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Want to learn more about one of science's heroes from history, Henry Moseley? Moseley solved one of chemistry's greatest puzzles - determining what distinguishes elements from one another and developed a means of identifying elements based on their atomic characteristics. Sadly he lost his life fighting at Gallipoli in WWI.
Learn more about his life and legacy by watching our online film here.
The name "halogen" means "salt-producing", and halogens react with metals to produce a range of salts, including calcium fluoride, sodium chloride, silver bromide and potassium iodide. Elemental halogens are highly reactive and toxic, and chlorine, bromine and iodine, are often used as disinfectants. Organobromides are organic compounds containing carbon bonded to bromine, and are the most important class of flame retardants. Organofluorines are organic compounds that contain the carbon–fluorine bond, and have a wide range of applications, including oil and water repellents to pharmaceuticals, refrigerants, and reagents in catalysis. Some organofluorines (such as CFCs) are environmental pollutants, contributing to ozone depletion, global warming, and toxicity.
At room temperature, chlorine is a yellow-green gas. First synthesised in 1630, it wasn’t recognised as an element until 1810. A highly reactive and oxidising element, it is used commercially in bleaches and disinfectants. It has the dubious honour of being the first gaseous chemical warfare agent, used in World War I, but chloride ions are necessary for life.
Check back soon to learn more about the research we do here at Diamond on Chlorine. | <urn:uuid:45666633-2e7c-4074-b65f-c9f151b6aa4d> | {
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Biting your nails isn’t just bad for the look of your nails and hands, it can also damage your teeth. Regularly biting your nails can cause your teeth to move out-of-place. In addition, nail-biting could potentially cause teeth to break or tooth enamel to splinter.
People who bite their fingernails when stressed, chew on a pencil if nervous, or clench their jaw during sports competitions could also be at greater risk for bruxism, according to the Academy of General Dentistry (AGD). Bruxism technically refers to the unintentional grinding or clenching of teeth. This clenching or grinding can cause a myriad of other issues including facial pain and headaches.
Nail biting can also:
- Contribute to skin infections
- Aggravate existing conditions of the nail bed
- Increase the risk of colds and other infections by encouraging the spread of germs from the nails and fingers to the lips and mouth
To stop nail-biting:
- Avoid factors that trigger nail biting, such as boredom
- Find healthy ways to manage stress and anxiety
- Keep your nails neatly trimmed or manicured
- Consider using bad-tasting nail polish
- Occupy your hands or mouth with alternate activities, such as playing a musical instrument or chewing sugar-free gum
In some cases, behavior therapy to stop nail-biting might be warranted.
So stop the biting and keep those hands, nails and teeth happy! | <urn:uuid:75531918-fb55-4152-84fe-09b7c2fb6fa8> | {
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Field Methods and Procedures
The prediction methods used in the PLA methodology include many models, empirical relationships, and "reference" stable channel analog descriptions. Even a basic prediction of mean bankfull velocity can be verified by direct measurements with a flow meter by measuring a series of velocity readings across the stream channel at specific depths at the bankfull stage to calculate "mean" velocity. Procedures for velocity measurements and determination of streamflow are also necessary for sediment monitoring. The appropriate reference for these measurements is the U.S.Geological Survey manual Surface Water Investigations Measurement of Stream Discharge, (1980) Chapter A8, Book 3.
The following table shows typical monitoring procedures for various processes and sediment sources including hillslope, hydrologic and channel process relations.
Table 22. Effectiveness Monitoring
|Process/Source||Monitoring Methods||Monitoring Outputs|
|Surface Erosion||Frame & pin (1) and precipitation gage (can)||Surface erosion rate|
|Sediment delivery from surface erosion||Discontinuous contour trench||Sediment yield|
|Mass wasting||Total station survey of site||Erosion in cubic yards, tons|
|Sediment delivery||Replicate re-survey to map "removed" or delivered sediment||cubic yards/tons of sediment|
|Road - surfaces, ditch line erosion, fill failures||Measurement (physical survey) of rill depth, ditch line depth||cubic yards/tons of erosion|
|Sediment delivery - roads||Installation of sediment basin above vs below road or before vs after. Install crest gage.||cubic yards/tons of sediment delivered to channel.|
Size gradation under 100 count.
Bed material cross-section.
|Rate of change of channel.
Dimension, pattern, profile, and materials.
|Degradation||Install permanent cross-section, bed material particle size gradation (100 count under tape at cross-section)
Bar sample (2)
Scour chains (3)
|Rate of change in channel dimension, pattern, profile & materials. Bank height ratio (degree of incision). Rate of incision.|
|Lateral accretion/stream bank erosion||Install permanent cross-section with annual re-survey bank pins (4), toe pin/bank profile (5)||Lateral, annual erosion rates and tons/yr from stream bank erosion.|
|Enlargement.||Permanent cross-section with annual re-survey bed material gradation under tape at cross-section. (100 count)||Rate of change in channel dimension/pattern/profile and materials.|
|Riparian vegetation||Install permanent plant stratified by transects. Stream types/stream conditions.
Install permanent photo points with each transect.
|Changes in plant composition, vigar and density. Overhead and ground cover percentages|
|Sediment competence||Install scour chains under permanent cross-section.
Survey longitudal profile, install crest gage for depth of flow
Measure at high flow. Bed load sample with Helly Smith or comparable sampler. Measure discharge.
|Size of particle moved a given shear stress to entramnent verify calculations.
Largest size (Di) on bar.
Largest size caught bank full
Output bankfull discharge.
|Resistance Relations (Relative roughness, friction factors)||Measure at various stages
- energy slope
- depth of flow
- bed material of active bed
|Plot data and compare predicted versus observed values.|
|Sediment Transport||Measure suspended and bedload sediment for wide range of flows using appropriate samples.
Measure stream flow, velocity, slope, hydraulic geometry of bedload.
Measure grain size distribution of separate wash load from suspended sediment. Install staff plate, crest gage (Highest stage)
|Sediment rating curve (Both suspended and bedload).
Largest size bedload transported from a given stream power/discharge shear stress.
Total annual tons suspended and bedload
|Stream flow||This represents a longer period of record to determine time trends in stream flow change.
-Install stream gage
-Establish rating table. Measure discharge for a wide range of stages. It is often advisable to install a precipitation gage network above stream gage to relate changes in runoff to changes in precipitation.
|Measure changes in hydro graph peaks, duration timing and base flow. See USGS A6, Book 3: Gaging Streams|
- Frame and pin. A rectangular rigid frame is set on four bench marked corners. An interior wire mesh with fixed conduit pipe allows a calibrated pin to be lowered through the conduit to the ground surface. The pin depths within the fixed frame determine soil loss between runoff periods following storms or annual re-survey.
- Bar sample. (Figure 128) A core sample is taken on the downstream 1/3 of a bend on a point bar at an elevation halfway between the thalweg and the bankfull stage. The core sample generally represents the size gradation of bedload at the bankfull stage. | <urn:uuid:aee31096-1f47-4110-b2b2-a3d5b3f3e2a6> | {
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Redding is notoriously sunny, but even on cloudy days, there are still factors that can lead to skin cancer. Cloud cover won't protect from sunburns. The danger of sunburn comes from the angle of the sun, even if it's hidden by clouds. The sun's rays still come through cloud cover. The sun's angle is highest during the summer and fall. Sunscreen, protective clothing and shade are the best ways to avoid prolonged sun exposure that could lead to skin cancer.
This part of the country is particularly vulnerable due to the large number of sunny days and wide range of outdoor activities.
"Redding has a combination of intense sun, intense heat and an extremely white population that is primarily older. These factors combine to create a situation in which we see countless skin cancers," said board certified dermatologist Craig Kraffert.
Accumulating sun exposure and severe sunburns are a leading factor in some forms of skin cancer. Exposure accumulates faster during the summer, but is still significant in the fall. Pick a sunscreen that has broad spectrum coverage that will protect from the rays that come through cloud cover. | <urn:uuid:6b43d878-d0af-49de-b19b-45c1063a0868> | {
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Click on the icon on the upper right hand side for the article by Alon Farfel, MD, Manfred S. Green, MD PhD, Tzipora Shochat, MsC, Iris Noyman, MD, Yeheskel Levy, MD and Arnon Afek, MD.
IMAJ 2007: 9: March: 149-153.
Background: Most Israeli males aged 16–17 undergo a thorough medical examination prior to recruitment into the army. During the last 50 years, extensive data have been gathered enabling a study of time trends in the prevalence of common diseases in this age group.
Objectives: To examine the current prevalence of common diseases, compare the results with those of previous cohorts, and assess the influence of the massive immigration during the 1990s.
Methods: The health examination at the recruitment centers includes a medical history, complete physical examination, and review of medical documentation provided by the family physician. If needed, additional tests and referral to specialists are ordered. The prevalence of selected diseases and severity was drawn from the computerized database of the classification board. Two cohorts, 1992–94 and 2003–04, were examined and compared with three previous cohort studies in 1957–61, 1977–78 and 1982–84. Data were stratified according to origin and country of birth.
Results: The prevalence of asthma increased dramatically during the years from 10.2 per 1000 examinees in 1957–61 to 111.6 per 1000 examinees in 2003–04. The prevalence of tuberculosis declined and then increased from 0.6 per 1000 adolescents in 1982–84 to 2.4 per 1000 adolescents in 2003–04. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus increased from 0.2 cases per 1000 examinees in 1957–61 to 0.8 cases in 1977–78 and 1982–84 and 0.9 cases per 1000 examinees in 2003–04. The prevalence of severe heart defects and severe epilepsy declined in the last 20 years (1.4 and 1.7 cases per 1000 examinees in the 1982–84 cohort to 0.4 and 0.3 cases per 1000 examinees in the 2003–4 cohort respectively). The patterns of disease prevalence were different for immigrants: tuberculosis was more common while asthma and allergic rhinitis were less prevalent.
Conclusions: The prevalence of common diseases among adolescents in Israel has changed over the last 50 years. There is a different pattern for immigrants and for those born in Israel. | <urn:uuid:c930dc6e-a03b-4f64-8700-e78c3657e77d> | {
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The short way of writing stones is st.
Mass[change | change source]
|Units||Grains||Drachms||Ounces||Pounds||Stones||Quarters||Long Hundredweights||Long Tons||Metric Values|
Usage[change | change source]
The stone was outlawed in Ireland and the United Kingdom, in 1983 and 1985 respectively. However stones and pounds remains the sole unit that all people measure their weight in. The unit flourishes in all non official uses: media, sports &ct. Often in American-British boxing matches, the contenders weight is stated in pounds then stones and pounds. The same in horse racing. | <urn:uuid:9148037e-1b53-4453-aaa2-59fd181a042f> | {
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|Dowloaded from http://studentbranding.com/transferrable-skills-more-than-meets-the-eye/|
by Cong. Raymond V. PalatinoJuly 18th, 2012
Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century
A "who's who" team of experts from the National Academies' division of behavioral and social sciences and education and its boards on testing and on science education collaborated for more than a year on the report, intended to define just what researchers, educators, and policymakers mean when they talk about "deeper learning" and "21st-century skills."
- Cognitive skills, such as critical thinking and analytic reasoning;
- Interpersonal skills, such as teamwork and complex communication; and
- Intrapersonal skills, such as resiliency and conscientiousness (the latter of which has also been strongly associated with good career earnings and healthy lifestyles).
Americans have long recognized that investments in public education contribute to the common good, enhancing national prosperity and supporting stable families, neighborhoods, and communities. Education is even more critical today, in the face of economic, environmental, and social challenges. Today's children can meet future challenges if their schooling and informal learning activities prepare them for adult roles as citizens, employees, managers, parents, volunteers, and entrepreneurs. To achieve their full potential as adults, young people need to develop a range of skills and knowledge that facilitate mastery and application of English, mathematics, and other school subjects. At the same time, business and political leaders are increasingly asking schools to develop skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and self-management - often referred to as "21st century skills."
Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century describes this important set of key skills that increase deeper learning, college and career readiness, student-centered learning, and higher order thinking. These labels include both cognitive and non-cognitive skills- such as critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, effective communication, motivation, persistence, and learning to learn. 21st century skills also include creativity, innovation, and ethics that are important to later success and may be developed in formal or informal learning environments.
This report also describes how these skills relate to each other and to more traditional academic skills and content in the key disciplines of reading, mathematics, and science. Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century summarizes the findings of the research that investigates the importance of such skills to success in education, work, and other areas of adult responsibility and that demonstrates the importance of developing these skills in K-16 education. In this report, features related to learning these skills are identified, which include teacher professional development, curriculum, assessment, after-school and out-of-school programs, and informal learning centers such as exhibits and museums._________________________________________________________________________________
It is therefore clear that, while the description of 21st Century Skills by the National Academies of the United States emphasizes critical and deep thinking, DepEd's K to 12, sadly, as related by Congressman Palatino, focuses on matters other than cognitive abilities. Congressman Palatino is correct. People should examine closely the DepEd's K to 12 curriculum. People should not stop at the sound bites being used by proponents of DepEd's K to 12. DepEd's K to 12 curriculum is not good. It lacks depth and it is far from equipping the students with transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st century. Its spiral approach and poor instruction of science prove that the sound bites DepEd uses do not really correspond to the reality of its curriculum.
DepEd's K to 12 will be exhibited in shopping malls, but you will not find this curriculum in any peer-reviewed scientific education journal. | <urn:uuid:19938699-f8b0-43ed-b3b2-1d0c400502c3> | {
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3D Printing News
A major breakthrough in the world of 3D printing and medical science has just occurred in Chicago, as medical technology firm BIOLIFE4D has successfully printed a human cardiac patch.
Reported by 3ders.org, the patch made by the group was especially notable for including multiple different kinds of cells rather than just a single kind, making it much more adaptable and viable for use in patients with different types of heart failure. Additionally, the process was unexpectedly quick, only taking a few days to complete. The group’s Chief Science Officer, Dr. Ravi Birla, echoes this, saying that being able to print a cardiac patch this quickly was simple “unheard of” up to this point.
In order to make the patch, BIOLIFE4D researchers took blood samples from those intended to receive the patch. A specialized process is used to convert the ordinary blood cells into unspecialized adult induced pluripotent stem cells, meaning cells with the potential to grow into any other type of cell in the human body.
Grown in a nutrient gel with the right care, these iPS change into the cells needed for transplant. After that, they’re loaded into a specialized 3D printer as a bio-ink, which safely prints the cardiac patch in the shape needed for transplant.
3D Printing Technology
This is merely the beginning of what this kind of technology can do, however. Bioprinting combined with iPS samples could revolutionize the way transplant surgeries are undertaken, as the stem cells’ adaptability opens the door for 3D printing entire organs from a patient’s own genetic material, drastically reducing the likelihood of rejection.
Steven Morris, BIOLIFE4D’s CEO, says he couldn’t be prouder of the results so far. He states that, from the beginning, the company’s goal has been to save lives, and that their most recent accomplishment puts them one step closer to reaching that goal. | <urn:uuid:efa3b18b-fa6a-4311-970d-d7da01a8c54a> | {
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At a Child-Friendly Space in Haiti, children draw and paint pictures themed 'My hope for Haiti' on the anniversary of the 2010 earthquake. (Meg Sattler/WV/2011)
One of the many measures being planned by World Vision to care for the needs of children after the earthquake and tsunami in Japan are Child-Friendly Spaces — safe, supervised learning and playing places where kids can be kids in a post-traumatic environment. They receive psycho-social "first aid" through counseling and structured activities like playtime, music, and art.
This past winter, World Vision Magazine focused on how art is used in Child-Friendly Spaces to free children to imagine a brighter future. I can't think of a greater emotional and spiritual need after a traumatic experience than the freedom of imagination to dream of a brighter tomorrow.
The following post originally appeared on the World Vision Magazine Blog by editor-in-chief Jane Sutton-Redner.
If we’d had unlimited space in the winter magazine, we would have focused on how art helps children in emergencies such as natural disasters or conflict. Art is a prominent feature in World Vision’s Child-Friendly Spaces, which are set up in displacement camps as a safe zone for children to play and recover from their distress.
In Indonesia, Mount Merapi’s eruption last October is understandably on the minds of the kids in an evacuation center. Drawing it helps them makes sense of what’s happening to them.
In Haiti, creative activities in Child-Friendly Spaces fill in what otherwise would be long, empty days for children still living in tent encampments, over a year after the devastating earthquake. Kids have crafted artwork out of banana leaves, embroidery, and macramé. (See main photo.)
Many recent disasters are documented in our photo library with photos of children hunched over paper, clutching crayons and colored pens, as well as images of the resulting drawings — touching childish renditions of the tsunamis or floods they have endured. I thank God that they survived, but as a mother, it pains me to think of what they witnessed and what they face in their immediate future.
Still, God built our children to be resilient, and that comes through in the art of young people tested by crisis. I am cheered by this video of Lebanese children performing a song they wrote themselves about peace. (Thanks to my colleague, Patricia Mouamar, for sending it.)
In Japan, World Vision plans to establish one or more Child-Friendly Spaces for children in the areas hit hardest by the earthquake and tsunami. More updates to come.
Read the latest Japan quake and tsunami updates.
Read more posts about how World Vision uses art and music to help children. | <urn:uuid:f12e3021-ea76-474d-8e6c-69997f11b380> | {
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Mar. 18, 1998 One in 10 health care workers frequently exposed to rubber surgical and examination gloves is on the cusp of developing allergy symptoms that could seriously affect both their health and their careers, according to a new study from Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
Tests show that 2.5 percent of the group are already having allergic reactions to proteins from the gloves, but another 10 percent are "sensitized" to the proteins: they have special antibodies linked to allergies and specific for the rubber proteins, but no allergy symptoms yet.
"They have produced IgE antibodies, and when these antibodies re-encounter rubber proteins under the right circumstances, they can set off a potentially serious allergic reaction," says Robert G. Hamilton, Ph.D., associate professor of medicine, who led what is believed to be the first definitive U.S. prevalence study of allergies to rubber proteins.
Hamilton presents his group's results, funded by the National Institutes of Health, on March 15 at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.
Hamilton has been a leader in efforts to reduce hospital use of products containing rubber, sometimes called latex, for health care professionals and patients. He is concerned that the potentially life-threatening consequences of this allergy are still very underappreciated. Reactions can range from a localized skin rash or sneezing to respiratory distress or death.
"These reactions become progressively worse with repeated exposures, so it's important to identify both those who are sensitized and those who already have allergy symptoms," says Hamilton. "By stopping exposure, we should be able to stop the sensitized but asymptomatic group from developing symptoms."
Examination and surgical gloves are believed to be the main risk factors for health care workers, but other stretchable rubber objects, such as balloons or condoms, can cause a reaction. Rubber proteins from the gloves can be absorbed through direct skin contact. They also can attach to corn-starch donning powder inside the gloves and enter the body through inhalation when the gloves are pulled off and the powder becomes airborne.
Hamilton's group studied 168 Hopkins anesthesiologists, first identifying those already allergic with "real life" exposure: wearing a glove and inhaling the powder after removal. Two-and-a-half percent had clinical symptoms.
He also gave subjects a "skin-prick" test with a rubber extract and a blood test to see if IgE antibodies specific for rubber proteins were present.
Twelve-and-a-half percent were positive, meaning that a full 10 percent have become sensitized but are not symptomatic yet.
Performance data for the extract Hamilton used in the skin test, which his team developed, are undergoing review by the Food and Drug Administration. Approval for nationwide distribution is possible within a few months, which would make the extract the basis of the first characterized latex skin test reagent in the United States.
A task force to study use of the gloves and other products containing rubber at Hopkins has led to the use of alternative gloves made from vinyl and nitrile.
Co-authors on the study were Robert Brown, M.D., and James Schauble, M.D.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | <urn:uuid:085f7cf6-5d86-4797-827a-864532c2e1d0> | {
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110 Years Ago: The Rhoads Opera House Tragedy Spurs Stronger Fire Codes
Each year, the Madison Fire Department performs 25,000 inspections across the city to maintain fire code compliance in public buildings and multi-unit residential properties.
The question some may ask is, “Why?”
Inspections are the primary tool Fire Prevention Officers use to prevent injuries and loss of life, to prevent people from losing everything they own in a flash of heat and smoke, and to prevent our firefighters from unnecessarily risking their lives.
January 13 is the 110th anniversary of the Rhoads Opera House Fire in Boyertown, Pennsylvania. That night, 170 people perished trying to escape a fire that started from a kerosene lamp that fell over, a death toll that exceeds the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire that occurred in New York City three years later.
The stage and auditorium were on the second floor of the brick building. None of the exits were marked or lit. The two fire escapes, both at the front, were connected to locked windows with high sills.
There were almost 400 people in the space that night to watch a presentation of the Scottish Reformation. Capacity of the space was less than half that number.
During intermission, the theater troupe had a new projectionist using a state-of-the-art “stereopticon,” which used a flammable gas as well as oxygen. The new projectionist mistakenly released gas into the air instead of oxygen, and when the hissing startled another employee, they knocked over the kerosene lamp.
Within 15 minutes, 170 were dead and over 75 more were critically injured. The Boyertown Fire Department responded, and despite heroic efforts to quell the fire and rescue more people, the interior of the building burned to the ground, and firefighter John Graver was killed during the operation, marking the 171st fatality of the night.
Several things contributed to the loss of life:
- Narrow and unlit main staircase
- Unmarked exits and exit paths
- Locked exit doors
- Doors that opened inward instead of outward
- Only two fire escapes
Theater fires were very common at the turn of the 20th century, with over 50% of the those constructed in the 19th century catching fire within 10 years of being built. Just a few short years earlier, the Iroquois Theater Fire in Chicago had claimed over 600 lives, for many of the same reasons.
With the pressure mounting, new laws and codes were passed. In 1909, Act 206 required fireproof booths for projectors and stereopticons, even specifying the materials, size, flooring, ventilation, shelving, and wiring required for all projection booths.
Two days later, Governor Edwin Stuart of Pennsylvania signed Act 233, which required easily accessible and visibly marked fire escapes, more than one exit from second floors, and doors that opened outward and remained unlocked in all theaters, public halls, and lodges with more than two stories. Subsequent legislation required panic bars installed inside all exits, fire resistant projection booths with two people on duty at all times, and properly marked exit signs at doors and fire escapes.
As we start a new year, we ask business and property owners in our community to take a fresh look at their properties.
Are your exits clearly labeled?
Are all doors free from obstruction?
Do you have working smoke alarms in the proper places?
Do you have automatic sprinkler systems?
Check out our list of Ten Common Fire Code Violations and make sure they don’t apply to you!
Fire Code Enforcement Officer Jerry McMullen authored this post.
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Two-and-a-half kilometres. That’s the distance between the gallery in Toronto where artworks utilize fashion to tell the stories of the oppressed and the alley where a store turns to fashion to trample on their tragedies.
One is a series called WANTED at the Art Gallery of Ontario where two Toronto artists have used fashion photography to cast light on the hushed-up history of slavery in Canada. The other is a camouflage jacket, on sale at a men’s store named Uncle Otis in Yorkville, that was worn by Belgian soldiers in the aftermath of an especially brutal and bloody colonization of what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo during which they killed more than 10 million people.
From the WANTED series, you’ll see on a billboard splashed up at Yonge-Dundas Square, an image of Tracy Moore, the host of Cityline.
In the photo, though, she is unnamed. She is wearing red, carrying weights. “Black gown and red callimanco petticoat” say the words on the image, describing her clothing. Next to the photo, another board that says “Not for sale.”
The inspiration for that “ad” and about nine others displayed at the AGO came from advertisements in newspapers such as Upper Canada Gazette and Quebec Gazette in the 1700s posted by Canadian slave owners after the people they had enslaved had run away. In the ads were descriptions of what the enslaved people were last seen wearing.
That detail motivated artists Camille Turner and Camal Pirbhai to transform those fugitive slave ads into artworks that look like contemporary fashion ads.
“Black gown and red callimanco petticoat” was the description that appeared in a newspaper ad in August 1766. “Whoever apprehends said Negro Girl, and brings her back to said WERDEN, or to Mrs. Mary Wiggans, at Montreal, shall have ONE PISTOLE Reward, and all necessary Charges, paid by I. WERDEN,” it read.
“We are not honouring slaves,” Turner told me by email.” We are honouring people who thought of themselves as free and took action to liberate themselves.”
“We wanted to restore their humanity. We don’t have access to the words of enslaved people but through these ads we know their actions. They took matters into their own hands, stealthily running away despite the risks and consequences of recapture.”
“None of my Canadian schooling had taught me about this reality (of slavery in Canada),” Pirbhai said.
“I immediately related this to the obliviousness we seem to show towards the current day slave trade existing in the fashion industry. Fashion ads were the perfect conduit to parallel the injustices of the past and the issues of today.”
Issues of today at a micro level include instances like at Uncle Otis that sells the camouflage jacket under the U.K. based label Maharishi.
One problem is the appropriation of the word Maharishi for a line of surplus military clothing. In Sanskrit, maha means great, rishi means sage. What a great sage has to do with military jackets beats me.
“The camouflage pattern, especially in the context of defence-budget-subsidised clothing, offers itself as a perfect canvas for customised, anti-military statements of peace and freedom,” says the Maharishi website.
This leaves me none the wiser.
Still, fashion is ripe with appropriation of “exotic” words from other languages — and in this case is likely used to add an aura of mysticism.
What about the choice of jacket? How is it any different from Nazi-era military gear?
Nobody responded to my repeated email requests for comment on the choice of label and the jacket from Maharishi and Uncle Otis; a manager at the store refused comment when I went there. I tried for two weeks. That was ample time to respond or quietly take down an offensive jacket after they were informed what it stood for.
The jacket itself selling for a hefty $590 (slashed, almost half price! from the original $950) is described thus: “This beautiful pick is of the M65 Belgian Smock Jacket used in the Congo. Maharishi reclaims it with handpainted tigerstripe came, repaired wear-and-tear holes and replaced missing buttons.”
Belgian Congo was rich in rubber, ivory, gold and other minerals, and Belgium extracted billions of dollars of wealth on the backs of local labour, committing atrocities and a genocide that decimated half the population of the land.
A more apt description of what this jacket symbolizes, then, would be: “It has the smell of the blood of the Congolese still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little smock jacket, neither will attempts to cover it with tiger stripes or repair the wear-and-tear brought about by kidnapping, beating, starving, mutilating, torturing, and murdering Congolese people for Europe’s economic gain. Wear it — to our economic gain.”
This isn’t art, this isn’t fashion. This is continuing to profit from exploitation.
Art has purpose.
“For us, art is about provoking critical thinking and prompting conversations,” said Turner. “We feel it is our responsibility to speak to future generations about our history.”
Over to you, Maharishi.
Shree Paradkar tackles issues of race and gender. You can follow her @shreeparadkar | <urn:uuid:0c092b7a-f904-4cd5-afaf-62c0168dbd0f> | {
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Farmed Eastern Oysters
Numerous local, state, and federal agencies are involved to some degree in the permitting process and regulation of Eastern oyster aquaculture in the United States. While there is no national oversight agency for aquaculture in the US, there are extensive regulations in place regarding predator controls, therapeutant use, and disease management. Permitting varies by location with numerous federal agencies providing some degree of oversight. These include:
- The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – which is responsible for coordinating national aquaculture policy and providing industry with research, information, and extension services;
- The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – which regulates waste discharge from aquaculture facilities;
- The Fisheries and Wildlife Service (FWS) – which regulates the introduction and transport of fish; and,
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – the FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine is responsible for approving and monitoring the use of drugs and medicated feeds used in the aquaculture industry.
Additionally, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the US Coast Guard, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), and the US Army Corps of Engineers are involved in the permitting and management of Eastern oyster aquaculture. Amongst regulations shellfish farms must adhere to include the Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act.
Wild-Caught Eastern Oysters
Eastern oysters occupy shallow, tidal waters close to shore – placing them almost exclusively within the jurisdiction of individual state governments in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. While each Gulf state has somewhat different management measures, all incorporate some form of size limits, fishing seasons, and gear restrictions. Additionally, all Gulf states have programs to move seed oysters (as needed) and to return cultch to oyster beds. Gulf states also enact area restrictions that are off-limits to commercial harvest – usually in part due to water quality concerns or as part of larger efforts to maintain broodstock and reef habitat as well as to reseed adjacent areas. Management also includes regulations controlling harvest totals, efforts, and access; however, no Gulf state has a total allowable catch limit. Florida is the only Gulf state that has a standard threshold for evaluating whether or not an oyster reef can support current fishing pressure. If a reef’s capacity falls under 100 bags of three-inch oysters per acre, the reef is considered depleted whereas if counts are between 100 and 400 bags per acre, the reef can support limited harvesting. Counts over 400 mean the reef is healthy. All states conduct active on-water and dock patrolling activities to enforce management measures.
While eastern oysters in the US Gulf of Mexico are not federally managed, there are mechanisms that link individual Gulf state management programs. The Interjurisdictional Fisheries Act (IJF) establishes and finances programs for information sharing as well as activities that support management of US multijurisdictional fisheries. As part of the IJF, the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission developed an oyster fishery management plan (FMP) in 1991, which was recently updated in 2012. The FMP is a coordinated effort to address disease control, shell movement, region-wide management recommendations, and provides best practices for states to utilize. The FMP also calls for the consideration of modeling tools to allow for region-wide biomass assessments for oysters that are currently lacking.
If in-shore activities require consultation with a federal agency under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act or Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act, the US Army Corps of Engineers, the National Marine Fisheries Service, or the US Fish and Wildlife Service may be called in to provide resource protection recommendations. As oysters are generally consumed raw, numerous local, state, and/or federal health agencies may be involved in management to ensure that harvest areas are growing oysters that are safe for human consumption.
Management regulations are similar along the US East Coast wherein each state is responsible for managing their own eastern oyster fisheries. Every state employs measures such size-limit regulations, seasonal and area closures, gear restrictions, and on-water and dock enforcement. Managers in all states have implemented regulations to help wild populations recover from historic overharvesting by controlling harvest limits and by initiating recovery and restoration initiatives; including programs to provide oyster substrate and to rotate harvest areas. These restorative efforts are often led by state agencies or by NGOs and academic institutions. States share research and harvest information, but there are currently no statewide or regional biomass estimates of eastern oyster populations. No state currently has a total allowable catch limit.
The Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) manages the eastern oyster fishery at the federal level in Canada while the governments of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia manage oysters at the provincial level. The Canadian eastern oyster fishery is managed under the Integrated Fishery Management Plan for American Oyster in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. There is currently no commercial catch limit for this fishery; however, management measures include limits on commercial licenses, minimum size limits (three inches), fishing seasons, and area restrictions. There are also gear restrictions as the only permissible harvest methods for wild oysters are rakes and tongs that must be operated by hand. DFO, Environment Canada, and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency co-manage the Canadian Shellfish Sanitation Program that regulates shellfish harvesting areas, processing, and distribution to ensure that oysters are safe for human consumption. DFO’s Conservation and Protection program is responsible for sustainability and compliance of the oyster fishery. Additionally, fishery officers in Canada conduct land and sea patrols to monitor catch, gears, and licenses. Officers also conduct aerial monitoring to ensure seasonal and area closures are being adhered to. | <urn:uuid:a9957f05-3e06-4c46-a6bb-0e40a6f235ec> | {
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- Published on Monday, 02 April 2012 20:19
- Written by Roger Clegg
This little essay is about voting rights, but let’s start with a “National Population” chart from the 2010 Census website.
The chart shows that America is more and more a multiracial and multiethnic country. Over one in four Americans now say they are something other than simply “white.” Blacks are no longer the largest minority group; Latinos are.
And blacks and whites are the slowest growing populations. Since the last census, the Latino population has grown by 43.0 percent, and the Asian population has grown even faster—by 43.3 percent. The black population has grown by only 12.3 percent, and the white population by only 5.7 percent.
And it’s interesting that the number of Americans who identify themselves as belonging to “two or more races” has grown by 32.0 percent. That doesn’t even count those Americans, like our president, who are multiracial but for whatever reason declined to identify themselves in that way on the census form.
What it shows is that it is increasingly untenable for national policies to divide individuals into racial and ethnic categories and treat people differently based on which little box is checked. Indeed, the focus needs to be instead on common standards by which we must all abide if our multiracial, multiethnic nation is to continue to thrive.
So now let’s apply these principles to two important issues involving voting rights.
* * *
Because of the inherent divisiveness and unfairness of racial classifications and preferences, it is a bad idea to hire people and award government contracts and admit students into universities on the basis of race—and it is likewise a bad idea to gerrymander voting boundaries along racial lines, to ensure a certain number of “minority” districts. Alas, the latter has become the principal use for Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act.
The Justice Department uses the “effects” language in Section 5—which applies to some jurisdictions and not others in a way that no longer makes any sense—to block redistricting plans if they insufficiently embrace racial gerrymandering. This encourages racial balkanization and identity politics, as well as a lack of competitiveness in elections. It results in districts that are more polarized (racially and ideologically), the insulation of Republican candidates and incumbents from minority voters (and from issues of particular interest to those voters), and, conversely, the insulation of minority candidates and incumbents from white voters (making it less likely that those politicians will eventually be elected to statewide positions).
As Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in a 2006 voting-rights case, “It is a sordid business, this divvying us up by race.”
Section 5’s constitutionality has been challenged in a number of cases and, if the Supreme Court eventually strikes the statute down, it will be a good thing.
* * *
As for the common characteristics that Americans must share, this does not mean that we must all eat the same foods or listen to the same music or worship the same way. But it does mean that we must be able to communicate with one another—which means learning to speak English—and, to list a few more items, that we must respect one another regardless of race, ethnicity, or sex; love our country; and follow the law.
Regarding the latter, those who do not follow the law cannot claim a right to make the law for the rest of us, which is what you do directly or indirectly when you vote. Or, to look at it another way: We do not let everyone vote—not children, or noncitizens, or the mentally incompetent, or criminals. We have certain minimum, objective standards of loyalty, responsibility, and trustworthiness that exclude people in these categories. Thus, people who have committed serious crimes against their fellow citizens, who have violated the social contract, cannot claim a right to participate in the sacred enterprise of self-government.
Now, this does not mean that a felon should never be allowed to vote again, but it also means that a felon should not be allowed to vote while still serving his sentence or just because he has walked out of prison the day before.
Because a disproportionate number of felons are African Americans, felon-disenfranchisement laws have a disparate impact on the basis of race, but these laws that are currently on the books—every state but two has them—are not about race. If this were not true, then it would be easy enough to ask a court to strike them down; the Supreme Court did so in an Alabama case, in a unanimous decision written by William Rehnquist. But such challenges are not brought, because that evidence is nonexistent.
* * *
There is an irony here: The Left is very unhappy with laws and rules incorporating reasonable standards if they have a disparate impact on the basis of race, even when they are not in any meaningful sense discriminatory—this is true for voting and also for police and firefighter exams, school discipline, mortgage lending, you name it—yet perfectly happy with laws that overtly discriminate on the basis of race, like racial gerrymandering and other racial preferences.
In our increasingly multiethnic and multiracial society, this is exactly the wrong approach. We cannot have racial classifications, preferences, and discrimination. We must have common standards to which we all adhere. This is true for voting and everything else.
For a longer version that was published by The New York Times, see this link: http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/voting-rights-and-responsibilities/ | <urn:uuid:41f731c4-e6e8-4da8-9c28-ba1f4c1970e5> | {
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|Home > Opinion > The Heckler > Article|
If Shakespeare's words and expressions need simplifying, why is our own everyday language crammed with them? For evidence, look no further than the pages of newspapers - and not just broadsheets; tabloids love their Willy too. Shakespeare is the reference of choice for headline writers. He is the master of the one-liner - clear, accessible and understood.
Consider some recent grabs. Richard III sinisterly used to highlight the leadership tensions between the Prime Minister and the Treasurer: "A winter of discontent"; Julius Caesar marshalled to defend the Australian cricket captain: "We should come to praise Waugh, not bury him"; and the lack of fuss on the third anniversary of a once dreaded tax: "GST: much ado about not all that much."
It's not always so serious. Twelfth Night has been used to put roses on every cheek: "And some have Vegemite thrust upon them"; "The milk of human kindness", lifted from Macbeth, was the perfect lead for a new book on the secret life of breasts; and The Winter's Tale-inspired: "Exit, pursued by Martians" was the only possible headline for a story about a motorist who blamed aliens for his reckless driving.
Shakespeare is nothing if not adaptable. Moreover, we can already have fun with him - guidebook permission is not required.
The bit of Bard that generates the most headlines (in every sense) is the one with the most lines - Hamlet. And the most borrowed line is arguably the world's most famous one-liner.
From "To float or not to float, that is the question", about companies listing on the stock exchange, to "To Bee Gee or not to Bee Gee, that is Cambridge's question", about the suitability of studying pop song lyrics at university, the great Dane's contemplation of suicide has spawned an infinite variety.
Most of Shakespeare's surviving 39 plays contain a line or two regularly dusted off and given a light spin to fit a contemporary headline. Their meanings are perfectly clear.
It would be of greater value to publish Shakespeare for Smarties to remind readers where the words they digest with their cornflakes each morning come from.
Shakespeare continues to make sense of the world we live in. His words are the thing. Yellow books should stick to listing phone numbers.
Readers are invited to apply wit to anything that makes the blood boil. Send 650 words, with contact details, to [email protected]. Submissions may be edited and published on the internet.
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|text | handheld (how to)||
Copyright © 2003. The Sydney Morning Herald.
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One meeting, two men, a changed world
Integration of baseball took root on Aug. 28, 1945
Branch Rickey III thinks historians do the event an injustice. They gloss over it, and baseball fans tend to dwell on what happened subsequent to it.
To them the three-hour meeting between Rickey's grandfather and Jackie Robinson on Aug. 28, 1945, has become nothing more than a bit of trivia.
He doesn't understand why, though.
"I think it has been cheated out of all its deserved standing," Rickey said. "It's that meeting that everything good that happens in the aftermath springs out of."
What happened afterward is what Major League Baseball celebrates today. For 61 years ago on this day, Robinson broke the color barrier in baseball, an event that triggered a revolution that altered the sociopolitical landscape in America.
How monumental was the integration of baseball?
Lee Lowenfish, who collaborated with Rickey III on a new book about his grandfather, said that Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. gave Rickey a book that put the event in perspective. King wrote this inscription inside: "To Branch, who made my work that much easier."
Historians do link the integration of baseball to social change in America. The successful integration of the sport did fuel progress in education, employment and politics. All were an outgrowth of a meeting that changed baseball.
The surprising thing about that meeting was that it was the first time Rickey and Robinson had met, said Bob Kendrick, executive director of the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. The two men were in the room with scout Clyde Sukeforth, the man Rickey had assigned to mine the Negro Leagues for talent.
"During that span of three hours, this decision was made and agreed upon," Kendrick said. "You almost can't help but believe that this thing was meant to happen. These were the two people made to carry it out, and there were no forces that were gonna stop it."
In meeting, Rickey and Robinson helped America find an answer to the question of whether blacks and whites could exist in the same workplace.
"Through courageous nonviolence, they were going to take a stand on what was right," said Rickey III, president of the Pacific Coast League. "It wasn't an act."
He said that his grandfather had been plotting since 1943 to bring a black ballplayer to the Major Leagues. But Branch Rickey didn't want to put just anybody into the racial cauldron that was wartime America, Lowenfish said. Using Sukeforth, sportswriter Wendell Smith and others to scout the Negro Leagues, Rickey combed the talent available to a Major League team that had the guts to tread these uncharted grounds.
The Negro Leagues had a mix of young and old players, and Rickey was aware of how deep its pool of talent was, Lowenfish said.
But Rickey was also mindful of the fact that he had to find a man who could endure the racial slights he'd face from teammates in the clubhouse and from opponents on the day he stepped onto the diamond.
He was looking for someone who understood the times and felt a sense of destiny.
At the time, integration was in the air; Rickey knew that. The seeds for it had been planted during the war; he knew that, too.
The breaking of baseball's color barrier, if it succeeded, might speed its growth; if it failed it might push the talk of integration into the background.
So the best talent in "black baseball" wasn't what Rickey necessarily went looking for. He needed somebody who possessed a strong mind -- somebody who was unafraid to play the role of a trailblazer.
"And who walks through the door?" Rickey III said. "Jackie."
Rickey III said that his grandfather's greatest talent was judging people. If anything, he loved the opportunity to meet somebody who he thought could rise to a new level.
In their three-hour meeting, Rickey discovered that Robinson had the trailblazer's spirit.
"Aug. 28, 1945, was a remarkable day," said Lowenfish, whose book is titled "Branch Rickey: Baseball's Ferocious Gentleman."
For Rickey asked Robinson if he could hold his temper in the face of the abuse he'd surely be forced to take. Robinson told Rickey that he could.
When Robinson pledged not to create an incident, Rickey knew he had the right man for the mission -- a mission that stands among history's most important achievements in terms of its contribution to racial progress.
"In 180 minutes, one of the most monumental events in [history] happened with a handshake and a trust factor between a white man and a black man," Kendrick said. "To me, that's just amazing."
Justice B. Hill is a reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs. | <urn:uuid:09d64ac7-eac1-454d-8956-e82a0601ff8c> | {
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Distinguished by the authors’ strong commitment to conservative dentistry, this revised
textbook combines time-proven methods with the latest scientific developments in preventive and restorative dentistry. Existing chapters have been updated and expanded, and five new chapters have been added. The addition of color photographs enhances the clinical concepts in several key chapters, and extensive reference lists promote further study into evidence-based research. New chapters discuss bleaching, esthetic considerations in diagnosis and treatment planning, root caries, fluoride-releasing materials, and the Tucker technique for cast-gold restorations. Also described are techniques for direct and indirect restorations, including inlays and onlays, porcelain veneers, and ceramic crowns. Current concepts in adhesive technology, caries management, and remineralization are discussed, as is preservation of pulpal and periodontal health. Students, educators, and practitioners alike will find this text a valuable resource for choosing among the widening range of treatment options. | <urn:uuid:f7c81795-29f7-4888-a853-349aabc78f96> | {
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Forest rehabilitation is a common strategy for ameliorating the impacts of deforestation worldwide, despite the fact that its impacts on communities are poorly understood. Both successful and failed forest rehabilitation efforts have been documented to cause negative socio-economic impacts including land-use conflicts, forced evictions, and exacerbation of poverty. In Southeast Asia, communities have destroyed newly reforested areas that impinged upon local property regimes, or have been unable to maintain seedlings due to lack of appropriate incentives.
My research examined the nuances of the role forest rehabilitation has played in community livelihood strategies in Thailand and the Philippines, which were selected based on their historical forest cover loss, similar approaches to conservation, and mutually unsuccessful experiences with forest rehabilitation. Field research was conducted over a four month period during 2011, in communities that had direct experience with forest rehabilitation projects in areas where they had management or ownership rights. In both cases, a restoration method suited to the local context was used. In Thailand, this was a local variant of Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) which community members referred to as “natural wisdom.” In the Philippines, a method known as ‘Rainforestation’ was used, which uses native tree species while intercropping with fruit trees and root crops to provide an interim food source for community members. I found that forest rehabilitation has the ability to dramatically affect livelihoods both positively and negatively depending on the context. In Thailand, it effectively helped many community members transition out of an agrarian lifestyle, while in the Philippines it helped maintain an agrarian lifestyle. I hypothesize that it may have even perpetuated the cycle of poverty. In sum, forest rehabilitation can be conceived of as a ‘game changer’ where the change in land-use brings other societal forces into play that can greatly affect local socio-economic conditions. | <urn:uuid:9d41fd66-42f2-419e-8a20-f263815ba307> | {
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From whatever perspective a person views it, the movie Glory remains an impeccable representation of the order of events during the formation of the 54th colored regiment to fight of the rights and freedoms of the black people in the United States' civil war. The student should consider the movie in the next semester. The movie begins with the wounding and hospitalization of Captain Robert Gould Shaw in Boston after leading the confrontation against the confederates in the battle of Antietam. After recovering from his injuries, the captain was promoted to a colonel and given the mandate to command and lead the 54th Massachusetts battalion of Volunteer Infantry. Thomas Searle, an old friend of Gould Shaw joined the infantry and offered to be the second in command after Gould Shaw. The entry of Thomas into the 54th prompted many more block Americans to volunteer into the battalion and among them was Private Trip.
In the movie, Private Trip happens to be my favorite character. Trip works as the true representation of the troubles and the struggles that black soldiers went only leaving the audience to imagine the much more that the slaves had to tolerate if only to see the morning son the following morning. To begin with, Private Trip was a slave before he volunteered to join the infantry. The fugitive did not trust Shaw and in him could be seen the hatred and the lack of trust even as he communicated to the fellow soldiers in the infantry. Trip resented the treatment that the black soldiers faced form the government of the United States with the explanation being that the government gave the black soldiers half the compensation that the white soldiers received. At some point, Trip was caught having gone to the street to look for shoes as his had worn out. It was at this point that Colonel Robert Gould Shaw realized the plight of the black soldiers in that they were not getting enough supplies from the government.
Through Trip, Robert Gould Shaw joined in the campaign for equality in the armed forces. Trip launched the protests in which the black soldiers refused to take the half compensation from the government in which Shaw joined. Through the whole year that the soldiers refused to receive the compensation from the government, Shaw was in support until the government gave heed to the cries of the soldiers and equalized the pay. Private Trip represents the irony in the war against slavery and slave trade where the soldiers were oppressed in their own battle. It was after the act given by the colonel that Trip began to trust him and stronger relations emerged. Throughout the movie, Trip indicated the need to have the members of infantry united with an instance where he uttered the words "ante up and kick in like men" discouraging the black soldiers from infighting and instead joining hands in fighting the enemy. He resented the calling of names amongst the soldiers and in the end, the battle that he represented morally and physically was won. He pushed the soldiers to fight not for what they felt inside but for the greater good of everyone in the United States.
Technically, the movie Glory served the best of interests of the citizens of the United States regardless of the race or skin color. In the end Trip is revealed making peace with the Shaw who saved his life. After Shaw's death, Trip did not want to lift the flag in honor of the fallen Shaw but in the end he did it representing not the glory of the black Americans in the battle but for the glory of all who had sacrificed their lives for the good of the nation. In conclusion, the fact that Trip died holding the flag high was not in vain because it led to the recruitment of black men into the infantry and the granting for more rights and privileges for the soldiers. | <urn:uuid:5413a6a9-0dda-4617-89b3-bcf356877bc5> | {
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|Friday, Nov 9, 2012 - 12:00 AM
"When Rubber Meets The Road"
A rubber band twisted around the axle of a plastic car provides the force that moves the car forward. In this workshop, fifth-grade students continue their exploration of force and motion by recording and comparing the distance a vehicle travels under various conditions. Students predict the distance the car will travel by counting the number of twists in the rubber band, and observe the car's speed as it rolls across the floor. When the force of the rubber band stops acting, the force of friction slows the car to a stop. G | <urn:uuid:d6252d8b-5e69-4d00-8fd6-e29b9a004148> | {
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A Chinese developer called Daizi Zheng has discovered a new source of power for cell phones: Coca-Cola. He recently modified a Nokia cell phone to be powered by this juice or any other sugary solution.
According to Zheng, unlike a phone that uses a conventional lithium ion battery, this modified Nokia can run 3 or 4 times longer on a single charge, having the possibility to be fully biodegradable. The developer said that this sugar-powered phone could potentially give a much more eco-friendly energy source than lithium ion batteries.
The bio battery of the new phone is acting as a fuel cell, using enzymes as the catalyst to produce electric energy from carbohydrates. When the battery is empty it can run for a few good hours and then it can be emptied out and refilled with more Coke.
Until now, Nokia did not say anything about the incorporation of this project into future products, this phone was designed as a client project for company. “It brings a whole new perception to batteries and afternoon tea,” Zheng said on her project’s website. | <urn:uuid:4ceb4a39-fd0c-45e6-9f9b-9a54ee4d30ee> | {
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The Countess of Sutherland, in whose name the worst of the excesses were perpetrated, was born in the south and spent most of her life in Edinburgh and London. She had clearly little emotional attachment to her tenants, although considerable funds were spent on unsatisfactory resettlement in coastal villages; for many, just stopping points on the way to the emigration ships. Around 100 displaced residents left Kildonan in June 1813, including a boatload who went to Hudson's Bay in northern Canada and had to survive the harsh winter before moving on in spring to the red River Settlement around Lake Winnipeg. The Timespan centre at Helmsdale has a message board for descendants from all parts of the world to reconnect via the Timespan project.
The ruins of Caen village (not to be confused with Caen in Normandy) lie a few miles up the Kildonan Strath from Helmsdale in a beautiful side valley with its own burn. The visit was part of Timespan's Excavation project aimed at better understanding the sequence of events that led to the removal of the inhabitants. The visit was guided by enthusiastic heritage officer, Jacquie Aitken.
My final question, I'm sure asked by many was, 'Did the brutal lairds do the people a favour by obliging them to leave supposedly for a better life?' For me the answer has to be a qualified 'Yes.' Certainly not for the generation that endured the stress and hardship of removal but for successive generations thereafter. I'm sure that they were able to progress with more land and opportunity than in the mid nineteenth century Highlands or the slums of Glasgow. It's obvious that in time with or without clearances, depopulation continued in the Highlands and Islands as the young moved away seeking opportunity to the tune of the relentless march of modernity.
Novels by Alan Calder
The Glorious Twelfth- Buy Links
Also by Alan Calder, The Stuart Agenda published by Willowmoon www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B005BJ3GNI | <urn:uuid:cd834e15-79a3-4215-8737-6fe478e8ccbb> | {
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Neuropathic pain is pain coming from damaged nerves. It is different from pain messages carried along healthy nerves from damaged tissue (a fall, cut, or arthritic knee). Neuropathic pain is treated by different medicines than pain from damaged tissue. Medicines like paracetamol or ibuprofen are not usually effective in neuropathic pain, while medicines that are sometimes used to treat depression or epilepsy can be very effective in some people with neuropathic pain.
Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant from the same class of medicines as amitriptyline, which is widely recommended for treating neuropathic pain. Desipramine may also be useful in these painful conditions. In 2014, we performed searches to look for clinical trials where desipramine was used to treat neuropathic pain.
Five small studies, each with 24 to 54 participants, included 177 participants in total with painful diabetic neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia. Studies were randomised and double-blind, but all had one or more sources of potential major bias that could lead to overestimation of efficacy. It was not possible to combine information from the different studies, but individually they indicated some benefit from desipramine (usually at a dose between 100 mg and 150 mg daily), compared with placebo, at the expense of increased adverse events. There was not enough information about other comparators to draw any conclusions.
There was too little information, which was of inadequate quality, to be sure that desipramine works as a pain medicine in painful diabetic neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia, and no information about other types of neuropathic pain. Other medicines have been shown to be effective as treatments of first choice.
This review found little evidence to support the use of desipramine to treat neuropathic pain. There was very low quality evidence of benefit and harm, but this came from studies that were methodologically flawed and potentially subject to major bias. Effective medicines with much greater supportive evidence are available. There may be a role for desipramine in patients who have not obtained pain relief from other treatments.
Antidepressants are widely used to treat chronic neuropathic pain (pain due to nerve damage), usually in doses below those at which they exert antidepressant effects. An earlier review that included all antidepressants for neuropathic pain is being replaced by new reviews of individual drugs examining individual neuropathic pain conditions.
Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that is occasionally used for treating neuropathic pain.
To assess the analgesic efficacy of desipramine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults, and to assess the associated adverse events.
We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE from inception to 29 April 2014, and the reference lists of retrieved papers and other reviews. We also used our own hand searched database to identify older studies, and two clinical trials databases for ongoing or unpublished studies.
We included randomised, double-blind studies of at least two weeks duration comparing desipramine with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain. Participants were adults aged 18 years and over. We included only full journal publication articles.
Two review authors independently extracted the efficacy and adverse event data, and examined issues of study quality. We performed analysis using three tiers of evidence. First tier evidence was derived from data meeting current best standards and subject to minimal risk of bias (outcome equivalent to substantial pain intensity reduction, intention-to-treat analysis without imputation for dropouts, at least 200 participants in the comparison, 8 to 12 weeks duration, parallel design); second tier from data that failed to meet one or more of these criteria and were considered at some risk of bias but with adequate numbers in the comparison; and third tier from data involving small numbers of participants and considered very likely to be biased or that used outcomes of limited clinical utility, or both.
Five studies treated 177 participants with painful diabetic neuropathy (104) or postherpetic neuralgia (73). The mean or median ages in the studies were 55 to 72 years. Four studies used a cross-over, and one a parallel group design; 145 participants were randomised to receive desipramine 12.5 mg to 250 mg daily, with most taking 100 mg to 150 mg daily following titration. Comparators were placebo in three studies (an 'active placebo' in two studies), fluoxetine, clomipramine (one study each), and amitriptyline (two studies), and treatment was for two to six weeks. All studies had one or more sources of potential major bias.
No study provided first or second tier evidence for any outcome. No data were available on the proportion of people with at least 50% or 30% reduction in pain, but data were available from three studies for our other primary outcome of Patient Global Impression of Change, reported as patient evaluation of pain relief that was 'complete' or 'a lot'. No pooling of data was possible, but third tier evidence in individual studies indicated some improvement in pain relief with desipramine compared with placebo, although this was very low quality evidence, derived mainly from group mean data and completer analyses in small, short duration studies where major bias was possible. There were too few participants in comparisons of desipramine with another active treatment to draw any conclusions.
All studies reported some information about adverse events, but reporting was inconsistent and fragmented. Participants taking desipramine experienced more adverse events, and a higher rate of withdrawal due to adverse events, than did participants taking placebo (very low quality evidence). | <urn:uuid:ff7b5dde-fdb9-4c2a-8b61-0d59cf050a9d> | {
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Handbuilding is a very versatile technique that includes coiling and slab building. Coiling is a technique frequently used by school children in their first exposure to pottery, starting with a pinch pot and adding coils of clay to build a bowl. This technique involves rolling “snakes” of clay and building snake upon snake, or coils in a circle, one upon the other, and smoothing them over until you can’t see the individual snakes. The stacked and smoothed coils create the wall of a vessel. This technique is ancient, used for making wine vessels and urns. Vessels and sculptures of immense size can be created by starting with simple coils.
Slab building is another handbuilding technique that I often use when I want to make objects that are angular, like a cube. Clay is rolled out with a rolling pin, like you are baking, and slabs of clay are cut into the shapes desired depending on what you are making. In this example pictured below, I wanted to make a square shaped vase, so I cut out four sides and a bottom. Each piece is joined together using ‘slip’ (clay in a liquid form), which acts as a mortar. A wet sponge is used to smooth out the edges and hide the joints. I further decorated the vase with slip squeezed out of a tiny nozzle, kind of like decorating a cake. There are a lot of parallels between baking and pottery!
|Here are some slabs of clay that I've cut to make a vase.|
|The two rectangular vases in the top, right were hand built using the slab technique.|
My Shop on Etsy
Follow me on Facebook | <urn:uuid:4b6b989a-cce1-4d6d-af13-d677652ad8ba> | {
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In this problem it is not the squares that jump, you do the jumping! The idea is to go round the track in as few jumps as possible.
What could the half time scores have been in these Olympic hockey
If these balls are put on a line with each ball touching the one in
front and the one behind, which arrangement makes the shortest line
After training hard, these two children have improved their
results. Can you work out the length or height of their first
Decide which charts and graphs represent the number of goals two football teams scored in fifteen matches.
Factor track is not a race but a game of skill. The idea is to go round the track in as few moves as possible, keeping to the rules.
When two closely matched teams play each other, what is the most
Can you deduce which Olympic athletics events are represented by the graphs?
Which countries have the most naturally athletic populations?
The heptathlon is an athletics competition consisting of 7 events. Can you make sense of the scoring system in order to advise a heptathlete on the best way to reach her target?
Where should runners start the 200m race so that they have all run the same distance by the finish?
Does weight confer an advantage to shot putters?
Exploit the symmetry and turn this quartic into a quadratic.
See how the weight of weights varies across the globe.
Consider the mechanics of pole vaulting
In what ways can the pdfs of two normal distributions intersect?
A weekly challenge: these are shorter problems aimed at Post-16 students or enthusiastic younger students.
A weekly challenge concerning combinatorical probability.
Daisy gave some convincing reasons for placing the quantities in
Although we didn't have agreement on part of the answer to this
task, the reasoning given by Katie and a pupil from Ricards Lodge
help to justify their individual responses.
We received lots of good strategies for solving this problem.
Elliot and Linden sent us clear explanations of why each graph had
the shape it did.
In this article, Alan Parr shares his experiences of the motivating effect sport can have on the learning of mathematics.
Fancy a game of cricket? Here is a mathematical version you can play indoors without breaking any windows.
How high can a high jumper jump? How can a high jumper jump higher without jumping higher? Read on...
Scheduling games is a little more challenging than one might desire. Here are some tournament formats that sport schedulers use.
Playing squash involves lots of mathematics. This article explores
the mathematics of a squash match and how a knowledge of
probability could influence the choices you make. | <urn:uuid:ac748f43-d676-4283-9d0a-296374a8f494> | {
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ESA’s new X-ray optics for observing the hot Universe
A new idea to use super-polished silicon wafers as the heart of a telescope is set to reveal more of the hot, high-energy Universe, peering back into its turbulent history.
Invisible X-rays tell us about the very hot matter in the Universe – black holes, supernovas and superheated gas clouds. Today’s X-ray observatories, ESA’s XMM-Newton and NASA’s Chandra, were launched in the last century, and are still delivering world-class science. But they are starting to age.
To replace them, ESA is planning a much more capable X-ray observatory for launch in 2028, which would probe 10 to 100 times deeper into the Universe than the current generation of X-ray telescopes.
“This demands a whole new type of X-ray mirror,” explains Marcos Bavdaz, leading the technology push for ESA’s future science missions. “To reach the kind of size needed, this new mission’s mirrors will have to be 10 times lighter than XMM’s, while delivering even sharper images.”
The problem is that energetic X-rays do not behave like typical light waves – try to reflect them with a standard mirror and they are absorbed inside. Instead, X-rays can only be reflected at shallow angles, like stones skimming along water.
That means multiple mirrors must be stacked together to build a large-enough telescope. XMM has 174 gold-plated nickel mirrors, nested inside one another like Russian dolls.
But to reach the performance required for ESA’s next X-ray mission, tens of thousands of densely packed mirror plates will be needed. How can this be done?
A new approach is required. ‘Silicon pore optics’, developed by ESA, draws on high-tech equipment and materials from the semiconductor industry.
“We make use of industrial silicon wafers, normally used to manufacture microprocessors,” adds Eric Wille, optical system engineer for the X-ray optics development.
“We take advantage of their stiffness and super-polished surface, stacking a few dozen at a time together to form a single ‘mirror module’.”
Many hundreds of these modules will be fitted together to form the optics of the X-ray mission.
Grooves are cut into the wafers, leaving stiffening ribs and paper-thin mirrors, which are then covered with reflective metal. For maximum accuracy, semiconductor manufacturing techniques are applied for the stacking process.
“Stacking is done by a specially designed robot, aiming for micron-scale precision,” Eric describes. “We’ve seen big jumps in quality as the robotics improve.”
“All the stacking takes place in a cleanroom, since tiny dust particles risk large deformations in the mirror stack.
“The semiconductor industry is improving the quality of silicon wafers, which will further improve the mirror quality in future.”
The company cosine Research, leading the silicon pore optics consortium, has succeeded in the routine production of complete mirror modules.
Hundreds of mirror plates are regularly made by Micronit Microfluidics, a company specialised in micromachining large quantities of glass and silicon products.
Another consortium member, Kayser-Threde, has vibration-tested a mirror module and its mounting system, showing the design is capable of enduring a launch to space.
ESA’s mission to the hot, high-energy universe
In November 2013 the science theme ‘the hot and energetic Universe’ was selected for the second Large-class mission, or L2, in ESA’s Cosmic Vision science programme – to be pursued with an advanced X-ray observatory.
With a launch date foreseen for 2028, the mission will address two key questions. How and why does ordinary matter assemble into the galaxies and galactic clusters that we see today, and how do black holes – lurking at the centre of almost all galaxies – grow and influence their surroundings?
Still many years from launch, the underlying optical technology required is being prepared as a joint effort between ESA’s Technology Research Programme – turning innovative ideas into working prototypes – and its Science Core Technology Programme – developing enabling technologies for future science missions. | <urn:uuid:47a99b7d-906c-47bd-bca4-e2122e535a53> | {
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Written by CIS
Since the recent surge in Central American immigrants crossing the southern border illegally, many have had questions about the Central American community in the United States. News accounts indicate that, in recent months, some 290,000 illegal immigrants (primarily from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador) have been settled, or will soon be settled, by the federal government.1 Listed below are some basic socio-demographic statistics for immigrants in the United States from these countries.
The figures below are for both legal and illegal immigrants from the public-use files of the 2012 American Community Survey, collected by the Census Bureau:
Population Totals: In 2012 there were 2.7 million immigrants from El Salvador (1.3 million), Guatemala (880,000), and Honduras (536,000) in the United States. Combined, the immigrant population from these three countries has grown 234 percent since 1990.
The Top-10 States of Settlement: California Texas, New York, Florida, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and Georgia.
Illegal Immigrants: Department of Homeland Security estimates indicate that about 60 percent of immigrants from these three countries (1.6 million) are in the United States illegally.2
Language: Of immigrants from El Salvador, 70 percent report they speak English less than very well; for immigrants from Guatemala, it is 72 percent; and for immigrants from Honduras, it is 69 percent.
Home-ownership: Of households headed by Salvadoran immigrants, 41 percent are owner-occupied, as are 28 percent of Guatemalan households, and 29 percent of Honduran immigrant households. The corresponding figure for natives is 66 percent.
The figures below are for both legal and illegal immigrants from the public-use files of the March 2013 Current Population Survey, collected by the Census Bureau:
Educational Attainment: 54 percent of Guatemalan immigrants (ages 25 to 65) have not graduated high school. The figure for Salvadorans is 53 percent, and for Hondurans, 44 percent. The corresponding figure for native-born Americans is 7 percent.
Welfare Use: 57 percent of households headed by immigrants from El Salvador use at least one major welfare program, as do 54 percent of Honduran households, and 49 percent of Guatemalan immigrant households. Among native households it is 24 percent.3
Poverty: 32 percent of Honduran immigrants and their young children (under 18) live in poverty; as do 31 percent of Guatemalan immigrants and their children and 28 percent of Salvadoran immigrants and their children. The corresponding figure for natives and their children is 14 percent.4
Health Insurance: 47 percent of Guatemalan immigrants and their young children (under 18) do not have health insurance. The figure for both Salvadoran and Honduran immigrants and their young children is 41 percent. The corresponding figure for natives and their children is 13 percent.5
Share Working: 77 percent of immigrants from El Salvador (ages 25 to 54) have a job, as do 74 percent of Guatemalan immigrants and 73 percent of Honduran immigrants. The corresponding figure for natives is 76 percent.
1 The New York Times reported on July 3, 2014, that 290,000 illegal immigrants have already been or soon will be released into the United States.
2 The Department of Homeland Security estimates 1.61 million illegal immigrants are in the United States from these three countries. Its estimates are based on administrative data and the American Community Survey (ACS). They slightly adjust upward the number of illegal immigrants in the ACS for undercount.
3 Welfare programs include TANF, SSI, WIC, food stamps (SNAP), free/reduced lunch, public/subsidized housing, and Medicaid.
4 Poverty figures include the U.S.-born children (under 18) of immigrant fathers from these three sending countries. They are based on the official thresholds set by the federal government for 2012. The March 2013 Current Population Survey asks about income in the prior calendar year. The U.S.-born children of immigrant fathers are excluded from the figures for natives.
5 Figures include the U.S.-born children (under 18) of immigrant fathers from these three sending countries. The March 2013 Current Population Survey asks about health insurance coverage in the prior calendar year. Persons on Medicaid are considered to have health insurance and are not included in the figures for the uninsured. The U.S.-born children of immigrant fathers are excluded from the figures for natives.
The Center for Immigration Studies is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit, research organization. Since our founding in 1985, we have pursued a single mission – providing immigration policymakers, the academic community, news media, and concerned citizens with reliable information about the social, economic, environmental, security, and fiscal consequences of legal and illegal immigration into the United States. | <urn:uuid:3431420d-5fac-4677-8eb9-ebea4a5db6f9> | {
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ASK A QUESTION What does "como fuegas" mean?
I'm not sure that this is the correct spelling, or even that "fuegas" is the correct word. However, I heard it frequently when growing up in situations where the speaker was aggravated/impatient. It clearly had a negative connotation.
(I used to think it was "fiegas" but I don't think there's such a word in Spanish, although I could be completely wrong.)
Maybe some context would help.... "Grandma, can you give me another drink of water? I spilled my milk again. Can you help me, I don't understand this.... etc."
Grandmother: Oh, como fuegos!
I have never heard "como fuegas" but if it was used in Mexico, most likely it was "¡Cómo friegas!" (You´re such pain in the a - -). This is a very common slang expression originating for the verb "fregar" (to scrub).
If you are being bothered by many things in general, you can also say "¡Me lleva la fregada!"
MORF. conjug. c. acertar.
ya la fregamos.
- expr. vulg. Méx. U. para indicar que algo resultó mal.
ya ni la friegas.
- expr. vulg. Méx. U. para indicar a alguien que está siendo muy molesto.
Real Academia Española © Todos los derechos reservados
Julian Chivi, THANK YOU! I have wondered what this meant for the last 40 years or so but since no one ever knew what I was talking about , I gave up trying to find out.
Sadly, your definition fits exactly. She spoke "Mexican" Spanish, was conversant in Mexican slang, and I KNEW it sounded like "fiegas" but obviously there is no such word! And yes, Felix77, she did indeed swear like a "trouper."
wow. thanks again.
Hi , you probably mean : como fuegOs
and it means : like fires .
Como - can mean as or like.
Fuego - means fire.
So I wonder if it's equivalent to the English 'like hell'? But that is a total guess
You problably mean to say "Como quieras", which is roughly translated as "whatever" if the reply has a negative tone, or "as you wish" if the tone is more neutral. "Fuegas" doesn't exist in spanish, and "fuegos" doesn't make any sense in that context.
caer como fuego
It means "Oh how you bother me," as in, "Como fuegas, Romo, stop beating me with a slipper.
I would agree with the idea Kiwi Girl threw out there.
"Como fuegos" would be, "like hell".
Ey güey, ¿vamos a fumar?
¡Como fuegos güey!
Having read all the posts and comments above I can hardly imagine that your grandma swears like a trouper so she may well have said, as Bill indicated possible:
como prefieras o como quieres = as you prefer/wish
Or she could have said como fuego = meaning like fire (rather than like h&**)
I hope that helps | <urn:uuid:9383d426-60cc-4e12-82b5-9de22316d056> | {
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Last post I presented the factual scenario underlying a Federal Court decision that was handed down last week. To recap, the federal government is empowered by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act to consider the environmental effect of proposed developments. Specifically, it is required to consider whether a proposed development is likely to have a significant impact on a matter of national environmental significance (which includes world heritage areas among others – see my EPBC Act primer).
Two coal mines were proposed in Northern Queensland, near a World Heritage area containing rainforests and coral reefs. The coal mined from these new mines is mostly intended to be exported and its burning will create annual greenhouse emissions equivalent to one-quarter of Australia’s current annual emissions. Emissions lead to climate change which are predicted to have a devastating impact on tropical rainforests and coral reefs in Australia.
Blake Dawson Waldron has a good summary of what is not a terribly well-written judgment. The applicant in the case argued:
- the Minister’s delegate had not properly considered the ‘downstream’ indirect impacts, ie, damage from climate change from emissions from burning the coal;
- the delegate had not applied the precautionary principle; and
- the delegate had not properly assessed the ‘cumulative impacts’ of coal mining.
As far as I can tell from the judgment, the judge decided that:
- the delegate had considered downstream impacts and he probably didn’t have to anyway;
- the precautionary principle isn’t relevant to this decision;
- the delegate was not required to look at the cumulative impacts.
Today I’d like to make a few comments and observations about the role of environmental impact assessment (EIA). Tomorrow I’ll look a the economic efficiency of EIA, the use of the precautionary principle and how to look at cumulative impacts.
Environmental impact assessment
As an environmental lawyer, one of the reasons I’m so interested in economic instruments for environmental policy is that environmental law (and traditional environmental impact assessment) does a pretty lousy job at resolving environmental conflicts in many cases. Often it’s just not the right tool.
The reason is that most resource and environmental conflicts involve many players - many sources of a problem, many people affected by those sources: many potential winners and losers. Environmental impact assessment tends to work well when there's one big project that has one or two big impacts that are well defined and understood.
Should governments assess the environmental impacts of projects before approving them? Well, sometimes. Should it assess the greenhouse implications of proposed developments? I’m less sure.
Consider the analytical process of assessing the environmental impact of greenhouse emissions from the burning of coal produced at a proposed coal mine. It’s extremely difficult. What additional emissions will be produced because of this mine? It’s hard to say. If the coal is to be exported, presumably it is to satisfy existing demand. It’s quite likely that the coal burnt would simply have been sourced from some other supplier. If the proposed mine is very large, it’s possible that the additional supply could reduce the world market price of coal, encouraging more to be burnt. But the world market for coal is enormous.
What impact will those additional emissions have on global climate change? What impact will any such increased climate change have on Australia?
Look, it’s not hard to draw conclusions that burning coal produces disproportionately large greenhouse emissions that aggravate climate change causing harm to environments in Australia and around the world, and that burning coal should therefore be discouraged. But the role project-by-project environmental impact assessment is to examine the environmental impact of a particular project. It’s relatively easy to examine impacts on a local environment from a new coal mine, but it’s extremely difficult to examine impacts (locally or globally) from downstream greenhouse gas emissions.
Does that mean we should ignore greenhouse emissions when assessing large projects of this nature? No. But I think we should do it modestly. And it may be that coal mines are not a good target. If it was coal-fired power station, it would be a little different. We could compare its emissions to alternative projects: If we refuse consent to a new coal-fired power station would a lower-emission gas-fired station be built instead? That’s a relevant consideration. We could examine the technology it uses and its likely emissions compared with other new plants being built. We could place conditions on it that require cost-effective measures to be undertaken to reduce its emissions or perhaps even offset them.
It may be that the government can and should consider some of these measures with a coal mine. But it’s more difficult to say 'what is the impact of this project?'.
The difficulty with using project approval to carry out this function is it’s just not very efficient. Hundreds of developments are referred to the federal government each month. Should proponents detail greenhouse emissions for each project and suggest measures to minimise them? Well it’s certainly arguable that they should.
But much more efficient is simply to price greenhouse emissions appropriately, via a carbon tax or emissions trading scheme. Give developers and incentive to reduce emissions themselves. Let them come up with ways to reduce emissions, rather than the government imposing them as conditions.
Of course, this argument is a little trite. It’s all very well to advocate pricing mechanisms, but we don’t have them yet. Isn’t environmental assessment of emissions better than nothing, which is our current alternative? Well yes, I’ll certainly admit that – and that’s why environmentalists are bringing cases like this one. But it’s far from perfect.
What do you think? | <urn:uuid:1fd41a05-df7d-42b0-a9ef-5ea1ae227384> | {
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Find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals.
Teacher Resources by Grade
|1st - 2nd||3rd - 4th|
|5th - 6th||7th - 8th|
|9th - 10th||11th - 12th|
Keywords: Learning to Focus Internet Research
|Grades||6 – 8|
|Estimated Time||Two 45-minute sessions|
MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
- Computers with Internet access
- One classroom computer with a projector for demonstration purposes
- Kidz Search
- How to Search the Internet Effectively
- Tips for Safe Surfing
- Bare Bones 101: A Basic Tutorial on Searching the Web
|1.||This lesson plan is designed to accompany an essay assignment. Before or after this lesson, teach or review procedures for writing an expository or persuasive essay.
|2.||Visit Bare Bones 101: A Basic Tutorial on Searching the Web and How to Search the Internet Effectively to review information about search engines and using keywords in a search. The latter clearly outlines the basic, most important search skills in an accessible format.
|3.||Make copies of the student handout Using Keywords on the Internet, one per student.
|4.||Try all of the searches in the student handout yourself, using a variety of keywords in different combinations and in different orders. Note which are more effective and why. Be prepared to model both an effective search and an ineffective search for each of the examples.
|5.||Decide what search tool students will use for their Internet research. See Bare Bones 101: A Basic Tutorial on Searching the Web for a comparison of search engines. The specific examples in this lesson are based on using Kidz Search, which is considered to be "kid-friendly." However, if your school network uses filtering software to block inappropriate websites, you may feel comfortable using any major search engine for the lesson. In any case, it is important to recognize that searching the Internet is never 100% safe. Search results from kid-friendly search engines might still link to a commercial site or an advertisement that is inappropriate. Therefore, before beginning the lesson you should review with students some basic guidelines for appropriate use of the Internet. You might want to display the Tips for Safe Surfing website to the class and read through the guidelines provided on the site.
|6.||Connect your computer to a projector so students can watch you model the search strategies. | <urn:uuid:3bb9b0e3-1a0c-4d32-89b2-997c38f28c7e> | {
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis Brochure
Incurable and almost always fatal, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is, thankfully, a relatively rare disease, affecting less than one percent of all cats presented to veterinarians for treatment. Although the condition is most prevalent by far in multicat households, animal shelters, and crowded breeding catteries, every cat owner should be aware of its viral origins, its clinical signs, and the ways in which the risk of its occurrence can be minimized.
This affliction, which primarily affects young cats (less than two years of age) and those that are 10 years of age and older, is caused by infection with the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a mutated form of the feline coronavirus (FCoV), so named due to the microscopic appearance of its outer surface, which resembles the sun’s corona.
Coronaviruses are shed in an infected animal’s saliva and feces, and an uninfected cat can become infected by ingesting or inhaling it when coming in close contact with an infected cat or with virus-contaminated objects in the environment, such as a poorly maintained litter box. However, according to Fred W. Scott, DVM, PhD, professor emeritus of virology at Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine, the most common form of transmission occurs when a persistently infected queen passes the FCoV to her offspring, usually when the kittens are five to eight weeks of age, after they have lost the temporary immunity provided to them by the queen.
Most kittens infected with FCoV do not show signs of illness following initial infection. (At most, they will experience very mild intestinal disease.) Five to 10 percent of FCoV-infected kittens may develop clinical FIP weeks, months, or even years later. Clinical FIP generally has a gradual onset over several days or weeks, with persistent fever, decreased appetite, weight loss, and an unkempt appearance.
Eventually, the disease will almost always manifest itself in either of two forms—“wet” or “dry”—which are distinguished primarily by the extent to which fluid accumulates in one or more of a cat’s body cavities. According to Dr. Scott, the wet (or “effusive”) form occurs when fluid collects within an infected cat’s body—usually in its abdomen or, in rare instances, around its heart. Fluid in the chest cavity puts pressure on the lungs, and an infected cat will have difficulty breathing. Occasionally, cats affected with effusive FIP will survive for months, but they typically will survive for only a few days to a week.
In the dry (“noneffusive”) form, there is little if any fluid accumulation. Instead, cats with this form of the disease may have clinical signs typically associated with impairment affecting an internal organ or system, such as kidney or liver failure, neurologic dysfunction, and ocular disease. Cats with noneffusive FIP may survive longer than those with the effusive form—but virtually all cats afflicted with clinical FIP will eventually die from it.
Aside from post-mortem examination or examination of biopsy tissue, says Dr. Scott, a definitive diagnosis of FIP is elusive if not impossible. A test for FCoV antibodies in an ailing cat’s blood, for example, can show only that the animal has been exposed at some point to a coronavirus, but it cannot prove beyond a doubt that the animal has FIP. Therefore, he explains, diagnosis of FIP in a living cat is most often based on tests excluding all other conditions that might be causing the clinical signs plus a series of tests that, if positive, are consistent with FIP. And treatment, at least for now, consists only of supportive care and, perhaps, efforts to alleviate an afflicted animal’s self-destructive inflammatory response to viral infection.
Although a vaccine aimed at protecting against FIP exists, Dr. Scott notes that its efficacy has proved to be of dubious value. Therefore, he advises, the most effective way in which an owner can safeguard a domestic cat—especially in a multicat household—is to prevent direct contact with an FCoV-positive cat. Meticulous hygiene, especially in the care of food dishes, litter boxes, and surrounding areas will certainly help. “You can use bleach, quartenary ammonium compounds, or any of the household disinfectants on the market,” he notes, “and you should use them daily. And try not to let your cat or cats outdoors where they might encounter an FCoV-infected cat.”
Fortunately, he notes, infections are rare among household cats. The major prevalence, by far, occurs in breeding catteries and other multicat facilities. For additional information on FIP, see Feline Infectious Peritonitis. | <urn:uuid:e6fe7422-eece-434e-ba78-992c374750fc> | {
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Anglia, Scotia et Hibernia.
1613 (undated) 13.5 x 16.75 in (34.29 x 42.545 cm)
A beautiful old color example of the Mercator Hondius map of the British Isles. This map was first issued in 1595, one year after Mercator's death. Mercator's plates were acquired by Jodocus Hondius who, in 1606, issued the first Mercator-Hondius edition of the Atlas. The present example represents the 1613 edition prepared by the younger son of Jodocus Hondius, Jodocus Hondius II. Cartographically the map is little changed from its 1595 issue. The cartographic design of the map is based on the maps by Saxton (england and Wales), Lawrence Nowell (Ireland), and Mercator's own earlier work (Scotland). The map features a baroque strapwork title cartouche in the upper left quadrant, florid lettering, and stippling in the seas. This map would remain the definitive map of the British Isles for many years.
Gerard Mercator (1512 - 1594) is a seminal figure in the history of cartography. Mercator's calculations and map designs redefined the 16th century concept of cartography and were the first to break away from the Ptolemy model. Many of his systems of measurement, such as the Mercator Projection, are still in use today. Despite his prominence as a cartographer, he started his career as a crafter of scientific instruments. He did not construct his first map until 1540, when he made two maps, one of Flanders and another of Palestine. These two impressive works earned him the patronage of the Emperor Charles V, for whom he construed a globe and several large scale maps. Despite this imperial patronage, Mercator was accused of heresy and in 1552 fled to Duisburg. In Duisburg he set himself up as a cartographer and began work on his revised edition of Ptolemy's Geographia. This three volume work was the first book to be called an "Atlas", after the Titan and King of Mauritania. Following Mercator's death his descendants took over his firm but languished because of heavy competition from the Ortelius firm. It was not until Mercator's plates were purchased and republished ( Mercator / Hondius ) by Henricus Hondius and Jan Jansson that Mercator's position as the preeminent cartographer of the age was re-established.
Jodocus Hondius (October, 14 1563 - February 12, 1612) was an important Dutch cartographer active in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His common name, Jodocus Hondius is actually a Latinized version of his Dutch name, Joost de Hondt. He is also sometimes referred to as Jodocus Hondius the Elder to distinguish him from his sons. Hondius was a Flemish artist, engraver, and cartographer. He is best known for his early maps of the New World and Europe, for re-establishing the reputation of the work of Gerard Mercator, and for his portraits of Francis Drake. Hondius was born and raised in Ghent. In his early years he established himself as an engraver, instrument maker and globe maker. In 1584 he moved to London to escape religious difficulties in Flanders. During his stay in England, Hondius was instrumental in publicizing the work of Francis Drake, who had made a circumnavigation of the world in the late 1570s. In particular, in 1589 Hondius produced a now famous map of the cove of New Albion, where Drake briefly established a settlement on the west coast of North America. Hondius' map was based on journal and eyewitness accounts of the trip and has long fueled speculation about the precise location of Drake's landing, which has not yet been firmly established by historians. Hondius is also thought to be the artist of several well-known portraits of Drake that are now in the National Portrait Gallery in London. In 1593 Hondius returned to Amsterdam, where he remained until the end of his life. In 1604 he purchased the plates of Gerard Mercator's Atlas from Mercator's grandson. Mercator's work had languished in comparison to the rival atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum by Ortelius. Hondius republished Mercator's work with 36 additional maps, including several which he himself produced. Despite the addition of his own contributions, Hondius recognizing the prestige of Mercator's name, gave Mercator full credit as the author of the work, listing himself as the publisher. Hondius' new edition of Mercator's revived the great cartographer's reputation was a great success, selling out after a year. Hondius later published a second edition, as well as a pocket version called the Atlas Minor. The maps have since become known as the "Mercator/Hondius series". Between 1605 and 1610 Hondius was employed by John Speed to engrave the plates for Speed's The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine. Following Hondius' death in 1612, his publishing work in Amsterdam was continued by his widow and two sons, Jodocus II and Henricus. Later his family formed a partnership with Jan Jansson, whose name appears on the Atlas as co-publisher after 1633. Eventually, starting with the first 1606 edition in Latin, about 50 editions of the Atlas were released in the main European languages. In the Islamic world, the atlas was partially translated by the Turkish scholar Katip Çelebi. The series is sometimes called the "Mercator/Hondius/Jansson" series because of Jansson's later contributions. Hondius' is also credited wth a number of important cartographic innovations including the introduction of decorative map border and the evolution of the 17th centruy Dutch wall map. The work of Hondius was essential to the establishment Amsterdam as the center of cartography in Europe in the 17th century.
Hondius, Atlas, (Amsterdam) 1613 (1:112).
Good condition. Some verso repair and reinforcement on original centerfold with some minor damage to lower margin. French text on verso.
Van der Krogt, P., Koeman's Atlantes Neerlandici, 5000:1A. Moreland, C., and Bannister, D., Antique Maps, a Collector's Handbook, page 209. Shirley, R., Maps in the atlases of the British Library, 180. | <urn:uuid:fe687b7c-901c-48e6-a62c-21b5d78d78b7> | {
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|Family XV. FRINGILLINAE. FINCHES.
GENUS XII. CORYTHUS, Cuv. PINE-FINCH.
|Genus||CORYTHUS ENUCLEATOR, Linn.
In WILSON'S time, this beautiful bird was rare in Pennsylvania; but since
then it has occasionally been seen in considerable numbers, and in the winter of
1836, my young friend J. TRUDEAU, M. D., procured several in the vicinity of
Philadelphia. That season also they were abundant in the States of New York and
Massachusetts. Some have been procured near the mouth of the Big Guyandotte on
the Ohio; and Mr. NUTTALL has observed it on the lower parts of the Missouri. I
have ascertained it to be a constant resident in the State of Maine, and have
met with it on several islands in the Bay of Fundy, as well as in Newfoundland
and Labrador. Dr. RICHARDSON mentions it as having been observed by the
Expedition in the 50th parallel, and as a constant resident at Hudson's Bay. It
is indeed the hardiest bird of its tribe yet discovered in North America, where
even the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, though found during summer in Newfoundland and
Labrador, removes in autumn to countries farther south than the Texas, where as
late as the middle of May I saw many in their richest plumage.
The Pine Grosbeak is a charming songster. Well do I remember how delighted I felt, while lying on the moss-clad rocks of Newfoundland, near St. George's Bay, I listened to its continuous lay, so late as the middle of August, particularly about sunset. I was reminded of the pleasure I had formerly enjoyed on the banks of the clear Mohawk, under nearly similar circumstances, when lending an attentive ear to the mellow notes of another Grosbeak. But, reader, at Newfoundland I was still farther removed from my beloved family; the scenery around was thrice wilder and more magnificent. The stupendous dark granite rocks, fronting the north, as if bidding defiance to the wintry tempests, brought a chillness to my heart, as I thought of the hardships endured by those intrepid travellers who, for the advancement of science, had braved the horrors of the polar winter. The glowing tints of the western sky, and the brightening stars twinkling over the waters of the great Gulf, rivetted me to the spot, and the longer I gazed, the more I wished to remain; but darkness was suddenly produced by the advance of a mass of damp fog, the bird ceased its song, and all around seemed transformed into chaos. Silently I groped my way to the beach, and soon reached the Ripley.
The young gentlemen of my party, accompanied by my son JOHN WOODHOUSE, and a Newfoundland Indian, had gone into the interior in search of Rein Deer, but returned the following afternoon, having found the flies and musquitoes intolerable. My son brought a number of Pine Grosbeaks, of different sexes, young and adult, but all the latter in moult, and patched with dark red, ash, black and white. It was curious to see how covered with sores the legs of the old birds of both sexes were. These sores or excrescences are, I believe, produced by the resinous matter of the fir-trees on which they obtain their food. Some specimens had the hinder part of the tarsi more than double the usual size, the excrescences could not be removed by the hand, and I was surprised that the birds had not found means of ridding themselves of such an inconvenience. One of the figures in my plate represents the form of these sores.
I was assured that during mild winters, the Pine Grosbeak is found in the forests of Newfoundland in considerable numbers, and that some remain during the most severe cold. A lady who had resided there many years, and who was fond of birds, assured me that she had kept several males in cages; that they soon became familiar, would sing during the night, and fed on all sorts of fruits and berries during the summer, and on seeds of various kinds in winter; that they were fond of bathing, but liable to cramps; and that they died of sores produced around their eyes and the base of the upper mandible. I have observed the same to happen to the Cardinal and Rose-breasted Grosbeaks.
The flight of this bird is undulating and smooth, performed in a direct line when it is migrating, at a considerable height above the forests, and in groups of from five to ten individuals. They alight frequently during the day, on such trees as are opening their buds or blossoms. At such times they are extremely gentle, and easily approached, are extremely fond of bathing, and whether on the ground or on branches, move by short leaps. I have been much surprised to see, on my having fired, those that were untouched, fly directly towards me, until within a few feet, and then slide off and alight on the lower branches of the nearest tree, where, standing as erect as little Hawks, they gazed upon me as if I were an object quite new, and of whose nature they were ignorant. They are easily caught under snow-shoes put up with a figure of four, around the wood-cutters' camps in the State of Maine, and are said to afford good eating. Their food consists of the buds and seeds of almost all sorts of trees. Occasionally also they seize a passing insect. I once knew one of these sweet songsters, which, in the evening, as soon as the lamp was lighted in the room where its cage was hung, would instantly tune its voice anew.
My kind friend THOMAS M'CULLOCH Of Pictou in Nova Scotia, has sent me the following notice, which I trust will prove as interesting to you as it has been to me. Last winter the snow was exceedingly deep, and the storms so frequent and violent that many birds must have perished in consequence of the scarcity of food. The Pine Grosbeaks being driven from the woods, collected about the barns in great numbers, and even in the streets of Pictou they frequently alighted in search of food. A pair of these birds which had been recently taken were brought me by a friend, but they were in such a poor emaciated condition, that I almost despaired of being able to preserve them alive. Being anxious, however, to note for you the changes of their plumage, I determined to make the attempt; but notwithstanding all my care, they died a few days after they came into my possession. Shortly after, I received a male in splendid plumage, but so emaciated that he seemed little else than a mass of feathers. By more cautious feeding, however, he soon regained his flesh and became so tame as to eat from my hand without the least appearance of fear. To reconcile him gradually to confinement, he was permitted to fly about my bedroom, and upon rising in the morning, the first thing I did was to give him a small quantity of seed. But three mornings in succession I happened to lie rather later than usual, and each morning I was aroused by the bird fluttering upon my shoulder, and calling for his usual allowance. The third morning, I allowed him to flutter about me some time before shewing any symptom of being awake, but he no sooner observed that his object was effected than he retired to the window and waited patiently until I arose. As the spring approached, he used to whistle occasionally in the morning, and his notes, like those of his relative the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, were exceedingly rich and full. About the time, however, when the species began to remove to the north, his former familiarity entirely disappeared. During the day he never rested a moment, but continued to run from one side of the window to the other, seeking a way of escape, and frequently during the night, when the moonlight would fall upon the window, I was awakened by him dashing against the glass. The desire of liberty seemed at last to absorb every other feeling, and during four days I could not detect the least diminution in the quantity of his food, while at the same time he filled the house with a piteous wailing cry, which no person could hear without feeling for the poor captive. Unable to resist his appeals, I give him his release; but when this was attained he seemed very careless of availing himself of it. Having perched upon the top of a tree in front of the house, he arranged his feathers, and looked about him for a short time. He then alighted by the door, and I was at last obliged to drive him away, lest some accident should befall him.
"These birds are subject to a curious disease, which I have never seen in any other. Irregularly shaped whitish masses are formed upon the legs and feet. To the eye these lumps appear not unlike pieces of lime; but when broken, the interior presents a congeries of minute cells, as regularly and beautifully formed as those of a honey-comb. Sometimes, though rarely, I have seen the whole of the legs and feet covered with this substance, and when the crust has broken, the bone was bare, and the sinews seemed almost altogether to have lost the power of moving the feet. An acquaintance of mine kept one of these birds during the summer months. It became quite tame, but at last it lost the power of its legs and died. By this person I was informed that his Grosbeak usually sang during a thunder-storm, or when rain was falling on the house."
While in the State of Maine, I observed that these birds, when travelling, fly in silence, and at a considerable height above the trees. They alight on the topmost branches, so that it is difficult to obtain them, unless one has a remarkably good gun. But, on waiting a few minutes, you see the flock, usually composed of seven or eight individuals, descend from branch to branch, and betake themselves to the ground, where they pick up gravel, hop towards the nearest pool or streamlet, and bathe by dipping their heads and scattering the water over them, until they are quite wet; after which they fly to the branches of low bushes, shake themselves with so much vigour as to produce a smart rustling sound, and arrange their plumage. They then search for food among the boughs of the taller trees.
Male, 8 1/2, 14. Female, 8 1/4, 13 1/2.
From Pennsylvania and New Jersey, in winter, eastward to Newfoundland. Breeds from Maine northward. Common. Migratory.
PINE GROSBEAK, Loxia Enucleator, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. i. p. 80.
PYRRHULA ENUCLEATOR, Bonap. Syn., p. 119.
PYRRHULA (CORYTHUS) ENUCLEATOR, Pine Bullfinch, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer. vol. ii. p. 262.
PINE GROSBEAK or BULLFINCH, Nutt. Man., vol. i. p. 535.
PINE GROSBEAK, Pyrrhula Enucleator, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. iv. p. 414.
Bill short, robust, bulging at the base, conical, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and overlapping; lower mandible with the angle short and very broad, the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the sides rounded, the edges inflected; the acute decurved tip of the upper mandible extending considerably beyond that of the lower; the gap-line deflected at the base.
Head rather large, ovate, flattened above; neck short; body full. Legs short, of moderate strength; tarsus short, compressed, with six anterior scutella, and two plates behind, forming a thin edge; toes short, the first proportionally stout, the third much longer than the two lateral, which are about equal; their scutella large, their lower surface with large pads covered with prominent papillae. Claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved, and acute.
Plumage soft, full, rather blended, the feathers oblong. At the base of the upper mandible are strong bristly feathers directed forwards. The wings of moderate length; the primaries rounded, the second and third longest, and with the fourth and fifth having their outer webs slightly cut out. Tail rather long, emarginate, of twelve strong, broad, obliquely rounded feathers.
Bill reddish-brown. Iris hazel. Feet blackish-brown, claws black. The general colour of the plumage is bright carmine, tinged with vermilion; the feathers of the fore part of the back and the scapulars greyish-brown in the centre; the bristly feathers at the base of the bill blackish-brown; the middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts, light grey, the latter with a central dusky streak. Wings blackish-brown; the primaries and their coverts narrowly edged with reddish-white, the secondaries more broadly with white; the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts tipped with reddish-white, the smaller coverts edged with red.
Length to end of tail 8 1/2 inches, the end of wings 6 1/4, to end of claws 6 3/4; extent of wings 14; wing from flexure 4 3/4; tail 4; bill along the ridge (7 1/2)/12, along the edge of lower mandible 7/12; tarsus (9 1/2)/12; first toe (4 1/2)/12, its claw 5/12; middle toe 8/12, its claw 5/12.
The female is scarcely inferior to the male in size. The bill is dusky, the feet as in the male. The upper part of the head and hind neck are yellowish-brown, each feather with a central dusky streak; the rump brownish-yellow; the rest of the upper parts light brownish-grey. Wings and tail as in the male, the white edgings and the tips tinged with grey; the cheeks and throat greyish-white or yellowish; the fore part and sides of the neck, the breast, sides, and abdomen ash-grey, as are the lower tail-coverts.
Length to end of tail 8 1/4 inches, to end of wings 6 1/4, to end of claws 6 3/4; extent of wings 13 1/2; wing from flexure 4 1/2; tail 3 10/12; tarsus (9 1/2)/12; middle toe and claw 1 1/12.
Young fully fledged.
The young, when in full plumage, resemble the female, but are more tinged with brown.
An adult male from Boston examined. The roof of the mouth is moderately concave, its anterior horny part with five prominent ridges; the lower mandible deeply concave. Tongue 4 1/2 twelfths long, firm, deflected at the middle, deeper than broad, papillate at the base, with a median groove; for the distal half of its length, it is cased with a firm horny substance, and is then of an oblong shape, when viewed from above, deeply concave, with two flattened prominences at the base, the point rounded and thin, the back or lower surface convex. This remarkable structure of the tongue appears to be intended for the purpose of enabling the bird, when it has insinuated its bill between the scales of a strobilus, to lay hold of the seed by pressing it against the roof of the mandible. In the Crossbills, the tongue is nearly of the same form, but more slender, and these birds feed in the same manner, in so far as regards the prehension of the food. In the present species, the tongue is much strengthened by the peculiar form of the basi-hyoid bone, to which there is appended as it were above a thin longitudinal crest, giving it great firmness in the perpendicular movements of the organ. The oesophagus [a b c d], Fig. 1, is two inches 11 twelfths long, dilated on the middle of the neck so as to form a kind of elongated dimidiate crop, 4 twelfths of an inch in diameter, projecting to the right side, and with the trachea passing along that side of the vertebrae. The proventriculus [c], is 8 twelfths long, somewhat bulbiform, with numerous oblong glandules, its greatest diameter 4 1/2 twelfths. A very curious peculiarity of the stomach [e], is, that in place of having its axis continuous with that of the oesophagus or proventriculus, it bends to the right nearly at a right angle. It is a very powerful gizzard, 8 1/2 twelfths long, 8 twelfths broad, with its lateral muscles 1/4 inch thick, the lower very distinct, the epithelium longitudinally rugous, of a light reddish colour. The duodenum, [f, g], first curves backward to the length of 1 1/4 inches, then folds in the usual manner, passing behind the right lobe of the liver; the intestine then passes upwards and to the left, curves along the left side, crosses to the right, forms about ten circumvolutions, and above the stomach terminates in the rectum, which is 11 twelfths long. The coeca are 1 1/4 twelfths in length and 1/4 twelfth in diameter. The entire length of the intestine from the pylorus to the anus is 31 1/2 inches (in another male 31); its greatest breadth in the duodenum 2 1/2 twelfths, gradually contracting to 1 1/4 twelfths. Fig. 2, represents the convoluted appearance of the intestine. The oesophagus [a b c]; the gizzard [d], turned forwards; the duodenum, [e f]; the rest of the intestine, [g h]; the coeca, [i]; the rectum, [i j], which is much dilated at the end.
The trachea is 2 inches 2 twelfths long, of uniform diameter, 1 1/2 twelfths broad, with about 60 rings; its muscles like those of all the other species of the Passerinae or Fringillidae.
In a female, the oesophagus is 2 inches 10 twelfths long; the intestine 31 inches long.
In all these individuals and several others, the stomach contained a great quantity of particles of white quartz, with remains of seeds; and in the oesophagus of one was an oat seed entire.
Although this bird is in its habits very similar to the Crossbills, and feeds on the same sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more than double the length, in proportion to the size of the bird. | <urn:uuid:5b82fab6-c6cc-49be-b303-d0d89703d308> | {
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Old Dodge compacts / TUE 12-3-13 / King killed in sack of Troy / Bobbysoxer's footwear / Sushi bar soup / Signs in movie Signs / NHL's James Memorial Trophy
Tuesday, December 3, 2013
Constructor: Phil Ruzbarsky
Relative difficulty: Medium
THEME: horseback riding — first words of theme answers are all related to equestrianism or whatever it's called
- SADDLE SHOES (17A: Bobbysoxer's footwear)
- HALTER TOP (24A: Sleeveless garment)
- SPUR OF THE MOMENT (37A: Impromptu)
- BIT O' HONEY (47A: Nestlé bar)
- CROP CIRCLES (57A: The signs in the movie "Signs")
Word of the Day: SEPOY Rebellion (32D: India's ___ Rebellion, 1857-59) —
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region, and was contained only with the fall ofGwalior on 20 June 1858. The rebellion is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. The Mutiny was a result of various grievances. However the flashpoint was reached when the soldiers were asked to bite off the paper cartridges for their rifles which they believed were greased with animal fat, namely beef and pork. This was, and is, against the religious beliefs of Hindus and Muslims, respectively. Other regions of Company-controlled India – such as Bengal, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency – remained largely calm. In Punjab, the Sikh princes backed the Company by providing soldiers and support. The large princely states of Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion. In some regions, such as Oudh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence. Maratha leaders, such as Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in India half a century later; however, they themselves "generated no coherent ideology" for a new order. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858. It also led the British to reorganize the army, the financial system and the administration in India. The country was thereafter directly governed by the crown as the new British Raj. (wikipedia)
• • •
I like the grid way more than I like the theme. First-words-have-something-in-common. Again. A bit tired. The only theme answer I really like here is SPUR OF THE MOMENT. Nice attempt to get all the horsey words into non-horsey contexts, but SADDLE SHOES do derive their name from their saddle-shaped pattern, so still some horsiness there. Anyway, as I say, you can have the theme. I do think the grid is more interesting than most Tuesday grids, though the short stuff in the SW is ugly, and there's probably more short ugliness than you'd like to see on any day. But DOBRO is a nice 5-letter answer (not many of those), and the long Downs give the grid some flair. Even LESSER GOD, which I only know from the movie title "Children of a LESSER GOD," is growing on me. LESSER is just a bunch of common letters, but the phrase as a whole seems original and interesting.
Puzzle felt like it was playing slightly harder than usual, and that turned out to be right: harder, but only slightly—not such that it runs toward the Challenging side. I had trouble in and around SEPOY (never can remember that term, which I've only ever seen in crosswords), but otherwise moved fairly steadily, if haphazardly, around the grid. I get CAY and "quay" confused. CAY always looks wrong to me. Like a typo. I balked at MIDMAY at first, but like LESSER GOD, it's growing on me. I don't think I knew there was such a day as "Armed Forces Day." Memorial Day, yes. Veterans Day, sure. How many days does the military get? I guess Armed Forces Day honors the not-killed and not-yet-vets, i.e. those currently in the military. That makes sense. Seems like we'd make a bigger deal out of it.
OK, see you tomorrow.
Signed, Rex Parker, King of CrossWorld | <urn:uuid:bcdb3674-0512-48d3-bbdc-7b99e69db984> | {
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It hardly seems possible to get through an hour without using technology, let alone a day. We track our health with wearable wristbands, our smartphones are basically pocket-sized laptops capable of doing and finding what we need within seconds, and the majority of our communication channels have turned digital. Students can no longer remember the world before the technology revolution. Digital fluency isn’t optional for schools; it’s a must.
Across industries, companies are scrambling to keep up with the rapidly changing consumer tides—education isn’t immune to these changes. People are naturally gravitating toward businesses and schools whose brands speak to them in an innovative, clear way demonstrating the business understands the wants and needs of today’s students. Those who have held onto older ways of doing things feel the effects of change more than those who are listening and changing.
What do students want from schools? Better digital access. They want to be able to use their phones or tablets take care of what they need to complete from class assignments to managing their student financial aid.
Websites are one of your most important digital channels. It’s the place where current students go to find answers to their questions, prospective students go to determine if a school is right for them, and alumni go to catch up with what has been happening at the school.
It is also an area where your school will be judged by all those who visit it.
Just having a site isn’t enough. A school who fails to meet students’ digital expectations may be seen as inferior to a school who has developed their technological strategy.
For instance, in a 2016 Unit4 study, students gave their opinion on schools’ use of technology. 73 percent are dissatisfied with their school’s digital strategy. A third of U.S. students think less of their school based on their digital presence. Simply put, students expect more. They want the convenience technology brings to the rest of their lives in their school. | <urn:uuid:0ef79521-f078-4bab-b2fb-071e4d1dc586> | {
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3rd Letter ChangeLanguage brain teasers are those that involve the English language. You need to think about and manipulate words and letters.
Change the third letter of each of the words below to create another valid word. When doing so, the new letters will reveal a nine letter word when read downward. What now reads AIKSLDEKP will be a real word.
9 Letter word ~~~> WATERFALL
See another brain teaser just like this one...
Or, just get a random brain teaser
If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of
which ones you have seen, and even make your own.
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Life-Size Representation in Macro Photography
Focal length, focusing distance, and final output determine how large a camera lens can depict a subject. Understanding these three elements of macro photography and how they affect your photography gives you a foundation for making wise decisions when purchasing macro and close-up equipment, and when creating your shots.
Focusing Distance and Focal Length
A camera lens’s focal length (distance from the lens to the digital sensor, when focused at infinity) is measured in millimeters and determines how a scene is depicted on your digital sensor.
When a 50mm lens is focused on a faraway subject, the lens is 50mm from the digital sensor, and because a 50mm lens is a normal lens (in the 35mm DSLR format), it produces an image that’s similar to how you see the scene with your own eyes. In order to focus on an object that’s closer in distance, the lens must be moved farther from the digital sensor.
At some point, your normal 50mm lens reaches its minimum focusing distance, which falls short of depicting a life-size image of the subject. If you move closer to your subject at this point, you won’t be able to achieve focus on it. The figure provides an example of how focal length and your focusing distance are related.
Moving the lens farther from the digital sensor
The closer you get to a subject (while still achieving focus), the larger it appears on your camera’s digital sensor. Therefore, when it comes to magnifying a subject, you’re limited by the closest distance at which a particular lens enables you to achieve focus.
The idea behind macro photography is to move the lens farther from the digital sensor so that you can move closer to your subject. The farther the lens goes from the sensor, the closer you can get and the more magnified your subject appears in your frame.
This figure reveals the difference between an ordinary 50mm lens and a macro-specific 50mm lens. The macro-specific lens is designed to enable the lens to move farther from the digital sensor, making a 1:1 ratio possible.
The appropriate viewing distance
Do you really need a true macro image? Some photographers argue that the final image — not the magnification ratio behind it — is the only thing worth worrying about. Make sure that you consider the intended usage of an image when determining whether you need a true 1:1 macro ratio to capture the necessary level of detail.
A 1:4 magnification ratio produces an image that depicts the subject at its life-size proportion when printed as a 4x6. If this is the size you intend to make your final print of an image, then everything should work out just fine. Viewers usually look at a 4x6 while holding it. If they wish to see more detail, they can bring the print closer to their eyes.
If that same print were hung on the wall in a gallery or a museum, then the viewer would have a difficult time seeing much detail at all. With a macro 1:1 ratio, the subject is depicted at its actual size in a 36mm x 24mm print. If you blow up that image to 4x6 inches, then your subject appears much larger than life-size when a viewer holds the print in her hand. She can actually stand back a bit and still see detail in the subject. If you blow the print up to 11x14 inches, the viewer will be able to see detail from a pretty far distance, whereas the 1:4 ratio would not be as effective. | <urn:uuid:e04a1e7f-c370-4a1a-bccf-6bcb72f948eb> | {
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A rich history
Several still-working British theatres have Georgian origins, but none has been restored close to those Georgian origins, except in Richmond. (Restoration of the 1818 Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds, is under consideration. ) Richmond was, and is, a provincial working theatre, not a grand palace. It was built by actor and promoter Samuel Butler as part of his northern circuit of nine theatres stretching from Whitby in the east to the Lake District. Though only Richmond remains, they would have been of similar simple shoebox form and similar size, capable of taking the same production.
The original stone-built theatre is virtually a black box, originally with a side entrance and little foyer space. Interval refreshments were often taken in the pub next door, until quite recently, slowing the start of the second half. Auditorium capacity was originally around 400, packed into a pit, stalls with side boxes and a gallery level. The raked stage is nearly cubic. The front-most boxes overlap the forestage, which can be laid over the orchestra pit, adding to the intimate contact between performers and audience. It is an intimacy much enjoyed by actors today.
The pit itself had wall-to-wall benches, making entry and exit a steeplechase.
Butler's licence to operate a theatre was granted on 12 May 1788. The theatre opened on 2 September. It ran until the 1840s, a period when many theatres closed.
It was converted to a wine store among other uses, with the pit boarded over, supported on new brick arches. Surviving surprisingly intact, it was reopened by local enthusiasts in 1963 following a modestly funded and researched restoration.
Allen Tod Architecture's involvement dates from 1993, initially with the museum to the rear of the theatre (well worth a visit; it also runs tours of the theatre). Persisting front of house limitations and the 'invisibilty' of the black box on the street as a public building were addressed by an extension (the smaller 1963 extension was demolished). This new extension is stone-built, of similar massing to the theatre but with extensive fenestration, its separateness from the original building emphasised by a full-height strip of glazing between the two, which continues the new fenestration pattern. They provide a day and night presence on the street. These moves were not without controversy, attracting the various opinions of English Heritage, the Georgian Society, the Theatres Trust, the local authority and local people.
Extension was one half of the project, restoration was the other. A conservation plan was drawn up with Theatre Projects Consultants and Theatresearch, primarily focused on the auditorium. There was no primary evidence found, and little secondary, for the decorative scheme of 1788, despite paint analysis and historical research.
The decision was made to develop a decorative scheme dated to around 1816, when the theatre was at its height and secondary evidence for such theatres was much stronger (while still upstaging potential contenders in the earliest Georgian theatre stakes).
Modern standards have reduced seating capacity from Butler's 400 to 214. Generally this works well. The shallow, two-row side boxes and galleries still give the sense of an intimate room. Least successful is the pit, where benches are shortened for ease of access and so the sense of a thronged pit is diminished. Lighting by candles (there might also have been oil lamps) could not, of course, be replicated either. Some sense of this is given by candelabra with electric flickering 'candles'.
These candelabra are on pulleys passing through reinstated grilles in the ceiling, which are also now used for heating and ventilation. Originally hot air was introduced at ceiling level so that by the time the warm layer reached the pit those in the gallery were expiring. Unpowered extract was via the stage area (for the new system, see the 'Air Movement' box).
The floor plan shows how tight the theatre was as a single building. Its extension enlarges the entrance and circulation, providing WCs on the ground floor and bars/breakout spaces on the first and second floors, plus an accessible performers' changing room and WC. The handling of this interior is generally plain and simple. The architect has, though, emphasised the separateness of new and old in the interior too, by exposing part of the theatre's masonry flank wall and by the positioning of the stair between the theatre and the bars.
Today the theatre has a regular programme of performances and the support of many volunteers, though with only 214 seats it is not big business. We can only hope that this recent renewal promotes its survival as both theatre and an architectural treasure, a unique venue for theatrical and architectural pilgrims. | <urn:uuid:063f34a0-a70b-4479-84f7-b4f79be023b8> | {
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The milk separator helped create a source of income for farm wives and the establishment of the dairy industry in Canada. Nowadays the milk separator is an object of mild curiosity in museums and at antique auctions. There’s one at the Greater Vernon Museum and Archives; when I heard a parent tell her child, “That’s a big mixer” I realized there was a story to be told.
My acquaintanceship with the milk separator goes back fifty years; when my sister-in-law went to the hospital to give birth to her first child, I had to wash the separator, an onerous task (I was an ungrateful teenager). There was still something intriguing about how the separator worked; a big bowl to pour the milk into, a set of disks in a cone-shaped contraption, two spouts, and a handle to turn. The disks were the worst part; there seemed to be hundreds of them, but probably there were only 25. We grew up drinking unpasteurized skim milk; we survived, of course, but now when I think about those days, I recall Adelaide Hoodless who founded the Women’s Institute and Macdonald Institute partly because her 18-month old son died from drinking tainted milk.
The milk separator created a revolution in the dairy industry. Up to its introduction to Canada in 1882 (from Denmark) milk had to be separated in a laborious, pathogen-producing process; whole milk from the cow was set in a tray and left for up to 24 hours for the cream to rise to the top. The separator did exactly what its name describes; the lighter cream was spun out one spout and the heavier skim milk out the other through a set of disks through centrifugal force. The separators were hand-turned until electrically-powered ones took over.
The milk separator is an unrecognized, but major contributor to Canadian life. Dairying quickly became a productive and important aspect of women’s farm work. The crops might fail; but the cows usually freshened.
There are many more stories that can be written about the dairy industry, but it all began with the milk separator. | <urn:uuid:66fe5802-6318-4498-ae49-ab6a45ad0896> | {
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Climate change pushing marine life towards the poles, says study – ‘Some species are already at the edge of their range and there’s nowhere for them to go’Posted by Jim at Monday, August 05, 2013
By Helen Davidson
5 August 2013
(The Guardian) – Rising ocean temperatures are rearranging the biological make-up of our oceans, pushing species towards the poles by 7kms every year, as they chase the climates they can survive in, according to new research.
The study, conducted by a working group of scientists from 17 different institutions, gathered data from seven different countries and found the warming oceans are causing marine species to alter their breeding, feeding and migration patterns.
Surprisingly, land species are shifting at a rate of less than 1km a year in comparison, even though land surface temperatures are rising at a much faster rate than those in the ocean.
“In general, the air is warming faster than the ocean because the air has greater capacity to absorb temperature. So we expected to see more rapid response on land than in the ocean. But we sort of found the inverse,” said study researcher Dr Christopher Brown, post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Queensland’s Global Change Institute.
Brown said this may be because marine animals are able to move vast distances, or it could be because it’s easier to escape changing temperatures on land where there are hills and valleys, rather than on a flat ocean surface.
The team looked at a wide variety of species, from plankton and ocean plants to predators such as seals, seabirds, and big fish.
“One of the unique things about this study is that we’ve looked at everything,” said Brown.
“We covered every link in the food chain and we found there were changes in marine life that were consistent with climate change across all the world’s oceans and across all those different links in the food chain.”
The warming oceans are shortening winter and bringing on spring and all the events that come with it – like breeding events and plankton blooms – earlier than normal.
For the species that can’t keep moving towards the colder waters, this could have dire consequences.
“Some species like barnacles and lots of shellfish are constrained to living on the coast, so in places like Tasmania, if they’re already at the edge of the range there’s nowhere for them to go. You could potentially lose those,” said Brown.
The scientists found that 81% of the study’s observations supported the hypothesis that climate change was behind the observed changes. [more] | <urn:uuid:78de0111-43e3-4f50-a36f-d9ccfab2274f> | {
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This article is part of a series The Conversation Africa is running on issues related to LGBTI in Africa. You can read the rest of the series here.
Of the 76 countries that still criminalise same-sex relationships and behaviour, 38 are African. Recent surveys also show that the overwhelming majority of people who live in Africa strongly disapprove of homosexuality. This is even the case in South Africa, the only country on the continent that has legalised same-sex marriage.
Last month, socially conservative Ireland voted convincingly to legalise same-sex marriage. It became the first country where the people, as opposed to the courts or parliament, decided to legalise same-sex marriage. Ireland is now one of 20 countries globally that permit gay marriage. Fifteen years ago, such marriage was not legal anywhere in the world.
What the science is saying
Africa’s strong anti-homosexuality sentiment, harsh laws and active discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people warrant exploration. Read more | <urn:uuid:862166a4-46eb-45fc-b6ac-b758a2792cb7> | {
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Course pages 2013–14
Spoken Language Processing
The aim of this module is to introduce the underlying statistical approaches and some of the major techniques used for spoken language processing. Core statistical models that are used in a wide-range of speech and language applications will be discussed along with their underlying theory. Examples of how these models may be applied to speech processing applications, such as speech recognition and speaker verification, will be described.
- Introduction: Scope of the course and introduction to speech sounds and frequency domain representations.
- Basic pattern processing: Bayes' decision rule, forms of statistical classifier and generative models.
- GMM-based speaker verification: basic feature vectors (MFCC/deltas), MAP parameter estimation, decision rules/ROC curve.
- Hidden Markov Models and the Viterbi algorithm: HMM structure and underlying assumptions, training using Baum-Welch and the EM algorithm. Networks and the Viterbi algorithm.
- Decision trees and context modelling: phone-level variation, dictionaries, decision trees and context clustering.
- Weighted finite state transducers: basic operations of WFST, and WFST representation of information in speech systems.
- N-gram language models: N-gram language models, discounting, smoothing, backing-off, mixture language models and interpolation. WFST representation of language models.
- Applications of spoken language processing: examples of applications, including speech recognition and speech synthesis.
On completion of this module, students should:
- understand the basic principles of pattern classification;
- understand Gaussian mixture models, hidden Markov models and N-gram language models;
- understand and be able to implement the Viterbi algorithm;
- understand weight finite state transducers;
- be able to apply the above approaches to speech processing applications.
- Practical 1: Speech Recognition System: implementation of Viterbi algorithm and design of a basic continuous speech recognition system.
- Practical 2: Language Modelling: implement language model interpolation and language model performance evaluation.
The module will be assessed by two practical reports. Each report will contribute 50% of the marks.
Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. (2008). Speech and language
Huang, X., Acero, A. & Hon, H-W. (2001). Spoken language processing. Prentice-Hall.
Duda, R., Hart, P. & Stork, D. (2000). Pattern classification. John Wiley (2nd ed.). ISBN 0471056693 | <urn:uuid:b152b897-91c7-4937-8540-809b5b8a393c> | {
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Intermittent diagnostic techniques help find and isolate the root cause of intermittent faults associated with the Electronic Engine Control System. The information is organized to help find the fault and perform the repair. The process of finding and isolating an intermittent starts with recreating a fault symptom, accumulating PCM data and comparing that data to typical values, then analyzing the results. Refer to the scan tool users manual for functions described below.
Before proceeding, be sure that:
Customary mechanical system tests and inspections do not reveal a concern. (Remember, mechanical component conditions can make a PCM system react abnormally.)
Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) and On-line Automotive Service Information System (OASIS) messages, if available, are reviewed.
Recreating the fault is the first step in isolating the cause of the intermittent symptom. A thorough investigation should start with the customer information worksheet located in the Introduction. If Freeze Frame Data is available, it may help in recreating the conditions at the time of a Malfunction Indicator Lamp Diagnostic Trouble Code (MIL DTC). Listed are some of the conditions for recreating the fault:
Accumulating PCM Data
PCM data can be accumulated in a number of ways. This includes circuit measurements with a DVOM or scan tool PID data. Acquisition of PCM PID data using a scan tool is one of the easiest ways to gather information. Gather as much data as possible when the fault is occurring to prevent improper diagnosis. Data should be accumulated during different operating conditions and based on the customer description of the intermittent fault. Compare this data with the known good data values located in Reference Values in the Typical Diagnostic Reference Values. See: Scan Tool Testing and Procedures\Normal Scan Data Values - Includes PIDs
This will require recording data in four conditions for comparison: 1) KOEO, 2) HOT IDLE, 3) 48 km/h (30 mph) and 4) 89 km/h (55 mph) .
Analyzing Data From Playback of Stored PIDs
Look for abnormal events or values that are clearly incorrect. Inspect the signals for abrupt or unexpected changes. For example, during a steady cruise most of the sensor values should be relatively stable. Sensors such as TP, MAF and RPM that change abruptly when the vehicle is traveling at a constant speed are clues to a possible fault area.
Look for agreement in related signals. For example, if TP is changed during acceleration, a corresponding change should occur in IAC, RPM and SPARK ADV PID.
Make sure the signals act in proper sequence. An increase in rpm after the TP is increased is expected. However, if rpm increases without a TP change, then a fault may exist.
Table Format (Figure 1): Scroll through the PID data while analyzing the information. Look for sudden drops or spikes in the values. (Refer to the TP example). Notice the major jump in the TP voltage while scrolling through the information. This example would require a smooth and progressive accelerator pedal travel during a key on and engine off mode.
Graph Format (Figure 2): Scroll through the PID data while analyzing the information. Look for sudden drops or spikes in the linear lines showing the transformation of values to the line graph. (Refer to the TP example.) This example would require a smooth and progressive accelerator pedal with the key on and the engine off.
Some signals may require certain peripherals or auxiliary tools for diagnosis. These tools include the Auxiliary Adapter and Pressure/Vacuum Adapter. In some cases, these devices can be inserted into the measurement jacks of the scan tool or multimeter. For example, connecting an electronic fuel pressure gauge to monitor and record the fuel pressure voltage reading and capturing the data would help find the fault.
Comparing PCM Data
After the PCM values have been acquired, it is necessary to determine the fault area. Typically, it will require the comparison of the actual values from the vehicle to the typical values from the Typical Diagnostic Reference Values in Reference Values. The charts apply to different vehicle applications (i.e., model, engine, transmission, etc.). See: Scan Tool Testing and Procedures\Normal Scan Data Values - Includes PIDs | <urn:uuid:90592f07-2314-4ff4-82e8-1f62a953e2c8> | {
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VAILLANT DE GUESLIS, FRANÇOIS, priest, Jesuit, missionary; b. 20 July 1646 at Orléans, France; d. 24 Sept. 1718 at Moulins.
François Vaillant de Gueslis entered the noviciate of Paris on 10 Nov. 1665 and studied philosophy; he began his theology at La Flèche in 1667. He sailed for Quebec in 1670 without finishing his studies and taught junior classes in the college there, preparing himself at the same time for the priesthood, which was conferred on him by Bishop Laval on 1 Dec. 1675. He was first a missionary at Lorette under the guidance of Father Chaumonot*, and left two relations of that mission, for the years 1675 and 1676.
In 1678 he went to the Mohawk country to be an assistant to Father Jacques de Lamberville. He had been alone there since 1682 when the war with the Iroquois forced him to return to Quebec in 1685. In 1686 he became church prefect at the college, and in 1687 minister and at the same time procurator of the mission. He accompanied Brisay de Denonville on his expedition against the Senecas, and on 19 July 1687 set his hand to the act taking over their country. On 31 December 1687 he went as an ambassador to Thomas Dongan, the governor of New York, to try to persuade him to promote peace between the French and the Iroquois. The demands which Dongan put in the form of an ultimatum on this occasion only made more difficult the negotiations which were underway between the French and the Iroquois, and which failed completely through the fault of the Huron chief, Kondiaronk.
In 1693 Vaillant went to found a residence for the Jesuits at Montreal, and as soon as he arrived he established a community of men. This superiorship ended in 1697. After this he was again appointed procurator at Quebec, where he remained until 1701, when he was sent to set up the Indian mission at Detroit. The hostility of Lamothe Cadillac [Laumet] forced him to return a few months later. In August 1702 he set off again, with Father Julien Garnier, to found a mission among the Senecas.
He came back to Montreal in 1706 to assume once more the office of superior, but illness obliged him to give up this position in 1716. After another year spent in Montreal, he had to sail back to France, where he ended his days. | <urn:uuid:455f6832-48f0-498b-b220-66d0c9e1017b> | {
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COMMONWEALTH of VIRGINIA
Department of Education
July 13, 2012
TO: Division Superintendents
FROM: Patricia I. Wright, Superintendent of Public Instruction
I am pleased to bring to your attention House Joint Resolution 65, passed during the 2012 Session of the Virginia General Assembly on the occasion of the Sesquicentennial of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 2013. House Joint Resolution 65, recognizes and celebrates the outstanding service of the African American men elected to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1867-1868, and to the House of Delegates and Senate of Virginia during Reconstruction from 1869 to 1890.
Pursuant to the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Commission (“MLK Commission”), the Virginia African American Legislators Project in 2004, began research to establish this roll call of significant African American men. A copy of HJR 65can be found at: http://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?121+ful+HJ65ER+pdf and includes a list of these men with biographical information.
For more information about House Joint Resolution 65, please contact Betsy Barton, specialist for history and social science, Office of Standards, Curriculum, and Instruction, by e-mail at [email protected] or by telephone at (804) 225-3454. | <urn:uuid:55462912-b0d4-44ef-87a1-79dd9bc47ea7> | {
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( Originally Published 1884 )
The vulgar in our country formerly esteemed it a forerunner of some calamity. Pennant, however, says it visits these islands frequently ; but not at stated seasons. It is found in many parts of Europe, in Egypt, and even as remote as Ceylon. The Turks call it Tir Chaos, or the messenger bird, from the resemblance its crest has to the plumes worn by the Chaous, or Turkish couriers.
Ovid says that Tereus was changed into this bird :
" Vertitur in volucrem, cui stant in vertice cristae,
(Metam., lib. vi., 1. 672.)
" Tereus, thro' grief, and haste to be revenged, | <urn:uuid:23445987-873c-449a-81de-ac094748f94a> | {
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The minke whale (Lat. Balaenoptera acutorostrata) seldom grows longer than 9 m in Icelandic waters. The males weigh 5-8 tons and the females 8-10. The baleens are light yellow and the dorsal fin is situated directly above the genitals. It is easily recognizable by white stripes across the flippers. Its underside is light coloured. It occurs in all the world oceans, mainly south of 50°N in the Atlantic during winter, and migrates to the ice edge late in winter. Its life expectancy is about 50 years.
Mating takes place in January to May, the gestation period takes 10 months and every year one 2,7 m long and 350-400 kg. Heavy calf is born. It is suckled for about 5 months. The minke whale eats more fish than other masticates, but also krill.
The minke whale is both solitary and sociable. Young animals especially are curious about ships and boats and approach them for curiosity’s sake. The Norwegians catch about 20% of their minke whales that way. The minke whale mostly keeps close to shore, especially the females, and is common all around the country. Its population is about 55.000 animals and the world population is estimated to be close to one million. About 200 minke whales were caught off the north coast of Iceland a year until 1987.
Photo Credit: Cephas | <urn:uuid:4dec20e5-9111-4c1e-9fd4-c256ce232ce8> | {
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You can’t see it, smell it, or taste it. It’s a silent killer in the industrial and commercial workplace. What is it?
That’s right, it’s Carbon Monoxide, and it’s a killer.
The invisible killer, Carbon Monoxide (CO) in workplaces is produced by machines, engines, and appliances that burn carbon-based fuels such as natural gas, LPG, propane, diesel, and petrol. It is the most predominant toxic gas found within warehouses of industrial & commercial worksites like oil and gas support facilities, sports arenas, shipping/receiving areas, automotive repair, parking garages, and industrial fabrication facilities. It’s commonly detected in areas using fuel-powered; forklifts, ice cleaning machines, pumps, heaters, and other inside gas-fired equipment including cooking areas.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a huge threat to workers and is a dangerous poison so opening doors and windows or using large fans does not guarantee safety for your people. To complicate matters, CO is not the only silent killer; there’s also CO2 and NO2 emissions found in the workplace, which makes testing for CO, CO2, NO2 (which also contributes to a lack of Oxygen in the workplace imperative.
Testing for silent gas emissions has to be a part of your company maintenance plan. Timely scheduled tests are the way to go. Any company that has machines powered by petroleum needs a plan to address maintenance by qualified professionals for indoor air monitoring.
Most often it’s not equipment failure that’s the culprit of poisonous emissions but rather the lack of maintenance of equipment and machines. Think infrared bleacher heaters, hot water heaters and boilers, furnaces, dehumidifiers, forklifts, scissor or boom lifts, generators, idling vehicles, and other tools, equipment and machines in your workplace. If you have any of these emission producers on site, then you need professional gas detection services to mitigate your risk.
Lee Parmiter of EnviroMed Detection Services in Paradise, NL says, “Because CO is colorless, odorless and tasteless, it isn’t detectable without the presence of detectors. If a forklift is running for a short time or left to idle, CO can build up and without warning, create problems for workers and equipment. Workers may show early symptoms of CO exposure such as; flu-like and non-specific: headache, nausea, dizziness, visual disturbances, and rapid breathing. If ignored, the worker could pass out and even die. Even low levels of CO can make people ill. We offer our clients worksite assessments to help assist in monitoring options & ensure your worker safety.”
Lee says, “Take Forklifts as an example. The condition of your forklift and the quality of maintenance plays a large role in how much CO is emitted. Our technicians use certified testing equipment to determine the concentration of CO in an area where a forklift operates. We will then advise as to next action steps. If we recommend gas detectors should be available onsite, then we will follow up with a regular maintenance schedule as part of your everyday activities! Once to twice a year is normally suggested for calibrations with periodic bump testing conducted on a more frequent schedule specific to the applicable gas.” Gas detection requirements are something all employees need to be made aware of. Warning signs should be posted with no-idle zones identified. All employees should know the dangers of exposures to poisonous gases and be comfortable with reporting any potential or actual gas event. Monitoring and alarming to OH&S (occupational health & safety) guidelines is imperative with proper ventilation methods activated automatically by the detection equipment. All equipment and machinery must be maintained as per manufacture’s specifications. That’s the protocol for accurate, dependable gas detection/monitoring program to ensure keeping your workers safe and alive.
Being aware of the potential dangerous emissions at work is critical, and understanding the death trap of an enclosed area is key to any company’s success and a family’s security. Contact EnviroMed Detection Services for a quick assessment and ensure your people are safe!
For more information go to: www.EnviroMed.ca
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We respect your privacy and will never share your information with third parties. | <urn:uuid:f8017e55-7b9b-4a80-bc31-0c5c37cb0293> | {
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For the last century, the evolution of accident investigation can be tied to research and the scientific advancements in how we view our work systems. Three major lenses of scientific research emerge as we begin to examine key influences on accident investigation processes: Classic mid-century faith in engineering was termed, Scientific Management, which was followed by Systems Thinking and, ultimately, an emerging understanding of Complex Adaptive Systems.
In the early 1900s Scientific Management was the dominant system used to explain and improve work. Much of this approach emerged from the industrial revolution and was captured by Frederick Taylor. Emphasis was placed on efficiency of machine and labor, the latter of which focused on the analytical assessment of workflows. The overriding goal of this system was to increase production by making all components of the system more efficient. Accidents were generally viewed as failures of individuals and people were removed and replaced as if they were failed mechanical components.
It took time for organizations to realize that firing people was not achieving the goals of increased efficiency. Employers had to retrain skills held by people who were fired, in order to achieve the level of performance lost when good people had accidents. Major thought leaders like James Reason began to propose a different view.
System Thinking started to hit mainstream accident investigation in the 1980s. Investigators began to look at work systems, searching for active failures and the absent defenses that allowed accidents to happen. Prevention strategies centered on a deep need to develop defenses in depth. Error management and error traps became popular as people were seen as triggering agents whose actions could be mitigated by finding latent conditions that were lurking in the system, waiting to align when the event was triggered by the active failures. Investigations were designed to identify absent defenses and active failures. Recommendations often pointed to the need to create additional defenses that would block the holes in the “Swiss cheese.” Stronger regulations and tightening of procedures were the natural result, as organizations tried to plug all the holes discovered during their thorough investigations. The System Thinking model resulted in significant improvements in areas like engineering, ergonomics, manufacturing and quality control. It remains an effective tool to improve predictable and stable aspects of our work environment, but questions lingered regarding the human contribution to accidents and incidents.
To this point, our research and experience taught us to learn how to solve specific problems, which created both heroes and villains, based almost solely on the outcome of the solution. Solutions seemed to have limited application as we recognized that not all things were predictable. Greater understanding was being demanded as researchers, like Sidney Dekker, began to point out that people were being named as intentional agents in their own injury, or even demise. Some researchers and practitioners recognized that the causes stated in many investigations (e.g. human error, pilot error) were, as Professor David Woods states, “simply labels that masquerade as explanations.” The agentive language used in most reports was further impeding our ability to learn from events.
As a researcher and practitioner, I began to knit several theoretical concepts together with the help of Professor Sidney Dekker. Leading this line up were complex system research, organizational development, cognitive psychology, social psychology, sensemaking, high reliability organizing and social construction. This happened as I was challenged with the responsibility of conducting wildland fire accident investigations and I found that the traditional tools did not fit my work environment. Wildland firefighting is complex – it is substantively reliant on human interaction and largely absent of technology. Ground firefighting operations have changed little in terms of technology over the last 40+ years and I discovered that it proved to be a great proving ground to explore accidents through the lens of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS).
Complex systems are, by definition, not fully predictable and as a result, uncertainty is recognized as a natural part of a CAS. Investigations that embrace the complex nature of work begin to look beyond traditional cause and effect relationships by recognizing every work evolution has unique attributes. This makes it difficult if not impossible to generalize and often impossible to predict outcomes by those involved.
Investigators in a CAS are asked to consider why it made sense for people to do what they did. The focus of investigation shifts from judging actions or decisions as right or wrong and people as good or bad, to developing an understanding how worker actions can be tied to a network of influences, or performance shaping factors. When the focus shifts to learning and understanding all we can about what influenced actions, then the way questions are asked and the very language used to describe incidents changes. The desired outcome is that organizations purposefully increase their capacity to learn and workers recognize how important it is to learn their way through work. We add to our prevention toolbox by increasing our ability to recognize novel situations and by learning before, during and after work operations.
The use of the word systems refers to the set of principles or procedures or the prevailing cultural or social orders that guide how we see the world and how things are done. | <urn:uuid:813e7f8e-0897-4ab8-a329-f0a99daf430b> | {
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History of the Radio Shack Computers
- 1921: - Radio Shack begins as a one-store retail and mail-order company catering to
ham operators and electronics buffs.
- 1963: - Charles Tandy buys the chain of stores, and within two years turned a $4 million dollar
loss into a $20 million dollar profit.
- 1977: August - Radio Shack announces the TRS-80 Model I microcomputer for US$600.
- 1977: September - One month after launching the TRS-80, 10,000 are sold.
- 1979: May - Tandy/Radio Shack announces the TRS-80 Model II.
- 1979: October - Radio Shack begins shipping the TRS-80 Model II to users.
- 1980: July - Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Model III, priced from US$700 to US$2500.
- 1980: July - Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Color Computer, and sells for US$400.
- 1980: July - Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Pocket Computer. Price is US$230.
- 1981: January - Radio Shack ceases production of the TRS-80 Model I, and recalls units from the
US market, due to failure to meet new FCC radio-frequency interference regulations.
- 1982: January - Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Model 16, with 8-inch floppy drives, and
optional 8-MB hard drive.
- 1982: January - Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, Model PC-2, for US$280.
- 1983: March - Radio Shack announces its TRS-80 Model 100 portable computer. Price is US$799 for
8KB version, to US$1134 for the 32KB version.
- 1983: May - Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Model 4, for US$2000.
- 1983: June - Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 PC-3, for US$99.95.
- 1983: October - Tandy/Radio Shack announces the "transportable" TRS-80 Model 4P, for US$1800.
- 1983: Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, Model PC-4, replacing the PC-1, for US$70.
- 1983: Tandy releases the TRS-80 Model 2000, which uses the Intel 80186 microprocessor.
- 1983: Radio Shack unveils the TRS-80 Model 12 at the CP/M '83 Show. Price is US$3200.
- 1985: March - Radio Shack introduces the Tandy 6000 multiuser system. It features Z80A and 68000
processors, 512 KB RAM, 80x24 text, graphics, 1.2-MB 8-inch
disk, optional 15 MB hard drive, TRS-DOS, or XENIX 3.0. It supports up to 9 users.
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The idyllic-looking Lake Sirino is situated in a karst sinkhole at the foot of Mount Sirino, and it was once part of the Pleistocene-era lake that occupied the entire length of the valley where the River Noce now flows.
The bed and shores of the prehistoric lake are made of Triassic limestone and Jurassic siliceous schists. The lake is fed by perennial springs, though in recent years, the water level has started lowering because of hydrological instabilities, like the opening of chasms that the water flows through and away from the lake.
The lake is surrounded by a street that has a small bridge crossing over a small meander of the water. A few commercial activities have sprung up around this natural attraction in the past few years. For instance, every summer a theatrical representation of some local legends and historical facts takes place on the lake.
One of these legends provides an alternative history of the lake’s origin. According to this myth, before the lake there was a farmyard, but on a day devoted to the holy Madonna of Sirino, some farmers decided to work instead of dedicating the day to their families and praying. The sky became darker and darker until a strong storm broke out. The rain flooded the farmyard and killed the farmers and the animals. Even today, some say that when the wind is blowing between the mountains, the desperate howls of the oxen and the cries of the farmers can be heard. | <urn:uuid:1c6f697f-9d24-4710-990d-2e2dbd51aada> | {
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Waldseemüller, Martin(mär`tĭn vält'zāmül`ər), Gr. Ilacomilus, 1470?–1522?, German cosmographer. A member of a society of humanists known as the Gymnasium Vosagense, he lived at Saint-Dié, Lorraine, during the latter part of his life. He was the first cartographer to call the New World America. He sketched the New World in two maps (the first to show North and South America separate from Asia) that he published in 1507 together with an explanatory treatise, Cosmographiae introductio, and Amerigo VespucciVespucci, Amerigo
, 1454–1512, Italian navigator in whose honor America was named, b. Florence. He entered the commercial service of the Medici and in 1492 moved to Seville.
..... Click the link for more information. 's account of his voyages to the New World. Waldseemüller also prepared with his colleagues a new edition of PtolemyPtolemy
(Claudius Ptolemaeus), fl. 2d cent. A.D., celebrated Greco-Egyptian mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. He made his observations in Alexandria and was the last great astronomer of ancient times.
..... Click the link for more information. , published in 1513.
See The Cosmographiae Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile (U.S. Catholic Historical Society, 1907, repr. 1969). | <urn:uuid:e67f04e4-553a-46d2-a5fc-4e973958f04e> | {
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PRINT THIS DATA
Under the Köppen Climate Classification climate classification, "dry-summer subtropical" climates are often referred to as "Mediterranean". This climate zone has an an average temperature above 10°C (50°F) in their warmest months, and an average in the coldest between 18 to -3°C (64 to 27°F). Summers tend to be dry with less than one-third that of the wettest winter month, and with less than 30mm (1.18 in) of precipitation in a summer month. SMany of the regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and very warm summers.
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csb". (Mediterran Climate).
The average temperature for the year in Mosier is 50.4°F (10.2°C). The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 67.3°F (19.6°C). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 33.5°F (0.8°C).
The highest recorded temperature in Mosier is 108.0°F (42.2°C), which was recorded in August. The lowest recorded temperature in Mosier is -27.0°F (-32.8°C), which was recorded in December.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Mosier is 30.6" (777.2 mm). The month with the most precipitation on average is December with 5.8" (147.3 mm) of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 0.2" (5.1 mm). There are an average of 119.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in January with 17.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 2.0 days.
In Mosier, there's an average of 36.1" of snow (0 cm). The month with the most snow is January, with 14.6" of snow (37.1 cm). | <urn:uuid:f2d6f6bb-30ac-4090-992c-38b17370f786> | {
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Periodic table of elements is a table of chemical elements that are arranged horizontally according to their atomic number or weight and vertically according to their chemical properties. Chemical elements that are located on the right in the table always have more atoms than those of the ones located on their left and chemical elements that are on the same column always have the same chemical properties. Periodic table of elements is a magnum opus coming from the genius of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, a Russian chemist. Discovered in 1869, this periodic table undergoes continuous evolution as new chemical elements were either discovered or artificially produced. The latest modification done to this table occurred in 2007 when the newly discovered 118th element—unonoctium—was added to the table. Periodic table of elements can now be found on the wall of almost all classes where chemistry is taught.
This periodic table of elements template is a Word template that can be printed immediately. No significant modification—apart from formatting modification—is needed to make this template functional. Simply print this template and the periodic table of elements will be ready to use. This is a color template, meaning that all groups of elements that are shown on it have been colored distinctively. Templates of both the new and the old IUPAC versions as well as CAS version is available as a free downloadable template.
Do I Need This Periodic Table of Elements Template?
You will need this template if:
1. You are a chemistry student who needs a handy periodic table to be fixed on the wall of your room.
2. You are a chemistry teacher who needs a handy tool to deliver your lessons to your students.
3. You are a school administrator who wants to make sure that every class in your school has periodic table of elements fixed on its wall.
What Does the Template Contain?
This template contains the following elements.
1. All chemical elements that have been discovered or artificially produced up to today
2. Colored blocks representing the properties of all included chemical elements
3. Legend providing information of all parts of the periodic table
Why Is This Template Important?
Every chemistry leaner is aware of the importance of this periodic table. Although many of them have memorized all included elements either using mnemonics or not, the table is still considered important as a reference that aids them in their study.
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The story of how the U.S. wound up with the income tax is the story of two wars, a Supreme Court justice on his death bed, and Donald Duck.
It's also the story of how the government overcame three obstacles.
Obstacle No. 1: Logistics
How do you make sure people pay?
Before the Civil War, the government received most of it revenue through tariffs — taxing goods as they came into the ports. This had its limits, though.
"Tariff duties are a great way to raise money as long as [you're] not fighting a war," says Joe Thorndike, co-author of the book War and Taxes.
In the 19th century, war meant blockaded ports, sunk ships — and almost no revenue from tariffs.
So during the Civil War, Congress decided it had to try an income tax. It devised a really clever plan to get people to pay. It made the tax returns public.
"Your neighbor would see you driving around on a brand new plow and he'd say, 'Wait a minute,' " Thorndike says. " 'I'm going to see how much he reported on his income tax.' "
Even the president's tax returns were public. Here is a tax assessor's list from 1864. Note the entry for "Lincoln Abraham" right there below "Linney Edward."
President Lincoln paid $1,296 in taxes. The list also includes a retail liquor dealer and an eating house owner.
Obstacle No. 2: The Constitution
In the 19th century, the income tax fell almost exclusively on the rich — who, as it turns out, had some pretty good lawyers.
They argued that a "direct tax" had to be divvied up among the states according to their populations. The income tax didn't work that way.
In 1895, the case went all the way to the Supreme Court. One justice was on his death bed, and the remaining eight split evenly. The dying justice came back, and the court re-heard the case.
By a 5-4 vote, the court found the income tax unconstitutional.
It wasn't until 1913, when Congress and the states amended the Constitution to allow for the income tax, that the tax became legal again.
Obsacle No. 3: The Love
Until World War II, the income tax was levied only on the rich. But wartime spending meant the government needed money, and ordinary folks are now asked to pay.
"There was a lot of concern that Americans just wouldn't do it," Thorndike says. "Or that they wouldn't understand that they were supposed to ... or even just how to do it."
The government needed to get the word out. It needed a spokesperson. Someone credible, and easy to understand.
The government needed Donald Duck.
The movie at the top of this post is from 1943. In it, Donald Duck marches around his house, listening to the radio and filling out his tax form. Occupation: actor. Dependents: three (Huey, Dewey and Louie).
This wartime patriotic motivation campaign worked. Maybe we didn't love the income tax. But we paid it. | <urn:uuid:a0458afb-3be9-4d64-b1f9-93f53fde1c62> | {
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4.4. X-rays from AGN
One June 18, 1962, an Aerobee sounding rockets blasted skyward from White Sands proving ground in New Mexico. It carried a Geiger counter designed to detect astronomical sources of X-rays. The experiment, carried out by Giacconi et al. (1962), discovered an X-ray background and a "large peak" in a 10 degree error box near the Galactic center and the constellation Scorpius. A rocket experiment by Bowyer et al. (1964) also found an isotropic background, confirmed the Scorpius source, and detected X-rays from the Crab nebula. Friedman and Byram (1967) identified X-rays from the active galaxy M 87. A rocket carrying collimated proportional counters sensitive in the 1 to 10 keV energy range, found sources coincident with 3C 273, NGC 5128 (Cen A), and M 87 (Bowyer, Lampton, and Mack 1970). The positional error box for 3C 273 was small enough to give a probability of less that 10-3 of a chance coincidence. The X-ray luminosity, quoted as ~ 1046 erg s-1, was comparable with quasar's optical luminosity.
The first dedicated X-ray astronomy satellite, Uhuru, was launched in 1970. Operating until 1973, it made X-ray work a major branch of astronomy. X-rays were reported from the Seyfert galaxies NGC 1275 and NGC 4151 (Gursky et al. 1971). The spectrum of NGC 5128 was consistent with a power law of energy index = - 0.7, where L ; and there was low energy absorption corresponding to a column density of 9 × 1022 atoms cm-2, possibly caused by gas in the nucleus (Tucker et al. 1973). Early variability studies were hampered by the need to compare results from different experiments, but Winkler and White (1975) found a large change in the flux from Cen A in only 6 days from OSO-7 data. Using Ariel V observations of NGC 4151, Ives et al. (1976) found a significant increase in flux from earlier Uhuru measurements. Marshall et al. (1981), using Ariel V data on AGN gathered over a 5 year period, found that roughly half of the sources varied by up to a factor of 2 on times less than or equal to a year. A number of sources varied in times of 0.5 to 5 days. Marshall et al. articulated the importance of X-ray variability observations, which show that the X-rays "arise deep in the nucleus" and "relate therefore to the most fundamental aspect of active galaxies, the nature of the central `power house'."
Strong X-ray emission as a characteristic of Sy 1 galaxies was established by Martin Elvis and his coworkers from Ariel V data (Elvis et al. 1978). This work increased to 15 the number of known Seyfert X-ray sources, of which at least three were variable. Typical luminosities were ~ 1042.5 to 1044.5 erg s-1. The X-ray power correlated with the infrared and optical continuum and H line. Seyfert galaxies evidently made a significant contribution to the X-ray background, and limits could be set on the evolution of Seyfert galaxy number densities and X-ray luminosities in order that they not exceed the observed background. Elvis et al. considered thermal bremsstrahlung (107 K), synchrotron, and synchrotron self-Compton models of the X-ray emission.
HEAO-1, the first of the High Energy Astronomy Observatories, was an X-ray facility that operated from 1977 to 1979. It gathered data on a sufficient sample of objects to allow comparisons of different classes of AGN and to construct a log N-log S diagram and improved luminosity function. HEAO-1 provided broad-band X-ray spectral information for a substantial set of AGN, showing spectral indices - 0.7, with rather little scatter, and absorbing columns < 5 × 1022 cm-2 (Mushotzky et al. 1980).
The Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2) featured grazing incidence focusing optics allowing detection of sources as faint as ~ 10-7 the intensity of the Crab nebula. Tananbaum et al. (1979) used Einstein data to study QSOs as a class of X-ray emitters. Luminosities of 1043 to 1047 erg s-1 (0.5 to 4.5 keV) were found. OX169 varied substantially in under 10,000 s, indicating a small source size. This suggested a black hole mass not greater than 2 × 108 M, if the X-rays came from the inner portion of an accretion flow. By this time, strong X-ray emission was established as a characteristic of all types of AGN and a valuable diagnostic of their innermost workings. | <urn:uuid:bea70e55-fe75-4839-b9c1-1b93c23bf81a> | {
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Free Newsletters - Space News - Defense Alert - Environment Report - Energy Monitor
by Staff Writers
San Diego CA (SPX) Mar 28, 2013
In the early 1940s, California fishermen hauled in a historic bounty of sardine at a time that set the backdrop for John Steinbeck's "Cannery Row" novel. But by the end of the decade the nets came up empty and the fishery collapsed. Where did they all go? According to a new study led by scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, the forces behind the sardine mystery are a dynamic and interconnected moving target.
Publishing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Scripps graduate student Ethan Deyle, professor George Sugihara, and their colleagues argue that problems lie in seeking answers one factor at a time, as scientists have done for decades. What is the impact of climate on sardines? What is the effect of overfishing on sardines? Focusing on single variables in isolation can lead to misguided conclusions, the researchers say.
"Studying ecosystems in this piecemeal way makes it hard to find quantitative relationships, the kind that are useful for management and stand the test of time," said Deyle.
Instead, using novel mathematical methods developed last year at Scripps, the researchers argue that climate, human actions, and ecosystem fluctuations combine to influence sardine and other species populations, and therefore such factors should not be evaluated independently.
The technique developed by Sugihara and his colleagues, called "convergent cross mapping," takes multiple variables into account and avoids the centuries-old "correlation does not imply causation" issue that has plagued single-factor studies.
For example, based on data from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Pier, studies in the 1990s showed that higher temperatures are beneficial for sardine production. By 2010 new studies proved that the temperature correlation was instead a misleading, or "mirage," determination.
"Mirages are associations among variables that spontaneously come and go or even switch sign, positive or negative," said Sugihara. "Ecosystems are particularly perverse on this issue. The problem is that this kind of system is prone to producing mirages and conceptual sand traps, continually causing us to rethink relationships we thought we understood."
By contrast, convergent cross mapping avoids the mirage issue by seeking evidence from dynamic linkages between factors, rather than one-to-one statistical correlations.
"Sustainable sardine fishing based on ecosystem-based management should adapt to dynamic changes in the ocean environment, and future policies should incorporate these effects to avoid another 'cannery row,'" said Deyle.
The investigation into the cause of the 1940s sardine collapse spawned the launch of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI), one of the world's longest and most valuable marine research programs that continues today with support from Scripps, NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (Southwest Fisheries Science Center), and the California Department of Fish and Game.
In addition to Deyle and Sugihara, coauthors of the paper include Michael Fogarty of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center; Chih-hao Hsieh of National Taiwan University; Les Kaufman of Boston University; Alec MacCall and Stephan Munch of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center; and Charles Perretti and Hao Ye of Scripps.
University of California - San Diego
Water News - Science, Technology and Politics
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:2efaf644-f46a-4861-a753-3fa78af51b78> | {
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WWII 'ÉIRE' sign revealed after Bray Head gorse fire
Incredible WWII era markings revealing the word ‘ÉIRE’ were discovered by the Air Corps in the aftermath of the Bray Head gorse fire.
The fire, which raged on the Co Wicklow hillside last month, caused damage to overhead railway lines and forced the evacuation of several homes. It was eventually extinguished following a joint operation between firefighters and the Air Corps - which dumped more than 150,000 litres of sea water on the blaze.
The markings are common around Ireland and stem from the early 1940s, when they acted as signposts for aircraft including bomber planes flying overhead during the second world war.
Ireland remained a neutral country during the war which seen bomber planes from America and Germany travel through Irish airspace.
The aerial photos of Bray head were captured by a Garda Air Support Unit passing over the landscape that was decimated by the fire during the recent heatwave.
An online project eiremarkings.org has captured images of the markings around the country in locations including Cork and Galway.
This discovery is the latest in a series of findings arising from the hot weather.
Just this week, remains of a building believed to be the childhood home of St. Oliver Plunkett was uncovered in Meath.
The National Monuments Service confirmed they were notified of the discovery.
Earlier this month, new archaeological discoveries were made near Newgrange and the Boyne river in Meath dating back to around 3,500BC.
A Garda Air Support Unit crew spotted that the fire on Bray Head has revealed an “EIRE” sign dating from the Second World War.— An Garda Síochána (@GardaTraffic) August 4, 2018
We see these around the coastline but haven’t seen this before. pic.twitter.com/I6cwIrIori | <urn:uuid:d7a28d33-783c-413b-92df-fb9697fd0b7f> | {
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Why 350°F is the magic number for baking
- Published on Jun 7, 2018
- Turns out there’s a lot of chemistry in cooking.
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Ever notice the first step for baking a cookie is almost always to preheat the oven to 350 degrees?
Even when you’re baking something else, an oven with a digital temperature reader typically defaults to 350. What’s so magical about this number and why is it that so many recipes call for it?
I spoke with longtime pastry chef and Institute of Culinary Education creative director Michael Laiskonis and found that - as with most “magical” things - it’s actually science.
Special thanks to Chef Daniel Kleinhandler of Bar Boulud and Boulud Sud and Chef Jenny McCoy for their help with this video!
Vox.com is a news website that helps you cut through the noise and understand what's really driving the events in the headlines. Check out www.vox.com.
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Or Twitter: goo.gl/XFrZ5H | <urn:uuid:1cbf6f97-bfc4-458f-8fbd-779921af76bb> | {
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Oct 29, 2018
The migrant caravan that is estimated at 7,000 to 8,000 people began in Honduras and is now making its way through Mexico. Some will stop in Mexico. But most are walking thousands of miles north to the U.S. border. Over the last years, there have been many smaller caravans of hundreds of people that have gotten little or no publicity. And many more are expected in the coming months, U.S. officials admit.
Obviously, for the people making this difficult and perilous journey of thousands of miles on foot, banding together serves several purposes. Traveling together provides a certain security against gangs that regularly prey on migrants. It is also a lot safer and cheaper than hiring a coyote, which can cost up to $10,000 per person. And, it is also a form of protest against impossible living conditions.
Most of the people in the caravan are from Honduras, a small Central American country. These migrants know what’s in store for them if they do finally make it to the U.S. border. Not only arrest and a long detention, but possible deportation. Migrants say they are forced to try to make the journey in order to save their lives; that they are being driven by abject poverty, joblessness, as well as the plague of armed violence. Many making the trip are families with newborns and other children, and pregnant women escaping life-or-death situations or lives of poverty.
“If I stay here, I will die,” one desperate young mother told a reporter, as she began her journey.
These barbaric conditions are a product of U.S. economic and military domination that dates back more than a century. U.S.-based banana companies first became active in Honduras in the late 1890s. These banana companies bought up land at a dizzying pace. They built railroads, established their own banking systems, and turned all of Honduras into a one-crop economy, whose wealth was carried off to New Orleans, New York and Boston. In the process, these companies drove millions of peasants off the land.
To safeguard U.S. investments, the U.S. military invaded and occupied the country in 1907 and 1911. U.S. aid was mainly centered on building up the most important institution in Honduras: the military. Heads of government came and went, sometimes as military dictators, sometimes as supposedly democratically-elected “presidents.” But the military remained the guarantor of order. It was used to control elections, break strikes, etc.
In the 1970s and 1980s, guerrilla movements broke out, challenging U.S.-imposed regimes in countries bordering Honduras, including El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua. In response, the U.S. military used Honduras like its own aircraft carrier. The U.S. built military bases for tens of thousands of U.S. soldiers and mercenaries to fight these three wars. This militarization of the country created economic chaos and widespread misery, thus setting the stage for the first wave of Honduran immigrants into the U.S.
After the wars ended in the early 1990s, conditions did not improve. The civil wars left behind tens of thousands of young people from broken families. That reality, combined with extreme inequality and policies of mass incarceration of youth, led to the build-up of enormous gangs that operate hand-in-hand with the police. One Honduran government commission admitted that 70 percent of the police are “beyond saving.” It concluded: “a series of powerful local groups, connected to political and economy elites ... manage most of the underworld activities in the country. They have deeply penetrated the Honduran police.” The government’s answer to police corruption was just more militarization; the army patrolling the streets.
The violence of the police, the army and the gangs pushed up the murder rate in Honduras to become the highest in the world. And the continuing joblessness has left Honduras one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere, with two-thirds of the population living in poverty. All the while, rich coffee and banana plantations, along with factories that produce garments and wiring harnesses for cars, churn out big profits for the capitalist class in the U.S. and around the world.
Under both Democrats and Republicans, the U.S. continues to impose its rule. In 2009, the Obama administration supported a military coup that overthrew an elected president, because he tried to establish economic relations with Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez. In December 2017, the Trump administration backed the U.S.-sponsored dictator, who openly stole his own election in order to remain in office.
Donald Trump might call the migrants fleeing the country “terrorists” and “gangsters,” but the real terrorists are the ones calling the shots and enforcing the dictatorships – Washington, D.C. and Wall Street. | <urn:uuid:9b3b9f7f-97b8-4dac-b939-30f80869efd9> | {
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This is a common refrain you would hear from doctors: protecting your heart and health starts with lifestyle changes. Heart diseases claim the lives of more than 600,000 Americans every year, but it is quite easy to escape from being a part of this statistic. Eating healthy and exercising are the main lifestyle changes that will immediately improve your heart health. However, new research has revealed surprising facts on how to prevent heart disease in seven simple steps.
Step 1: Get active. Almost 70 percent of Americans lead a sedentary lifestyle, which increases the stress on their heart and body. However, working out for 30 minutes every day is more than enough to gain a cardio workout and total physical toning.
Step 2: Eat healthy food. Fresh food cooked with simple, low-fat ingredients is the best way to ensure a healthy heart. If possible, switch to organic, vegan, or fish diets to improve your heart health.
Step 3: Get in shape. Lose that body fat by adding a simple workout routine once a week. Simple aerobics, 30-minute walks or swim routines can reduce body fat levels by less than 30 percent.
Step 4: Stop smoking. Smoking can cause and aggravate high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes. At the same time, it also damages the lungs and the circulatory system.
Step 5: Control active diseases like diabetes. If you already suffer from diabetes, you should consult a physician and start a medication routine immediately. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to kidney failure, high blood pressure, and a range of unpleasant health conditions. If you do not have diabetes, assess your risk for diabetes by consulting with a diabetologist and check your blood sugar levels every six months to ensure optimum health.
Step 6: Control high blood pressure as uncontrolled high blood pressure can push blood through the arteries with too much pressure and be dangerous. It eventually damages the heart and blood vessels and causes heart attacks and strokes. Ensure that your blood pressure is between 120/80 mmHg and 130/80 mmHg.
Step 7: Check your heart health regularly. Even with the right lifestyle changes, it is necessary to have a complete medical evaluation done every year. This is particularly important if you are over the age of 35, have a family history of high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol and have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more.
© Newsmax. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:e7522ce8-77af-477b-ad89-957088f80394> | {
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Saturday, February 17th marks the 5,000th local day (sol) of operations for NASA’s Mars Opportunity rover, which was originally designed to last for just 90 sols after its January 2004 landing date, but has instead continued to set milestones like completing a marathon-length tour of its surroundings and taking huge composite photos of its new world’s surface.
Now some 28 miles (45 kilometers) from its original, NASA-trash-covered landing site, Opportunity continues to provide a wealth of scientific data about Mars, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory wrote in a blog post:
A Martian “sol” lasts about 40 minutes longer than an Earth day, and a Martian year lasts nearly two Earth years. Opportunity’s Sol 1 was landing day, Jan. 25, 2004 (that’s in Universal Time; it was Jan. 24 in California). The prime mission was planned to last 90 sols. NASA did not expect the rover to survive through a Martian winter. Sol 5,000 will begin early Friday, Universal Time, with the 4,999th dawn a few hours later. Opportunity has worked actively right through the lowest-energy months of its eighth Martian winter.
According to JPL, Opportunity has now taken over 225,000 photos, including a recent selfie NASA posted on Friday.
It’s also drilled into Martian rocks and repeatedly turned up evidence that the planet’s surface once harbored liquid water. While its twin rover, Spirit, sent its last transmission in 2010 after getting stuck in sand and losing power, Opportunity has been able to continuously recharge thanks to Marian winds which clear dust from its solar panels. It has at times experienced significant downtime like 19 weeks stuck in a single spot, Space.com reported, or another occasion it got stuck in a sand dune. Opportunity’s NASA controllers have to periodically re-orient the rover to get better exposure to sunlight.
Per NASA, Spirit and Opportunity’s onboard instruments included four spectrometers and rock abrasion tools, which helped provide huge amounts of information about the composition of Mars’ surface and its weather patterns:
With data from the rovers, mission scientists have reconstructed an ancient past when Mars was awash in water. Spirit and Opportunity each found evidence for past wet conditions that possibly could have supported microbial life. Opportunity’s study of “Eagle” and “Endurance” craters revealed evidence for past inter-dune playa lakes that evaporated to form sulfate-rich sands. The sands were reworked by water and wind, solidified into rock, and soaked by groundwater.
While Spirit’s initial travels in Gusev Crater revealed a more basaltic setting, after reaching the “Columbia Hills” the rover found a variety of rocks indicating that early Mars was characterized by impacts, explosive volcanism, and subsurface water. Unusual-looking bright patches of soil turned out to be extremely salty and affected by past water. At “Home Plate,” a circular feature in the “Inner Basin” of the “Columbia Hills,” Spirit discovered finely layered rocks that are as geologically compelling as those found by Opportunity.
Both models were major improvements on their predecessors, Popular Science noted. In 1997, NASA’s Pathfinder mission arrived on Mars, but its Sojourner rover broke down after just three months and carried a relative dearth of useful scientific tools. The United Kingdom’s Beagle 2 lander was lost in 2003 upon arrival, likely after failing to fully deploy solar arrays that blocked its transmitters. The most recent NASA craft to roam the Red Planet, the Curiosity rover, uses a small radioisotope thermoelectric generator as its power source and has currently spent just over 1,960 sols on Mars. | <urn:uuid:2ac06cc4-fc8b-4963-9fcf-11b26afbae39> | {
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Milk Allergy Therapy Needs More ResearchLast Updated: July 19, 2013. Benefits of treatment that gradually increases servings may not last for some kids, long-term study finds.
FRIDAY, July 19 (HealthDay News) -- A treatment in which progressively larger servings of milk are given to children with milk allergies provides long-term protection for some youngsters, but others lose their tolerance over time, a new study says.
The investigators also found that many children continued to have intermittent symptoms and some had severe allergic reactions even after showing improvement in the early stages of treatment.
Previous research on this form of so-called "oral immunotherapy" showed promise. But the first long-term study of the treatment showed the need for more studies with longer follow-up, said the researchers from the Johns Hopkins Children's Center, in Baltimore.
"While many children were clearly better off with treatment, our results raise troubling questions about the long-term risk for future reactions among children treated with this approach," lead investigator and pediatric allergist Dr. Corinne Keet said in a center news release.
Senior investigator Dr. Robert Wood, director of the center's division of pediatric allergy and immunology, added: "Our results are a clear 'proceed with caution' sign. While we've been excited about this treatment, we also knew there were many questions that had to be answered. Our findings provide some of those critical answers."
The study included 32 children with milk allergies who were followed for three to five years after they completed the therapy. By the end of the original treatment, all but three of the children showed some improvement and were able to consume at least some milk.
Eight children remained symptom-free over the long term, 12 had frequent allergy symptoms when they drank milk and seven eventually stopped consuming milk or were limited to very small amounts. Six children suffered serious allergic reactions, the study authors said.
The study was published online recently in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
The Nemours Foundation has more about milk allergies.
SOURCE: Johns Hopkins Children's Center, news release, June 27, 2013
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Reader comments on this article are listed below. Review our comments policy. | <urn:uuid:67e1952b-4b6d-4034-86f0-1dd00bfb4aa1> | {
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For decades, obesity experts declared calorie-counting the holy grail for weight loss, but scientists now say following low-carb, high-fat diets like the Paleo, ketogenic or Atkins diets may be a better approach, according to Time.
Dr. David Ludwig, a nutrition professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, said low-fat diets that emphasize calorie quantity over quality have proven a dismal failure for long-term weight loss.
“By and large, we’ve been taking an accounting approach to weight loss [and this doesn't work]," said Ludwig.
Mediterranean or low-carb diets outperform a low-fat diet every time, and that wouldn’t be true if calories were the only measure that mattered. Your weight is regulated by a complex system of genetic factors, hormonal factors, and neurological input, and not all calories affect this system the same way."
Ludwig and his team at Harvard recently published a JAMA commentary slamming the myth that eating fat makes you fat, and restricting calories is the best way to fuel weight loss.
Low-Carb Diets Beat Low-Fat Diets For Weight Loss
Ludwig said the optimal approach for weight loss success is a low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diet because it suppresses appetite and prevents the blood-sugar spikes that fuel inflammation and weight gain.
“We have to forget the low-fat paradigm,” said Dr. Ludwig. “Some high-fat foods like avocado, nuts and olive oil are among the healthiest foods we could possibly eat.”
The longstanding low-fat diet dogma and the concomitant calorie myth have caused many frustrated obese people to blame overeating and sloth for their inability to lose weight, and this is wrong, said Ludwig.
According to Ludwig, the obesity epidemic is largely driven by our high-carb diet, which causes blood-sugar surges and insulin spikes. "Insulin is the granddaddy of anabolic hormones," he said.
By eating more unprocessed saturated fats and reducing carbs (which is what the Paleo, ketogenic and Atkins diets do), we can work with our body's chemistry to enhance the metabolic processes that accelerate weight loss.
“Some naturally high-fat foods are among the most healthful we can eat in terms of promoting weight loss and reducing risk for diabetes and heart disease,” said Ludwig.
Ludwig's JAMA commentary comes on the heels of new scientific research suggesting that unprocessed saturated fat is not the cause of weight gain, diabetes or heart disease. The true cause of obesity, cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol and diabetes is a high-carb diet, especially one high in sugar, say scientists.
Obesity Scientists: Eat Fat and Get Thin
A growing number of weight loss experts say the best way to lose weight and keep it off isn't to obsessively count calories, but to eat real, whole foods that are nutritionally dense.
Obesity scientist Emily Maguire said focusing on calorie quality is more important than calorie quantity. Like Harvard's David Ludwig, Maguire also advocates a low-carb, high-fat Paleo, Atkins or ketogenic-style diet for weight loss and optimal health.
"When you allow your body to stop burning and using carbohydrates as its predominant energy source, your body can effectively and efficiently burn saturated fat, rather than storing it," wrote Emily, who has a master's degree in obesity science and management.
Dr. Bill Lagakos, author of "The poor, misunderstood calorie," agrees. "Counting calories is an ineffective means to determine energy balance or lose weight," Lagakos, who has a Ph.D. in nutritional biochemistry and physiology, wrote in his book.
"The calories in food are not the same as those expended by the body. Carb-rich foods are easily over-eaten, producing a positive energy balance. The accompanying elevations in insulin cause net fat storage. Maybe all calories are calories, but not all calories are equally obesogenic." | <urn:uuid:637ce19a-49e8-4434-a5e7-96359ced4309> | {
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Do you tend to use a carrot or a stick on yourself? This idiom refers to the idea that a cart driver can use a carrot or a stick to motivate a horse to move forward, thus pulling the cart. The horse will either move forward by the enticement of the carrot, or by the avoidance of punishment via the stick.
Research suggests that some people are more responsive to reward and others more responsive to punishment. Interestingly, it seems that genetics may determine which works better for you. Some people are genetically more responsive to dopamine, while others are more responsive to serotine, and this seems to make the difference.
Research also suggests, however, that punishment can create unexpected and unwanted outcomes. Sometimes punishment can backfire by actually increasing the undesired behavior, creating negative emotions or increasing aggression.
The impact of the carrot or stick choice can really be seen when we are trying to motivate ourselves. We can motivate ourselves by setting up rewards for getting tasks done. For example, we might give ourselves a night out as a reward for cleaning out a closet.
We can also reward ourselves by imagining or visualizing the natural positive consequences of working hard and completing a task. I did this during graduate school, as I imagined myself enjoying working in my private practice, as a motivation to work hard on my doctoral studies. It really did work to keep me going during the hard times.
People use punishment on themselves when they put themselves down or criticize themselves for poor performance. They beat themselves up, and claim this is necessary to make them try harder. It almost never works, and reminds me of the old poster saying, “The beatings in this company will continue until morale improves.”
So today, watch your thinking to see whether you use a carrot or stick on yourself. Consider the possibility that your self-punishment is actually hurting your performance. Try visualizing the positive results when you accomplish a task, or promising yourself a pleasurable activity for task success. I think you’ll find that it works better as a motivation, and doesn’t damage your self-esteem.
Comments: Please share some of your experiences with the motivators of reward and punishment. | <urn:uuid:e470fd7d-1990-43da-bdf6-6bd38b2e8f10> | {
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A MOOC to learn and design ICT-based learning design activities
We are looking for educators to participate in a free, open and online course (MOOC) that will support you in the creation and adaptation of your lessons and learning activities with the use of ICT tools
The 27th of October we will launch the third edition of the Learning Design Studio for ICT-based Learning Activities MOOC. The course will last 5 weeks and a group of facilitators will support you in the task of designing your own learning activities and lessons. The course will be offered in six languages: English, Spanish, Catalan, Greek, Slovenian and French.
The features of the course are:
- A focus on the Learning Design Studio (LDS) approach, a design process to help educators design courses and learning activities.
- Facilitators from several countries with expertise in Online Learning, Creativity and the Learning Design Studio who will work with participants to explore the potential of this learning method to introduce ICT in the teaching and learning processes.
- The opportunity to observe, practice and learn with other educators about methods for peer review and peer mentoring.
- The creation of practical artefacts that can be reused by educators in their actual classrooms or learning scenarios
- The use of specific tools to support the process of learning design: ILDE, Learning Designer and ODS
The second edition of the MOOC finished in June 2014, this short video is a summary of what participants did during the course:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOVEmkXZuKU&feature=youtu.be. You can also have a look at the videos produced during pilot 2 to get an idea of what to expect during pilot 3: https://www.youtube.com/user/HandsOnICT.
Interested in joining? curious to know more, fill in this form: http://handsonict.eu/join-us/. | <urn:uuid:d1146705-0ee4-49f2-8645-acc108971b1a> | {
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Ordinary arithmetic operations on dates and times often produce sensible results. Adding a time to, or subtracting one from, a date produces a new date that much earlier or later. The difference of two dates yields the time between those dates. Adding two times produces the combined time. Multiplying a time by a scalar produces a time that many times longer. Since times and dates are just numbers, the ordinary addition and subtraction operators are employed for these purposes.
Adding two dates does not produce a useful result.
Dates and times may have very large values. Thus, it is not a good idea to take powers of these values; also, the accuracy of some procedures may be affected. If necessary, convert times or dates in seconds to some other unit, like days or years, before performing analysis.
PSPP supplies a few functions for date arithmetic:
Returns the span of time from date1 to date2 in terms of unit, which must be a quoted string, one of ‘years’, ‘quarters’, ‘months’, ‘weeks’, ‘days’, ‘hours’, ‘minutes’, and ‘seconds’. The result is an integer, truncated toward zero.
One year is considered to span from a given date to the same month, day, and time of day the next year. Thus, from Jan. 1 of one year to Jan. 1 the next year is considered to be a full year, but Feb. 29 of a leap year to the following Feb. 28 is not. Similarly, one month spans from a given day of the month to the same day of the following month. Thus, there is never a full month from Jan. 31 of a given year to any day in the following February.
Returns date advanced by the given quantity of the specified unit, which must be one of the strings ‘years’, ‘quarters’, ‘months’, ‘weeks’, ‘days’, ‘hours’, ‘minutes’, and ‘seconds’.
When unit is ‘years’, ‘quarters’, or ‘months’, only the integer part of quantity is considered. Adding one of these units can cause the day of the month to exceed the number of days in the month. In this case, the method comes into play: if it is omitted or specified as ‘closest’ (as a quoted string), then the resulting day is the last day of the month; otherwise, if it is specified as ‘rollover’, then the extra days roll over into the following month.
When unit is ‘weeks’, ‘days’, ‘hours’, ‘minutes’, or ‘seconds’, the quantity is not rounded to an integer and method, if specified, is ignored. | <urn:uuid:a2083654-c8d2-4a00-bc3d-448374f499c3> | {
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By Le Quynh
November 27, 2018
Ho Chi Minh City is pressing forward on a 41 km-long sea dyke to be the cornerstone of a new flood management strategy. Experts point out, however, that such a barrier will do little to address the major factors contributing to thy city’s inundation, and that far more attention needs to be paid to non-technical strategies if real flood resilience is to be attained. This is Part 2 of Mekong Eye’s investigation into the HCMC’s Vung Tau – Go Cong Sea Dyke project. Part 1, “Noose or life ring: Ho Chi Minh City’s proposed super dyke” can be viewed here.
In the late afternoon of May 19 this year, the rainy season’s heaviest deluge dropped 119 mm of rain over three hours onto Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). More than 30 major roads were submerged, taking up to three more hours before they began to drain. Several communities in lowland areas were flooded up to 60 cm. Polluted water and solid waste inundated houses causing extensive damage, along with transportation congestion.
The routine life of locals was once again disturbed, as this metropolis of 13 million people coped with the fact that city planners are failing them. The flooding situation in HCMC is largely the result of allowances made for inappropriate urban expansion as money and politics work to fuel the city’s flooding vulnerabilities.
Scientists, urban planners and disaster preparedness experts have been stressing for years that HCMC holistically address a myriad of problems contributing to increased frequency and severity of flooding. Areas of the city, many that are already half a meter below sea level, are sinking further due to groundwater depletion. Largely unmanaged property development has filled in runoff areas and canals. Existing drainage systems are neither being effectively maintained nor expanded, while plans for installing water retention mechanisms go unimplemented. Meanwhile, planners have not heeded the warnings of increased urban flooding resulting from more sever rainfall events and rising tidal surges brought on by climate change.
Rather than employ the technical sophistication and vision necessary to tackle the complexity of HCM City’s urban flooding situation, most discussions and resources are now being channeled toward a single sea dyke costing upwards of $US 20 billion, even though such a dyke will not address the city’s key flooding challenges. Indeed, the Vung Tau – Go Cong Sea dyke is designed for tidal control and keeping sea water out—not decreasing the accumulation of extensive rainfall upstream and accelerating its evacuation from urban areas into the sea.
Kim Minh Company surveyed hundreds of flooding sites within HCM City. Only 14 – 28 percent of these sites were identified as primarily being affected by tidal floods, whereas 50 – 68 percent were affected by rainfall. Other cities of Vietnam like Ha Noi, Da Lat, Buon Me Thuot are similarly affected by rainfall much more than tidal action.
The local authority has implemented different flood control projects under two major programs: HCM City 2020 Urban Drainage System Master Plan (Plan 752) and HCM City Tide Flood Control Master Plan (Plan 1547). Although these plans have been in place for more then a decade, lack of resources has limited their implementation.
According to the HCMC Steering Center of Flood Control Program (SCFC), within the 650 square kilometer management area, only 2,593 kilometers of the required 6,000 kilometers of drainage channels have been completed or renovated.
Worse still, of the 4,369 km of rivers, canals and creeks in the four main catchments that were targeted for flood management upgrades, only 60 km have been completed.
The city has finished just two of its 12 planned wastewater treatment plants, 64 km out of 149 km of dykes along the Saigon River, and one-tenth of a major tidal control sluice. Moreover, not a single one of the 104 flood retention ponds authorized has been built.
Mr. Do Tan Long, Department Chief of Drainage System Management of SCFC said that there were available technical solutions to address flooding; however, flooding still happened because of financial shortage.
Others add that since climate change impacts were not incorporated into the design of these plans, they must be revised to accommodate the full range of changes forecasted for temperature, rainfall, sea-level rise, coastal erosion and land subsidence.
For example, drainage systems have been designed for rainfall levels over three consecutive hours reaching 95.91mm, coincident with a tidal peak of 1.32m. However, recent observations have recorded rainfall events delivering from 100 – 122mm of water over just one hour coincident with tidal peaks up to 1.72m. Moreover, the affected urbanized area has expanded 1/3 to more than 800 square kilometers since these plans were conceived.
Based on analysis employing differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR), Ass. Prof. Dr. Le Van Trung, head of the Department of Information System of Environment and Natural Resources, Hochiminh City University of Technology, has documented that land subsidence up to 5-10mm per year is occurring in a number of districts. Furthermore, the research shows that from 2010 – 2017 there were areas affected by flooding that had previously not been impacted.
“Apart from updating the terms of references for the previous master plans, I propose quickly upgrading the urban drainage network and creating all necessary water retention ponds,” says Ho Long Phi, former director of the Center of Water Management and Climate Change, at Hochiminh City National University. “This should be the main, short-term objective, and could yield immediate effectiveness. We should not build a sea dyke or a dam when we have such limited financial resources.”
Flood management is a multi-disciplinary problem
Historically, HCMC’s efforts to address flooding have tended toward the short-term fix: adding fill to some low-lying areas, clearing clogged sewage systems and drainage canals, and investing in equipment to pump-out inundated sites. Even the two flood control master plans that have emerged over the past twenty years, says Dr. Ngo Viet Nam Son, an architect and an urban planning expert, have emphasized infrastructure projects to “control” floods, not soft approaches that could decrease the need for such protections in the first place.
Dr. Son says real planning would stress flood management, not control—working with floods, not assuming floods can be structurally contained. This would include land-use policies with dedicated areas for flood waters to inundate when necessary as part of a coordinated land-use strategy amongst all relevant government agencies.
Currently, the most heavily inundated areas are those that had their lakes and canals removed. Construction density in such areas have been allowed to increase up to ten-fold without appropriate open space areas for water to drain. The Nguyen Huu Canh street is a typical case. Despite its location next to the Saigon river, water levels there are still higher than the river’s during heavy rainfall because of the poor drainage system.
Ngo Viet Nam Son proposes establishing ratios for the amount of open space needed relative to the amount of land permitted for development. Not only must existing lakes and water courses be strictly protected, but additional green space and water detention ponds must also be created.
He adds that such approaches should be universally applied throughout the municipality. He discounts a common belief that, “The development of lowland areas in the South may result in inundation (due impeding drainage) of the upland in the North.”
There’s no scientific base for this, he says. Urban development in the Southern lowland is feasible so long as a rational development ratio and good landscape architecture solutions are devised that incorporate flood management needs.
Nonetheless, considering economic efficiencies and climate change concerns, Mr. Son recommends prioritizing the development of the upland areas.
Moreover, separate strategies are needed for new urban areas as compared to renovating existing communities. It is easier to manage floods within new urban areas, including Thu Thiem and Cu Chi, provided they are well-designed with sufficient ground elevation and drainage infrastructure.
So far, authorities have struggled with renovating existing areas, says Dr. Son. He proposes categorizing communities according to their specific needs. For upland areas, emphasis should be placed on development density and incorporating water retention areas. Submerged areas should be assessed as to their ability to be fully protected. Son argues that some areas will need to accept some flooding, as occurs in developed cities like London. Residents will cooperate so long as they are assured that sufficient warnings and support will be forthcoming should flooding occur and that this is complimented by reasonable adaptation measures implemented well in advance.
In the past ten years, the local authority has allocated about 30,000 billion VND (US$1.3 billion) for flood control projects. This could increase to 96,000 billion VND (US$4.17 billion) If those plans are to be fully implemented. Much of this investment has been in response to new development, which Ho Long Phi argues is inappropriate. He feels authorities should compel property developers and their investors to finance flood detention facilities, be they above or below ground.
Experts also recommend that householders and building owners be required to install and manage water detention or infiltration infrastructure depending on the surface area of their roofs, building footprint and land area.
Officially, HCM City’s population is about nine million people. Unofficial estimates, however, put the figure at about 13 million, with it increasing at a rate of 200,000 – 250,000 people per year. Much of this growth is from migration, some fleeing declining agricultural productivity in rural areas due to climate change. Many of these migrants work in urban services, driving up density levels and infrastructure burdens relative to those gaining employment in peripheral industrial areas.
Experts suggest that much more attention should be paid to targeting economic development into to suburban areas to relieve stress on urban infrastructure. This should be done, however, with provisions for green belts and prohibiting vacant land from mass sale.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Minh Hoa, an expert in urban planning and development and a member of the HCM City Council of Planning and Architecture, proposes that municipal authorities promote a development model that focuses on high technology agriculture to sustain some of the city’s food needs. Investment can be targeted to retain farmers through supporting high-value crop cultivation and the promotion of eco-tourism and homestay services. Spreading the population to neighboring areas, however, must come with the strengthening of public services such as education and health care. Presently, suburban development is haphazard and spontaneous, with no integration into a wider geographical economic development strategy, particularly one that takes into consideration decreasing the migration burden on those densely populated areas most vulnerable to flooding.
As the 2018 rainy season begins to ebb, yet another 400mm of rainfall drenched HCMC residents during the final Sunday of November. It is the new normal for this economic hub driving the region’s strongest economy. But unless HCMC’s leadership can embrace the multifaceted approaches needed to effectively respond to this worsening problem, many communities may be spending more time trying to dry out then furthering the larger development interests of the country. | <urn:uuid:019b39d6-de03-4c9d-95e1-fd410da8dcc7> | {
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Bitten by the bug of climate change, we have of late started worrying about its consequences. But if you ask a geologist he will just feel amused, because he knows that climatic vicissitudes are not recent happenings. They are age old. The climate has been changing through the ages, even from the eras when the two-legged creatures called humans were not there.
The atmosphere of the yore was worse with a carbon dioxide content much higher than that of today and the sea-surface temperatures were much higher. Yet in those inhospitable climates fauna and flora survived after some adaptations. It was sheer luck of the human beings that with their evolution the climate also became congenial, till about 2 million years ago when the Ice Age set in. Death is cold and as such life on the planet was struggling to survive. It was around 18000 years ago that once again the planet began to warm up and glaciers began to retreat. The warmth ushered life again.
Humans had evolved considerably by then and over a period of time they began sowing seeds to grow crops. Being endowed with three seasons, summer, rains and winter and a wide network of rivers, India has been an agrarian economy since ages. The agriculture is largely dependent on monsoon and so is the economy. A good monsoon brings cheers for the farmer and gives strength to the government while a bad monsoon makes both shaky and weak.
The Indian monsoon is peculiar says Anil K Gupta, a Professor with IIT Kharagpur, India. Having researched on the past of the Indian monsoon he has published couple of outstanding papers in the recent past. Taking help of the marine records of the upwelling currents and sediment deposition and the change in the continental vegetation from dominant C3 type to dominant C4 type plants Gupta has postulated a major intensification of the Indian monsoon some 10 to 8 million years ago. Here it is pertinent to mention that there are three carbon isotopes in nature, viz. 12C, 13C and 14C. Though all of them are the same element Carbon with six protons, but their neutron counts vary. This gives them different atomic mass of 12, 13 and 14. The atmospheric carbon dioxide contains less heavy C12 in bulk. A small fraction 1.1% of the carbon dioxide is made of C13-a slightly heavier variety. In addition in the atmosphere a heavier type of carbon dioxide C14 also occurs. Being radioactive it is often used for building the chronologies of past events-for example the past climates.
We all know that the terrestrial and marine flora perform photosynthesis. While absorbing carbon dioxide, they are able to discriminate between the lighter C12 carbon and heavier C13 carbon. Broadly plants older than 10 million years are of C3 type as they had the mechanism to absorb carbon dioxide even when it was much higher in concentration in the atmosphere. With the reduction in the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere in later periods the C4 type of plants evolved.
It was the Miocene chapter (23.5 to 5.30 million years ago) of the history of the earth, when the C4 type of plants had started to evolve. This was a peculiar period, full of turmoil. The Indian Plate was actively colliding with the Tibetan Plate. The uplift of the Himalayas was already on and this was causing a new problem - the newly formed slopes were being eroded fast by the rivulets and rivers and huge quantities of sediments were being transported to the oceans.
On the other hand we know that the oceanic currents have a big hand in controlling the climates of a large region. Since the plate movement of the continents was rather active in this period, some of the seaways of oceanic circulation were getting choked. There was no option because the collision of continents blocked the circulation currents of the intervening sea and it had to be switched. Cyrus Karas and Dirk Nurnberg of Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, Kiel, Germany, A.K. Gupta of IIT Kharagpur, Ralf Tiedemann Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany and Kuppusamy Mohan of Zentrum fur Marine Umweltwissesschaften, Bremen, Germany found evidences of one such marine reorganization in the Indonesian Sea between 4 and 3 million years ago.
The condition of the oceans of those days were simulated in the lab and it suggested that this kind of situation would have triggered a switch in the source of waters feeding the Indonesian through flow into the Indian Ocean, from the warm salty waters of the South Pacific Ocean leading to cooling of relatively fresh waters of the North Pacific Ocean. This caused shallowing of the thermocline. In general the sea water temperature decreases from the surface to the deepest levels, except in high latitudes where the configuration is complex. Most of the ocean areas except the polar and sub-polar regions there are depths at which the rate of decrease of temperature is much larger than compared to above and below. It is this depth which is called thermocline of the ocean. Though climatologists, oceanographers and marine biologists often use this term, but is also common amongst the fishermen and submarine crews.
In the Indonesian seas the marine, microscopic fauna (planktonic foraminifera) indicated increase in fresh water as evidenced from the content of isotopic oxygen 18O and from the magnesium-calcium ratios of the shells of the foraminifera. It may be noted that 18O content is higher in fresh water and polar ice, compared to that of atmospheric oxygen or seawater. The ratios of magnesium and calcium revealed that subsurface waters had cooled by about 4 degrees centigrade between 3.5 and 2.95 million years ago. Prior to 3.5 million years to about 5.5 million years ago the sea water temperatures had remained almost stable.
The cooling of ocean in this region possibly led to the development of equatorial Pacific cold tongue suggests Karas and his colleagues in the prestigious Science Journal, Nature.
Thus colliding continents caused the uplift of the Himalayas on one hand, which not only changed the geography of the region but also changed the climate pattern completely. Had the Himalayas not been there, the monsoon, so vital for our survival, would not be there. Similarly the collision of continents as explained brought about a change in the sea currents and oxygen content of marine waters. The lowering of sea surface temperatures and shoaling of thermocline brought down the temperatures on the land too.
We are contemporarily bugged by the phobia of global warming. While the climate change is inevitable, but as projected by many, holding the industry and the humanity solely responsible for expediting climate change is incorrect. The climate is affected by tectonic activities within the depths of the earth and also by the orbital changes of the earth’s trajectory etc. Various evidences have suggested that climate is certainly affected by the Solar activity as well.
Anthropogenic intervention in the earth’s environment, excessive and indiscriminate felling of trees, concretization of urban complexes, pollution of rivers etc are many agents which add up to hasten the climate change phenomenon. Thus no doubt a curb on our wrong deeds is imperative, though it will only help in postponing the climate change. | <urn:uuid:a422c0be-38a8-46f9-bce3-da750f292ab7> | {
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Sophocles’ age old play Antigone is about a young girl who fights King Creon’s unjust law for the burial of her brother who was deemed a traitor to their town. With the act of civil disobedience both Antigone and Creon strive for their own justice but in the end meet their fate. A more modern way of civil disobedience would be the strategy that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. used. The steps a person can use to change a law they find unjust are explained in his essay “The Power of Non-Violence” and “The Letter to Birmingham Jail”. Martin Luther King’s theory has four major steps: first finding an injustice exists, negotiation, self-purification and direct action. Although Antigone’s actions against Creon do not completely conform to Marin Luther King’s theory of nonviolent civil disobedience, both follow a similar structure to correct an injustice.
Martin Luther King Jr. had a very strict approach to civil disobedience. His four main steps to civil disobedience are: determining an unjust law exists, negotiating, self-purification and direct action. Each one of these steps progresses to the next without the use of violence, external and internal. In both “Letter to Birmingham Jail” and “The Power of Non-Violence”, Martin Luther King Jr. expresses each of the four steps to civil disobedience.
Martin Luther King Jr. ‘s first step to civil disobedience was determining that an unjust law existed. “An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law… An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust.” Dr. King made a clear distinction between the two as to not get others confused.
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Think you’re safe? Think again. The world has shown time and again that it wants all of us dead, the quicker the better. Hurricanes, floods, air disasters, terror attacks—the list of ways the universe is trying to kill us is long and terrifying.
But major disasters don’t always go to plan. Sometimes, we come within seconds of a world-shaking catastrophe, only to be saved by quick thinking, good judgment, or just dumb luck. It’s a wonder any of us are still alive to read this.
10A Submarine Fire Nearly Causes The Next Chernobyl
The 1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine was the worst nuclear accident in history. Around 50 people died, and thousands got a big surprise dose of radiation. Twenty-five years later, Russia nearly topped it when a fire broke out on a nuclear submarine. Aside from two reactors to power it, the sub was equipped with mines, torpedoes, and a clutch of missiles, each armed with four nuclear warheads.
At the time, the submarine was in dock, undergoing repairs. Stupidly, those working on it allowed white hot sparks to come into contact with dry wooden scaffolding, triggering a hugely dangerous blaze. Fire quickly swamped the craft, building into an inferno. Reporting on the incident, widely respected Russian magazine Vlast claimed that if the fire had caused one of the torpedoes to explode, it could have threatened the warheads, leading to “an extremely dangerous nuclear accident.”
Although the craft was parked at the remote Roslyakovo docks 1,500 kilometers (900 mi) north of Moscow, the region is still populated enough to render a nuclear detonation or radiation spill catastrophic. Since the authorities refused to evacuate the area, thousands would have been affected at a bare minimum. For a whole day, this was a very real possibility.
Fortunately, firefighters managed to get the blaze under control by partially sinking the sub, and disaster was averted. Less fortunately, this was far from an isolated incident. Russia has a stupendously bad track record with nuclear submarine accidents, so Europe’s next nuclear disaster could still be just around the corner.
9Britain Nearly Shoots Down A Passenger Plane Over London
In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the Western world was alert to hijacked planes. When an unauthorized passenger plane entered London airspace and refused to respond to urgent messages, UK intelligence feared the worst. It could have been headed for Westminster, 10 Downing Street, or Oxford Circus. Thousands of lives could have been threatened. An RAF fighter jet was quickly dispatched. Its mission: to intercept and possibly shoot down the airliner.
In Downing Street, Prime Minister Tony Blair had just moments to make the call. He could either have blasted the plane out the sky before it reached central London or crossed his fingers and hoped for the best. According to a later account he gave, Blair came within seconds of giving the order to fire. But at the last moment, his nerve gave out. He couldn’t do it.
It was the right call. A minute later, contact was reestablished. A technical fault had caused the plane to stop responding. It was full of nothing more deadly than returning tourists. Had Blair taken the decision to shoot it down, hundreds of innocent people would have died, not including the damage done by wreckage falling on a major city.
8Aum Shinrikyo Spray Anthrax Over Tokyo
On June 29, 1993, residents living near the headquarters of religious cult Aum Shinrikyo in Kameido, Tokyo, complained of a strange smell. The next day, people fell ill with nausea and vomiting. The day after that, a rooftop device belonging to the cult sprayed a fine mist through the air. An oily black substance clung to buildings and skin. It fanned out over the entire ward, drifting deep into the city. Eventually, authorities convinced the group to stop. They packed up operations. The machine vanished, and no one had any idea what that black substance was.
Two years later, Aum Shinrikyo gassed the Tokyo subway with sarin, killing 12 people and injuring over 5,500. With the group implicated in other chemical attacks, authorities decided to analyze samples of the black substance collected in 1993. When the results came back, they got a nasty shock. The device on the rooftop had been releasing clouds of aerosolized anthrax.
One of the deadliest diseases known to man, anthrax doesn’t mess around. Releasing a steady cloud of it over a crowded city should have resulted in thousands of deaths. It should have been the deadliest terror attack in history. And maybe it would have been, if Aum Shinrikyo hadn’t accidentally used a strain developed for vaccinations. Instead of killing thousands, the worst their attack did was actually immunize their victims against the disease.
7Britain Comes Within One Minute Of Its Worst Rail Disaster
On the evening of March 7, 2015, a crowded steam train ran a red light in the English county of Wiltshire. Run by a company specializing in retro railway tours, the train was equipped with an automatic brake that should have forced it to a stop at the junction. The driver, however, disabled the system. The train sailed through the light and across another track, having barely slowed down. None of the 300-odd tourists onboard realized at the time how close they’d come to being involved in the worst rail disaster in British history.
Less than 60 seconds beforehand, an express train carrying 300–400 people had gone through the junction at 110 kilometers (70 mi) per hour. The red light the steam train ran had been to warn the driver of the oncoming express. Had each train’s timing been just slightly off, they would have collided with enough force to derail them both. While it’s impossible to say how many might have died, the BBC later said it could have been the worst crash in British history. Even if it didn’t quite scale those terrible heights, it still would’ve been deadly enough to scar the entire nation.
6A Waste Disposal Firm Accidentally Creates A Radioactive Death Ray
No one in the north of England would have noticed the truck passing on March 11, 2002. Registered to the firm AEA, it was transporting medical equipment 200 kilometers (130 mi) across the country for disposal. Yet this nondescript truck almost went down in British history. Had a container in its back been stored at a slightly different angle, it could have shot the public with poisonous radiation.
The equipment the truck was carrying was highly radioactive. Workers had placed it in a 2.5-ton container then forgot to plug up one end. The result was a narrow beam of radiation projecting out 100–1,000 times above a safe dose. Had the container been laid horizontally, the beam would have extended 300 meters (1,000 ft) out across the English countryside wherever the truck went, potentially injuring anyone in its path. Had the truck crashed, the container could have fallen and poisoned those at the accident site. At the very least, it could have injured those charged with loading and unloading it at either end of its journey.
Prosecutors later said it was “pure good fortune” no one was dangerously contaminated during the drive. For their part in this near-disaster, AEA were forced to pay a £151,000 fine.
5ETA Tries To Explode A Gigantic Bomb In Central Madrid
Before they declared a “permanent cease-fire” in 2011, Basque separatist group ETA was one of European terrorism’s major threats. In 1987, they murdered 21 Spanish civilians in a shopping mall bomb attack, the worst attack in the country’s post-Franco history. But in 2004, they nearly topped even that gruesome assault. Two members filled a van with 30 kilograms (65 lb) of dynamite and 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of chloratite and hit the road. Their goal was to explode their gigantic bomb in the heart of central Madrid.
It would’ve been the biggest bombing in ETA’s history. The force of the explosion would have endangered the lives of anyone within a mile of the van. It would also have caused millions of euros of damage. Fortunately, the van never made it to the city. When it reached Cuenca, bored officers pulled it over for a routine check and discovered the enormous bomb in the back.
Scarily, this isn’t the only time ETA nearly caused untold carnage in the Spanish capital. In 1999, two vans were intercepted on their way to blowing up the Torre Picasso, a building home to 5,000 workers.
4Soviet Scientists Nearly Kill An Entire Russian City
During the Cold War, the Russian city of Sverdlovsk (now known as Ekaterinburg) was suspected of being home to a Soviet bioweapons facility. Although NATO and its allies monitored the military base there, they never found any evidence to confirm their suspicions. Then, in 1992, Boris Yeltsin admitted they’d been stockpiling killer germs in Sverdlovsk. He also admitted something far more disturbing. In 1979, some of these germs had accidentally been released.
After workers forgot to replace an exhaust in a filtration system, an aerosolized version of anthrax had escaped into the air. Unlike Aum Shinrikyo’s useless strain in Tokyo, this batch was highly dangerous. Downwind of the facility, 94 people were infected, with 64 dying from the illness. Tragic as this is, it could have been much worse. In an interview with PBS’s Frontline, the former first deputy chief of the Soviet’s bioweapons program, Dr. Kanatjan Alibekov, said they got extremely lucky with the wind that day. Had it been blowing in the opposite direction, toward Sverdlovsk, he estimated hundreds of thousands would have died.
3The IRA Nearly Assassinates The British Prime Minister
It’s kind of forgotten today how terrifying the IRA really were. Their attacks caused unprecedented carnage in the UK, and in 1991, they even managed to shell a cabinet meeting in central London with mortars. But their greatest achievement nearly came seven years earlier. On October 12, 1984, a bomb planted in Brighton’s Grand Hotel came within seconds of killing Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.
The attack was timed to coincide with the annual Conservative Party conference, when the hotel would be crawling with government ministers. Bomber Patrick Magee had placed a 500-kilogram (1,000 lb) explosive in room 629 and timed it to go off in the middle of the night. The explosion ripped through walls and floors. It blew chunks of concrete out into the street. It badly damaged the suite Thatcher was staying in and probably would have killed her, had she not been awake and away from the blast working on her speech.
The first assassination of a sitting prime minister since 1812 would have altered the course of British history. Any future peace talks on Northern Ireland would have been completely derailed. As it was, the deaths of five people in the blast were still a tragedy but not quite the epoch-shaking event it nearly was.
2A Dam Failure Nearly Causes The US’s Worst Ever Disaster
It killed 64 people, injured over 2,500, collapsed entire hospitals, and caused millions of dollars’ worth of damage. It’s hard to see how the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake could possibly have been any worse. Yet it was very nearly the worst disaster in the history of the United States. At the Van Norman reservoir, the quake caused the lower dam to come within seconds of failing. Had it broken, the resulting rush of water would have killed more people than the Pearl Harbor attack, 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, 9/11, and the 1900 Galveston Hurricane combined.
In the short 12 seconds of the quake, the top 10 meters (30 ft) of the dam disintegrated. By a stroke of luck, the reservoir was only half full that day, preventing a titanic flood. Still, the water level wound up a mere 2 meters (6 ft) from the top, and continued aftershocks kept causing more concrete to fall off. Around 80,000 people had to be evacuated from the San Fernando Valley below in an emergency operation lasting three days. In all that time, the only thing stopping a total dam collapse was a few feet of freeboard.
Had the dam been full at the time of the quake, or had the freeboard given out afterward, the loss of life would have been catastrophic. A UCLA study later estimated the dam’s failure would have killed a minimum of 71,600 people and perhaps as many as 123,400.
1An Asteroid Nearly Wipes Out The Largest City On Earth
At 7:17 AM on June 30, 1908, a burning hunk of rock blasted across the skies of Russia, finally exploding with the force of 1,000 Hiroshima bombs. An area of trees spanning 2,000 square kilometers (800 mi2) was instantly flattened. People were knocked to the ground over 60 kilometers (40 mi) away. The blast was felt on the other side of the continent.
The Tunguska asteroid remains the biggest modern impact. By sheer fluke, it landed in a remote stretch of wilderness. Almost nobody was hurt, although a handful of deaths were recorded. A tiny twist of cosmic fate, and things could have been a lot worse. While the Tunguska explosion would have been devastating over any town or city, if it arrived six hours earlier, it would have hit the largest city on Earth: London.
At the dawn of the 20th century, London was the seat of an empire. With 6.5–7.5 million inhabitants, it dwarfed even New York. Half the world was run from its government offices. Its size and importance was like modern Beijing, Tokyo, and Washington, DC, combined. A Tunguska impact would have destroyed everything.
According to the BBC, everything within today’s M25—an area covering 200 square kilometers (80 mi2)—would have been wiped out. The death toll would have been in the millions. The biggest empire on Earth would have ground to a halt. The global economy would have crashed hard. The aftereffects would have shaken the entire world. | <urn:uuid:c63e820b-c54d-46dc-a282-67fa5fecf41d> | {
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This report covers the activities of the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) from October 1, 2002, to September 30, 2003. In addition to describing OCR's civil rights compliance program, the report demonstrates how OCR is able to make a real difference in the lives of students.
|"Any system and any person that gives up on any child because of what
he looks like or who his parents are is no less discriminatory than a jeering
mob blocking the schoolhouse door. It is every inch the bigotry that once exiled
some people to the back of the bus."
As we submit this report, 2004 marks a special year in America's longstanding efforts to bring about equal educational opportunity for all people. It commemorates the 50th anniversary of the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision that declared separate but equal schools to be unconstitutional. Brown stands as one of the greatest decisions handed down by the U.S. Supreme Court.
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB Act), the comprehensive reform of federal elementary and secondary education programs that President George W. Bush signed into law on January 8, 2002, may be viewed as furthering the intent of the Brown decision. The goal of the NCLB Act is to ensure that every child from every background receives a high quality education and that every school in America is a place of high expectations and high achievement.
|"Even though progress has been made, there is more to do. There are still
people in our society who hurt. There is still prejudice holding people back.
There is still a school system that doesn't elevate every child so they
President George W. Bush
The fair, effective and efficient enforcement of the civil rights laws works to advance both equity and educational excellence. There is no better way to honor this historic Brown anniversary than to stay focused in our efforts to help all of our children have an equal chance to succeed and reach their full potential. We will continue to build on these accomplishments in bringing access to high quality education to all students in our nation.
Delegated the Authority of
Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights | <urn:uuid:738aed43-d3ee-49cf-b925-d482fe928d53> | {
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Animal-assisted therapy (AAT), also known as pet therapy, utilizes trained animals and handlers to achieve specific physical, social, cognitive, and emotional goals with patients.
The enjoyment of animals as companions dates back many centuries, perhaps even to prehistoric times. The first known therapeutic use of animals started in Gheel, Belgium in the ninth century. In this town, learning to care for farm animals has long been an important part of an assisted living program designed for people with disabilities.
Some of the earliest uses of animal-assisted healing in the United States were for psychiatric patients. The presence of the therapy animals produced a beneficial effect on both children and adults with mental health issues.
It is only in the last few decades that AAT has been more formally applied in a variety of therapeutic settings, including schools and prisons, as well as hospitals, hospices, nursing homes, and outpatient care programs.
Studies have shown that physical contact with a pet can lower high blood pressure, and improve survival rates for heart attack victims. There is also evidence that petting an animal can cause endorphins to be released.
Endorphins are chemicals in the body that suppress the pain response. These are benefits that can be enjoyed from pet ownership, as well as from visiting therapeutic animals.
Many skills can be learned or improved with the assistance of a therapy animal. Patient rehabilitation can be encouraged by such activities as walking or running with a dog, or throwing objects for the animal to retrieve.
Fine motor skills may be developed by petting, grooming, or feeding the animal. Patient communication is encouraged by the response of the animal to either verbal or physical commands.
Activities such as writing or talking about the therapy animals or past pets also develop cognitive skills and communication. Creative inclusion of an animal in the life or therapy of a patient can make a major difference in the patient’s comfort, progress, and recovery.
The way in which AAT is undertaken depends on the needs and abilities of the individual patient. Dogs are the most common visiting therapy animals, but cats, horses, birds, rabbits, and other domestic pets can be used as long as they are appropriately screened and trained.
For patients who are confined, small animals can be brought to the bed if the patient is willing and is not allergic to the animal. A therapeutic plan may include a simple interaction aimed at improving communication and small motor skills, or a demonstration with educational content to engage the patient cognitively.
If the patient is able to walk or move around, more options are available. Patients can walk small animals outside, or learn how to care for farm animals. Both of these activities develop confidence and motor abilities.
Horseback riding has recently gained great therapeutic popularity. It offers an opportunity to work on balance, trunk control, and other skills. Many patients who walk with difficulty, or not at all, get great emotional benefit from interacting with and controlling a large animal.
One advantage of having volunteers provide this service is that cost and insurance are not at issue.
AAT does not involve just any pet interacting with a patient. Standards for the training of the volunteers and their animals are crucial in order to promote a safe, positive experience for the patient. Trained volunteers will understand how to work with other medical professionals to set goals for the patient and keep records of progress.
Animals that have been appropriately trained are well socialized to people, other animals, and medical equipment. They are not distracted by the food and odors that may be present in the therapy environment and will not chew inappropriate objects or mark territory.
Animals participating in AAT should be covered by some form of liability insurance.
Research and general acceptance
The research evidence supporting the efficacy of AAT is slim, although the anecdotal support is vast. Although it may not be given much credence by medical personnel as a therapy with the potential to assist the progress of the patients, some institutions do at least allow it as something that will uplift the patients or distract them from their discomforts. | <urn:uuid:39b460c5-28e8-4140-9650-9c0b3e5f23dd> | {
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After the work of Cook and Karp popularized the P versus NP question, computer scientists immediately tried hard to prove P=NP or P≠NP. Baker, Gill and Solovay showed that most of their approaches were doomed to failure.
Baker, Gill and Solovay noted that complexity proofs relativized, that is held even if all machines involved could make queries to some "oracle," i.e., making queries to some fixed set. They created oracles A and B such that
- PA = NPA
- PB ≠ NPB
The paper gives very little about the philosophical implications of their results. For a short while some researchers thought that these results could lead to true independence of the P versus NP question, but this thinking was quickly abandoned and later we have seen some theorems that do not relativize, particularly in the area of interactive proof systems.
Relativization results do help us understand what theorems to pursue, what techniques cannot solve our questions. Nearly all the techniques we know for time classes, outside of the algebraic techniques used for interactive proofs, do relativize. Only a very few of the known relativization results later had proofs in the opposite direction.
For more read my 1994 survey The Role of Relativization in Complexity Theory. | <urn:uuid:72fb84e3-5f95-4b76-ac21-3d0d299e07ba> | {
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This is going to bring me large numbers of search engine hits from people looking for something else entirely, but I’m going to talk about the joy of X, which inevitably means mentioning XX, and XXX of course, and XXXX and so on, right up to Simonds of Reading’s strong stout, Archangel XXXXXXX.
The usual (and only semi-likely) explanation of the original use of X and XX as markings on ale and beer casks, and subsequently as beer names, was that they were used as a guarantee of quality by monastic brewers: Frederick Hackwood’s Edwardian-era Inns, Ales and Drinking Customs of Old England says that
in shape the crosses were at first more akin to the crucifix, and served to indicate that by the oath of the monks, ‘sworn on the cross’, the beer was of sound quality, fit to drink.”
though, of course, there is no contemporary documentary evidence given for this, and it seems unlikely, frankly, that monks would use Christianity’s holiest symbol on casks of ale. In any case, † is † and X is X.
Another explanation is that it comes from the habit of excisemen from the middle of the 17th century, when beer was first taxed, marking XX on casks of strong ale or beer and X on casks of small beer. The problem with that idea is that the excisemen’s marks were X for strong beer and T for table beer.
But in this we do at least have evidence of X being used to indicate beer strength: indeed, by the end of the 18th century the Burton upon Trent brewer Benjamin Wilson was using “Xth” in his letters to customers as shorthand for “strength”. We also know that XX was used in the 17th century: in 1695 the Anchor brewery, Southwark was sending “15 Tunns of XX beer” to “Beerbadoes”.
While there is, as far as I am aware, no known documentary evidence of monastic brewers using the X and XX marks for their ale and beer, there would be a perfect reason for them to do so, from the widespread practice of making what was known as “double beer”. The 17th century writer William Yworth, in a book called Cerevisiarii Comes or The New and True Art of Brewing, published in London in 1692, said double beer was “the first two worts, used in the place of liquor [water], to mash again on fresh malt”, so that, in theory, the wort ended up twice as strong. A single run-through of liquor would produce weaker single beer.
A similar idea is behind the name of Double Gloucester cheese, which contains the cream from two milkings, evening and morning, in contrast with Single Gloucester, which is made from the cream of just one milking, and thus has a higher proportion of thin skimmed milk.
Double beer is a style at least a thousand years old: a medical manuscript in Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) dated to early in the 11th century mentions twibrowen ealath, twice-brewed ale. When medieval monastic brewers referred to the same drink they called it cervisia duplex, a Latin phrase meaning double ale, which is found in texts written in Britain, probably by monks, in the 13th century.
Birra duplex, double beer in Latin, occurs in a document from 1480, and the same phrase comes up again in an account from 1554, in the reign of Queen Mary. Duplex, the Latin word for double (and meaning literally “two-ply”) sounds like “double-X” in English – and simplex, the Latin for single, sounds like “single X”. It is easy to imagine medieval monk-brewers marking the casks of their birra duplex with a double-X to show that what was inside was the stronger stuff, while the simplex was marked with a single X.
Double beer was also brewed by “civilians”: the borough accounts of Southampton for 1497 show that the expenses of the “law-day” feast on the official perambulation of the borough boundaries included 20d for half a barrel of “dobell beere”, and 12d for half a barrel of “fyne dobell beere”. In the records of the county of Middlesex during the time of Edward VI, that is, around 1550, one Peter Jool was charged with illegally brewing too-strong “dobell dobell” beer, which would presumably have been called “XXXX”.
Although few, if any, commercial brewers today make strong beer with a “double wort”, or return wort, the abbey brewers of Flanders and Brabant still use dubbel and tripel to describe their different-strength beers, and at least one, the Schaapskooi brewery at the Cistercian Abbey of Our Dear Lady (“Onze Lieve Vrouw) in Koningshoeven, North Brabant, whose beers are sold under the La Trappe name, still uses Xs on its bottle labels to denote the brews.
The brewery made Dubbel and Tripel for a long time and has “reinvented” (Tim Webb) the terms Enkel and Quadrupel to extend its beer range at either end of the strength scale. The terms double and single for different strengths of beer were used across Northern Europe: the three commonest styles of Swedish beer before the middle of the 19th century, for example, were dubbelt öl, or double ale, enkelt öl, or single ale, and svagöl, “weak ale”.
When Henry VIII set about dissolving the monasteries of England, many of the redundant monk-brewers and their non-ordained employees must have been available to set up commercial breweries. Did they carry with them the habit of marking strong “duplex” beer with a double X (and “triplex”, with a triple X)?
Early brewing books, unfortunately, do not seem to cover the use of X in beer names. References before the 1850s, such as the mention of “Charrington’s XX ale” in the Pocket Magazine of 1821, are rare, and it is not until the arrival of newspapers with advertising from brewers that it becomes clear how widespread the use of X and powers of X was to name beers. Indeed, a children’s “Alphabet of Trades” published around 1856 gratefully recruited the brewer when it got to the 24th letter of the alphabet:
The letter X no trade will show
Unless we to the brewer go;
One who ready has for sale
Rows of XX and XXX ale
Every brewer, practically without exception, brewed a couple or more beers with X in the name. John Steed’s brewery in Baldock, North Hertfordshire was typical: in 1867 it was selling eight different beers, a pale ale, a family bitter ale, a porter, an “extra double stout”, and then XX mild ale at one shilling a gallon, probably around 1045-50 OG; XX “stock ale for harvest” at the same price; XXX strong ale, one shilling and four pence, around 1055-1060 OG; and XXXX “extra strong, highly recommended” at one shilling and eight pence, somewhere north of 1080 OG.
The X designation was almost always applied, where it was used, to milds, to plain “ales” (which even in the 19th century normally meant a less-hoppy brew), and to porters and stouts, while pale ales and bitters would have other letters applied to them: PA, BA, KK or AK, and the like. Brewers seemed to feel that if it was going to have nothing but one or more Xs in the name, a beer had to be dark, or lightly hopped, or both. Certainly almost all the solely-X-designation beers that have survived until recent times have been dark milds, including Greene King XX, Brakspear’s XXX and Devenish XXX, to name just three. However, enough exceptions exist, including the now-vanished Paine’s XXX bitter from St Neots and XX light bitter from the old Starkey, Knight and Ford Brewery in Tiverton and 6X bitter from the Yorkshire Clubs Brewery, York (which also brewed 4X bitter); XXX bitter at the Three Tuns, Bishops Castle, and 6X bitter from Wadworth’s of Devizes.
Few brewers went above XXXX, though EJ and C Healey of Watford, Hertfordshire sold XXXXX Christmas Ale for two shillings a gallon in the 1890s, which must have been over 1100 OG, and Simonds of Reading’s Archangel Stout, described by the writer Andrew Campbell in 1956 as “very powerful … dry and strong to the taste” was advertised in the 1930s with the alternative name of “XXXXXXX”
There seems general agreement as to how strong a beer would be for a given number of Xs: Professor Charles Graham, speaking to the Society of Chemical Industry in 1881 about beer strengths, said the gravities of the standard X and XX milds were 1055 and 1061 respectively. Certainly Courage, one of London’s biggest mild ale brewers, brewed its XX mild in 1891 to a gravity of 1060. XX was the standard “running ale” or “fourpenny ale”, so called from its price of four pence for a quart, which is why the public bar, where XX mild was mostly drunk, was sometimes called the “four-ale bar”.
However, “country” strengths may have been different from “London” strengths: Steward & Patteson, the Norwich brewer, in 1914 was brewing its XXXX mild at around 1065 OG, its XXX at 1055 and its XX at 1047. The different strengths would also, it seems, be different colours, though this would probably range only from “dark” to “very, very dark”: Garne’s brewery of Burford in 1912 gave the colours of its X beers as 25 for the XX, an old-oak brown, 30 for the XXX and 35 – very dark brown – for the XXXX (which, with oat malt in the grain bill, was probably meant to be regarded as a stout).
This did not always apply, however: the Northants & Leicestershire Clubs Brewery in 1935 brewed two grades of mild, XX and XXX, each in three varieties, Light, Medium and Dark. Sometimes, too, the Xs were merely relative indications of strength: at Guinness the two main brews were referred to internally until 1929 as X or SS (for single stout), which was 1058 OG before the First World War, and XX or DS (for double stout), which was 1074 OG, though their official, public designations were porter and extra stout. It took a board resolution that year to force the brewery staff and workers to refer to the beers by their “correct” titles.
The X designation was carried abroad to all Britain’s colonies by emigrating brewers: to give just a few examples, William Peel at the Umlaas Brewery in Natal was selling “fine flavoured table ale X”, strong pale XX and “extra strong” XXX ale when he opened in 1862; Molson, the Canadian brewer, was brewing an XX mild in 1869; while Carlton in Melbourne was selling XXX mild in the 1880s. In 1924 Castlemaine of Brisbane introduced its XXXX Bitter Ale, which was to become one of Australia’s best-known beers. In New Zealand, Ford’s of Hokitika brewed XXXX Pale Ale, In the United States, XX ale was being brewed in Philadelphia in 1857 and Ballantine’s of Newark’s XXX Ale was a famous brew, its cans immortalised in bronze by the artist Jasper Johns in 1960.
Today only a handful of beers sold solely with Xs in their name survive in Britain, against the thousands there must have been in the 19th century: XX dark mild from Greene King; Sussex XX mild from Harvey’s; Tressler XXX mild from Nobby’s of Guilsborough; XXX bitter from the Three Tuns brewery in Bishop’s Castle; the strong (and rare) XXXX from Hyde’s in Manchester; Nimmo’s XXXX from Cameron’s; XXXX bitter from the Spectrum brewery in Norwich, the only other one brewed by a “new” brewer; and 6X from Wadworth’s. Greene King blends two-year-old 5X into its Strong Suffolk but doesn’t, alas, sell it separately. | <urn:uuid:174759c5-6e2e-4f36-9777-7394db0267ea> | {
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Can’t get enough of sumptuous British estates with their proper servants and silver tea services? Check out Secrets of the Manor House on PBS, premiering tonight at 8/7 central and it will stream in its entirety beginning January 23.
One hundred years ago the British manor house was in its heyday, sheltering families of enormous wealth and privilege within its stately walls. But what was really going on behind closed doors, where these wealthy families and their poor servants coexisted? Shot on location at some of Britain’s finest estates and country houses and featuring interviews with contemporary masters and the servants, the series reveals that life in the manor house was a world unchanged for almost a thousand years. By the time the 20th century entered its second decade, mounting financial, political and social pressures would alter the world of the Edwardian aristocrat forever.
The program includes some of the great homes with commentary from some of the premiere historians of the Edwardian era, including Lawrence James (The Illustrated Rise and Fall of the British Empire). As he and others explain, by Edwardian times, the agricultural revenues of the great country estates were dwindling. With the Industrial Revolution, wealth began moving away from agriculture and into manufacturing and banking. While the easiest solution would have been to sell some of their land, the practice of entailment demanded that estates be passed on intact. Many aristocrats, finding themselves in need of cash, married rich American heiresses in a trend that was quietly called “cash for titles.” As historian Dr. Elisabeth Kehoe (Fortune’s Daughters) recounts, among the many American heiresses who married into the aristocracy was Jennie Jerome, who wed the second son of the Duke of Marlborough and was mother to Winston Churchill.
Rumblings of change were also coming from below stairs. Those who served the lords and ladies led backbreaking lives of non-stop work for little pay and less freedom. Thousands of working-class Edwardians left these country estates to make their way across the sea to America, hoping for a better life and more freedom in the land of opportunity. When hundreds of these would-be immigrants, traveling in second and third class, perished in the sinking of the Titanic, the inequity of the British class system was shown to the world in all its ugliness.
It lasted for hundreds of years, based in a rigid class system, an agriculture-based economy, and strict laws of inheritance. All of that would come to an end with the two World Wars. Even the most passionate Anglophiles would not want to return to those times….but it is delicious to visit them in “Downton Abbey” and in shows like this one. | <urn:uuid:51f211ac-d588-4b65-b618-bb11bea6853b> | {
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Lacking blubber, sea otters
have amazingly thick fur to assist in retaining heat.
An Arctic fox's paws are sheathed in dense fur during the winter, which explains this species' scientific name lagopus — meaning "rabbit footed."
Northern flying squirrels don't really fly, but glide from tree to tree— sometimes long distances of more than 25 yards.
A family of Arctic foxes can eat dozens of lemmings each day.
Northern flying squirrels are known to vocalize with repeated warning calls and high-pitched "chirps."
During winter hibernation, Kenai brown bears go for more than 100 days without eating, drinking or passing waste. Also, while they may look heavy and cumbersome, they can sprint at remarkable speeds of 35-40 miles per hour.
Ocelot fur was once considered valuable, with a single cat worth approximately $400 (in 1990s prices), and it would take an unlucky 13 ocelots to make one fur coat.
Island foxes colonized the modern-day Channel Islands 16,000 years ago, when the islands were a single, big land mass.
Traditional Blackfeet Indians believed the grizzly bear to be people's closest animal relative. The great bear — known as Old Grandfather, Old Honey Paws, or Crooked Tail — wasn't feared or considered a threat; in fact, grizzlies were revered as healers and were the most esteemed of all animals.
Right whales — like north Pacific and north Atlantic right whales — are so named because long-ago whalers thought they were the "right whales" to kill (that is, the easiest).
The fisher is the only animal tough and clever enough to prey regularly on porcupines — no easy feat.
The Pacific pocket mouse has very hairy hind feet, giving the species one of its most distinguishing features.
The killer whale, or orca, is actually an intelligent, social predator known to form lasting social bonds — living in highly organized "pods" where everyone cares for the young, sick, or injured.
The maximum lifespan of ribbon seals may approach 30 years, and they likely live about 20 years on average. | <urn:uuid:b9840e82-a89b-41c3-ae5f-069aedb20e93> | {
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Projeqt is the latest tool for creating dynamic online presentations. Allows you to combine the benefits of a traditional presentation with streamed real time online content. Best of all it works across platforms.
Even if your students are never going to become professional app developers, learning the fundamentals of programming can be helpful in understanding how software works. Learning programming basics also helps students develop a better understanding of “if, then” logic which can be applied to a wide variety of academic areas. Here are five iPad apps that can help students learn some programming basics. | <urn:uuid:b1194654-514f-4247-bc90-a496f49cf1cc> | {
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MAKING A WILL
This info explains what a will is under the Will Act 1959 (the Act) and what happens to your assets and liabilities (Estate) after your death
WHAT IS A WILL?
1.1 A WILL is a document where a person state his intentions as to how his Estate is to be administered and distributed after his death and who is to administer the Estate for the deceased. It may include provisions for guardianship, custody and tuition of a child
1.2 A Will must be in writing unless it is privileged Will as stated in paragraph 5 below.
1.3 The person making the Will is called the Testator and he must be at least eighteen (18) years of age and of sound mind unless he is a soldier in actual military service or a mariner or seaman at sea.
1.4 The person named by the Testator to administer and distribute the Estate is called Executor if a male and Executrix if a female. The Executor need not be a beneficiary.
1.5 Those persons who inherit of benefit under the Will are called Beneficiaries.
1.6 If there are minor Beneficiaries, i.e. persons below the age of eighteen (18) years named in your Will, you must name at least two (2) Executors
1.7 You may also state your Will that the Executors are also to act as trustees to hold any assets or invest or use any money for the benefit of the minor Beneficiaries named in your Will.
1.8 A Will need not be stamped.
DO YOU NEED A LAWYER TO MAKE A WILL?
2.1 You do not need a lawyer to make a Will.
2.2 However, your home-made Will may be ineffective and invalid and this may cause your Executors/Beneficiaries expense and distress.
2.3 It is therefore in your interest to consult a lawyer who would be in a better position to advice you and draft your Will for you.
WHAT YOU CAN INCLUDE IN A WILL
In your Will, you should
3.1 Name the person(s) you wish to nominate as Executor(s);
3.2 Name the beneficiaries to whom you wish to give your assets and property to and the proportion the Beneficiaries are to inherit.
3.3 You may, if you so wish , soecify which Beneficiary is to inherit which asset/property.
WITNESSING YOUR WILL
4.1 The Testator must sign at the foot or end of the Will
4.2 The Testator's signature must be witnessed by at least two (2) persons who are NOT Beneficiaries under the Will and who are NOT the husband/wives of the Beneficiaries.
4.3 An Executor who is NOT a Benefeciary or a husband/wife of any Beneficiary under the Will may witness the Will.
PRIVILEGED WILLS OF SOLDIERS, AIRMEN AND SAILORS
5.1 A Soldier in actualy military service or a mariner or a seaman (naval forces) at sea, is entitled to make what is called a "PRIVILEGED WILL".
5.2 A Privileged Will may be oral or in writing and need not be signed by the Testator.
5.3 A Privileged Will becomes null upon expiry of one(1) month after the Testator being still alive, ceases to be a soldier in actual military service or a mariner or seaman at sea.
6.1 If you have made a nomination under the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) Act for your EPF monies. Your nominees shall be entitled to your EPF monies regardless of what you state in your WILL.
6.2 Please note that your EPF Nomination is revoked as follows:
6.2.1 Upon death of the nominee during your lifetime; as member; or
6.2.2 By notice of revocation made by you as member; or
6.2.3 By subsequent nomination made byyou as member of the Fund. The later nomination will supercede the earlier.
CHANGING YOUR WILL
7.1 You may change your will at any time and from time to time during your lifetime.
7.2 However, never attempt to change your Will by deleting words or adding words in or by attaching anything to it. If you do, your Will becomes ineffective or invalid unless the changes are properly made.
7.3 You should rewrite your Will if you wish to change it. The new Will will automatically supercede the previous Will.
REVIEWING YOUR WILL
8.1 Generally, if you marry or re-marry, your Will will be revoked by the marriage and becomes null or cancelled.
8.2 You should also review your Will:
(a) If you change your name or anyone mentioned in the Will changes his;
(b) If you Executor dies or becomes unfit/unsuitable to act;
(c) If there are any other changes which you consider will affect the Will.
8.3 It is advisable to review your Will regularly.
MAKING KNOWN YOUR WILL
9.1 Although a Will is a private document, it is imporetant that your family and especially your Executor(s) know that you have a Will and where it is kept.
9.2 If you wish your lawyer look after your Will for you, you should at least give your Executor(s) your lawyer's name and address.
ADMINISTERING YOUR ESTATE
10.1 Your Will takes effect only upon your death.
10.2 Your Executor would have to apply to Court for a Grant of Probate.
10.3 However, your Executor has thepower by virtue of your Will to act even before the Grant of Probate is issued. For example, your Executor may pay or release debts and rtansfer property or assets according to the Will.
10.4 Once the Grant of Probate is issued, the Will becomes a public document. The original Will is retained by the Court.
10.5 Your Executor will be given a copy of the Will together with the Grant of Probate.
10.6 All your property and assets will pass to your Executor, who will have the responsibility of administering and distributing the Estate according to your Will.
IF YOU DO NOT MAKE A WILL
11.1 If you pass away without making a Will, your assets will be distributed according to the rules of intestacy as laid down in the Distribution Act, 1958.
11.2 Your lawyer can advice you about these rules and how they apply to you.
11.3 If you die without making a Will, your Estate may be distributed to persons to whom you do not intend to give anything.
11.4 Futhermore, the people who will look after your Will are not of your choice. They are called "Administrators" if males and "Administratrixs" if females instead of Executors although they perform a similar task.
11.5 They have to apply to Court for "Letters of Administration" and the procedure is generally more complicated than in the case when you have a Will. For example, the administrators will have to provide two sureties (or guarantors) with unencumbered assets equivalent to the value of your Estate unless they obtain a Court Order dispensing with this.
11.6 If you have specific intentions about providing for yhour family members, friends or a charity after your death, you should consider making a Will.
12.1 Some of the provisions mentioned above do not apply to Muslims.
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A computer virus is usually designed in such a manner that it will spread from one system to another and hinder the normal function of a computer. A virus more often than not is benign but nowadays xvideo more and more malignant ones are surfacing. These ones have the potential to cause irreversible damage to your files. They can remove your files altogether and can even let a xvideo third party over ride your computer for good.
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As the Internet continues to xvideo evolve every single day, our personal data is always on wire. Electronically we have started paying bills, doing business, purchasing goods because of the fact that it is fact and convenient.
Viruses can seep into any random document or software installed xvideo on your PC. It can be contracted by visiting porn sites and those websites that cannot be trusted. Spyware comes as a free gift with software downloads and can lay key loggers which will memorize everything that you type in with your keyboard. Any passwords or credit card numbers will all be in possession of a third party. Scary isn't it?
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These days, people have become very busy with their respective professional lives and it is taking toll on their personal relationships. Many recent studies have identified that the worst sufferers of such busy work schedule are the couples. The average rate of having a physical relationship has reduced considerably and things must be brought under control before it gets out of control. Thought it may sound cheap, but free porn videos can work wonders to rebuild a straining https://www.pornjk.com/tags/xvideo/ relationship. It has been noticed that the lack of interest to have sex can be triumphed over by playing free sex videos and watching them along with the respective partners.
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Watching free porn is an erotic treat. The best part is that you can get such amazing entertainment free of cost. There are several websites that provide free sex video contents online for free. All you need to do is just visit the site and play a video of your choice. The quality of sound and picture is also amazing and it gives a real treat to boost your libido. Such websites generally feature a wide range of categories to satisfy diverse preferences. Some people like hard core acts, while some get deep satisfaction by watching blow job videos. When you plan to watch such porno videos with your partner, make sure that the preferences of you both are taken care of.
When you hear about free porn or free sex, you hesitate to discuss it with others, but you always have a secret desire to witness such erotic visual treat. You can always ask your wife or girlfriend to accompany you while watching such videos and it will give a great boost to your sex life. In fact, you can plan such event in advance and make those moments very special and intimate. All you need is a computer and internet connectivity. You can play your desired videos with sexual content and let your imaginations get wilder. However, make sure that the website you choose is safe. There are several such sites that include malicious content that can cause harm to your computer. Install good anti-virus software and start enjoying the hard core fun. | <urn:uuid:a63a47fe-daab-4809-bbf9-c5833c68bb01> | {
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(Fish Scale Disease; Xeroderma)
- Inherited ichthyosis—dryness and scaling of the skin due to hereditary factors
- Acquired ichthyosis—thickening and scaling of the skin that is associated with certain medical disorders
- Family member with ichthyosis
- Certain diseases
- Cold weather
- Frequent or lengthy bathing, especially in hot water
- Harsh soaps or detergents
- Soaps or lotions containing perfumes
- Dry, flaking skin
- Scaling of skin that gives skin the appearance of fish scales
- Shedding of layers of the skin
- Itching of skin
- In severe cases, scarring and/or infection due to rubbing and scratching of scales or blisters
- Appear immediately at birth
- Are extremely severe, covering the entire body
- Cause severe complications or death
- Blood tests
- Skin biopsy
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.|
- Petroleum jelly
- Mineral oil
- Creams, lotions, and ointments containing vitamin A
- A large variety of over-the-counter, unscented moisturizers
- Solutions or creams with lactic or salicylic acid or urea may help.
- In some cases, you may be advised to wrap affected areas with a plastic or cellophane bandage after applying a moisturizing agent. Such bandages should not be used on children.
- Retinoids to unclog pores and allow other topical medications to work better
- Antipsoriatic medications used to treat psoriasis symptoms
- Antibiotics to treat infection
- Calcineurin inhibitors applied to the skin to treat symptoms of atopic dermatitis
- Special soaps to disinfect the affected area
- Bathing less often
- Applying unscented moisturizer regularly and frequently, especially in winter
- Using only mild soap
- Harsh soaps
- Soaps with scents or perfumes
- Skin contact with detergents
- Cold, dry weather when possible
Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types http://www.firstskinfoundation.org
The National Registry for Ichthyosis and Related Disorders http://www.skinregistry.org
Canadian Dermatology Association http://www.dermatology.ca
Ichthyosis. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated April 11, 2013. Accessed January 22, 2015.
Newly diagnosed? Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types website. Available at: http://www.firstskinfoundation.org/content.cfm/Ichthyosis/Newly-Diagnosed/page%5Fid/1245. Accessed November 21, 2013.
- Reviewer: Purvee S. Shah, MD; Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 01/2015 -
- Update Date: 11/22/2013 -
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing
All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:094927a0-6a4a-4c28-8b0e-f727ba7048cf> | {
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Kantanagar Temple is commonly known as Kantaji or Kantajew Temple at Kantanagar. This Hindu temple is one of the most magnificent religious edifices belonging to the 18th century. The temple belongs to the popular Hindu Kanta or Krishna and this is most popular with the Radha-Krishna cult in Bengal. This is a UNESCO world heritage site.
Built in 1704-1752 A.D. by Pran Nath, a renowned maharaja from Dinajpur, and his adopted son Ram Nath, it is the country's finest example of brick and terracotta style. Its most remarkable feature, typical of late Mughal-era temples, is its superb surface decoration, with infinite panels of sculpted terracotta plaques.
This 15-sq-meter, three-story edifice was originally crowned with nine ornamental two-story towers, which collapsed during the great earthquake of 1897 and were never replaced.
The temple is built on a high platform. This is a Nava-ratna temple. The roof of the ground floor and first floor each contains four sikharas or ratnas at their corners while the roof of second floor in its middle contains the ruins of the central sikhara.
The entire outer surface of the temple is exquisitely established with terracotta plaques which depict flora and fauna, geometric motifs, mythological scenes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and the contemporary social scenes and favorite pastime. The idol of Kantaji is kept in the garvagriha of the temple in its ground floor.
The department of Archaeology has been performing the necessary conservation and restoration works of Kantaji Temple since it was declared a protected monument by the Government in 1960.
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Raisins are dehydrated grapes and they're often added to breakfast cereal and trail mix. If you haven't thought much about raisins, beyond their presence in other foods, perhaps these tiny, nutritional powerhouses deserve a second glance. In addition to vitamin K, raisins also provide many other vitamins and minerals that you need for good health.
A 1/4-cup serving of seedless raisins contains 1.45 micrograms of vitamin K. That's almost 2 percent of the 90 micrograms of vitamin K that women need every day, and 1 percent of the 120 micrograms that men require each day. A miniature box of seedless raisins supplies 0.5 micrograms of vitamin K.
The most notable role of vitamin K in your body is to help clot your blood. The nutrient might also play a role in the health of your bones. When you eat a healthy and well-balanced diet, it's fairly simple to get plenty of vitamin K. In addition to food, you also get small doses of vitamin K made by bacteria in your intestines, which makes it rare to have a serious deficiency. Certain health problems, such as Crohn's disease, celiac disease and cystic fibrosis, however, could lead to low levels of vitamin K, which can cause excessive bleeding, particularly from the mouth and nose.
Raisins are an impressive source of potassium, a mineral necessary for heart and muscle function. A 1/4-cup serving of seedless raisins delivers 309 milligrams of potassium, which is about 7 percent of the 4,700 milligrams you need each day. You'll also get approximately 1 gram of protein and 1.5 grams of dietary fiber in a 1/4 cup of raisins. Eating raisins might encourage proper digestive function because of their fiber content, according to Michael T. Murray, author of "The Condensed Encyclopedia of Healing Foods." These tiny, dried fruits also supply small amounts of iron and vitamin C, too.
Many brands of raisins contain added sugar, which diminishes their healthfulness. Look for reduced-sugar versions. Pop a handful of raisins in your mouth for a nutritious and simple snack. Sprinkle raisins over a bowl of breakfast cereal or stir them into a serving of cottage cheese. Saute raisins with white wine and use the mixture as a tasty topping for grilled chicken or pork chops. Mix raisins in rice or pasta dishes. Add raisins to homemade bread and muffin batter to add not only a burst of flavor, but also a small amount of vitamin K.
Articles For Your Diet
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We surveyed 18 habitat patches (black spruce (Picea marinana) - tamarack (Larix larcina) wetlands) for spruce grouse (Dendragapus canadensis canadensis) on Mount Desert Island, Maine, during April-May in 1992 and 1993 to determine patch occupancy relative to patch area. We also equipped nine juvenile grouse with radio transmitters to determine movement and habitat use outside of patches during autumn dispersal. The 2 large patches (77 and 269 ha), 5 of 6 medium-sized (11-26 ha) patches, and 1 of 10 small (4-8 ha) patches were occupied. Spruce grouse occupied smaller habitat patches than previously reported, and occupied patches were closer (P < 0.05) to the nearest occupied patch (x = 1.2 km) than were unoccupied patches (x = 2.5 km). Eight of nine juvenile grouse left their natal habitat patch during autumn dispersal, and net dispersal distance (x = 2.3 km) was greater than that reported for grouse in areas with more contiguous habitat. Dispersing juveniles used all major forest types and 33 % of relocations were in deciduous forest. Thus, deciduous forest was not an absolute dispersal barrier.
Additional publication details
Patch occupancy and dispersal of spruce grouse on the edge of its range in Maine | <urn:uuid:80de643c-08d7-497e-9e47-9a950fab9af0> | {
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Restaurants, taxis and buses ring around the Place de la Nation and its statue depicting Marianne, the symbol of the Republic, while locals walk their dogs in the park. But here, in the last hot summer of the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror, on July 17, 1794, 14 nuns, three lay sisters and two servants of the Carmelite house of Compiègne died for their Catholic faith.
What brought them to such a bloody end beneath the blade of the guillotine the day after the feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel?
The answer might be surprising if we presume the ideals of liberty, fraternity and equality truly summarize the spirit of the French Revolution. After the fall of the traditional, absolute monarchy and the rise of the National Assembly with a constitutional monarchy in 1789, the state attacked the Catholic Church, confiscating churches and closing convents.
Descent into Tyranny
The leaders of the National Assembly decided that cloistered religious, dedicated to prayer and silence, contributed nothing to the common good. Therefore they abolished monastic vows and dissolved the monasteries.
Priests and active religious became employees of the state. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy in 1790 intensified the crisis for the Catholic clergy. It required an oath of loyalty that conflicted with loyalty to the pope and the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church. Nonjuring priests (those who would not take the oath) were exiled, imprisoned and executed as traitors. The revolutionary leaders campaigned to de-Christianize France, abolishing holy days and even the observance of Sunday as a day of rest and worship.
After the fall of the constitutional monarchy and the execution of King Louis XVI in 1792, Maximilien Robespierre created rituals to honor the Cult of the Supreme Being even as he led the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794 — dedicated to eliminating enemies of the Republic.
The Carmelite nuns of Compiègne were just such enemies, although all they wished to do was remain true to their vows to pray, live and work together in a cloistered community. In Robespierre’s view, these nuns were counterrevolutionaries.
Compiègne is a town north of Paris with many other historical connections: St. Joan of Arc was captured there in the 15th century and two armistice agreements were signed in the Forest of Compiègne in the 20th century: the surrender of Germany in 1918 and the surrender of France in 1940. In the 17th and 18th centuries the French royal family visited their chateau in Compiègne often, and they supported the Carmelites of Compiègne, who were from poor and middle-class families.
After abolishing religious vows, officials visited the Carmelite convent at Compiègne. They offered freedom and financial rewards to those who wanted to leave the order, but none accepted their offer. Instead, the prioress, Sister Teresa of St. Augustine, led the others in an act of consecration, a vow of martyrdom.
They were thrown out of their cloister on Sept. 14, the feast of the Triumph of the Cross, in 1792. In quiet defiance they continued to live in small groups observing their usual schedule of prayer.
When revolutionary officials visited one of their new “convents” in Compiègne, they found a portrait of King Louis XVI and a prayer to the Sacred Heart of Jesus for the king.
Along with their so-called subversive cloistered religious life, this evidence was enough to arrest them.
Sixteen members of their community were taken to Paris for trial in June 1794. They shared their detention with a group of Benedictine nuns from Cambrai, from a house established for English religious exiles (King Henry VIII had suppressed English monasticism in the 16th century; it would not be fully re-established until the 19th century).
While awaiting trial the nuns were forbidden to wear their habits. But because they washed their civilian clothes just before their trial on July 17, the Carmelites appeared in court wearing their habits. The outcome of the trial was certain, and so the nuns would also die in their habits.
Like so many of the trials during the Reign of Terror, the proceedings were unfair and the nuns endured mockery of their vocation before being sentenced to death that very day.
Their deaths were orderly, calm and holy. Each Carmelite paused before their prioress and asked permission to fulfill her vow.
They sang together, chanting the Salve Regina, the Te Deum and Veni, Sancte Spiritus on their way to the guillotine, and then intoned the psalm Laudate Dominum, omnes gentes (“Praise the Lord, all peoples”); each stroke of the guillotine silenced another voice until at last the prioress walked up the steps to die. The usually cheering mob was unusually silent.
Place du Trône Renversé
Until June 8, 1794, the guillotine had stood at what is today Place de la Concorde. Because Robespierre planned a deistic celebration of the Cult of the Supreme Being on what should have been Pentecost Sunday, and the stench of blood along the procession route would have interfered with the solemnity of the occasion, it had been moved to Place du Trône Renversé (the throne turned upside down).
The square had been the royal Place du Trône at the end of a grand entry from the east, along which the kings and queens of France had passed between two grand columns, topped by statues of the great crusading kings, St. Louis and Philippe-August.
The place’s name had been changed after the execution of Louis XVI.
In six weeks, 1,306 “enemies of the state” were decapitated there before the Terror ended. A place of understandable horror, it was renamed Place de la Nation in 1880.
Within 10 days of the Carmelites’ martyrdom, Robespierre and the members of the Committee of Public Safety were executed at the same site. The English Benedictines of Cambrai, safely home at Stanbrook Abbey, recalled their former cellmates.
The Benedictines had been released wearing the Carmelite’s civilian clothing, and they regarded the clothes as relics of the martyrs. They ascribed the end of the Reign of Terror to the martyrdom of the Carmelites, who were beatified in 1906 by Pope St. Pius X.
For pilgrims seeking to walk the path of the Carmelites, after leaving the whirl of the Place de la Nation, they should walk to Cimitière de Picpus where the Carmelites are buried in one of the two mass graves behind the wall next to the family tombs. The opening hours are limited, the entrance fee is only two euros, and it is far off the tourist track.
But it is peaceful and apart, perfect for a traveler who wants to be a pilgrim in Paris, contemplating the mystery and the glory of martyrdom. TCA | <urn:uuid:e6be5544-a573-4dff-8210-e54fdfe820f3> | {
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There’s a lot of talk about „self esteem“, how to have it, what it is, what it means. However, what passes for self esteem is often simply ego. That might seem a perplexing statement. First let’s get a little clarity on what healthy self esteem is. It is a balanced and unexaggerated self respect and self love. It combines a healthy regard for the self with a healthy regard for others. Healthy self esteem esteems others as equally as the self. Others are treated and regarded as respectfully as the self.
Ego, on the other hand, always believes in its own self importance above the importance of others. Ego always requires outside approval, validation, and constant attention and gratification. Ego believes in its own superiority above all others. Some versions of ego insist on inferiority as a role. Both inferiority and superiority are lies though, and variations of the same theme — of feeling „less than“ others. Here are some ways to recognize ego and distinguish it from self esteem:
1.) It’s ego when we are condescending, rude or disrespectful of wait staff, retail clerks, parking valets, or anyone we imagine is „less important“ than us. Those with healthy self esteem are respectful to all they come into contact with.
2.) It’s ego when we use anger to manipulate others, get our way, or attempt to communicate our supposed superiority. Those with healthy self esteem have healthy boundaries and desire to communicate respectfully and non-manipulatively.
3.) Ego is about the one note song, „mi, mi, mi“. When we talk incessantly about ourselves and show no interest in others that comes from ego. A person with healthy self esteem does not need to be the center of attention at all times. Healthy self esteem is more frequently expressed by showing genuine interest in others, and making sure conversation flows among all participants.
4.) When we are expressing ego, we are spectacularly lacking in compassion. We judge harshly, show no empathy, and find fault easily. When we are expressing healthy self esteem, we are able to be compassionate without being codependent (unable to set healthy boundaries, „people pleaser“). We are able to understand the viewpoints of others and have a genuine interest in them.
5.) When we are being egotistical, we believe we know everything about everything and that we are right about everything we „know“. We believe that the opinions of others are „stupid“, ill-advised and just plain wrong. When we are coming from healthy self esteem, we are willing to hear the opinions of others and we’re able to entertain the notion that their opinion is their opinion and we don’t have to agree. Both people can be right (and OK).
6.) When we are coming from ego, we are unwilling to pay the least attention to the interests of others. We single mindedly expect everyone to share our interests, but don’t reciprocate. When we have healthy self esteem, we are curious about the interests of others. Even if we don’t want to actually share the interest, we want to share their delight in their interest.
7.) Impatience is frequently a sign we are expressing from ego. Often, it derives from feeling self important and that the world owes us attention (or priority) whenever we want it. Sometimes our impatience is actually the result of our own failures such as not leaving in enough time to get somewhere and being highly impatient in traffic. When we’re coming from healthy self esteem, we have highly developed patience and we live our lives strategically enough that we don’t waste our time in situations that require extreme patience.
There is a huge difference between ego and healthy self esteem. The most significant thing is that when we are coming from ego, it is obvious to everyone but us!
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Source by Suzi Elton | <urn:uuid:e3c42d36-7f63-476b-bf08-6d1975d70c52> | {
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Do you know what contaminants are in the soil you are digging or working with?
We were recently involved in a project where the contractors excavating soil on a site came across an area that had a definite blue tinge to it.
Sampling and analysis confirmed that it was heavily contaminated with cyanide.
The implications of finding this cyanide contamination were serious. There is a potential health risk to workers on site and also a risk to landfill workers and the general environment if it was not treated properly.
Luckily for all involved those in charge stopped and took samples before it went too far.
Contaminated soil is soil that contains human made chemicals that have been released into the natural soil environment.
Soil contamination/pollution is typically caused by:
- the use of pesticides
- the rupture of underground fuel tanks
- oil and fuel dumping
- percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata
- the leaching of wastes from landfill
- or the direct discharge of industrial waste to the soil.
The migration of contaminants through soils and groundwater can also cause problems on sites adjacent to the original point of contamination.
It is important that soil testing is carried out well in advance of excavation works (read why in a true story here). This will allow you to make decisions on what you need to do before works start on site. The aim of the sampling is to determine the levels and types of contaminants present. The two main reasons you need to know this are:
1. To classify the soil as either a ‘fill material’ or contaminated and the category of contamination.
This is important in determining the correct method of disposal. In Victoria generally there is Category A, B and C for soils but other factors such as being asbestos, explosives, infectious, flammable or reactive with air and water also need to be taken into account. The various states have different requirements for classifying waste so check with your local authority before starting.
2. To determine the potential health risk to people working on or in the vicinity of the contaminated soil.
Even if you are not planning on removing and disposing of the soil you need to know the levels and nature of contaminants so that you can make an informed decision on the potential health effects to workers and other site users. The acceptable safe levels may also vary depending on the proposed use of the site. For example, the accepted safe levels of some contaminants are lower for a Kindergarten development site than for a factory site.
Methods of contaminated soil remediation can include:-
- Removal to land fill,
- Aeration of soils (turning over soil stockpile over several months),
- Thermal remediation (introduce heat to volatise chemical contamination),
- Bioremediation (microbial digestion of certain organic chemicals),
- Containment (capping or paving over in place), and
- Phytoremediation (use of plants to extract contaminants)
Depending on the site location, the level of contamination and proposed remediation activities, you may be expected to develop an approved Site Remediation Management Plan. This would incorporate Remediation Action Plan detailing the remediation activities to be undertaken and an Environmental Management Plan which would address all environmental issues.
In any remediation works you need to take into account a number of important issues during the remediation processes. These can include:
- Air quality – dust, odours, gases
- Surface and runoff water
- Ground water
- Soil quality
- Noise caused by remediation activities
- Other issues such as vibration, effects of de-watering etc
- Impact on flora and fauna
- Heritage issues
- Social aspects – how it will be perceived by local residents or users of the area
- Occupational Health & Safety of those undertaking remediation works and also those working near or visiting the area
- Security of the site
- Intended use of the site after remediation. | <urn:uuid:891a70d9-10c3-4f3c-8715-210279924b8d> | {
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Resolve to Manage Diabetes in New Year
Posted: January 7, 2013
Below are a few goal suggestions which will help you control your blood glucose levels.
- Know your numbers, specifically A1C, blood pressure and cholesterol. The A1C test is the single most important test for those with diabetes. This lab test, which should be taken at least two times a year, reflects blood glucose levels over a three month period. For most people with diabetes, the A1C goal is less than seven percent. A high A1C increases the risk for serious health problems, such as blindness, kidney disease and nerve damage and the lower the A1C, the greater the chance of a more healthy lifestyle.
Individuals with diabetes should also have their blood pressure checked on a yearly basis. For people with diabetes, their target blood pressure should be 130/80 or lower.
In addition, blood cholesterol levels should be checked annually. The target LDL level for people with diabetes should be less than 80; HDL levels should be 45 or greater; and triglycerides should be less than 150.
- Make regular visits with your health care professionals. See your physician 2 to 4 times a year; your dentist twice a year; and get an eye exam every year.
- Eat a wide variety of foods every day including high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and beans.
- Eat meals and snacks at regular times every day and eat about the same amount of food each day.
- Examine your feet for cuts and sores every day.
- Check your blood glucose levels and take diabetes medications as directed by your physician.
If you are interested in learning more about managing your type II diabetes, consider attending Penn State Extension’s Dining with Diabetes Program. Classes will provide nutrition education, daily meal plans, interactive cooking demonstrations, food sampling and an opportunity to connect with others who are living with type II diabetes. For questions or to register, please call Penn State Extension in Lackawanna County at 570-963-6842. | <urn:uuid:12958bd4-3761-4681-b012-34a0a7a997b4> | {
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Learning and teaching
NSW Curriculum and Learning Innovation Centre is the centrepiece for learning and teaching resources and support within the department.
Learning and teaching initiatives and resources target teacher and student needs for improved outcomes across the curriculum, not only in key learning areas, but also in literacy and numeracy and in interdisciplinary themes such as climate awareness and sustainability, civics and citizenship and digital literacy.
NSW Curriculum and Learning Innovation Centre's capacity to enhance learning and teaching through the provision of authentic and rich educational experiences is strengthened by engagement with strategic partners such as Taronga Zoo, the Roads and Traffic Authority and foreign government agencies.
It provides a rich array of professional learning through technology-enabled support to complement regional programs. Its curriculum knowledge and learning expertise provide strategic professional learning support to regional teams. | <urn:uuid:aa5b672d-3d03-4d47-8042-af95a6b78224> | {
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They are perhaps the best-educated generation ever, but they can’t find jobs. Many face staggering college loans and have moved back in with their parents. Even worse, their difficulty in getting careers launched could set them back financially for years.
The Millennials, broadly defined as those born in the 1980s and '90s, are the first generation of American workers since World War II who have cloudier prospects than the generations that preceded them.
Certainly the recession has hurt young workers badly. While the overall unemployment rate was 9.5 percent in June, it was 15.3 percent for those aged 20 to 24, compared with 7.8 percent for ages 35-44, 7.5 percent for ages 45-54 and 6.9 percent for those 55 and older.
Among 18-to 29-year-olds, unemployment is the highest it’s been in more than three decades, according to a recent report from Pew Research Center. The report also found that Millennials, also known as Generation Y, are less likely to be employed than Gen Xers or baby boomers were at the same age.
Millennials are generally well-educated, but they have have been cast as everything from tech savants who will work cheap to entitled narcissists. The recession has pitted these younger workers against baby boomers trying to save for retirement and Gen Xers with homes and families.
Just ask Michael Barreto.
Eleven months was all it took to bring him from post-graduation autonomy back to his parents’ home in Apple Valley, Calif.
Armed with an undergraduate degree in literary journalism from the University of California, Irvine, and experience from an internship, the 23-year-old Barreto believed he had a better chance than many of his peers to find a job. But more than a year after graduation, Barreto is still struggling to find employment.
"Right now I'm just trying to find any sort of full-time work that would allow me to live on my own and save money for the future," he said.
Like many of his peers, Barreto left college with roughly $21,000 in federal loans. (The 2008 average for college students was $23,000, according to the College Board.) Barreto's parents also took out loans to help him afford college.
Despite landing a job at Panera Bread Co. to support himself while looking for a job as a journalist, Barreto drained most of his savings to pay for his living expenses. He was eventually forced to move home and defer his loans.
The high unemployment rate among young Millennials can affect them financially and psychologically throughout their careers, according to a report by the Joint Economic Committee.
“The 'scarring effects' of prolonged unemployment can be devastating over a worker’s career,” according to the report. “Productivity, earnings and well-being can all suffer. In addition, unemployment can lead to a deterioration of skills and make securing future employment more difficult.”
Many Millennials have sought refuge back at school from the worst job market since at least the early 1980s. Yet that strategy, too, can backfire as students incur staggering amounts of debt to pay for advanced degrees that might not help them out much in the job market.
Jordan Hueseman, 25, accrued roughly $100,000 in student loans at the University of Denver earning a bachelor's degree in international business and a master's in business administration. On the job hunt, he found his graduate degree sometimes hindered more than it helped.
“At one point, I applied to Whole Foods, hoping they might see some potential for me to move to some type of management position,” Hueseman said. “The e-mail I received from them said I was far too overqualified for any of their hourly positions and as such would not be considered for a position.”
Hueseman said that after one job application, he was told he should leave his degrees off his resume. Hueseman said he was tempted to follow the advice but couldn’t bring himself to do it.
“It’s a personal thing for a couple of us and a bit prideful, but the idea we just spent five years — and a hundred thousand dollars for some of us — obtaining two degrees, to go ahead and wipe that right back off our resume in hopes of getting a $12-an-hour job at Starbucks would really be depressing,” he said.
Even if they did feel inclined to do it, they'd be competing for that job with their peers and with plenty of older jobless workers. About 15 million Americans currently are out of work, 45 percent of them for at least six months.
Competing against older workers with years of experience has put many Millennials on the losing end of job interviews. And while that's typical of past recessions, the long-term unemployment characteristic of this cycle is forcing many older workers to seek jobs that would have gone to younger workers in the past.
“The average length of unemployment now is almost like six months, which is an all-time high, so the longer people are unemployed and the longer they go without being able to find a job, the more willing they are to accept a job that’s lower paying or for which they’re overqualified,” said economist Marisa Di Natale of Moody’s Economy.com.
Baby boomers also are delaying their retirement, adding to the competition. A quarter of workers postponed their retirement in the past year, with 33 percent of workers now expecting to retire after 65, according to a retirement survey by The Employment Benefit Research Institute.
If they do manage to get hired, younger employees are often the first to be fired in layoffs. And when Millennials do land a job, it probably won’t be as lucrative due to intense competition for jobs. That means that this generation’s potential earning power is likely to lag over the course of their careers.
Young workers who start off in a recession generally begin in lower-ranking positions and have difficulty shifting into better jobs the first 15 years of their careers, according to a study that looked at the experience of workers who launched their careers in the early 1980s.
Young workers on average lost over $100,000 in earnings over the course of their careers due to the recession, concluded the study by Lisa B. Kahn of Yale University.
When asked if Millennials will face similar income losses, Kahn said it’s somewhat difficult to predict but likely.
“There are a lot of similarities with this recession to the recession of the 1980s in that it was the biggest we’d seen since the Great Depression. It’s affecting educated workers, so my guess would be unfortunately, yes,” Kahn said. | <urn:uuid:65f74c3f-19e3-4571-b6eb-bf1e12411e4b> | {
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History of the Monastir Community
Until 1863, Monastir had one Talmud Torah that taught traditional Jewish studies, including the Hebrew alphabet and the translation of the Torah word by word to Ladino. The city also had a kindergarten for children aged three to six, with their teachers involved mainly in looking after them but also engaging them in songs and stories.
In 1868, a school was established in Monastir by the Lazarite Order, in which six Jewish students studied. In 1869, the Lazarites set up a school for Jewish children, in which Torah studies, Turkish and Greek was taught by Jewish, Turkish and Greek teachers.
In addition to the Talmud Torah, in 1893 the community established a modern school of its own supported by the Alliance, headed by a teacher from Saloniki. The school offered courses in carpentry, blacksmithery, wagon-driving and more. Some two years later, an elementary school opened. Many of the Jewish students already enrolled in the Greek, Turkish and French schools opted to move to the new Jewish school, which was mixed. In 1903, the Alliance opened a school for girls in Monastir.
In 1902, 158 students were learning in the schools, of which 70 were exempted from paying fees due to their parents’ dire financial situation. In 1904, there were 357 students, over half of them girls.
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Software security is an idea implemented to protect software against malicious attack and other hacker risks so that the software continues to function correctly under such potential risks. Security is necessary to provide integrity, authentication and availability.
Any compromise to integrity, authentication and availability makes a software unsecure. Software systems can be attacked to steal information, monitor content, introduce vulnerabilities and damage the behavior of software. Malware can cause DoS (denial of service) or crash the system itself.
Buffer overflow, stack overflow, command injection and SQL injections are the most common attacks on the software.
Buffer and stack overflow attacks overwrite the contents of the heap or stack respectively by writing extra bytes.
Command injection can be achieved on the software code when system commands are used predominantly. New system commands are appended to existing commands by the malicious attack. Sometimes system command may stop services and cause DoS.
SQL injections use malicious SQL code to retrieve or modify important information from database servers. SQL injections can be used to bypass login credentials. Sometimes SQL injections fetch important information from a database or delete all important data from a database.
The only way to avoid such attacks is to practice good programming techniques. System-level security can be provided using better firewalls. Using intrusion detection and prevention can also aid in stopping attackers from easy access to the system. | <urn:uuid:6dec277e-349f-4349-ad44-ddb3d0e9abdc> | {
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The Japanese word for grandfather is ojiisan. The informal term, which is what one would call one's own grandfather, is sofu.
Some Japanese children call their grandparents Jiji (from ojiisan) and Baba (from obaasan, Japanese for grandmother).
The almost identical word ojisan means uncle.
Unlike many other Asian cultures, the Japanese do not have different names for maternal and paternal grandparents.
Want to know more about grandparent names? Learn the Japanese names for grandmothers. See also a comprehensive list of grandfather names and a list of ethnic grandfather names. You can also find answers to FAQs about grandparent names.
Grandfathers in Traditional Japanese Culture
In traditional Japanese culture, gender roles are fairly rigidly defined. Fathers are responsible for supporting their families and often work very long hours to do so. That leaves the mothers with the responsibility of caring for children and often caring for elderly relatives, which is a very important responsibility as in most Asian cultures. In addition, Japanese mothers have to manage the education of their children, getting them into the best schools possible and ensuring that they perform well.
For many years Japan had a retirement age of 55. Many grandfathers, who had missed out on parenting their own young children, thus had a chance to be with and bond with their grandchildren.
Modernization has had an impact on Japanese family culture, with more women holding jobs, although their pay on average is far less than men's. The retirement age has been raised, too, so some grandfathers must wait a bit before being free to focus on grandparenting.
The Importance of Extended Family
The Japanese have a concept called ie, which can be roughly translated as extended family or "continuing family." The family structure includes several generations and is very hierarchical.
It also emphasizes family members either sharing a residence or living very close together. A Japanese saying states that adult children shouldn't live so far from their parents that they can't carry them a bowl of hot soup. Considering the tricky nature of transporting a bowl of soup and the rapidity with which it cools off, that means that the generations need to live quite close together!
Japanese families derive their structure from the male side. Assets and responsibilities alike are handed down from the father to the eldest son, a system known as primogeniture. When females marry, they became a part of their husband's ie, or extended family. Sons other than the eldest son have to make their own way in the world and often leave the family home to seek their fortunes elsewhere.
In the modern era, some Japanese still adhere to primogeniture and other traditional practices. Others have adopted more modern ways.
Japanese in the United States
Japanese who come to the United States must adapt to a totally different culture. Although they have been successful in many different areas and have in this sense assimilated into the American culture, they have retained many of their traditional values.
Japanese society has historically been a very group-oriented society. This could be observed in the early immigrant groups, who often pooled their resources to help each other succeed. The discrimination faced by Japanese living in the United States, culminating in the internment camps of the World War II era, probably contributed to the perpetuation of this group feeling. Even today many Japanese belong to what are known as "voluntary societies" or simply associations. These preserve Japanese culture and fight discrimination. In the Post World War II era, they worked to win reparations for the Japanese who survived the internment camps.
Grandparents in most countries are known for dispensing wisdom. The wisdom of Japanese grandfathers takes a couple of interesting forms.
Yojijukugo is the name given to idioms made up of four characters.
You can't tell this by seeing the English translation, but each idiom consists of four kanji characters. Often extracting the meaning from the four characters can be challenging:
- "Ten persons, ten colors." This idiom simply points out the incredible variety of human beings.
- "Not seeing is a flower." The Japanese use "flower" as a symbol of beauty and the imagination. In this context, the saying means that things that are dreamed up by the imagination are beautiful.
- "The weak are meat; the strong eat." The weak will be devoured by the strong.
Some Japanese proverbs are versions of English proverbs. For example, the Japanese say, "The child of a frog is a frog." Americans would say, "The apple doesn't fall far from the tree," or "Like father, like son."
Other proverbs are uniquely Japanese. For example, a Japanese grandfather might refer to "a duck carrying a leek." This is a symbol of good luck, as the traditional recipe for duck soup calls for leeks, so it's lucky to come across both a duck and a leek. Fun fact to share with the grandchildren: One of the original Pokemon, called Farfetch'd, is a duck carrying a leek. | <urn:uuid:d5ac6dbc-8a43-4766-a494-3d6ecfa68cd5> | {
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Researchers have recently revealed their methods for determining that the Gospel of Judas, a fragmented Coptic text traced to Egypt in approximately A.D. 280, is in fact free of forgeries.
Daniel B. Wallace, professor of New Testament Studies at Dallas Theological Seminary, contends that although the text may in fact be free of forgeries, it carries no historic credibility, and proves to be a fake gospel that paints a heretic view of Jesus.
The text, which was discovered in Egypt in the 1970s, was analyzed in a 2006 National Geographic Society investigation by a team of researchers led by microscopist Joseph Barabe of McCrone Associates in Illinois to determine if the ancient Egyptian text raised any red flags regarding forgeries.
The text describes Judas Iscariot, one of the biblical 12 apostles who betrayed Jesus to Sanhedrin priests, as being an ally of Jesus, turning the son of God over to the authorities at his request so that his spirit may be released from his physical body.
The researchers reportedly used radiocarbon dating and script analysis, among other techniques, to determine that the text was free of forgeries.
As Joseph Barabe told LiveScience in a recent article, his team of researchers compared the Gospel of Judas with marriage certificates and land documents dating from the third century A.D., found at the famous Louvre museum in Paris, France, to determine the validity of the Gospel of Judas.
Researchers found that the Gospel of Judas contained a unique ink mixture of the text, which consisted of colors black and brown, and they ultimately discovered that this ink combination coincides with a transition of ink use during the third century A.D. in Egypt.
Barabe was quick to tell LiveScience that his team's analysis of the text did not prove its authenticity, but rather found that there were no forgeries.
Wallace, a New Testament scholar, told The Christian Post via email that it is important to distinguish the difference between "true" and "authentic" when discussing an early sub-Christian writing such as the Gospel of Judas.
"[W]hen we hear the word 'authentic' regarding an early sub-Christian writing it is natural to conclude that authentic [equals] true as regards the historicity of the Christian faith," Wallace, who is also the founder and executive director of the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, told CP.
"This is not the case in this instance. All that is being claimed is that the manuscript really was produced in the late third century," Wallace added.
Wallace also told CP that the specific date of "approximately A.D. 280" provided by Barabe proves to be more precise than radiocarbon dating and ink analysis would typically yield.
"The recent revelations by Joseph Barabe indicate a date of 'approximately A.D. 280,' but this seems to be more precise than the technology would suggest," Wallace told CP.
"Most likely, the confluence of ink analysis and radiocarbon dating have both legitimately authenticated this codex and fixed the date to the late third to early fourth century."
The biblical scholar added that the storyline of the Gospel of Judas, including the line that Judas wanted to free Jesus' spirit from its physical confines, proves fitting for vintage Gnosticism, or the belief that the material world should be discarded for the spiritual world.
"This is vintage Gnosticism, which made a hard distinction between the spiritual and material world, branding the one good and the other bad," Wallace wrote.
"But does this mean that there is any historical truth to the Gospel of Judas, that it actually tells us the real story about the relation of Jesus to Judas? Hardly. Not a single scholar thinks that this conversation has any historical credibility."
Wallace then referenced Irenaeus, a Bishop in Lyons, France, who in about A.D. 180 condemned the Gospel of Judas as a forgery and heresy because it went against mainline Christianity.
"Irenaeus was right: this is a fake gospel which promotes a heretical idea about Jesus of Nazareth. The discovery and authentication of the Judas codex does nothing to disturb that assessment," Wallace confirmed.
The Gospel of Judas now resides in the Coptic Museum in Cairo, Egypt. | <urn:uuid:0f08e4ef-f676-491d-b81b-a1b615bf07bf> | {
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I would like to start by saying that 45 minutes is not a lot of time to write up a film review for a student at pre-intermediate level. Consider how hong it would take you to do it! So be realistic when setting your aims and don't expect too much from them.
Guided writing consists of taking students through the stages of writing. You would usually start by focusing on the structure of a piece of writing, so your use of an existing film review is a very good idea.
Here are some activities you could use. You can pick and choose between them to tailor the lesson to your students. You'll need to consider their level, how much challenge they can handle as well as their personal interests. You can also spread the work out over two or three lessons and / or set some of the activities for homework. You might also want to spend some time in a previous lesson on useful vocabulary.
A general outline would be:
1) focus on the structure of a film review
2) plan the film review
3) write it up
1) focus on the structure
Choose a film review that is at a slightly higher level than the students could produce themselves. Remember they can understand more than they can produce. To draw their attention to the organisation, you can do one of the following:
Cut the review up into strips that the students re-organise. The strips can be single sentences, a cluster of two or three short sentences, cut in the middle of a sentence where the link is obvious or cut up randomly.
When planning the lesson, look at how the review is organised. For example: background, details, personal reaction, a recommendation to go and see it (or not). Cut the review up into the sections you have identified (ie all sentences describing the personal reaction are together). Hand these sections out in class and write the titles of the sections up on the board. Students match the title to what they have in front of them and then decide in what order the sections should go.
2) Plan the film review
Allow students to decide which film they want to write about and then group them according to their choices. This will be quicker than putting them into groups and then allowing them to choose the film. They brainstorm elements to include. They then choose the ideas which seem most relevant and decide how to organise them, considering the categories that have been identified previously.
3)Write up the film review
Students can either write in groups or take one section each and write it up individually. If they write it individually, it will be less time-consuming but they'll need to bring it all together into a coherent whole.
To give students more guidance, you could use pre-printed sheets showing the beginnings of paragraphs. Students complete the sentence in a way they see fit and then continue the paragraph. This can be less daunting for students who are "allergic" to writing.
You can look at my answer about process writing for some ideas on how to go about phases 2 and 3. | <urn:uuid:49ffd684-3dd6-4d12-b890-59e296a22367> | {
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Liverpool City Council has decided, as the democratically elected representatives, to approve the Peel Holdings Ltd’s development proposal, Liverpool Waters. In doing so it has placed itself on the front-line of a national cultural conflict. The division centres upon the value that the community, the nation and the various special interest groups place upon the architectural and cultural inheritance of any and all communities in the United Kingdom.
English Heritage’s power and influence has grown phenomenally since the 1970’s to the point that it has been able to shape Britain’s capacity to respond to change. Culturally, Great Britain has, since the end of empire following World War Two, rejected much of modernism, building upon late 19th century reaction to the changes that industrialisation brought. The self-presented positive image of Britain has been dominated by architecture and the environment, and the impulse to preserve a bucolic past. As Britain struggled with the loss of international status and the decline of economic power, Britain’s establishment resisted change and egalitarianism, and sought to maintain the advantages that the inheritors of the feudal elite enjoyed.
Thus while the British elites were content to utilise the products of industrial Britain, such as machine guns and Dreadnought battle ships, they rejected the centres that produced them. The only residual component of these centres that is regarded as valuable today is the major municipal and commercial architecture of that period. Liverpool and Merseyside exemplify this. Britain’s cultural elites valued the “Journeyman with his pack horse coming over the hill” and produced the Arts & Crafts Movement. It had no significant equivalent for Bauhaus or any of the other movements across industrialised Europe. Their dominance of education and the media ensured their political dominance, and led ultimately to Britain’s loss of its industrial and commercial lead.
Those factions, like English heritage, that demand that Liverpool and Merseyside preserve for posterity the 19th century city environment are the same that repeatedly remind everyone that Liverpool’s wealth was built on slavery. This assertion carries with it a sense of assignment of guilt specific to Liverpool and its current inhabitants. It is not entirely dissimilar to the unfair opprobrium directed towards young Germans regarding the Holocaust. It is conveniently ignored that the entirety of Britain, and especially the City of London, benefited from slavery.
This repeated concentration on the slave trade, leads to other events and developments being overlooked. Merseyside, like many other northern industrial and commercial centres, was also a centre for positive innovation and social progress. It was not by chance that today’s Russell Group of universities was overwhelmingly located in the industrial north. Whether it is the world’s first School of Tropical Medicine, Birkenhead Park, “Penny in the Pound” worker health insurance or any number of construction innovations, Liverpool’s commitment to innovation led the world, and arguably had more importance globally than any of the physical environment that English Heritage and UNESCO seek to preserve. Liverpool’s current city environment was the product of a culture committed to innovation and modernity of its day, and reflected the community’s culture. Liverpool’s culture was centred upon trade and sustained through the employment it created.
Since World War Two Liverpool has struggled to redefine itself and recover from the impact of the extensive bombing damage, changes in international trade and an almost constant stream of negativism directed at by the UK’s media. That Liverpool has survived as a city at all is quite surprising, given that by the 1980’s even the British government was willing to voice consideration of formally abandoning it. Thus while the nation, and international bodies like UNESCO, place inordinate value upon a number of buildings in Liverpool, it does not exhibit the same degree of interest or value for the people of Liverpool nor their ability to sustain this architectural inheritance.
It is as though English Heritage and UNESCO regard Liverpool and other communities as little more than theme parks that visitors may descend upon for their entertainment. They are indifferent to the well-being of the community that lives in and around these architectural edifices they value so much. They have no interest in how these environments will be sustained. As publicly funded bodies their existence is informed by their own culture that posits them as “Guardians of the Public Interest”, yet neither of them is subject to the democratic process. They arrogate to themselves the right to define the “Public Interest” that they are defending. In their arrogance they assume that all “right thinking” communities will place priority upon the preservation of environmental inheritance above that of community well-being and economic development.
The Liverpool Waters development offers Liverpool the opportunity to turn around its fortunes and once more emerge as a commercial powerhouse, able to provide all of its communities with gainful employment and a decent standard of living. As commercial operator Peel Holdings Ltd is driven by the need to generate profits and cannot call upon a vast public purse to fund its activities, unlike English Heritage and others. As a developer Peel Holdings has a prime interest in ensuring that these developments are successful and self-sustaining. The by-product of such a major development should be the heightening of Liverpool & Merseyside’s international profile as a place to do business, and thus attract greater inward investment and be a catalyst for wider regeneration. But it is at a price, and that price is the destruction of some part of the older environment and changes in the city’s appearance.
English Heritage is threatening to seek Ministerial intervention and a public enquiry, and with it a delay at best to the renaissance of Liverpool. Peel Holdings Ltd has, understandably, stated that they will abandon the development if this occurs. Understandably because they cannot stand still waiting for the process to end, while there are business opportunities elsewhere. If this occurs, then the market will respond accordingly and relegate Liverpool to the league of cities where developers cannot turn a profit. Once that occurs, then Liverpool residents might as well abandon the city as they will have effectively lost control of it. They will be like the impoverished aristocrat who finds themselves owner of a grand pile, unable to dispose of it but unable to maintain it.
English Heritage, and to a lesser extent UNESCO, demonstrate their total disdain for the democratic process and the expression of the popular will. Further neither English Heritage nr UNESCO show any consideration for the balance between authority and responsibility. Liverpool’s built environment is the product of Liverpool’s communities, and remains responsible for it. Yet knowing that Liverpool’s democratic leadership have considered all the issues openly and decided to pursue a path towards city revival, English Heritage has determined to ignore that and seek to oppose the proposed development.
Although English Heritage might claim that its mandate affords it the responsibility for challenging proposals it finds unacceptable, it is in fact authority and power that it possesses. It has no responsibility for the consequences arising from its actions. It will not compensate Liverpool and its inhabitants for the lost opportunities, neither will it reimburse Liverpool for the maintenance of the current city environment. The management and officers of English Heritage will not live in the urban decay of Kensington or any other run down part of Liverpool, and more than they will stand in the dole queues for the want of work.
UNESCO’s threat to down-grade Liverpool’ status as a “World Heritage Site” is, for most Liverpool residents, probably fairly meaningless. What proportion of Liverpool’s inhabitants derives its income from this status and city tourism? Tourism and other service sector employment is notoriously insecure and poorly paid, and is often dependent upon other industries to create wealth to sustain the city environment that it relies on.
English Heritage and UNESCO regard Liverpool’s inheritance solely in terms of its built environment, and in doing so show disregard for its powerful and creative community-based culture. Towards the end of last year I attended the final evening of the Liverpool Music Week and witnessed in microcosm the spirit of Merseyside culture in the form of the “Infinite Love Orchestra” performance as an example of international, collaborative, innovative professionalism. It was a small “brick” of an intangible and constantly evolving inheritance of very distinctive culture that is Merseyside. It cannot be listed for preservation, nor awarded some accreditation by UNESCO, yet it is upon these inherent values that Liverpool will experience a renaissance.
I believe that Liverpool is at a crossroads and whatever is the outcome of this will determine whether it will experience a revival or simply drift endlessly into irrevocable decline. It is clash between cultures and communities. If Liverpool inhabitants simply stand silently hoping that the government will do the right thing and quickly consider all the factors, then they are probably in for disappointment. English Heritage knows that if it can force a public inquiry then it can stop this development dead in its tracks, and that Peel Holdings Ltd will walk away.
I urge the people of Liverpool to vocally take a stand and express their will very publicly. Their democratic representatives have made a decision on their behalf, which an unrepresentative quango, English Heritage, is seeking to overturn.
The government has placed special emphasis upon local decision making and the strengthening of local communities, where those communities take authority and responsibility for their futures. In making the decision for Liverpool to approve this development, Liverpool Council signaled its will, and that of the people of Liverpool, to take the responsibility for their future. It is therefore the duty of this government to respect that expression and support that decision.
Ultimately this is not about some old buildings, or a cityscape, it is about democracy and communities taking responsibility for building a sustainable future. English Heritage has had its opportunities to articulate its objections and offer a viable alternative. Having lost the argument, it should gracefully accept the will of the Liverpool people and work with them to find some common ground to preserve what it values. | <urn:uuid:37b3883e-5373-481c-ace4-4cee5be111d8> | {
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Any new classroom tech advancement is going to bring with it a host of new challenges for teachers to figure out. Some present bigger challenges than others. Take online course courses, for instance. They have been a great resource for schools and students alike, providing students with the opportunity to experience higher ed material while giving professors more flexibility in their lesson plans. But how are educators supposed to monitor students if there’s no face-to-face contact?
One problem with this in online classes is that it can be harder for teachers to prevent cheating. Educators have grappled with this problem for some time now. Cheating has always been a constant presence in schools, but has become more common in recent years. In the 1940s, only 20 percent of American college students admitted to cheating while attending high school. Now, some estimate that number has jumped to as much as 98 percent! With 6.7 million students taking at least one online course in the U.S., that provides plenty of opportunities for students to take advantage of the system.
Solutions to the cheating problem
Luckily, there are some tools that can help teachers monitor and prevent cheating: virtual proctors and computer monitoring software.
Virtual proctoring is a 21st century update to an age-old system. Proctoring came about when universities wanted to offer students long-distance learning opportunities including mail-correspondence courses. To ensure that a student didn’t cheat on his or her exams, an impartial proctor was selected to watch over the testing. The modern method is similar except proctors can monitor the exam process from anywhere in the world as long as they have an internet connection. Using a webcam, proctors can remotely oversee an exam and encourage honest work.
With virtual proctoring, there is still a possibility of human error as proctors could miss cues that a student is cheating. Not so with computer monitoring software. These programs can lock down browser windows, ensuring that students aren’t surfing the web looking for test answers. If students think they can get around the system by having someone else take a test for them, they’d be wrong. Students must answer a series of personal questions in order to establish their identity before testing begins.
Ideally, online courses should use both tools in order to curb cheating. Having a virtual proctor paired with computer monitoring software will give educators every opportunity to keep students honest.
Does your school have measures in place to prevent cheating? Do you think students are more likely to cheat in an online environment than in the classroom? Tell us what you think in the comments section below or message us on our Facebook page! | <urn:uuid:afc94bca-1476-4084-bce3-addf65847c86> | {
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Soybean meal and whole cottonseeds complete the list of most popular feeds and were fed to 90 and 38 percent of the cows in the Midwest, respectively. Taking into consideration a typical 50-pound (dry matter basis) lactating dairy cow ration used to comprise on a dry basis approximately 13 pounds of alfalfa forage, 13 pounds of corn silage, 19 pounds of corn grain, and five pounds of “other feedstuffs” to make for a nutritionally balanced diet. This shows corn and corn-derived feedstuffs constituted, on average, 64 percent of the dry weight of Midwest lactating dairy cow ration, and thus had a high economic weight on the cost of production.
Supply and demand
Modern economic theories state other factors beyond supply and demand affect price, such as government regulations, speculation, as well as modern techniques of marketing and advertising. Even acknowledging these a quick look at ethanol production and corn prices shows the noticeable relationship of supply and demand that unarguably operates in free markets (figure 1).
If there is such a tight relationship between supply and demand, why didn’t corn prices increase between 2002 and 2004? Why are the graphed lines between ethanol production and corn prices diverging between 2002 and 2004 in spite of ethanol production increasing by 60 percent? This is again explained by supply and demand. Corn harvested for grain during that period increased by five million acres and corn production in million bushels by almost 24 percent (table 2). From 2005 to 2009, ethanol production started to grow exponentially and we also had an increase in corn from roughly 11 to 13 million bushels, or 18 percent, which was reflected in corn prices around $4 per bushel. From 13 million bushels in 2009, corn production dropped to 12.4 and 12.3 million bushels in 2009 and 2010, respectively. As one would expect, corn prices per bushel were 5.2 and 6.2 for both years, respectively.
The U.S. is a major world food supplier, and any significant changes in its crop market impact the rest of the world. According to the United Nations' monthly Food Price Index released Aug. 9 this year, food prices jumped 6 percent in July, after three months of declines. Corn price was the main driver behind this increase with a 23-percent surge in July alone, topping $8 per bushel in the Chicago Board of Trade. There is no question that this sudden increase has to be attributed to the drought and prospects of a reduced corn crop. Nevertheless, a 23-percent increase in corn prices due to the drought would have a different impact in the U.S. and worldwide if corn base prices were lower. Corn prices were at $4.2 per bushel right before the drastic surge in ethanol production (figure 1) and a 23-percent price increase due to the drought will put corn at around $5, not $8 as it is currently. | <urn:uuid:16c4083a-8a51-41ad-8ab1-9fd5936daccd> | {
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i-Culture offers immersion into French, Spanish and German culture through authentic news articles, documentary-style videos, and songs. i-Culture is purposefully leveled and program non-specific. Anybody can enjoy the materials and demonstrate progress through built-in comprehension activities and online enrichment.
To truly understand a foreign language and its culture, learners need current, real-life connections to French, Spanish and German speaking worlds—all at a level they can understand. With three fresh, up-to-date news articles a week, your learners will now have the resources to connect their classwork with real-life culture and news. Each article is recorded by a native speaker and includes two activities for both basic and advanced skills.
Let your students listen to music in class with i-Songs! Music has been proven to be a helpful aid for learners of a second language. A new i-Song is introduced each month, giving your students the opportunity to sing and learn about current and traditional songs and artists from Spanish, German or French-speaking cultures. Karaoke-style songs make learning engaging and fun at any level of experience. Features include a transcript of the song, biography of the artist, follow-up writing activity, and much more!
Engage and enlighten your students with documentary-style videos that depict the real lives of people in their native countries. New videos are released monthly and topics include daily routines, family and school life, hobbies, holidays, and daily life around town and in the city. What if the current video doesn’t relate to what you’re currently teaching in class? Don’t fret! You always have the option to choose a fitting video from our extensive archived library.
What is the closest thing to scheduling an international field trip for your classroom? The answer is i-Passport. With i-Passport, you can take a break from typical routines and send your students on an immersive, virtual journey around the world! Students from Spanish, German and French-speaking countries host videos highlighting different places around the world relating to your target.
Type your email above and hit 'Enter' to stay connected with EMC news, events, and updates. | <urn:uuid:4ad2af42-ef87-407d-b281-7f073cf02428> | {
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About this item
Early chronicles have long enveloped mulberry trees in legend. Some say they're the link between heaven and earth. Others say the red berries are stained from the blood of star-crossed lovers. For over 5,000 years, medicine has been made from their leaves, with some cultures claiming them to be a miracle remedy or even the key to eternal life. Although many stories and attributes surround the mulberry tree, they are known most for one reigning characteristic ::: wisdom. Mulberries wait until the danger of frost is completely gone before they begin to bud, at which point the budding occurs overnight. They are patient. They are restrained. They are calculated. They are everything we're not.
We are tornadoes, sweeping the fields - mutable and unsettled. Storms of impulse; units of destruction. Often our instincts are misguided / lashing out rather than soaking in silence, tuning in to the whispers. Violence is king, and we are its servants ::: eager to please, trained in frenzy, and knowing little else. Since infancy, we've grown used to hearing words far opposite the examples we've been shown. We've been told to douse fires, but we've been handed a torch. Should it be a surprise that the world is burning?
Mulberry Violence is the intersection of these two dimensions. It is where stillness meets pandemonium. Dead air meets babel. Harmony meets war. Sisters from the same womb, separated at birth. It serves as a personal document of the everlasting battle inside of us. No one has it figured out; least of all me.
8. Plaster Saint | <urn:uuid:c6acac49-e784-41f1-9905-2920385501f8> | {
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