text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
History of DamanDaman, famous as the land of sun, sea and sand is one of the most beautiful and serene places in India. It has an enchanting history, dating back to over 2000 years, involving several diverse civilizations. Century by century, it had come under the rule of various Indian rulers and later under the rule of Portuguese, till 1961. The essence of its rich and glorious past is still retained among the churches, forts and monuments of this city. A walk through the alleys of Daman is like walking through various centuries that had witnessed great many conquests, wars and rise and fall of several powerful dynasties. A paradise of peace and solitude, Daman was considered to be a heterogeneous blend of various cultures and races, assuming a common identity. It was popular by the name, ‘Kalana Pavri’ meaning, ‘Lotus of Marshlands’.
Origin of name Daman
Daman is located at the mouth of river Daman Ganga. Thus it is believed that Daman derived its name from the Daman Ganga River. However according to another theory, the name Daman is derived from Damao- the former name of Daman, depicting its Indo-Portuguese culture. When split, ‘Da Mao’ literally means ‘Give me your hand’ in Portuguese, another way of saying ‘welcome’. This indicates the hospitality and friendly nature of the people of Daman.
Ancient History of DamanInitially, Daman was called as Lata and formed a part of Konkan Vishaya. From the Kushana Emperor, it came under the control of Mauryan Empire and later was passed on to the Satavahana rulers. It was later ruled by the Kshaharatas , Abhiras and Traikutakas in the 5th century. The Traikutakas played a prominent role in the ancient history of Daman. It was during this period that the territories of Daman were expanded further till the north of Maharashtra and south of Gujarat. The Traikuta rule continued till the Vakataka king Harishena defeated the Traikutas and gained control over Daman.
Medieval History of DamanDuring the Medieval period, Daman’s history mainly revolved around the Chalukya dynasty. It witnessed many battles between different sects of the Chalukyas. Beginning with the Chalukyas of Badami, the control of Daman passed on to the Navasari Chalukyas, followed by the Chalukyas of Kalyani and later to the Chalukyas of Gujarat called Anhilwad. Later, with the advent of Muslim rule, Daman was captured by the Sultan of Delhi in the 15th century. It continued to remain under the Muslim dominance till the Portuguese invasion.
Daman under the Portuguese Rule
Realising its strategic importance on the sea route between East and West Asia, the Portuguese made several attempts to conquer Daman. Finally it was conquered by the Portuguese on 2nd February, 1559. Constantino de Braganza was its first viceroy. Daman remained an important centre of opium trade to China, till it remained under the Portuguese rule. However, Daman continued to remain under the clutches of Portuguese rule, even after the independence of India, till its liberation in 1961.
Liberation of Daman
In December 1961, the Indian forces, namely the Indian army, navy and air force launched the Operation Vijay, which led to the defeat of Portuguese, bringing to an end 450 years of tyrannical and totalitarian Portuguese rule. This led to the liberation of the union territory of Goa, of which Daman was a part. On May 30 , 1987, Goa was granted the status of a state, while Daman & Diu remained a union territory.
Thus, the cute little city of Daman boasts of a rich and glorious past, spanning various centuries. Although the Portuguese rule has left remarkable influence on the architecture and the lifestyle of the people, Daman still manages to retain its unique Indianess. Today, it stands tall and proud, telling tales of heroism and valour of the Indian soldiers who fought hard to liberate it from the clutches of the Portuguese. It is thus an epitome of modern India, a perfect amalgamation of Indian traditions with its western past.
- SHARE THIS
- TWEET THIS
- SHARE THIS
- LOVE THIS 0 | <urn:uuid:61d0e1ed-3bb8-43af-92d9-c8cf08274f79> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:51:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9655760526657104,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 931,
"url": "https://www.damanonline.in/city-guide/history-of-daman"
} |
Tossing and turning, snoring, and waking up in a fog may mean more than just a bad night’s sleep. This is especially true if it is a regular occurrence.
In some cases, sleep apnea is to blame. There are different types of this sleep disorder, but Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most common one. This breathing disorder is caused by a partial or complete blockage of the back of the throat, ultimately causing patients to stop breathing repeatedly while they sleep. Although there are different types of sleep apnea, with varying symptoms, the common thread is that it causes your heart to work harder than it should to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body.
If left untreated, OSA can cause serious and even life-threatening conditions.
CanSleep Services is a medical consulting company with locations scattered throughout the Lower Mainland. With highly trained Registered Respiratory Therapists and Registered Nurses, CanSleep can help those who have troubles sleeping at night. Using both holistic and medical treatments, CanSleep Services can remedy OSA, as well as other sleep-related issues.
Marina Abramskey, a Training Development Manager at CanSleep Services, warns that certain health issues can arise when sleep apnea goes untreated:
· High blood pressure: blood vessels can constrict because of low oxygen levels.
· Heart disease: the heart works harder to deliver oxygen to other organs, and as a result, different arrhythmias can develop.
· Strokes: due to high blood pressure.
· Motor vehicle accidents: people with untreated sleep apnea are more likely to fall asleep at the wheel due to fatigue.
· Type II diabetes: as a result of low oxygen levels, the body is unable to regulate sugar levels.
· Weight gain: this is the most commonly known side effect of untreated OSA, as the body releases certain hormones when it is under stress. | <urn:uuid:3e838238-d93e-4518-b22d-e3b5c3859a26> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:56:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9351847767829895,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 395,
"url": "https://www.delta-optimist.com/standout/more-than-a-snore-hidden-dangers-of-sleep-apnea-1.23149406"
} |
(Image credit: http://www.dailyhiit.com/hiit-blog/hiit-diet/roasted-salmon-greek-salad/)
The Greeks love eating and the Grecian love for food is well known all over the world. Their cuisine is all about a variety of tastes, aroma, flavors, colors, and textures. Their food is healthy, delicious and fun to prepare. In fact, they’re so passionate about their food that it is believed that Archestratus, a Greek poet and a connoisseur of food, is said to have written the first cookbook in 350 B.C.
Greek cooking dates back thousands of years. It has a rich history, which will be discussed further in the post. The great thing about Grecian cuisine is that the ancient cooking traditions and recipes are still very much a part of their diet even today. These include dolmades (stuffed grape leaves) and many other preparations made using fruits, vegetables and grains.
Greek cuisine derives influence from both the East and the West. In the olden times, thanks to the influence of the Persians, the Greeks started to include Middle Eastern foods like rice, yogurt and sweets made with honey, nuts and sesame seeds.
When Greece was invaded by the Romans in 197 B.C., the latter brought with themselves their food which largely included pasta. If you travel to the south of Greece, don’t be surprised to find Arabic influences in their food. Dishes containing spices and condiments such as cinnamon, cumin, allspice, and cloves are cooked in a variety of ways in these regions.
While coffee was introduced in Greece by the Turks, potatoes and tomatoes came from the US.
In fact, some of the Greek dishes are known by Turkish names till date. In 330 A.D., Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople, which laid the foundations of the Eastern Roman Empire. Constantinople fell in the hands of the Turks in 1453 and remained a part of the Ottoman Empire for around 400 years, a period over which several dishes came to be known by Turkish names, and continue to be called the same to date.
So What Do the Greeks Typically Eat?
(Image credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Souvlaki_and_potato_fries.jpg)
The Greek diet is a healthy Mediterranean diet which makes use of plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, cheese, eggs, seafood, and meat. Greeks everywhere use a lot of olive oil in their food, which is considered a healthier option to other types of oils.
The renowned Greek salad incorporates the use of lots of olive oil along with onions, Greek tomatoes and feta cheese. The famous Greek sauce/dip Tzatziki, which is served with the even more famous Souvlaki, also includes olive oil. This is probably what makes Greek cuisine so flavorful and healthy.
If you ever get the chance to enter a Greek kitchen, do so by all means. You’re sure to find it replete with vegetables and spices, which are mild in piquancy. You do not need to get alarmed at the thought of eating their red sauces as they’re not made of chili but cinnamon, which adds to the exoticness of the dish.
Eating Habits and Traditions
(Image credit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Spanikopita_Greek_dish.jpg)
Although we Greeks love gorging on exquisite gastronomical delights, we are not big breakfast eaters. In ancient Greece, it was called akratisma. Greeks typically eat a simple breakfast consisting of bread, cheese, fresh fruits, with adults ending the meal with a cup of coffee. The ancient Greeks would simply eat bread dipped in wine.
For a long time the lunch was the main meal of the day, particularly in rural areas, and was usually eaten early in the afternoon. It was followed by a couple of hours of rest, during which people stayed in their homes, and schools and businesses remained closed. Today, however, this has changed and people eat a light lunch with no special afternoon breaks in between. They may eat a big dinner or deipnon later.
Come early evening and the Greeks indulge in snacks or appetizers called mezes. It is an assortment of small dishes eaten before a meal and is traditionally served with either Greek wine or ouzo (for adults). Mezes may comprise fresh vegetables, meats, cheese, breads, dips, olives, etc. Some of the popular mezes items include souvlaki, hummus and pita bread, Spanakopitas, dolmades, and fish spread.
History of Grecian Wine
(Image credit: http://www.pinterest.com/pin/334181234821646750/)
Wine is one of the most important parts of a Grecian meal and has its roots planted deeply in Greek food history. As per the ancient scriptures, wine was introduced in Greece in 4000 B.C. and has been an inseparable part of Greek cuisine ever since.
The scriptures also suggest that wine was considered a part of Greek agriculture and was regarded as a gift from the Gods. It was diluted in water and then consumed. Wine-drinking festivals were held in the honor of Dionysus, a mythological being with the mind of a man and the nature of a beast.
The manufacturing of wine was at an all-time high during Homer’s era and continued to improve. The Greeks started using spices to add flavor to and store the wines. It is said that the decline in grape cultivation begun under the Ottoman regime.
When it comes to wine, many historians have gone to the extent of saying that Greece was to wine then what France is to it today.
Greek cuisine is interesting to look at as well as to eat. We prepare some of the classic Greek dishes right here at Despina’s Cafe. Our café and bakery is one of the best places to sample some of the tastiest and authentic Grecian delights such as Spanakopita, bougatsa, orzo salad, baklava, and so on. Feel free to drop in and try some of the said delicacies. And do not forget to ask for our signature almond cake! | <urn:uuid:244c7d91-ee51-4142-a966-fad6a0de5e37> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:40:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9702878594398499,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 1346,
"url": "https://www.despinascafe.com/factors-influenced-greek-cooking-time/"
} |
The Fish Freshness Meter was designed with the needs of the quality controller in mind. The term ‘quality controller’ is meant to include officials responsible for public health inspection or enforcement of mandatory regulations concerning quality, as well as persons concerned with quality control in industry and commerce. In a typical situation, a controller is required to test batches of fish that are being inspected, sold or processed as a unit, and for this a suitable sample must be taken. The meter simplifies this process of assessing a batch by sampling.
If the freshness of individual fish within a batch is measured with the meter, it will be found to vary. This fish-to-fish variation in meter readings is caused by two factors:-
(a) Variation in intrinsic freshness among individual fish.
(b) Variation of meter readings among fish of the same freshness.
Both are expressions of the variability of biological organisms. A batch of fish caught at the same time and handled and stored identically will spoil at slightly different rates because of variations in chemical constitution and bacterial activity. Hence the individual fish in the batch will have a range of freshness; a range that will tend to increase as spoilage increases.
The meter readings themselves are not direct measures of freshness, as defined in sensory terms, but are strongly associated with it. The relationship between meter readings and freshness as measured by a sensory panel will once again be different for each individual fish. For this reason it is not recommended that the meter be used to assess the freshness of single fish, except within rather wide limits.
These deviations from average behaviour tend to cancel out when the means of samples from batches are taken, and the bigger the sample the better the correlation between the mean meter reading and freshness score. It follows from sampling theory that the number of fish which ought to be sampled from a batch depends mainly on the desired precision of the mean score. It also follows that, provided the batch is large enough, the required sample size does not depend on the size of the batch. From observations made, it has been decided to use a sample size of 8 Fish as the basis for the averaging in the Torry Fish Freshness Meter.
In most marketing and distribution systems the fish are held in containers with a capacity of 50 kg. Several containers constitute a batch. In this situation fish from as many containers as possible should be sampled i.e. one from each container if the batch has eight or more, four from each container if that is all there is in the batch. If the controller or inspector wants greater confidence in the batch average, more than one set of eight fish can be sampled, and a grand average of the results calculated.
Note that the precision of an averaged result increases only as the square root of the sample size. An average of 64 readings is only twice as precise as an average of 8 readings. | <urn:uuid:73fe682b-f315-4bf1-b661-5101fd8b1619> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:46:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9601126909255981,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 586,
"url": "https://www.distell.com/fish-freshness-meter/using-the-meter-in-quality-control/"
} |
It is true that oral health determines the overall health of an individual. Dentists can even detect underlying health issues via a thorough dental check-up. Many dentists agree that healthy gums can often be the signs of a healthy oral cavity.
If the gums are unhealthy, the risk of diseases, like gingivitis is higher. Furthermore, overlooking this disease might lead to more severe problems and chronic diseases including cancer. Moreover, you should visit the dentist after every six months to keep oral health on track. If you encounter issues like mild or severe foul mouth odor, do not wait and get an examination done immediately.
Healthy gums are vital to your overall health
To retain better gum health, you need to ensure oral hygiene as well. Therefore, do not skip brushing or flossing specifically after chewing sugary food items.
Some of the signs of healthy gums are:
1. No bleeding
Many people encounter bleeding on a daily basis after brushing or flossing. Bleeding can be a symptom of hidden oral disease as well. It occurs when the buildup of plaque contributes to redness or swelling and results in bleeding. Healthy gums do not bleed. A visit to the dentist is a must in case of bleeding gums.
2. No bad breath
An unpleasant odor is not only a sign of halitosis, but for some people, it is the onset of gum disease as well. Bad breath is the outcome of poor oral hygiene when food particles are left on the teeth. This condition leads to the growth of bacteria in the mouth that produce toxins and foul odor alike. To avoid this, patients need to brush their teeth for three to five minutes, twice a day, and floss in between to ensure oral hygiene.
3. No loose teeth
Gum diseases are potent enough to cause severe damage if left untreated. Diseases like periodontitis or periodontal affect the jaw severely that it results in loose teeth which may fall out eventually. It is worth noting for both children or adults; both are vulnerable to the problem. Therefore, keep an eye on the teeth and schedule an appointment for an extensive examination.
4. No metallic tasting mouth
Healthy gums do not contribute to the metallic taste in your mouth. It occurs due to bleeding gums. When your gum bleeds, it is likely that it leaves a metallic taste on your tongue which is a sign of gum disease. This sudden change of taste in your mouth indicates danger.
5. Healthy gums do not swell
Red, swollen, or painful gums are a symptom of first level gingivitis. The constant growth of bacteria along the gum line leads to this kind of infection or irritation. Healthy gums are pink, painless, and do not swell.
Our dental office is here to help
Gums are a crucial part of oral health. As stated earlier, disease-free gums do not swell or bleed. Therefore, in case of any complaints about such issues or a case of mild to severe pain, schedule an appointment to get the right treatment immediately.
Request a dental appointment here: https://www.drhai.com or call Ping Hai DDS at (770) 239-2722 for an appointment in our Marietta dental office. | <urn:uuid:ef55a9c1-6134-4938-9a6f-6655e410094a> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:55:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9259244799613953,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 671,
"url": "https://www.drhai.com/blog/5-signs-of-healthy-gums/"
} |
Types of Leukaemia
Leukemia is classified by how quickly it progresses. Acute leukemia is fast-growing and can overrun the body within a few weeks or months. By contrast, chronic leukemia is slow-growing and progressively worsens over years.
Acute versus Chronic Leukemia
The blood-forming (hematopoietic) cells of acute leukemia remain in an immature state, so they reproduce and accumulate very rapidly. Therefore, acute leukemia needs to be treated immediately, otherwise the disease may be fatal within a few months. Fortunately, some subtypes of acute leukemia respond very well to available therapies and they are curable. Children often develop acute forms of leukemia, which are managed differently from leukemia in adults.
In chronic leukemia, the blood-forming cells eventually mature, or differentiate, but they are not "normal." They remain in the bloodstream much longer than normal white blood cells, and they are unable to combat infection well.
Myelogenous versus Lymphocytic Leukemia
Leukemia also is classified according to the type of white blood cell that is multiplying - that is, lymphocytes (immune system cells), granulocytes (bacteria-destroying cells), or monocytes (macrophage-forming cells). If the abnormal white blood cells are primarily granulocytes or monocytes, the leukemia is categorized as myelogenous, or myeloid, leukemia. On the other hand, if the abnormal blood cells arise from bone marrow lymphocytes, the cancer is called lymphocytic leukemia.
Other cancers, known as lymphomas, develop from lymphocytes within the lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs. Such cancers do not originate in the bone marrow and have a biological behavior that is different from lymphocytic leukemia.
There are over a dozen different types of leukemia, but four types occur most frequently. These classifications are based upon whether the leukemia is acute versus chronic and myelogenous versus lymphocytic, that is:
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) - also known as acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) - is the most common form of adult leukemia. Most patients are of retirement age (average age at diagnosis = 65 years), and more men are affected than women. Fortunately, because of recent advances in treatment, AML can be kept in remission (lessening of the disease) in approximately 60% to 70% of adults who undergo appropriate therapy . Initial response rates are approximately 65-75% but the overall cure rates are more on the order of 40-50%.
AML begins with abnormalities in the bone marrow blast cells that develop to form granulocytes, the white blood cells that contain small particles, or granules. The AML blasts do not mature, and they become too numerous in the blood and bone marrow. As the cells build up, they hamper the body's ability to fight infection and prevent bleeding. Therefore, it is necessary to treat this disease within a short time after making a diagnosis. AML, particularly in the monocytic M5 form, may spread to the gums and cause them to swell, bleed, and become painful. AML also may metastasize (spread) to the skin, causing small colored spots that mimic a rash .
Acute leukemia, such as AML, is categorized according to a system known as French-American-British (FAB) classification. FAB divides AML into eight subtypes:
undifferentiated AML (M0) - In this form of leukemia, the bone marrow cells show no significant signs of differentiation (maturation to obtain distinguishing cell characteristics).
myeloblastic leukemia (M1 ; with/without minimal cell maturation) - The bone marrow cells show some signs of granulocytic differentiation.
myeloblastic leukemia (M2 ; with cell maturation) - The maturation of bone marrow cells is at or beyond the promyelocyte (early granulocyte) stage; varying amounts of maturing granulocytes may be seen. This subtype often is associated with a specific genetic change involving translocation of chromosomes 8 and 21.
promyelocytic leukemia (M3 or M3 variant [M3V] ) - Most cells are abnormal early granulocytes that are between myeloblasts and myelocytes in their stage of development and contain many small particles. The cell nucleus may vary in size and shape. Bleeding and blood clotting problems, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), are commonly seen with this form of leukemia. Good responses are observed after treatment with retinoids, which are drugs chemically related to vitamin A.
myelomonocytic leukemia (M4 or M4 variant with eosinophilia [M4E] ) - The bone marrow and circulating blood have variable amounts of differentiated granulocytes and monocytes. The proportion of monocytes and promonocytes (early monocyte form) in the bone marrow is greater than 20% of all nucleated (nucleus-containing) cells. The M4E variant also contains a number of abnormal eosinophils (granular leukocyte with a two-lobed nucleus) in the bone marrow.
monocytic leukemia (M5) - There are two forms of this subtype. The first form is characterized by poorly differentiated monoblasts (immature monocytes) with lacy-appearing genetic material. The second, differentiated form is characterized by a large population of monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes. The proportion of monocytes in the bloodstream may be higher than that in the bone marrow. M5 leukemia may infiltrate the skin and gums, and it has a worse prognosis than other subtypes.
erythroleukemia (M6) - This form of leukemia is characterized by abnormal red blood cell-forming cells, which make up over half of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow.
megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7) - The blast cells in this form of leukemia look like immature megakaryocytes (giant cells of the bone marrow) or lymphoblasts (lymphocyte-forming cells). M7 leukemia may be distinguished by extensive fibrous tissue deposits (fibrosis) in the bone marrow.
In addition, patients sometimes develop isolated tumors of the myeloblasts (early granulocytes). An example of this is isolated granulocytic sarcoma, or chloroma - a malignant tumor of the connective tissue. Individuals with chloroma frequently develop AML, so they usually are treated with an aggressive, AML-specific chemotherapy program.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is known as a myeloproliferative disorder - that is, it is a disease in which bone marrow cells proliferate (multiply) outside of the bone marrow tissue.
CML is easy to diagnose, since it has a genetic peculiarity, or marker, that is readily identifiable under a microscope. About 95% of CML patients have a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 in their leukemic cells. This abnormality, which is known as the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1), is named after the city in which it was discovered. The Philadelphia chromosome causes uncontrolled reproduction and proliferation of all types of white blood cells and platelets (blood clotting factors). Sadly, CML is not yet curable by standard methods of chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
CML tends to occur in middle- and retirement-aged people (the median age is 67 years). It occasionally affects people in their 20s, but it is rare in the very young; only 2% to 3% of childhood leukemias are CML. Early disease often is without symptoms (asymptomatic) and is discovered accidentally. Individuals with more advanced cases of CML may appear sickly and experience fevers, easy bruising, and bone pain. Laboratory and physical findings include enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), a high white blood cell count, and absent or low amounts of the white blood cell enzyme alkaline phosphatase. the three phases of its development: chronic, accelerated, and blast.
Chronic phase - Patients in this initial phase have fewer than 5% blast cells and promyelocytes (immature granulocytes) in their blood and bone marrow. This phase is marked by increasing overproduction of granulocytes. Individuals generally experience only mild symptoms, and they respond well to conventional treatment.
Accelerated phase - Patients in this progressive phase have more than 5%, but fewer than 30% blast cells. Their leukemic cells exhibit more chromosomal abnormalities besides the Philadelphia chromosome, and so more abnormal cells are produced. Noticeable symptoms such as fever, poor appetite, weight loss occur, and patients may not respond as well to therapy.
Blast phase (acute phase, blast crisis) - Patients in this final phase have more than 30% blast cells in their blood and bone marrow samples. The blast cells frequently invade other tissues and organs outside of the bone marrow. During this phase, the disease transforms into an aggressive, acute leukemia (70% acute myelogenous leukemia, 30% acute lymphocytic leukemia). If untreated, CML is fatal in roughly 20% of all patients each year.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) - also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia - is a malignant disease caused by the abnormal growth and development of early nongranular white blood cells, or lymphocytes. The leukemia originates in the blast cells of the bone marrow (B-cells), thymus (T-cells), and lymph nodes. ALL occurs predominantly in children, peaking at 4 years of age. ALL is seen more frequently in industrialized nations, and it is slightly more common among white children and boys.
ALL often is diagnosed after a patient experiences a 4- to 6-week period of illness. Initial symptoms may include a nonspecific infection (e.g., respiratory infection) that persists or recurs despite antibiotic therapy. During this period, the person may start to experience aching bone pain in the back, limbs, and/or joints. Walking difficulties may be seen in some children who have extreme swelling of the large joints. But the symptoms that most often suggest referral for a blood count (measure of the number of blood cells within the blood) are a purplish-brown rash or the onset of excessive bruising.
If ALL is T-cell in type, the thymus is involved. Leukemia-related enlargement of the thymus may lead to coughing, shortness of breath, or compression of the superior vena cava (SVC), the large vein that carries blood from the head and arms back to the heart). Such venous blockage may induce head and arm swelling and may cause a life-threatening condition known as SVC syndrome.
Both children and adults with ALL are at risk of developing complications due to central nervous system (CNS) involvement. CNS invasion is especially likely among patients with the L3 subtype of ALL. When leukemic cells infiltrate the CNS, they can cause increased pressure within the skull and paralysis of cranial nerves that connect the brain with other organs, muscles, etc.
Age is an important prognostic factor in ALL. Studies have suggested that patients who are younger than 35 years of age fare better than older patients; however, this observation may be related to the higher incidence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) among older ALL patients - a subgroup that has a poorer chance of survival. Fortunately, though, 60% to 80% of children and adults with ALL will achieve complete remission of the disease after completing appropriate therapy.
There is no standard staging system for ALL. Rather, ALL is categorized according to a system known as the French-American-British (FAB) Morphological Classification Scheme for ALL:
L1 - Mature-appearing lymphoblasts (T-cells or pre-B-cells). Cells are small with uniform genetic material, regular nuclear shape, nonvisible nucleoli (round bodies within the nucleus, the site of RNA synthesis), and little cytoplasm (substance of a cell, excluding the nucleus).
L2 - Immature and pleomorphic (variously shaped) lymphoblasts (T-cells or pre-B-cells). Cells are large and variable in size, with variable genetic material, irregular nuclear shape, one or more large nucleoli, and variable cytoplasm.
L3 - Lymphoblasts (B-cells; Burkitt's cells) are large and uniform; genetic material is finely stippled and uniform; nuclear shape is regular (oval to round); there are one or more prominent nucleoli; and cytoplasm is moderately abundant.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia in North America and in Europe. It is a disease of older adults and is very rare among people who are younger than 50 years of age. Men with CLL outnumber women by a 2-to-1 average. The disease usually is detected accidentally during a doctor's examination for an unrelated complaint.
CLL is thought to result from the gradual accumulation of mature, long-lived lymphocytes. Therefore, this cancer is caused not so much by overgrowth as it is by the extreme longevity and build-up of malignant cells. Although the rate of accumulation varies among individuals, the extensive tumor burden eventually causes complications in all CLL patients.
CLL is classified by one of two staging systems, although these systems are based on cytology (the study of cell characteristics) and are different from the staging used to evaluate other, nonleukemic cancers. The first system - known as Rai Classification - is used more often in the United States; the other system - known as Binet Staging - is more popular in Europe. Both methods are correlated with prognosis. | <urn:uuid:cf88d487-8d85-44b9-9304-07f30eb45da4> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:37:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9367398619651794,
"score": 3.578125,
"token_count": 2921,
"url": "https://www.dwibuk.org/types-of-leukaemia"
} |
This patient is a 50-year-old man with a history of epilepsy and early dementia. He had a VP shunt placed in the hospital and was then discharged home. He became extremely weak, which was not characteristic of him, and 911 was called. He was transported to the hospital uneventfully. He was found to be afebrile.
This ECG shows a “classic” Brugada pattern. Brugada Syndrome is a hereditary disease that is associated with a high risk of sudden cardiac death. It is due to a mutation in the sodium channel gene (channelopathy). The ECG characteristics are:
· ST elevation in V1 through V3 of at least 2 mm at the J point in the right precordial leads (V1-V3).
· Coved upward ST segments with negative T waves in the affected leads.
Brugada Syndrome is diagnosed when the ECG pattern exists with one of the following:
· Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT).
· Documented ventricular fibrillation. | <urn:uuid:ec91eaa7-402c-4d00-bdd3-90ef3e1f19de> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:10:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9593297243118286,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 220,
"url": "https://www.ecgguru.com/ecg/brugada-pattern"
} |
23 May 18. Dr Fergus Doubal
Dr Fergus Doubal highlights his research using brain imaging & retinal imaging to investigate dementia & stroke.
Transcript - Dr Fergus Doubal, 2018
"Hello, my name's Fergus Doubal and I’m one of the Senior Stroke Researchers at the University of Edinburgh, and I’m going to briefly describe some of the work we’re doing investigating dementia and stroke.
Now, sometimes, small vessel diseases can cause stroke and dementia, but the trouble is we don’t know exactly what causes the disease in these small blood vessels in the brain. Partly because they’re too small for us to see on brain imaging, so one way we’ve managed to get round this in the past is to use photographs of the back of the eye, and you can see these behind me. So when we look at photographs of the back of the eye, we can look at the blood vessels in the eye and this can tell us about the brain.
So, so far we have managed to find some interesting observations, and we’ve just taken delivery of a new machine, which will tell us more information about the nerves at the back of the eye as well. Now, hopefully with these new machines, we’ll be able to find new treatments for stroke and dementia, but perhaps more importantly, be able to prevent stroke and dementia happening in the future. | <urn:uuid:c5442841-0f7f-4de4-a5eb-fafe4b80f4ba> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:31:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.925406277179718,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 300,
"url": "https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-sciences/edinburgh-imaging/about/knowledge-exchange/videos/23-may-18-dr-fergus-doubal"
} |
'I think of a number, multiply it by itself then add 9 and the answer is 90. What number was I thinking of?'
You may already be familiar with this type of puzzle and how it can be expressed algebraically.
These sorts of problems are best solved by writing them as equations.
If we use x (or any letter) to stand for original number, we can write the puzzle without using any words but using numbers, letters and symbols as: x² + 9 = 90
Remember, that when we multiply a number by itself, we are squaring it.
Any equation which contains an x² as the highest power of x (so we have no x³ for example) is called a quadratic equation.
Solving this special type of equation is a very important area of maths.
Now, to find out what x is, we need to solve the equation.
This means getting it into the form: x = ...
Remember that whatever we do to one side of the equation, we must do to the other.
So, firstly we need to remove the + 9 by doing the inverse to both sides which is - 9.
This leaves us with:
x² = 81
Now, we need to remove the 'squaring' by doing the inverse of this to both sides, which is 'square rooting'.
This gives us:
x = 9
Now strictly speaking there are two square roots of 81.
This is because when you square a negative number you get a positive, so both 9² = 81 and (-9)² = 81.
So the square root of 81 could be 9 or -9.
Usually, we are just interested in the positive square root, but it is always safest to include both.
Remember, the symbol for square root is √ so we write:
√81 = +9 or -9 or √81 = ±9 (the ± symbol means the answer can be positive or negative)
We can set out our working like this:
Let's try another example now.
Here is another equation: 2x² + 2 = 100
In order to solve this equation, first, we must subtract 2 from both sides:
2x² = 98
Now we need to be careful about the order we do the next two inverses.
2x² means 2 times x², so we need to apply the inverse of × 2 next which is ÷ 2:
x² = 49
Finally, we square root both sides to give:
x = ±7
We set out our working like this:
If our last step here does not have a whole number square root, we will need to use a calculator.
There are some questions like this in the activity, so you should grab a calculator before you start.
In this activity, we will solve quadratic equations with three terms by rearranging and calculating square roots of whole numbers and decimals. | <urn:uuid:b3952cd8-2391-4a27-a47e-cde0e71b7899> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:39:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.94169020652771,
"score": 4.1875,
"token_count": 616,
"url": "https://www.edplace.com/worksheet_info/maths/keystage4/year10/topic/916/7342/solve-quadratic-equations"
} |
What Facts Should I Know about Dysphagia (Swallow Disorder)?
What Is the Medical Definition of Dysphagia?
- Dysphagia means difficulty swallowing. Odynophagia means painful swallowing. Sometimes it is not easy for individuals to distinguish between these two problems.
- For example, food that sticks in the esophagus (swallowing tube) can be painful. Is this dysphagia or odynophagia or both? Technically it is dysphagia, but individuals may describe it as painful swallowing (odynophagia).
- Nevertheless, it is important to attempt to distinguish between the two because the causes of each may be quite different. When dysphagia is mild, it may cause an individual only to stop eating for a minute or less and drink a few sips of water.
- When it is severe, however, it can prevent an individual from eating and taking in enough calories for adequate nutrition and to maintain weight.
What Causes Dysphagia?
- Some conditions associated with dysphagia affect the area of the lower throat, primarily conditions in which there are abnormalities of nerves or muscles that control the function of the throat. This area also is the area from which the trachea, the main airway leading to the lungs, begins.
Can You Die of Dysphagia?
- As a result, abnormalities with the function of the nerves and muscles of this area can lead to discoordination and food may be more easily aspirated into the lungs, potentially leading to bacterial infection and a form of pneumonia known as aspiration pneumonia.
- The same complication in the lungs can occur when food sticks in the esophagus further down and remains there until a person sleeps. At night, food can regurgitate from the esophagus and into the throat, and then the lungs, because in the lying position gravity does not prevent the food from coming up, and swallowing, which can keep food in the esophagus, is not occurring.
What Causes Dysphagia?
Dysphagia can result from abnormalities in any of the complex steps necessary for swallowing. The process of swallowing has three stages.
- The first stage of swallowing begins in the mouth, where the tongue helps move the food around inside the mouth so that it can be chewed and softened with saliva. The tongue also is necessary for propelling the food to the back of the mouth and upper throat (pharynx) initiating the second stage.
- The second stage of swallowing is an automatic reflex that causes the muscles of the throat to propel the food through the throat (pharynx) and into the esophagus or swallowing tube. A muscular valve that lies between the lower throat and the top of the esophagus opens, allowing the food to enter the esophagus, while other muscles close the opening to the trachea to prevent food from entering the trachea and the lungs.
- The third stage of swallowing begins when food or liquid enters the esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach and uses coordinated contractions of its muscles to push the food down its length and into the stomach. A second muscular valve opens at the junction of the lower esophagus with the stomach once a swallow has begun to allow the swallowed food to enter the stomach. After the food passes the valve closes again, preventing the food from regurgitating back up into the esophagus from the stomach.
Dysphagia has many causes. First, there may be physical (anatomical) obstruction to the passage of food. Second, there may be abnormalities in the function (functional abnormalities) of the nerves of the brain, throat, and esophagus whose normal function is necessary to coordinate swallowing. Finally, there also may be abnormalities of the muscles of the throat and esophagus themselves.
Diseases of the brain can affect the neurological control of the nerves and reflexes involved in swallowing. Some diseases of the brain that can cause dysphagia include:
Likewise, diseases and conditions that affect muscle function or connective tissue throughout the body can cause dysphagia. Examples include:
Diseases specific to the esophagus also can cause difficulty swallowing. Some esophageal diseases include:
- achalasia, an uncommon inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (the valve at the lower end of the esophagus) to open and let food pass into the stomach and disappearance of the contractions of the esophagus that propel food;
- eosinophilic esophagitis, an inflammatory condition of the esophagus in which the esophageal wall is filled with a type of white blood cell called eosinophils; and
- other functional abnormalities of the muscle of the esophageal muscle including spasm and ineffective contractions.
Obstructions of the upper digestive tract and esophagus, due to anatomical abnormalities, tumors, or scar tissue also cause dysphagia. Examples include:
- esophageal cancer;
- esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) though the symptom of esophagitis is more commonly odynophagia;
- certain head and neck cancers;
- esophageal strictures (narrowings of the esophagus) that result from inflammation and scarring most commonly from chronic acid exposure due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but they also may arise due to radiation, medications, or chemical toxins;
- Schatzki rings (smooth, benign, circumferential, and narrow rings of tissue in the lower end of the esophagus that are located just above the junction of the esophagus with the stomach);
- compression of the esophagus from structures outside of the digestive tract, such as tumors of the chest, thoracic aortic aneurysms, enlarged lymph nodes, etc.; and
- congenital anatomical abnormalities (birth defects).
Pancreatitis is inflammation of an organ in the abdomen called the pancreas.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Dysphagia?
Depending upon the cause of the dysphagia, the difficulty swallowing can be mild or severe. Some affected individuals may have trouble swallowing both solids and liquids, while others may experience problems only when attempting to swallow solid foods. Occasionally, there is more trouble with liquid than solid food.
- If there is aspiration of food (most common with liquids), swallows may induce coughing due to entrance of the liquid into the voice box (larynx) at the top of the trachea or into the lungs.
- If solid food becomes lodged in the lower throat, it may induce choking and gagging and interfere with breathing.
- If solid food lodges in the esophagus, it may be felt as severe chest discomfort.
- If food stuck in the lower esophagus regurgitates at night, individuals may awaken coughing and choking due to food entering the throat, larynx, or lungs.
- Less commonly, swallowed food may regurgitate effortlessly into the mouth immediately after it is swallowed.
If dysphagia is associated with aspiration of food into the lungs, aspiration pneumonia may occur with all of the symptoms of pneumonia (fever, chills, and respiratory distress). This is a particular danger in individuals who have had a stroke. Dysphagia is present in approximately 51%-73% of individuals with stroke, and poses a major risk for the development of aspiration phneumonia.
Other symptoms associated with dysphagia depend upon its exact cause and are specific to the condition that results in dysphagia, such as stroke, cancer, etc.
When to Seek Medical Care for Dysphagia
If you are experiencing difficulty swallowing, you should contact your health care professional for an evaluation.
What Are the Dysphagia Tests for Diagnosis?
The evaluation of dysphagia begins with a complete medical history and physical examination. When taking the medical history, physician will ask questions regarding the duration, onset, and severity of symptoms as well as the presence of associated symptoms or chronic medical conditions that can help determine the cause of the dysphagia.
Some specific diagnostic tests frequently are performed to evaluate the esophagus and its function:
- An esophagram or barium swallow is an X-ray imaging test used to visualize the structures of the esophagus. The patient swallows liquid barium while X-ray images are obtained. The barium fills and then coats the lining of the esophagus so that it can diagnose anatomical abnormalities such as tumors. It also allows the radiologist to evaluate the movement of food and liquid through the esophagus and to diagnose functional abnormalities such as achalasia.
- Videofluoroscopy or videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) is an alternative test to the barium swallow that uses video X-ray images of the swallowing process. It is better able to evaluate the more subtle muscular abnormalities that can affect swallowing than the barium swallow.
- Endoscopy may be carried out to visualize the lining of the esophagus and stomach, if necessary.
- Esophageal manometry (motility) studies can measure the pressure generated by the musclular contractions in the esophagus using a pressure-sensitive, thin tube that is passed into the esophagus through the nose. This test can determine if the muscles of the esophagus are working properly.
- Esophageal pH (acid) studies may be performed in patients with suspected acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD). For the pH study, a thin catheter that records pH (acidity) is inserted into the esophagus through the nose. This allows acid reflux to be measured over a prolonged period of time. Similar measurements can be made without a catheter by attaching a small capsule to the esophageal wall that measures acidity and wirelessly transmits the measurements to a recorder carried at the waist.
- A fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing (FEES) or transnasal laryngoscopy is another test that may be used. In this study, a laryngoscope is inserted through the nose to visually evaluate the swallowing process in the pharynx.
Since dysphagia can be caused by a multitude of different medical conditions, further diagnostic testing will depend upon the patient's medical history and the information derived from the physical examination and from any tests that have been done to evaluate swallowing.
Is Dysphagia Curable?
The treatment of dysphagia can involve both medical and surgical procedures, and depends upon the underlying condition or reason for the dysphagia. For example, treatment may be directed at an underlying condition such as cancer or stricture due to GERD. Treatment goals are:
- to improve swallowing,
- to reduce the risk of aspiration, and/or
- to improve the nutritional status of the affected individual.
Are There Home Remedies for Dysphagia?
Depending upon the individual situation, dietary modifications may be a necessary step in the treatment of dysphagia, particularly when the underlying abnormality is functional. A soft or pureed diet may be recommended.
Physical therapy may be an important component of treatment for some patients. Physical therapy and rehabilitation measures may include recommendations such as:
- changing the head position while eating,
- exercises that retrain the musculature involved with swallowing, or
- strength and coordination exercises for the tongue, lips, or jaws.
A speech-language pathologist may be a member of the evaluation and treatment team and can be of help in prescribing rehabilitation exercises for the muscles of the mouth and tongue.
If the individual has symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), avoidance of eating prior to bedtime, smoking cessation, maintaining an upright posture after eating, and certain medications (see below) may help relieve symptoms.
What Is the Medical Treatment and Medications for Dysphagia?
Symptoms of GERD, such as heartburn, if present, are treated with medications designed to reduce acid levels in the stomach. These can include:
- H2 blockers such as nizatidine (Axid), famotidine (Pepcid), cimetidine (Tagamet), or ranitidine (Zantac); and
- proton pump inhibitor drugs, such as esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid, Kapodex), pantoprazole (Protonix), or rabeprazole (Aciphex).
Patients with achalasia or other motility disorders of the esophagus can be treated with medications that help to relax the lower esophageal sphincter. These include the nitrate class of drugs, for example, isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) and calcium-channel blockers, for example, nifedipine (Procardia) and verapamil (Calan). These drugs, however, are not very effective, and surgical intervention often is necessary.
A more recently developed treatment for some types of dysphagia associated with esophageal muscle problems caused by spasm is the endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) into the lower esophageal sphincter to weaken the sphincter in achalasia. Treatment with botulinum toxin is safe, but the effects on the sphincter often last only for months, and additional injections are necessary.
Corticosteroids are the treatment for dysphagia caused by eosinophilic esophagitis.
Super Tips to Boost Digestive Health: Bloating, Constipation, and More
What Is Dysphagia Surgery?
Some anatomical and functional abnormalities of the pharynx or esophagus that cause dysphagia can be treated successfully by surgery. Surgery also is a component of treatment for dysphagia associated with esophageal cancer and compression of the esophagus due to other tumors or abnormalities in the chest.
Surgical treatments for dysphagia are varied. The choice of procedure depends upon the cause of dysphagia.
- Dilation of the lower esophageal sphincter in achalasia is done by having the patient swallow a tube with a balloon on the end that is positioned across the lower esophageal sphincter with the help of X-ray, and the balloon is blown up suddenly. The goal is to stretch - actually to tear - the sphincter. This also can be useful in the treatment of strictures and Schatzki rings as well as other anatomical conditions associated with dysphagia.
- The lower esophageal sphincter also can be cut surgically in a procedure called esophagomyotomy. The surgery can be done using a large abdominal incision or laparoscopically through small punctures in the abdomen or chest.
- Other surgical procedures depend upon the exact location and extent of the anatomical abnormality that is causing the dysphagia.
Surgical procedures also may be necessary to increase a patient's nutritional status in cases of severe dysphagia. A nasogastric (NG) tube is used for feeding when the condition is not expected to be a long-term problem. For chronic cases of severe dysphagia, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube can be inserted surgically directly through the skin into the stomach in order to deliver food directly into the stomach.
What Is the Follow-up for Dysphagia?
Follow-up recommendations depend upon the cause of the dysphagia and the type of treatment that has been performed. It is important to keep all follow-up appointments and follow the instructions of the health care provider.
Is Dysphagia Preventable?
Dysphagia is preventable only to the extent that the underlying condition that caused the dysphagia is preventable. Many chronic neuromuscular conditions and diseases of connective tissue are not preventable.
Symptoms and complications of GERD can be minimized or prevented by medications (see previously).
What Is the Prognosis for Dysphagia?
It is not possible to predict the prognosis or outlook for dysphagia in general because so many different conditions can be responsible for this symptom. The outlook in each case is dependent upon the reason for the dysphagia and a patient's underlying medical condition(s).
Reviewed on 1/16/2019
Medically reviewed by Jon Glass, MD; American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
Drossman, D, ed. Rome III: The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 3rd ed,
Degnon Associates, Inc, McLean, VA, 2006. | <urn:uuid:07c9e680-cb76-455e-8b62-53bcf62e878c> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:10:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9097017645835876,
"score": 3.78125,
"token_count": 3530,
"url": "https://www.emedicinehealth.com/dysphagia_swallowing_problems/article_em.htm"
} |
HELIOPOLIS (Gr., meaning "city of the sun"; Egyptian, Iunu ; Heb., On ), ancient city of lower Egypt situated about six miles N. of Cairo on the site of the modern village of El Matariyah. From earliest times Heliopolis was the cult center for the worship of the sun god, usually in his manifestation as Re, but also as Re-Horakhty and Atum. Although some form of sun worship existed from the beginning of recorded Egyptian history, it was not until the Fifth Dynasty (c. 2480–2340 b.c.e.) that the Helipolitan cult of Re achieved its preeminent position in the cosmogony of the Egyptians, a position which it retained well into the third century b.c.e.
Heliopolis is specifically mentioned four times in the Bible: Genesis 41:45, 45:50 and 46:20, where Joseph is given as wife Asenath, the daughter of Poti-Phera, the priest of On (who must have been the high priest of Re of Heliopolis); and Ezekiel 30:17, where the prophet foretells the destruction of Egypt by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian king, and mentions Heliopolis among the great cities to be destroyed. The prediction of the destruction of Beth-Shemesh, "the House of the Sungod," in Jeremiah 43:13 is also probably a reference to Heliopolis. Another possible reference to the city is Isaiah 19:18, where, in view of the Egyptian context of the passage, the reading ir ha-ḥeres, or "city of the sun," as attested by Symmachus and Vulgate, is preferred by many scholars to the present masoretic text ir ha-heres, or "city of destruction."
A.H. Gardiner, Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, 2 (1947), 144–6 (texts).
[Alan Richard Schulman]
Heliopolis was also the ancient Greek name for Baalbek. | <urn:uuid:4f3e09dd-f82f-463a-86da-ae09b0641af1> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:40:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9423013925552368,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 434,
"url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/ancient-history-egypt/heliopolis"
} |
Salomon de Brosse
All Sources -
Updated Media sources (1) About encyclopedia.com content Print Topic
Brosse, Salomon de
Brosse, Salomon de (c.1571–1626). French architect, an important figure in the transition from Mannerism to Classicism. Born in Verneuil-sur-Oise, he was the son and grandson of architects (his grandfather was J. A. du Cerceau), settling in Paris in the 1590s. His work tended to eschew Mannerist decorative effects, and was more architectonic, sober, and monumental than that of his immediate predecessors. Of his three châteaux at Blérancourt, Aisne (1611–19), Coulommiers-en-Brie, Seine-et-Marne (1613), and Luxembourg, Paris (from 1614), only the last and a pavilion at Blérancourt survive. The Luxembourg has rustication over the whole of the façades, presumably to emulate the Palazzo Pitti in Florence, the childhood home of de Brosse's client, Maria de' Medici (1573–1642), widow of King Henri IV of France (1589–1610). De Brosse's other surviving works include the Palais de Justice de Bretagne, Rennes (1618), perhaps the very first work of true French Classicism, influenced by work at Fontainebleau and by Vignola. The handsome west front of the Church of St-Gervais, Paris (1616–23), with its superimposed unengaged Orders, was influenced by Vignola's Il Gesù front, Rome, and also by de l'Orme's frontispiece at Anet. It was designed by de Brosse, but probably found its final form at the hands of J. -C. Métezeau, who was the contractor, yet no mean architect himself. De Brosse's Protestant Temple at Charenton (1623—destroyed) seems to have influenced the design of subsequent Protestant churches in Northern Europe.
Jane Turner (1996)
de Brosse, Salomon
de Brosse, Salomon (c.1571–1626). See Brosse.
More From encyclopedia.com
Joaquin Rodrigo , Rodrigo, Joaquín Rodrigo, Joaquín Rodrigo, Joaquín , eminent Spanish composer and teacher; b. Sagunto, Nov. 22, 1901; d. Madrid, July 6, 1999. He con… Jean Francois Chalgrin , Chalgrin, Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin, Jean-François-Thérèse (1739–1811). Paris-born architect who studied with Servandoni and Boullée, and worked… Philibert Delorme , Orme, Philibert de L', also given as Delorme, De L'Orme, or de l'Orme (c.1514–70). French architect who influenced later generations largely through… Marie Le Jars De Gournay , Marie le Jars de Gournay Marie le Jars de Gournay (1565-1645) was one of Renaissance France's most active literary figures. She served as the posthum… Charles De Wailly , Wailly, Charles de (1730–98). French architect and painter, one of the most distinguished and influential of the Louis Seize and Revolutionary period… De Broglie , de Broglie
You Might Also Like
Salomon de Brosse | <urn:uuid:aa2b199d-40a0-47f2-9c95-1482f28aef57> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:37:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8739446401596069,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 748,
"url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/architecture-biographies/salomon-de-brosse"
} |
P.12.A: Students understand that atomic structure explains the properties and behavior of matter.
P.12.A.1: Students know different molecular arrangements and motions account for the different physical properties of solids, liquids, and gases.
P.12.A.2: Students know elements in the periodic table are arranged into groups and periods by repeating patterns and relationships.
P.12.A.4: Students know atoms bond with one another by transferring or sharing electrons.
P.12.A.5: Students know chemical reactions can take place at different rates, depending on a variety of factors (i.e. temperature, concentration, surface area, and agitation).
P.12.A.6: Students know chemical reactions either release or absorb energy.
P.12.A.7: Students know that, in chemical reactions, elements combine in predictable ratios, and the numbers of atoms of each element do not change.
P.12.A.8: Students know most elements have two or more isotopes, some of which have practical applications.
P.12.A.9: Students know the number of electrons in an atom determines whether the atom is electrically neutral or an ion.
P.12.B: Students understand the interactions between force and motion.
P.12.B.1: Students know laws of motion can be used to determine the effects of forces on the motion of objects.
P.12.B.2: Students know magnetic forces and electric forces can be thought of as different aspects of electromagnetic force.
P.12.B.3: Students know the strength of the electric force between two objects increases with charge and decreases with distance.
P.12.B.4: Students know the strength of the gravitational force between two objects increases with mass and decreases rapidly with distance.
P.12.C: Students understand that there are interactions between matter and energy.
P.12.C.2: Students know energy forms can be converted.
P.12.C.4: Students know characteristics, applications and impacts of radioactivity.
P.12.C.5: Students know the relationship between heat and temperature.
E.12.A: Students understand heat and energy transfer in and out of the atmosphere and influence weather and climate.
E.12.A.3: Students understand the role of the atmosphere in Earth’s greenhouse effect.
E.12.B: Students know scientific theories of origins and evolution of the universe.
E.12.B.1: Students know common characteristics of stars.
E.8.B.7: Students know regular and predictable motions of Earth around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth explain such phenomena as the day, the year, phases of the Moon, and eclipses.
E.12.C: Students understand evidence for processes that take place on a geologic time scale.
E.12.C.2: Students understand the concept of plate tectonics including the evidence that supports it (structural, geophysical and paleontological evidence).
E.12.C.3: Students know elements exist in fixed amounts and move through solid earth, oceans, atmosphere and living things as part of biogeochemical cycles.
L.12.A: Students understand how genetic information is passed from one generation to another.
L.12.A.1: Students know genetic information passed from parents to offspring is coded in the DNA molecule.
L.12.A.2: Students know DNA molecules provide instructions for assembling protein molecules.
L.12.A.5: Students know how to predict patterns of inheritance.
L.12.B: Students understand that all life forms, at all levels of organization, use specialized structure and similar processes to meet life's needs.
L.12.B.1: Students know cell structures and their functions.
L.12.C: Students understand that ecosystems display patterns of organization, change, and stability as a result of the interactions and interdependencies among the living and non-living components of the Earth.
L.12.C.1: Students know relationships of organisms and their physical environment
L.12.C.2: Students know how changes in an ecosystem can affect biodiversity and biodiversity's contribution to an ecosystem's stability.
L.12.C.3: Students know the amount of living matter an environment can support is limited by the availability of matter, energy, and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials.
L.12.D: Students understand biological evolution and diversity of life.
L.12.D.1: Students know organisms can be classified based on evolutionary relationships.
L.12.D.3: Students know the fossil record gives evidence for natural selection and its evolutionary consequences.
L.12.D.5: Students know biological evolution explains diversity of life.
L.12.D.6: Students know the concepts of natural and artificial selection.
Correlation last revised: 5/17/2018 | <urn:uuid:1302599a-9a13-4502-a238-5a9a0fc8ad99> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:51:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8743356466293335,
"score": 4.125,
"token_count": 1046,
"url": "https://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspStandardCorrelation&id=402"
} |
- Ritual of digging up dead relatives blamed for outbreak
- At least 127 dead in Madagascar
- Nine countries urged to prepare for outbreak
- More than 1,800 infected
- There is currently an outbreak of both pneumonic and bubonic plague in Madagascar, according to The Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
The plague has now killed at least 127 people in Madagascar, and nine countries have been urged to prepare for an outbreak.
The condition is an infectious disease that’s spread by a bacteria found in small animals and their fleas.
Humans can become infected from flea bites, unprotected contact with other infected humans, or by simply breathing near the infected.
Untreated plague can be deadly, so early treatment with antibiotics is vital, said the World Health Organization (WHO).
Plague symptoms include fever, body aches and vomiting
Plague symptoms include sudden fevers, head and body aches, vomiting and nausea.
Bubonic plague - the most common form of plague - can causes inflamed lymph nodes, making them tense and painful.
As the condition worsens, the lymph nodes can turn into pussy, open sores.
The bubonic plague is transmitted to humans by infected fleas.
Avoiding flea bites and contact with infected humans was the best way to prevent contracting plague
Pneumonic plague is usually caused by bubonic plague spreading into the lungs.
It’s the most contagious form of the plague, and can be spread by coming into contact with respiratory droplets from infected humans.
Symptoms of pneumonic plague includes bloody or pussy saliva, chest pain and coughing. It can also lead to organ failure and shock.
Without treatment, patients could die within 18 hours.
Plague has killed almost 100 people in Madagascar
Diagnosing the plague requires lab testing of either blood, sputum, or pus from an inflamed lymph node.
If the plague is found early, the condition can be treated with antibiotics and supportive therapy.
The WHO recommends protecting against flea bites to avoid becoming infected with the plague. It also suggests avoiding animal carcasses, and not touching anyone suspected of infection.
Meanwhile, Brits planning on travelling to Madagascar should ensure they have the correct travel insurance to stay protected, and have emergency funds accessible to cover any surprise medical costs. | <urn:uuid:49793c17-7ea5-46b3-ba43-4c7507b54e12> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T16:06:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9366016387939453,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 476,
"url": "https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/870068/Plague-symptoms-Black-Death-Madagascar-outbreak-signs-deadly"
} |
Flowcode enables quick and easy development of complex electronic and electromechanical systems. The graphical programming tool allows those with little experience to develop systems in minutes.
Flowcode is an advanced integrated development environment (IDE) for electronic and electromechanical system development. Engineers—both professional and academic – use Flowcode to develop systems for control and measurement based on microcontrollers or on rugged industrial interfaces using Windows compatible personal computers.
Furthermore, Flowcode 8 allows full simulation (including simulation of C code), with users also being able to convert C code to flowcharts and other programming languages.
Other features included the ability to Auto ID downstream boards that are connected, improved compatibility with Arduino hardware, to give a more streamlined and smooth approach to programming this popular
family, and SCADA mode – meaning users can now control external hardware from their PC using this impressive feature.
The graphical icons which are used to develop systems within Flowcode are easy-to-use. It enables first-time developers to pick up the fundamentals and run with their designs. Using graphical icons allows users to view and learn code side-by-side for easier learning.
For more advanced users with a good understanding of programming, Flowcode allows integration of pre-written codes.
Flowcode gives you the ability to work with multiple chip variants in an easy and flexible way. When learning and developing designs using 8-bit PIC or Arduino microcontrollers, Flowcode is perfect for students and makes code-porting simple, meaning that users can switch target devices with ease.
Testing & debugging
Ghost Technology embedded on upstream boards provides a real-time log of the status of all the pins on the microcontroller whilst a Flowcode program is running on the device.
Built into Flowcode is a data recorder and oscilloscope which makes test and debugging procedures straightforward. Flowcode is also compatible with external hardware including oscilloscopes, power supplies, signal generators and more.
The library contains a vast collection of components that can be used to create systems, from simple switches and LED's to more complex communications modules.
Communications developments form a large part of modern day electronic education and understanding. Communications including CAN bus, Bluetooth, USB, Ethernet and WIFI are available within the Flowcode environment. | <urn:uuid:4223f36b-165c-48e4-96a9-0af2a39ad6f5> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:28:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8851690292358398,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 460,
"url": "https://www.festo-didactic.co.uk/gb-en/learning-systems/software-e-learning/flowcode-8-a-visual-programming-environment.htm?fbid=Z2IuZW4uNTUwLjE3LjE4LjQ4Ni4xMDI5NDU"
} |
In Alzheimer’s, scientists have hypothesized that dying brain cells break apart and release proteins, including tau, which then form the tangles that are a hallmark of the disease. New research from Washington University in St. Louis shows, however, that tau secretion is actually an active process, not a byproduct of cell death—findings that could refine tau-targeting treatments for Alzheimer’s.
The research could also explain why experimental tau-focused treatments haven’t fared better in treating patients with the disease.
A variety of approaches are in the works to address the dearth of new Alzheimer’s treatments. Many of them focus on another key protein, amyloid, and its contribution to the formation of brain plaques. A Johns Hopkins team landed on a chain of signaling events by which amyloid buildup causes the clumping of tau, while Yale scientists found that a problem in lysosome transport may contribute to the accumulation of amyloid plaques. Other methods include targeting genetic variants in neurological cells to boost the immune system’s ability to fight Alzheimer’s.
The Washington University team, led by Randall Bateman, a professor of neurology, focused on tau using mass spectrometry and a technique called Stable Isotope Labeling Kinetics (SILK) to measure the production and clearance of tau proteins in neurons and cerebrospinal fluid.
Neurons made from induced pluripotent stem cells produced new tau after a three-day delay, suggesting that tau synthesis is an actively regulated process, according to the study, which appeared in the journal Neuron. The team also looked at tau in cerebrospinal fluid from healthy people and from those known to have Alzheimer’s, finding a direct correlation between the amount of amyloid in a person’s brain and the amount of tau produced in the brain.
The research also shed light on different forms of tau and their turnover rate: “[The] forms of tau that are turned over more quickly are also those that are prone to misfold and aggregate in the context of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies,” said co-author Celeste Karch, an assistant professor of psychiatry at WUSTL.
“We've known for a long time that tau [in cerebrospinal fluid] is increased in Alzheimer's disease, but until this study, we didn't know if tau production was increased or if clearance was decreased," said Chihiro Sato, a member of the Bateman lab and one of the paper's co-first authors. "Our results showing that tau production is increased suggest that we might want to target tau production therapeutically." | <urn:uuid:aca6e19f-dae3-4f4a-9b90-899fa100dedd> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:27:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9598610401153564,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 575,
"url": "https://www.fiercebiotech.com/research/a-new-understanding-tau-could-refine-alzheimer-s-approaches"
} |
What is the difference between addiction and habit?
Continued from our last article What is an addiction?
We brush our teeth, say “Please” and “Thank you”. These are habits that we have learned to be civil in society. Some have bad habits like nail-biting, over spending, or procrastination.
Many can have a drink of alcohol or take an aspirin without any issue. For some these simple activities can become habits. Unfortunately, some habits turn into a compulsion thus an addiction. What once was a simple drink turns into a midnight cap which evolves into a body needing the substance. (I’ve seen this happen with soda too!)
Habits are created over a period of time. The person can freely start and stop the habit as they please. The body may want something, but the person can control the craving. The key thing here is the individual can control the urge.
Addictions, unlike habits, are uncontrollable urges that must be met. If the person has an urge they will go to measures that can cause physical damage. The mind or body will crave something and it must be fulfilled. This means that the individual is no longer in control of themselves, thus can be experiencing psychological masking, bodily cravings, or permanent brain chemical changes. With addiction, the individual has lost control.
People become addicted for various reasons. It can start among friends with peer pressure or be introduced innocently by a doctor to numb your pain. Regardless the source, addiction can ruin a home and it’s family. It destroys futures and wrecks good relationships.
Substance abuse counseling should be sought quickly because the longer one waits, the worse and more dependent the body become to the substance. Then dependency will eventually raise the tolerance level of the individual which will lead to higher doses to create the same effect of euphoria. Once the substance no longer has an effect on the body, the individual is still forced to continue as the pain of withdrawal is too great. This can lead to depression, anxiety, anger, etc.
What if someone you know seems to be an addict. What are some telltale signs of an addict? We will explain that next.
What is an addiction? | The fine line between addiction and habit | What are some signs of addiction? | Are there risks to addiction? | What could be the causes of addiction? | Can my addiction be diagnosed? | Criteria for Substance Abuse for Dependency | Can addiction be treated? | <urn:uuid:f1a71db5-ac1d-4f65-aa26-61c898cfee4f> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:38:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9451127052307129,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 514,
"url": "https://www.finallyalive.com/fine-line-addiction-and-habit/"
} |
Recent international frameworks all reference the importance of strengthening resilience, both at the global level and the individual. Resilience efforts should target not only regions, countries and systems but also individuals and groups, including women, girls and minority groups. Stakeholders engaged in the World Humanitarian Summit process widely endorsed a ‘new way of working’ that both addresses need and reduces risk and vulnerability. These efforts all reflect the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development pledge to leave no one behind.
The regional response to the Syrian humanitarian crisis has both challenged and advanced how the humanitarian community understands this ‘new way of working’ and its implications for humanitarian practice. In light of reductions in funding and the transition into a protracted displacement situation, humanitarian programming in the Syrian context now increasingly targets assistance toward those considered the most vulnerable and to integrating resilience-based approaches. The formation of a Sub-Regional Response Facility in 2013 (mandated to work with humanitarian, development and government stakeholders on the sustainability of responses) and subsequent regional and national Refugee and Resilience Response Plans (3RPs) marked an important shift, strengthening alignment between humanitarian and development planning and priorities, enhancing the role of host governments, and bringing new partners to work with refugee populations. These plans include explicit commitments to target ‘the most vulnerable’ for resilience building.
Vulnerability and need have typically driven the design and implementation of humanitarian programmes. Specific groups are defined as vulnerable, and criteria are established to target and prioritise the ‘most vulnerable’, with little attention paid to their skills and capacities. Vulnerability and resilience, however, can be seen as a continuum. At the vulnerability end of the spectrum, assessments and interventions address immediate material- or protection-related needs; at the resilience end, they look at positive coping strategies or capacities. Vulnerability and resilience factors can change over time and according to opportunities or interventions, and are affected by contexts. Hence, resilience-based approaches should support individuals, households and communities to move along this spectrum by strengthening their assets and skills and their capacity to cope with, adapt to and recover from the stresses and shocks they experience.
Vulnerability-based approach: gaps and promising practices
United Nations (UN) agencies, host governments and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) responding to the Syrian displacement crisis have worked together to establish more nuanced vulnerability criteria for the purposes of targeting assistance, particularly within cash-based interventions. However, assessments and analyses often fail to efficiently and effectively identify and prioritise households with individuals who have compounding vulnerabilities, such as new disabilities which can require additional health care, and adolescent girls who may be increasingly assuming care-giving roles. This idea of compounding vulnerability is also relevant to households with women, children and young people, where vulnerability to wider protection concerns such as abuse, exploitation or violence may be exacerbated by economic vulnerability.
For example, the Multipurpose Cash Assistance Programme in Lebanon, implemented by six international NGOs who comprise the Lebanon Cash Consortium, determines beneficiary households by calculating their per capita monthly expenditure in relation to a range of variables. One such variable, the ‘disability-adjusted dependency ratio’, considers all persons with disabilities as ‘dependent’ and categorises them as affecting a household’s vulnerability to the same degree, regardless of their gender, age, needs, skills and capacities. A 2015 impact evaluation of the programme highlighted examples of female-headed households and households with children with disabilities who were not prioritised for assistance because vulnerability assessments failed to fully recognise care-giving responsibilities, lack of income generation opportunities and even added medical costs. More recently, the Vulnerability Assessment Framework in Jordan was updated to include additional guidance and functional questions relating to disability. Valuable lessons on how to reflect intersecting vulnerabilities in such assessments may well emerge after further roll-out and analysis of the Framework.
Targeted protection assessments of population groups, meanwhile, do better in identifying protection risks and apply some analysis of the intersections of age, gender and disability. For example, the inter-agency standard operating procedures for gender-based violence and child protection in Jordan demonstrate a more comprehensive integration of inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities, recognising gender and specific age groups.
Resilience-based approach: gaps and promising practices
Multi-sector vulnerability assessments used in the Syrian displacement crisis response often fail to integrate positive coping or resiliency traits in analysing need. The Vulnerability Assessment Framework in Jordan recognises ‘coping strategies’ but only as additional indicators of vulnerability, with a focus on extreme or unsustainable coping mechanisms (including begging, being in informal or dangerous employment, and depletion of resources, savings or assets). Positive coping strategies that support resilience, such as tapping into support networks, are generally not identified or not considered in these assessments.
Community-based protection efforts remain at the centre of the protection and humanitarian components of the 3RPs for 2017-18. Such approaches assess the resources, skills and experiences available in a community, and strengthen positive community-led solutions to protection concerns. Refugee and host communities, however, are diverse and the varying status and power of community members often exclude and marginalise certain individuals and groups. Humanitarian actors still rarely explore the self-protection capacities, positive coping strategies or the assets of women, children, people with disabilities and other groups perceived to be vulnerable. As a result, these populations are often relegated to the vulnerability end of the spectrum and seen as beneficiaries of aid rather than as partners for capacity development and resilience building.
At an individual level, using strengths- and assets-based approaches in programming can strengthen the resilience of women, children and young people, including those with disabilities. Adolescent and youth programmes in Iraq and Lebanon run by partner organisations, which have engaged girls and boys with disabilities, focus on building: personal assets through training in vocational skills, communication and literacy; social assets through strengthening social support networks, participation in sport, and mentorship; and physical assets through the establishment of safe spaces. Participants describe acquiring new skills and expanded protective peer networks of friends, facilitators and mentors.
As a target group, girls and boys with disabilities are seen almost exclusively from a vulnerability-based perspective yet these pilot projects suggest that resilience traits such as skills, capacities and protection strategies can be identified on the same continuum that incorporates vulnerability. These traits not only mitigate risks but also support an individual to move along the spectrum towards a more positive, sustainable outcome.
Humanitarian responses rarely identify and leverage the positive coping strategies and capacities of women, children and young people, and certainly fall short of engaging diverse individuals within these groups in resilience-based approaches. Humanitarian actors need further guidance to identify the factors that enable access, participation and empowerment, and on how those factors can be strengthened and supported through humanitarian programming. We can also draw on the resources and experience of the development sector, adapting and piloting operational guidance, documenting outcomes and sharing learning on gender, resilience and social inclusion in humanitarian contexts, in turn realising the shared goal of leaving no one behind.
Emma Pearce [email protected]
Associate Director, Social Inclusion
Boram Lee [email protected]
Women’s Refugee Commission
UNDP (2016) The State of Resilience Programming: The Syria Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP)
Save the Children and Lebanon Cash Consortium (2015) Impact of Multipurpose Cash Assistance on Outcomes for Children in Lebanon http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/download.php?id=10526
Vulnerability Assessment Framework, Jordan (2016) Disability Universal Indicator to assist Identification https://humanity-inclusion.org.uk/sites/uk/files/documents/files/2016-11-disability-universal-indicator-jordan-unhcr.pdf
SOP Task Force (2014) Inter-Agency Emergency Standard Operating Procedures for Prevention of and Response to Gender-based Violence and Child Protection in Jordan. www.data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/download.php?id=3143
UNHCR (2015) Vulnerability Assessment Framework: Baseline Survey www.data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/download.php?id=8837
Women’s Refugee Commission (2017) Vulnerability- and resilience-based approaches in response to the Syrian crisis: Implications for women, children, and youth with disabilities https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/populations/disabilities/research-and-resources/1442-resilience-syrian-crisis | <urn:uuid:d6d818c8-9b3d-474e-8435-5e66ec5eef36> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:12:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9162538647651672,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 1772,
"url": "https://www.fmreview.org/syria2018/pearce-lee"
} |
Boiled cider and cider jelly are traditional farm-based products made solely from the concentration/reduction of fresh, unfermented cider. Despite their deep historical and cultural roots in rural New England, these products (especially boiled cider) are little known today, even in their home region, and have virtually disappeared from commerce. Boiled cider is a natural sweetener made solely by the concentration by heating of fresh-pressed apple juice. It has been found in the New England region, largely as a farm and homestead product, since the first years after European settlement and the introduction of the common apple (Malus domestica) to this country. For instance, local historians have documented its use among the settlers of Hadley and Northampton, Massachusetts, as early as 1677. In the past, it was commonly referred to as “apple molasses,” because of its consistency and because it was used, like molasses, primarily as a sweetener for baking and culinary purposes, rather than as a table syrup for pouring (though it can be used for that as well, on pancakes, waffles and ice cream). In appearance, boiled cider is a dark reddish brown color, opaque like molasses, and with the consistency of syrup. It has a clear and concentrated aroma of apples, and its dark, caramelized sweetness is typically balanced by a sharp acidity – the result of the good sugar/acid balance found in most North American dessert apples. In early times, boiled cider was often produced from “sweeting” apples that contained relatively less malic acid and were sweet, but too bland for fresh eating, and more suited to culinary uses such as baking or making apple butter. The variety “Summer Sweeting,” which is sometimes cited as a type of apple used in making boiled cider, may refer to one or more very old New England apple varieties, such as the ‘Hightop Sweet’ from eastern Massachusetts, or the ‘Summer Sweet’ (‘Sidney Sweet’) from Maine. Instructions for making boiled cider call for the fresh juice to be concentrated to about one-seventh its original volume in an open, non-reactive metal kettle, and skimmed as it boils down. At least one old source claims that a superior boiled cider could be made by steam-cooking apples in kettles, weighting them down in slatted baskets and pressing their juice through straw, and then reducing this expressed juice. Historically, however, most producers simply boiled down the same apple juice that had just been milled and pressed for fresh drinking or for fermentation into alcoholic or “hard” cider. Modern producers boil off the fresh cider in an evaporator pan like the ones that are used to turn maple sap into syrup. In terms of its main uses, boiled cider has been most often employed in baking. It is ideal for making pies (with or without dried or fresh apples) and as an ingredient in cakes, cookies, and other recipes. In fact, for any culinary use where sweetness and an apple character is desirable, it works very well. It has historically been used as an ingredient in mincemeat; in brining liquids for meat and poultry; and as a sweetener for baked beans, winter squash, and other vegetables. It was also valued for making a traditional type of applesauce, because it not only added sweetness, but a concentrated apple flavor, and improved the keeping qualities of the sauce. Historically, both boiled cider and cider jelly were used by early settlers for reconstituting into juice over the winter months, which was considered not only a treat, but as a nutritional “supplement” to the winter diet. Also, both products were an important ingredient in making other jams, preserves, and jellies due the high pectin content of apples, in the period before commercial pectin was developed. This practice continues in traditional New England summer and winter kitchens to the present day. The chief exponents and marketers of boiled cider for many years have been Willis and Tina Wood, who operate a seventh-generation family farm in Springfield, Vermont. More than anyone else, the Woods have kept the tradition of boiled cider (and cider jelly) alive in New England. | <urn:uuid:44df9d18-d80d-4894-9ab4-240ca4890eb1> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:00:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9775512218475342,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 869,
"url": "https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/boiled-cider-and-cider-jelly/"
} |
Cooler spots of the sun created a captivating twist of dark clouds spotted by NASA.
The darker areas are called developing filaments, which was seen churning near the edge in NASA video. Between Thursday and Friday, the giant star rotated, bringing the cooler, and sometimes unstable, clouds of particles into a clearer view. Those particles float above the surface and are tethered by magnetic forces, NASA reported.
In ultraviolet light, they appear darker than the surface itself. NASA points out the bright area to the right of the filament is an "active region." The loop behind the filament in the middle of the clip is created by charged particles tracing the magnetic field lines. | <urn:uuid:1aada3b6-0a43-49ef-8e20-f44cbb640948> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:51:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9284577965736389,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 136,
"url": "https://www.fox5dc.com/news/suns-cooler-filaments-create-stunning-twist-of-dark-clouds"
} |
HAARP (High frequency Active Auroral Research Program)
HAARP is a scientific endeavor aimed at studying the properties and behavior of the ionosphere, with particular emphasis on being able to understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civilian and defense purposes.
HAARP is being built on a DoD-owned site near Gakona, Alaska. Principal instruments include a high power, high-frequency (HF) phased array radio transmitter (known as the Ionospheric Research Instrument, or IRI), used to stimulate small, well-defined volumes of ionosphere, and an ultra-high frequency (UHF) incoherent scatter radar (ISR), used to measure electron densities, electron and ion temperatures, and Doppler velocities in the stimulated region and in the natural ionosphere. To further the scientific capabilities and usefulness of the IRI and ISR, HAARP is supporting the design and installation of the latest in modern geophysical research instruments, including an HF ionosonde, ELF and VLF receivers, magnetometers, riometers, a LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) and optical and infrared spectrometers and cameras which will be used to observe the complex natural variations of Alaska’s ionosphere as well as to detect artificial effects produced by the IRI. | <urn:uuid:bd1a178e-bb59-46ec-bda1-2a2d362db709> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:49:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9080754518508911,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 273,
"url": "https://www.gearthhacks.com/downloads/HAARP-Overlay-Zoom/"
} |
1) What is/are your favorite subject(s)? There may be many questions on the subject told.
2) Differences between C and C++.
3) What is include in a C program?
4) What is Dynamic Memory Allocation, example?
5) Differences between C/C++ and Java?
6) Simple programs like Bubble Sort, sum of a simple series, etc.
7) What is OOP?
8) What are encapsulation, Inheritance, polymorphism and abstraction?
9) Explain Runtime Polymorhism
10) What is BCNF?
11) What are inner and outer joins? Examples of both.
12) Questions on keys in DBMS like primary key, super key, difference between primary key and unique?
13) OSI Layers?
14) Why Accenture?
16) Are you ready to work in night shifts?
17) About final year project?
18) Your strengths and weaknesses?
19) Do you a know a language other than C, C++ and Java?
20) Background questions like AIEE rank, year gap, family members, etc
Please write comments if any common question is missed.
If you like GeeksQuiz and would like to contribute, you can also write an article and mail your article to [email protected]. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
- Amazon's most asked interview questions
- Microsoft's most asked interview questions
- Infosys's most asked interview questions
- Amazon’s most frequently asked interview questions | Set 2
- Microsoft’s most frequently asked interview questions | Set 2
- MAQ Software most Frequently Asked Questions
- Commonly Asked Questions in Goldman Sachs Interviews
- Commonly asked questions in Flipkart Interviews
- How to attempt Function Coding Questions?
- Must Do Questions for Companies like TCS, CTS, HCL, IBM …
- Placement 100 : Complete Interview Preparation package you must have this Placement Season
- Python | Pattern Generation using time() module
- AMCAT Mock Paper | Quantitative Aptitude 5
- AMCAT Mock Paper | Verbal Aptitude 1 | <urn:uuid:3b48f3f9-e0e9-4751-98c6-15146247ee48> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:14:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.858494758605957,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 475,
"url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/accentures-most-asked-technical-interview-questions/"
} |
An undergraduate computer science student has created a "quantum chess" game that stumps computers' ability to search all possible outcomes of possible moves by having chess pieces mimic particles that are subject to quantum mechanics.
The chess pieces follow the principle of superposition: they can exist in multiple states until you try to move them (or in the case of quantum physics, until you try to measure a particle's position or momentum).
Alice Wismath, the game's creator, kindly showed some compassion for human players of the game though, by setting up some rules so the pieces don't morph completely randomly. Based on these rules, participants in the quantum chess tournament (which was held in Kingston, Ontario) were still able to use strategy to try to beat the game. So if you've grown tired of regular old chess games and are looking for a more intense challenge, maybe you should enter the next competition. [CBC News via Geekosystem] | <urn:uuid:18e31c26-874f-4b51-9657-f534a7c1745b> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:48:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.966549277305603,
"score": 3.21875,
"token_count": 191,
"url": "https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2010/09/quantum-chess-kills-computers/"
} |
There is a transportation challenge facing the United States which must be addressed in order for the country to continue to grow and prosper, as summarized in the chart below.
The road system cannot keep up with the projected growth in population and shipment weight. With roads already congested, any further increase is not sustainable. While there are many potential solutions to this challenge, an obvious one would include short sea shipping. Re- introducing short sea shipping will add capacity and redundancy to an already strained system.
In addition to the reemergence of short sea shipping in the United States, the type of cargo movement is also important. Further breaking out the shipment weights above yields the fact that the import/export markets (orange in the chart below) pale in comparison to the domestic market.
Instead of competing over the relatively small amount of import/export cargo in the UnitedStates, the focus should be on domestic moves.
FREIGHTS AND FIGURES BACKGROUND
All of the following facts and figures have been taken from the United States Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Administration and Bureau of Transportation Statistics ) “Freight Facts and Figures 2013” publication, except where noted.
United States Population
1990 – 2012
1990 – 2040
- The population of the United States is expected to grow more than 50% by 2040 (as compared to 1990)
- The South has been growing at a faster rate than the Northeast
United States GDP
1990 – 2012
1990 – 2040
- The GDP of the United States is expected to grow by nearly 250% by 2040 (as compared to 1990)
- As with population, the South has been growing at a faster rate than the Northeast
Weight of Shipments
(mils of Tons)
(mils of Tons)
2007 – 2012
(mils of Tons)
2007 – 2040
- Imports decreased from 2007 to 2012, but that trend is not projected to continue
- The 2012 domestic market is much larger than imports and exports combined, by a factor of more than 60x for truck and 11x for rail
UNITED STATES TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SUMMARY
In 2002 the U.S. transportation system moved an average of 43.0 million tons per day (across all modes)
- In 2012 the US Transportation System moved an average of 54.0 million tons per day (across all modes), a 25.6% increase over 2002
- Against these freight increases, the National Highway System (NHS) has only grown from 161,189 miles in 2000 to 163,741 miles in 2011, a 1.6% increase
- Despite the increase, congestion has remained relatively the same (See Appendix II)
- The NHS represents approximately 4% of the total public road miles but carries over 44% of the travel
- Notably, Class 1, Regional and Local Railroads have shrunk from 170,512 miles in 2000 to 138,518 miles in 2011, and (18.8)% decrease
- Despite doubling over the past twenty years, commercial trucks only accounted for 9% of highway vehicle-miles travelled in 2011
- On segments of the NHS with high volumes and large percentages of trucks, at least one of every four vehicles are trucks; the number of these heavily-travelled routes are expected to grow 175% from 2011 to 2040
- By December 2017, Electronic Logging Devices (ELD) will be mandatory and will track a driver’s day to a maximum of 11 hours behind the wheel, whether moving or not
- Every four years, the American Society of Civil Engineers grades American infrastructure
- Since 2001, the overall grade has been a D+ or a D
- Roads have ranged from D+ to D- since 2001
- In 2017, the estimated cost to improve our aging and failing infrastructure is
- $4.57 trillion
The 3.5 million6 Commercial Licensed Drivers employed today are estimated to grow to 5 million in 2040, assuming all factors are constant (load weights, distances, etc.), despite the reality of today’s driver shortage. Truck transits are the backbone of the American transit system representing 84% of all the transits in the U.S. of less than 750 miles, despite being less than 10% of the highway vehicle miles travelled.
Tufts University and the Institute for Global Maritime Studies projected the severity of truck traffic in 2020 in the map7 on the following page. All the projections from the government indicated that things will only continue to deteriorate by 2040.
The Department of Transportation commissioned Reeve & Associates to perform a study8 analyzing the effect that door-to-door shipping has on the transportation infrastructure around the country. This study estimates that the annual potential U.S. Short Sea Market can draw from the more than 78,200,000 trailer loads (48’ or 53’) moved between U.S. destinations more than 500 miles apart and within 250 miles of a port, along the U.S. coasts.
Four corridors and their average annual truckloads are:
- Gulf to New York/New Jersey: 10,000,000 truckloads
- South Atlantic to New York/New Jersey: 6,000,000 truckloads
- Florida to New York/New Jersey: 3,500,000 truckloads
- Gulf to Florida: 5,700,000 truckloads
These four high volume corridors total approximately 25,000,000 48’/53’ truckloads each year equaling a container volume of more than 63,000,000 TEUs annually. Appendix I contains maps generated from Tufts University and the Institute for Global Maritime Studies 7 for several of the corridors above.
The National Highway System has essentially remained the same since its designation in 1995, in terms of number of miles. Railroad miles have actually decreased. There are a few stark realities about the future if the country is going to be able keep up with the projected 2040 50+% population increase and 40+% increase in truck cargos against an essentially flat road system and declining rail system.
Either the NHS will have to build 65,500 miles of new interstates (along with finding the money and land to pay for it), as well as an additional 1.5 million drivers and rail will have to expand 34,600 miles (with likely similarly congested corridors) OR something else needs to happen in order to handle expected capacity.
The Federal Highway Administration wrote in 2012; “ Assuming no change in network capacity, increases in truck and passenger vehicle traffic are forecast to expand areas of recurring peak- period congestion to 34% of the NHS in 2040 compared to 10% in 2011. This will slow traffic on 28,000 miles of the NHS and create stop and go congestion on an additional 46,000 miles ”.
Based on the above facts, the “Inconvenient (Transportation) Truth” is that our national transportation network is at full capacity right now. We can’t put any more cargo thru the existing system. There does not appear to be a plan for the projected future growth in population and GDP. Further, we simply do not have the money to repair the existing system let alone pave our way to future prosperity.
Our thesis is that the American Marine Highway is a significant enabler and needs to be part of the future solution. The AMH’s natural unlimited abundance of transit capacity costs nothing to create and little to maintain. We have to refocus and relearn how to use the AMH.
The largest domestic market in the world needs new transportation capacity. This is not about capturing more import/export market share; it is about domestic cargo movement.
We have the answer. It long past time to return to the sea.
Does building more roads create more traffic?
By M. Beck (Sr. Lecturer, Infrastructure Management, Univ. of Sydney) and M. Bliemer
(Professor, Transport and Logistics Network Modelling, Univ. of Sydney) Citymetric.com 4/15/15
Congestion is a major source of frustration for road users and has worsened over time in most cities. Different solutions have been proposed, such as introducing congestion charging (a favourite of transport economists) or investing in public transport. The solution put forward most often is to build more roads. But does this approach actually work?
A recent study in the United States identified Los Angeles, Honolulu and San Francisco as the top three most gridlocked cities in the United States. All of these cities use almost exclusively road-based solutions to transport citizens. Meanwhile, China has increased its expressway network from 16,300 km in the year 2000 to around 70,000 km in 2010. Yet the average commute time in Beijing increased by 25 minutes between 2012 and 2013 to 1 hour and 55 minutes.
So why do residents of these cities not live in a driving utopia, despite their huge amounts of road capacity?
The first thing to get your head around is a concept called induced demand.
Think about the street where you live. If a new road makes driving to work quicker, you may benefit from that.
But this reduced travel time might be enough to encourage two other people in your street to start driving; and two more people in the next street; and two more people in the street after that; and so on. Very quickly, the drive to work takes just as long as it ever did.
In transportation, this well-established response is known in various contexts as the Downs- Thomson Paradox, The Pigou-Knight-Downs Paradox or the Lewis-Mogridge Position: a new road may provide motorists with some level of respite from congestion in the short term, but almost all of the benefit from the road will be lost due to increased demand in the longer term.
To add insult to injury, while more roads may solve congestion locally, more traffic on the road network may result in more congestion elsewhere. In Sydney, for example, the WestConnex may improve traffic conditions on Parramatta Road, but may worsen congestion in the city as a whole.
Congestion is determined by the weakest links in the road network. If road capacity expansion does not involve widening of these bottleneck links, congestion may simply move to another part of the network without solving the congestion problem. Moreover, it could potentially make congestion across the network even worse.
The Braess Paradox is a famous example in which building new roads in the wrong location can lead to longer travel times for everyone, even without induced demand, because new roads may lead more car drivers to the weakest links in the network. The reverse may also be true: removing roads may even improve traffic conditions.
This paradox occurs because each driver chooses the route that is quickest without considering the implications his or her choice has on other drivers. Car drivers only care about the number of vehicles in the queue in front of them and do not care about vehicles queueing behind them. This is a classic problem in game theory, very similar to the type f or which John Nash was awarded a Nobel Prize.
What does the data say?
One US study has shown a strong relationship between the amount of new road length and the total number of kilometres travelled in US cities, a finding the authors of that study termed “the fundamental law of road congestion”.
Similar findings are reported in Spain and in the United States, where even major road capacity increases can actually lead to little or no reduction, in network traffic densities. It has also been found to exist in Europe, where neglecting induced demand has led to biases in appraising of environmental impacts as well as the economic viability of proposed road projects.
In Sydney, there is similar evidence from traffic volumes crossing the harbour. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was carrying a stable traffic volume of around 180,000 vehicles per day from 1986 to 1991. The Sydney Harbour Tunnel opened in 1992, and the total volume of traffic crossing the harbour increased in 1995 to almost 250,000 vehicles per day. This 38 per cent increase in traffic can be attributed to induced demand and not to population growth (which was around 4 per cent during this period).
Empirical observations have also confirmed the existence of the Braess Paradox. For example, in 1969 a new road was built in Stuttgart, Germany, which did not improve the traffic conditions. After closing the road again, congestion decreased.
Similar observations in which road closure led to improved traffic conditions have been observed in New York City. where upon closing 42nd street (a major crosstown street in Manhattan) it was observed that traffic was significantly less congested than average.
A recent experimental study confirmed that this paradox still exists by showing that expanding road capacity can result in worse traffic conditions for everybody.
The theory of induced demand is accepted by a large majority, but not by everyone – the authors of a 2001 paper argued that induced demand does not exist. However, UK researchers Goodwin and Noland have criticised this study.
In isolation, building more roads can certainly improve traffic conditions, but these effects may only be local and short run. Roads alone do not solve congestion in the long term; they are only one (problematic) tool in a transport management toolkit.
1 Census.gov: Colby, Sandra L. and Jennifer M. Ortman, Projections of the Size and Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 to 2060, Current Population Reports, P25-1143, U.S.Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2014.
2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development GDP Long Term Forecast https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-f orecast.htm
3 United States Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics 2002 https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites /rita.dot.gov.bts/files /publications/freight_s hipments_in_am erica/html/entire.html
4 Our Nation’s Highways Selected Facts and Figures 1998: Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
5 ASCE’s 2017 American Infrastructure Report Card: https://www.infrastructurereportcard. org/
6 American Trucking Association: http://www.trucking.org/News_and_Inf ormation_Re ports.aspx
7 America’s Deep Blue Highway: How Coastal Shipping Could Reduce Traffic Congestion, Lower Pollution and Bolster National Security, Institute for Global Maritime Studies in cooperation with the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, September 2008
8 MARAD: Four Corridor Case Studies of Short Sea Shipping Services (2006) | <urn:uuid:8d5fb583-2283-4f5b-9da7-f724d44c3413> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:31:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9314689040184021,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 3030,
"url": "https://www.greenshippingline.net/as-predicted/"
} |
Advances in treatment have greatly improved the outlook for people living with HIV. Regular antiretroviral therapy has made it possible for people living with HIV to live long, full lives. And regular antiretroviral therapy makes it virtually impossible for a person with a persistent undetectable viral load to transmit HIV to others.
However, the effects HIV has on a person’s immune system can increase their risk for other conditions, including cancer. This is because the virus makes it harder for the body to fight other infections and diseases. For people living with HIV, this means it can increase their risk for cancer.
Some types of cancer are more common in people with HIV than in people without it. There are also types of cancers known as “AIDS-defining cancers”. These signal the transition from HIV to stage 3 HIV, also known as AIDS.
However, there are ways to reduce the risk of developing cancer, as well as treatment options. Read on to learn about HIV and cancer, risk factors, treatment, and more.
From 1996 to 2009, the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design studied about 280,000 people to examine HIV and cancer trends. The study looked at more than 86,000 people living with HIV and nearly 200,000 people without HIV.
According to the study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, the incidence of the following cancers are as follows:
|Cancer||Incidence in people with HIV||Incidence in people without HIV|
|Kaposi sarcoma||4.4 %||0.1 %|
|non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma||4.5 %||0.7 %|
|lung cancer||3.4 %||2.8 %|
|anal cancer||1.5 %||0.05 %|
|colorectal cancer||1.0 %||1.5 %|
|liver cancer||1.1 %||0.4 %|
The study also found that HIV-associated deaths are decreasing by 9 percent per year. This can also increase the risk for developing cancers. “The effectiveness of ART [antiretroviral therapy] has enabled persons with HIV to live long enough to have cancer,” the researchers noted.
According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), people living with HIV are
Early symptoms aren’t always obvious. Some people develop dark skin or mouth lesions. Other symptoms include weight loss and fever. KS can affect the lymph nodes, digestive tract, and major organs. It can be fatal, but is curable with treatment.
KS can be a sign that HIV has developed into stage 3 HIV. However, antiretroviral therapy has reduced the incidence of KS. Taking medication as directed can lower the risk for KS and increase life expectancy. KS tends to shrink with a strong immune system. Learn more about the different types of Kaposi sarcoma.
Like KS, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is another condition that signals the transition to stage 3 HIV. However, the risk of developing it can be decreased with the use of antiretroviral therapy. NHL is the second most common cancer associated with stage 3 HIV. The NCI estimates people living with HIV are
There are many types of NHL. NHL begins in lymphoid tissue and spreads to other organs. Primary central nervous system lymphoma starts in the spinal cord or brain. About 8 percent of these cases affect the brain and spinal fluid, according to a 2005 review. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes some subtypes of NHL.
Symptoms of NHL can include:
- facial paralysis
Treatment involves chemotherapy. A person’s outlook depends on a variety of factors, including blood cell count, stage of disease, and immune system function. Learn more about non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, including types and other risk factors.
According to the
Women living with HIV are at higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). This is a growth of precancerous cells in the cervix. There are usually no symptoms, but CIN can progress to cervical cancer. CIN is harder to treat in women with HIV, but a healthcare provider can work toward finding the most effective treatment.
Contracting HPV is a major risk factor for people living with HIV. This virus can cause cervical cancer and other cancers. These include:
- anal cancer
- mouth cancer
- penile cancer
- vaginal cancer
- head and neck cancer
- throat cancer
The NCI estimates anal cancer is
The hepatitis B and C viruses can lead to liver cancer. The NCI estimates people living with HIV are
Treatment for hepatitis B and C can differ when someone has HIV. A healthcare provider can work out a treatment plan tailored to a person’s specific needs. Learn more about HIV and hepatitis C coinfection.
Other less common cancers that may develop include:
There’s been an increased incidence of colorectal cancer in people with HIV and stage 3 HIV. Researchers are still conducting studies because the link between the two conditions isn’t clear.
According to a study of 298 people living with HIV, there was no difference in the prevalence of polyps between people living with HIV and people who weren’t. But the study’s researchers found that those with HIV and stage 3 HIV were at greater risk for advanced neoplasms. These are areas of cancerous cell growth that don’t resemble polyps.
A compromised immune system can increase a person’s risk for cancer. It can also allow for cancer cells to spread faster than in someone without HIV. But lifestyle factors also affect one’s risk.
Examples of risk factors include:
- Heavy alcohol use. Misusing alcohol can result in cellular changes that increase the risk for developing certain cancers. These include liver cancers.
- Sharing needles. Sharing needles can increase the likelihood of contracting hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis B or C can impair liver function and increase the risk for liver cancer.
- Smoking. Smoking is known to contribute to lung cancer.
Antiretroviral therapy reduces the amount of HIV that circulates within the blood, boosting the ability of the immune system to fight the virus. While incidence of KS and NHL is decreasing, the risk for developing these cancers is still higher for people with HIV.
Early detection and treatment can result in a better outlook for people with some types of cancer:
- Liver cancer. Getting tested for hepatitis can provide an early diagnosis. If a person believes they’ve contracted hepatitis, they should seek immediate treatment and ask their healthcare provider if they should give up alcohol.
- Cervical cancer. Regular Pap tests can detect early abnormalities that can lead to cervical cancer.
- Anal cancer. An anal Pap test can detect anal cancer in its earliest stages.
- Lung cancer. Don’t smoke. This lifestyle change can significantly lower the risk of developing lung cancer.
Learn more about early detection for HIV-related cancers by talking with a healthcare provider.
Treating cancer alongside HIV depends on:
- the type of cancer
- stage of cancer
- a person’s overall health
- immune system function, such as CD4 count and viral load
- reaction to treatment or medication
Generally, people living with HIV or stage 3 HIV go through the same cancer treatment people without HIV go through. Standard treatments for cancer include:
There are many factors to consider when it comes to one’s outlook. A compromised immune system may affect the success rates of different treatments. A healthcare provider can work with a person living with HIV to tweak treatment as necessary.
For cancers that spread to another part of the body, there are clinical trials. One may also want to get a second opinion before starting treatment. | <urn:uuid:6fcc1c24-679b-4cd6-9c81-4dda7a5d6e39> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:54:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9457120895385742,
"score": 3.359375,
"token_count": 1650,
"url": "https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/hiv-and-cancer"
} |
Nothing and no-one can avoid growing old, but since it has to happen we should all be taking care to do it gracefully and keep fit to the very end.
Dogs, compared with us, may seem to have a short lifespan, but they pack a lot into their years and over the 13 or so of them age in exactly the same way we do – we just take longer about it!
As a general rule the bigger you are in dog terms to shorter your life expectancy and the converse is generally true, too. The Irish wolfhound has to pack a lot into his 8 to 10 years while the dachshund can be a bit more laid back and extend his life story into the teens. It’s all a matter of genetics; we are all to some extent programmed from birth to live just so many years, but we can determine whether the span is shorter or longer than the expectation by good clean living, exercise, mental occupation and an optimal diet.
Life expectancy, the number of years dogs can live, is quite high. 20 years is achievable – one was reliably reported to have lived to 24 – but we have come to expect 13 to 14 as the norm. As said, exactly how long is recorded ‘in the stars’ but there is much we can do to make the years beyond nine healthy and happy, and maybe more.
Every organ and every tissue in the dog’s body declines with time, wear and tear and the advent of diseases such as cancer, inflammations such as arthritis, infections and degenerations, as with cataracts. But they aren’t inevitable. Let’s take one example: the digestive system.
All’s well within months but at the other end of life’s journey the digestive system goes backwards in terms of its ability to cope with food. Older animals, older humans, suffer from bloating, have unpredictable intestinal functions, can’t cope with big meals or poorly prepared ones and may readily lose condition. It’s all to be expected but largely ignored, almost as though it’s a matter of pride: “he’s far too young not to cope”, when he’s actually 10! We must make allowances and we must expect a helping hand will be needed.
This is where supplements come in. They deliver what’s needed in a small ‘package’ and don’t overload the system as might happen with bulky food supplying the same quantities of essential nutrients. These are the vitamins and minerals, trace elements, and the building blocks for tissue repair and defence such as antioxidants, essential oils, glucosamine and the magic ingredient coenzyme Q10. | <urn:uuid:8a001261-42a5-4294-af76-c16c9bd71fa6> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:19:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9633689522743225,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 561,
"url": "https://www.healthspan.co.uk/advice/articles/pet-and-horse-health/caring-for-your-older-dog"
} |
Your bile ducts are not something that doctors often talk to you about, but they are extremely important to your health and well being. Bile ducts work to carry bile from your liver and gallbladder through your pancreas and small intestine. If the bile ducts are blocked, it can affect your health and eventually be life threatening.
What Does Bile Do?
Bile is a fluid that helps the body to digest fats. Bile travels through the bile ducts whenever we eat something, helping to break the food down and keep digestion normal. Bile ducts may become blocked due to infections and gallstones, or may be blocked by cancer. Bile duct blockages prevent the proper absorption of food (which can cause nutritional deficiencies) and can cause pain. If not treated quickly, blockages can cause infections or allow conditions to worsen.
How Are Biliary Obstructions Treated?
Biliary obstructions are often diagnosed and treated using ERCP, as this procedure can be used for both if the cause of blockage is gallstones. If cancer is a suspected cause of blockage, an ERCP can be used to obtain a sample of tissue for a biopsy while the bile ducts are being examined. If an ERCP can be avoided, however, you may wish to opt for an alternative, as ERCP malpractice and errors are common. It may be possible to use MRIS, CT scans, ultrasounds, or cholangiography for diagnosis, though the alternative treatment may be surgery.
Keeping Bile Ducts Healthy
Keeping the bile ducts healthy can help to prevent bile duct blockages from forming. High cholesterol and obesity put you at risk for gallstones and other bile duct blockage issues, so try to take steps to lower your cholesterol levels and maintain a healthy weight. Reduce your intake of refined sugar and saturated fats, as both have been associated with the development of gallstones. Adequate fiber intake has also shown to help maintain good bile duct health.
Other factors that have been associated with the development of bile duct blockages are crash diets and parasite infections. Avoiding raw fish, particularly when traveling through foreign countries, can help you to avoid the specific type of parasite that is associated with bile duct infections. Losing weight rapidly, especially when the diet is low in nutrition, can increase your risks for developing gallstones, so losing weight in healthy ways is advised. | <urn:uuid:9ee2973c-1733-4fb4-a00a-c6ad701c56ad> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:57:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9514285326004028,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 512,
"url": "https://www.healthytipshotline.com/what-are-your-bile-ducts-and-how-do-you-keep-them-healthy/"
} |
Lichens are the result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. The fungus portion of a plant provides the physical support, while the algae carries out the photosynthesis that provides food and energy. Lichens are able to use moisture from humid air as well as from fog.
When looking closely at lichens you will notice that the colour and form vary considerably. Some are crustose, lying flat upon rocks or on gypsum soil crust. Others are foliose with aerial parts standing up off the soil surface. they may range from orange to green, grey, black or brown.
Lichens often grow where gypsum is near the surface, being one reason why it is so easily destroyed. Along the Messum Crater Route you will find one of the richest lichen stretches in the Namib Desert, characterized by mostly green foliose lichen.
When viewing green lichen it is good to do it early in the morning when it is still moist from fog or pour a little water on it to experience their vivid colours when the leaves curl open during photosynthesis.
The Damara Tern, one of the rarest seabirds in southern Africa, make their nests in shallow scrapes on the ground amongst the lichens, which provide an excellent camouflage for eggs and chicks. Their nesting grounds are always between the coastal road and the sea; therefore their habitat is threatened by thoughtless and reckless off-road driving. | <urn:uuid:717ba1b8-563f-4f53-920b-aa83552c0e35> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:37:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9452025294303894,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 293,
"url": "https://www.hentiesbaytourism.com/things-to-do-and-see/lichen-fields/"
} |
Trekking poles have become extremely common among people who are enjoying walking or hiking at a faster pace. This is because of their excellent utility, and the fact that they can provide incredible support to your muscles and the lumbar spine.
However, some people don’t use trekking poles, and there are even those who advocate against the use of them for some ethical reasons.
Hiking is an engaging and enjoyable hobby that may outdoor enthusiasts do to enjoy the warm or cold climate while climbing a hill or going deep into the woods. The activity is done by groups or individuals in the day or night time. Some trekkers like camping out and carry camping gear in their backpacks. There are also hikers who enjoy trekking the snow and ski.
Thus, we will talk about when you should and shouldn’t use these helpful tools, and determine whether are trekking poles necessary or not if you decide to become a regular hiker.
What Are Trekking Poles?
Trekking poles are the evolved form of walking sticks, and they have undergone many upgrades as the humankind progressed. Throughout history, they were known to be used by ancient humans to help them walk vast distances when discovering new territories or looking for resources like water, food, and shelter.
At first, they were made out of wood, but for increased durability and stability, some civilizations started casting metal walking sticks. This practice has proven extremely useful, and over time people experimented with and combining different materials with the goal of creating the perfect support tool for hiking.
At this time and age, trekking poles are made out of either aluminum or carbon fiber, and they have a wide variety of additional features. Some of them include wrist straps for better stability, different endings for various terrain types, and ergonomic handles that make holding them for extended periods much less uncomfortable.
Depending on the way you’re planning to hike, and mainly if you want to implement some of the walking techniques, you might need a pair of trekking poles.
Why Use a Hiking Pole? Are Trekking Poles Really Necessary?
There are two primary cases when you should definitely have a trekking pole in your “arsenal” as they can prove very beneficial, and improve your overall hiking experience by a lot.
The first one is when you’re traversing hard types of terrain that can’t quickly be passed without some additional support or the help of a friend. For example, climbing an extraordinarily rocky and uncomfortable slope becomes astonishingly more comfortable when you can count on your dependable trekking poles.
Likewise, going through mud, sand, and similar ground can be unpleasant. By using trekking poles, this becomes so easy than walking without any tools.
To suit the trekker’s needs and for them to reach their destination faster, a trekking pole is used. A trekking pole is similar to a ski pole but is more versatile in rugged terrain. These poles are made with aluminum or carbon and are very light.
The weight of a pole averages from six to 10 ounces. They are very sturdy and are built to support the user in walking, climbing or going downhill.
The second reason why you might be required to carry a pair of trekking poles is your health issues. It’s well known that walking at faster paces can improve and even help manage some of the existing health conditions. These include problems with your heart, lungs, and blood pressure.
The support of a pole absorbs the burden of the user’s weight and gear while walking. There is added speed while pacing because the poles will absorb the energy of the user. The weight of the user is lighter. The poles render support when walking on uneven surfaces and will provide balance if the user loses a step or slips on muddy paths.
There are hiking styles made for resolving these problems in an even better way, like the Nordic walking techniques which are extremely popular these days. By combining these with the help of walking sticks, you will be able to walk for more extended periods and at an even faster pace. Not only will you get more exercise this way, but you will also improve your resting heart rate considerably.
Trekking poles are retractable. They can be extended or shortened to adapt to the user’s height. The pole should be longer when tackling uphill terrain and should be shorter when going downhill. Most poles come with mud or snow baskets, or attachments that act as a stopper to prevent the pole from sinking.
The tips of the pole are mostly pointed and made of tungsten. The tips are designed this way so that the pole can pierce through the soil and serve as an anchor to firmly hold onto the surface.
Poles are helpful to hikers who have back injuries or arthritic hands and knees. The weight of the user is transferred to the pole and the body tends to be lighter as it exerts force when going uphill and far distances.
How is a Hiking Pole Used?
Before proceeding with the trek, a user must adjust the pole length. To know the right length, the user’s elbow and arm should be flexed in a way that a 90-degree angle is created. The pole’s handle should fit right into the user’s hand.
The 90-degree angle is made so that there is no pressure or strain on the arms when using the pole. If the handle is set higher, then the arms will feel sore soon after the trek has started. The pole will also provide instability.
To create the proper angle, fully extend the second shaft layer of the pole. Then the lowest shaft should be adjusted to the proper height.
All hiking poles have wrist handles. The hand should be slipped through the wrist handle in an upward motion before gripping the handle. This is to ensure that the pole is securely in the user’s hand.
In the event that the pole slips from the user’s grip, the wrist will still hold the pole around the user’s arm. The wrist also takes the pole away if the user falls forward and falls on the pole.
Walking with the Trekking Pole
After securing the pole, the user can start walking. The poles are not to be held all the time as this will cause strain in the hands. The user can walk with arms at the side and the wristband will let the pole dangle around the user’s arm. If the user finds it comfortable to hold on the handles, the grip should be held loosely.
The user’s arms should remain at the side because this conserves energy. Keeping the arms raised will not only cause soreness but will make the body exert more energy on a path that is manageable and smooth.
When walking on an uphill trail, the pole’s handle should face the direction in front while the tips of the pole should be near the user’s foot. This is so the body will get an additional push when going upwards. The opposite principle is applied when going downhill because the user needs more support as the body is going downward.
Users should also make use of the pole to keep rocks, sharp twigs and tree branches out of the way. It can also be used to touch poison ivy and other harmful plants that cannot be moved with direct skin contact.
When Can You Go Without Trekking Poles?
It’s safe to say that you can be a professional hiker and become a true master of the outdoor arts, even without using supportive tools like trekking poles. However, they don’t have any disadvantages to them, so deciding on whether you want them or not is more of a personal choice than an actual question with a definitive answer.
If you like exploring nature and accomplishing great deeds in the form of walking distances without any help, then it’s definitely possible to do so without using trekking poles. But, no one will think of your achievements as less worthy even if you support yourself with this great contraption.
When Shouldn’t You Use Trekking Poles?
In some rare cases, you shouldn’t use trekking poles as there are some ethical rules about saving the environment. These only apply to places where their physical impact can harm the rocks, ground, and vegetation.
Make sure to have the proper endings attached to your trekking poles when climbing rocks, so you don’t scratch them. Similarly, don’t press them too hard when you see that doing so will leave a mark on the ground or destroy some of the local flora.
Trekking poles have been around for a long time, and no one can precisely answer whether are trekking poles necessary. However, we have tried to bring this concept closer to you by explaining some benefits, as well as the rules about using this accessory.
If you want to walk longer and improve your health, you should definitely use trekking poles. On the contrary, if you care about the environment, then you should sometimes put them away while on your hiking trail. The final verdict is that you can traverse long distances without their help, but doing so is not really necessary. | <urn:uuid:c8977474-78c6-4d28-91e6-2ec9a5bd88e8> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:00:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9440454244613647,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 1887,
"url": "https://www.heroic-adventures.com/hiking-poles/tips-use-hiking-poles/"
} |
- in Adventures
Piracy has long been a problem in the southern Indian Ocean, not just in recent times, but as long ago as the seventeenth century.
The pirates are largely from Somalia and there are many complicated factors in play as to why piracy continues to exist as a threat to international shipping and the fledgling economies of the Seychelles and Mauritius.
The Somali Civil War
Since approximately 1991, when the government of Somalia collapsed, the Somali Navy was no longer available to patrol and protect the coastal areas of Somalia from illegal fishing in Somali waters.
As the fledgling Somali fishing industry was threatened by this situation, a group of displaced Somali fishermen formed a coastguard to protect their livelihoods. So began the piracy and attacks on shipping in the area, particularly around the Bay of Aden. This situation soon changed and the motives for the attacks on international shipping changed to profiteering.
Warlords supported the pirates after recognising the potential profits which were available for the taking.
Dumping Of Toxic Waste
It has been reported s been by both Somali pirates and the United Nations that toxic waste has been illegally dumped in the waters off Somalia, resulting in further destruction of Somali fishing grounds.
This is thought to be an additional reason as to why Somali pirates interfered with international shipping. This information has not been reported in the media in the way that the pirating depredations have.
In Somalia piracy is generally viewed as a form of National defence whereas other nations view it as an evil that must be removed.
However, as with the situation with illegal fishing, the attacks escalated with the realisation of huge profits that could be made from the pirate trade.
Escalation Of Pirate Activities
The size, value and location of the pirate’s activities continued to increase and the Bay of Aden was no longer the sole area of operations for the pirates.
The southern Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea have became a hub of pirate activity with large international shipping being the most attractive targets.
Ships carrying food aid to war torn Somalia have been attacked, along with a significant amount of Indian shipping.
Other nations such as China, Germany, the UK, US and Spain have also been affected, to the point where one hundred and eleven attacks occurred in 2008 alone.
This increased to over one thousand attacks in 2009 and the frequency rose to daily.
A multinational task force called Task Force 150 was set up in 2008 to both patrol the area as well as provide escorts for unprotected shipping.
The Indian government also began regular patrols at this time because of the number of attacks on the Indian shipping destined for the Arabian Gulf.
In fact as piracy has escalated, it has been primarily international shipping on its way through the Arabian Gulf, which has borne the brunt of the profiteering pirate attacks.
Some shipowners have supplied their own security and increased insurance costs, together with security costs, have resulted in very costly losses to some international shipping.
The Current Situation
Mauritius and the Seychelles have become involved in counter-piracy patrols in recent times due to the effect that piracy has been having on the development of tourism in both countries.
In fact on 30th of March 2010 the Seychelles Coast Guard rescued 27 hostages.
They also sank two pirate boats on the same day. In July 2011 both the Seychelles and Mauritius signed an agreement to transfer captured pirates to be tried locally if the pirates had been captured in Mauritian waters. Agreements have also been signed which allows for prisoners to serve out their prison terms in Somalia.
The Seychelles has also recently hosted a conference related to the Maritime Security of the area and further demonstrates the active stance that the Seychelles is taking in an attempt to control piracy.
In addition to these measures, the Seychelles has also agreed to work with the Somali government to create a raised awareness of Somali piracy as well as the need to develop alternative means of employment for Somali pirates.
This recognises that fighting piracy alone will not solve the problem and that international assistance is required in this area as well. This further demonstrates that the Seychelles remains committed to ending piracy in the Indian Ocean and has displayed commendable leadership.
As recently as January 2012, the Danish, British Spanish and United States Navy’s captured Somali pirate vessels and these ongoing international patrols are lessening the number of pirate attacks on the international shipping.
In 2012 imprisoned pirates peeked at 76 pirates in prison in the Seychelles while with joint efforts of multiple countries the frequency of piracy in the region has declined.
United Nations standard prisons are to be built in Somalia, and the pirates transferred there to serve their sentences (see more). The Seychelles is also working with the African Union to address political and economic issues that are resulting in piracy.
All these measures are having an impact on the level of piracy-related activities in the region and the number of attacks is expected to continue to drop. | <urn:uuid:b014a460-5c78-4ffa-b2fd-68a89b7f35b9> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:22:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9680966138839722,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 1023,
"url": "https://www.heroic-adventures.com/pirates-of-mauritius/"
} |
Fifty-eight sixth grade students worked for nearly three months to create original dramatic plays inspired by real events during the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius on the outskirts of ancient Pompeii in 79AD. Their plays – often tragic, yet infused with moments of humor and poignancy – were then produced, directed and performed by students in front of a live audience.
Students devoted nearly three months to the “Scenes of Destruction” project, diving deeply into individual and collective study of Ancient Roman civilization, examining topics including social class, architecture, warfare, education, gender, religious beliefs, culture and daily life. Focusing on a narrow geographic region during this specific moment in history, students explored the ways in which a person’s relative weath or poverty impacted their odds of surviving the great disaster.
Grappling with this information to understand it on a more personal level, students developed unique characters around whom they built stories of survival or misfortune. Working individually and in pairs, students then scripted thirty-eight anonymous plays (most of which exceeded ten pages in length) which were then shared and carefully read through by all students on our team. After weeks of discussion and sharing thoughtful critique… undergoing multiple revisions… these plays were then voted upon. Students were still unaware of the authorship of any play other than their own. Of the original thirty-eight plays, six were selected in a “blind vote” for direction and performance. Under the moniker “Scenes Of Destruction,” these plays were subsequently produced.
For several weeks our classroom became a hub of activity, with students building and painting their own backdrops, sewing their own costumes from scratch, and creating their own original props. Student directors ran daily rehearsals with groups of actors who memorized lines and developed emotions to take on the personae of their unique characters. Student script authors continued to revise lines and worked closely with directors to make sure that the deeper meaning within their scripts was clearly understood and conveyed.
During the week running up to the big performance, students gave multiple dress rehearsal performances to younger students in grades four and five. They then received Kind, Specific, Helpful (KSH) feedback from their fourth and fifth grade audiences and worked to enhance their performances based upon this thoughtful critique.
The “Scenes of Destruction” were performed in front of a live audience of 175 family members, friends and community members on March 14, 2013. Audience reception was positive and the actors received a standing ovation. The performance was filmed.
Later, scripts and photos from this project were added to an integrated project website (Pompeii – Making Meaning From Disaster). Plays performed were:
“The Dog of Herculaneum” by Bethany R. and Regina P.
“The Brothers of Oplontis” by Jonah K. and Paolo A.
“Escaping Vesuvio” by Rebecca J. and Trinity C.
“City Frozen In Time” by Eliana B.
“The Last Delivery” by Paul S. and Zac C.
“Roman Love Story” by Alejandra A
What can you learn about the values of a society from the artifacts they carry with them into exile or as they flee a natural disaster?
How do social class and wealth/poverty impact human survival?
What can we learn about the rise of an empire from a city frozen in time?
In Writer’s Workshop, students learned the mechanics of scriptwriting and created scripts depicting the story of the Destruction of Pompeii through the eyes of 12 different characters attempting to flee the eruption. Some of their products and deliverables included:
- Scripts written in groups of 1 or 2
- Students blended historical fact with imagination to design and create costumes, sets and props
- Student actors memorized lines and practiced speaking with emotion as they acted out the last days of Pompeii
- Students captured the emotion and vivid color of this historical re-enactment in a performance for their families on March 14, 2013.
- Students also shared their learning during a full-costume Ancient Roman banquet at our upcoming Festival del Sol on March 21, 2013.
- Students contributed original work to a project website.
- Work from Humanities, Math/Science and Engineering displaying both the process and outcomes from each class is currently available for public consumption via a website created for this project. Some final products featured on this website include:
- An explanation of the project
- Photos and/or video clips from “Scenes of Destruction” plays
- Photos documenting the creation process for all 3 classes including footage of…
- 3D structure printing by MakerBot
- Students building the city of Pompeii
- Students painting sets and making costumes
- Students acting and filming
- Student reflections on their work
Through a variety of vehicles and activities, students will learn and be able to demonstrate deep understanding of the following historical content:
1. Why are the roots of civilizations often shrouded in legend?
- Aeneas of Troy, Romulus and Remus, the founding of Rome
- Lineage of Roman emperors traced back to the gods
- Religious ceremonies and sacrifices
2. What is the history of Pompeii, and why was has its destruction by Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79 captured the popular imagination for nearly two thousand years?
- Geography of Rome, Pompeii, Herculaneum and the Bay of Naples
- Capture of territory by Etruscans, Greeks, Romans
- Punic Wars, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Caesars
- Layout of Pompeii using the Roman Grid
- Popular “summer home” destination for Rome’s wealthy elite
3. What would an average day in Pompeii have looked like?
- Pompeiian architecture and unique art styles
- Forums, baths, villas and palafittes
- Port life
4. What does it mean to be an eyewitness to history?
- Explore writings of Pliny the Younger
- Social class and relevance to death
- Rediscovery and excavation, including plaster casts and modern tourism
This project addresses the following CA History/Social-Science Content Standards:
- WH6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome.
- WH6.7.1. Identify the location and describe the rise of the Roman Republic, including the importance of such mythical and historical figures as Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, Cincinnatus, Julius Caesar, and Cicero.
- WH6.7.2. Describe the government of the Roman Republic and its significance (e.g., written constitution and tripartite government, checks and balances, civic duty).
- WH6.7.3. Identify the location of and the political and geographic reasons for the growth of Roman territories and expansion of the empire, including how the empire fostered economic growth through the use of currency and trade routes.
- WH6.7.4. Discuss the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus in Rome’s transition from republic to empire.
- WH6.7.8. Discuss the legacies of Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature, language and law
- Laptops for script-writing
- Google Docs for script-sharing and peer critique
- Wood, fabric, paint, makeup, props, jewelry, sound effects
- Model of Ancient Pompeii
- Authentic Roman-type food to share on Exhibition Night
- Purchase website for elegant interactive presentation of information
|7- 11||Content instruction, POL prep|
|14 – 18||Content instruction, POLs|
|22 – 25||Content instruction, Scriptwriting|
|28 – Feb1||Content instruction, Scriptwriting|
|4 – 8||Content instruction; Scripts written, critiqued, revised and completed|
|11 – 14||Roles are cast, students learn lines; Costumes and sets underway|
|19 – 22||Continued set and costume production; Actors rehearse with Directors.|
|25 – March 1||
|4 – 8||Backdrops, sets, props, costumes completed. Actors and Directors are ready for Dress Rehearsal.|
|11 – 15||Students perform for HTe audience (Dress Rehearsal); Live “Scenes of Destruction” Performance for large audience (170+) on Thursday, March 14th|
|18 – 21||Website work; classroom decoration and costumes for Festival Del Sol; final exam|
|March 21||Festival del Sol Exhibition Night|
The real-world applications for our “Scenes of Destruction” Humanities project rest mainly within the world of theater. Our students learned a great deal during this project about script-writing and editing. They also learned a lot about the work that goes into creating and performing plays including: Direction, Acting, Set Building, Painting Backdrops, Creating Props, Costume Design and Construction, Hair and Makeup, Lights/Sound, Marketing and more.
This project could be extended by arranging performance in an actual theater, rather than a transformed classroom. Learning would also have been enriched with a field trip to Denver, Colorado to view the “A Day in Pompeii” exhibit that was housed there on its global tour during our project. Lastly, learning could have been further extended by fundraising for a student trip to Italy, to view the actual remains of the ancient town of Pompeii and to view the vast beauty of Vesuvius – a volcano which remains active and threatening to the region even now.
As a final note, three of our students did travel separately with their families to Europe during the summer after this project concluded and they each returned in the Fall of 2013 to describe how amazing their experiences had been walking through ruins in Italy and when looking at antiquities in the Louvre.
I loved creating this project with my students and together we experienced many, many bright spots. The “Scenes of Destruction” really pulled us together as a class. The student performances were wonderful, hilarious, full of energy and laughter. Almost all of my students said that this was their favorite Humanities project of the year!
That said, there are so many things that I would do differently if re-creating this project in the future. First, the time frame was not ultimately long enough for our students to comfortably write, memorize and perform their scripts in front of a live audience. Although we worked on this project for thirteen weeks in my classroom, this project could easily have extended for another four weeks.
In the future I plan to start teaching historical content about the subject matter in December, so that students may begin script-writing as soon as Presentations of Learning conclude in late January. I would also make different choices about the building materials we chose to use, and actively try to make more connections with the local theater community. An important field trip that we took to the Getty Villa in Los Angeles would have been more inspiring to the students had we taken it a little later when they knew more about the historical content we were studying.
– Andrea Morton
Scenes of Destruction Project Reflection by Kristine S. (Grade 6)
For nearly thirteen weeks, our class created a project about the destruction of the Ancient Roman town of Pompeii by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D. We wrote ten page scripts and 6 of those plays were performed live.One of my most favorite parts about the Destruction Project was definitely doing the play in front of a big audience because I’m really used to being in front of a lot of people on a stage and also, all of the great progress that was done before the performance. I also really liked it when the other team came to look at our exhibition because it was fun to see their faces of excitement and I could really tell that they enjoyed it & loved all of the hard work that we put into it. And most importantly, seeing all of the great hard work that finally payed off at the end of Festival del Sol.
The biggest challenge for me during this project was when we were practicing the cup song for the end of the play because it was really tough for everyone to stay on task, let the cups be on the same beat, and to not let the cups slip out of our hands while we were singing. Something that was even more difficult was making up lyrics for our performance that would match the Ancient Roman project that we were working on, and to mix them all together by the day of the performance to make sure that we were ready and had everything done perfectly. | <urn:uuid:0db5311f-3835-40fd-8124-c41105be819f> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:17:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9607945680618286,
"score": 3.453125,
"token_count": 2632,
"url": "https://www.hightechhigh.org/htmcv/project/pompeii-scenes-destruction/"
} |
Researchers say they’ve discovered as many as 7,000 graves beneath the University of Mississippi Medical Center’s campus in Jackson.
The land was part of the Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum until it shut roughly 80 years ago, and experts say the find that was announced at the weekend potentially offers closure for families whose relatives vanished decades ago.
Research teams used ground-penetrating radar to painstakingly detect the suspected patients’ remains, buried in coffins, after uncovering 66 caskets in 2012, Dr. Molly Zuckerman, an associate anthropology professor at Mississippi State, told HuffPost.
According to Zuckerman, who is helping carry out excavations with the Mississippi State Asylum Cemetery Project, 35,000 people were institutionalized at the facility from 1855 until 1935.
During the period the center was open, death was far from uncommon among its patients.
“Mortality was very, very high in the [Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum],” Zuckerman said. “Most died 13 months after they were institutionalized.”
The common causes of death “shifted through time,” Zuckerman said, but “none of them were particularly unusual.”
Many patients died of tuberculosis, strokes, heart attack, and occasional epidemics of yellow fever and influenza.
They also died from nutritional deficiencies, including pellagra, which is a vitamin B deficiency, she said.
Those people buried in the asylum’s cemetery likely had relatives who couldn’t come and claim them or weren’t notified of their deaths in time, she said.
People consistently want to know, can you find my ancestors in the records?
Though decades have passed, she said some patients’ family members haven’t stopped wondering whatever happened to them.
“People consistently want to know, can you find my ancestors in the records?” she said. “Overall, it’s just tremendous sadness and curiosity.”
Zuckerman said she generally receives two to three emails a week from the descendants of Mississippi State Lunatic Asylum patients that have read about her work.
“Sometimes it’s a straightforward exchange, other times we talk on the phone and I get to learn about the story that surrounds this ancestor, this lost ancestry,” she said. “It’s never a happy story. It’s always tragic.”
Karen Clark of Clinton, Mississippi, is among those hoping a relative will be found should DNA testing be done on the remains.
Clark discovered that one patient was her great-great-great grandfather, Isham Earnest, who fought in the War of 1812, a conflict between the U.S. and the United Kingdom. Earnest is believed to have died at the facility some time between 1857 and 1859. It followed Earnest being ruled “insane,” Clark told the Clarion-Ledger.
“Hundreds, if not thousands, of descendants are here today because of Isham Earnest,” she told the local paper. “Many are teachers, nurses, educators and ministers.”
Zuckerman said the research team hopes to exhume every coffin uncovered and identify the remains of each person. Researchers plan to create a memorial, visitors center and genealogy research facility that Zuckerman believes would be the first of its kind worldwide.
Exhuming the bodies and creating such a facility, of course, comes with a heavy price.
Zuckerman said the cost of excavation is around $21 million, using an outside contracting firm. The other option would be to use “in house” excavators, she said, which would cost at least $400,000 a year over the course of eight years.
Because the graves are located on public land, she said the state of Mississippi would likely be stuck footing the bill. Other options would be to request private and federal grants. Even so, “a lot of money just might have to come from the state of Mississippi,” she said.
Despite the high costs, Zuckerman believes such a facility would be an invaluable resource.
“The people buried aren’t just bodies but can be turned into a tremendous resource for living people in the state,” she said.
“So that is one of the reasons why the goal is not just to remove them from the ground and rebury them but to turn this into a unique resource.”
Ralph Didlake, the director of UMMC’s Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, also stressed this point to The Washington Post.
“There’s a historical stigma associated with mental illness, and that’s very true historically, but this is an opportunity for us to deconstruct that stigma by studying that experience,” Didlake said.
“How do we look at this through a modern lens and how does all this inform how we take care of mental health issues going forward?” | <urn:uuid:9ca0d6ee-afc2-4291-b477-827ce48ba29c> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:40:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9681047797203064,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 1052,
"url": "https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bodies-buried-at-university-of-mississippi_n_5911d47fe4b05e1ca201e553?guccounter=1"
} |
Scientists at Heriot-Watt University have won an international award for societal impact after helping create a swallowable electronic pill capable of detecting gut disease at an earlier stage.
The Sonopill programme involves four university partners in the UK, namely; Glasgow, Dundee and Leeds as well as Professor Marc Desmulliez and Dr Gerard Cummins from Heriot-Watt. The multidisciplinary team of researchers ranging from electrical and mechanical engineers to life scientists and clinical fellows were recently recognised with a 2019 National Instruments Global Engineering Impact Award.
At a ceremony held in Austin, Texas, the most innovative and impactful engineering projects from around the world were celebrated. Dr Gerard Cummins collected the humanitarian award on behalf of the Sonopill programme.
Professor Marc Desmulliez, who led the Heriot-Watt group working on this technology, said: “This award is a testament to the hard work and teamwork of researchers in Glasgow, Heriot Watt, Dundee and Leeds in realising this incredible device and its immense potential, which we intend to bring closer to clinical trials.”
Led by Professor Sandy Cochran of the University of Glasgow, the Sonopil programme was chosen due to the innovative and humanitarian potential of the research. The programme developed a swallowable, electronic pill to detect diseases such as colorectal cancer using ultrasound, which will allow imaging into the gut wall. This research will enable earlier and less invasive detection than current clinical methods. | <urn:uuid:c01c3f01-65ec-49ae-9e0d-53267cd11a1f> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:19:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9303647875785828,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 302,
"url": "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2019/heriot-watt-researchers-win-humanitarian.htm"
} |
Satellites now play a key role in monitoring carbon levels in the oceans, but we are only just beginning to understand their full potential.
Our ability to predict future climate relies upon being able to monitor where our carbon emissions go. So we need to know how much stays in the atmosphere, or becomes stored in the oceans or on land. The oceans in particular have helped to slow climate change as they absorb and then store the carbon for thousands of years.
The IPCC Special Report on the Oceans and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, published last month, identified this critical role that the ocean play in regulating our climate along with the need to increase our monitoring and understanding of ocean health.
But the vast nature of the oceans, covering over 70% of the Earth's surface, illustrates why satellites are an important component of any monitoring.
The new study, led by the University of Exeter along with Heriot-Watt University, says that increased exploitation of existing satellites will enable us to fill “critical knowledge gaps” for monitoring our climate.
The work reports that satellites originally launched to study the wind, also have the capability to observe how rain, wind, waves, foam and temperature all combine to control the movement of heat and carbon dioxide between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Additionally, satellites launched to monitor gas emissions over the land are also able to measure carbon dioxide emissions as they disperse over the ocean.
Future satellite missions offer even greater potential for new knowledge, including the ability to study the internal circulation of the oceans. New constellations of commercial satellites, designed to monitor the weather and life on land, are also capable of helping to monitor ocean health.
Dr David Woolf, Associate Professor, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society and one of the co-authors of the research said: "Our contribution has been to improve estimates of the flow of carbon dioxide across the sea surface. We are very excited about future satellite capability providing us with more information on the coupling of atmosphere and ocean across the sea surface.”
Lead author Dr Jamie Shutler, of the Centre for Geography and Environmental Science on Exeter's Penryn Campus in Cornwall said: “Monitoring carbon uptake by the oceans is now critical to understand our climate and for ensuring the future health of the animals that live there.
“By monitoring the oceans, we can gather the necessary information to help protect ecosystems at risk and motivate societal shifts towards cutting carbon emissions.”
The research team included multiple European research institutes and universities, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the European Space Agency.
The researchers call for a “robust network” that can routinely observe the oceans.
This network would need to combine data from many different satellites with information from automated instruments on ships, autonomous vehicles and floats that can routinely measure surface water carbon dioxide.
And recent computing advancements, such as Google Earth Engine, which provides free access and computing for scientific analysis of satellite datasets, could also be used.
The study suggests that an international charter that makes satellite data freely available during major disasters should be expanded to include the “long-term man-made climate disaster”, enabling commercial satellite operators to easily contribute.
The research was supported by the International Space Science Institute ISSI Bern, Switzerland, and initiated by Dr Shutler at the University of Exeter and Dr Craig Donlon at the European Space Agency.
The paper, published this week in Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, is entitled: “Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon.” | <urn:uuid:4bec129c-758b-46d3-a6f1-ecca753a1467> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:47:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9263137578964233,
"score": 3.765625,
"token_count": 742,
"url": "https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2019/satellites-are-key-to-monitoring-ocean.htm"
} |
The ICRC's Agency archives contain data on individuals that the ICRC and its tracing agencies have collected during conflict, starting in 1870.
The data was all collected as part of the ICRC's efforts to restore family links and to protect prisoners of war, civilian internees and victims of war. The archives take the form of card files, lists, individual files and general documents.
Documents in these archives become available to the public after 70 years, under certain conditions.
See also: Rules governing access to the archives of the International Committee of the Red Cross | <urn:uuid:41c979ec-9517-4e5b-aee0-b94f1c4e75f2> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:17:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9416993260383606,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 114,
"url": "https://www.icrc.org/en/document/access-icrcs-agency-archives"
} |
An Economic Prosperity Index (EPI) is an increasingly common tool for assessing regional living standards and is a complementary indicator to GDP growth. This article provides a case study for South Wairarapa, measuring prosperity in its three main towns: Greytown, Martinborough and Featherston. The analysis reveals some challenges that policymakers will need to face, including low skill levels in Featherston and the ageing population in Greytown.
Infometrics has recently compiled EPIs for a number of local authorities to help them measure prosperity across their district. The EPI is a composite indicator which measures economic prosperity across five domains: economic quality, connectedness, skills and labour force, demography, and household prosperity .
Greytown’s EPI score is the highest
The EPI shows that Greytown has the highest economic prosperity of the three main urban areas in the South Wairarapa District. Its overall score of 6.3 out of 10 is higher than Martinborough (5.5) and Featherston (3.7).
Detailed analysis of the contributors to prosperity in each town is shown in the accompanying infographics:
So why does Greytown come out on top?
As the graph below shows, Greytown outperforms its peers in four of the five domains. Greytown’s residents work more commonly in knowledge-intensive industries (Economic Quality domain), the town has good transport linkages and internet access (Connectedness), its residents are well-educated and skilled (Skills & Labour Force), and Greytown’s households enjoy comparatively high incomes and wealth (Household Prosperity).
Graph 1: Economic Prosperity scores
Greytown’s Economic Quality score is 7.8, its highest score across the five domains. Within this domain, it scores 10 for having high employment in knowledge-intensive industries (32% versus the district average of 25%) and for having low employment in declining or ‘sunset’ industries (1.5% versus the district average of 2.3%).
The only domain where Greytown doesn’t rank first is Demography. Its population only grew by 1.3% in the year to June 2017, lower than Martinborough’s figure of 2.5% and the average for the district of 1.5%. Greytown’s dependency ratio of 84% is also relatively high and is projected to increase to 90% over the next decade. A high dependency ratio puts a burden on younger people to finance the older generations.
However, the older age profile in Greytown also helps to explain a strong Household Prosperity score. In particular, Greytown’s home-ownership rate of 79% is significantly higher than Martinborough (71%) and Featherston (69%). Older people are more likely to be wealthier and own their own home. In turn, that brings benefits from stable living conditions.
What does this tell policymakers?
In an ideal world, policymakers would be able to put resources into improving all aspects of prosperity in each town. However, resources are limited and therefore need to be targeted where there is the greatest need. An EPI helps to reveal these needs – either in isolation, or when considered across a broad range of indicators.
For example, in South Wairarapa, Featherston clearly lags behind on Economic Quality. To turn that around, there could be a focus in future on increasing the proportion employed in knowledge intensive industries.
To achieve this, attention is required on improving the indicators within the Skills & Labour Force domain, such as educational attainment and attraction of skilled workers from outside the district. At present, 51% of Featherston’s 24-34 year olds have at least an NCEA level 4 qualification, significantly below 61% for Greytown. Higher skills and better jobs would flow through into improved household incomes in Featherston.
For Greytown, the current position is strong, but it may not always be that way. The challenge here is to counter the ageing population (which will eventually erode the resilience of the town’s economy) by attracting more young people. This will require a vibrant business environment and attractive job opportunities, as well as cultural and leisure opportunities.
The future is EPI
The EPI framework can be applied to identify strengths and weaknesses in any part of the country, and it allows policymakers to look at high-level geographical areas or very detailed local splits. Prosperity variables can be looked at in aggregate or in isolation – as noted above, a focus on, say, educational attainment will tend to improve outcomes in other EPI domains. Regular updates can also be made to monitor progress through time.
Local authorities around New Zealand have used our EPI framework to address various policy questions, for example identifying which parts of a district are most vulnerable to a rise in their council rates bills.
Contact Benje Patterson if you’d like to know more ([email protected] or 027 469 4837)
The overall economic prosperity score is an average of the scores across five categories or domains. Each domain contains individual indicators, scored out of 10 (10 is best; 0 worst). We have looked at a total of 16 individual indicators spread across the five domains. For a town to have an overall score of 10, it would need to have a score of 10 for each domain. Within each domain, the town would also need to be the highest scorer in the district for each of the individual indicators. More detail on the technical aspects of our economic prosperity framework can be found at this link .
Examples are medicine and law.
Examples are mining and textile manufacturing.
People aged 0-14 and 65+ relative to those aged 15-64.
Enjoyed this article?
You might like to subscribe to our newsletter and receive the latest news from Infometrics in your inbox. It’s free and we won’t ever spam you. | <urn:uuid:6416f3a6-e706-4b28-ae46-d05cfc2453a1> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:27:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.945443332195282,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 1218,
"url": "https://www.infometrics.co.nz/prosperous-south-wairarapas-main-towns/"
} |
How do you solve a crime using DNA? First, you have to find biological evidence — such as blood, other bodily fluids, or maybe just a few skin cells — that might be related to the crime. Then you can try to generate a DNA profile from that evidence. That is a genetic fingerprint, and no two people, other than identical twins, share it.
This post originally appeared on NIST.GOV. Republished with permission.
Once you have a DNA profile of a suspect, you can look for someone who matches it. After that, you’ll still have a lot of work to do to solve the crime, but that first step of generating the profile is crucial. If that’s not done carefully, you won’t get accurate results.
To help crime labs ensure that their DNA profiling is accurate, NIST produces a human DNA standard. Becky Steffen, a forensic DNA scientist at NIST, has been working to prepare the latest version of this standard, which was released last week. In this Q&A, Steffen describes the standard and explains why it’s so important.
Capillary electrophoresis was used in the certification of SRM 2391d. Here’s me loading samples onto a genetic analyzer. Credit: Matt Delorme/NIST
What is the human DNA standard?
This standard is made up of DNA, the same kind of DNA you have in your cells. But what’s special about it is that we’ve measured and analyzed this DNA very carefully. When labs purchase this standard, they get the DNA itself, and they also get a DNA profile that we’ve developed so they know it’s accurate. We also send them lots of other data, including the genetic sequences for locations in the DNA that forensic scientists would analyze. So it’s physical material plus information about that material that we guarantee is correct. These things together can be very useful.
SRM 2391d – PCR-Based DNA Profiling Standard has four unique profiles and a mixture of human DNA. Credit: Peter Vallone/NIST
Who uses the DNA standard, and how?
DNA labs use this standard to make sure their instruments and methods are working properly. To do that, they take our standard DNA and run it through their processes to produce a DNA profile. Then they’ll compare that profile to the one that we certify as correct. If the two profiles match, they know their methods are working properly. If they don’t match, then they know something is wrong, and they’ll need to fix it before they work on real evidence from a crime scene.
So, this is all about quality control. And that’s important because you don’t want to convict someone who is innocent or let someone guilty go because there was something wrong with your process. Accredited crime labs are actually required by law to do this on a regular basis. Also, if questions come up in court about quality control, the expert can say, “We’ve properly calibrated our instruments using the NIST standard.”
Where did the DNA in this standard come from? Is it yours?
No, it’s not mine. We extracted three DNA samples from the blood of three different individuals that we bought from a blood bank. The people who donated the blood gave full consent, and we don’t know who they are because it’s all been anonymized, but we do know that the three samples are from one female and two males. We also have a mixture of two of those samples as well as cells that we bought from a cell bank spotted onto paper. So, the standard has four unique profiles and a mixture.
Tell me about your role in creating this standard. What did you do exactly?
It wasn’t just me; this was a huge team effort. We extracted the DNA from the blood samples, quantified and diluted it, and sequenced all the forensic markers. Then we distributed the DNA into the tubes you get when you purchase the standard. We worked with statistics experts to come up with a testing scheme to ensure that all the tubes contain the same amount of DNA and produce the same exact answers when analyzed. We also periodically tested the DNA to make sure it produces the same profile over time.
The production and certification of this SRM was truly a team effort with everyone pictured having important roles. The SRM 2391d team from left to right: Kevin Kiesler, Erica Romsos, Becky Steffen, Sarah Riman, Lisa Borsuk, and Katherine Gettings. Credit: Peter Vallone/NIST
Why do you find this work interesting or meaningful?
I think we here at NIST play an important role in the forensic community. A LOT of work went into creating this standard, so the fact that the final product is now for sale is something that our whole team worked really hard on and is proud of.
DNA technology is always changing, with new techniques coming out, and new forensic markers—the research is just astounding. Being a part of that is really exciting for me. But more importantly, this standard is helping investigators solve crimes and keep people safe by providing new information to crime labs that they may not have had access to before.
WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE MORE ARTICLES LIKE THIS? SUBSCRIBE TO THE ISHI BLOG BELOW! | <urn:uuid:2619f494-59e5-446d-aa55-08864c678158> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:28:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9596590995788574,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 1126,
"url": "https://www.ishinews.com/human-dna-standard-a-qa-with-nists-becky-steffen/"
} |
The Friends of Lincolnville unveiled its official portrait of one of St. Augustine's historical and prestigious doctors: Dr. D.W. Roberts, one of the first African-American doctors in the city.
Roberts practiced in the early 1900s and played a key role in the city's worst case epidemics of influenza when it broke out in 1918.
His portrait, by artist Jean Troemel, will be located in the Excelsior Cultural Center and Museum for viewing.
After a reading of Roberts' biography, the painting was unveiled Thursday afternoon while Troemel stood proudly next to it.
Troemel, founder of PASTA Art Gallery and First Friday Art Walk, has done more than 600 paintings in her 93 years of life.
Before creating her work, Otis Mason, president of the museum, asked her how long it would take.
"The older I get, the faster I paint," she said.
Troemel said the idea of painting Roberts for the museum originated from Charles Tingley, senior research librarian at the St. Augustine Historical Society.
Tingley said he suggested Roberts because of his significance in the St. Augustine community, being that he was one of the first African-American medical doctors in the city.
"His work during the influenza epidemic was so crucial to the community," Tingley said.
Unfortunately, Tingley added, there aren't a lot of photographs of historical and influential African-Americans in the community.
Roberts' stationary, photographs and other relics were in the possession of the historical library and were given to Troemel in order for her to create the portrait.
Although the photo was originally in black and white when Troemel got it, she was able to add color and really bring the portrait to life with a blue sky and St. Augustine's signature beach shore in the midst behind the doctor.
Roberts had a large practice among the country people and was able to service those that white physicians were unable to due to their practices being in the city.
He would frequently make trips to remote parts of the county to offer services and medicine to patients who wouldn't have been able to get it any other way.
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the epidemic was so bad that the county banned public gatherings, schools, church services and more in an effort to control contamination.
In addition to aiding the influenza outbreak, Roberts served all races in various areas of the county and was the first black doctor to operate at Flagler Hospital, according to the St. Augustine Historical Society Research Library.
Although Roberts worked so hard to save many lives, he died on Feb. 19, 1919, of pneumonia after being exposed to it from the patients he was attending. He had been practicing in St. Augustine for 22 years.
Roberts also has a large marble baptismal font that was donated by personal friends in his honor at the St. Paul's A.M.E. Church. The font was built following his death and still stands in the center of the church altar today.
Mason said he is thankful for Troemel's efforts and thinks it is a significant contribution to the museum.
"We think it enhances the quality of our presentation," Mason said. | <urn:uuid:e9e0f127-9208-4945-8c21-96842c8a83fe> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:03:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9820206165313721,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 670,
"url": "https://www.jacksonville.com/news/2014-09-18/story/portrait-unveiled-st-augustine-one-citys-first-african-american-doctors"
} |
Skills Training for Struggling Kids
Challenging kids don't behave badly on purpose—they are simply struggling with the demands on their psychological development.
Many tens of thousands of child mental health professionals and parents have already turned to Dr. Michael Bloomquist for essential guidance on understanding acting-out kids and getting them back on track.
Now, for the first time, Dr. Bloomquist presents his bestselling skills training program in a book written specifically for parents.
This clear, compassionate guide is packed with tried-and-true, thoroughly researched ways to help kids follow rules, get along better with family members and peers, express their feelings productively, and succeed in the classroom. Loads of worksheets, troubleshooting tips, and role-play activities give parents the tools to become their child's best teacher.
Introduction: How to Use This Book
Getting Started and Staying with It
1. The Struggling Child: Understanding Your Child’s Behavioral–Emotional Problems
2. Getting Back on Track: Coming Up with a Skills-Building Plan for Your Child and Family
3. Taking Care of Business: Getting Going and Following Through
Enhancing Your Child’s Behavioral Development
4. Doing What You’re Told: Teaching Your Child to Comply with Parental Directives
5. Doing What’s Expected: Teaching Your Child to Follow Rules
6. Doing the Right Thing: Teaching Your Child to Behave Honestly
7. Staying Cool under Fire: Managing Your Child's Protesting of Discipline and Preventing Angry Outbursts
Enhancing Your Child’s Social Development
8. Making Friends: Teaching Your Child Social Behavior Skills
9. Keeping Friends: Teaching Your Child Social Problem-Solving Skills
10. That Hurts!: Helping Your Child with Bullies
11. Hanging with the “Right Crowd”: Influencing Your Child’s Peer Relationships
Enhancing Your Child’s Emotional Development
12. Let It Out!: Teaching Your Child to Understand and Express Feelings
13. You Are What You Think: Teaching Your Child to Think Helpful Thoughts
14. Stress Busters: Teaching Your Child to Manage Stress
Enhancing Your Child’s Academic Development
15. Surviving School: Teaching Your Child to Manage Time, Organize, Plan, Review, and Stay on Task
16. Teaming Up: Collaborating and Advocating for Your Child at School
Enhancing Your Well-Being as a Parent
17. You Parent the Way You Think: Thinking Helpful Thoughts to Enhance Parenting
18. Cool Parents: Managing Your Own Stress to Enhance Parenting
Enhancing Your Family’s Well-Being
19. Let’s Get Together: Strengthening Family Bonds and Organization
20. We Can Work It Out: Strengthening Family Interaction Skills
These innovative books are effectively grounded in evidence-based practices, with useful integration of parent management training, social competence and cognitive-behavioral interventions, and behavioral family skills training. The practitioner guide includes sophisticated tips and strategies for engaging clients and tailoring interventions for specific families. The parent guide has a notable emphasis on how parents can overcome barriers they encounter—such as a child's protests against following rules—and how they can learn to cope with their own emotional reactions. Bloomquist speaks frankly to parents and treats them as thoughtful participants and collaborators in the change process."
-John E. Lochman, PhD, ABPP, Director, Center for Prevention of Youth Behaviour Problems, University of Alabama
"Bloomquist draws on a wealth of experience in both research and applied settings. Strengths of these coordinated manuals for parents and practitioners include a focus on children's and teens' competencies across a broad age span; the inclusion of strategies to enhance parental well-being and family functioning; and the many practical suggestions to aid in implementing evidence-based practices in real-life settings. These volumes will be welcome additions to the libraries of parents and practitioners. Highly recommended!"
--Robert J. McMahon, PhD, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, and Child and Family Research Institute, Canada
Michael L. Bloomquist, PhD, a child psychologist, is Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, where he conducts research and trains practitioners. Through a part-time forensic psychology consultation, he also conducts juvenile psychological evaluations. Dr. Bloomquist has worked with struggling kids and teens and their families for over 25 years
Be The First To Review This Product!
Help other Equilibrium users shop smarter by writing reviews for products you have purchased. | <urn:uuid:263a8a7b-e488-433f-bfe7-c9806f6fb063> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:39:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8806824684143066,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 949,
"url": "https://www.kinesiologyshop.com/skills-training-for-struggling-kids"
} |
P-51 MUSTANG "QUICKSILVER"
The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American made long-range, single-seat, fighter aircraft primarily engaged in service during World War II. The aircraft was designed and built by North American Aviation. The first Mustangs were used by the Royal Air Force as tactical-reconnaissance aircraft and fighterbombers. Toward the end of 1943, P-51Bs were employed by the U.S. Air Force as bomber escorts in air raids over Germany and as fighter-bombers by allied forces. The P-51 was also in service with Allied air forces in the North Africa, the Mediterranean, Italy, and Japan.
When the Korean War began, the Mustang was the United Nation’s primary choice of fighters until the fighter role was shouldered by jet fighters. With the popularity of jet fighters on the rise, the Mustang was converted into a specialty groundattack fighter-bomber and remained in air forces around the
world until the 1980s.
The P-51 is powered by the Packard V-1650-7, a license-built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin 60 series two-stage two-speed supercharged engine. This engine made this aircraft capable of being used as a long-range bomber escort. During wartime the aircraft was armed with six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning
After World War II and the Korean War, many of these aircraft were converted for civilian use and are a popular choice in the air racing industry. The Mustang earned such revere and experienced so much popularity that in the 1960s, the Ford Motor Company designed a youthful coupe and named it after the aircraft.
The P-51 Mustang demonstration will be flown by Scott “Scooter” Yoak who along with his late father Bill, restored the Quick Silver. The P-51 Quick Silver Mustang is made from parts of Mustangs that were used in every war theater the Mustang was utilized.
For more information, visit http://quicksilvermustang.com/ | <urn:uuid:0addc032-0985-4bb6-84ae-d77e42fddcc2> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:45:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9741441607475281,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 432,
"url": "https://www.langleyairshow.com/p51-mustang"
} |
Emerging evidence about the effects of stress on the hippocampus suggests that a unique developmental trajectory exists. For example, two initial, separate studies conducted by De Bellis and colleagues (1999, 2002) using independent samples of children with PTSD secondary to CA indicate that the hippocampus is unaltered, at least in terms of volumetric size. More recent work has demonstrated that the hippocampus may actually be larger in children who have been abused (Tupler & De Bellis, 2006). However, studies with adults have painted a different picture, methodological limitations notwithstanding (Jelicic & Merckelbach, 2004). A decade ago, reports of reduced left hippocampal volume in adults with childhood trauma and a current diagnosis of PTSD or dissociative identity disorder first appeared in the literature (Bremner et al., 1997; Stein, 1997). Subsequently, significant reductions in hippocampal volume were observed in women with borderline personality disorder and a history of childhood abuse (Driessen et al., 2000) as well as in adult females with a history of prepubertal physical and/or sexual abuse and depression (Vythilingam et al., 2002). To our knowledge, no comparable studies have been conducted solely with adolescent youth who have CA histories.
In concert with other work found in the present book, a developmental psychopathology approach incorporating a longitudinal design is warranted to ascertain how the hippocampus, specifically, and the brain, in general, transform across childhood and adolescence toward adult maturity. One useful and important means of effecting this type of research is preclinical animal-modeling studies. In particular, rats have been successfully utilized in relatively brief time periods (i.e., days to weeks) to document brain changes longitudinally due to their protracted rate of development (Andersen, 2003). Such a model is also needed to support a causal role of the effects of stressful experiences, such as CA, on neurodevelopment. Retrospective clinical studies of CA cannot prove that alterations in brain morphology or function are actually a consequence of the abuse. Ethically, children also cannot (and should not ever!) be randomly assigned to an experimental group that is exposed to CA and compared to a group of children who do not receive such maltreatment. In contrast, animal research enables scientists to randomly assign juvenile rats to either an experimental stress exposure group or a control group and compare them at later stages of development. Specifically in rodents, the manipulation of levels of maternal care (an important species-relevant stressor) has been documented to affect brain structure and function. This type of handling has included the removal of the nursing dam from the pups for varying amounts of time (Andersen & Teicher, 2004; Kehoe, Shoemaker, Triano, Callahan, & Rappolt, 1998; Levine, 1967), the use of surrogate mothers (Harlow, Dodsworth, & Harlow, 1965), and the selection of population extremes of high- and low-quality maternal behaviors (Caldji, Diorio, & Meaney, 2000).
Recently, we conducted one such study to test the hypothesis that CA might exert an effect on neurodevelopment (i.e., smaller hippocampus) that only emerges at a much later stage of brain maturation (Andersen & Teicher, 2004). This postulate differs from ones stating that reduced hip-pocampal size is the culminating end product of years or decades of PTSD or depressive symptoms or that such a reduction is a preexisting risk factor associated with the emergence of psychopathology that persists into adulthood (Bremner, 2003; Gilbertson et al., 2002). Specifically, developing rats were stressed by periods of maternal separation and isolation that occurred between 2 and 20 days of age. Following this early stress exposure, the rats were sacrificed at weanling, peripubertal, young adult, or full adult ages. Using synaptophysin via immunohistochemistry as a marker of synaptic density, we found no significant difference in synap-tophysin measures at weanling and peripubertal ages, but a marked rise (overproduction) in synaptic density at the young adult age in normal control rats that was not observed in rats exposed to early stress. Synaptic density declined at subsequent ages, presumably as a result of pruning, but differences in synaptic density remained between normal control rats versus those exposed to early stress. In parallel, our clinical work has elucidated significant bilateral reductions in hippocampal volume in subjects aged 18 to 22 years who were exposed to repeated childhood sexual abuse (unpublished observations).
The amygdala is another brain region that has received attention from stress and trauma researchers given its crucial role in fear conditioning, the formation and recollection of emotional memory, the learning of nonverbal motor patterns, and the triggering of fight-or-flight responses (Lang & Davis, 2006; LeDoux, 1996, 2003). Structural imaging studies of amygdala volume in abuse survivors with PTSD found no differences compared to control subjects (Bremner et al., 1997; De Bellis et al., 1999; Stein, 1997). Although an initial study by Driessen et al. (2000) reported an 8% reduction in bilateral amygdaloid volume in women with a history of CA and a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD), this finding was not independently replicated in a separate study of individuals with BPD (Brambilla et al., 2004). A smaller amygdala, however, has been documented in individuals with dissociative identity disorder (Vermetten, Schmahl, Lindner, Loewenstein, & Bremner, 2006)—a condition associated with a history of severe CA. In addition, increased activation of the left amygdala was recently observed during the acquisition phase of a conditioned fear paradigm in women with CA-related PTSD (Bremner et al., 2005). Because amygdala overactivation appears to be a critical factor in PTSD (Rauch et al., 2000; Shin, Rauch, & Pitman, 2006), we have hypothesized that a smaller amygdala provides protection from the emergence of PTSD following CA or facilitates recovery from the disorder.
Since our initial EEG coherence findings, subsequent studies by other investigators have provided further evidence that CA alters cortical neuronal development in humans. The anterior cingulate cortex seems especially vulnerable, even across developmental stages. For example, in 11 children and adolescents who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD secondary to CA, a significant reduction in the N-acetylaspartate:creatine ratio (an index of neuronal density and viability) was detected via magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which is indicative of neuronal loss and dysfunction in this brain area (De Bellis, Keshavan, Spencer, & Hall, 2000). In addition, Bremner and colleagues (2005) have documented decreased volume of the right anterior cingulate cortex in adults with CA-related PTSD as well as diminished anterior cingulate function during the extinction phase of a conditioned fear paradigm. Declines in functioning have also been seen in the right temporal pole/anterior fusiform gyrus, left precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex of adults with histories of CA and a current diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (Lange, Kracht, Herholz, Sachsse, & Irle, 2005). Additional developmental effects were reported by Carrion et al. (2001), who found attenuated frontal lobe asymmetry and smaller total brain and cerebral volumes in 24 children (7 to 14 years of age) with a history of CA and PTSD symptoms. Together, these studies suggest that the effects of CA alter the normal developmental trajectory of the neocortex.
Was this article helpful?
Parenting is a challenging task. As a single parent, how can you juggle work, parenting, and possibly college studies single handedly and still manage to be an ideal parent for your child? Read the 65-page eBook Single Parenting Becoming The Best Parent For Your Child to find out how. Loaded with tips, it can inspire, empower, and instruct you to successfully face the challenges of parenthood. | <urn:uuid:65db03f5-8719-4b82-b74d-bca505ef0d03> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:20:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9202621579170227,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 1643,
"url": "https://www.lawandmotherhood.com/children-memory/other-studies.html"
} |
Philanthropy—A Day at the Beach
Get to know a local natural resource--its history, funding, what it offers, and how citizens can preserve it for the future. Students use their time and effort to answer a call for help to protect the environment for the common good, either with direct action or advocacy. This project includes many cross-curriculum subjects, including reading, writing, math, science, social studies, as well as putting life skills into practice. (Although written using Michigan dunes as an example of natural resources, this unit can be easily adapted for cleanup at any local park or body of water.)
The teacher will introduce the concept of philanthropy and lay the groundwork for the students to participate as philanthropists in the International Coastal Cleanup, a volunteer action for the common good.
The teacher and/or a representative from the Lake Michigan Federation will help prepare the class for their philanthropic project of volunteering their time and effort by participating in the International Coastal Cleanup for the common good. This should be accomplished a day or two before the event.
Students will be active philanthropists by volunteering their time to clean debris from the beach at a local park for the common good. (This activity can be adapted to your location, i.e., clean any public park area.) They will estimate and weigh their bags, total their tally sheets and make observations. They will also create poetry and draw sketches of the beach environment.
This lesson will be a review of motivation and procedures for doing the cleanup; compare findings; draw conclusions; share feelings; create a song/rap or a poster from the philanthropic endeavor at the beach to reflect on the unit.
The students will write a persuasive essay to sum up the activities of this unit and to become advocates of philanthropy and of preserving and protecting the Earth. This essay may be published in the local or school newspaper or entered into a writing contest. | <urn:uuid:8b97f641-d5db-4c96-9e72-13070d753ec7> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:14:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9440237283706665,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 390,
"url": "https://www.learningtogive.org/units/philanthropy%E2%80%94-day-beach"
} |
A5 / ACTION STRATERGY FOR GROUPER CONSERVATION
Aim: To quantify, in French Guiana, the amount of legal and illegal fishing of the Atlantic goliath grouper by consultation with those involved locally in order to elaborate management that will better the species’ conservation status.
At Saint-Martin identify socio-economic issues involved in Atlantic goliath and Nassau grouper fishing by an enquiry with local people in order to define sustainable and concerted management. Define a protocol for identifying when and where young groupers arrive at coastal habitats in order to protect them. Start up a participative network of observers (fishermen, swimmers, divers) who will send in their grouper sightings.
|3 month period||1||2||3||4||1||2||3||4||1||2||3||4||1||2||3||4||1||2||3||4||1||2||3||4| | <urn:uuid:efee2aa4-53dc-4d78-a426-271c2e34456c> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:23:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7399236559867859,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 201,
"url": "https://www.lifebiodivom.fr/en/actions/a5-strategie-dactions-pour-la-preservation-des-merous/"
} |
This class will help define how to evaluate digital projects. We will focus on creating effective evaluation plans and incorporating various techniques to engage your audiences. It will also help staff members define for themselves how to allocate resources for the sustainability of digital collections.
Using a series of case studies the class will examine how to appraise digital projects and will give practical guidance that can be applied in any setting. By the end of the class students will be able to understand and define the differences between various evaluation techniques, and to be able to assess the most successful approach for their own projects in order to make a determination about what will work best in their own environment.
Students will be able to point to best practices for evaluation and assessment of digital projects.
Define differences between outcomes and outputs
Determine if and when digital projects should be revisited, revised, re-marketed, or removed
Understand the language / vocabulary necessary for appraisal and evaluation of digital projects
Review how to assess digital projects in the planning, implementation, and sustainability stages
Model workflows for providing digital project evaluation tools and techniques for institutions both large and small
Instructor: Leigh Grinstead
Leigh Grinstead has more than 20 years of experience working in museums, overseeing collections and conducting collection inventories. During her nearly half decade with the Collaborative Digitization Program (CDP) Leigh's love of project management, grants work and administration has been well tested. She has extensive experience in digital projects. Her years working with museum collections gave her the drive to be a hands-on advocate for digitization, and her project management experience has allowed her to add discipline to the planning, budgeting, implementation and analysis stages of digitization projects. In addition, Leigh has been responsible for training many library and cultural heritage professionals in the use of digital technologies, including CONTENTdm. Leigh currently conducts in-person, as well as online courses. She has also managed National Endowment for Humanities and Institute for Museum and Library Services grants, including the Colorado Statewide Connecting to collections grant; and is consulting on three others. She is well versed in collaborative techniques and is an enthusiastic and highly skilled professional. LYRASIS is thrilled to have her on staff to support libraries, archives and others as they discover, share and experience the benefits of digitization. | <urn:uuid:9bf8122f-7b9c-455b-897d-90353d0cc4a8> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:40:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.947658121585846,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 472,
"url": "https://www.lyrasis.org/Content/Pages/Event-Details.aspx?Eid=126FEC09-48E3-E611-80D5-00155D0A8C44"
} |
Using traditional typewritten braille in teaching, education and communication can be limiting, as it cannot be quickly or easily translated into written or spoken language.
Now everyone can join the learning experience. The new SMART Brailler allows users to connect and communicate with others by using a digital screen and audio output to share their braille writing.
HEAR THE WORDS. SEE THE LETTERS. CONNECT THE DOTS.
The SMART Brailler is the long-awaited evolution of the Perkins Brailler from a low-technology, beloved classic to a high-technology learning and teaching tool. It opens the door to a new, more intuitive way for individuals, both sighted and blind, to communicate, teach and learn braille together.
Now teachers in a mainstream classroom can see what their students are brailling. Sighted parents can help their visually impaired children with homework. And students can take the lead in their own braille education. Sighted or blind, we can all share the learning experience!
HOW DOES THE SMART BRAILLER DO THIS?
- Its video screen and audio feedback shows and speaks letters and words in real-time as they are being brailled in SimBraille or large print, for an instantaneous, multi-sensory learning experience.
- The USB port enables a student who is blind to create a hard copy document in braille and save it as a text file, which allows a teacher with sight to upload the document onto a computer and read it in print, as well as print it out. (See "How Do I Print Files from my Smart Brailler?" below for detailed instructions.)
- The "Building on Patterns Series," developed by the American Printing House for the Blind, can be downloaded to the SMART Brailler, offering easy lessons for anyone – sighted or blind – who wants to learn braille, inviting everyone to share the learning experience. (Included on APH version only, or will be available for download soon.)
No other education tool makes learning braille this intuitive and accessible. And there is no other product on the market that bridges the gap between low-technology devices like the Perkins Brailler and high-technology notetakers.
The Perkins SMART Brailler is built upon the newly released Next Generation Perkins Brailler - VERSION 2 platform, an upgraded version of the Next Generation Perkins Brailler which includes significant improvements to enhance its durability and performance The SMART is added in a new high-technology format.
How Do I Print Files from my Smart Brailler?
The Smart Brailler can't be hooked up directly to a computer to print, however the user can save a file on a USB, then put the USB in their computer to print. Here's how:
How do I save files?
There are two ways to save files. To save a file on the internal drive of the SMART Brailler, press the Main Menu button (the small green button on the upper left side of the navigation buttons), then scroll down by using the 'down' navigation button to 'File'. Select 'File', and then select 'Internal Files'. Once the 'Internal File' menu is opened, select 'Save File'. The name will be stored as the first few letters of the document.
To save a file to a USB drive, first insert the USB into the USB port on the right side of the display. Go to the Main Menu button, then scroll down by using the 'down' navigation button to 'File'. Select 'File', and then select 'USB Files'. This will bring you to the USB Files Menu. Select 'Save File'. The name will be stored as the first few letters of the document.
How do I transfer files from a SMART Brailler to a PC?
The files saved by a SMART Brailler are .txt text files that can be opened on any computer and edited there by any text editing software. If you want to transfer them back to the SMART Brailler, you need to make sure the output is a .txt file. The SMART Brailler doesn't open Microsoft Word doc files, you need to "save as" a .txt file from Word if you want it to be read by the SMART Brailler.
FEATURES & SPECIFICATIONS:
- A video screen that displays SimBraille and large print, combined with audio feedback, for an instantaneous, multi-sensory learning experience
- The ability to edit, save and transfer electronic documents via USB
- Built-in software with lessons for braille beginners (American Printing House version only; available separately for a fee)
- Headphone jack and volume control
- Acapela Text to Speech from Acapela Group
- Operates as a mechanical brailler for extended use
- Multiple language platforms including English, UK English, Spanish, French, German, Russian, Swedish, Polish, Turkish, Arabic and Portuguese
- Rechargeable and removable battery
- Color: Midnight Blue
- Fits most common size paper - 28 cells; fits up to 8.5 inch wide and 14 inch long paper (21.6 cm W X 35.6 cm L)
- One Year Manufacturer's Limited | <urn:uuid:9a631f34-44a1-4ea9-b968-a8414f67e1fe> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:23:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9086295962333679,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 1068,
"url": "https://www.maxiaids.com/perkins-smart-brailler-with-video-screen-blue"
} |
Whether it’s at a dance competition, a school play or sharing something at assembly, many children show signs of suffering from stage fright. As a parent, it can be heartbreaking to see them unable to move or talk on stage. Some kids refuse to even go onto the stage and knowing the amount of practice they have done for the event is devastating for everyone. Luckily there are many things we as parents can do to reduce the effect stage fright can have and today we’re sharing seven of them with you.
7 Tips to Help Manage Your Child’s Stage Fright
Stage fright is completely normal, with even celebrities such as Rob Stewart, Barbara Streisand and Danny Osmond breaking silence on this condition. Anxiety is at the root of the problem, be it performing in front of a crowd, being afraid to make a mistake or worried they’ll forget their lines. However, there are seven ways to help reduce these fears which we think are worth trying:
1. Be prepared – by having many rehearsals beforehand, you can reduce anxiety by knowing exactly what to do and where. It also helps to practise visualising an audience in front of them too.
2. Arrive early – on the day, be sure to arrive ahead of time to omit the stress of being late.
3. Relaxation activities – deep breathing, meditation and mindfulness can be very useful at calming nerves.
4. Stay and watch – simply knowing you’re in the wings or the audience watching can be very comforting.
5. Share – tell your child about a time you were frighted about doing something and what you did to help yourself.
6. Focus on the journey – chat with your child about the fantastic work they’ve done to prepare for the event. Praise them on what they’ve accomplished and focus less on the end result.
7. Be positive – rather than visualising a big failure, help your child create a picture of themselves doing a fabulous job on stage!
As well as solving the problems, it’s also important to look at what may have caused them in the first place and address those issues. Let’s now take a look at the possible causes of stage fright in kids.
• Poor self-confidence
• Low self-esteem
• A prior episode of stage fright or failure
• Comparing themselves to others who are more talented
• Concerned about others teasing them
Have a chat with your child as to what the root cause of their stage fright may be. If you could knock it out of play now, things will look considerably brighter for your child! All the very best wishes to you and your child!
Posted: Thursday 8 November 2018 | <urn:uuid:b19c50d6-415a-4313-868c-bbc207595d3d> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:07:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9639750719070435,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 562,
"url": "https://www.mayhemcreations.co.nz/blog/7-ways-to-reduce-your-childs-stage-fright.html"
} |
In the process of making PCB circuit boards, white spots or whiteboards are often encountered in PCB printed circuit boards. These white spots or white spots are mainly caused by the influence of external environment factors such as temperature and humidity on PCB boards.These problems will affect the PCB material to a certain extent, which will cause great trouble to the use of PCB board, so this problem must be solved before copying the board.Below are the specific reasons and solutions for white spots or white spots in PCB boards.
When PCB board is affected by external environment, it may appear white spot or white spot, which causes great trouble to many PCB board users. Then what is the cause and how should it be solved?
There are three main reasons for this situation:
The improper thermal stress on the plate will also cause white spots and white spots.
Results: the local resin and glass fiber are separated into white spots due to the improper impact of mechanical external forces on the resin plate.
As a result of the infiltration of yyao fluoride in the local wrench material, the etching of the glass fiber fabric fabric fabric fabric point is formed in a regular white spot (square in the more severe cases).
In this case, technological measures can be taken to solve the problem:
In particular, the hot air leveling, infrared hot melt, such as control failure, will cause the thermal stress of the action will lead to defects in the substrate.
Measures shall be taken to minimize or reduce the vibration phenomenon caused by excessive machining so as to reduce the effect of external mechanical forces.
In particular, when detinning lead alloy plating, it is easy to occur between the gold-plated plug and the plug.
Dear Customer At the beginning of the new year, Vientiane is renewed. All employees of FASTPCBA International Co., Ltd. deeply thank you for your long-term support and love to our company. I sincerely send you my sincere blessings and greetings. In the new year, our company w...
① Standard components should pay attention to the dimensional tolerances of components from different manufacturers. Non-standard components must be designed in accordance with the actual size of the components and the land pattern and the space between the land. ② When designing high-reliability...
The water cleaning process of PCB circuit board uses water as the cleaning medium. A small amount (usually 2% to 10%) of surfactants, corrosion inhibitors and other chemicals can be added to the water. The PCBA cleaning process is completed by washing, washing and drying the source of pure water ... | <urn:uuid:5e28e843-fa0d-4c5e-a020-cf1cdd905a5b> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:12:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9286816120147705,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 530,
"url": "https://www.medicalpcba.com/pcb-circuit-boards/"
} |
America has always loved its sport heroes—the guys who can take a hard hit to the head, then get right back in the game again. We admire the players who can chalk it up to just a “bump” or a “ding.” The problem with this attitude is that researchers are discovering those seemingly innocent hits carry major consequences. Men’s Health talked to Linda Carroll and David Rosner, authors of The Concussion Crisis: Anatomy of a Silent Epidemic, available September 15, 2011, to find out what you should know about concussions—and the future of sports.
Men's Health: Why don’t you think people take concussions more seriously?
The problem is that concussions are what we call an “invisible” injury. By that, we mean that it has no outward signs and it can’t be seen on conventional brain scans. So, doctors—and patients themselves—need to go on symptoms, which can be subtle. If you’re a coach, for example, it’s hard to get as concerned about an injury you can’t see as one you can see, like a broken ankle.
MH: What exactly happens when you sustain a concussion?
Experts now say that a concussion is any jolt to the brain (and that doesn’t necessarily mean a hit to the head itself) that causes a change in mental status. The change can be subtle: a brief sensation of dizziness, confusion, or fogginess, for example. Those kinds of symptoms occur when the brain is jolted and the nerve cells are stretched and wrenched in response to a sudden acceleration or deceleration—like when you slam to a stop after colliding with another player. In response to that trauma, two things happen to the nerve cells. If the jolt is strong enough, the internal structures of the cells can be damaged and the cells can even die. But even lesser jolts can lead cells to dump all their chemical messengers in a kind of mini seizure. If the brain isn’t allowed to recover from these effects there can be a host of consequences—and even death if the athlete is young—if there is another jolt to the head.
MH: Why don’t some people recognize that they’ve suffered a concussion?
They don’t know all the concussion symptoms, many of which can be subtle. That’s why the most fundamental weapons to fight this silent epidemic of concussions are education and public awareness. All of us—from athletes and parents to coaches and healthcare practitioners—needs to learn about the dangers associated with head injuries and the importance of recognizing and managing any and all concussions.
More from MensHealth.com: Is There a Better Concussion Test?
MH: Is it possible to suffer a concussion and not know it?
Yes. You might not realize that a headache or a brief spell of dizziness or fogginess or confusion could be a sign that you had a concussion. What really confuses the issue for many young—and sometimes older—athletes is the host of names people have given to hits to the head: dingers, bellringers, among others. That allows people to dismiss their symptoms as something other than a concussion. They’ll say, “Oh, I didn’t have a concussion—it was just a dinger.” Making matters even more complicated is the fact that many people still think you need to have a loss of consciousness to have a concussion. But we now know that only a small minority of concussions—probably fewer than 10 percent—involve loss of consciousness.
MH: How common are undiagnosed concussions?
That’s something no one really knows. In fact, no one knows how many traumatic brain injuries of any sort there are in the general population. The numbers quoted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) come from a very old survey study—1990s vintage—of people who show up at hospitals for diagnosis and treatment of a head injury. So, even the official stats vastly underestimate the scope of this silent epidemic.
MH: If you sustain a concussion, is the damage irreversible?
That’s another question that we don’t have a complete answer for yet. There’s a suggestion that there are permanent changes to the brain from studies that show that people become increasingly susceptible to a second concussion after they’ve suffered one. Other studies have found long-term differences between people who’ve been concussed and those who have not. One of the more concerning studies found that while concussed students eventually got back to where they were before they were concussed, their non-concussed peers had passed them by. As one researcher said to us: “If you got back to where you were before the brain injury, you might think that is recovery. It’s not. I don’t know any person who says, ‘I’m going to stay right here, at this level.’ ”
MH: Why don’t athletes—either pro or high school—just take themselves out of the game when they get hit?
Athletes tend to be very competitive and also very loyal to their teammates. They want to win and don’t want to let their teammates down, so they’ll get back out there even if they’re injured. Although that’s true for other types of injuries as well, it’s easier for players to justify ignoring the injury if it’s one they can’t see and they’re not really worried about. Beyond this, many haven’t fully recognized the seriousness of this brain injury and how severely it can impact their lives.
There was also a study that looked at this issue. When asked why they didn’t report concussions to coaches or trainers, high school football players gave researchers enough reasons to fill a playbook: didn’t want to leave the game, didn’t want to let teammates down, didn’t want to appear weak or injury-prone to the coach, didn’t want to risk losing playing time or a starting position, didn’t realize it was a concussion, didn’t think it was serious enough to report. These reasons become exponentially magnified in the pro game, where what’s a stake isn’t just playing time or a starting position but also a job and a paycheck.
More from MensHealth.com: Why You Play Through Pain
MH: What’s the difference between an “official” concussion and an “unofficial” one?
Historically, some athletes have made this distinction to diminish the importance of so-called “unofficial” concussions. They’ll say that they have an “official” concussion if they’re knocked unconscious and have to be carried off the field. Jolts to the head that have less dramatic symptoms—headaches, fogginess, short-term memory problems, for example—are dismissed as “unofficial” concussions that athletes just play through. So, when you ask athletes how many concussions they’ve had, you’ll often get a far smaller number than what is the true incidence, since all the “dingers” and “bellringers” are being left out.
MH: Why can’t players just wear thicker helmets?
The way to fix the problem is not through better helmets. This isn’t a perfect analogy, but it will give you an idea of why that’s so: Think of the brain as a raw egg. The brain floats around in fluid inside the skull just like the yolk floats around inside its shell. If you hold the egg and shake it hard, you can damage the yolk without ever harming the shell. That’s similar to what happens to the brain when it’s jolted. No matter how well you protect the outside of the head, you’re not going to stop the brain from slamming around inside the skull when there are rapid accelerations and decelerations. The damage is caused by the stretching and wrenching of the nerve cells inside the brain.
MH: What do you think about the future of the NFL?
The NFL has been under pressure for the last couple of years, and it’s finally begun to take steps to deal with its growing concussion crisis by strengthening protocols and amending rules: for example, by sidelining obviously concussed players until they are cleared by independent neurologists, by cracking down on illegal head hits to “defenseless” players, by reducing practice exposure to head contact. We certainly hope the league can continue to find ways to make the game safer through a culture change that would presumably trickle down to all levels of play in all sports.
More from MensHealth.com: The NHL's New Headache
Click here to buy The Concussion Crisis: Anatomy of a Silent Epidemic. | <urn:uuid:ea04cc50-e353-4408-acba-1c8fc6a81167> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:29:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9595037698745728,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1902,
"url": "https://www.menshealth.com/fitness/a19532308/the-truth-about-concussions/"
} |
The aim of the Climandes project is to develop climate services for decision-makers in Peru, and to improve the training and education of meteorologists in the Andes region. The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) coordinates the cooperation between MeteoSwiss and the Peruvian meteorological service.
Innovative cooperation between Switzerland and Peru
The Climandes project (Servicios climáticos con énfasis en los Andes en apoyo a las decisiones) strengthens the existing partnership ties and exchange of knowledge between the two mountainous countries Switzerland and Peru. It is a pilot project launched by the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) and coordinated by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). The joint project activities support the Peruvian weather service (SENAMHI) and the recently established regional WMO training centre at La Molina University (UNALM) in Lima. The project Climandes consists of two phases, Climandes 1 and Climandes 2. Climandes 1 included two modules.
Module 1: Improving the training and education of meteorologists and climatologists
The Climandes 1 project focused on improving academic training and education in meteorology and climatology. The study programmes was adapted by the WMO training centre in Lima to meet the current and future challenges facing the Andes region. Climandes provided professors and students with new e-learning modules for climatology and meteorology and promoted student exchange programmes within the region as well as between Peru and Switzerland.
Module 2: Tailored climate services for Peru
The aim of Climandes 1 was to develop top quality climate services tailored to the needs of local decision-makers for the Cusco and Junín regions. The focus in phase 1 fell on the dissemination of climate information to local decision-makers. To provide an example, data on spells of cold weather and hot weather is very important to farmers. Such information also benefits economic sectors such as the agricultural sector, tourism industry, mining industry and energy sector. With better climate information, measures to adjust to climate change can be initiated at an early stage.
International project organisation
Climandes was financially supported by the Global Programme Climate Change of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and coordinated by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). The project phase 1 was implemented in Peru by the Peruvian weather service SENAMHI and La Molina University. The Peruvian partners were supported in the implementation of the project by MeteoSwiss, the Institute of Geography of the University of Bern and Meteodat.
The Climandes 1 project ran from August 2012 to December 2015 and had a budget of around CHF 3.2 million. | <urn:uuid:5076eb21-3bc8-40a1-938d-9be94c61071b> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:40:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.918318510055542,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 567,
"url": "https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/home/climate/the-climate-of-switzerland/monats-und-jahresrueckblick/the-swiss-weather-archive.subpage.html/en/data/products/2016/cosmo-1-und-cosmo-7.subhtml/en/data/projects/2016/climandes-2.subhtml/en/data/projects/2012/climandes-1.html"
} |
Why are midwives regulated?
The Midwifery Council is responsible for protecting the health and safety of members of the public by providing mechanisms to ensure that midwives are competent and fit to practise midwifery. One of the ways the Council protects the public is by having a robust registration process - in order to be registered, applicants must hold the prescribed midwifery qualification and meet other stringent requirements.
Following registration, midwives must hold an annual practising certificate which has to be applied for at the start of each year. They must also meet requirements to maintain and enhance competence and practise in accordance with the Code of Conduct.
The Midwifery Council strongly recommends that consumers seek maternity care only from a midwife who is registered with the Midwifery Council and who holds a current practising certificate.
Other ways in which the public is protected
The Midwifery Council has established policy and processes in other areas to regulate midwives.
- Pre-registration education (for Entry to the Register of Midwives)
- Recertification Programme to maintain and enhance competence of midwives
- Auditing processes to assess midwives' engagement in the Recertification Programme
- Return to Practice Programmes for midwives who have been out of practice for three or more years
We also have processes to deal with issues such as :
- Health problems that impact on ability to practise
- Ongoing competence
- Professional Conduct
A major focus is to ensure the ongoing competence of the midwifery workforce such that the care provided by midwives is safe and meets acceptable professional standards.
Processes are in place for members of the public to complain or seek further advice if they are not satisfied with the care they have received from a midwife.
“A major focus of this regulatory framework is to ensure the ongoing competence of the midwifery workforce such that the care provided is safe and meets high professional standards” | <urn:uuid:7e1beda3-1a0e-473e-bb9c-470e05339b89> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:17:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9564242362976074,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 400,
"url": "https://www.midwiferycouncil.health.nz/professional-standards/why-are-midwives-regulated"
} |
Mold can grow anywhere at your home, including on the drywall. Cold weather and humid environment also improve the chance of mold infestation on the wall.
Before it spreads larger and damages your health, you need to know how to remove mold from drywall, depending on the condition of the wall itself.
Table of Contents
A. How does black mold look like on drywall?
Drywall carries the risk of mold growth because of its porous construction on the inside. Mold on drywall usually starts to appear on the side part.
In the early infestation, the colony of molds looks like random dots or patches in black, green, or grey color. However, they can spread quickly into a larger area and cover most parts of the wall.
Mold can also show up in the bathroom. High level of moisture and humidity is the major reason for rapid mold development. Mold in bathroom drywall commonly appears as muddy and spongy patches.
Besides drywall, this toxic organism can grow in other parts of the bathroom, including floors, ceiling, and shower stall.
Read also: How to Spot Signs of Mold
B. Health problems caused by mold
Mold infestation at home may put you and your family at risk. Its presence is often linked to several health problems, especially respiratory diseases and allergic symptoms. Black mold, in particular, is considered the most harmful type due to its active production of mycotoxins.
Sneezing, coughing, and sore throat are some early signs of health problems caused by mold. It can be worsened by some allergic symptoms, including rashes and hives on the skin as well as itchy and watery eyes. In more serious cases, other respiratory problems such as asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus infection may also appear.
Moreover, the infestation of black mold on walls for a long period may damage the internal organs and suppress the immune system. If you have pets at home, this health danger can happen to your pet as well.
Read also: How Do You Know You Have Mold exposure
C. What can you use to kill mold on drywall?
Several mold cleaning agents can be used to kill this annoying organism. In addition to mold removal products, you can use some other alternatives in either natural or chemical substances.
Natural solutions are useful for treating light mold infestation. Meanwhile, if your drywall has been infected by a heavy dose of mold, removal product containing strong chemical substances are more advisable.
Regarding natural solutions, vinegar and baking soda have been known as an effective cleaning agent to get rid of mold. Those substances are safe to use, even in a home environment with children and pets. You can mix them both with water or separate them in a different solution.
Other cleaning agents that are not less effective are borax, detergents, bleach, and hydrogen peroxide. Alternatively, if you are looking for practical mold killing agents, you can purchase some products of mold control spray which are largely available in the market.
Besides using the cleaning agents or solutions, mold on drywall can be removed by using High-Efficiency Particular Air Vacuum (HEPA Vacuum). During the cleaning process, mold spores are often released into the air and fly around the surrounding area.
This tool will come in handy when you have to deal with such a situation. However, if the HEPA Vacuum is hard to get, you can always use the regular one, though it is considered less effective.
D. How to remove mold from drywall
When talking about how to treat mold on drywall, the treatment is divided into two different methods. It depends on the condition of the wall itself; whether it has been painted or coated, or unpainted at all.
1. Removing mold from painted drywall
Before conducting the removal procedure, the first thing you need to do is choosing one type of mold killing agent. Pour that particular solution into a spray bottle to make you easier when using it. Then, follow the instructions below to clean your drywall from mold infestation.
- Ventilate the room by opening all the windows. By doing so, you can minimize the chance of inhaling the mold spores or the cleaning agent.
- Protect the surrounding area of the room. Therefore, the cleaners you use will not spill on the floor or damage any furniture and decoration. You can cover the floor with a plastic cloth and move the furniture to into another room.
- Now it’s time for you to kill the mold on drywall. Shake the spray bottle before you spray the solution into the wall. Be sure to cover all the infected area with the solution.
- Scrub the wall using a sponge or a soft bristle brush. This is intended to remove any visible mold.
- Let the wall dry for a while. You can dry the wall by using an electric fan to speed up the drying process.
Sometimes, the cleaning process leaves stains on the drywall which cannot be removed. When this happens, you can give the wall a coat of stain-blocking paint.
2. Removing mold from unpainted drywall
Getting rid of mold on unpainted drywall does not require any cleaning agent. Instead, use the HEPA Vacuum to clean mold spores on the wall and its surrounding area.
However, you still need to protect the flooring in the room to prevent the spores from growing on the floor. Here are the cleaning procedures you should follow.
- Before you remove mold from walls, mark the visible molds using a pencil. Draw some lines around the infected area. C
- Cut out the marked area with a utility knife, then dispose of it carefully into a plastic bag.
- Clean the room using the vacuum. Make sure you remove any remaining mold spore as well.
- Measure the hole on the drywall to get the same size of the wall replacement.
- Fit the new and fresh piece of drywall into the hole. Secure it with screws and joint compound. You can also use sander or sandpaper to smoothen the wall.
- Vacuum the area once again to remove the spores completely.
Whether it is painted or not, drywall that has been infected by mold should be cleaned immediately. Quick treatment can prevent you from changing the entire drywall at home. Besides, it will save you and other family members from serious health dangers caused by this toxic organism. | <urn:uuid:81e2d7b7-d448-4057-85e5-c997a4be8505> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:28:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9353537559509277,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 1329,
"url": "https://www.moldguide101.com/kill-mold/mold-on-drywall/"
} |
Click here to login if you're an NAE Member
Recover Your Account Information
BY EDWARD H. HEINEMANN AND EDWARD R. COWLES
PERRY W. PRATT, a leading aircraft engine designer who made key contributions to the development of jet propulsion, died on January 6, 1981, at his home in Jupiter, Florida. He spent his entire career, ...
PERRY W. PRATT, a leading aircraft engine designer who made key contributions to the development of jet propulsion, died on January 6, 1981, at his home in Jupiter, Florida. He spent his entire career, spanning more than three decades, with Pratt and Whitney Aircraft and its corporate parent, United Technologies. When he retired in 1971, he was the company's Chief Scientist and directed the advanced study and planning group of scientists and engineers who were responsible for searching out and investigating new fields of activity for the corporation, its operating divisions, and its subsidiaries.
Mr. Pratt was born January 10, 1914, in Lompoc, California. He graduated from Oregon State University and did graduate work at Yale and New York University.
Mr. Pratt joined Pratt and Whitney Aircraft (no relation) as a Test Engineer in 1939, and was Project Engineer for the R-2800 Double Wasp engine, which powered a wide array of Allied fighters, bombers, and transports during World War II.
When Pratt and Whitney Aircraft went into the jet engine field, Mr. Pratt was chosen to head the Technical and Research Section of the Gas Turbine Department. In this capacity he had a key part in the development of Pratt and Whitney Aircraft's family of gas turbine engines, which today power a large number of the Nation's front-line military aircraft and three-quarters of the free world's commercial jetliners.
Mr. Pratt was named Assistant Chief Engineer of the Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Division in 1950, Chief Engineer in 1952, Assistant Engineering Manager in February 1957, and Engineering Manager later that same year. During this period he was granted patents for inventions of induction apparatuses and ignition controls for aircraft engines.
In 1958 United Technologies created the position of Vice President and Chief Scientist for the corporation, and Mr. Pratt was elected to that post, which he held until his retirement.
During his career Mr. Pratt was recognized by several technical and engineering organizations for his outstanding contributions. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1967. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) presented him the George Washington ASME Award in 1956 in recognition of his contributions to the engineering profession. He received the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Gas Turbine Division Award for 1967 for his leadership and technical contributions in the development of aircraft turbojet and turbofan engines.
In 1968 the Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics selected Mr. Pratt to share the Goddard Award, given to "a person who has made a brilliant discovery or a series of outstanding contributions over a period of time, in the engineering science of propulsion or energy conversion." The citation accompanying the award read: "For their independent and sustained major contributions, each in his own country, to the development of the aircraft gas turbine; and for their imagination, competence and persistence which have made these engines outstanding in human transportation."
In 1972 Mr. Pratt was chosen to receive the Elmer A. Sperry Award of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics for his role in the development of the JT3 turbojet, the power plant for America's first commercial jetliners, the Boeing 707 and McDonnell Douglas DC-8.
It was the first turbojet engine in the Western world to produce 10,000 pounds of takeoff thrust, and the first to power a production aircraft, the F-100, at supersonic speeds in level flight. More than 21,000 of the engines were produced for such commercial and military aircraft as the Boeing 707, B-52, and KC-135; the McDonnell Douglas DC-8, F-101, and A-3; North American Rockwell F-100; General Dynamics F-102; and the LTV Aerospace F-8.
Perry Pratt and Luke Hobbs (also of United Technologies), who shared the Sperry Award, were recognized "for their leadership, vision and engineering skill in directing the design and development of the JT3 turbojet engine ... which by its performance and reliability was an essential element in the initiation and rapid growth of the jet age in commercial air transportation.''
During his career Mr. Pratt served in a variety of capacities. He was a member of the Advisory Council of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Princeton University; a member of the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board of the National Academy of Engineering; a member of the Industrial and Professional Advisory Council, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Pennsylvania State University; and a member of the Board of Directors of the Coordinating Research Council.
Mr. Pratt is survived by his wife, Edith Abraham Pratt of Jupiter, Florida; a son, Spencer Pratt, and a daughter, Mrs. Albert Phillips, both of Glastonbury, Connecticut; his mother, Ruth Pratt of Corvallis, Oregon; a brother, Edwin Pratt of Bellevue, Washington; and three grandchildren. | <urn:uuid:da3e74d9-88a7-4018-b516-7faa0e8aafd3> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:02:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9722129702568054,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 1078,
"url": "https://www.nae.edu/30641/Perry-W-Pratt?layoutChange=LowGraphics"
} |
The staircases in your home have many parts—all of them interlocked with sophisticated joinery that is usually concealed from view. A pair of stringers (also called carriages) slopes from one level to the next. The stringers support a series of steps, called treads. A simple staircase—such as one that leads to a basement or deck— consists of little more than stringers and treads.
The illustration at right shows both “open-” and “closed-stringer” staircases. An open stringer has notches cut out of it; treads rest on the notches. A closed stringer has a series of grooves into which treads and risers fit. In most interior stairways, risers fill the vertical gaps between the treads. Risers give a more finished appearance, keep dirt and objects from falling to the floor below, and add strength. Finally, a balustrade—which consists of a handrail, balusters, and a newel post—provides safety along at least one side. Because all the parts are subject to various stresses, they all must fit tightly.
On most interior stairways, the balusters fit into the treads with dado, dowel, or dovetail joints. Balusters come in many styles, ranging from simple to ornate. On less-formal and outdoor stairways, the balusters may be attached to a bottom rail, which runs parallel to the railing a few inches above the treads.
Treads and risers. Interior stairway construction typically uses hardwood pieces milled to exact specifications and assembled much like cabinetry. Treads and risers usually fit together with dado joints. In some cases wood blocks provide additional support. In another arrangement (above right), treads and risers fit into grooves cut in a closed stringer. Wood wedges are tapped in and glued snug to the treads and risers.
Balusters. Balusters fit into grooves or holes in the underside of the handrail. At the stairway end, balusters often fit into holes in the stair treads. At the bottom of the stairway, a newel post is firmly anchored to the stair’s framing. If there is a wall on one side of the stairway, it may have a handrail, usually attached to special handrail supports that are anchored to studs in the wall.
Simple stairway. A stairway for a porch or a basement may consist of stringers and treads. Usually a loose tread can be firmed up by drilling pilot holes and driving new screws. Even the simplest stairway should have a solid handrail.
Tightening Rails and Balusters
Wobbly handrails call for detective work. Is the handrail working loose from the balusters, or are the balusters parting company with the treads or bottom rail? If the handrail is pulling away from a newel post, use the technique at right. A newel post handles a lot of stress. It is usually attached to the stringer, and may be attached to the house’s framing as well. Unless you see an obvious solution to a wobbling newel post, call in a pro for help.
Screw and glue. Drill a pilot hole at an angle through the baluster into the rail or tread. Countersink a trimhead screw in the hole. Alternatively, drill pilot holes through the railing and into the baluster. Work wood glue into the joint, and drive finishing nails or finishing screws.
Add blocking. If the entire railing is loose, add blocking as shown. Use a T-bevel and a miter box or a power miter saw to cut angles for a snug fit. Drill pilot holes, apply wood glue, and drive finishing nails or trimhead screws.
Silencing Stair Squeaks from Above
Most staircase squeaks result IVI from a loose tread rubbing against the top or bottom of a riser or a stringer. To locate the problem, watch as someone rocks back and forth on each tread. If the tread moves, it’s time to take corrective action. You can stop a squeak by forcing the tread either down or up, and wedging it firmly in place. A small problem can sometimes be solved using finishing nails. However, take care: If you drive a nail near the edge of a tread or riser, continued flexing of the riser could cause the wood to crack.
Work from below if you have access to the underside of the staircase. Otherwise you’ll have to attack the situation from above. A few well-placed nails, screws, or hardwood wedges will usually solve the problem. The directions enable you to repair several squeaky treads. If the stairway squeaks or groans at many points, however, the problem is likely structural. Go under the stairway and look for a cracked stringer, a closed stringer that is pulling away from the wall, or treads that are pulling away from a closed stringer. To correct a major problem, call in a pro.
Powdered graphite. Lubricating squeaks with powdered graphite may quiet them, but only temporarily. Squirt graphite into suspect joints and wipe away any excess graphite.
Drive nails or screws. If the front of a tread is loose and you don’t mind the appearance of small holes in the tread, drill pilot holes at opposing angles. Drive in ring-shank flooring nails or trimhead wood screws. Countersink the fastener heads and fill with wood putty.
Install glued wedges. If the tread is loose at the back, coat hardwood wedges (not softwood shims) with glue, tap into place, and let dry. Cut off exposed wedge ends with a utility knife or a chisel.
Add quarter-round molding. For uncarpeted stairs, you can tighten joints with molding. The larger the molding, the better - 3/4-inch quarter round works well. Apply glue, drill pilot holes, and drive finishing nails into both risers and treads. Use a nail set to sink the nail heads.
Silencing Stair Squeaks from Below
Usually repairs made from underneath the stairs will be stronger and more durable than repairs made from above. The problem is getting there. Stairs leading to a basement may be exposed on the underside. Most other interior stairs are not so easy to access.
Gaining Access - Removing one or more treads or risers may give you enough room to work. Because one stair part is often set into another part’s groove, disassembly is often difficult. But as long as one side of the stairway is open, you should be able to take things apart. Often it helps to cut through nails or screws using a reciprocating saw. When you reassemble the stairs after the repair, the last tread will probably need to be fastened from above. If the area under the stairway is covered with drywall and extensive repairs are needed, consider removing the drywall, even though replacing and finishing the drywall will be a substantial job.
Tighten with hardwood blocks. Purchase a length of 2x2 oak, birch, or other hardwood, and cut it into pieces about 4 inches long. Drill four pilot holes, running in two directions. Where a tread or riser needs support, apply wood glue to the wood block, press it firmly in place, and drive wood screws to fasten it. Make sure the screws are not long enough to poke through the surface of the tread.
Use angle brackets for a loose tread. If the entire tread is loose, use two or three metal angle brackets to tighten it down to the riser. Small brackets act much like wood blocks; larger brackets support the entire tread.
Replace loose wedges. If old wedges are loose, remove and replace them. If a wedge comes out easily and in one piece, apply wood glue and hammer it back tightly into place. If a wedge is stuck but not supporting the stairway, chisel it out and replace it with a new wedge. | <urn:uuid:ac2a6026-ebda-45d4-915a-092f24806b5d> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:54:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9352388381958008,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 1698,
"url": "https://www.nemmar.com/real-estate-library/articles/interior/floors-stairs/16027-fixing-stairs-tightening-rails-and-balusters-silencing-stair-squeaks-from-above-or-below"
} |
"Geological and Mineralogical Reports by Charles T. Jackson", General Land Office
Subject: Exploration and Surveys, Michigan
Period: 1849 (published)
Publication: HR Ex. Doc. No. 5, 31st Congress, 1st Session
Color: Hand Color
6 x 9 inches
15.2 x 22.9 cm
This is an extensive and informative report on the geological and mineralogical survey of the mineral lands in Michigan lying south of Lake Superior and north and northwest of Lake Michigan. The purpose of the survey was to determine which lands should be classified "mineral lands" and which "agricultural lands". Included in the congressional mandate was a provision for the establishment of a General Land Office in the northern part of Michigan to manage the sale of the state's mineral lands. Jackson spent two seasons on this project and then resigned. The work was completed by two of his assistants, J.D. Whitney and J.W. Foster. It contains four small plans and the following five hand colored geological maps:
1) Geological Map of Isle Royale Lake Superior, Michigan Foster and Whitney. (25 x 17.5").
2) Geological Map of Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior by Jackson. (22.5 x 13.5"). Disbound.
3) Geological Map of Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior by Foster and Whitney. (20.5 x 10.6").
4) Geological Map of the District between Keweenaw Bay and Chocolate River by Foster and Whitney. (24 x 19").
5) Geological Map of the District between Portage Lake and Montreal River, Lake Superior, Michigan by Foster and Whitney. (29.5 x 15.4"). Misfolded.
There are an additional five uncolored maps listed as follows:
6) Geological Map of Townships in the Northern Peninsula of Michigan (10 x 9").
7) Geological Map of a District of Township Lines of Michigan by W.A. Burt (11.5 x 9.8").
8) Geological Map of Township Lines in the Northern Peninsula of Michigan by W.A. Burt (10.4 x 7").
9) Geological Map of a District E & W of the Ontonagon by Higgins & Hubbard (17.4 x 9.8").
10) Geological Map of the District Subdivided By the Messrs. Hubbard & Ives (15.3 x 7.8")
Complete volume with 935 pages, 8vo. Hardbound in original sheepskin with gilt titling over red and black bands on spine. Overall a nice example of this important report.
Text pages with occasional foxing, visible at edges. Maps and plans have occasional foxing and some minor fold splits. One map is disbound. Covers have some light scuffing and a small area of insect damage to front cover, splits at spine, and wear to spine with some loss at head and foot. Signatures are tight. | <urn:uuid:40a9eaaf-bd20-4839-93b1-5fcfceb6d742> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:39:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.914255678653717,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 615,
"url": "https://www.oldworldauctions.com/catalog/lot/125/933"
} |
The following article was written by Lt Colonel Tony Traficante, US Army, (Retired).
“Day is done, gone the sun, From the hills, from the lake, From the sky. All is well, safely rest, God is nigh.”
Memorial Day is a special day for Veterans and their families. It should be for all Americans. It is a day of profound meaning as we remember the selfless service of military men and women who sacrificed their lives, defending our freedoms.
What is it that inspires regular citizens to rise to the challenge of battle, to be willing to make the ultimate sacrifice for country? Indeed, a question to ponder.
More than a million American service members gave their lives in war and conflict since the colonial soldiers took up arms in 1775 to fight for independence. All were ordinary people that were loved and cherished by family and friends. Each a loss to the community and the nation.
Memorial Day was once a day when stores closed, and communities gathered together for a day of parades and celebrations with a patriotic theme. It was a day of ceremonies at cemeteries around the country, honoring those who gave their lives. Flags fluttered at half-staff and dignitaries presented wreaths as the chilling sound of Taps floated across burial grounds of combat heroes.
The scenes are different today. For many, Memorial Day is just another three-day vacation break or a shopping spree.
More gather at malls and parks, instead of the hallowed grounds of brave men and women. Nothing is wrong with that picture, except the patriotic core — the spirit of remembrance — signified by this esteemed day, is gone.
Is it because we are living in a time of economic prosperity and relative peace we tend to forget the sacrifices of our military and veterans? It should not be, for they have made such peace and order a reality.
These men and women, buried beneath our feet, answered the call to serve their country and paid with their lives. For this, the least we can do is pause to remember.
This Memorial Day let us not forget what it is all about. | <urn:uuid:952665a2-5e01-4ea5-9570-007bfb9abd9d> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:03:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9718056321144104,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 443,
"url": "https://www.orderisda.org/culture/memorial-day-2018/lets-unite-and-put-the-meaning-back-into-memorial-day/"
} |
A new structure being built around Riverside’s parent navel orange tree aims to protect the origin of the region’s orange empire from citrus greening disease while also letting people see the historic tree.
Workers with Riverside’s Parks, Recreation and Community Services Department put up a structure Friday, March 15, that will eventually hold a transparent screening material to block the Asian citrus psyllid from spreading the greening disease, also known as huanglongbing or HLB. HLB was first found in Riverside in 2017.
The screen hasn’t yet been ordered, but it should be more attractive than the tent that was put up in April 2018 to protect the tree, said Georgios Vidalakis, a professor and director of the citrus protection program at UC Riverside.
“We’re also seeing if we can install some kind of plexiglass layer on the pedestrian side,” Vidalakis said. “I apologize to our fellow residents in Riverside for obstructing the tree from view and obstructing its beauty, but we have no other tool right now, and we cannot be the generation that’s going to lose this tree.”
Planted by Eliza Tibbets in Riverside in 1873, the tree has long been in a fenced enclosure at the intersection of Arlington and Magnolia avenues, where it’s been admired and studied by generations.
Other precautions include regularly checking the tree for disease and spraying it with insecticide, Vidalakis said.
Construction began one day after UC Riverside received a donation to build a 2.8-acre screened structure to protect 680 rare and historical varieties of citrus trees from citrus greening disease and other threats.
“The insect is very active in our city,” Vidalakis said. “In addition to understanding of why we must obstruct the tree, we are asking residents of Riverside to be vigilant and inspect their backyard trees, and if they see anything suspicious, call the hotline of the Department of Food and Agriculture or call me to make sure we don’t lose this majestic tree.”
The state hotline is: 1-800-491-1899. Vidalakis can be reached at 951-827-3763. | <urn:uuid:5e74ca61-9485-4828-b606-cc8fbeaf8b20> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:36:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9427705407142639,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 469,
"url": "https://www.pe.com/2019/03/19/see-through-covering-rising-to-protect-riversides-parent-navel-orange-tree/"
} |
Americans have heard for years that the Electoral College is broken—just look at the presidential elections of 2000 and 2016, when the winner earned fewer votes nationally than the loser. We have also heard that, despite its flaws, this system won’t change anytime soon. Republicans generally oppose a national popular vote, which would both undermine them electorally and violate the Founding Fathers’ desire for the presidency to reflect America’s federalist structure as a union of separate states.
But here is an argument for Electoral College reform that might actually appeal to conservatives: Simply put, the way we currently elect presidents would horrify the early American authors of the U.S. electoral system, as defined in the 12th Amendment.
The drafters of that amendment, above all, wanted presidents to be elected according to the principle of majority rule. By the early 1800s, America had experimented four times with presidential elections, and had seen how the Founders’ original electoral system gave undue power to the minority party. In response, members of Congress devised a system—still federalist in nature—in which the winner of an Electoral College majority was supposed to have won majority support in the states.
The problem? In the decades since, states have abandoned their commitment to majority rule. Candidates today can win all of a state’s Electoral College votes with simply a plurality of votes in that state—and that state, either alone or along with others where the same thing happens, can swing entire elections. In 2016, Donald Trump won all the electoral votes, totaling 101, in six states where he received less than 50 percent of the popular vote: Arizona, Florida, Michigan, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. (Hillary Clinton won seven states this way.) Those 101 votes were one-third of the 304 Trump won overall—they were essential to his reaching an Electoral College majority of 270 and becoming president.
How did America’s presidential elections go so far astray from the goals of the 12th Amendment? And can we go back?
Understanding this deviation requires first going back to the origins of our current Electoral College system and examining what it was designed to accomplish. This history can also offer models for how states might change their rules in order to restore America’s commitment to majority rule.
Principled constitutional originalists should be leading the call for this kind of reform—a reform that requires not a constitutional amendment but only changes in state law. In reality, the current system works to the detriment of both Republicans and Democrats. A candidate from either party easily could prevail again in a way that is inconsistent with the original intent of the Electoral College’s authors—and as soon as 2020.
The Electoral College system governing us today, as delineated in the 12th Amendment, is primarily the result of congressional deliberations in 1803, which revised the original system adopted at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. To the Founders, the goal of the first electoral system was to elect presidents who were consensus choices, rising above the fray of squabbling political factions. Each elector was required to cast two votes for president, each for a different candidate and the two candidates coming from different states. The assumption was that nationally acceptable second-choice candidates often would prevail over disparate “favorite son” candidates from each state.
This worked with George Washington in 1789 and 1792. But in the next two elections, after Washington retired, head-to-head competition developed between two opposing political parties—the Federalists, led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, and the Jeffersonians, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. It soon became clear that two-party politics was incompatible with the two-presidential-votes-per-elector rule.
In the election of 1800, Jefferson outpaced Adams in the Electoral College tally—73 to 65—but tied his running mate, Aaron Burr, since the Jeffersonian electors each cast their two votes for their party’s presidential and vice-presidential candidates. The Constitution’s mechanism for breaking this tie was a vote in the outgoing House of Representatives (by a special procedure in which each state’s delegation had one vote), which meant that the party controlling the outcome in the House (the Federalists) was opposed to the party whose candidates had tied for the presidency (the Jeffersonians). Not only had the Electoral College not yielded a clear winner, but tie-breaking process made matters tenser; the governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania were even prepared to use their state militias to defend Jefferson’s claim to the presidency.
Eventually, the Federalists backed down, in large part because Hamilton convinced his fellow partisans that, while Jefferson’s principles were abhorrent, at least he had principles, whereas Burr did not. (All who have seen the phenom musical Hamilton will remember this point.) Still, it was clear to the Jeffersonians that they had to do something to prevent such circumstances in the future.
Not only that, but the Jeffersonians wanted the Electoral College to yield winners who were more reflective of the prevailing sentiment among the American people. This was strategic: Ahead of the election of 1804, Jefferson had just completed the Louisiana Purchase, which Federalists opposed but the rest of the country enthusiastically applauded. The Jeffersonians also held two-thirds majorities in both houses of Congress in 1803; they did not need Federalist support to send a constitutional amendment to the states, where they were dominant as well.
So, when Congress met that year, the Jeffersonians introduced a draft of what would become the 12th Amendment, and lawmakers went to work debating it. In fact, Congress in 1803 gave much more thought to the nature of presidential elections than the 1787 convention delegates had given. While it is possible to read through everything the Philadelphia delegates said on the topic of presidential elections in a few hours, it takes a couple of weeks of solid work to digest the extensive philosophical debates that members of Congress had about presidential elections in 1803.
The Federalists—with Senator Uriah Tracy of Connecticut most conspicuously leading the way—defended the 1787 Electoral College system, clinging to the idea that it allowed a minority party to block a majority party’s presidential candidate. If the minority electors found the majority candidate objectionable, all they had to do was cast their two votes for their own presidential candidate and the vice-presidential candidate of the majority party, and the majority party’s vice-presidential candidate would almost certainly end up with more votes than the majority party’s presidential candidate. The Federalists contended that this minority veto was more consistent with the consensus-seeking goal of the 1787 Electoral College.
The Jeffersonians, however, argued strenuously that, according to fundamental principles of republican government, the chief executive must be the choice of the majority party. Senator John Taylor, a constitutional scholar from Virginia, asserted that it “never” is appropriate that “a minor faction should acquire a power capable of defeating the majority in the election of President.” Instead, Taylor proclaimed on the Senate floor, “the election of a President should be determined by a fair expression of the public will by a majority.” The 12th Amendment that he and the Jeffersonians proposed—in which electors each cast a single vote for president and then a separate vote for vice president—was designed to entrust power to the majority vote, which the Jeffersonians saw as representative of the popular sentiment.
Other Jeffersonians echoed Taylor. “I do not understand the principle of minorities governing majorities,” said Senator William Cocke of Tennessee. His fellow Tennessean, Representative George Campbell, elaborated that “in all free Governments the will of the majority must be considered for the purposes of Government as the will of the nation, and that it ought, therefore, to prevail and control the will of the minority when opposed to it.” Campbell specifically thought it essential that the Electoral College system be amended so that “a fair and unequivocal expression of the public will may be obtained, and will have its due weight.”
The Jeffersonians did not conceive of this majority rule as a national popular vote. Sufficiently committed to federalism, they wanted a candidate to achieve a majority of Electoral College votes by securing majority support within the states providing those electoral votes. A duly elected president under the 12th Amendment, in other words, would attain a federally appropriate, compound majority-of-majorities.
Eventually, the Jeffersonians got their way in 1803. The next year, the 12th Amendment was ratified, making clear the young republic’s commitment to the will of the majority.
At first, the system devised in 1803 produced results generally consistent with the 12th Amendment’s original intent. But over time, the amendment began to lose its majoritarian moorings.
The primary reason was a major transformation in the methods that states use for appointing their Electoral College members. Before the 12th Amendment, most often a state’s legislature voted directly for Electoral College electors, which was consistent with the principle of majority rule. When states let citizens vote for the electors, they took steps to make sure that the chosen electors still represented the majority of the state’s voters, as well. For example, Massachusetts and New Hampshire experimented with different forms of runoffs in the event that an elector did not receive a majority of votes from the citizenry. Some states used districts to vote for presidential electors, rather than have all the voters of the state vote for all the state’s electors. This method permitted a regionally based minority party within the state to win at least some of the state’s electors, but presumably the majority party within the state overall would control a majority of the state’s Electoral College votes.
All of this began to change with the rise of the plurality winner-take-all system, in which all of a state’s electors are awarded to the candidate who receives the highest number of votes in the state—even if that candidate receives only a plurality of the popular vote. Winner-take-all became the dominant method of appointing electors among the states after Andrew Jackson felt robbed of the presidency in 1824 and helped to persuade state legislatures to change their rules to permit plurality victories.
Today, 48 states rely on the plurality winner-take-all system to select their presidential electors. It has long been the norm. But it is also a system the Jeffersonians would find entirely objectionable insofar as it empowers a party and a candidate that lack a majority of votes. The Jeffersonians would find it even more objectionable if such a candidate achieved an Electoral College victory only as a result of these minority-vote wins in enough states. Yet this is exactly what has happened in several recent elections.
It’s not just 2016. In 2000, George W. Bush won Florida with less than half the popular vote, and this is true even assuming that he would have prevailed in the recount that the Supreme Court stopped. Ironically, William Jefferson Clinton’s election in 1992 was the most un-Jeffersonian of all. The only state in which he won a majority of the popular vote (setting aside the District of Columbia) was his home state of Arkansas.
Why have we have seen un-Jeffersonian results with accelerating—and alarming—frequency, whereas previous periods were largely immune? The answer is that third-party candidates have become more common. When there are only two candidates, the plurality winner is necessarily also a majority winner, but not so when there are three or more candidates on the ballot.
For an 80-year period between 1912 and 1992—most of the 20th century, in other words—third-party candidates did not make a difference in which major-party candidate prevailed, and so Americans became conditioned to the idea that the Electoral College was working as it was supposed to. But third-party candidates easily can affect which of the two main candidates is the one with a plurality in a given state. George H.W. Bush thought Ross Perot deprived him of the majority that he would have received running against only Bill Clinton in 1992. (According to political scientists, it’s debatable.) Ralph Nader almost certainly cost Al Gore the state of Florida, and thus the presidency, in 2000. In 2016, would Clinton have beaten Trump in Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin if Gary Johnson and Jill Stein hadn’t been in the race? Who knows for sure? But it’s possible.
In the increasingly polemical environment of American politics, it is likely that third-party candidates will be even more significant in the future, especially as negative views of the two major-party candidates intensify. Looking to 2020, it is easily conceivable that one or more third-party candidates will attempt to compete against Trump and his Democratic opponent. Ohio’s former governor, John Kasich, has sent strong signals that he is considering this. Michael Bloomberg, if he is unable to win the Democratic nomination, might decide to compete as an independent. (He has thought about doing so before.)
Suppose in 2020 there is a three-way split in a pivotal state that determines the Electoral College winner: Say, 38 percent for a Democrat, 37 percent for a Republican and 25 percent for a third-party candidate. Suppose, further, that if the third-party candidate were not on the ballot, the Republican would have pulled ahead, achieving a 52 percent majority, with the Democrat ending up with only 48 percent—because the third-party candidate’s 25 percent support split 15-10 in favor of the Republican. Letting the Democrat become president according to the winner-take-all system would be exactly the kind of minority victory that the Jeffersonians so adamantly opposed.
In 2020, either the Republican or the Democrat could be the one with only 37 percent—the one who would have achieved a majority in a two-way race. Which means both parties have an incentive to avoid this kind of un-Jeffersonian disaster.
How to do so? It is the states that have the power to restore the Electoral College to its original intent—and to ensure that it better represents the will of the American people. To do so, they must commit themselves to this majority-rule principle: No candidate receives all of a state’s electoral votes unless the candidate gets a majority of the state’s popular votes.
There are many methods states can use to comply with this principle. They could have a regular runoff between the top-two candidates, held in late November, if no candidate received a majority in the initial popular vote. Alternatively, states could hold a preliminary vote—perhaps on the Tuesday after Labor Day—to clear the field of third-party and independent candidates, so that only the top two finalists appear on the November ballot. (This option would function similarly to the “top two” system that California and Washington state currently use for nonpresidential elections.) Or, states could adopt the kind of “instant runoff voting” procedure that Maine recently employed successfully for its congressional elections: Voters can rank their preferences among multiple candidates, so that a computer can tally which of the top two finalists receives a majority once all lower-ranked candidates are eliminated.
Another idea: A state could award all of its electoral votes to a candidate who receives a majority of the state’s popular vote, but if no candidate does, then the state would apportion its electoral votes among the candidates. For example, in the instance of a 38-37-25 percent split among three candidates in a state’s popular vote, a state with 10 electoral votes might split them 4-4-2. Obviously, the state would need a rounding formula, given the impossibility of fractional votes in the Electoral College, but computers easily can handle these calculations. Or a state could, instead, dispense with winner-take-all entirely, choosing to apportion its electoral votes even if there is a majority winner of the state’s popular vote. Finally, states could also adopt the kind of district-based system that Maine and Nebraska currently have, where each congressional district votes for an elector (and two at-large electors are chosen in statewide votes), though doing so runs the risk of gerrymandering in presidential elections.
The 12th Amendment left in place the power of states to appoint their electors “in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct,” consistent with the Jeffersonians’ commitment to federalism. What this means, as a practical matter, is that each state can embrace Jeffersonian majority rule by means of either ordinary legislation or a ballot initiative (in those states that permit them)—as long as a ballot initiative lets the state’s legislature choose the particular method of securing Jeffersonian majority rule. The force of inertia is strong, to be sure. But overcoming lack of political will is easier than passing a constitutional amendment. Just as citizens have been able to achieve gerrymandering reform on their own initiative, as in Michigan, so too they can achieve this Electoral College reform.
This commitment to majority rule, moreover, is actually fairer to third-party and independent candidates than the current system, because it gives them a chance to break through without risk of affecting the outcome if they don’t. When voters don’t have to worry about how a third-party candidate might skew the election, they might feel more emboldened to vote for that candidate, and the candidate has a better opportunity to make his or her case.
It would be best if, before 2020, all states became compliant with Jeffersonian majority rule. But it is most important that the battleground states do so. If only Florida had done so before 2000, the outcome that year would have been different. And if Florida and just one or two other states had done so before 2016, the same might have been true then, as well. There is urgency to this reform. No one should want a president elected in 2020 with only a minority of support, perhaps even under 40 percent in the pivotal states.
Americans eventually might replace the Electoral College with something entirely different. But that certainly won’t happen before 2020. As long as we continue to have the Electoral College, we should make it work as intended. This means bringing it back into compliance with the majority-rule principle.
As one supporter of the 12th Amendment, Representative James Holland of North Carolina, exclaimed during the congressional debate in 1803: “The will of the majority in their election of the Chief Magistrate” must be “the first principle of our Government.” | <urn:uuid:5ebfa0e2-fb4d-4b44-8a26-79f636c6994c> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:19:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9686844348907471,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 3822,
"url": "https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/01/12/electoral-college-reform-conservatives-223965"
} |
Did you ever wonder why motorcycle parts evolved the way they have? Our Procycles BMW, KTM, Triumph, and Suzuki Motorcycles all have crossbars and frames supporting their engines, front and rear forks attached to their wheels, and handlebars.
Perhaps you think we asked a silly question in the first place. You may be thinking the design of motorcycle parts is so obvious they were always like that. Well, although that may be true, the history of motorbikes and motorcycle parts was a gradual evolution.
How Motorcycle Parts and Designs Evolved Since 1867
Our story begins in 1867, when a Paris blacksmith fitted a small steam engine to a velocipede bicycle. The main motorcycle parts of this strange contraption were a seat, a frame attached to a small wheel at the front, and a large one at the back, plus the steam engine attached to the handlebar. In 1868, an American fitted a two-cylinder steam engine inside a bicycle frame under the seat.
In 1885, Germans Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach produced a wooden bicycle with a petrol engine. The front forks were vertical and it needed outrigger wheels so it did not fall over on bends. The first commercial motorcycle with angled steering axis and offset forks took ten more years to materialise.
The First Motorbikes for Sale with ‘Modern’ Motorcycle Parts
By the start of World War 1, Excelsior, Royal Enfield, BSA, Matchless, Norton, Triumph, Indian, and FN were churning out motorbikes with petrol tanks attached to crossbar, mudguards on wheels and all the other motorcycle parts on the new and used motorcycles we sell today. This is not to say the designs have not changed, however from then on the design principles were in place.
Motorbikes continued to evolve though both World Wars. Signature curved petrol tanks adorned with iconic badges became their trademarks. The suspension remained primitive with nothing at the back, and only wind-up springs at the front. About the only positive thing to emerge at the end of World War 2 was shock absorbing suspension.
The Short-Lived Rule of Classic British BikesÂ
British brands like Ariel, AJS, BSA, Matchless, Norton, and Triumph flourished through the 1960’s. The designs looked good, although the engines dated back forty years. There was no real competition. Europe and Asia were too busy rebuilding their economies.
At the end of the classic period the design of motorcycle parts settled down and never really changed. The positions of seats and tanks are still the same. The exhausts continue to sweep back from the front of the engine, and the gearboxes are still behind the motors. Motorcycles parts are where they are because it is the obvious, practical solution.
Join Us for a Test Ride at a Procycles Showroom
When you visit a Procycles Showroom to view our collection of Triumph, KTM, Suzuki, and BMW motorbikes, and perhaps take a demo ride, spare a thought for the pioneers. Think of the people who influenced the final position of motorcycle parts. Remember the brave young man who rode the velocipede with the steam engine between his legs. | <urn:uuid:b000b07c-c1ed-432d-b9e8-3704d550cbc3> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:51:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9598445296287537,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 670,
"url": "https://www.procycles.com.au/motorcycle-parts-look-like/"
} |
Beginning in the mid-20th century, the United States created and gradually expanded a world order that has provided much of mankind with unparalleled levels of security and prosperity.
The United States has benefited as well, but not as much as some, and America has also borne disproportionate costs for sustaining this order. Last Tuesday, the majority of Americans seem to have said enough; it's time for a new deal.
At the end of World War II, the United States produced and consumed nearly half the world's wealth. Over the next quarter-century, this share was reduced to a quarter, largely to the benefit of America's former adversaries and European allies.
These countries grew faster than the United States, and by the late 1970s there was growing alarm in America about their rising strength, particularly that of Japan, which enjoyed a massive and persistent trade surplus at America's expense.
European and Japanese growth rates eventually declined to or below American levels, but these were replaced by new challengers. China, India the other Asian tigers and a number of developing countries elsewhere have in recent decades expanded much faster than the United States.
Hundreds of millions of people have been lifted out of poverty. Democracy has spread from a few dozen countries on the North Atlantic to half the world.
Free trade generally, and access to the American market specifically, has driven much of this growth. American security commitments in Europe and Asia have ensured the peace.
But the United States spends more to defend these areas than the regional residents spend themselves. And the United States has also paid more in blood as well as treasure, suffering much higher casualties in Korea, Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan than most other members of the international coalitions that joined in these fights.
The United States may be the only nation without which the global order cannot persist.
The United States is not the only nation to have made a turn away from globalization. This populist reaction seems common to much of the Western world. But the United States may be the only nation without which the global order cannot persist.
Madeleine Albright once referred to America as the indispensable nation, by which she meant that by virtue of its size, wealth and power, the United States plays a unique role, acting as the keystone to a world order in a manner that no other state could replace. We may be about to test that proposition.
Or maybe not. Donald Trump is a deal-maker who prides himself on his negotiating skills. He will probably not simply withdraw from the North American Free Trade Agreement, impose restrictions on Chinese imports, renege on America's NATO and Asian defense commitments, back out of climate change undertakings and renounce the six-power nuclear accord with Iran. Rather, he seems likely to seek better deals.
Are such to be had? Reopening agreements allows all sides to put forward new demands. Are there are win-win outcomes to some of these possible renegotiations?
Certainly, America's partners around the world should be considering just what they might ask if President Trump seeks to reopen long-standing bargains. Perhaps the liberal global order that has brought so much security and prosperity to so many people can be updated, rather than jettisoned. But if so, there is likely to be a lot of hard bargaining on the way.
James Dobbins, a senior fellow at the nonprofit, nonpartisan RAND Corporation, served as assistant secretary of state for European affairs from 2000 to 2001 and was ambassador to the European Community from 1991 to 1993.
This commentary originally appeared on Newsweek on November 14, 2016. Commentary gives RAND researchers a platform to convey insights based on their professional expertise and often on their peer-reviewed research and analysis. | <urn:uuid:ae1a2cae-1685-4a79-9feb-7d78f6325fe1> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:15:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9731963276863098,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 748,
"url": "https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/11/is-the-us-abandoning-the-world-order-it-created.html"
} |
The Ethics of Torture
An investigation is underway by the UK Intelligence Services Commissioner into whether or not the British government was complicit with the torture of insurgents in Guantanamo Bay and elsewhere. Article 3 of the European convention on human rights states “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”. The organisation Liberty, which campaigns for human rights, believes that the British government has tried to sidestep, ignore or undermine its legal and moral obligations to prevent torture. The convention was written with the atrocities of World War Two in mind, and the terrible acts of barbarism and inhumanity that marked the treatment of many prisoners. Britain signed this convention and therefore is bound by it. It is International Law.
It is claimed that insurgents, people arrested or captured on suspicion of being involved in preparing for, or carrying out, terrorist acts, were moved to locations where CIA operatives in Guantanamo Bay or in third countries such as Pakistan, Afghanistan and Morocco, carried out interrogations in which the conditions of the convention were broken, and British secret agents were in some cases present or in other cases complicit with acts of torture to retrieve information.
British involvement in this was reported in the Guardian newspaper on 6 December and 12 September, 2005. Airports at Biggin Hill, Birmingham, Bournemouth, Brize Norton, Farnborough, Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, RAF Mildenhall, Northolt, and Stansted allowed CIA or CIA-chartered jets to land temporarily since 2001.
Former detainees of Guantanamo Bay who have now been released have alleged that they were tortured. Military trainers at Guantanamo Bay since December 2002 ran classes which used resources produced from a 1957 Air Force study of Chinese Communist torture techniques used during the Korean War. This study detailed methods of obtaining confessions. A chart showed the effects of “coercive management techniques” including “sleep deprivation”, “prolonged constraint”, and “exposure”.
Three British Muslim prisoners were released from Guantanamo Bay in 2004 without charge. Known as the ‘Tipton Three’ they alleged torture including acts of sexual degradation, forced drugging and religious persecution by US forces.
Setting aside the human rights legal framework, and the question of whether Britain has broken any international laws, and the political implications of breaking agreements we have made with other countries, there remain a number of ethical questions.
– Is a brutal act against one person justified if it saves many lives?
– Should ethical principles about the treatment of prisoners ever be sacrificed for pragmatic needs?
– In a just war or conflict, are there limits on what can be done to win?
– If brutal processes are adopted by just states, will those processes corrupt the state and undermined the principles it holds dear?
Utilitarians may offer a justification for torture, for a justification may be made that in certain individual cases, the benefits of the information found out through torture could save lives. Think of the disrupted terrorist attack where many innocents are saved. The pain and suffering of one, could surely be justified by the good of the many. If the person being tortured is innocent then this is unfortunate but perhaps that individual can be sacrificed for the many.
Utilitarians might think there is a principle that is greater than the good of the potential lives gained, however. They may argue that the onset of torture brings about a world in which authorities use torture systematically, and that the greater good of a just society for all is lost. Rule utilitarians may be particularly concerned that permission to do these sorts of things will ultimately bring into being a worse world.
The key features of a Kantian approach must seek to apply the categorical imperative. It must treat the person never only as a means to an end but also as a end in his or herself. It must apply norms universally. It must base moral decisions within a view of the hypothetical kingdom of ends. When considering torture, there are distinct ethical elements including both the question of the acts of torture, and any complicity in them, and also the possible justifications for those acts. The acts of torture affect both the tortured and torturer. One can imagine a world in which people routinely torture and it is a terrible vision.
Torture based on some greater consequence would run into difficulties with Kant’s approach to human persons. The detainees must be treated as ends in themselves as well as means. Kant thought the human person was incredibly important, of a worth beyond price. Torturing a human being seems to be a specific example of treating a person as only a means to an end – the end being the information that might stop a terrorist attack. One might try to argue that it is for the detainees own good that he or she is tortured – perhaps we could imagine that if the atrocity is not prevented the detainee will then feel remorse and may than realise the wrong they have done.
However the universalizability test throws up its own difficulties. Torture is something that is justified by particular extreme circumstances. If one was to universalize the possibility of torture, it would become routine and the very world that is trying to be avoided through the use of torture, would in fact come about. Ethical theories based on deontological rules, such as natural Law, might find it difficult to ever break these rules, though exceptions may be made if a ‘self defence’ argument can be made. Perhaps the torture of a person can be thought of as a proactive self-defensive act. If a terrorist is captured and he or she has knowledge of a forthcoming atrocity, perhaps torturing him / her is an act of self defence. However, in the case of torture there is a special danger. If torture is self defence, then what are the limits of what a government can do to an individual? Many philosophers were very concerned about precisely this problem and the danger that individuals would be treated badly by those who have power. The question of torture becomes a question about how much the state can be trusted. The outcome of the investigation will give some indication of this for Britain at least. | <urn:uuid:a60b0766-ebfe-4f77-b6c5-ba1f3cb9474d> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:42:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9712198972702026,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 1246,
"url": "https://www.reonline.org.uk/subject-knowledge/16-ethics/the-ethics-of-torture/"
} |
December 7: Notre Dame of Paris, (1550)
The Abbot Orsini wrote: “On this day, a Sunday, in the year 1550, the canonesses of Our Lady of Paris being in procession before the image of the Bless Virgin, which is near the door of the choir, a heretic from Lorraine, breaking through the crowd, sword in hand, sought to strike that image, but he was prevented by the assistants, and on the Thursday following, he was executed before the porch of Our Lady.”
Our Lady of Paris, or Notre-Dame de Paris, is a cathedral oftentimes simply known as Notre Dame. It is among the largest churches in the world, completed in French Gothic style. There is a separate room in the church which houses many important relics, including the crown of thorns and one of the nails from Christ’s Passion, a fragment of the True Cross, among other relics. Veneration of the Crown of Thorns takes place on the first Friday of the month, and also on Good Friday.
The city of Paris was evangelized in the 3rd century, and in the year 250 the pope sent them their first bishop, Saint Denis. At that time the Christians were being persecuted throughout the Roman Empire, so Catholics practiced their faith in secret. Saint Denis was martyred within a few years, but his successors continued until Constantine became emperor and ended the persecution.
The first church was built at about that time as an expression of the faith of the people, but the Gothic Cathedral of Notre Dame of Paris presently occupying the spot was begun in 1163 by Bishop Maurice de Sully. There is a legend that he had a vision of a glorious new cathedral in Paris, and that he himself had drawn the outline for it on the ground where the cathedral now stands. The cornerstone was laid in the presence of Pope Alexander III, but it was not until 1345 that the cathedral was basically completed. The style was a new one, and Notre Dame was one of the first cathedrals to make use of flying buttresses to allow for the large stained-glass windows, including the world famous rose window.
In the year 1548 the cathedral was damaged by Protestants, and various tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. It was probably at about this time that the incident the Abbot Orsini refers to occurred. In 1793 the cathedral suffered desecration during the French Revolution, and much of the art and many of the relics were damaged or stolen. The cathedral was for a time used as a warehouse to store food.
In 1801 the cathedral was given back to the Catholic church, and in 1804 the coronation ceremony of Napoleon I took place there. The Cathedral of Notre Dame has been repaired and restored several times since then, and is now again in use for its intended purpose.
Notre Dame of Paris
Do you have a great story? Have You Visited This Shrine? Share it!
Now Available!Catholic Vitality Publications presents . . .
Brand new by
Now in paperback!
Battles - Honor - Miracles! This
book is filled with amazing stories of little-known Catholic heroes presenting
spectacles of bravery and valor never exceeded in all the annals of history. read more. . .
Roman Catholic books currently published by Catholic Vitality Publications:
-the amazing true story of the life of Rodrigo Diaz, El Cid!
- King St. Fernando III, born 100
years to the month after the death of
the Cid. His life was filled with miracles
and many conquests!
Discounts available for bulk
orders and for bookstore
retail sales! Just contact us | <urn:uuid:9d7d92a5-b80d-45bb-a19b-ae193823086e> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:45:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9792153835296631,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 765,
"url": "https://www.roman-catholic-saints.com/notre-dame-of-paris.html"
} |
Painting in the late nineteenth century moved towards Realism, and the development of accurate representation and an exhibition is now being shown at Rye Art Gallery until January 13.
For artists such as Gustave Courbet and Jean-Francois Millet, portraying common labourers and ordinary people engaged in real activities was a reaction against Romanticism and the grand History paintings that had come before.
The Rye Art Gallery collection has many objects relating to the Realist movement particularly works from the original Mary Stormont bequest. However, at the other end of our permanent collection are artists who seek to cast off the ideals of realism, searching for new ways of looking at the world.
This exhibition explores how artists have moved away from Realism, escaping from literal depictions of the visible. The urge to break down accepted conventions becomes more obvious in these works as shape; colour line and form become the dominant methods of expression.
Image Credits: Julian Day . | <urn:uuid:13d37217-b183-4747-8c78-68b22ca0c3e1> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:05:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9677973389625549,
"score": 3.109375,
"token_count": 191,
"url": "https://www.ryenews.org.uk/culture/away-from-realism-at-gallery"
} |
Here on the Scoliosis SOS blog, we've discussed a number of conditions that can lead to a curvature of the spine - conditions such as osteoporosis and spondylolisthesis. But just as scoliosis can arise as the result of a larger, underlying health problem, there are also a number of conditions that sometimes occur as the result of scoliosis.
Today, we'd like to take a closer look at one such condition: spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal canal.
What is spinal stenosis?
As you probably know, the human spine (more properly known as the 'vertebral column') is made up of a number of small bones called vertebrae. Each individual vertebra has a hole in the middle of it, meaning that the vertebral column is effectively a long tube of bone.
Housed inside this tube is the spinal cord, a long bundle of nerves that runs from your brain stem to the lumbar (lower) section of your spine. The spinal cord carries information about the different parts of your body to and from the brain, and it is therefore crucial for all sorts of day-to-day bodily functions.
The space where the spinal cord resides is called the spinal canal. If your spinal canal becomes narrower for some reason, you are said to have spinal stenosis ('stenosis' being a Greek word that literally means 'narrowing'). This condition can affect any region of the spine, although it most commonly occurs in the lumbar region.
Image source: Blausen Medical via Wikimedia Commons
Spinal stenosis may result in one or more vertebrae pressing against the nerves of the spinal cord, which in turn may lead to a number of different symptoms.
Symptoms of spinal stenosis
If your spinal cord is being compressed due to spinal stenosis, you may experience pain, discomfort, numbness and/or weakness in various different parts of your body (including the back, shoulders, arms, hands, legs and buttocks).
Depending on where the stenosis is and which part of your spinal cord is impacted, you may also experience a loss of bladder/bowel control. In particularly extreme cases of spinal stenosis, the patient may find that symptoms progress until certain parts of the body are completely paralysed.
All of these symptoms occur because the inside of the vertebral column is pressing on the patient's nerves and interfering with the bodily functions associated with that part of the spinal cord.
What causes spinal stenosis?
Spinal stenosis can occur for all sorts of different reasons, the most common being:
- Ageing - Changes/deteriorations in the spine as you get older may result in a narrowing of the spinal canal
- Genetic defects - In some cases, a baby may be born with a narrow spinal canal (or with a genetic deformity that affects the structure of the spine)
- Tumours - If you have an abnormal growth on the inside of your spine, these may press against your spinal cord
- Injuries - Certain accidents/traumas may impact the spine and result in spinal stenosis
Scoliosis can also result in spinal stenosis, with the deterioration and curving/twisting of the spine sometimes putting pressure on the spinal cord itself. If you have a curved spine and you are experiencing numbness or any of the other symptoms mentioned above, it may well be because your curved spine is putting pressure on your nerves and interrupting the transmission of information between your brain and the rest of your body.
Click here to learn about the Scoliosis SOS Clinic and our non-surgical scoliosis treatment methods, or follow us on Twitter or Facebook for more spinal health information. | <urn:uuid:9a07e102-64c7-45d1-83d1-ed316e49c043> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:39:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9338927268981934,
"score": 3.34375,
"token_count": 767,
"url": "https://www.scoliosissos.com/news/2017/07/default"
} |
Low-carb diets aren’t new, but they remain popular, and that popularity comes at a price. Research on the role of the gut microbiota in health is growing, and although “direction of causality” isn’t 100% clear — does having a disrupted gut microbiota contribute to chronic disease, or does chronic disease contribute to a disrupted gut microbiota? — it is clear that what we eat influences which microbes take up residence in our gut.
Good gut microbes — the bacteria and other “critters” we want in our large intestine — eat certain types of fiber and other carbohydrates that we don’t readily digest higher up in our digestive tract. Microbiota researcher Justin Sonnenburg calls these carbs “microbiota-accessible carbohydrates,” or MACs. Some MACs are deemed “prebiotic” because they enhance growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus bacteria, and not all MACs are fiber — resistant starch is one example. You can find MACs in whole grains, pulses (beans and lentils), vegetables (especially cruciferous vegetables), fruits, nuts and seeds.
Eating enough MACs protects a source of carbohydrates already in our guts: the mucus layer that stands between what’s passing through your intestines and the layer of cells lining your intestinal wall. Skimping on MACs encourages the types of bacteria that are able and eager to eat that mucus. That’s bad both because these tend to be pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria, and because degrading the mucus layer could compromise integrity of the cell lining, contributing to inflammation. A large proportion of our immune system lies just on the other side of that cellular barrier, and pathogens passing through that unprotected barrier can lead to infection.
Another consequence of lack of MACs in your diet is that your gut bacteria produce fewer short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation. SCFAs benefit us in numerous ways, because they can communicate with our nervous system.
The trendiest low-carb diets are the paleo diet and various incarnations of the ketogenic diet, many of which more closely resemble a standard low-carb diet. Modern-day Paleolithic diets adopted by individuals in Western societies generally lack the high-fiber content of traditional hunter-gatherer societies, and some human studies have found that ketogenic diets have negative effects on the gut microbe community and gut health, but larger studies are needed to confirm this.
What might be better? Plant-based, MAC-rich eating patterns, including vegan, vegetarian, flexitarian and Mediterranean, that are also rich in phytochemicals, which can have anti-inflammatory effects in the gut. Overall, studies suggest that we should focus on getting enough of a variety of plant-based foods, not simply excluding animal-based food. For example, following a Mediterranean diet pattern is associated with a more favorable microbial population and higher SCFA production.
This recipe, inspired by a dish I had five years ago at Portage Bay Cafe, includes good food for your gut microbiota from farro (a form of ancient wheat), lentils, three types of cruciferous vegetables and walnuts.
Farro, Lentil and Cauliflower Salad
This recipe makes a lot, but you could neatly cut it in half. Choose a good quality mayonnaise (ingredients shouldn’t be much more than eggs, oil and vinegar or lemon). You can prep the onions, farro, lentils and cauliflower the evening before if you want, just chill them in the fridge.
1 medium red onion, chopped
1 cup farro (emmer)
1 cup beluga (black) lentils
1 medium head cauliflower or 2 pounds florets
4 cups loosely packed curly kale (cut or torn into bite-size pieces before measuring)
4 cups chopped or ribboned red cabbage
1 cup walnuts, coarsely chopped
1 cup grated Parmesan cheese
½ cup quality mayonnaise
½ cup nonfat or low-fat plain Greek yogurt
½ teaspoon Dijon mustard
Zest of 1 lemon
2 tablespoons lemon juice
½ teaspoon granulated garlic
2 tablespoons walnut oil
1 teaspoon salt, or more to taste
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground pepper, or more to taste
1. Heat 1 tablespoon olive oil in a saute pan over medium heat, add the chopped red onion. When onion starts to soften, reduce heat to low or medium-low and cook, stirring occasionally, until onions are caramelized. You want them to be very soft with golden — not dark brown — spots. This may take up to an hour.
2. Meanwhile, add farro and 1 teaspoon salt to 8 cups water in a large saucepan. This will cook the grains using the “pasta method.” Bring to a boil, then reduce to a simmer, cooking uncovered until the grains are tender but not mushy, about 20 to 25 minutes.
3. Add 1 teaspoon salt to 6 cups water in a medium saucepan. Bring water to boil, add lentils, then reduce heat to a simmer, partly cover and cook until lentils are tender but not mushy (about 20 to 25 minutes).
4. While grains and lentils are cooking, preheat oven to 425 F. Cut cauliflower florets into bite-size pieces. Toss in a large bowl with 1 tablespoon olive oil and ½ teaspoon salt, then spread on a baking sheet. Place sheet in oven and roast until cauliflower pieces are golden brown in spots, tossing the pieces after 10 to 15 minutes of roasting, then checking on them about every 5 minutes.
5. Allow farro, lentils and cauliflower to cool to room temperature. Refrigerate if making ahead.
6. Wash, dry and tear or cut the curly kale, and chop the cabbage or cut it into 2-inch narrow ribbons. Chop the walnuts and grate the Parmesan cheese. Add all dressing ingredients to a small mixing bowl and whisk to combine.
7. When ready to serve, place all salad ingredients in a large bowl and gently toss to combine. Pour the dressing over the mixture and gently toss again. Taste, and add additional salt and freshly ground pepper if desired. Serve. | <urn:uuid:7ca85a9f-b452-417a-b745-3abbc4307e03> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:17:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8887922167778015,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 1311,
"url": "https://www.seattletimes.com/life/wellness/think-carbs-are-the-enemy-your-gut-disagrees/"
} |
How to Grow:
Leeks are planted 1/4-1/2 inch deep, 9 per square foot, in full sun. Take care to notice what plants are around the area as well, see the companion plant section below. Leek seeds will germinate in approximately 14-21 days. Provide consistent moisture and make sure that the soil is draining well.
Companion planting is a vital part of organic gardening. Companion plants assist in the growth of others by attracting beneficial insects, repelling pests, or providing nutrients, shade, or support. There are also plants that do not like being next to each other. Some plants get too tall and can provide too much shade for your plant. Sometimes certain plants attract the same pests, so it is important to try and separate these.
|Arugula||Marjoram||Beans (bush & pole)|
|Butternut Squash||Spaghetti Squash||Shallots|
|Cabbage||Spinach||Southern Peas (Black-Eyed Peas)|
|Chamomile||Summer Squash (Zucchini)|
|Kohlrabi||Tomatoes (bush & vine)|
Pests can be one of the most difficult challenges you face in the garden. We strive to grow food without the use of pesticide and luckily there are natural solutions for most of these nasty pests! The pests listed below are common ones for leeks:
Leeks are ready to harvest within 90-150 days. Leeks are ready to harvest when they are approximately 1-2 inches in diameter. You can harvest by simply loosening the plant with a gardening fork and pulling it directly from the soil.
Cooking & Eating! | <urn:uuid:62f66dd5-a28f-4cf5-9df4-b434ba0587bc> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:04:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8413448929786682,
"score": 3.1875,
"token_count": 352,
"url": "https://www.seedtospoon.net/how-to-grow-leeks-in-your-backyard-garden/"
} |
Maintaining thyroid health is important and easy to do by maintaining a healthy diet. You can even grow most of these plants right in your own backyard!
A healthy diet is extremely important especially when you are expecting! A diet with Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Iron, Folate/Folic Acid, and Calcium is especially important during this time.
July is one of your favorite months to grow food if you like salsa! Not only are the tomatoes and peppers starting to flourish, but we’ll also have more squash, beans, cucumbers, basil, and okra than we know what to do with! This is one of the many ways our app can come in handy!
Inflammation is the reaction that occurs within our body to help our body heal. Whether you have a minor wound, pain, or chronic inflammation causing cancer, a healthy diet can help to make you start to feel better. Exercise can also help to promote an anti-inflammatory response (unless otherwise contraindicated). Anti-inflammatory effects can be seen with the intake of omega-3 and some antioxidants.!
May is one of the best months for growing in Oklahoma.
Lyme disease is a disease spread by ticks. There are many long-term symptoms that are associated with this condition. As with any chronic illness, a healthy diet with plenty of vegetables is essential!
These southern peas are extremely prolific and typically give us more than we can handle in a season. Because of the versatility of peas in cooking, everyone should be able to find a way to enjoy this vegetable!
Growing food in your backyard can help you not only by eating the food you have grown, but the lifestyle associated with it! We have found that gardening has helped us to lose weight simply by being outside, more active, and drinking more water!
Leaf-footed bugs are approximately 1 inch long, some with a white zigzag pattern on their wings. They have long legs similar to a cricket with an oval shaped body. They are recognizable by their hind legs which look leaf-like. They have piercing mouthparts which probe into plants to suck their juices. This can cause discoloration and damage to the plants.
Dale shares our strategy for growing peas and beans in our garden. We have a constant supply of peas, bush beans, pole beans, and/or southern peas! Then Mary shows off her expert bean picking skills! Learn more about growing over 70 different foods, including how to manage various pests in our FREE iOS, Android, or new Universal Web App by visiting seedtospoon.net. | <urn:uuid:c8c8ebea-4b6f-4ab4-a581-85067548ee72> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:02:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9634358286857605,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 530,
"url": "https://www.seedtospoon.net/tag/southern-peas-black-eyed-peas/"
} |
Published on Jan 23, 2020
Oxygen enables pervasive, human-centered computing through a combination of specific user and system technologies.
Oxygen's user technologies directly address human needs. Speech and vision technologies enable us to communicate with Oxygen as if we're interacting with another person, saving much time and effort.
Automation, individualized knowledge access, and collaboration technologies help us perform a wide variety of tasks that we want to do in the ways we like to do them.
Oxygen's system technologies dramatically extend our range by delivering user technologies to us at home, at work, or on the go. Computational devices, called Enviro21s (E21s), embedded in our homes, offices, and cars sense and affect our immediate environment. Hand-held devices, called Handy21s (H21s), empower us to communicate and compute no matter where we are. Dynamic networks (N21s) help our machines locate each other as well as the people, services, and resources we want to reach.
Oxygen's user technologies include:
The Oxygen technologies work together and pay attention to several important themes:
" Distribution and mobility - for people, resources, and services.
" Semantic content - what we mean, not just what we say.
" Adaptation and change - essential features of an increasingly dynamic world.
" Information personalities - the privacy, security, and form of our individual interactions with Oxygen.
Oxygen is an integrated software system that will reside in the public domain. Its development is sponsored by DARPA and the Oxygen Alliance industrial partners, who share its goal of pervasive, human-centered computing. Realizing that goal will require a great deal of creativity and innovation, which will come from researchers, students, and others who use Oxygen technologies for their daily work during the course of the project. The lessons they derive from this experience will enable Oxygen to better serve human needs.
More Seminar Topics:
Delay Tolerant Networking,
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL),
Direct Memory Access,
DNA Based Computing,
Dynamic Virtual Private Network,
Fiber Distributed Data Interface,
Free Space Optics,
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU),
High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms,
Holographic Data Storage,
Integer Fast Fourier Transform,
Intel MMX Technology,
Introduction to the Internet Protocols,
Intrution Detection System,
Layer 3 Switching,
Magnetic Random Access Memory MRAM, | <urn:uuid:8cd5b5b1-ceaf-4dcf-b97a-ce8509dcb5cf> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:02:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8873685598373413,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 525,
"url": "https://www.seminarsonly.com/computer%20science/Project%20Oxygen.php"
} |
February 2016 | Shift and Mazars; UN Guiding Principles Reporting Framework
This resource was developed in support of the UN Guiding Principles Reporting Framework, developed jointly by Shift and Mazars. The Q&A on this page is an excerpt from a longer Q&A on salient human rights issues -- see the full explanation here.
Something that is salient is prominent or important. It stands out conspicuously.
Salient human rights issues: The human rights at risk of the most severe negative impact through the company’s activities and business relationships.
A company’s salient human rights issues are those human rights that stand out because they are at risk of the most severe negative impact through the company’s activities or business relationships.
This concept of salience uses the lens of risk to people, not the business, as the starting point, while recognizing that where risks to people’s human rights are greatest, there is strong convergence with risk to the business.
The emphasis of salience lies on those impacts that are:
Salience therefore focuses the company’s resources on finding information that is necessary for its own ability to manage risks to human rights, and related risks to the business. In this way, it helps companies report on the human rights information that shareholders, investors, governments, customers, consumers, media, civil society organizations and directly affected people want to see.
Materiality depends on the choice of a particular audience or goal for which things are then judged more or less important. The audience may be shareholders alone or other stakeholders as well. A goal may be profit-making alone, decisions of an investor more widely, or societal welfare generally. The choice of audience or goal then dictates the selection of material issues.
By contrast, salient human rights issues are not defined in reference to any one audience or goal. Salience puts the focus on those human rights at risk of the most severe negative impact. This provides a consistent, predictable and principled means of identifying the appropriate focus of human rights reporting. At the same time, it gives business an effective tool for understanding how human rights issues connect with risk to the business.
When conducting materiality assessments, many companies discount human rights issues due to common assumptions, such as:
Where materiality processes engage external stakeholders to help inform the company’s understanding of relevant issues for reporting, common pitfalls include:
As a result of these common assumptions and pitfalls, many companies’ existing materiality processes fail to adequately reflect human rights issues or to identify those human rights that are at greatest risk and are therefore priorities for management and reporting.
Jump to the complete Q&A resource to see answers to the following questions: | <urn:uuid:53c13bc3-dee1-4dc1-badd-2e101ef357d9> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:27:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.932537853717804,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 546,
"url": "https://www.shiftproject.org/resources/publications/video-introduction-to-salient-human-rights-issues/"
} |
When asked why it's so important to walk the battlefields to understand our history, Ed Bearss, Civil War Historian and perennial favorite Smithsonian Journeys Study Leader, puts it this way:
To understand what happened, you must know the lay of the land. To know the configuration of the land, where the high ground and the low ground is, where there are woods and open fields, what type of cultural features existed (houses, orchards, roads, etc), and how this affected what the officers planned and what they saw. More important, the lay of the land influenced the rank and file, whether they lived or died, and for the Generals, whether they won or lost.
Click here for more of our interview with Ed, and here for more information on our Civil War tours. | <urn:uuid:925376e3-709c-4e69-97a1-57e82d61ccdd> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:21:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9216347932815552,
"score": 3.265625,
"token_count": 165,
"url": "https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/photo-lincoln-at-gettysburg-180950690/"
} |
15th Annual Smithsonian.com Photo Contest
The Lorraine Motel
The National Civil Rights Museum is a complex of museums and historic buildings in Memphis, Tennessee; its exhibits trace the history of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the 17th century to the present. The museum is built around the former Lorraine Motel, where Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968.
© Michael Oberman.
All rights reserved.
||Nov. 16, 2017, 6:14 p.m. | <urn:uuid:f6a95ee9-6ee2-48ab-b04b-00b3c4d28255> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:45:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.745774507522583,
"score": 2.96875,
"token_count": 111,
"url": "https://www.smithsonianmag.com/photocontest/detail/altered-images/the-lorraine-motel/"
} |
(disponible en anglais uniquement)
Voices of future generations need to be heard
Reporter: Adel Fruean (Samoa Observer)
The voices of young scientists must be heard within science-based ministries and they must be involved in decision making.
This was the message from the youngest participant at the United Nations Decade of ocean science workshop for sustainable development 2021-2030 at the Pacific Community (SPC) headquarters in Noumea, New Caledonia this week.
Tyler-Rae Chung is representing the Pacific Youth Council (PYC) which is a regional non-governmental organisation based in Fiji that acts as an umbrella body for national youth councils across the Pacific region. It was established in 1996 in response to a call from national youth councils for a regional body to coordinate the needs and voices of youth. It envisions empowering young people to become active citizens and leaders.
“I envision a science-based ministry where policy makers can be better informed on development through science to achieve sustainable development goals, monitoring program and implementation with a strong emphasis of the inclusion of young scientist of today and the future.
“In terms of building their capacity, it’s important because decisions and outcomes made today will set the foundation for the next generation leaders,” she said.
The 25-year-old Fijian said she was a little upset that a video shown to the conference of young ocean scientists did not capture an important aspect of indigenous knowledge and her experience as part of the Uto Ni Yalo Trust, on a traditional voyaging vessel, that it has taught her more respect and value of the ocean.
“When looking at the outcomes of the United Nations Ocean Decade, it’s important to understand indigenous knowledge and impacting the grass root levels.
“In the revised roadmap for the Ocean Decade it talks a lot about why the decade is needed and an aspect of it is to encourage science/ public and policy makers to think beyond businesses and a just blue economy but to aspire for real change.
“And I believe real change starts with the education system and building their capacity, from grass root levels of indigenous knowledge to scientific knowledge and the policy mechanisms that are already set in place,” she told the participants.
Ms. Chung recommended the setting up of a mentoring and monitoring program, to ensure that we are walking the talk of providing a space for young voices to come through.
“It should be clear that the responsibility for this rests with both young people as well as educators and policy makers. With that being said, while young people’s voices need to be included, it is not without responsibility.
“It will be a platform where young scientists are mentored and nurtured to understand policy mechanisms already set in place, appreciate history, indigenous knowledge such as traditional navigation and wisdom passed down and have a good background in terms of monitoring stats [which the University of the South Pacific has already develop young scientist to some extent] to actually affect contributions to lessons learnt in all sectors willing to take the program on.
“It will take commitment and time but the outcomes of this program if implemented successfully are long term new growth leadership to take ownership as young scientists to feed into my vision of a science-based ministry.”
You are able to enjoy independent news coverage like the above through SPC’s (The Pacific Community) Australian funded Climate and Ocean Support Program in the Pacific (COSPPac). | <urn:uuid:d6a81327-482d-4453-b7e3-e37d1ffe5e78> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:00:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.942451000213623,
"score": 2.546875,
"token_count": 721,
"url": "https://www.spc.int/fr/actualite/actus-web/2019/07/les-voix-des-generations-futures-doivent-etre-entendues"
} |
Waypoints are a set coordinates, a certain point at which your character changes its path. It is a reference point or a location on the path where the course changes. Navigation purposes in video-games for exploration, flanking, issuing orders or avoiding obstacles make use of it. In-game characters employ waypoints. A waypoint is an invaluable tool in the squad and strategy-based games.
A movement point is the most common kind of a checkpoint. Each character or object has milestones so he moves in a particular direction till he reaches the last one – the position. There is also the Rallying waypoint. In strategy games, these are set to specify the position where a player must be present for a specific mission or where newly created objects should head. Lastly, there is an Attack waypoint. Players can give attack orders as waypoints. Until the enemy's complete destruction, the troops will not move to the next location.
Wanderers that a character wants to send out to the world have waypoints on them. This wanderer or scout has a specific path to traverse on the map. Thus using them, he can set this up and doesn’t have to micromanage the wanderer. In war games, these are used to set-up two or three-point entries in places where the character expects enemy troops. This way he can pay attention to the main enemy.
AI has come a long way but may pick up wrong paths sometimes. Waypoints can be near the obstacles so that the character avoids them. As a result, he will move in the desired direction only. Players can also employ them to give specific instructions to their squad. These instructions may be context-specific. Lately, waypoints or checkpoints have a green diamond symbol. Usage of this symbol is slowly becoming a standard practice. | <urn:uuid:a71512d7-67ed-488a-a784-80063fa074ff> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:03:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9433056712150574,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 371,
"url": "https://www.stalliongaming.com/glossary/waypoints/"
} |
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Worksheet - Chemical Kinetics. CBSE issues sample papers every year for students for class 12 board exams. Students should solve the CBSE issued sample papers to understand the pattern of the question paper which will come in class 12 board exams this year. The sample papers have been provided with marking scheme. It’s always recommended to practice as many CBSE sample papers as possible before the board examinations. Sample papers should be always practiced in examination condition at home or school and the student should show the answers to teachers for checking or compare with the answers provided. Students can download the sample papers in pdf format free and score better marks in examinations. Refer to other links too for latest sample papers.
a) rate of a reaction
b) activation energy
Q2) The decomposition of PH3 follows the following reaction
4PH3 →P4 + 6H2
Rate equation is → Rate = k [PH3]. The Half life of PH3 is 37.9 sec at 120°C
a) How much time is required for 3/4th of PH3 to decompose? Ans[75.82 sec]
b) What fraction of the original sample of PH3 remains behind after one minute? Ans[2.995]
a) order of reaction
b) molecularity of a reaction
Q4) the rate of a reaction increases four times when the temperature changes from 300K to 320K. Find the activation energy. (R=8.314 J/K/mol) Ans [35.34 KJ/mol]
Q5) A reaction is of first order in reactant A and of second order in reactant B. How is the rate of this reaction affected when a) conc. Of B alone is increased to 3 times? b) the conc. A as well as B are doubled?
Please click the link below to download full pdf file for CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Worksheet - Chemical Kinetics. | <urn:uuid:b14ccde5-daf9-4e45-8481-65d07588cc53> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:58:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9101791381835938,
"score": 3.546875,
"token_count": 405,
"url": "https://www.studiestoday.com/worksheet-chemistry-cbse-class-12-chemistry-worksheet-chemical-kinetics-201570.html"
} |
It is Freebie Friday! Today I have multiplication mats for you- simple but effective tools to practice multiplication/time table facts!
How do you teach the concept of multiplication/ time tables? Do you use hands-on activities or simply rote learn the facts? Children with good memories will learn the facts easily, but others might need visuals to help them grasp the concept.
Use beads or any other type of manipulative with the mats- playdough works well for those children needing sensory input. Using manipulatives helps students to see the patterns. Count in 6’s, for example, then add the beads onto those numbers. See the patterns?
Or, use the beads to make the groups. This is especially helpful for students only starting with the concepts of grouping and multiplication.
These mats can be printed on colorful paper, like I did with these, which makes it ink friendly. Or, print it on white paper and let the students color and personalize it themselves!
Time tables are mostly learnt rote, but it is essential for kids to “see” to understand what they are learning. These visual multiplication mats to exactly that. | <urn:uuid:a2fb4aa0-698b-42aa-9356-ee64a5e7ef7e> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:37:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9262901544570923,
"score": 3.6875,
"token_count": 237,
"url": "https://www.teach-me-mommy.com/multiplication-mats/"
} |
A study has found a strong link between participating in Scouting and Guiding as a young person and having significantly better mental health. The data from almost 10,000 individuals came from a lifelong UK-wide study of people born in November 1958 known as the National Child Development Study from the University of Edinburgh. The data revealed that 28% had been members of Scouting or Guiding as young people and this group, by aged 50, were around 15% less likely to suffer from mental health issues than adults who had not been members of Scouting or Guiding.
"This research is bang on the money" said Ian Henery, Assistant District Commissioner for Development in Sutton Coldfield East. "It is something we have known in Scouting for years. Over the past 100 years in fact since Scouting began in the UK! Life can throw some unpleasant curve balls in anyone`s direction and it is how you deal with it that counts.
Scouting, through making children think for themselves at a young age and apply that thinking to actual practical situations ibn life is what makes the offering that Scouting and Guiding gives our children the best possible start in life. Scouting is good for mental health and it`s now official!"
The National Child Development Study found that despite it having been many decades since the participants had been either Scouts or Guides were less likely to suffer from mood disorders including depression and anxiety. This was present even when researchers accounted for childhood risk factors including mental illness being generally more prevalent in families from low socio-economic backgrounds.
"It is quite startling that this benefit is found in people so many years after they have attended Scouts or Guides" said Professor Chris Dibben from the University of Edinburgh. "We expect the same principles would apply to the Scouts and Guides of today and so, given the high costs of mental health to individuals and society, a focus on voluntary youth programmes such as Scouting or Guiding might be very sensible" he continued.
The academic research found that the benefits of learning through teamwork and self-reliance, coupled with frequently being outdoors in natural environments promoted positive mental health., Scouting teaches young people skills for life and the research proved that these skills can have a lifelong positive impact on one of the most important indicators of health and wellbeing. "The internet is a great tool but it brings it`s problems" said Ian Henery. "Life is about having to deal with real situations and real people and having to learn things the hard way. The internet gives kids instant answers so they grow up not having to think or learn for themselves.
Scouting actually teaches self-reliance and the sad fact is that only 5% of the child population in our country is exposed to it. Scouting still promotes a mild culture of competition. This is needed in life because as soon as a child leaves school they are exposed to it in real time. In competing for jobs, university places - you name it - life suddenly becomes a competition and you are on your own".
Sutton Coldfield Scouts are recruiting!
Flexible opportunities available! Please email Ian Henery on [email protected] or go direct to the websiter:
Member since: 4th February 2019
Managing Director of an award winning law firm
Ian Henery Solicitors Ltd
Award winning poet and playwright | <urn:uuid:0a2dbc80-9b35-4ad7-b11b-5ab5fcfd5631> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:59:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.976028561592102,
"score": 3.203125,
"token_count": 673,
"url": "https://www.thebestof.co.uk/local/sutton-coldfield/community-hub/blog/view/birmingham-countys-sutton-coldfield-scouts-say-scouting-is-good-for-mental-health---its-official/"
} |
Neil Armstrong took his small step onto the moon on July 20, 1969. America has stepped away from the space program since then. Yet the innovations that grew from that mission transformed communications, computing, and most importantly, how people understand Earth’s place in the universe.
“The single most important thing that came out of the Apollo program … on the way to the moon, we discovered the Earth,” said political consultant Gerry O’Brien. The image of the lovely, cloud-wrapped blue marble is ubiquitous today. It’s easy to forget that it was a revelation in 1969.
When the astronauts filmed our home from thousands of miles away, “It was the first time people could see just how fragile, how small Earth was in space,” said O’Brien. It’s not a coincidence that Earth Day was established the next year, along the Clean Air Act. The Clean Water Act was passed in 1972.
Now we have an even stronger sense of how tiny Earth is in the world, because we know there are billions of other planets. The technology NASA had to develop to get to the moon made the discovery of those planets possible.
It started with President John F. Kennedy planting the flag. In 1961, he said:
“We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.”
No one knew how that goal would be accomplished. It’s like a person resolving to run a marathon or climb Mount Everest the next year, according to O’Brien. Promising to reach a goal without knowing how it will lead a person to develop the means to reach the goal. That happened for NASA.
“The Soviets always had the more powerful rockets in those days—in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Soviet R7 and Vostok rockets could lift ten times as much as America’s Jupiter C and Redstone rockets,” wrote O’Brien in an email.
Our inability to match the lift power of Soviet rockets spurred America to make things smaller and lighter.
Having wimpier rockets forced the engineers to develop integrated circuits. Otherwise, the equipment on the rockets would have been the size of a basketball court, and impossible to launch, according to O’Brien. Those circuits made personal computers and cellphones possible.
“So much of what we take for granted today in communications is a direct result of money spent on space,” said O’Brien.
Jay Barbree shares that opinion. Barbree wrote “Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight,” a biography of the astronaut and the effects of the lunar program. He is also NBC’s Emmy Award-winning space correspondent. He said he always tells young people, “You would not have the technology we enjoy today had we not been to the moon.”
Speaking of what the early space program sparked, he said, “Most scientists I talk to say we leapfrogged 50 years ahead,” because of the lunar program. “Primarily computers—the computer on Apollo 11 had less computing power than our handheld devices.”
To him, learning about space is essential. Though NASA is still funded well enough “to get the job done,” he criticized what he called current practices, less focused on innovation and more focused on selfish ends.
No Space Contractors
“There are too many politicians involved,” he said. “They are carving out a little bit for themselves and not enough is left over for exploration.” Now NASA shares with private contractors. He’d like to see commercial space flight kept separate from government initiatives. No space contractors.
“There is a big role for private commercial space, but it should be private,” said Barbree. People are welcome to pay a fortune to go up in space, though they do not have all their oars in the water if they spend their money that way, he said, with a laugh. When aviation was developed, commercial airlines stood on their own feet, separate from government flight, and so should commercial space flight.
Trove of Knowledge
“If NASA would put its focus back on adding to the trove of knowledge—look at all we’ve learned from Hubble,” the giant telescope, said Barbree.
Beyond abstract exploration, it’s crucial to learn how to deflect roving asteroids before another one like the one that killed the dinosaurs comes along, according to Barbree. One hit Jupiter recently that would have destroyed our habitable atmosphere, he said.
As Armstrong said, the moon landing was a step for all mankind. It made him happy when he went on tours around the world, and people would jump up and down and say ‘We went to the moon,’ according to Barbree. He was glad they regarded it as a shared accomplishment, not just an American accomplishment.
The astronaut did not understand why space exploration foundered afterward. “As Neil said many times, he understood why there was a need to land on the moon. What he did not understand was why we abandoned it,” said Barbree.
Dr. Ben Bova also calls for more space exploration. The award winning author “has been involved in science and high technology since the very beginnings of the space age,” according to his Web page. He is President Emeritus of the National Space Society and a past president of Science Fiction Writers of America.
To him, the lunar program’s “biggest impact is it has opened up the solar system to us.” Our solar system is a potential New World, without any Indians to harm, according to Bova. Earth is like Europe in 1492.
Space is offering us wealth and adventure, according to Bova. “Do we have the heart to go out and get it? We could make ourselves much freer, richer, and happier, if we use the resources in space.”
Just as important as potential wealth is the sense of possibility. “On an emotional level, it opens doors, it allows us scope, adventures to have,” said Bova. | <urn:uuid:0ea4de0f-d2b7-429a-8101-e84cbeca0edf> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:28:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9693276882171631,
"score": 3.75,
"token_count": 1357,
"url": "https://www.theepochtimes.com/moon-landing-space-exploration-opened-the-solar-system_807303.html"
} |
Our JC2 students have just completed their GP exams, and here are the essay questions that came out for Paper 1 this year. Which Question would you have chosen to answer? =)
- How far should countries have relations with others whose human rights record is poor?
- To what extent should income equality be a goal in your society?
- ‘Science is the only answer to global hunger’. Discuss.
- Consider the view that social media has more influence than politicians.
- To what extent is artificial intelligence replacing the role of humans?
- ‘A leader’s responsibility should always be to his or her own country, not other nations.’ Discuss.
- ‘Religion is an important part of the lives of young people today.’ Consider whether this is true in your society.
- Does violence in the visual media portray reality or encourage the unacceptable?
- Is globalisation to be welcomed or feared today?
- Should both parents take equal responsibility for raising their children?
- Assess the importance of food within Singaporean culture.
- Can fiction teach us anything meaningful about the real world?
Which question would you have chosen to answer? =)
Stay tuned to The Knowledge Loft as we discuss some of these essay questions in the coming weeks! | <urn:uuid:8e5d7673-71aa-4412-87fb-30841b9f456d> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:30:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9441055655479431,
"score": 2.984375,
"token_count": 269,
"url": "https://www.theknowledgeloft.com/gp-exam-questions/2019-gce-a-level-general-paper-gp-paper-1-essay-questions/"
} |
University of California at Los Angeles researchers want to do the unthinkable: kill the motherboard. In a recent piece for IEEE Spectrum, the researchers said this act of technological matricide would enable the creation of more powerful systems that aren't constrained by the printed circuit board (PCB) used today, all thanks to a new silicon-interconnect fabric that can be used in the motherboard's stead.
The researchers, Puneet Gupta and Subramanian Iyer, said this change would enable the development of all kinds of systems. They contend that relying on PCBs makes it harder for companies to develop smaller devices like smartwatches while also inhibiting the growth of larger devices used in data centers. Their silicon-interconnect fabric is supposed to enable smaller and larger devices. They explained:
"Our research shows that the printed circuit board could be replaced with the same material that makes up the chips that are attached to it, namely silicon. Such a move would lead to smaller, lighter-weight systems for wearables and other size-constrained gadgets, and also to incredibly powerful high-performance computers that would pack dozens of servers’ worth of computing capability onto a dinner-plate-size wafer of silicon."
Gupta and Iyer also said the silicon-interconnect fabric would allow chip makers to stop relying on "the (relatively) big, complicated, and difficult-to-manufacture systems-on-chips that currently run everything from smartphones to supercomputers." Instead they would be able to "use a conglomeration of smaller, simpler-to-design, and easier-to-manufacture chiplets tightly interconnected" on their fabric.
They note that relying on chiplets instead of SoCs isn't a novel idea. Intel, Nvidia and other semiconductor companies have explored the same concept. But the researchers want their silicon-interconnect fabric to go beyond the new packaging those companies are exploring to overcome what they view as fundamental problems with PCBs: their flexibility, their reliance on soldering and their size.
So how would they address those problems? It starts with "a relatively thick (500-µm to 1-mm) silicon wafer" to which "processors, memory dies, analog and RF chiplets, voltage-regulator modules, and even passive components such as inductors and capacitors can be directly bonded." That would also allow "micrometer-scale copper pillars built onto the silicon substrate" to replace solder bumps.
Those changes would "produce copper-to-copper bonds that are far more reliable than soldered bonds, with fewer materials involved," they said. But perhaps more importantly they would mean "the chip’s I/O ports can be spaced as little as 10 µm apart instead of 500 µm" so one could "therefore pack 2,500 times as many I/O ports on the silicon die without needing the package as a space transformer."
Silicon would also be a better heat conductor than the FR-4 material currently used in PCBs, they said, allowing "up to 70 percent more" heat extraction when two heatsinks are placed on the sides of the silicon-interconnect fabric. Better heat extraction means better performing components that don't have to be artificially constrained because otherwise they'd get too hot to run safely.
Gupta and Iyer studied how their silicon-interconnect fabric could affect the size of real-world systems. They found:
"In one study of server designs, we found that using packageless processors based on Si-IF can double the performance of conventional processors because of the higher connectivity and better heat dissipation. Even better, the size of the silicon “circuit board” (for want of a better term) can be reduced from 1,000 cm2 to 400 cm2. Shrinking the system that much has real implications for data-center real estate and the amount of cooling infrastructure needed. At the other extreme, we looked at a small Internet of Things system based on an Arm microcontoller. Using Si-IF here not only shrinks the size of the board by 70 percent but also reduces its weight from 20 grams to 8 grams."
Those are just the benefits afforded to current form factors. The researchers believe silicon-interconnect fabric "should let system designers create computers that would otherwise be impossible, or at least extremely impractical," too. That's assuming development on the technology continues, of course. Right now they're addressing its potential, not promising it's ready to be used in the real world. | <urn:uuid:328c2437-c97b-46f3-ac9a-e5b1aff0e940> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:21:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9541943073272705,
"score": 3.34375,
"token_count": 935,
"url": "https://www.tomshardware.com/news/researchers-kill-motherboard-silicon-interconnect-fabric,40475.html"
} |
Excellent teaching goes hand in hand with excellent research. This blog prepared by the Higher Education Academy (HEA) and University Alliance, ahead of its workshop event with senior university practitioners and key higher education stakeholders, explores the latest thinking on research-informed teaching and what it looks like. Diversity is a strength of our higher education sector – and research-informed teaching can vary widely. Promoting excellent teaching whatever its form enhances the student experience, improves student employability and enriches the research culture.
Read the full What does research-informed teaching look like? booklet here.
Research-informed teaching can take different forms. Examples include:
- research-led – where students are taught research findings in their field of study;
- research-oriented – where students learn research processes and methodologies;
- research-tutored – where students learn through critique and discussion between themselves and staff; and
- research-based learning – where students learn as researchers.
As the following case studies indicate, RIT offers many benefits to students, staff and higher education institutions as a whole. The case studies from Portsmouth University and Nottingham Trent University show that treating students as co-researchers supports student engagement within and beyond the formal curriculum, furthering knowledge and understanding, and in some cases contributing to the broader discipline. Such an approach can also increase student satisfaction, creating a sense of belonging to an institutional and/or disciplinary research culture and developing intellectual curiosity as well as research and communication skills. The Nottingham Trent case study also suggests that the experience has directly impacted on student performance.
RIT has also been found to support student employability, with the rise of work-based learning giving students the opportunity to participate and contribute through experiential learning, working as researchers on real world projects. The case study from Kingston University shows that this can then have wider benefits when students share their workplace experiences with peers.
Successful approaches to RIT, as the University of Lincoln case study demonstrates, focus on curriculum design, where students learn together with staff through joint activities and projects and are supported by structured interventions throughout their course, from year-one to the final-year project. However, challenges in implementing such an approach include a lack of support from the department or institution; the number and diversity of students requiring flexibility and adaptability; staff perceptions of their role and the feasibility of RIT; as well as difficulties faced by teaching-only practitioners in developing their own research.
To identify and recognise excellence in teaching many have argued for a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) – a model used in higher education to reflect on, and transform, teaching and learning practices (see University of Salford case study). SoTL focuses on the teaching and learning
strategies that underpin the curriculum, and promotes research-informed teaching. However, this approach has proved controversial and not everyone is convinced that it is the best way to promote excellent teaching. On the one hand, it has been championed for developing undergraduate research, providing a safe environment for early career academics to build their research experience and increasing student engagement. On the other, it has been criticised for a lack of definition and rigour, ethical issues around the power dynamic in staff-student collaborations, and having limitations for teaching-only practitioners who cover teaching for research-focused colleagues at the expense of their own scholarly development.
The case studies presented here seek to highlight the many different manifestations of research-informed teaching and to provoke discussion on how RIT can be used to support teaching excellence today.
Beaumont, C., O’Doherty, M. & Shannon, L. (2011) Reconceptualising Assessment Feedback: A Key to Improving Student Learning? Studies in Higher Education. 36 (6) 671-687
Bossio et al (2014) A Roadmap for Forming Successful Interdisciplinary Research Collaborations: A Reflective Approach. Higher Education Research and Development. 33 (2) 198-211
Collis, B. & Moonen, J. (2011) Flexibility in Higher Education: Revisiting Expectations. Communicar. English Ed. 19 (37) 15
Cook-Sather, A. (2013) Student-Faculty Partnership in Explorations of Pedagogical Practice: A Threshold Concept in Academic Development. International Journal for Academic Development. 19 (3) 186-98
Fanghanel, J. et al (2016) Defining and supporting the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL): A sector wide study. The Higher Education Academy. https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resource/defining-and-supporting-scholarship-teaching-and-learning-sotl-sector-wide-study [Accessed: 23/8/16]
Healey, M., Flint, A. & Harrington, K. (2014) Engagement Through Partnership: Students as Partners in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. The Higher Education Academy. https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/resources/engagement_through_partnership.pdf [Accessed: 23/8/16]
Healey, M., Jenkins, A. & Lea, J. (2014) Developing Research-Based Curricula in College-Based Higher Education. The Higher Education Academy. https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/resources/developing_research-based_curricula_in_cbhe_14.pdf [Accessed: 23/8/16]
Hoskins, S. & Mitchell, J. (2015) Innovative Pedagogies Series: Research-based Learning, Taking it a Step Further. The Higher Education Academy. https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/sherria_hoskins_final.pdf [Accessed:23/8/16]
Jenkins, A, Healey, M, and Zetter, R (2007) Linking Teaching and Research in Disciplines and Departments, The Higher Education Academy: York.
Kanuka, H. (2011) Keeping the Scholarship in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 5 (1) Article 3.
Kettle, J. (2013) Flexible Pedagogies: Employer Engagement and Work-Based Learning. The Higher Education Academy. https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/resources/ee_wbl_report.pdf [Accessed: 23/8/16]
Probert, B. (2013) Teaching-Focused Academic Appointments in Australian Universities: Recognition, Specialisation, or Stratification? Sydney Office for Learning and Teaching
Rowlett et al (2012) Characteristics of Excellence in Undergraduate Research (COEUR). Washington DC Council on Undergraduate Research
Russell Group (2014). ‘A Passion for Learning: The Student Experience at Russell Group Universities’ http://russellgroup.ac.uk/policy/publications/a-passion-for-learning-the-student-experience-at-russell-group-universities/ [Accessed: 23/8/16]
Scanlon, E. (2014) Scholarship in the Digital Age: Open Educational Resources, Publication and Public Engagement. British Journal of Educational Technology. 45 (1) 12-23
Stoakes, G. & Cooper, P. (2012). ‘Visualising the Research-Teaching Nexus’. In A. Miller, J. Sharp & J. Strong (Eds) What is Research-Led Teaching? Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives GuildHE CREST: London | <urn:uuid:a3f348f7-cc20-446f-bb90-f97fd62622dc> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:36:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9119057655334473,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 1605,
"url": "https://www.unialliance.ac.uk/2016/09/20/what-does-research-informed-teaching-rit-look-like/"
} |
Epispadias is a rare congenital (present at birth) abnormality that involves the opening of the urethra (the tube from which urine exit the bladder). In boys with epispadias, the urethra opens in top of the penis rather than the tip. The space between this opening and tip of the penis appears like an open book (gutter). In girls with epispadias, the urethral opening is towards the clitoris or even belly area. This results in the external genitalia and urethra not forming or functioning well.
Most boys and girls are born with genitals that look normal and work well. But some children are born with a condition called epispadias. Epispadias can produce a penis or urethra that don't work well or look normal.
There are many types of surgery that pediatric urologists can use to fix this problem. Here we offer information to help you speak to your child's urologist about options.
Male urinary tract
Female urinary tract
What Happens under Normal Conditions?
The urinary tract is like a plumbing system. It has special "pipes" that allow waste to flow through. The urinary tract is made up of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys act as a filter system for the blood. They remove toxins and keep useful protiens, sugar, salts, and minerals. Urine is the waste product. It is made in the kidneys and flows down two, 10 to 12-inch-long tubes called ureters. The ureters are about a quarter inch wide and have muscled walls. They push urine into the bladder.
The bladder can swell to store the urine until you're ready to drain it. It also closes the path so urine can't flow back into the kidneys.
The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body is called the urethra.
In males, the urethra is long. It starts at the bladder and runs through the prostate gland, perineum (the space between the scrotum and the anus), and penis. In females, the urethra is much shorter. It runs from the bladder in front of the vagina and opens outside the body.
Your urethra has muscles called sphincters. The sphincter complex (also called the bladder neck) is a ring-shaped muscle wrapped around the urethra. They help keep the urethra closed so urine doesn't leak before you're ready. These sphincters open up when the bladder contracts so you can release urine.
How Does Epispadias Affect Boys?
Epispadias is quite rare, affecting only 1 in 117,000 males. In boys with epispadias, the penis tends to be broad, short, and curved up (“dorsal chordee”). The pelvic bones are widely separated. Since the penis is attached to these bones, it results in a penis that's pulled back toward the body.
Normally, the opening of the urethra (the “meatus”) is at the tip of the penis. But in boys with epispadias, it's on top of the penis.
From this opening, a groove runs along the top of the penis to the end. The epispadias is classified based on the location of the meatus on the penis.
- Glanular epispadias: It is found on the head of the penis
- Penile epispadias: It is found along the shaft of the penis
- Penopubic epispadias: it is found or near the pubic bone
The position of the meatus can help predict the how well the bladder stores urine. If the meatus is close to the base of the penis (and the abdominal wall), the bladder sphincter is likely affected and it won't hold urine.
In most cases of penopubic epispadias, the bones of the pelvis don't come together in the front. The bladder sphincter doesn't close all the way since it's shaped more like a horseshoe than a ring. Because of this, urine leaks out. Most boys with penopubic epispadias, and about 2 of 3 with penile epispadias leak urine with stress. (Things like coughing and strenuous effort.) Most will need to have the bladder neck fixed with surgery.
Almost all boys with glanular epispadias have a good bladder neck. They can hold urine and toilet train normally. Still, the bend and abnormal opening of the penis will need to be fixed with surgery.
How Does Epispadias Affect Girls?
Epispadias is much more rare in girls, with only 1 of 484,000 cases. Girls who are affected have pubic bones that are separated to different degrees. This keeps the clitoris from connecting in the middle, resulting in 2 halves of the clitoris. The bladder neck is also almost always affected. Girls with epispadias likely leak urine with stress. (Things like coughing and strenuous effort.) In most cases, early surgical treatment can fix these problems. | <urn:uuid:e33ad29c-eb83-4a63-aacc-658b6afd1eaf> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:41:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9499170184135437,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 1089,
"url": "https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/epispadias"
} |
Gum disease (periodontal disease) is an inflammation in the gums, bone, and tissues that surround and support the teeth. Gum disease is most likely to affect adults over 30, although anyone is at risk. In the United States , about 66% of young adults, 80% of middle-aged people, and 90% of people older than 65 have some form of gum disease.
The form and severity of gum disease may vary depending on how gum tissues react to plaque and bacteria. It can affect all or part of the gums.
Early-stage gum disease (gingivitis) causes red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed. Because gingivitis usually doesn’t cause pain, many people mistakenly delay treatment. With care it can be reversed. See illustrations of a cross section of a tooth with gingivitis and of teeth and gums affected by gingivitis.
Advanced gum disease (periodontitis) develops if the disease progresses, and affects more than the gums. The gums pull away from the teeth, leaving deep pockets where plaque can grow and do further damage. Periodontitis can progress until the bones that support the teeth are damaged. Teeth may become loose, fall out, or require removal (extraction). See illustrations of a cross section of a tooth with periodontitis and of teeth and gums affected by periodontitis.
What causes gum disease?
- Gum disease is caused primarily by the growth of bacteria on the teeth and gums. The bacteria produce gum-irritating chemicals and form plaque on the teeth. The plaque causes a hard mineral buildup (calculus or tartar) to develop on the teeth.
- Cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco products may also cause gum disease.
- Some people may inherit a tendency toward developing gum disease.
- Some gum disease may occur because of other diseases or medications.
What are the symptoms of gum disease?
Healthy gums are pink and firm, fit snugly around the teeth, and do not bleed easily. Symptoms of early-stage gum disease (gingivitis) are red or swollen gums that may be tender and bleed easily when brushed or flossed. Gingivitis seldom causes pain.
Symptoms of gum disease (periodontitis) may include:
- Gums that bleed during brushing.
- Persistent bad breath that won’t go away with proper dental care.
- Gums that pull away from the teeth.
- Pus coming from the gums.
- Pus between the teeth and gums.
- A change in how your teeth fit together when you bite.
- Loose teeth or teeth that fall out.
- Red, swollen, or tender gums.
- Pus between the teeth and gums.
Diagnosing Gum Disease
Gum disease is diagnosed during a dental examination by your dentist, who will look for: Bleeding gums. Hard mineral deposits (calculus or tartar) above and below the gum line. Areas where your gums are pulling away from your teeth, or receding down the root of the tooth. Pockets that have formed between your teeth and gums. The dentist or dental hygienist may take X-rays of your teeth to look for bone damage and other problems.
Treating Gum Disease
Treatment for gum disease includes:
- Improved brushing and flossing, for mild gum disease.
- Antibiotics for an infection.
- Regular removal of hard mineral deposits (calculus or tartar) by means of root planing and scaling.
- Surgery, for severe gum disease.
Preventing Gum Disease
Gum disease usually can be prevented by:
- Brushing your teeth in the morning, after meals and snacks, and before bed.
- Flossing once a day.
- Visiting your dentist for regular checkups and teeth cleaning.
- Quitting tobacco use.
Periodontitis occurs when the inflammation of the gums progresses into the deeper underlying structures and bone. In the most common form of periodontitis, plaque (and sometimes calculus) is found below the gumline. The gums may feel irritated, appear bright red, and bleed easily. The ligaments holding the tooth in its socket break down and the gums pull away from the teeth, resulting in a periodontal pocket or space between the tooth and gum. The periodontal pocket deepens and fills with more bacteria. Supportive ligaments and bone start to show damage.
Moderate periodontal disease: notice the accumulation of calculus around the gumline. The gums are red, swollen and tender.
Calculus and plaque do not have to be evident to the naked eye for periodontal disease to be present. You need regular examinations performed by your oral health professional to assess your periodontal health and determine if periodontal disease is active in your mouth.
After non-surgical periodontal therapy (i.e. scaling). The gums have been restored to health. Notice the gums have receded, exposing the root of the tooth. This is due to the irreversible bone loss as a result of previous periodontal disease. This can lead to tooth sensitivity.
ADVANCED STATE OF PERIODONTITIS :
When periodontitis progresses to the advanced stage, the gums severely recede (pull away from the tooth ); pockets deepen and may be filled with pus.
There may be swelling around the root and you may experience sensitivity to hot or cold or feel pain when brushing your teeth. This is due to the severely receding gums exposing the root surface.
As bone loss increases, your teeth may lose so much support that they need to be removed to preserve the overall health of your mouth.
Adult gum disease is usually not painful. It can progress slowly. You may not even be aware of it until the advanced stages, when the tooth is in danger of being lost. Check your gums thoroughly and regularly. It is also important to go for regular checkups (at an interval schedule determined through collaboration with your oral health professional, based on your own personal needs). Your dental hygienist can detect the early stages of gum disease, when it is the easiest to treat.
Advanced periodontal disease: further progression of periodontitis with major loss of bone support. The teeth may lose so much support that they may be loose
Trench Mouth is a severe gum infection — earned its name because of its prevalence among soldiers on the front lines during World War I. Although it’s less common today, trench mouth still affects thousands of young adults between the ages of 15 and 35. The disease is also known by other names, including Vincent’s stomatitis and acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
Although the exact cause isn’t well understood, trench mouth seems to develop when factors such as poor oral hygiene, tobacco use and stress disrupt the balance between “good” and “bad” bacteria in your mouth. People whose immune systems are severely compromised by conditions such as HIV/AIDS are particularly at risk.
Trench mouth begins as a bacterial infection that causes inflamed, bleeding gums, but eventually, large ulcers may form on your gums and between your teeth. These are often extremely painful and can cause bad breath and a foul taste in your mouth.
When it’s not treated, the infection can spread to the inside of your cheeks, your lips or your jawbone, where it can damage or destroy vital tissues. Fortunately, regular brushing and flossing, professional tooth cleaning, and antibiotic therapy can usually clear up the infection. And continuing to practice good oral hygiene can help prevent future problems.
“Toothache” usually refers to pain around the teeth or jaws. In most instances, toothaches are caused by tooth or jaw problems, such as a dental cavity, a cracked tooth, an exposed tooth root, gum disease, disease of the jaw joint (temporo- mandibular joint), or spasms of the muscles used for chewing. The severity of a toothache can range from chronic and mild to sharp and excruciating. The pain may be aggravated by chewing or by cold or heat. A thorough oral examination, which includes dental x-rays, can help determine the cause, whether the toothache is coming from a tooth or jaw problem.
Sometimes, a toothache may be caused by a problem not originating from a tooth or the jaw. Pain around the teeth and the jaws can be symptoms of diseases of the heart (such as angina or heart attack), ears (such as inner or external ear infections), and sinuses (air passages of the cheek bones). For example, the pain of angina (inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle because of narrowing of the arteries to the heart) is usually located in the chest or the arm. However, in some patients with angina, a toothache or jaw pain are the only symptoms of their heart problem. Infections and diseases of the ears and sinuses can also cause pain around the teeth and jaws. Therefore, evaluations by both dentists and doctors are sometimes necessary to diagnose medical illnesses causing “toothache.”
Dental Causes of Toothache
Common dental causes of toothache include dental cavities, dental abscess, gum disease, irritation of the tooth root, cracked tooth syndrome, temporomandibular disease, impaction, and eruption.
The most common cause of a toothache is a dental cavity. Dental cavities (caries) are holes in the two outer layers of a tooth called the enamel and the dentin. The enamel is the outermost white hard surface and the dentin is the yellow layer just beneath the enamel. Both layers serve to protect the inner living tooth tissue called the pulp, where blood vessels and nerves reside. Certain bacteria in the mouth convert simple sugars into acid. The acid softens and (along with saliva) dissolves the enamel and dentin, creating cavities. Small shallow cavities may not cause pain and may be unnoticed by the patient. The larger deeper cavities can collect food debris. The inner living pulp of the affected tooth can become irritated by bacterial toxins or by foods that are cold, hot, sour, or sweet-causing toothache. Toothache from these larger cavities is the most common reason for visits to dentists.
Treatment of a small and shallow cavity usually involves a dental filling. Treatment of a larger cavity involves an onlay or crown. Treatment of a cavity that has penetrated and injured the pulp requires either a root canal procedure or extraction of the affected tooth. Injury to the pulp can lead to death of pulp tissue, resulting in tooth infection (dental abscess). The treatment of an infected tooth is either removal of the tooth or a root canal procedure. The root canal procedure involves removing the dying pulp tissue (thus avoiding or removing tooth infection) and replacing it with an inert material. The procedure is used in an attempt to save the dying tooth from extraction.
The second most common cause of toothache is gum disease. Gum disease refers to inflammation of the soft tissue (gingiva) and abnormal loss of bone that surrounds the teeth and holds them in place. Gum disease is caused by toxins secreted by bacteria in “plaque” that accumulate over time along the gum line. This plaque is a mixture of food, saliva, and bacteria. Early symptoms of gum disease include gum bleeding without pain. Pain is a symptom of more advanced gum disease as the loss of bone around the teeth leads to the formation of gum pockets. Bacteria in these pockets cause gum infection, swelling, pain, and further bone destruction. Advanced gum disease can cause loss of otherwise healthy teeth.
Treatment of early gum disease involves oral hygiene and removal of bacterial plaque. Moderate to advanced gum disease usually requires a thorough cleaning of the teeth and teeth roots called “root planing” and “subgingival curettage.” Root planing is the removal of plaque and tartar (hardened plaque) from exposed teeth roots while subgingival curettage refers to the removal of the surface of the inflamed layer of gum tissue. Both of these procedures are usually performed under local anesthesia and may be accompanied by the use of oral antibiotics to overcome gum infection or abscess. Follow-up treatment may include various types of gum surgeries. In advanced gum disease with significant bone destruction and loosening of teeth, teeth splinting or teeth extractions may be necessary.
Cracked Tooth Syndrome
“Cracked Tooth Syndrome” refers to toothache caused by a broken tooth (tooth fracture) without associated cavity or advanced gum disease. Biting on the area of tooth fracture can cause severe sharp pains. These fractures are usually due to chewing or biting hard objects such as hard candies, pencils, nuts, etc. Sometimes, the fracture can be seen by painting a special dye on the cracked tooth. Treatment usually involves protecting the tooth with a full-coverage gold or porcelain-fused-to-metal crown. However, if placing a crown does not relieve pain symptoms, a root canal procedure may be necessary.
Tooth Root Sensitivities
Chronic gum disease also contributes to toothache due to root sensitivities. The roots are the lower 2/3 of the teeth that are normally buried in bone. The bacterial toxins dissolve the bone around the roots and cause the gum and the bone to recede, exposing the roots. The exposed roots can become sensitive to cold, hot, and sour foods because they are no longer protected by healthy gum and bone. The sensitivities may be so severe that the patient avoids any cold or sour foods.
Early stages of root exposure can be treated with topical fluoride gels applied by the dentist or with special toothpastes (such as Sensodyne or Denquel) which contain fluorides and other minerals. These minerals are absorbed by the surface layer of the roots to make the roots stronger and less sensitive to the oral environment. If the root exposure causes injury and death of the inner living pulp tissue of the tooth, then a root canal procedure or tooth extraction may be necessary.
Temporo-Mandibular Joint Syndrome
Diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint(s) can cause pain, usually in front of one or both ears. The TMJ hinges the lower jaw (mandible) to the skull. Pain in the temporo-mandibular joint(s) can be caused by acute trauma (such as a blow to the face), inflammatory or degenerative arthritis, or by the mandible being pushed back towards the ears whenever the patient chews or swallows. Sometimes, muscles around the TMJ used for chewing can go into spasm, causing head and neck pain and difficulty opening mouth normally. These muscle spasms are aggravated by chewing or by life “stress,” which cause the patients to clench their teeth and further tighten these muscles. Temporary muscle spasms can also be caused by dental injections that are used to deliver local anesthetic for dental work or by the trauma of extracting impacted wisdom teeth.
Treatment of temporo-mandibular joint pain usually involves oral anti-inflammatory medicines like ibuprofen (Motrin) or naproxen (Naprosyn). Other measures include warm moist compresses to relax the joint areas, regular aerobic exercise to reduce stress, eating soft foods that do not require much chewing, and/or repositioning the mandible forward with a TMJ dental splint.
Repositioning the mandible forward with a splint relieves pressure on the nerves and blood vessels of the TMJ, and relieves pain. The splint changes the position of how the upper and lower teeth meet. To maintain this new position, the TMJ splint needs to be worn all the time, including mealtimes, indefinitely. In patients who do not wish to wear the splint indefinitely, alternative measures to maintain the new position include placing full-coverage crowns on all of the back teeth (bicuspids and molars) or by using dental braces.
Eruption & Impaction
Impacted (teeth pressing together) or erupting (tooth growing out or “cutting”) molar teeth (the large teeth in the back of the jaw) can cause pain. As the molar teeth erupt, the nearby tissues can become inflamed and swollen. Impacted teeth can require pain medication, antibiotics, and surgical removal. This most commonly occurs with impacted molar (wisdom) teeth.
The most common cause of a toothache is a dental cavity.
The second most common cause of toothache is gum disease.
A toothache can be caused by a problem that does not originate from a tooth or the jaw.
Dental cavities (caries) are holes in the two outer layers of a tooth called the enamel and the dentin. The enamel is the outermost white hard surface and the dentin is the yellow layer just beneath enamel. Both layers serve to protect the inner living tooth tissue called the pulp, where blood vessels and nerves reside. Dental cavities are common, affecting over 90% of the population. Small cavities may not cause pain, and may be unnoticed by the patient. The larger cavities can collect food, and the inner pulp of the affected tooth can become irritated by bacterial toxins, foods that are cold, hot, sour, or sweet-causing toothache. Toothache from these larger cavities is the number one reason for visits to dentists.
Cavity-causing bacteria in the mouth consume simple sugars, converting them into acid plaque. Acid plaque is different from the periodontal plaque that causes “Gum Disease.” The acid plaque produced by these bacteria cause the hard inorganic layers of the enamel and dentin to soften. The softened layers are then dissolved by saliva, leaving a hole (cavity) in the tooth. Unless filled by a dentist, the cavity can continue to erode and damage the inner pulp of the tooth. Damage to the pulp can lead to pulp death, infection and tooth abscess. Therefore, pulp damage will necessitate either tooth extraction or a root canal procedure where the dying pulp is removed and replaced with an inert material.
The enamel on baby teeth are immature and porous. It takes seven years for the porous, chalky enamel to be replaced by more mature, dense, hard, shiny enamel. Therefore children are more prone to cavities than adults.
Cavity-causing bacteria are difficult to eradicate because they are very similar to the other harmless bacteria that live in the oral cavity. The many cavity-causing bacteria include: Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria reside in the pits and fissures of the chewing (occlusal) surfaces of teeth. These bacteria can cause rampant tooth decay in young children ages 3-12, causing cavities in both baby teeth and the first permanent molars that erupt around age 6.
Six species of streptococcus bacteria attack the smooth surfaces on the sides of the teeth. These sides are usually touching adjacent teeth, and cavities arising on these sides can be difficult to detect visually. These cavities are best detected by the use of x-rays.
Odontomyces viscoses bacteria live on the back of the tongue and attack exposed cementum. Cementum is the hard outer layer of the tooth root (the bottom two thirds of tooth that is normally buried in dental bone). In older patients and in patients with gum disease, the tooth root and cementum become exposed and vulnerable to attack by these bacteria.
The number of cavities can be reduced by proper nutrition, good oral hygiene, fewer snacks in between meals, the use of oral or topical fluorides, and topical sealants.
Nutritional counseling – consuming less simple sugar (sucrose or table sugar) will reduce the number of acid- producing bacteria in the mouth. Adequate dietary calcium, phosphorous, vitamins A, D, and C promote healthy and strong enamel formation.
Eating fewer snacks in between meals – every snack is followed by an “acid attack” on the teeth. Therefore, snacking all day causes the teeth to be bathed in acid continuously. Fewer snacks and eating desserts only with meals help to reduce the number of “acid attacks” on teeth.
Home oral hygiene – brushing your teeth frequently helps reduce acid plaque damage to enamel, while frequent flossing removes the acid plaque from the smooth surfaces between teeth. If one cannot brush and floss immediately after a meal, he/she should try chewing self-cleaning foods at the end of the meal. These include apples and celery that are crunchy and help sweep away food debris and plaque. Chewing sugarless gum for a few minutes at the end of a meal can also help.
Before a dentist can fill a cavity, it must be thoroughly cleaned by hand instruments and mechanical rotary instruments, called handpieces. The clean cavity is then filled with either dental amalgam, composite material, gold, or porcelain to restore the tooth to its original shape and size.
The most economical, time-honored material is the silver filling (also known as dental amalgam). It is composed of silver, tin, traces of metallic mercury, and other compounds. Dental amalgam has been used safely in dentistry for nearly 150 years. While some people have raised concerns over the health effect of mercury in the dental amalgam, the actual amount of metallic mercury in dental amalgam is less than the mercury found in seafood or polluted air. Swedish and American scientists could find no correlation between having new silver fillings and changes in the levels of mercury in the blood or urine. The American Dental Association still supports dental amalgam as a safe and effective filling material, especially for the cavities on the chewing surfaces of back teeth (bicuspids and molars). The amalgam can be a health problem if the patient has a true allergy to mercury (true allergy to mercury is rare, and the condition must be ascertained by a physician).
A new filling material that is increasing in popularity is porcelain. Even though it is almost as expensive as gold, the color of porcelain filling can be matched to the natural tooth color. Two appointments are necessary to perform the porcelain filling. During the first appointment, the dentist cleans the cavity and takes an impression of the tooth. A dental laboratory then creates a stone model of the tooth and fabricates the porcelain filling from the tooth model. The porcelain filling is then cemented or “bonded” onto the tooth during a second appointment with the dentist.
Gold is an excellent material for filling teeth. It has good wear compatibility to the enamel of opposing and adjacent teeth. Gold adapts very well to the edges of a cavity and is totally inert or nontoxic. However gold is expensive, is unsightly in color, and is technically challenging to use. Therefore, gold fillings are rarely performed anymore.
An alternative to amalgam is the use of composites. Composites are plastic resins mixed with quartz fillers or other hard minerals for strength. Composites are widely used to fill cavities in the front teeth because they come in various shades that match the natural tooth color. However they are less suitable for cavities in the back teeth because they are softer than amalgam and more prone to wear down and chip with chewing. If the composites are inadequately “cured” with the special composite light, leakage of bacteria and saliva can occur under the filling. Such leakage causes tooth sensitivity to cold and sweets. Leakage also causes the decay process to recur under and around the composite filling, causing subsequent fracture of the tooth.
Advanced Colloidal Silver, Colloidal Gold and the other supplements we sell are not medicines and the information and opinions we offer are based upon use of these products as dietary supplements only. No statements contained on this website or in any material or communication generated by Utopia Silver Supplements are to be construed as claims or representations that any of our products are offered as medicines for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of any disease. We recommend that you do comprehensive research about colloidal silver, colloidal gold and all dietary supplements in general before accepting our opinions or the opinions of anyone else about how to care for your health.
We have no doctors on staff and do not offer medical advice concerning colloidal silver, colloidal gold or any other dietary supplements. Although you may choose to supplement with colloidal silver, colloidal gold, and other mineral and vitamin supplements we suggest that you consult a healthcare professional, preferably a qualified naturopathic doctor or one who has been trained in integrative medicine if you have a life or health threatening illness.
Utopia Silver Supplements has not solicited any governmental agency to evaluate or render approval for any statements, opinions, comments, testimonials, descriptions, advertisements, research and/or studies cited on this website and NONE OF THE STATEMENTS CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE CONSTRUED AS CLAIMS OR REPRESENTATIONS THAT ANY UTOPIA SILVER SUPPLEMENTS PRODUCT IS OFFERED AS A DRUG FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, CURE, MITIGATION,TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF DISEASE.
Utopia Silver Supplements, its’ ownership, management and employees do not assume the role of representative, fiduciary or surety on behalf of any agency(s), person(s), or individual(s) unless expressly agreed to in writing with full disclosure. Anyone purchasing our supplements and/or products is presumed to be a responsible Men and Women with certain God-given unalienable Rights who are making an informed decision about their healthcare. Lawful Notice & Disclaimers
This business for livelihood is conducted within the boundaries of the organic State of Texas, The United States of America. Common Law Copyright & Trademark, 2014-2015 All Rights Are Reserved, Without Prejudice (UCC 1.308) | <urn:uuid:6ad61a5f-07ad-4eb3-b0d8-5b942e0440d7> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:24:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9265661239624023,
"score": 3.765625,
"token_count": 5433,
"url": "https://www.utopiasilver.com/testimonials/cavities/"
} |
BELL LET’S TALK DAY 2019 OFFICIAL VIDEO: Today, every view of this video makes a difference. All you need to do is watch it and Bell will donate 5¢ to mental health initiatives. Share to help spread the word! #BellLetsTalk pic.twitter.com/zVdFiEafYl
— Bell Let's Talk (@Bell_LetsTalk) January 30, 2019
But on Bell Let’s Talk Day 2019, which takes place on Wednesday, it’s important to also listen, says Dr. Heather Fulton, a registered psychologist at the Burnaby Centre for Mental Health and Addiction.
“Let’s Talk is really important for reducing stigma and talking about mental illness,” said Fulton. “Part of that is, let’s listen to what people have to say.”
“Listening is really important because it communicates to that other person that their responses, feelings, thoughts and actions make sense and they’re understandable,” she said. “It’s not necessarily agreeing with them or you conveying that you like what they’re saying, but that you get them, you understand them and it helps that relationship.
“It can be one of the most powerful things that we do with someone.”
While many people think they’re good at listening, “perhaps they’re not actually as good as they think they are,” Fulton said.
Common pitfalls include the compulsion to dole out advice, “but feeling truly listened to and understood can be much more helpful than any advice or suggestions that we offer,” she said.
Another pitfall is depending on platitudes like “it happened for a reason” and “it made them a better person.”
“Often when we say those phrases, we say them because we feel uncomfortable, we don’t know how to help and we want them to feel better as fast as possible,” Fulton said. “But they rarely have that intended effect of helping the other person, and often they actually make a person feel worse.”
Instead, Fulton suggested practicing active listening by concentrating on what the other person is saying, and using nonverbal cues such as eye contact and nodding your head.
Further, stating feelings descriptively like “you felt ignored” and showing tolerance by trying to understand the person’s emotions and reactions based on their life circumstances are tested and true listening techniques.
“With listening… just listen. Be present,” Fulton said. “You don’t have to fix things, nor are you really able to. Just ask them how you can help anyways.
“Sometimes it might just be sitting and listening to them, bearing witness to some of their experience. Showing them that you’re not uncomfortable with them or their emotions can be really validating.” | <urn:uuid:aaf84a07-3d16-4f47-b9e1-318f4064bb76> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:38:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9627841711044312,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 619,
"url": "https://www.vicnews.com/news/on-bell-lets-talk-day-psychologist-says-lets-also-listen/"
} |
Drinking Water Quality
The quality of our drinking water can be affected in many ways. Soil or rock types, land use practices, pollution and even heavy rainfall can all affect the quality of our water. There is a complex process behind the way we treat, monitor and test your drinking water. Search the water quality in your area using the address search bar or map view below.
Please note that all exceedances are fully investigated to determine the cause and to ensure that appropriate corrective actions are carried out.
The drinking water quality results that will display for your Water Supply Zone are past water samples and may not reflect the current water quality results for your Water Supply Zone.
Irish Water is publishing drinking water quality results from January 2014 onwards. Any water quality sampling and testing carried out prior to January 2014 was the responsibility of your Local Authority. You can find the drinking water quality results from before January 2014 by visiting the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website. You can also view all supplies that are currently on the EPA's Remedial Action List (RAL) using the interactive map including the reason the supply is on the RAL and the expected completion date for the remedial works.
We have detailed information for most of the Water Supply Zones in Ireland and we welcome feedback from the public on Water Supply Zones where there may be limited data available. You can call us on 1890 278 278 with your feedback and working together, we can continuously update and improve this service into the future.
Need more information or have a question on drinking water quality?
Call Irish Water on 1850 278 278 | <urn:uuid:8a2496a3-7afc-4aa0-9932-ddcb9f7cbdfb> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:56:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9404244422912598,
"score": 2.78125,
"token_count": 321,
"url": "https://www.water.ie/water-supply/water-quality/index.xml"
} |
Within This Page
The focus of this resource page is primarily on acoustic comfort in offices, classrooms, and conference rooms, though the concepts may apply to other space types, as well. For other occupancies see the references at the end of this page.
Besides the design team's focusing on the project's functionality and aesthetics, building acoustics is so often given low priority because it competes for limited project dollars with a number of other project goals, including: sustainable design/development, physical security/anti-terrorism, information technology/telecommunications, and building automation and controls. What is the solution to incorporating acoustics into the project development process? Employ an integrated design approach.
Though there are some differences in the acoustical requirements of offices, classrooms, and conference rooms, several common noise problems affect these occupancies:
- Too much noise outside the building entering the space
- Too much noise from adjacent spaces, and
- Lack of sound control in the space itself.
Noise in these occupancies is typically not at a high enough level to be harmful to human hearing. Rather, the noise is distracting from concentration on work or study and provides less than ideal working and learning environments.
For each of the covered workplace occupancies, this paper will:
- address the sources of acoustical problems
- offer design guidance to control the acoustical problems
- identify accepted acoustical criteria, and
- describe the value of acoustic comfort to the employee.
- Avoid sites in high noise areas—airfields, highways, factories, and railways.
- Ensure compatibility with existing facilities—do not site a school in an industrial area, for example.
Determine what else is planned for the site in the future. Your building may be the first one built, but if future buildings are acoustically incompatible with yours, significant remediation measures may be necessary to return the interior sound environment to an acceptable level.
When the site is predetermined and is too noisy for an office building or educational facility:
- incorporate appropriate sound control measures
- avoid through-the-wall, package terminal air conditioners (PTAC)
- orient quiet spaces away from outside noise sources.
To protect the spaces in a building from noise from a nearby highway or railway, lay out the building so that restrooms, mechanical and electrical equipment rooms, and other less noise-sensitive spaces are adjacent to the roadway. When designing a campus near high noise activity, locate gymnasiums and other less noise-sensitive facilities closer to the noise source and place buildings needing quiet surroundings in the shadow of those facilities.
As always, while siting for noise control, incorporate sustainable site planning into the decision-making process.
It is more likely for a project to remain within budget if opportunities are sought to apply a single design approach to achieve multiple design objectives.
For example, an earth berm with low-growth, drought-tolerant plants can act as a noise barrier from highway traffic, can meet sustainable development principles, and can help meet security requirements for standoff distance from buildings.
Windows and glazing are key elements of the building envelope. These elements must allow daylight to enter the space, reject heat and glare, control sound and, for some projects, be blast resistant. The extent of windows and glazing, and their size and location are decisions that must be made in the project concept phase to ensure proper windows and glazing are chosen. Keep in mind that multiple glazing types are likely for many projects based on the building orientation, proximity of intrusive noise sources, and vulnerability assessments and risk analysis.
A. Open Office Environments
Open office environments provide greater flexibility than enclosed offices by using easy to relocate low-height, moveable partitions or systems furniture to form individual workspaces, rather than employing full-height permanent partitions. The initial cost for open office environments is less than that for enclosed offices and reconfiguration can be done rapidly at minimal cost. These factors have led to an increased use of open office environments in both the federal and private sectors. Acoustical problems have surfaced in open office environments causing employees distraction, stress, and interference with telephone conversation and normal work routine. How serious is the problem of poor workplace acoustics? The Center for the Built Environment (CBE) at U.C., Berkeley conducted post-occupancy Evaluation (POE) of 15 buildings by 4,096 respondents in a variety of office configurations. Over 60 percent of occupants in cubicles think acoustics interfere with their ability to get their job done.
The firm of HOK conducted post-occupancy evaluations of seven green buildings they designed. Though occupants of green buildings generally show a higher level of satisfaction with their built environment than do occupants of standard buildings, their buildings fall short in some key areas. Common complaints included: acoustics (too noisy, not enough privacy), thermal comfort (limited temperature control), and daylighting (too much glare and light spill).
Contributors to unacceptable noise in the workspace include indiscriminate use of speakerphones, low partition heights, ringing phones, noisy copy machines, and office chatter.
- Specify acoustical ceilings with noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of 0.75.
- Choose systems furniture with a 60 inch minimum height and have sound absorbing surfaces on both sides.
- Avoid placing lighting fixtures directly over partitions - they reflect sound to the adjacent cubicle.
- Locate copy machines in separate rooms away from offices and provide separate ventilation to minimize ozone in the workspace.
The ideal office environment would give workers individual control of temperature, lighting, and acoustics in their personal workspace.
B. Conference Rooms and Private Offices
Though conference rooms and private offices have stationary partitions from the floor to the suspended acoustical ceiling, acoustical problems can still occur.
Most workplace environments should have quiet havens—places where private conversations can occur without being heard in adjacent rooms or passageways for employee matters, contract negotiations, classified discussions, etc.
Some problems that occur in private offices:
- inability to have private discussions
- can hear sounds through partitions
- too noisy in room
- can hear sounds from air return registers
- Extend walls from floor to structural deck above.
- Insulate partition cavity/increase partition sound transmission class (STC).
- Specify NRC of 0.75 for ceiling tiles.
- Employ ducted air return system.
- Do not locate mechanical equipment rooms next to offices and conference rooms.
STC values for various occupancies can be found in UFC 3-450-01 Design: Noise and Vibration Control and Architectural Graphic Standards.
Classrooms are environments designated for learning, not just for school-age children, but for adult training as well. Classrooms have become multimedia communications environments, further increasing the importance of classroom acoustics.
Good acoustics for learning support easy verbal communication, which requires low noise levels and very little reverberation. In the past, classrooms may have been constructed without adequate consideration of sound acoustical principles. Sources of noise hampering students' concentration include:
- outside of the school (vehicular traffic and aircraft flyover)
- the hallways (foot traffic and conversation)
- other classrooms (amplified sound systems and inadequate partition sound transmission loss)
- mechanical equipment (compressors, boilers, and ventilation systems), and
- inside the classroom itself (reverberation).
To reduce noise from adjoining classrooms, do not have doors adjacent to each other or have doors directly across from each other. Rather, offset the door locations to extend the sound travel path from one classroom to the next. This strategy works well with conference rooms and private offices as well.
Daylighted Offices and Classrooms
When open ceilings are designed into a building project to optimize daylighting into offices and classrooms, quite often suspended acoustical ceilings are eliminated and the exposed surfaces are painted with highly reflective paint to throw daylight well into the space. The sound absorption value lost by the absence of the suspended ceiling must be replaced in other ways to prevent the space from becoming a highly reverberant field. High reverberation times are not conducive to concentration and effective learning.
For office areas with exposed ceiling structure, specify low reverberation times (0.6–0.8 seconds) to minimize echoing and unwanted sound reinforcement.
In other words, the majority of the effective sound absorbing materials in a space are in the suspended acoustical ceiling. If you design the space without a suspended acoustical ceiling, you must provide sound absorption somewhere else: partitions, banners, drapes, etc.
Carpet on the floor does not replace the lost overhead sound absorption though it reduces footfall noise.
HVAC Noise Issues
HVAC systems should be specified to have an ambient sound level compatible with the occupancy. If HVAC system is too noisy, conversation may be difficult. If HVAC is too quiet, unwanted conversations and other distracting noises will be heard. Productivity is affected. Follow recommended background noise reduction design criteria for typical occupancies in Architectural Graphic Standards. For example, in office buildings:
- small conference rooms NC 30–35
- small private offices, libraries NC 30–35
- general offices NC 35–40
- Computer rooms NC 40–50
HVAC acoustical strategies:
Avoid through-the-wall air return louvers that draw air from one room through another in private offices, conference rooms, and other rooms where confidential discussions are expected to occur. All air returns should be ducted.
Do not locate air supply or return registers close to each other on opposite sides of a partition wall. Doing so will cause sound to pass directly from one room to another, negating the acoustical value of the partition.
Specify quiet HVAC equipment. Though the price may be somewhat higher, the alternative of using standard equipment may lead to costly and disruptive remediation.
Natural ventilation using operable windows is desirable in appropriate climate zones. Before committing to that strategy, be aware of the outdoor acoustical environment around the building. Unacceptable levels of continuous or intermittent noise outside can preclude the use of this sustainable design strategy.
- What is it? — Sound masking introduces unobtrusive background sounds into the office environment to reduce interference from distracting office sounds and render speech from coworkers virtually unintelligible.
- Where and when to use it? — In open and closed office designs when ambient sound level is too low.
- Why use it? — To increase productivity, improve worker morale, and enhance speech privacy.
Sound masking works by producing sound electronically, similar to that of softly blowing air, which is projected through speakers installed above the tiles in the ceiling. This sound is evenly distributed throughout the area being masked and can be adjusted to the individual privacy requirements in any given area. In an open plan office without a suspended ceiling, speakers could be set on the systems furniture or even under the raised floor.
Sustainability and Acoustics
There may be opportunities to meet project sustainability goals in conjunction with good acoustical design if they are considered early in the project development phase. For example, a reinforced concrete wall may be recommended as a passive solar design strategy. If the building is located next to a busy highway or railway, that wall could provide the necessary sound transmission reduction to achieve an acceptable indoor acoustical environment. For projects having security requirements, that same wall could serve to mitigate blast. The key is getting the acoustical, security and sustainability consultants involved at project conception and use the integrated design process throughout the project.
Acoustical products like ceiling tiles, insulation, and carpeting, among others can help meet the project's sustainability goals since many of them are recyclable or are manufactured from recycled content. Ceiling tile and carpet tile manufacturers 'take back' their products that are damaged or at end-of-life. These programs are helping to eliminate the huge amounts of carpet and ceiling tile that used to end up in landfills.
The U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) for Schools Rating System is the first green building rating system to include both an acoustics prerequisite and credits for classroom design.
Directional sound is a new technology in fire safety. It is an audible means to lead people to safety. The varying tones and intensities coming from directional sound devices offer easy-to-understand cues for finding the ways out. Advantages of directional sounders:
- can lead people of all languages to exit
- audible clues can direct people with visual impairments
- especially helpful in smoke-filled environments
Relevant Codes and Standards
- ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook, Chapter 48, Sound and Vibration Control
- ANSI/ASA S12.60/Part 1 Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for Schools—Part 1: Permanent Schools
- ANSI/ASA S12.60/Part 2 Acoustical Performance Criteria, Design Requirements, and Guidelines for School—Part 2: Relocatable Classroom Factors
- ASTM E1374 Standard Guide for Open Office Acoustics and Applicable ASTM Standards
- ASTM E33.02 (1998) Open office acoustics. White Paper. ASTM Standardization News, 26 (12), 39-47.
- DG 1110-3-122 Design Guide for Interiors (Acoustics, p.5.5)
- NIH Citeria—References Material for the Design Policy and Guidelines
- UFGS 09 51 00 Acoustical Ceilings
- UFGS 09 83 13 Acoustical Wall Treatment
- UFGS 10 22 26.13 Accordion Folding Partitions
- UFGS 10 22 26.33 Folding Panel Partitions
- UFGS 10 22 26.43 Sliding Partitions
Applicable to a number of space types, some of which include sound control information applicable to that specific occupancy, including Atrium, Auditorium, Child Care, Clinic / Health Unit, Conference / Classroom, Courthouse: Courtrooms, Courthouse: Enhanced Office, Courthouse: Judicial Chamber, Firing Range, Hearing Room, Library, Physical Fitness (Exercise Room), Place of Worship, and Office
Accessible—Beyond Accessibility to Universal Design, Aesthetics—Engage the Integrated Design Process, Functional / Operational, Historic Preservation, Productive—Design for the Changing Workplace, Productive—Promote Health and Well-Being, Productive—Provide Comfortable Environments, Secure / Safe—Occupant Safety and Health, Sustainable—Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
Guides & Specifications
Organizations and Associations
- Acoustics.com—A Professional Design Resource
- Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
- American Speech-Hearing-Language Association (ASHA)
- American Society of Interior Designers (ASID)
- Institute of Noise Control Engineering (INCE)
- National Council of Acoustical Consultants (NCAC)
- Building Research Information Knowledgebase (BRIK)—an interactive portal offering online access to peer-reviewed research projects and case studies in all facets of building, from predesign, design, and construction through occupancy and reuse.
- Acoustic Quality in Office Workstations, as Assessed by Occupant Surveys by Jensen, K., and E. Arens. Proceedings, Indoor Air 2005, Beijing, China, Sept. 4-9, 2005.
- Architectural Graphic Standards by The American Institute of Architects. Available from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publishers
- Classroom Acoustics II: Acoustical Barriers to Learning by Acoustical Society of America
- High Performance School Buildings by the Sustainable Buildings Industry Council. Washington, DC: SBIC.
- National Research Council Canada - Acoustics Research
- NIH Design Policy and Guidelines (p. 15)
- PBS-P100 Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service, GSA. (Section 3.4, Special Design Considerations—Acoustics)
- Sound Matters – How to achieve acoustic comfort in the contemporary office by the GSA Public Buildings Service. 2011.
- Sound & Vibration: Design Guidelines for Health Care Facilities by the Acoustics Research Council. 2010.
- U.S. Courts Design Guide by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Washington, DC and General Services Administration (GSA).
- GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool (SFTool)—SFTool's immersive virtual environment addresses all your sustainability planning, designing and procurement needs. | <urn:uuid:b7dc7ed0-2cec-46f1-8cc6-301c957090f1> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T13:18:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9028249979019165,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 3462,
"url": "https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort"
} |
What's the biggest number you can think of? A million? A billion? A trillion? A gazillion? Infinity?
Long ago, mathematicians came up with an easy way of representing very large numbers. They created exponents (also called powers) to represent the mathematical function of multiplying a number by itself a certain number of times.
Let's look at some examples. If you see 102, 10 is the base and the 2 is the exponent or power. 102 means 10 to the second power or 10 multiplied by itself twice. Thus, 102 is the same as 10 X 10 or 100.
Likewise, 103 is the same as 10 x 10 x 10, which equals 1,000. Do you see a pattern? When 10 is the base, the exponent will be the number of zeroes after the 1 in the answer. So, 106 would be a 1 with 6 zeroes, or 1,000,000 (1 million).
Exponents work with any base. For example, 42 is the same as 4 x 4 (16) and 43 is the same as 4 x 4 x 4 (64).
How would 1 billion and 1 trillion be represented as exponents? One billion is 1 followed by 9 zeroes, or 109. One trillion is 1 followed by 12 zeroes, or 1012.
Believe it or not, mathematicians use numbers much bigger than 1 trillion. In 1938, a 9-year-old boy named Milton Sirotta, who was the nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, invented a new number that he called a googol. According to Milton, a googol is 10100, or 1 followed by 100 zeroes!
How big is a googol? Really, really big! Mathematicians believe a googol is bigger than the number of subatomic particles in the universe. Despite its size, a googol is still smaller than the total number of possible different games of chess (approximately 10120).
How big is a googolplex? If all the matter in the universe was turned into paper, it still wouldn't be enough paper to write down all the zeroes in a googolplex. Even if you tried to write out all the zeroes in a googolplex — and could write two numbers per second — it would take you longer than the age of the universe to write it down!
Googol and googolplex aren't used very often, except to show the difference between an incredibly large number and infinity…or to remind students how exponents can be used to generate huge numbers quickly.
The company wanted to convey that its Internet search engine could provide huge quantities of information for its users. Google's current headquarters in Mountain View, California, has come to be known as the Googleplex.
The Google search engine — a noun — has become so associated with Internet searching that google — a verb — was added to the dictionary. It means "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet." | <urn:uuid:a710ccd5-f776-4463-a5ed-4c56145e262a> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:39:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9578695297241211,
"score": 4.09375,
"token_count": 628,
"url": "https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-many-is-a-googol"
} |
The Central Pacific Coastal Forests stretch from southern Oregon to the northern tip of Vancouver Island. Major habitats of this diverse region include sea stacks, sandy beaches, rocky coastal cliffs, coastal headlands, tide pools, mud flats, salt marshes and estuaries, streams and rivers of various sizes, grass balds, and many forest types (Noss 1993).
Influenced by cool moist air from the ocean, the Central Pacific Coastal Forests experience frequent clouds and fog, with most precipitation occurring in the winter. Generally, precipitation is greater in the western half of the ecoregion. Annual rainfall ranges from 2000-4080 mm, with higher coastal mountain areas receiving the bulk of this precipitation. Mean annual temperature is around 13°C. Vancouver Island experiences a mean annual temperature of 8.5°C, averaging 13.5°C in the summer, and 3.5°C in the winter. The climate on the island is marked by warm summers and mild winters, being one of the mildest areas in Canada. Rainfall varies between 1500-3500 mm per year. Precipitation in the eastern side of the island ranges from 800-2500 mm per year. Climate in this ecoregion is a combination of alpine, subalpine and maritime south Pacific Cordilleran (ESWG 1995).
The forests of the Central Pacific Coast are among the most productive in the world, characterized by large trees, substantial woody debris, luxuriant growths of mosses and lichens on trees, and abundant ferns and herbs on the forest floor. The major forest complex consists of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), encompassing seral forests dominated by Douglas-fir and massive old-growth forests of fir, hemlock, western red cedar (Thuja plicata), and other species. These forests occur from sea level up to elevations of 700-1000 m in the Coast Range and Olympic Mountains. This forest type occupies a wide range of environments with variable composition and structure and includes such other species as grand fir (Abies grandis), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), and western white pine (Pinus monticola) (Franklin 1988).
On Vancouver Island, low-elevation coastal forest cover includes stands of western hemlock, Douglas-fir and amabilis fir (A. amabilis). Western hemlock, Douglas-fir and grand fir characterize most forests of eastern Vancouver Island. Drier sites support stands of western hemlock and western red cedar. The driest areas in eastern Vancouver Island are comprised of mixed stands of Douglas-fir and western hemlock with occasional Garry oak (Quercus garryana), Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) and arbutus (Arbutus menziesii). The subalpine forests are composed of mountain hemlock (T. mertensiana) and amabilis fir, with some yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and western hemlock in high elevation areas in eastern Vancouver Island. Coastal areas of British Columbia are best characterized as hydroriparian forest ecosystems, such that the hydrologic cycle is the most important ecological process influencing forest dynamics. High winds, sea salt spray and fog strongly influence forest dynamics. Fires are not as important as in other areas (ESWG 1995).
Although Douglas-fir is the most abundant species at lower elevations in the region, western hemlock is the major climax species. Douglas-fir typically dominates young forest because of its relatively large and hardy seedlings and rapid growth rate. Western hemlock and several other species of fir are more tolerant of shade, however, and in mature forest Douglas-fir cannot regenerate.
While hemlock and fir dominate much of the ecoregion, the cool, wet conditions along the coast create a narrow band of forests distinguished by Sitka spruce. With its high tolerance of salt spray, in areas near the ocean Sitka spruce may form nearly pure forests or co-dominate with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). The Sitka spruce zone–in which hemlocks also occur in large numbers–may be only a few kilometers in width and generally occurs below 150 m. Where mountains abut the coast, however, Sitka spruce forests may extend up to 600 m (Noss 1993). The alluvial rain forests of the western Olympic Peninsula are outstanding examples of the spruce-hemlock forest.
Riparian forests of this ecoregion are quite distinct from the Douglas-fir/hemlock forests. Broadleaf species such as black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and red alder (Alnus rubra) replace the otherwise ubiquitous conifers along the many rivers and streams of the Pacific Northwest. Occasional grasslands, sand dune and strand communities, rush meadows and marshes, and western red cedar and alder swamps, these last often formed by beaver activity, break up the conifer forests.
The Central Pacific Coastal Forests are among the richest temperate coniferous forests in North America for amphibians and birds. Gray’s Harbor in Washington, for example, is a critical migratory stopover site for shorebirds. Rare and endangered species found in this ecoregion include California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), hoary elfin butterfly (Incisalia polios obscurus), North Pacific plantain (Plantago macrocarpa), and possibly the Pacific fisher (Martes pennanti) (Noss 1993). Other characteristic wildlife include elk (Cervus elaphus), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus), coyote (Canis latrans), black bear (Ursus americanus), mink (Mustela vison), raccoon (Procyon lotor), grouse (Dendragapus spp.), seabirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl.
Human activity, particularly clearcut logging, plantation forestry, road building, agriculture, and development have heavily altered the Central Pacific Coastal Forests. Only about 4 percent of the region remains as intact habitat. Some ecosystem types, such as the coastal temperate rainforests in Oregon, have been virtually destroyed (Kellogg 1992).
Remaining Blocks of Intact Habitat
Several relatively large blocks of more or less intact habitat remain, as do a number of smaller patches. Important blocks include:
•Strathcona Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 2,193 km2
•Olympic National Park - northwestern Washington - 1,200 km2 (assuming that roughly half the park is forested) N.B.: Forests at the upper elevations of the park are Cascadian in nature and fall within the North Cascades Forest Ecoregion .
•Brooks Peninsula Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 380 km2
•Tahsish watershed - southwestern British Columbia
Degree of Fragmentation
Although heavily altered, most of the ecoregion remains forested. More than half of the remaining fragments have some degree of interaction with other intact habitat blocks.
Degree of Protection
The only protected habitats in this ecoregion are in national and provincial parks. Several of those protected areas, however, are relatively large and contain undisturbed forests. Human activities have significantly altered nearly all habitats outside the parks.
•Olympic National Park - northwestern Washington
•Strathcona Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 2193.04 km2
•Pacific Rim National Park - southwestern British Columbia - 499.6 km2
•Checleset Bay Ecological Reserve - southwestern British Columbia - 346.5 km2
•Brooks Peninsula Provincial Recreation Park - southwestern British Columbia - 287.8 km2
•Pacific Rim-West Coast Trail National Park - southwestern British Columbia - 263.3 km2
•Megin Watershed Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 213 km2
•Brooks-Nasparti Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 212.98 km2
•Cape Scott Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 150.7 km2
•Pacific Rim - Broken Islands Group National Park - southwestern British Columbia - 106.5 km2
•Tahshish - Kwois Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 106.27 km2
Types and Severity of Threats
So little intact habitat remains outside national and provincial parks that conversion of the Central Pacific Coastal Forests has ceased to be an important issue for conservationists. Degradation from pollution, grazing, burning, introduced species, road building, and excessive recreational impacts is causing significant mortality in some native plant communities.
Suite of Priority Activities to Enhance Biodiversity Conservation
•Establish protected areas where ecological gaps remain in the protected areas system, for example, in Clayoquot Sound.
•Extend Olympic National Park to connect coastal and upland sections.
The following areas in the Oregon Coast Range are high priorities for protection and restoration (Noss 1993). All require consolidation, road closures, and revegetation. These areas contain substantial old-growth and other late-successional forests, are of high value to fisheries and aquatic biodiversity, support numerous spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) nesting sites, and form important natural linkages in a network of significant sites:
•Cummins Creek/Rock Creek - 427 km2
•Drift Creek - 229 km2
•Mt. Hebo/Nestucca River - 506 km2
•Mary’s Peak/Grass Mountain - 141 km2
•Elliott State Forest - 364 km2
These five areas are among 31 proposed high priority reserves that together cover 5,065 km2, or over 23 percent of the Oregon Coast Range Bioregion. The high priority reserves by themselves are too small to conserve viable populations of wide ranging species or to maintain natural disturbance regimes. The high priority areas must be linked and insulated by reserves under slightly less strict protection and by multiple-use buffer zones. Together, these three classes of reserves would form a continuous network through the Coast Range.
•More protected areas are required that represent the middle and lower elevation coastal rainforest communities.
•Proper enforcement of the B.C. Forest Practices Code is required. Further damage to remaining salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) habitat must be avoided and other riparian habitats restored.
•Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, British Columbia Chapter
•Clayoquot Biosphere Project
•Friends of Ecological Reserves
•Friends of Strathcona Park
•Friends of the Stikine
•The Nature Conservancy, British Columbia
•Nature Trust of BC
•Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society
•Sierra Club, Western Canada
•Victoria Natural History Society
•Western Canada Wilderness Committee
•World Wildlife Fund Canada
Relationship to other classification schemes
Bailey combines the Central Pacific Coastal Forests and the Cascades into a single province. We follow Omernik by distinguishing the regions on the basis of climate, elevation, and dominant communities. We have further divided the area by delineating two ecoregions within the Cascades: British Columbia Mainland Coastal Forests [NA0506], which run from central Washington to northern British Columbia; and the Central and Southern Cascades Forests [NA0508] which run from Washington almost to the Oregon/California border. Although the mountains of the Olympic Peninsula fall entirely within the coastal ecoregion, like Omernik we include the higher elevation forests with the North Cascades ecoregion. Conservation strategies for the coastal and montane forests would be unwieldy if managed as a single large unit stretching nearly from California to the Yukon Territory.
The Canadian portion of the Central Pacific Coastal Forests rests on Vancouver Island (TEC 193 and 194) (Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). In addition to Southern and Northern Pacific Coast vegetation (2 and 3), Vancouver Island also has Coastal Subalpine forests (3) (Rowe 1972).
Prepared by: R. Noss, J. Strittholt, G. Orians, J. Adams, K. Kavanagh, M. Sims, G. Mann | <urn:uuid:ba54770e-bdaf-4bcd-9b1b-05cde80ccdc0> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:16:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8807175159454346,
"score": 3.890625,
"token_count": 2595,
"url": "https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0510"
} |
Adolescence is a time when young people are discovering their identity and planning for what life may bring. They are seeking significant relationships, and to impact their community. In this time of searching, vocation plays an important role in applying their faith and finding their God-given gifts and skills. Vocation helps to locate their unique roles in their communities and understand the satisfaction and joy in the Christian life.
Vocation describes more than a job, but encompasses every way that God uses His people as His hands and feet. God sends His people to serve the world trusting the Holy Spirit will work through them to open ears and hearts to receive the Gospel. Youth have vocations in their home, church, community, school, the workplace and beyond. As they grow, they take on new opportunities that can make a significant impact by fulfilling new duties in these realms. God uses their ordinary work to accomplish great things, even on the smallest of scales. As they develop new areas of vocation and move toward adulthood, opportunity for impact only grows.
Vocation teaches us that God uses the mundane, the grand, and everything in between to serve His purpose and plan. All roles matter and all show the love of God to every neighbor in need. As youth begin to understand the needs of the world, they can become overwhelmed. The teaching and living out of vocation can help youth to discover gifts and build confidence, but most importantly to see any contribution they make as an act and gift from God.
Vocation is not lived out alone, but in community. It encourages young people to interact across age gaps, with believers and non-believers alike. The relationships built through vocation help them to meet those who don’t know Jesus with His saving grace and love. Using their skills and gifts for their neighbor gives opportunity to share the Good News of Jesus in word and deed. Roles in life allow for young people to build relationships with those not their age and learn from their wisdom. They build relationships with teachers, coaches, pastors, bosses, friends’ parents, etc. In these relationships they can display warmth, challenge, and grace as shown to them by their congregation.
Most Christian denominations, including The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, face a shortage of clergy and trained church workers in the coming decades. As church workers retire, a great leadership void will occur at the local, regional, and national levels and in special areas of ministry (e.g. military chaplains). This void will negatively affect the mission of the Church and spiritual care of God’s people. Healthy congregations can be incubators for future church workers by providing support, encouragement, and foundational training to youth. They can be positive examples to young people who are watching by treating pastors and church workers well and displaying a healthy conflict and care. The home congregation has a wonderful opportunity to open the conversation about a life of service in the Church and point youth to the process for forming future workers.
The Lutheran understanding of vocation and the priesthood of all believers can be powerful for teens and young adults. As Generation Z moves through school and into the workforce, data is showing that they value their academic and work achievements, hobbies and activities as key pieces of their identity. God can use the healthy desire of these young people for action to spread the Gospel and help reflect God’s love in their everyday lives. | <urn:uuid:682ea1cc-108e-4ebb-8c21-265203805dd0> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:15:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9652010202407837,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 689,
"url": "https://www.youthesource.com/2019/07/02/congregations-help-every-young-person-live-out-their-unique-vocation/"
} |
TAKE CARE WITH COMPRESSED AIR, SAFETY GUIDELINES
- Never apply compressed air at your skin or direct it at another person or animal.
- When using air for cleaning, make sure the pressure does not exceed 30PSIG, as per OSHA regulations and always wear approved safety goggles or a face shield.
- Wear ear protection. Exposure to excessive noise can damage hearing. Noise reducing mufflers can be fitted to machines to lessen the effects of noise hazard.
- Never crimp, couple or uncouple pressurized hose. Shut off the valves and bleed down pressure before making any hose connections.
- Use heavy-duty clamps and fittings made especially for compressed air hose. Use only the correct type and size of hose end fittings and connectors.
- When blowing compressed air through a hose or air line, ensure that the open end is held securely. A free end can whip around and cause injuries. Open the supply air valve carefully and ensure that any ejected particles be restrained. A blocked hose can become a dangerous “compressed air gun”.
- Do not use air directly from a compressor for breathing purpose unless the system has been specifically designed for such purpose and suitable breathing air filters and regulators are in place.
- Only pressure vessels built to national or international standards should be used for air receivers. Never install safety relief valves that have a higher PSIG rating than the pressure vessel to which you are installing. | <urn:uuid:a4bb16e4-e1d0-451e-b60a-94ec5cc9a2d9> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T15:39:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9024425745010376,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 299,
"url": "https://www.zeldatools.com/safety-guidelines-air-compressor/"
} |
In today’s PSHE lesson, the children were discussing why we have money. They talked about the different ways of getting money and how to keep it safe. They realised that adults and children have different ways of getting money and how they spend it too.
Most of the children knew that money came from a bank but they didn’t give it away for free. They understood adults put money in their accounts from savings or earning. | <urn:uuid:9b24d3a9-3453-4047-9f52-0c5aa2909a15> | {
"date": "2020-01-25T14:37:55",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9855495691299438,
"score": 3.734375,
"token_count": 90,
"url": "https://year2.bellsfarm.org/?p=6512"
} |
Whereas the centripetal force is seen as a force which must be applied
by an external agent to force an object to move in a curved path, the centrifugal and coriolis forces are "effective forces" which are invoked to explain the behavior of objects from a frame of reference which is rotating.
The driver of a car on a curve is in a rotating reference frame and he could invoke a "centrifugal" force to explain why his coffee cup and the carton of eggs he has on the seat beside him tend to slide sideways. The friction of the seat or dashboard may not be sufficient to accelerate these objects in the curved path.
A person in a hovering helicopter above the car could describe the movement of the cup and the egg carton as just going straight while the car travels in a curved path. It is similar to the "broken string" example.
The centrifugal force is a useful concept when the most convenient reference frame is one which is moving in a curved path, and therefore experiencing a centripetal acceleration. Since the car above will be experiencing a centripetal acceleration v2/r, then an object of mass m on the seat will require a force mv2/r toward the center of the circle to stay at the same spot on the seat. From the reference frame of a person in the car, there seems to be an outward centrifugal force mv2/r acting to move the mass radially outward. In practical descriptive terms, you would say that your carton of eggs is more likely to slide outward if you have a higher speed around the curve (the velocity squared factor) and more likely to slide outward if you go around a sharper curve (the inverse dependence upon r). | <urn:uuid:3746245b-7588-4aba-8386-8680167c0b8e> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T09:53:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9401750564575195,
"score": 3.921875,
"token_count": 356,
"url": "http://230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/corf.html"
} |
Find out how and where to access: GP surgeries, dentists, counselling, mental health support groups, leisure facilities and much more...
Why focus on mental and physical health…?
There is often a misconception that mental ill health leads individuals to offend. The link between mental ill health and offending is very complex, in some ways due to the dual diagnosis issue around mental health and substance misuse.
Issues such as mood and anger management can contribute to offending behaviour through poor decision making and reactive behaviour. Equally, issues such as depression, anxiety and low mood are often barriers to individuals successfully engaging in supportive services of any kind. Therefore if intervention can be provided to address these concerns, then engagement in other services may follow more successfully and crime of a reactive nature may reduce.
Poor health of offenders is also a concern and can be due to poor lifestyle choices, long standing substance misuse concerns and chaotic lifestyles.
- 46% of prisoners having a long-standing illness or disability
By supporting individuals to access health services, not only will their physical health improve but their mental wellbeing will also improve along with their confidence and physical ability to engage in support that will address other negative factors in their life.
Whether mental ill-health leads to offending behaviour or not, it is acknowledged that levels of mental ill health are substantially higher among offenders than in the general population. Below are some statistics which highlight the need to effectively support this group in accessing appropriate services.
8% of prisoners suffer from schizophrenia or a delusional disorder, compared with 0.5% of the general population.
- 45% of prisoners suffer from a neurotic disorder (e.g. depression) compared with 14% of the general population.
- More than 70% of the prison population has two or more mental health disorders.
- Male prisoners are 14 times more likely to have two or more disorders than men in general, and female prisoners are 35 times more likely than women in general.
- The suicide rate in prisons is almost 15 times higher than in the general population: in 2002 the rate was 143 per 100,000 compared to 9 per 100,000 in the general population
- Approx 50% of adult offenders screen positively for childhood ADHD with 19% displaying persistant symptoms.
- Offenders with a diagnosis of ADHD or those who present with symptoms are involved in 8x more aggressive incidents than the general offender population.
- ADHD is most prevelant within the Prolific and Priority Offender population.
- With appropriate support and treatment for ADHD a 30% reduction in reoffending can be seen.
Despite the poor mental health profile found within the prison population, levels of service access are often not comparable to the level of need exhibited by this group. Few short-sentence prisoners are able to access prison based mental health services – with just one in 15 prisoners reporting receipt of help for a mental health problem while in custody.
Offenders managed in the community also encounter a range of barriers in accessing treatment from community mental health services. Barriers to service access were also encountered by offenders with a dual diagnosis of a mental health and substance misuse problem.
Whether or not offending individuals have a mental health concern prior to substance misuse or not, it is an area which needs to be addressed, if not in relation to reducing reoffending, as a platform from which other positive change can occur.
- (Social Exclusion Unit, 2004, quoting Psychiatric Morbidity Among Prisoners In England And Wales, 1998)
- (The National Service Framework For Mental Health: Five Years On, Department of Health, 2004; Samaritans Information Resource Pack, 2004)
If you would like to find out where and how to access services for mental and physical health, please use the search functions at the side of this page.
Alternatively, if you are an organisation that provides services under this pathway and would like to be a member of this site, please contact us. | <urn:uuid:75c4cf6b-a764-4400-86af-21345066052f> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T09:32:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9494401812553406,
"score": 3.140625,
"token_count": 800,
"url": "http://aimonline.org.uk/Health/Pathway/"
} |
37 books about inventors and inventions from thomas edison to steve jobs. from the light bulb to the internet, there' s an invention on this list of books for grades k- 8 to inspire every student.
hooray for inventors! by marcia williams – using colorful drawings and a comic book style, this book will introduce you to more than 100 inventors and their inventions. in this fun book you will find information about everything from the printing press and the radio, to toothpaste tubes, teddy bears, and the personal computer. at inventors’ lab ( a stem enrichment class for 3 – 6 year olds), we sing a different song each week to help kids learn and remember the science concepts that we are teaching.
( there are also lots of other benefits to using music in a stem class. ) you can find all our songs about science and inventors here.
Brainstorm inventors. What have you read for women’ s history month or what are your favorite women’ s history books? Net) showcases more than 100 off- beat gadgets and the inventors behind them. Summary: hooray for inventors! Only 7 left in stock ( more on the way).
— yellow brick road. We opened our doors in and provide literary programs for adults and children, including events with notable authors, book clubs, and story times. We publish good books, mostly in the american literary fiction and hooray for inventors books facebook narrative non- fiction sections, though we' re always looking for good international hooray for inventors books facebook titles. , hooray for inventors books facebook she says, " it is awesome to think that it' s only hooray for inventors books facebook comparatively recently that we' ve had electric light, yet now we hooray for inventors books facebook find it. Use teacher- selected research tools to organize these inventors by date of birth or the date of their most famous hooray for inventors books facebook invention.
Two inventors came to him with a new networking technology hooray for inventors books facebook and he wanted john to help make it possible. Remember you have to buy a separate log book for each hooray for inventors books facebook different idea, so inexpensive is sometimes the way to go. So john signed on, built the hooray for inventors books facebook " registers" at either hooray for inventors books facebook end of the line, and when hooray for inventors books facebook the inventors' new technology took the world by storm, john' s artisanal clock business took off.
Free shipping on orders over $ 25. 19, 676 people like this. The utter darkness that surrounded. Expertly curated help for hooray for inventors books facebook practical electronics for inventors.
In striving to enrich the lives of all readers, teachingbooks supports the first amendment and celebrates the right to read. Plus, get access to millions of step- by- step textbook solutions for thousands of other titles, a vast, searchable q& a library, and subject matter experts on standby 24/ 7 for homework help. 19, 771 people follow this. Interrogate the famous and not- so- famous inventors of antiquity to the present day.
Here are some gk questions for inventions and inventors. : lonnie johnson' s hooray for inventors books facebook super- soaking stream of inventions ( hardcover) by. Picture books are hooray for inventors books facebook the perfect way to celebrate children’ s innate to ability imagine fantastic hooray for inventors books facebook machines, invent new forms of travel and believe anything is possible. Two st paul' s students create prize- winning toy. These questions have been asked in competitive exams and there are chances to ask again in competitive exams. Discover who invented what and when.
Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for hooray for inventors! Here is the selective and important list of invention and inventors for all types of competitive exams. We have compiled a list of the highest rated books for inventors. 12 inspiring reads to celebrate women’ s history month – from historical figures and female inventors to pop culture icons and unsung heroes.
Cover: the cover on this book was really interesting to me. Ships from and sold by amazon. This item: hooray for inventors! 5 books all boys should read, from ' tao te ching' to ' who moved my cheese? Hooray for girl inventors! Marcia williams tells the stories of several famous inventors, and highlights the inventions of many lesser known hooray for inventors books facebook inventors as well.
Marcia williams has written and illustrated many books in her highly successful and hilarious comic- strip style. They are actual, real products that you can buy today. About young post. The inventors and creators book series by multiple authors includes books inventors and creators - matt groening, inventors and creators - the brothers grimm, inventors and creators - walt disney, and several more. Find fiction and nonfiction children’ s books, activities, and educational apps about inventions and inventors. In each weekly blog post, i cover one particular stem topic and all the activities we did to teach it, including books specific to that theme.
These aren' t hooray for inventors books facebook fictional gag gadgets. Here is a list of picture books about inventing and creating. Jewelry/ watches in irbil, iraq.
Books for inventors. More book recommendations on textbooks. Hawthorne books & literary arts. Books for inventors on inventions, patents and marketing. Popular inventors books showing 1- 50 of 385 whoosh! Hawthorne books is an independent literary press based in portland, oregon.
Ulous adult section. See the complete inventors and creators series book hooray for inventors books facebook list in order, box sets or omnibus editions, and companion titles. Log in register or login with facebook.
Bulletin of the center for children' s books, the in rambunctious good- humored comic strips and single- panel cartoons, marcia williams celebrates inventors both famous and forgotten. Then you hooray for inventors books facebook can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no kindle device required. The money was good, very good apparently. Inventor book store. Community hooray for inventors books facebook see all. The same considerations given to bound notebooks will apply - bound books only.
My students will use these resources to learn about how other people have created things. This inventors' handbook provides you with basic guidance on all the key stages of turning an invention into a commercial product. A perfect place to find books for children.
By debut author/ illustrator brian won is a fun and spirited book for the youngest set. Chris barton ( goodreads author) ( shelved 16 times as inventors) avg rating 4. Find what hooray for inventors books facebook you need for a school assignment. Inventors and inventions discover why famous inventors are famous. See more of time inventors on facebook.
Hooray for books hooray for inventors books facebook is a wonderful store. Presents information on over 100 inventors in comic book format. How is an inventor’ s page written? Of hooray for inventors! In this hooray for inventors books facebook list you will find books on the inventing process, patenting an invention, marketing, prototyping and the basics of getting your idea to market.
Picture books are a doorway for young children to walk through and discover a world of possibilities and that hooray for inventors books facebook is why it is important for writers hooray for inventors books facebook to give us stories about real women who believed that nothing was impossible if they could imagine it. All of these books to inspire young inventors and engineers are also great for stem and steam learning and for teaching growth mindset. Great place the buy gifts for avid readers. Nonfiction books about inventions and their amazing inventors. So these questions are for your practice. So, be sure to check those out.
Steve greenberg' s fascinating book about garage inventors, gadget nation: a journey through the eccentric world of invention ( www. These picture books for children are essential for teaching kids about stem and steam subjects. It’ s bright and colorful, and the illustrations are. My students need 14 books on inventions and famous inventors to inspire them to create inventions of their own. The internet got its start in the united states more than 50 years ago as a government weapon in the cold war.
I am requesting books on inventors and inventions that have changed our world. On this site, you' ll find lots of recommended children' s books hooray for inventors books facebook for kids agepreschool to second grade). Is a locally owned, independent bookstore in old town alexandria, virginia. 21 — 1, 464 ratings — published want to read saving. Create new account.
Lots of events for all ages. Inventions range from the ordinary to the extraordinary. This book is about inventor and inventions long ago, there were 6 men who like the build things. Their names were cyrus mccormick, john deere, samuel. These common and inexpensive ledger books can also be used as a log book.
Mostly kids, but we have ya & grownup books, too! When elephant' s feeling grumpy, he receives a surprise present, a stack of hats. Unlike technologies such as the light bulb or the telephone, the internet has no. Very important inventions and inventors gk questions for competitive exams. These stories both stand on their own, but also will hopefully inspire you and your child' s inner creative impulses!
, she says, " it is awesome to think that it' s only comparatively recently that we' ve had electric light, yet now we find it almost impossible to imagine life without it. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. Create text sets for elementary classrooms, homeschooling, and summer reading ( to help prevent the summer slide). He dons the hooray for inventors books facebook stack and marches off to show zebra, who' s. Explore the book’ s structures and features. After studying about these inventions, my students will have the opportunity to invent something,.
Choose and research an inventor from those ones presented on pages. Parents need to know that hooray for hat! The latest tweets from hooray for books! It also has a fab. By marcia williams paperback hooray for inventors books facebook $ 6. Highly recommend.
Let us know over on facebook. — natural history witty comic- style profiles take readers into the creative genius of eight inventors who changed the world. Hooray for books! Fabulous bookstore located in old town alexandria, va.
The staff is knowledgeable and hooray for inventors books facebook friendly. Read about what came. Young post covers the latest news, views and stories on hong kong students, school life, sport and local education, as. If there’ s one thing parents envy about their kids, it’ s their uninhibited imaginations. Now & ben: the modern inventions of benjamin franklin by gene barretta one side of.
our songs come from many sources: classic children’ s songs, websites dedicated to. read 6 reviews from the world' s largest community for readers. hip, hip, hooray! marcia williams wields her witty comic- book. | <urn:uuid:036e159b-9703-4f99-a3f8-df633eebfb46> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T08:36:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.931638777256012,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 2443,
"url": "http://aslo.tk/1327-hooray-for-inventors-books-facebook.html"
} |
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop.
Swollen hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Hemorrhoids are one of the most common causes of rectal bleeding. They're rarely dangerous and usually clear up in a couple of weeks. But you should see your doctor to make sure it's not a more serious condition. He can also remove hemorrhoids that won't go away or are very painful.
Internal hemorrhoids are far enough inside the rectum that you can't usually see or feel them. They don't generally hurt because you have few pain-sensing nerves there. Bleeding may be the only sign of them.
External hemorrhoids are under the skin around the anus, where there are many more pain-sensing nerves, so they tend to hurt as well as bleed.
Sometimes hemorrhoids prolapse, or get bigger and bulge outside the anal sphincter. Then you may be able to see them as moist bumps that are pinker than the surrounding area. And they're more likely to hurt, often when you poop.
Prolapsed hemorrhoids usually go back inside on their own. Even if they don't, they can often be gently pushed back into place.
A blood clot can form in an external hemorrhoid, turning it purple or blue. This is called a thrombosis. It can hurt and itch a lot and could bleed. When the clot dissolves, you may still have a bit of skin left over, which could get irritated.
Some people may be more likely to get hemorrhoids if other family members, like their parents, had them.
A buildup of pressure in your lower rectum can affect blood flow and make the veins there swell. That may happen from extra weight, when you're obese or pregnant. Or it could come from:
People who stand or sit for long stretches of time are at greater risk, too.
You may get them when you have constipation or diarrhea that doesn't clear up. Coughing, sneezing, and vomiting could make them worse.
Eat fiber. A good way to get it is from plant foods -- vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and legumes.
Drink water. It will help you avoid hard stools and constipation, so you strain less during bowel movements. Fruits and vegetables, which have fiber, also have water in them.
Exercise. Physical activity, like walking a half-hour every day, is another way to keep your blood and your bowels moving.
Don't wait to go. Use the toilet as soon as you feel the urge. | <urn:uuid:c9ce544a-8d80-46dc-a006-c41fb179ebe0> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T08:33:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.969027042388916,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 576,
"url": "http://bestclinic.co.in/subinnerpage?id=10"
} |
The first project of the Rich Earth Institute is an experiment in nutrient reclamation, using source-separated urine as a fertilizer (aka “pee-cycling”). Since 2012 we have been collecting urine from over 170 volunteer participants in and around Brattleboro, Vermont. After sanitizing the urine, we apply it to farmland that is producing hay. Throughout the process we collect detailed data on the effect of urine fertilizer on the quantity and quality of the hay harvest and on the properties of the soil.
We chose to focus first on urine because it contains the majority of plant nutrients found in human waste, making it both a valuable fertilizer in an agricultural setting and a significant pollutant in an aquatic environment. Getting urine out of wastewater and into agriculture accomplishes the lion's share of nutrient recycling, without having to contend with the pathogens present in feces, or the accompanying “ick factor.”
This is the first legally authorized and publicly documented community-scale urine reuse project in the United States. Research and field trials with urine fertilizer are underway in many countries throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia, but the United States has lagged behind. We hope that our ongoing research and demonstration project will help catalyze additional domestic research and serve as a model for other urine-recycling programs. | <urn:uuid:c58cc666-9dd6-42a5-bcab-d98b533d8dc2> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T10:30:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9230191707611084,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 263,
"url": "http://bestsepticvt.net/content/urine-nutrient-reclamation-project"
} |
August’s book of the month is Developing Research in Mathematics Education: Twenty Years of Communication, Cooperation and Collaboration in Europe, edited by Tommy Dreyfus, Michèle Artigue, Despina Potari, Susanne Prediger, and Kenneth Ruthven.
It is the first book in the series New Perspectives on Research in Mathematics Education, to be produced in association with the prestigious European Society for Research in Mathematics Education. This inaugural volume sets out broad advances in research in mathematics education which have accumulated over the last 20 years through the sustained exchange of ideas and collaboration between researchers in the field.
An impressive range of contributors provide specifically European and complementary global perspectives on major areas of research in the field on topics that include:
- the content domains of arithmetic, geometry, algebra, statistics, and probability;
- the mathematical processes of proving and modeling;
- teaching and learning at specific age levels from early years to university;
- teacher education, teaching and classroom practices;
- special aspects of teaching and learning mathematics such as creativity, affect, diversity, technology and history;
- theoretical perspectives and comparative approaches in mathematics education research.
This book is a fascinating compendium of state-of-the-art knowledge for all mathematics education researchers, graduate students, teacher educators and curriculum developers worldwide. | <urn:uuid:a154c0b0-cf8a-4a8f-885d-d723e6611578> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T11:08:06",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.907787561416626,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 270,
"url": "http://blog.kleinproject.org/?p=4424"
} |
Center for Women's History
Women’s history is American history. Bring it into your classroom with our new curriculum!
Major support for Women and the American Story provided by
Robert and Mercedes Eichholz Foundation
Curriculum website and learning experience made possible through a grant from
This program is supported as part of the Dutch Culture USA program by the Consulate General of the Netherlands in New York.
Lead support for New-York Historical's teacher programs provided by
Henry Timberlake, A Draught of the Cherokee Country, 1765. Ink on Paper. Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts, 5549.
Nancy Ward (Nanyehi)
A highly influential Cherokee leader, Ward was often present when the Cherokees negotiated with the U.S. government. As an elderly woman, she called on male tribal leaders to resist the Indian removal program. | <urn:uuid:8bb674c0-34db-4254-81c9-d28b40b96ddf> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T08:36:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9341877102851868,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 179,
"url": "http://brooklynrevealed.com/womens-history/education/curriculum/saving-washington/module-2-breaking-the-rules-women/life-stories/nancy-ward-nanyehi"
} |
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is one of most deadly poisonous gases, and the most common. Produced by incomplete combustion processes when burning fuels like propane, natural gas, methane, and even wood products, carbon monoxide invades the oxygen in the body, replacing it, causing the bloodstream to be ridden with carbon monoxide, which can lead to death.
There are many symptoms that come before this including headache, dizziness, nausea, confusion, vomiting, incapacitation, and trouble breathing. It’s important to be aware of how carbon monoxide can affect the body so if these symptoms occur you’re better prepared. It’s also important to note that the flu can be easily confused with carbon monoxide poisoning. Some aspects that are different include confusion and difficulty thinking clearly, which goes along with carbon monoxide poisoning but not the flu. Additionally, the flu carries fever with it, so a simple test with a thermometer will help you figure out which is which. However, going straight to the doctor or ER if symptoms are sever enough is the safest, most effective way to treat these behaviors.
Installing a carbon monoxide detector is absolutely necessary in any residence, as the gas can’t be detected any other way. It’s odorless, colorless, extremely light (lighter than air), and can emit high levels quickly. There are several different methods of detection offered, as well, according to Grainger Technical Resources, including:
- Detector tubes, which alert you of instantaneous carbon monoxide in the air at any time through detection media. When the gas is detection inside the confines of the tube, detection software changes color to indicate the levels of carbon monoxide and determine the dose.
- Portable carbon monoxide detection sensors monitor the levels of carbon monoxide in any given space. They are usually digital and produce both audio and visual alarms to alert users of danger. These devices are handy in confined spaces or even for recreational activities, such as camping, where there are open flames and fuels being used.
- Fixed-location detectors are installed in the home or the workplace and monitor the continuous levels of carbon monoxide. They sound an alarm when gas levels are too high and can be used alongside home monitoring systems and other transmitters. Some are even capable of opening doors and windows when carbon monoxide levels are high to prevent serious injury or harm.
In-home detectors can be digital, like Nest’s version. This system uses WiFi to connect users to monitoring at all times. If carbon monoxide levels reach a dangerous level, the monitoring system will sound an alert and can even contact you via cell phone if you’re out of town or not home.
Regardless of which system you have, it’s important that you have at least one monitor in your home, preferably installed in common areas outside of the bedrooms. Without them, you’re at an increasingly high risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.
If you or a loved one is exhibiting symptoms of carbon monoxide, make sure to exit the home, get to a doctor or hospital, and check all your appliances to see if any are in poor condition. The more we use our household tools, like furnaces, clothes dryers, water heaters, gas-powered stoves and ranges, grills, and even cars, the more we’re producing this dangerous gas. Keep your home well ventilated, never burn charcoal indoors, and always be sure to have your appliances professionally installed and checked at least once a year. Dangerous gases can build up in things like fireplaces and chimneys, so it’s integral to have them cleaned and tested to ensure everything is running as it should.
And, as always, never be shy about reaching out to a home security professional with questions or concerns regarding the best options for you and your family. | <urn:uuid:b4233e52-2327-4cfa-bf72-02c1bf4e6c59> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T09:05:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.926378071308136,
"score": 3.34375,
"token_count": 793,
"url": "http://carbonmonoxidesafety.net/tag/carbon-monoxide-detection-system/"
} |
开始时间: 01/25/2020 持续时间: Unknown
Is it possible to analyze a wide variety of social and economic problems using a unified framework? In the first module, we address this question. We will see that the concept of rational decision making is useful, but it is not quite sufficient to provide governing principles. Motivated examples and some history of game theory will be provided. You will also be asked to play a simple card game to see how it feels to make your decisions strategically. | <urn:uuid:69ce17ef-1909-40a6-b3d4-7aaff4c11a73> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T10:50:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8831453323364258,
"score": 3.34375,
"token_count": 114,
"url": "http://coursegraph.com/coursera-game-theory-introduction"
} |
1. What is CRZ ? Is it an Act or Rule or Regulation? What is effect ?
It is a notification issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and has got all the effects of law. Therefore the CRZ Notification is a law and everyone is bound by it.
2. Whether the CRZ notification applies to all rivers in the country ?
No . CRZ applies only to those water bodies which is affected by tidal action. Mere pushing of fresh water by tidal effect is not sufficient. The salinity in the said water body must be above 10 ppt (parts per thousand). In Kerala while preparing the Coastal Zone Management Plan , such water bodies affected by tidal effects are identified and demarcated. The copy of the Plan is available in Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Aakkulam, Thiruvanantpuaram . Smaller version of the said Plan is available in most of the libraries and Panchayat Offices.
3. How is it possible to ascertain whether one's property is affected by CRZ regulations ?
The State has prepared a Coastal Zone Management Plan identifying and classifying the coastal areas of the state. The said Plan prepared in December, 1995 identifies the CRZ areas in the state. It is available in all the Panchayats, Libraries and other important places. The bigger version is available in Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Aakkulam, Thiruvanantpuram . With the help of the said Plan it can be identified as to whether the property is affected by CRZ or not. For preparing a plan one has to approach the CESS, who is authorized by the Government of India
4. How the CRZ I , CRZ-II and CRZ-III can be easily identified ?
In the State of Kerala, all the Municipalities and Municipal Corporations are categorized as CRZ-II. All the Panchayats are classified as CRZ-III. All the CRZ-1 (ecologically sensitive areas) in Municipalities, Municipal Corporations, and Panchayats are separately marked. Pillars have been put in many places so as to identify HTL by the CESS. See one of the pillars put in Thiruvanathapuram area.
5. To what distance the CRZ applies ?
From the sea, a distance of 500 meters from High Tide Level is CRZ areas. For rivers, creeks and backwaters the distance of prohibition is 100 meters or the width of the river whichever is less. For backwater islands it has been reduced to 50 metres in the new CRZ Notification, 2011.
6. What steps should be taken to make constructions in coastal areas ?
In CRZ-III areas construction is possible on the land between 200 meters and 500 metres , subject to certain conditions. For that one has to make applications to the Kerala Coastal Zone Management Authority who will consider the same and will sanction, if it is in accordance with law. The application has to be forwarded through the concerned Panchayat/Municipal office
7. Does the Coastal Zone Management Authority have the power to grant exemption to any activity ?
NO. Granting of exemption from the purview of CRZ laws is not permitted. In fact the Government of India amended the notification in 1994 empowering them to grant exemption from CRZ on case to case basis. But the same was struck down by the Supreme Court stating that such power is arbitrary and struck down the provision as unconstitutional. Therefore it is not possible to grant exemption to any person from the applicability of the law.
8. To what construction the CRZ applies ?
CRZ applies to all constructions made after 19th February, 1991. The existing buildings can be re-constructed without changing the architectural character and subject to conditions.
THE ABOVE ANSWERS ARE ONLY SUGGESTONS AND THE READERS ARE REQUESTED TO READ THE FULL TEXT OF THE NOTIFICATION | <urn:uuid:a6ba9264-2959-4974-adfa-f89899c2b505> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T10:20:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9310991168022156,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 824,
"url": "http://crz.elaw.in/faq.html"
} |
When I was nine years old I saw a magazine that showed if you went really fast to Andromeda galaxy, then you’d age really slowly. The magazine suggested the round trip on Earth would take 2,000,000 years while the astronaut would age 20 (at least that’s what I think I remember). It also said that many scientists couldn’t believe this was true, and I knew at once I didn’t want to be like them. I promised myself, in a nine year old way, that I’d pay more attention to the means of getting the answers than to the answers themselves.
Einstein’s theories of relativity predicted this and there are probably no theories in science that have been more tested and proven right. The reason for these theories is odd measurements that showed nothing can go faster than the speed of light. This is very counter intuitive (so of course I love it). If we have two cars approaching each other at 99 mph a radar gun in one car would show the speed is 198 mph. If two spaceships were going at each other at 99% the speed of light, the radar gun (or any other way to measure it) would show the speed at a bit under the speed of light, not 198%.
To get this result means the faster you go the shorter your spaceship has to be and the slower time goes. This is in Einstein’s Special Relativity theory. Einstein’s General Relativity theory says the greater the gravity the slower time goes meaning if you’re closer to the Earth the slower time goes. This means time is a very local phenomenon. The passage of time for your feet is generally slower than for your head. And when you’re in a car driving down the street at 20 mph it’s slower than for you than for the people you left in the house.
The National Institute of Standards’ clocks are now so accurate they can measure these time differences. Check out this story on their website, “NIST Pair of Aluminum Atomic Clocks Reveal Einstein’s Relativity at a Personal Scale“. With expected improvements they’ll be able to measure time differences of 1 cm (less than ½-inch) elevation! Future improvements will bring this down to 1mm (about a dime’s thickness). Rocks my world, but I’ve loved accurate time ever since I ran across WWV on shortwave and after a while realized they were telling me time to better than 1 second accuracy. This was in an age when you’d be proud if your wrist watch was only off a minute a day. Now I wear a watch that resets itself nightly with WWV broadcasts to be less than 1/100 second off.
But one thing has kept me up a little later at nights lately. Another effect of near light speeds is increasing mass of the object. Those atomic particles they’re accelerating to huge velocities under the Swiss-French countryside to find the Higg’s particle weigh a lot more than they do when they’re sitting still.
The problem I have is imagining a big lead shield at the back of the spaceship protecting the astronauts. As it gets near light velocities doesn’t this get so much mass it turns into neutronium, just like a neutron star, with its gravity crushing the astronauts and sort of making it obvious who’s going really fast thus violating Special Relativity? I’ve done the requisite searches to understand this but have yet to find someone who seems to have a handle on this. If you find something let me know so I can sleep better! Please. | <urn:uuid:4635cc91-c846-4dfd-a99b-e4dc8ef0ccf4> | {
"date": "2020-01-27T09:27:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9609497785568237,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 754,
"url": "http://curiouswalkabout.com/tag/relativity-physics/"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.