up the magnetic effect of the C-13 nuclei in the carbon of the CH3 group and the carbon of the CH2 group even if they are in separate molecules. There's no need for them to be in the same one.
The need for a standard for comparison - TMS
Before we can explain what the horizontal scale means, we need to explain the fact that it has a zero point - at the right-hand end of the scale. The zero is where you would find a peak due to the carbon-13 atoms in tetramethylsilane - usually called TMS. Everything else is compared with this.
You will find that some NMR spectra show the peak due to TMS (at zero), and others leave it out. Essentially, if you have to analyse a spectrum which has a peak at zero, you can ignore it because that's the TMS peak.
TMS is chosen as the standard for several reasons. The most important are:
The chemical shift
The horizontal scale is shown as (ppm). is called the chemical shift and is measured in parts per million - ppm.
A peak at a chemical shift of, say, 60 means that the carbon atoms which caused that peak need a magnetic field 60 millionths less than the field needed by TMS to produce resonance.
A peak at a chemical shift of 60 is said to be downfield of TMS. The further to the left a peak is, the more downfield it is.
Note: If you are familiar with proton-NMR, you will notice that the chemical shifts for C-13 NMR are much bigger than for proton-NMR. In C-13 NMR, they range up to about 200 ppm. In proton-NMR they only go up to about 12 ppm. You don't need to worry about the reasons for this at this level.
Solvents for NMR spectroscopy
NMR spectra are usually measured using solutions of the substance being investigated. A commonly used solvent is CDCl3. This is a trichloromethane (chloroform) molecule in which the hydrogen has been replaced by its isotope, deuterium.
CDCl3 is also commonly used as the solvent in proton-NMR because it doesn't have any ordinary hydrogen nuclei (protons) which would give a line in a proton-NMR spectrum. It does, of course, have a carbon atom - so why doesn't it give a potentially confusing line in a C-13 NMR spectrum?
In fact it does give a line, but the line has an easily recognisable chemical shift and so can be removed from the final spectrum. All of the spectra from the SDBS have this line removed to avoid any confusion.
© Jim Clark 2007 (modified August 2014) | <urn:uuid:b0e40f48-8553-4ebc-8822-b612557314fd> | {
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