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Those on the outside looking in – and seeking the rights freely accorded those on the inside – need advocates to argue their case. Taking on such tasks can indeed be an uphill battle, too. But, with a well-reasoned strategy, patience, and a calm, clear voice, breakthroughs are possible, as many have discovered over the past half century, thanks in large part to the efforts of a remarkable woman, the subject of the new documentary feature, “RBG” (web site, trailer).
Since 1980, Ruth Bader Ginsburg (“RBG”) has left quite a mark on the U.S. judicial landscape, first in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and then in the U.S. Supreme Court. In that time, she has played a pivotal role in joining the majority on a number of key decisions, as well as in penning numerous blistering dissents as part of a vocal minority. But what’s less known is the role that she undertook as a lawyer in the time leading up to her appointments to the bench, a period in which she quietly but significantly reshaped many aspects of everyday life for those seeking equal rights.
In particular, based on the victories of the civil rights movement of the 1960s, RBG employed a similar approach in tackling the women’s rights issues of the 1970s. Having acted as a self-described “kindergarten teacher” to a judicial bench occupied by an all-male, largely white panel of Supreme Court justices, Ginsburg calmly but clearly drew attention to the inherent discrimination against women in such areas as equal pay and benefits, frequently invoking the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. She used the term “kindergarten teacher” to describe her role, because she believed that she was providing the justices with a basic education into the existence of institutional (and often legally sanctioned) gender-based discrimination, an issue of which they had little to no awareness. Through measured, carefully delivered arguments in a number of cases, Ginsburg showed the unaware justices what it meant to be on the short end of the stick.
What’s more, to avoid being labeled a partisan feminist, RBG employed a fair, balanced approach to fulfilling her objective, not only in terms of the nature of her arguments, but also in terms of the types of cases she took on. In one suit, she represented a widower who was denied Social Security survivor benefits simply because he was a man, something to which widows were unreservedly entitled to upon the deaths of their husbands. By taking on this case, she demonstrated that fairness is fairness, regardless of gender, a core element of her approach in seeking equal rights for everyone, no matter what their sex.
Ginsburg’s success in these cases came about in large part from the lessons on her upbringing. Having been raised by a mother who taught her not to shout to make her point, RBG employed this strategy in her court arguments. As seen by her five wins in six cases before the Supreme Court, the approach obviously worked.
Ginsburg also believed in achieving results one step at a time – slow, steady progress made incrementally toward the ultimate goal. She learned this from observing the victories in the civil rights movement and believed that the same tactic would work in securing equal rights for women. Based on her track record in legal wins, as well as her subsequent court appointments, it would seem this strategy worked as well, too.
If you were to ask Ginsburg what helped her the most, however, she would say that it was the unwavering support she received from her adoring late husband, Martin, depicted in the film through archive footage dating back to their courtship days when they were undergraduates at Cornell University. In excerpts from Ginsburg’s testimony at her 1993 Supreme Court confirmation hearings, she credits her success to Martin, a man quite unusual for his generation in that he recognized her as much for her intellect as he did for her looks. Throughout her career, he supported her in all of her undertakings, even placing his own work life in a secondary position when necessary to help her advance. For his part, Martin saw the need for gender equality long before many of his peers and continually encouraged RBG to advance the cause, doing whatever he could to provide assistance and support.
RBG was fervent about the plight of women in part because she could relate to the burden of responsibility often placed upon them, especially those who sought to be wives and mothers while seeking to build careers. She experienced some of this herself while in law school; in addition to attending to her own studies, she was the mother of small children and cared for Martin while he battled a rare form of cancer at a time when he was trying to complete his own legal studies. For women to take on such huge responsibilities and receive second-class treatment was patently unacceptable and needed to be corrected.
Of course, Ginsburg’s life is not now and never has been all about career and responsibility. As the film shows, she’s an avid opera lover, having even appeared in some performances herself, as well as a strong patron of the arts. She enjoys the company of family, including her children and grandchildren. And, having experienced her own health challenges, she’s also an ardent fan of physical fitness to keep herself strong. Not bad for an 85-year-old who still works tirelessly at her job.
What’s more, RBG has demonstrated that it’s possible to rise above the great polarization affecting the country these days. This is illustrated through archival footage depicting her profound friendship with the late Justice Antonin Scalia. While Ginsburg and Scalia were known for being ideologically miles apart, she also made it clear that such philosophical differences needn’t be a barrier to friendship, as was very much the case with this seemingly mismatched odd couple. That, as much as anything, is a lesson many of us could stand to learn from these days.
Despite a slight tendency to gush about its subject, this informative, briskly paced documentary presents an in-depth look at the public and private life of this remarkable woman. Through interviews with Ginsburg, life-long friends, family members, peers, journalists and the politicians who helped shape her career, as well as a variety of archive footage and audio recordings, the film presents a balanced package of information that both enlightens and entertains. For those who are unfamiliar with her many accomplishments, this is must-see viewing.
An old saying maintains that one will catch more flies with honey than with dung. So, in an age where there’s plenty of that substance that so readily sticks to fans freely flying about, it’s comforting to know that there are still reasoned voices out there that can make their points known and build consensus without resorting to unbridled anger or becoming the embodiment of overblown bluster. RBG is one such person, and, no matter how much one agrees or disagrees with her ideologically, we’re all better off for having her in our presence. Her brand of calming, informed argument – even in dissent – is something we need more of if we hope to avoid slipping further into social and judicial chaos. But, even more than that, she presents us with viewpoints that get us to reconsider our views and expand the scope of our sense of inclusiveness in society. And we can probably never have enough of that.
A full review will appear in the near future by clicking here.
Seeking Justice from Behind Bars
Seeking justice is sometimes an unbelievably slow and difficult process. Bureaucratic procedures, sloppy investigative work and officials unwilling to admit making mistakes all contribute to needlessly complicating matters. The frustration can be exasperating for everyone involved, especially those who have been wrongfully convicted. Such is the case in the fact-based biographical drama “Crown Heights,” now available on DVD and video on demand (web site, trailer).
In 1980, 18-year-old Colin Warner (Lakeith Stanfield) was arrested, convicted and incarcerated for a murder he did not commit in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The young immigrant from Trinidad was not on the scene of the crime, nor did he know the victim. And the evidence used to convict him largely came from the coerced testimony of unreliable juvenile witnesses who essentially said anything to stop the relentless intimidating interrogation they were subjected to by NYPD detectives.
To make matters worse, when put on trial, Warner and co-defendant Anthony Gibson (Luke Forbes) were not represented by adequate legal counsel. And, when sentenced, they received different prison terms. Because he was a juvenile at the time of the shooting, Gibson, the perpetrator who actually pulled the trigger, was sentenced to 9 years to life, while Warner, an adult and who was characterized as a mere accomplice to the crime, earned 15 years to life – all for an offense in which he played no part.
Once behind bars, Warner had trouble adjusting to his surroundings, frequently having run-ins with brutal, harassing guards. One such encounter even landed him in solitary confinement for two years, it seemed like he would never escape his circumstances. That was not for a want of trying, though; appeals were launched on his behalf, but they were dismissed or bungled by inept, ill-prepared attorneys.
The pain of Warner’s circumstances weighed heavily not only on him, but also on those who cared about him, most notably his childhood friend, Carl “KC” King (Nnamdi Asomugha), and his onetime romantic interest, Antoinette (Natalie Paul). They organized fundraisers for Colin’s appeals and pursued every available channel to seek his freedom. Carl even went so far as to place his own family’s financial future in jeopardy to help out his friend, firmly convinced in his innocence and the need to be released from prison.
After more than 20 years behind bars, Warner finally caught a break. Thanks to his undying diligence, Carl secured the services of a new attorney, William Robedee (Bill Camp), who could clearly see the errors made in Colin’s prosecution, defense and previous appeals. He believed he could successfully make a case to get Warner out of jail and his conviction overturned. At last, it seemed, justice would finally be done.
“Crown Heights” effectively illustrates how the truth will out, no matter how long it takes and how difficult the process may be. Justice can be done, even when the deck seems heavily stacked against those seeking it. But, thanks to perseverance and the will to succeed, the proof will eventually surface to make such outcomes possible. Indeed, a little bit of conviction can go a long way toward overturning one that’s been wrongfully implemented.
This overlooked gem from 2017 spent only a short time in theaters, but it’s well worth the viewing time. The heartfelt performances by Stanfield and Asomugha, who earned an Independent Spirit Award nomination for best supporting actor, are truly outstanding, effectively depicting the hope, determination, frustration and heartache that each of them endured throughout this ordeal. The film also captures the claustrophobic feeling of incarceration, as well as the deplorable, demoralizing conditions of prison life, a true hell for anyone but especially so for the falsely convicted – of whom, the film pointedly notes, there are more than 120,000 such individuals who are erroneously behind bars in the U.S. today.
When justice is elusive, there may be a natural tendency to lash out and seek retribution at any cost, an outcome that’s more vengeance than justice. But such rash measures seldom produce the hoped-for results, especially when up against a rigid, slow-moving system. By having faith that the truth will surface and persistently pursuing the means to elevate it from the depths of obscurity, it is possible to secure the prized results – even when they’re seemingly nowhere to be seen.
A full review is available by clicking here.
What does it mean to be an enigma? Artists have been posing that question about themselves and their work for ages, but few have carried that off as successfully as one of the most inventive and singularly creative musicians of the past half century, a talent profiled in the new documentary “Grace Jones: Bloodlight and Bami” (web site, trailer).
When one is asked to describe the androgynous Jamaican-born singer, model and actress Grace Jones, it’s hard to come up with a definitive description. The genre-defying artist and performer is often portrayed as wild, passionate, fierce and unpredictable. Yet, as this new documentary feature shows, there are other, lesser-known sides to Amazing Grace.
Through this offering, viewers are let in on scenes of Jones as mother, daughter, sister, lover, grandmother and businesswoman. These everyday life situations, presented without narration and filmed like home movies, are intercut with concert performance footage, showing the stark contrast between her outrageous on-stage presence and the off-stage life she leads when not wowing audiences with her innovative music, gender-bending outfits and simple but mesmerizing stage settings.
Those everyday settings cover a lot of ground, too, including journeys to Paris, Tokyo, Moscow, London and New York for various modeling, performance and business matters, as well as an extended visit to her native Jamaica to reconnect with her roots and family. Out of makeup and costume, we see a very different Grace Jones, one who might as well be one of our neighbors and not the international superstar for which she’s better known.
As natural and at home as this film seeks to be, however, it’s not without its shortcomings. In some ways, the film feels “padded,” including considerable incidental (and largely insignificant) material that’s so superfluous and mundane that it could have easily been chopped out. And, while there are some insights into her background and upbringing, the movie sometimes feels lacking when it comes to defining its subject. There’s little back story into her storied past, both personally and professionally, and viewers find out little about the history of her musical, modeling and acting careers. While some of these holes in the story may be attributable to Jones’s inherent enigmatic nature, it’s a little frustrating that we don’t quite get to know her as well as we probably would like.
As a concert film, however, this offering rocks. Unlike many such works, which are plagued by shaky camera work and poor sound quality, there’s none of that here. The production values are top-notch, and they allow Grace to shine as the larger-than-life star that she truly is. And she shows it off well, too, something all of us probably wish we’ll be able to do as we approach 70.
Mysteries captivate most of us, and Grace Jones is a prime example of one. We may not come away from this film with as many answers as we might hope for, but we still get to see this human conundrum in full flower. And what a beauty she is.
Copyright © 2018, by Brent Marchant. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:196f8607-c5c5-4564-9f25-b40eaa3e7425> | {
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103,000 adolescents had an opioid use disorder in 2017.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068, NSDUH Series H-53). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHFFR2017/NSDUHFFR2017.htm#sud10 | <urn:uuid:2ddb85b9-7215-45c0-9be3-d94053e5ca84> | {
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On This Day October 19
1985 – The Norwegian band a-ha claims the top spot on the singles chart with “Take on Me. The accompanying music video features the band in a pencil-sketch animation combined with live action, which won six awards and was nominated for two others at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards.
1781 – Hopelessly trapped at Yorktown, Virginia, British General Lord Cornwallis surrenders 8,000 British soldiers and seamen to a larger Franco-American force, effectively bringing an end to the American Revolution. The event is known as the Siege of Yorktown.
1960 – The Cold War heats up as the U.S. imposes an embargo on exports to Cuba. The original embargo covers all exports except medicine and some food products. President John F. Kennedy expands the embargo to cover U.S. imports from Cuba, which is made permanent in early 1962.
1977 – An aviation icon, the supersonic Concorde SST, makes its first landing at New York’s JFK International Airport. The aircraft provides high-speed trans-Atlantic service until a 2003 Air France crash during takeoff from Paris that kills everyone on board.
1987 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average suffers the largest-ever one-day percentage decline, dropping 508 points (22.6 percent), in what comes to be known as “Black Monday.” It is a bigger collapse than what rocked Wall Street in 1929, right before the Great Depression.
1991 – What begins as a small fire on private property in the hills of Oakland, California grows into an inferno that consumes 2.5 square miles of mostly residential neighborhoods. The Oakland Hills Firestorm kills 25 people and injures 150 others, and destroys nearly 3,500 homes and apartments. | <urn:uuid:ce6d136c-2d58-4211-ae0b-6a937deb43ff> | {
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We’re now in the midst of pheasant shooting season! From the grading of the eggs, rearing the chicks to release into Ugbrooke Park, our pheasants are a year round commitment. Each stage is just as important as the next and the Ugbrooke team are heavily involved throughout, but did you know the history of the pheasant began over 2000 years ago?
In the beginning…
The most plausible theory as to how pheasants reached our shores is through import from France by Roman officers who bred them for the table. Although originally introduced by the Romans, the actual country of origin is still a much-debated topic. The most realistic answer is that pheasants were imported to Southern Europe from Asia.
After this, the first recorded documentary evidence of the existence of pheasants is in the year 1059 in relation to an order of King Harold. Although mentioned, it is not thought that they were widely distributed at this stage and Normans passed laws to ensure they were protected. These laws allowed the pheasant population to increase significantly and by 1100, Henry I granted the Abbot of Amesbury the right to kill pheasants.
It was not until practical hand-held firearms arrived in Britain around 1500 that shooting pheasant for sport really took off. Henry VIII is known to have enjoyed shooting and had a French priest appointed as a ‘fesaunt breeder’. Since this time, pheasant shooting has continued to be a popular Royal pastime.
Evolution of the driven shoot
Until the late 17th Century, birds were shot when stationary on the ground or perched. By the 18th Century, significant improvements in shotgun technology had been made and with the introduction of the double barrelled breech loading gun in the mid 19th Century saw the development of the driven shoot. A new concept at the time, instead of walking towards the birds, these shoots were formally organised with the guns at a fixed position or pegs whilst the birds were driven towards them. This technique, as we use today allows for more challenge with a variety of high flying birds and the Keeper able to control the amount and general direction of the birds.
Under their generic name, there are in fact a number of pheasant breeds throughout the UK including French, English, Scandinavian and American.
Look out for more information from Ugbrooke Park on what to look for in a variety of pheasant breeds including characteristics and flight patterns. If you’re interested in visiting us, speak to our team today! | <urn:uuid:d59f6513-4d96-4763-a4e3-837e7ab58a20> | {
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Within the Main Asteroid Belt, there are a number of larger bodies that have defied traditional classification. The largest among them is Ceres, which is followed by Vesta, Pallas, and Hygeia. Until recently, Ceres was thought to be the only object in the Main Belt large enough to undergo hydrostatic equilibrium – where an object is sufficiently massive that its gravity causes it to collapse into a roughly spherical shape.
Astronomers have discovered a distant body that’s more than 100 times farther from the Sun than Earth is. Its provisional designation is 2018 VG18, but they’ve nicknamed the planet “Farout.” Farout is the most distant body ever observed in our Solar System, at 120 astronomical units (AU) away.
The International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center announced Farout’s discovery on Monday, December 17th, 2018. This newly-discovered object is the result of a team of astronomers’ search for the elusive “Planet X” or “Planet 9,” a ninth major planet thought to exist at the furthest reaches of our Solar System, where its mass would shape the orbit of distant planets like Farout. The team hasn’t determined 2018 VG18’s orbit, so they don’t know if its orbit shows signs of influence from Planet X.
Astronomers have found a new dwarf planet way out beyond Pluto that never gets closer than 65 AUs to the Sun. It’s nicknamed “The Goblin” which is much more interesting than its science name, 2015 TG387. The Goblin’s orbit is consistent with the much-talked-about but yet-to-be-proven Planet 9.
This week, we return to our starting point, where Astronomy Cast began: Pluto. 11 years on, we have a whole new appreciate for the dwarf planet Pluto. We’ve visited it, probed it and taken pictures. It’s time for an update.
The Dawn probe continues to excite and amaze! Since it achieved orbit around Ceres in March of 2015, it has been sending back an impressive stream of data and images on the protoplanet. In addition to capturing pictures of the mysterious “bright spots” on Ceres’ surface, it has also revealed evidence of cryovolcanism and the possibility of an interior ocean that could even support life.
Most recently, the Dawn probe conducted observations of the protoplanet while it was at opposition – directly between the Sun and Ceres surface – on April 29th. From this position, the craft was able to capture pictures of the Occator Crater, which contains the brightest spot on Ceres. These images were then stitched together by members of the mission team in order to create a short movie that showcases the view Dawn had of the planet.
The images were snapped when the Dawn probe was at an altitude of about 20,000 km (12,000 mi) from Ceres’ surface. As you can see (by clicking on the image below), the short movie shows the protoplanet rotating so that the Occator Crater is featured prominently. This crater is unmistakable thanks to the way its bright spots (two side by side white dots) stand out from the bland, grey landscape.
This increase in brightness is attributable to the size of grains of material on the surface, as well as their degree of porosity. As scientists have known for some time (thanks to the Dawn mission data) these bright spots are salt deposits, which stand out because they are more reflective than their surrounding environment. But for the sake of movie, this contrast was enhanced further in order to highlight the difference.
The observations were conducted as part of the latest phase of the Dawn mission, where it is recording cosmic rays in order to refine its earlier measurements of Ceres’ underground environment. In order to conduct these readings, the probe has been placed through an intricate set of maneuvers designed to shift its orbit around Ceres. Towards the end of April, this placed the probe in a position directly between the Sun and Ceres.
Based on previous data collected by ground-based telescopes and spacecraft that have viewed planetary bodies at opposition, the Dawn team predicted that Ceres would appear brighter from this vantage point. But rather than simply providing for some beautiful images of Ceres’ surface, the pictures are expected to reveal new details of the surface that are not discernible by visual inspection.
For more than two years now, the Dawn probe has been observing Ceres from a range of illumination angles that exceed those made of just about any other body in the Solar System. These has provided scientists with the opportunity to gain new insights into its surface features, properties, and the forces which shape it. Such observations will come in very handy as they continue to probe Ceres’ surface for hints of what lies beneath.
For years, scientists have been of the opinion that Ceres’ harbors an interior ocean that could support life. In fact, the Dawn probe has already gathered spectral data that hinted at the presence of organic molecules on the surface, which were reasoned to have been kicked up when a meteor impacted the surface. Characterizing the surface and subsurface environments will help determine if this astronomical body really could support life.
At present, the Dawn probe is maintaining an elliptical orbit that is taking it farther away from Ceres. As of May 11th, NASA reported that the probe was in good health and functioning well, despite the malfunction that took place in April where it’s third reaction wheel failed. The Dawn mission has already been extended, and it is expected to operate around Ceres until 2017.
Discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh, Pluto was once thought to be the ninth and outermost planet of the Solar System. However, due to the formal definition adopted in 2006 at the 26th General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), Pluto ceased being the ninth planet of the Solar System and has become alternately known as a “Dwarf Planet”, “Plutiod”, Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) and Kuiper Belt Object (KBO).
Despite this change of designation, Pluto remains one of the most fascinating celestial bodies known to astronomers. In addition to having a very distant orbit around the Sun (and hence a very long orbital period) it also has the most eccentric orbit of any planet or minor planet in the Solar System. This makes for a rather long year on Pluto, which lasts the equivalent of 248 Earth years!
With an extreme eccentricity of 0.2488, Pluto’s distance from the Sun ranges from 4,436,820,000 km (2,756,912,133 mi) at perihelion to 7,375,930,000 km (4,583,190,418 mi) at aphelion. Meanwhile, it’s average distance (semi-major axis) from the Sun is 5,906,380,000 km (3,670,054,382 mi). Another way to look at it would be to say that it orbits the Sun at an average distance of 39.48 AU, ranging from 29.658 to 49.305 AU.
At its closest, Pluto actually crosses Neptune’s orbit and gets closer to the Sun. This orbital pattern takes place once every 500 years, after which the two objects then return to their initial positions and the cycle repeats. Their orbits also place them in a 2:3 mean-motion resonance, which means that for every two orbits Pluto makes around the Sun, Neptune makes three.
The 2:3 resonance between the two bodies is highly stable, and is preserved over millions of years. The last time this cycle took place was between 1979 to 1999, when Neptune was farther from the Sun than Pluto. Pluto reached perihelion in this cycle – i.e. its closest point to the Sun – on September 5th, 1989. Since 1999, Pluto returned to a position beyond that of Neptune, where it will remain for the following 228 years – i.e. until the year 2227.
Sidereal and Solar Day:
Much like the other bodies in our Solar System, Pluto also rotates on its axis. The time it takes for it to complete a single rotation on its axis is known as a “Sidereal Day”, while the amount of time it takes for the Sun to reach the same point in the sky is known as a “Solar Day”. But due to Pluto’s very long orbital period, a sidereal day and a solar day on Pluto are about the same – 6.4 Earth days (or 6 days, 9 hours, and 36 minutes).
It is also worth noting that Pluto and Charon (its largest moon) are actually more akin to a binary system rather than a planet-moon system. This means that the two worlds orbit each other, and that Charon is tidally locked around Pluto. In other words, Charon takes 6 days and 9 hours to orbit around Pluto – the same amount of time it takes for a day on Pluto. This also means that Charon is always in the same place in the sky when seen from Pluto.
In short, a single day on Pluto lasts the equivalent of about six and a half Earth days. A year on Pluto, meanwhile, lasts the equivalent of 248 Earth years, or 90,560 Earth days! And for the entire year, the moon is hanging overhead and looming large in the sky. But factor in Pluto’s axial tilt, and you will come to see just how odd an average year on Pluto is.
It has been estimated that for someone standing on the surface of Pluto, the Sun would appear about 1,000 times dimmer than it appears from Earth. So while the Sun would still be the brightest object in the sky, it would look more like a very bright star that a big yellow disk. But despite being very far from the Sun at any given time, Pluto’s eccentric orbit still results in some considerable seasonal variations.
On the whole, the surface temperature of Pluto does not change much. It’s surface temperatures are estimated to range from a low of 33 K (-240 °C; -400 °F ) to a high of 55 K (-218 °C; -360°F) – averaging at around 44 K (-229 °C; -380 °F). However, the amount of sunlight each side receives during the course of a year is vastly different.
Compared to most of the planets and their moons, the Pluto-Charon system is oriented perpendicular to its orbit. Much like Uranus, Pluto’s very high axial tilt (122 degrees) essentially means that it is orbiting on its side relative to its orbital plane. This means that at a solstice, one-quarter of Pluto’s surface experiences continuous daylight while the other experiences continuous darkness.
This is similar to what happens in the Arctic Circle, where the summer solstice is characterized by perpetual sunlight (i.e. the “Midnight Sun”) and the winter solstice by perpetual night (“Arctic Darkness”). But on Pluto, these phenomena affect nearly the entire planet, and the seasons last for close to a century.
Even if it is no longer considered a planet (though this could still change) Pluto still has some very fascinating quarks, all of which are just as worthy of study as those of the other eight planets. And the time it takes to complete a full year on Pluto, and all the seasonal changes it goes through, certainly rank among the top ten!
When Pluto was first discovered by Clybe Tombaugh in 1930, astronomers believed that they had found the ninth and outermost planet of the Solar System. In the decades that followed, what little we were able to learn about this distant world was the product of surveys conducted using Earth-based telescopes. Throughout this period, astronomers believed that Pluto was a dirty brown color.
In recent years, thanks to improved observations and the New Horizons mission, we have finally managed to obtain a clear picture of what Pluto looks like. In addition to information about its surface features, composition and tenuous atmosphere, much has been learned about Pluto’s appearance. Because of this, we now know that the one-time “ninth planet” of the Solar System is rich and varied in color.
With a mean density of 1.87 g/cm3, Pluto’s composition is differentiated between an icy mantle and a rocky core. The surface is composed of more than 98% nitrogen ice, with traces of methane and carbon monoxide. Scientists also suspect that Pluto’s internal structure is differentiated, with the rocky material having settled into a dense core surrounded by a mantle of water ice.
The diameter of the core is believed to be approximately 1700 km, which accounts for 70% of Pluto’s total diameter. Thanks to the decay of radioactive elements, it is possible that Pluto contains a subsurface ocean layer that is 100 to 180 km thick at the core–mantle boundary.
Pluto has a thin atmosphere consisting of nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO), which are in equilibrium with their ices on Pluto’s surface. However, the planet is so cold that during part of its orbit, the atmosphere congeals and falls to the surface. The average surface temperature is 44 K (-229 °C), ranging from 33 K (-240 °C) at aphelion to 55 K (-218 °C) at perihelion.
Pluto’s surface is very varied, with large differences in both brightness and color. Pluto’s surface also shows signs of heavy cratering, with ones on the dayside measuring 260 km (162 mi) in diameter. Tectonic features including scarps and troughs has also been seen in some areas, some as long as 600 km (370 miles).
Mountains have also been seen that are between 2 to 3 kilometers (6500 – 9800 ft) in elevation above their surroundings. Like much of the surface, these features are believed to be composed primarily of frozen nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, which are believed to sit atop a “bedrock” of frozen water ice.
The surface also has many dark, reddish patches due to the presence of tholins, which are created by charged particles from the Sun interacting with mixtures of methane and nitrogen. Pluto’s visual apparent magnitude averages 15.1, brightening to 13.65 at perihelion. In other words, the planet has a range of colors, including pale sections of off-white and light blue, to streaks of yellow and subtle orange, to large patches of deep red.
Overall, its appearance could be described as “ruddy”, given that the combination can lend it a somewhat brown and earthy appearance from a distance. In fact, prior to the New Horizon‘s mission, which provided the first high-resolution, close-up images of the planet, this is precisely what astronomers believed Pluto looked like.
Major Surface Features:
Several different regions (“regio”) have been characterized based on the notable features they possess. Perhaps the best known is the large, pale area nicknamed the “Heart” – aka. Tombaugh Regio (named after Pluto’s founder). This large bright area is located on the side of Pluto that lies opposite the side that faces Charon, and is named because of its distinctive shape.
Tombaugh Regio is about 1,590 km (990 mi) across and contains 3,400 m (11,000 ft) mountains made of water ice along its southwestern edge. The lack of craters suggests that its surface is relatively young (about 100 million years old) and hints at Pluto being geologically active. The Heart can be subdivided into two lobes, which are distinct geological features that are both bright in appearance.
The western lobe, Sputnik Planitia, is vast plain of nitrogen and carbon monoxide ices measuring 1000 km in width. It is divided into polygonal sections that are believed to be convection cells, which carry blocks of water ice and sublimation pits along towards the edge of the plain. This region is especially young (less than 10 million years old), which is indicated by its lack of cratering.
Then there is the large, dark area on the trailing hemisphere known as Cthulhu Regio (aka.the “Whale”). Named for its distinctive shape, this elongated, dark region along the equator is the largest dark feature on Pluto – measuring 2,990 km (1,860 mi) in length. The dark color is believed to be the result methane and nitrogen in the atmosphere interacting with ultraviolet light and cosmic rays, creating the dark particles (“tholins”) common to Pluto.
And then there are the “Brass Knuckles”, a series of equatorial dark areas on the leading hemisphere. These features average around 480 km (300 mi) in diameter, and are located along the equator between the Heart and the tail of the Whale.
New Horizons Mission:
The NH mission launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on January 19th, 2006. After swinging by Jupiter for a gravity boost and to conduct some scientific studies in February of 2007, it reached Pluto in the summer of 2015. Once there, it conducted a six month-long reconnaissance flyby of Pluto and its system of moons, culminating with a closest approach that occurred on July 14th, 2015.
The first images of Pluto acquired by NH were taken on September 21st to 24th, 2006, during a test of the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI). At the time, the probe was still at a distance of approximately 4.2 billion km (2.6 billion mi) or 28 AU, and the photos were released on November 28th, 2006. Between July 1st and 3rd, the first images were taken that were able to resolved Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, as separate objects.
Between July 19th–24th, 2014, the probe snapped 12 images of Charon revolving around Pluto, covering almost one full rotation at distances ranging from 429 to 422 million kilometers (267,000,000 to 262,000,000 mi). After a brief hibernation during its final approach, New Horizons “woke up” on Dec. 7th, 2014. Distant-encounter operations began on January 4th, 2015, and NH began taking images of Pluto as it grew closer.
During its closest approach (July 14th, 2015, at at 11:50 UTC), the NH probe passed within 12,500 km (7,800 mi) of Pluto. About 3 days before making its closest approach, long-range imaging of Pluto and Charon took place that were 40 km (25 mi) in resolution, which allowed for all sides of both bodies to be mapped out.
Close-range imaging also took place twice a day during this time to search for any indication of surface changes. The NH probe also analyzed Pluto’s atmosphere using its suite of scientific instruments. This included it’s ultraviolet imaging spectrometer (aka. Alice) and the Radio Science EXperiment (REX), which analyzed the composition and structure of Pluto’s atmosphere.
It’s Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) and Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) examined the interaction of Pluto’s high atmosphere with solar wind. Pluto’s diameter was also resolved by measuring the disappearance and reappearance of the radio occultation signal as the probe flew by behind Pluto. And the gravitational tug on the probe were used to determine Pluto’s mass and mass distribution.
All of this information has helped astronomers to make the first detailed maps of Pluto, and led to numerous discoveries about Pluto’s structure, composition, and the kinds of forces that actively shape its surface. The mission also led to the first true images of what Pluto looks like up close, revealing its true colors, it’s famous “Heart” region, and the many other now-famous features.
A new dwarf planet has been discovered beyond Neptune, in the disk of small icy worlds that resides there. The planet was discovered by an international team of astronomers as part of the Outer Solar Systems Origins Survey (OSSOS). The instrument that found it was the Canada-France Hawaii Telescope at Maunakea, Hawaii.
The planet is about 700 km in size, and has been given the name 2015 RR245. It was first sighted by Dr. JJ Kavelaars, of the National Research Council of Canada, in images taken in 2015. Dwarf planets are notoriously difficult to spot, but they’re important pieces of the puzzle in tracing the evolution of our Solar System.
Dr. Michele Bannister, of the University of Victoria in British Columbia, describes the moment when the planet was discovered: “There it was on the screen— this dot of light moving so slowly that it had to be at least twice as far as Neptune from the Sun.”
“The icy worlds beyond Neptune trace how the giant planets formed and then moved out from the Sun. They let us piece together the history of our Solar System. But almost all of these icy worlds are painfully small and faint: it’s really exciting to find one that’s large and bright enough that we can study it in detail.” said Bannister.
As the New Horizons mission has shown us, these far-flung, cold bodies can have exotic features in their geological landscapes. Where once Pluto, king of the dwarf planets, was thought to be a frozen body locked in time, New Horizons revealed it to be a much more dynamic place. The same may be true of RR245, but for now, not much is known about it.
The 700 km size number is really just a guess at this point. More measurements will need to be taken of its surface properties to verify its size. “It’s either small and shiny, or large and dull.” said Bannister.
As our Solar System evolved, most dwarf planets like RR245 were destroyed in collisions, or else flung out into deep space by gravitational interactions as the gas giants migrated to their current positions. RR245 is one of the few that have survived. It now spends its time the same way other dwarf planets like Pluto and Eris do, among the tens of thousands of small bodies that orbit the sun beyond Neptune.
RR245 has not been observed for long, so much of what’s known about its orbit will be refined by further observation. But at this point it appears to have a 700 year orbit around the Sun. And it looks like for at least the last 100 million years it has travelled its current, highly elliptical orbit. For hundreds of years, it has been further than 12 billion km (80 AU)from the Sun, but by 2096 it should come within 5 billion km (34 AU) of the Sun.
The discovery of RR 245 came as a bit of a surprise to the OSSOS team, as that’s not their primary role. “OSSOS was designed to map the orbital structure of the outer Solar System to decipher its history,” said Prof. Brett Gladman of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. “While not designed to efficiently detect dwarf planets, we’re delighted to have found one on such an interesting orbit”.
OSSOS has discovered over 500 hundred trans-Neptunian objects, but this is the first dwarf planet it’s found. “OSSOS is only possible due to the exceptional observing capabilities of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. CFHT is located at one of the best optical observing locations on Earth, is equipped with an enormous wide-field imager, and can quickly adapt its observing each night to new discoveries we make. This facility is truly world leading.” said Gladman.
A lot of work has been done to find dwarf planets in the far reaches of our Solar System. It may be that RR 245 is the last one we find. If there are any more out there, they may have to wait until larger and more powerful telescopes become available. In the mid-2020’s, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will come on-line in Chile. That ‘scope features a 3200 megapixel camera, and each image it captures will be the size of 40 full Moons. It’ll be hard for any remaining dwarf planets to hide from that kind of imaging power.
As for RR 245’s rather uninspiring name, it will have to do for a while. But as the discoverers of the new dwarf planet, the OSSOS team will get to submit their preferred name for the planet. After that, it’s up the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to settle on one.
What do you think? If this is indeed the last dwarf planet to be found in our Solar System what should we call it?
Pluto can’t seem to catch a break lately. After being reclassified in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union, it seemed that what had been the 9th planet of the Solar System was now relegated to the status of “dwarf planet” with the likes of Ceres, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake. Then came the recent announcements that the title of “Planet 9” may belong to an object ten times the mass of Earth located 700 AU from our Sun.
And now, new research has been produced that indicates that Pluto may need to be reclassified again. Using data provided by the New Horizons mission, researchers have shown that Pluto’s interaction with the Sun’s solar wind is unlike anything observed in the Solar System thus far. As a result, it would seem that the debate over how to classify Pluto, and indeed all astronomical bodies, is not yet over.
We continue our “Definitive Guide to Terraforming” series with a look at another body in our Solar System – the dwarf planet Ceres. Like many moons in the outer Solar System, Ceres is a world of ice and rock, and is the largest body in the Asteroid Belt. Humans beings could one day call it home, but could its surface also be made “Earth-like”?
In the Solar System’s Main Asteroid Belt, there are literally millions of celestial bodies to be found. And while the majority of these range in size from tiny rocks to planetesimals, there are also a handful of bodies that contain a significant percentage of the mass of the entire Asteroid Belt. Of these, the dwarf planet Ceres is the largest, constituting of about a third of the mass of the belt and being the sixth-largest body in the inner Solar System by mass and volume.
In addition to its size, Ceres is the only body in the Asteroid Belt that has achieved hydrostatic equilibrium – a state where an object becomes rounded by the force of its own gravity. On top of all that, it is believed that this dwarf planet has an interior ocean, one which contains about one-tenth of all the water found in the Earth’s oceans. For this reason, the idea of colonizing Ceres someday has some appeal, as well as terraforming. | <urn:uuid:e642941c-1397-4914-bd15-4f28cffb4df5> | {
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Equity Securities - Financial Investment Basics
Equity is the financial word for ownership: to have equity in something is to have financial ownership of it.1 min read
Equity is the financial word for ownership: to have equity in something is to have financial ownership of it.
In Real Estate
In the real estate markets, equity is the difference between the value of the property and the owner's debt against the property (i.e., the mortgage or property loan), though the title of ownership may be in her name, the owner's financial ownership (and perhaps "actual" ownership, depending how you look at it) is only as great as the equity she holds in the property.
In the securities market, equity refers to ownership in companies.
Security refers to an investment of money in the form of a contract, which itself has a monetary value and can be traded in a marketplace.
An equity security represents financial ownership in a publicly traded company. Equity securities are most commonly issued, purchased and traded in the form of common stock and preferred stock. Each share of stock represents a portion of ownership in the issuing company, and is therefore called equity.
Other Equity Securities
Other types of equity securities are warrants, which allow the holder to purchase stock from the issuer at a certain price over a long period of time, American Depository Receipts (ADRs), which represent the receipt of US company shares in a non-US corporation, and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), which are publicly traded companies that manage real estate investments with the intention of earning profit for shareholders. | <urn:uuid:979dbb66-423d-494a-b8cc-23c16178d12b> | {
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Alternate Activity 1: Sharing Affirmations Ritual
Activity time: 15 minutes
Materials for Activity
- Votive candles or tea lights, and a lighter and extinguisher; or, a set of LED/battery-operated votive candles, enough for all participants
- Optional: A large, clear bowl and a selection of stones on a large plate (at least one for each participant)
Preparation for Activity
- Decide whether to use candles or stones and obtain needed materials. The clear bowl of water and the plate of stones from the Session 3 Opening may serve very well.
- Set up the candles, the tray of sand, and the lighter and extinguisher (or the bowl of water and the stones) near the chalice.
Description of Activity
This sharing ritual is an adaptation of the candle-lighting ritual conducted in many Unitarian Universalist congregations known as "sharing of joys and concerns."
Invite participants to come forward and either light a candle or select a stone to drop in the bowl of water. Encourage them, as they do so, to share a few brief words about how and when they feel affirmed (for example, "I feel affirmed when I know I am being listened to"). To conclude the ritual, light one final candle for "all the affirmations we will receive or give to others until we gather again in community."
Including All Participants
Make it clear that sharing is voluntary; participants who feel uncomfortable sharing in the group may choose to pass. If any participant is unable to move forward to light a candle or drop a stone in the bowl, invite one participant to light each candle or drop each stone as thoughts are shared. Setting the candles or stones in the center of a circle rather than on a table up front might make it easier for someone with limited mobility to participate.
As with any activity which involves sharing personal thoughts, some participants may feel uncomfortable. Remind the group that it is always okay to pass and that it is important to respect the person who is sharing by listening to their words without interruption, comment, or judgment. | <urn:uuid:02963636-e49e-40c9-9d33-87302728265f> | {
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“To write a program which gives correct output is not the acme of skill but to write a program which gives correct output efficiently and elegantly is.”
The objective of this blog is to share my thoughts on how students should approach programming problems. The idea is to inculcate algorithmic thinking in students, so that they can write programs which not only gives correct output but do so efficiently and elegantly. Students must understand that writing a program which gives correct result is the minimum requirement for any program. I have noticed that mostly computer teachers emphasize on correctness of the program and efficiency sometimes doesn’t even comes in the picture, even for simple things.
I will illustrate my point with the help of a simple example: If I ask someone whether 1,000 is a prime number or not, is that person going to divide 1,000 by all numbers from 2 to 999! Definitely not, Then why should the computer be made to count from 2 to all the way up to 999 one at time to determine if 1,000 is a prime number or not. Why not just check for 2 separately as it is the only even prime number ?!. Why not eliminate all even numbers other than 2 ?!
The above example is mostly common sense and some basic mathematics. I have experienced that if we initiate and encourage students to think for a while before jumping on code directly, think in terms of efficiency becomes a second nature after sometime. The number of websites and blogs giving solved problems without any explanation or regards to efficiency are as numerous as the quills on a porcupine. This blog is my attempt to address the problem of scarcity of quality programming related content. I will be posting problems along with programs accompanied by proper explanation. The programs I intend to post would be efficient and will incorporate best practices like proper use of function and mnemonic variable names. | <urn:uuid:dd7c725d-c640-42b2-b7ac-38f5783a3120> | {
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What is Rapid Prototyping?
Brass castings made through our Rapid Prototyping process
‘Rapid Prototyping’ or ‘3D Printing’ – the creation of a solid, three-dimensional object by any one of several methods, be it extruding tiny droplets of molten plastic, through sintering powdered metal with a laser, to selectively setting liquid resin which reacts to ultra-violet light. About the only feature common to all methods is that the material is built up as a series of very thin layers one atop the other. Some methods give coarse detail but the material is very strong, some methods produce exquisite detail but are very slow and therefore expensive, plus the material is usually very soft/weak/brittle.
RP is often sole topic of conversation at gatherings of modellers, but yet it remains shrouded in mystery. What’s worse is, often the end result doesn’t live up to the supposed capabilities of the technology. Why is this, we all wonder? Part of the problem is that a lot depends on the skill of the designer in selecting the best method and material for the job and in designing how an object fits together.
What we can do for you
Paul has worked professionally for over ten years as a CAD draughtsman specialising in marine engineering, with much time spent working in 3D, so he understands the why’s and wherefore’s of how to build things, and perhaps most importantly, how to build things for the least cost. He also knows how to communicate clearly, how to listen properly, and takes care to ensure that he is delivering what the customer wants.
Woodsworks can supply .stl (Surface Tessellation Language) files for the customer to use themselves, or arrange the production of finished parts by handling all stages from design and mastering in resin through to casting of copies in brass.
Just Contact Us to make use of our rapid prototyping service. | <urn:uuid:ee0fdb5d-96b8-4ac5-b10a-493822e1d91f> | {
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Turkey has suffered from some of the worst earthquakes in the world. In August 1999, a 7.6 magnitude quake decimated the country, leaving more than 17,000 people dead and close to 45,000 injured. In the 21st century, quakes have hit sporadically in Turkey, killing hundreds.
Earthquakes are very hard to predict, but it's important to be prepared and know how to stay safe when traveling to destinations where earthquakes do happen.
Here's what you need to know about earthquakes in Turkey.
Turkey's main source of earthquake activity comes from a set of fault lines running across the north, from west to east, and concentrating southwest of Istanbul. This was the set that caused the major quake in 1999, and many others.
Click here to see a graph which details peak ground acceleration over the past 50 years in the Mediterranean. We won‘t go too deep into the science, but peak ground acceleration is essentially the measurement of how hard the earth shakes in a given area. All we need to say is that the really dark red bits are Turkey. And we all know that on any map, red usually does not equal anything good.
In the past 30 years, ten major earthquakes have been recorded in Turkey, claiming the lives of 20,173 people. During this time, they have occurred in clusters.
One hit in 1983, but the next would not wreck havoc until 1992 and 1995. Then, six quakes hit between 1998 and 2003. The next would not appear until 2010.
The high death toll from the quakes has been partly due to poor architectural and material quality of some Turkish buildings. The government has acknowledged this and now imposes stricter building codes.
Like most things when you travel, it's all relative. You should worry more about motor safety than getting stuck in the thick of a Turkish earthquake. But on a simple level, it's the harrowing images of a devastating shake that stay with us on a visceral level – and it's those images that spark fear. The mundane idea of motoring, while it's actually a deadlier aspect of Turkey, just doesn't resonate in the same way.
You can buy at home or while traveling, and claim online from anywhere in the world. With 150+ adventure activities covered and 24/7 emergency assistance.
Travelers in Turkey are at more risk of being overfed by their delightful Turkish hosts than they are of running into any sort of violent crime. But here's what you need to know before you go to stay safe.
Is Turkey safe for women? Common sense tips and a few handy bits of advice for women to feel and stay safe in Turkey. | <urn:uuid:7f45045f-10ce-4712-afc0-8b137cf24ce0> | {
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Days on which in the early Church fast was observed until the Hour of None (between twelve and three o'clock), later of Sext (nine to twelve), as distinct from the strict observance of the fast day proper until Vespers (three to six). The ancient liturgical writers commonly apply the word statio to fast days, but a distinction must be made between jejunium and statio. Pamelius will not admit this distinction, but Cardinal Bona is less uncompromising and admits that though statio is sometimes identical with jejunium this is not an absolute rule. The statio came to an end at the Hour of None, but the jejunium was not broken till the Hour of Vespers, which is a notable difference. However, Tertullian speaks of a less rigorous fast which was broken sooner and which he calls semi-jejunium. In this case the faithful did as on a day of statio, and the fast did not differ from the one on that day. To Tertullian solvere stationem meant exactly the same as solvere jejunium. But St. Gregory the Great designated certain churches in Rome as stationes and recommended that on the more solemn festivals they should be made stations (stationes fieri) until the Hour of Sext, and at these same churches on the appointed days (statis dicbus) the faithful should assist at the Office. The stations have long since been abandoned and have left their trace only in the Missal, but in some instances the fast lasted longer and has been preserved even to modern times. The classic text on the stationes is found in Tertullian's "De Oratione" (XLV): "Similiter et stationum diebus non putant plerique sacrificiorum orationibus interveniendum quod statio solvenda sit accepto corpore Domini". (In the same way many think that on Station days we must not be present at the prayers of the sacrifices because the Station should be finished when the Lord's Body is received.) Comparison of other phrases of the same author with this passage shows that the statio was celebrated on Wednesday and Friday, of each week, lasting until the ninth hour. The 69th Apostolic Canon enjoins the observance of a fast on these two days.
An explanation of the fast of the stationes has been found in the fact that the solemnity was fixed statis diebus, but this is a purely verbal coincidence; and it seems difficult to find in it anything else. St. Ambrose gives a reason which may have been accepted in his time: "Our fasts", he says (Sermo XXV), "are our encampments against the attacks of the devil; they are called stationes because we remain standing" (stantes). It also seems probable that these days of fasting and prayer were characterized by endless watchings, and processions either within or around the church, when the faithful were obliged to remain standing, stantes, as is said in modern French in exactly the same sense, stationner, to stand. Statio became the place before which or within which the faithful walked in procession and, tired out, but always standing, sometimes leaning on a stick, assisted, before separating, at the celebration of the Liturgy. The churches to which they repaired took the name of stationes, though incorrectly, and the route followed to reach them became statio ad. . . . The tomb of a martyr became the object of a kind of pilgrimage to which the faithful went in a body, and thus arose another statio ad. . . But the martyria alone did not attract the crowds; it became the custom to go to the celebrated basilicas, and sometimes all the clergy of a large city assembled at a certain point, probably in the vicinity of the episcopal residence, to go thence with the bishop, the patriarch, or the pope himself to the place assigned for the celebration of the Eucharist. As time went on parishes or tituli were formed in the cities and their grouping gave rise to vexatious questions of precedence, which were solved as well as could be by "rotation". Rome has preserved the most complete accounts of its stational churches, but we know that these celebrations also took place at Jerusalem and Constantinople. The going to the statio was quite a ceremony; thither were carried the sacred vessels, liturgical instruments, all that was peculiar to the service of the pope, and also, doubtless, all that would supplement the insufficient liturgical furniture of the church to which they were going. The "Liber pontificalis" states that Leo III (795) had twenty silver vessels made which were borne by acolytes in the processions to the stations. There is extant a writing called "De locis sanctis martyrum quæ sunt foris civitatis Romæ", the last chapter of which contains the list of "station basilicas" of Rome. This little document, the work of a German pilgrim, dates from the pontificate of Honorius I (625-38), but seems to be based on an older compilation dating at least from Pelagius II (579-90).
The following is the list of the station churches as it was compiled in the time of St. Gregory: Patriarchal basilicas, S. Giovanni in Laterano, S. Pietro, S. Maria Maggiore, S. Paolo Fuori le Mura, S. Lorenzo Fuori le Mura; cardinalitial titles, S. Sisto; SS. Giovanni e Paolo, SS. Quattro Coronati, S. Clemente, S. Marcellino e Pietro, S. Pietro in Vincoli, S. Silvestro ai Monti, S. Prassede, S. Pudenziana, S. Eusebio, S. Vitale, S. Susanna, S. Ciriacos, S. Marcello, S. Lorenzo in Lucina, S. Lorenzo in Damaso, S. Marco, S. Anastasia, S. Nereo e Achilleo, S. Balbina, S. Sabina, S. Prisca, S. Maria in Trastevere, S. Cecilia, S. Crisogono; diaconates (those which had been stations before they were diaconates), S. Nicolo in Carcere, SS. Cosma e Damiano, S. Maria in Via Lata, S. Maria in Porticu, S. Maria in Domnica. The number of stations is eighty-six, and, that of the churches being less, some of them have the station several times in the year. S. Sabina, the station established by Urban VIII for Ash Wednesday, is the most important of all because it was long customary for the popes to repair thither on that day to distribute the ashes to the people.
Persons desirous of gaining the station indulgences first repair to a church in the vicinity of the station in imitation of the ancient collect, or gathering of the clergy and the people, preparatory to the procession. In this church prayers are recited from the Station Manual, consisting of invocations to the Blessed Virgin and the Martyrs. Then begins the journey to the station accompanied by the recitation of the Miserere, 5 Paters, the Ave and Gloria, and the steps of the Passion of Christ. On arrival at the station church the Litany of the Saints is said with versicles and prayers, ending with the "De Profundis". The pope grants dispensations to all who are unable to go in person to the stations, such as cloistered religious, prisoners, the sick, etc., who are free to visit their own church and say the prayers prescribed. Cardinals and their attendants and prelates of the papal court may gain the station indulgence by reciting certain prayers in their oratory. These prayers are printed annually and distributed to the cardinals and prelates who assist at the first Sistine chapel of Lent.
BURNICRON in Etudes, CIV (Paris, 1905), 205-24.
APA citation. (1912). Station Days. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14268a.htm
MLA citation. "Station Days." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14268a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. July 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:17589dce-f646-4efb-b768-8eebae5e1d11> | {
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There is a drastic public health problem in America. Our auto-centric, sedentary lifestyles and bad eating habits have created a nation with 75 percent of the population expected to be overweight by 2015, at a ridiculously high cost of $117 billion dollars a year! Obesity leads to numerous health problems including heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. The design of our environment plays a major role in the cause of, as well as the solution to, this major health crisis. Many of our cities are clogged with traffic caused by urban sprawl, with no safe and enjoyable places for people to walk or bike and just be outdoors.
Landscape architects design the balance between the built and natural environment. Actually, landscape architects have been designing solutions for better public health long before this modern public-health crisis. Tree-lined streets with sidewalks provide cleaner air, animal habitat, and they reduce urban heat gain, as well as provide a low cost, healthy alternative to the driving a car. The health crisis has made communities become more aggressive about providing alternatives to promote healthy lifestyles for their citizens. Landscape architects also design bike lanes and greenway trails that encourage the public to maintain a healthy, active lifestyle.
A park is a perfect example of a “win-win” solution for the environment and for our citizens. Parks and greenways provide green space that functions as “lungs” for our urban environment by preserving trees that sequester carbon and improve air quality. Parks provide green cover that reduces rain water run-off and allows stormwater to infiltrate back into the earth, improving our water quality. Parks also provide habitat for numerous species, helping protect and preserve natural systems.
Yet parks also provide so much benefit for public enjoyment and exercise! All across the nation, regardless of their size or shape, our nation’s parks are filled with people playing, exercising, visiting, and enjoying fresh air and sunshine.
Parks and public spaces also connect neighborhoods, increase community pride, and foster the general welfare of those who live nearby. Real estate is more valuable closer to a park or outdoor space. Parks often play host to community gatherings and functions, as well as garden plots and urban farming projects. These gardens grow healthy and sustainable fresh produce in urban areas that are considered “food deserts,” and they provide a wonderful interpretative educational opportunity.
Pavilions are an important part of getting people outside. Landscape architects place these shelters to entice people to walk to them, and they are often sited to afford wonderful views to the landscape beyond. Pavilions provide a place to rest along the way, as well as shade to shield us from too much exposure to the sun. Pavilions are also designed to be accessible, so that all ages and abilities can enjoy a wonderful outdoor setting. Pavilions provide a central location for meeting up with friends, as well as large family reunions. They also serve as outdoor classrooms or performance spaces, or as a quiet place for reading, sketching, or playing a musical instrument while enjoying outdoors.
The research is clear. Residents in communities located in areas without access to outdoor space are more likely to suffer from chronic health problems such as heart disease and high blood pressure. Countless studies show that walking for just minutes a day improves one’s overall health, as well as one’s mood.
As healthcare costs continue to soar and the obesity epidemic shows no signs of waning, the design skills needed to develop “complete streets,” parks, and greenways will continue to rise in importance. Landscape architects design for healthy, active living in healthy, sustainable environments.
Learn more about how landscape architects are designing the way forward by visiting asla.org/animations and viewing “Design for Active Living,” “Revitalizing Communities with Parks,” and “The Edible City.”
We all need to realize how now, more than ever, our parks and public spaces improve public and environmental health. Let’s all commit to being a part of the solution.
Susan M. Hatchell, FASLA, PLA, LEED AP BD+C
President, American Society of Landscape Architects | <urn:uuid:ada65a77-5854-40eb-9a68-79f16d1355eb> | {
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All that frost nipping at your nose is cute, until the snow flies and you have to break out that shovel. No one likes shovelling snow and driving in snow is even worse, but new electrified concrete could put an end to our winter woes forever.
It looks and feels like any other slab of concrete, but it hides a secret. University of Nebraska-Lincoln professor of civil engineering Chris Tuan added steel shavings and carbon particles to the mix. They make up roughly 20 percent of what is otherwise the standard concrete used by construction crews everywhere.
According to Phys.org, those little particles of steel and carbon conduct enough electricity to melt snow and ice, but are completely safe to the touch. No children will be zapped if they decide to break out the colored chalk on an electrified section of sidewalk on a summer day.
The material is currently being tested by the FAA for effectiveness. If all goes well, then testing will be scaled up to a major US airport, but they’re not looking at putting it into a runway.
The FAA’s priority is the area around the gates. There’s lots of traffic in these spots from luggage carts, food service vehicles, and refueling tanks, so keeping these areas clear is essential. That doesn’t mean it couldn’t be used out on the runway, just that the FAA sees that as secondary to their winter problems.
Testing has gone a step further on public roads with a special bridge constructed south of Lincoln, Nebraska. The Nebraska Department of Roads used the new concrete mix in the 150-foot Roca Spur Bridge. It took 52 slabs of concrete to build and it’s been successfully de-icing the surface for over ten years. That’s over a decade of successful testing in the real world.
Much like loading areas are a priority for the FAA, bridges are a priority for road crews since bridges freeze before roads. The concrete material works, but its cost is holding it back. Right now it’s simply too expensive to build entire roads out of the stuff.
Although the initial cost may be high, over time the new concrete could save money and the environment. Road crews wouldn’t need to do as much work and salt and de-icing chemicals would be unnecessary. Those chemicals cost money, corrode concrete, and contaminate ground water. There’s a cost savings to this innovation that goes far beyond money. | <urn:uuid:e7cc2ed2-0ec8-4fac-8bc3-c83ad68ef856> | {
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Let’s face it – most kids live on junk food. Children just love sweet snacks and parents all over the country are incessantly frustrated in considering methods to make their children eat healthier snacks. For this problem, dehydrated fruit can be the simple solution.
At first, you as a parent may be skeptical, as fruits are not that favored by young children. But dehydrated fruit is still a sweet snack, and what kid will not choose Natural Fruit Snack? Provide a chance, you could be amazed at how receptive your kids might be to nutritious snacks.
You might wonder, whenever we want to dissuade children from consuming too much sugary snacks, why are we planning to offer them dehydrated fruit? Isn’t that one more source of sugar? The correct answer is yes, dehydrated fruit does have sugar in it, nevertheless the difference is that the sugar in dehydrated fruit is natural, instead of the sugar in junk foods, that is refined and may cause more injury to our bodies.
We will go into it a little further. Unhealthy foods contain processed sugar. What goes on to this particular sugar upon ingestion is it immediately enters a person’s bloodstream and it is transformed into fat. This rapid absorption causes the person to get hungry again with a considerably faster rate, so it causes greater food consumption. For this reason processed sugar is among the leading factors in obesity.
On the other hand, natural sugar in dehydrated fruit, although it can continue to enter a person’s bloodstream, is not as harmful because the refined variety. Natural sugar takes considerably longer to enter the bloodstream and so the body has additional time to shed it, and less of this is converted to fat. This does not mean, though, that it must be okay to consume unlimited quantities of dehydrated fruit. You have to still learn how to eat sparingly, as natural sugar can nonetheless be a reason of obesity.
Still, regardless of how you perceive it, dehydrated fruit is Easy Smoothie choice instead of junk foods. When your kids get accustomed to that idea, they will likely take it since they get older, and that will provide them with a much better and healthier life.
Fruits best appropriate for leather include apples, apricots, bananas, berries, cherries, grapes, oranges, pears, pineapples, plums, strawberries, tangerines, and tomatoes. Applesauce can be dried alone or included in any fresh fruits puree before dehydrating. Applesauce will add sweetness and make the roll-up smoother and much more pliable. Further, spices can be included in the pre-dehydrated fruit mixture including cinnamon, cloves, coriander, ginger, mace, mint, nutmeg or pumpkin pie spice. However, spices should be used sparingly.
Homemade leathers are wholesome, 100% fruit snacks which are simple and fun to help make. In contrast to homemade fruit leathers, store bought roll ups are over processed, over priced, imitation fruit products which include extra sugars, extra corn syrups and trans fats as ingredients.
Fruit leathers, also called fruit rolls, are home made dried food snacks. Fruit leathers are produced from pureed fresh produce which has been dried in a food dehydrator and then rolled into Natural Fruit Infusion. Fruit leathers pvsbyz easy to make and definately will cost less, and be better for you, than sugar laden imitators bought at the store.
Here are some ideas to follow along with when making fruit leather: Just about any produce can make an outstanding roll. Specifically, apples, apricots, peaches and nectarines are wonderful fruits to dry. Many fruits may be pureed and combined together. Citrus fruits, which have plenty of juice, and smaller seedy fruits, like raspberries and blackberries, are the best utilized in combinations along with other fruits.
Fruits high in fiber and pectin, such as apples or plums, have great textures when dried. Use fruits which can be in season to get the best taste. Fruits which are over ripe, slightly bruised, or else less than perfect are ideal for roll ups. Dehydrate fruit that will otherwise spoil. Apples or applesauce are excellent to blend with just about any other fruit. Canned fruits can be used as opposed to fresh fruit. Ensure any liquids are completely drained before pureeing and dehydrating. | <urn:uuid:022edd01-4efb-4e60-95e5-364abd1d89a3> | {
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Photosensitivity is a side effect that can produce some drugs when the patient that takes exposed to sunlight. Prevent this reaction is possible with information provided useful and easy walk to the counter, as explained experts consulted by TodoDermo.
- Some herbal supplements may also increase sensitivity to the sun
That information happens to know what drugs most are star this side effect. Alejandro Martin-weevil, the International Dermatology Clinic in Madrid, remember that among the photosensitive drugs most used by the population are some gastric protectors such as omeprazole, anti – inflammatories , such as ibuprofen and certain benzodiazepines , such as lorazepam and some antihypertensives such as ACE inhibitors, ARA2 or thiazide diuretics. Although less frequent, also it highlights oral retinoids (such as isotretinoin) and some antibiotics (such as tetracyclines).
MAIN sensitive drugs
These drugs are added others, such as those included in the list drawn up in 2010 by the Pharmacy Service Morales Meseguer Hospital, Murcia, in 2010. It referred to 139 pharmaceutical specialties photosensitive.
Grouped by categories, this group of pharmaceutical mentions some antihistamines, antidepressants certain tricyclic group, various oral contraceptives, antidiabetic some sulfonylureas, ACE inhibitors and various diuretics, local anesthetics, antiarrhythmics, and antipsychotic phenothiazines. Martin-Weevil also warns of the risk of some herbal supplements that may increase sensitivity to the sun “.
The cause photosensitivity results, according to experts, in a possible decrease threshold burn when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, the key risk is that the patient burn less sun exposure time, which implies the need to be more cautious with direct sunlight. Therefore, the dermatologist insists protected with adequate clothing, hats, sunglasses and use sunscreen, and remember that the effects of that photosensitivity after treatment ended, “it is variable and mainly depends on the drug half – life.”
RAISING THE KEY
“The fundamental problem is not so much awareness of these specific risks, of course, must be known and contained in prospectuses drugs but adds Martin-Gorgojo- awareness of the general risks of the sun”.
In this regard, it would be essential to promote habits healthy sun exposure, including avoiding sunburn and understand that tanning is not synonymous with healthy skin, but skin that tries to defend itself from aggression caused by ultraviolet rays. | <urn:uuid:169b97c0-c590-4420-a6bd-6eb211ce13e0> | {
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5 Things Your Teeth Are Saying About Your Health
Taking care of your teeth is very important, especially when you are a senior. It is important to take care of your teeth because if you have healthy teeth then at times it shows you have a healthy body also.
1.) Inflamed, bleeding gums
If you have diabetes and suffer from inflamed or bleeding gums, then you should start taking better care of your teeth. Those who do not properly take care of their diabetes are twice as likely to get gum diseases. People with diabetes are more susceptible to bacterial infections and less resistant to the germs that infect the gums. It is also more difficult for people with diabetes to heal after an oral surgery or other dental procedures. Research has shown that if you take care of your mouth that it will allow you to avoid gum disease which will then help with your blood sugar levels.
2.) Disintegrating Teeth
With age, your teeth have experienced a lot of damage throughout the years. If your teeth are cracking or crumbling, then you could have GERD. GERD stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease which means acid comes up the esophagus and the acid breaks down layers of the teeth. That makes the teeth weak and causes them to crack or crumble.
3.) Persistent Mouth Sores
We all have bitten the side of our cheek and gotten a sore there, but usually those go away. If you are experiencing these mouth sores and they are consistently occurring, then you should go and visit your dentist. When you are getting an evaluation, there is a chance that you could have oral cancer which would need to be treated. Make regular self-exams of your mouth so you can catch this early if you can.
4.) Receding gum line and loose teeth
Your dentist may be the first health care professional to detect signs of osteoporosis, not your regular physician. If you have receding gums and are losing your teeth, then you want to visit your dentist. Osteoporosis—a disease that most commonly affects women over the age of 50 and is characterized by the gradual thinning of bone density. Usually the disease is hard to find so your dentist can look for change in your bones and try to catch it early to prevent it.
5.) Plaque and gum inflammation
The same plaque that can be found on your teeth is the same plaque that builds up other places of the body to cause stroke or heart attack. Research shows that inflammation of gum tissues is a major contributing factor in developing heart disease.
The mouth can offer so many clues of what is really going on in your body. If you frequently visit your dentist then you may be able to catch some of these diseases early. Continue to take care of your oral hygiene and become a frequent visitor at your dentist. If you are not able to physically go and see your dentist then there are other options in place. Bel Aire Senior Living works close with Time to Smile Mobile Dental where they come to our facility to meet with residents. They can help make sure that these diseases are prevented and that your oral hygiene is in good condition. You can get more information at Time to Smile Mobile Dental. | <urn:uuid:308f72f5-4691-4504-93b2-e2ba64c390bd> | {
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A recent study published by Annals of Internal Medicine reviewed research comparing organic vs non-organic foods. What has been largely reported in mainstream media is the finding that organic foods are not significantly different from non-organic foods when it comes to vitamin and mineral content. What has been omitted from these reports is the other side of this research, which found that conventional foods contain 30% more pesticides and 30% more multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria. This is a significant finding that sadly has received almost no press. The problem is the confusion of the concept of 'nutrition' with that of 'health'.
What the research says:
1- Some organic foods exhibit higher nutrient value than conventional foods: organic produce contains higher antioxidant levels and organic poulty and dairy contain higher omega-3 levels. These examples are simply not significant enough for the researcher to make general conclusions regarding nutrients and organic foods.
2- Consumption of vitamins and mineral are just one of the factors affecting health. For example, a 2010 paper in Pediatrics found higher levels of pesticide metabolites in the urine of children with ADHD. Pesticides may not be the cause of ADHD, but they are certainly implicated by association.
3- Antibiotic-resistance in humans is a topic of great concern. According to the Food Safety Director at the US Center for Science in
the Public Interest, 24 infectious outbreaks between 2000 and 2010 were
linked to multidrug-resistant germs in food. Conventionally raised animals are fed antibiotics both to treat infections that are rampant in factory-farm settings, and to help fatten them up for sale. The result of over-medicating these animals is one of the contributing factors in the growing prevalence of hard to treat bugs like MRSA.
4- In this recent systematic review of 226 studies, only three studies looked at clinical outcomes, all of which were short-term outcomes such as allergies and symptomatic infection. There is no information provided from this research about the long-term health effects of pesticide consumption, for example.
The bottom line:
Some organic foods are more nutritious than conventionally grown foods, but in general the research shows little evidence of this benefit. Where organic beats conventional hands down is with respect to overall health value. Organic foods are significantly less contaminated with pesticides, have far less antibiotic-resistant bacteria living on and in them, and may in fact have more beneficial qualities that have yet to be uncovered by modern science. Eating organic whole foods may not always be the more nutritious choice, but it is certainly the healthier choice.
On a related note:
For this week only, watch a new documentary that reveals the
serious health impacts of genetically engineered foods in our diets and shows
how you can protect your family. Available online for free from September 15-22 at www.GeneticRouletteMovie.com | <urn:uuid:55734be7-1522-4fd4-bc36-2dcf207a6e95> | {
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In mid-October, we visited nearby Chapel Trail Nature Center in Pembroke Pines, FL. It is a peaceful bit of restored Everglades, surrounded by development that is picking up pace. The outer extent of the boardwalk was overturned by Hurricane Wilma, but beautifully repaired, with minimal damage to the wetlands. The storm felled all the big snags that had been used by Bald Eagles and other raptors.
The area is most interesting during both spring and (especially) fall migration. During past visits we have seen Limpkins, American Bitterns, Swamp Sparrows and Marsh Wrens. Exotic Purple Swamphens had extended their range into the area during the past year, but probably were gunned down in the extermination program. Several Common Yellowthroats and Carolina Wrens were about. This Prairie Warbler approached us closely.
A Magnolia Warbler eluded us for quite awhile, but finally emerged for this shot. So far, we had seen nothing out of the ordinary. After we walked the length of the boardwalk and started back, something caught my eye.
Next to the boardwalk, a vine with yellow flowers was winding its way through the branches of a tree that had red berries.
Suddenly, I was surprised to see something very unusual, or so I thought at the time. One of the flowers on that same vine looked as if it had gobbled up some of the berries and appeared to be engulfing and absorbing them! Its petals were swollen and turning orange, perhaps from the red color of the juice of the hapless berries it had engorged. A vegetarian plant? Wow! I had never heard of such a thing. Of course, I snapped a few photos for posterity– was this incident new to science, and never to be seen again?
I looked more closely. Indeed, some of the red berries appeared to be partially digested. A gruesome sight!
Back home, I turned to the Internet, Googling such search terms as “plant eating plant, berry-eating flower, frugivorus efflorescence…” all to no avail. The flower had to be some sort of alien (possibly from this planet), so I scrolled through pictures of introduced and invasive Florida vines. Sure enough, I found an exact match at this link: in KILLER PLANTS.COM — by golly, someone else had already discovered it, and my photo would not make me famous after all. It had even been featured as the Killer Plant of the Week in September, 2004. Read on:
“The bitter melon or balsam pear (Momordica charantia Linnaeus) is a cucurbit, a member of the Cucurbitaceae. Native to the Old World tropics, it was introduced and has naturalized throughout the subtropics and tropics worldwide. Balsam pear was probably introduced to the Caribbean and Florida by slaves brought from Africa for the sugar plantations.
“Each node along the vine has a deeply lobed leaf and a tendril. Like other cucurbits, bitter melon is monoecious bearing staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers in the axils of the leaves. Bees are the primary pollinators. After pollination, a small fleshy gourd forms. When ripe, the gourd turns yellow and splits exposing the red aril-covered seeds“ (My emphasis; according to Wikipedia, an aril is a fleshy covering of certain seeds formed from the attachment point of the seed).
“The immature gourds, those that have not turned yellow, are used in Asian cooking. They are an excellent source of vitamins A and C, iron, and carbohydrates. But long ago in Africa, India, and China, the leaves and ripe gourds of bitter melon joined those plants found useful as medicines.
“In Jamaica, a tea of ‘cerasee’ leaves is said to improve “bad blood” and ease gripes (spasmodic pains of the large intestine). In Ayurvedic medicine, ‘karela’ fruit is considered ‘cooling’ and provides a treatment for anemia and other blood disorders, stomach problems like ulcers, upset stomach, and lack of appetite, asthma, bronchitis, and fever. In traditional Chinese medicine, ‘fu gua’ is used as a hypoglycemic agent (reduces blood sugar levels).
“Bitter melon is currently under study as a complementary drug in the treatment of diabetes both to reduce glucose levels and oxidative stress (antioxidant), as an antiviral therapy for HIV infection, and as a cytostatic (stops cell growth) in certain cancers.
“But bitter melon is not for self-medicating. It is contraindicated in many people. Its blood glucose lowering ability has caused comas in people prone to hypoglycemia. Taken with a stimulant laxative, it can cause severe potassium depletion. The seeds are toxic causing vomiting and diarrhea; death can occur especially in children. It is an abortifacient and should be avoided by pregnant women. It contains vicine and causes favism [anemia caused by hemolysis or the destruction of healthy erythrocytes (red blood cells)] in people who have a variant glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (See Plants that Changed History, October 7, 2003) And the drug reduces fertility in both men and women.” | <urn:uuid:b2658ce3-96af-48b5-bd18-937c93fb7ceb> | {
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This is the day that … John Howe was born in Leicestershire, England, in 1630.
His father was a Church of England clergyman who was later ejected from his parish because of his non-conformity. He had “espoused the cause of the Puritans” and thereby the wrath of Archbishop Laud.
Young John was but 5 years of age at this time.
Returning to England some years later, John Howe was seen by Oliver Cromwell, who was impressed by “his fine appearance”. The Protector invited Howe to preach the following Sunday. Howe “pleads one excuse after another not to do so”, but finally “much against his private preferences” became one of the chaplains to the Cromwellian army (Schaff Herzog Encyclopaedia, page 1027).
We read that he was “a ready off-hand preacher” who never used notes, despite the fact that he was “famous for the unusual length of his sermons and prayers” (Dictionary of Literary Biography, page 340). An example of this is given by Edward Calamy, his biographer: On fast-days he would begin the service at 9.00 a.m., pray for a quarter of an hour, read and expound a chapter for three-quarters of an hour, pray for about an hour, preach for another hour, and then pray for half an hour. Then, whilst the people sang for fifteen minutes, he would “take some refreshments” before returning to the pulpit. He would pray for an hour, preach for an hour and conclude the service around 4.00 p.m., with a final prayer “of about a half an hour or more” (History of Preaching, by E. Dargan, page 147).
A member of his flock is reported to have commented that Mr Howe “is a dear good man but he spends so much time in laying the cloth that I lose my appetite for the dinner” (page 180).
After King Charles II came to the throne, Howe “wandered from place to place, preaching in secret,” and devoting himself to writing. The Living Temple is probably his best-known work.
Robert Hall speaks of him as “the greatest of the Puritan Divines”, although he admits that his sentences are often “long and cumbersome” (page 181).
John Howe died on 2 April, 1705. | <urn:uuid:476ff8f5-eaa5-440c-9694-521e1cf4c1bb> | {
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عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]چکیده [English]
Todays applying concrete structures is more usual than other structures which are used in buildings as in most of the world’s countries the application ratio of concrete to steel has increased from 10 to 1. Sometimes these structures require strengthening vulnerable members because of deficiency in their loading system in usual and critical conditions. There are different methods for strengthening these members. One of them is developing dimension of section by fresh concrete. In this method, the cohesion extent of fresh concrete to hardened concrete has significant role in force transfer.In this experimental project, the bond stress created between hardened concrete (core) and fresh concrete (screen) in core samples was measured and the effect of changing three factors was investigated that they are the length of sample, screen thickness, and 28 days compressive strength of screen concrete on bond stress. The push-out method was applied in this experiment for cracking the samples. | <urn:uuid:8d8242b8-eab6-47fa-a72f-4de650cf7cd5> | {
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1. Virtual Minds are typically thought of as embedded in simulated environments and the minds themselves may be artificial. One intriguing question is whether there can be naturally occurring instances of virtual minds, or whether there must always be an artificial component that defines their virtuality.
2. Infinite Minds are minds infinite in one or more capacities, such as infinite intelligence, infinite perceptual acuity, or infinite will power. Of our various mental capacities that come in degrees, for which, if any, does it make sense to imagine versions that are infinite? Can we coherently conceive of, for example, a being with infinite will-power?
3. Group Minds are minds with proper parts that are themselves minds. Are any of our minds already proper parts of group minds? If there were group minds in our midst, how would we know?
4. Time-traveling Minds either literally move through time in non-standard ways or employ high degrees of computational power to simulate target events. What cognitive/computational advantages are there to intelligent systems that harness literal time-travel? From a computational point of view, what are the relative resource costs of literal versus simulated time-travel?
5. Hyper-spatial Minds: One of the most fun things to think about in contemplating minds inhabiting spaces of dimension n>3 are questions concerning the perceptual phenomenology of seeing (feeling, etc.) hyperspatial objects. What is it like to have four- (or five- or six-) dimensional eyes? In addition to these questions concerning hyperspatial sensory input, are interesting questions of output. What is it like to move a body though a hyperspatial manifold? Last, but not least, are questions concerning the computational processes mediating between inputs and outputs. What advantages and obstacles are presented to circuit-engineering a cognitive architecture where there are extra dimensions in which to wire things up.
6. Quantum Minds: The dominant approaches in contemporary cognitive science deal with minds within a classical physical framework. But what would consciousness and cognition be like if non-classical quantum principles played major roles in implementation. What would it be like to be an AI implemented on a quantum computer? What would it be like to be small enough or perceptually sensitive enough to directly perceive events occurring on quantum scales?
7. Anti-Minds are non-sapient, non-sentient systems with the capability to detect and destroy minds. They are either the ultimate evil or the ultimate protection against the dangerous effects of technologically advanced civilizations. One of the core questions raised in contemplating anti-minds is whether there can exist non-intelligent mechanisms for the detection of intelligence. Such mechanisms could be crucial in the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence. | <urn:uuid:c29107e2-8096-4e3f-9c0a-1d4cdcd8f0f3> | {
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When to Use Small Coins
with Coin Snatching and Switching
Practical Coin Magic Example
Let’s use different coin-snatching effects as an example:
In the Upside-Down Impossible Coin Snatch, you build on the impossibility of the task of stealing a coin from a volunteer’s hand before the hand can close.
You provide four or five elements of the effect that make the coin grab impossible. Why not have one of the elements be the miniscule size of the coin. You can even point out that the task is possible the way they do it on tv, with a large pebble, that protrudes from the palm.
But with a flat coin, the grab becomes significantly harder.
And with a small coin, the coin fits in the pocket of the palm of the hand, which makes the trick doubly difficult. Impossible.
Note: While the small coin is perfect for the Upside-Down Impossible Coin Grab, you should avoid small coins for the Upside-Down Impossible Coin Switch. The big coin gets in the way of your participant’s fingers … which is exactly what you want.
When Offered a Choice of Coins
If you wanted to present the difficulty of the task being related to the size of the coin in other coin snatches, like The Rochester Switch or Kip’s Take, I suggest that you do it in an offhanded manner.
Wait, until someone offers you a choice of coins for your coin magic. Then make a quick comment about it being easier with bigger coins … so, you’ll do it with a smaller one.
Of course, have a plausible reason why it’s harder with a smaller coin.
You can try the “small-coin-makes-the-trick-harder” explanation with other coin magic as well. Just make sure you give them a reason why.
Some people classify coin snatching as a stunt, rather than magic. So, you might be thinking that this explanation would only work for stunts, where you want it to appear “difficult to accomplish.”
This wouldn’t work for coin magic, because magic is supposed to appear effortless. Right?
This tactic does work for coin magic, too:
The ghost has a harder time locating a smaller coin.
Magic isn’t delicate. Sometimes it’s easier to vanish a big ball than a small coin.
We’ll confuse the genii by using a handful of small coins (Calvert’s Claw), instead of one large one.
You get the idea.
So, why would I (or you) want to use this strategy with coin magic?
Easy. When you don’t have a larger, more visual coin.
If you have to use a small coin, why not build it into a benefit?
More Magic Articles
"Magicians are the most honest people in the world; they tell you they're gonna fool you, and then they do it."
"The magician and the politician have much in common: they both have to draw our attention away from what they are really doing."
"A good magician’s performance tells a story. Each act should build on the next, becoming ever more engaging to fill the audience with wonder. It’s a bud that unfurls into a flower, meant to woo the audience."
"Learning never exhausts the mind."
"The art of a magician is to create wonder. If we live with a sense of wonder, our lives become filled with joy."
Intro Magic Cartoon
Enter your email address to join The Magic Mentor
We value your privacy and would never spam you | <urn:uuid:699a3707-0e5a-4ec0-96ad-36c3128063e0> | {
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A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is an attack where a machine or network resource is made unavailable by disrupting services of a host connected to the internet. Security specialist Silke Holtmanns from Bell Labs Nokia and other researchers from her group have studied how hackers can conduct DoS attacks on 4G cellular devices around the world. Holtmanns, who has participated in the Finnish Cyber Trust-programme, presented the results of the research at the Black Hat conference in November.
Holtmanns presented different DoS attacks that can affect any platform or device on mobile LTE (Long-Term Evolution) networks: mobile phones, tablets, and devices connected to the IoT. These attacks can disconnect mobile phone users from their network.
“Although the new technique and new communication generation with 4G/LTE is believed to provide better world we need to be awake. LTE with DIAMETER has similar functionality as earlier technique (SS7). The security researchers have provided clear results that we will face similar interconnection weaknesses with LTE/DIAMETER as SS7 if network do not take protection measures.”, says professor Juha Röning, who is the academic coordinator of the Finnish Cyber Trust-programme. Holtmanns’s research was partly funded by the programme.
Ever since the public revelation of global surveillance and the exploits targeting the mobile communication backend, the general awareness of security and privacy in telecommunication industry has increased. Misusing the technical features of mobile core network technology – specifically the Signaling System 7 (SS7) – has disclosed numerous ways to locate, track and manipulate the routine cellular activities of cellphone users. In fact, the SMS-based key recovery mechanism is becoming vulnerable because of the SS7 vulnerabilities.
Many mobile network operators rush to upgrade their networks to 4G/LTE from 2G and 3G, not only to improve the service, but also the security. With relatively more security and privacy features, Diameter protocol – the successor of SS7 in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks are believed to guarantee more protection to the network itself and to the end-users. However, Diameter inherits many functionalities and traits of the SS7 network and attention need to be paid to proper security measures like filtering. Therefore, some attacks are also possible there e.g. location tracking in LTE by abusing the Diameter-based interconnection.
Read the rest of Holtmanns’s presentation and article here:
The presentation has been reported by international media like Darkroom Reading and Cyberscoop and reddit.
DIMECC Cyber Trust Program creates a foundation for Finnish research and industry to address the needs emerging in the cyber security domain. The program utilizes the strong expertise, extensive knowledge and solid cooperation model in public-private sectors. The consortia consists of 19 companies, and 8 research institutes and universities. | <urn:uuid:b86f60d5-8f82-4df0-981e-ce171b79e020> | {
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Amla, or more commonly known as Indian gooseberry, has long been held as a “miracle” berry among health conscious people. This can mostly be attributed to its high vitamin-C content. Botanically, amla is known as Amilica Embillicus and is a tree native to India. This tree produces small yellow/green fruits that can be extracted into a powder packed with nutrients and other goodies.
If you’ve never heard of amla before, here are some of the benefits associated with this lovely fruit:
- It is an excellent source of Vitamin C and naturally occurring antioxidants. Those antioxidants have been shown to protect the body from damage associated with free radicals — you know those nasty little toxins that are linked to cancer and other diseases you don’t want anything to do with.
- It alleviates certain respiratory disorders. Have a bad cold or cough? Amla might help you fight it. Once again, this is due to amla’s high Vitamin C content which helps boost immunity and helps your body fight certain respiratory disorders such as chronic cough and tuberculosis.
- It’s good for the heart. Respiratory disorders aside, amla has also been shown to help with cardiovascular disorders. This is because this fruit is rich in several heart-friendly nutrients. At the end of the day, amla reduces (bad) cholesterol and keeps your blood and arteries free from debris and blockages.
- It helps prevent cancer. Lastly, amla has been known to restrict the growth of carcinogenic cells, effectively preventing cancer.
- And many more.
Do you see why people like to label amla as a “wonder berry” now? | <urn:uuid:fbc7ffb9-1678-4803-963f-8ec65b6568b5> | {
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(/images/postimages/pdkillion_mg_33891.jpg) The silk dress worn by Fanny Fechenbach Sanger for her wedding in 1879 will soon leave Browder Springs Hall, where it has been on display since the Cedars Stories exhibit opened March 14. Like a bikini-clad girl falling asleep on the beach, it is in danger of getting too many damaging rays. The light streaming in the Hall’s big windows is harmful to a vintage textile. To be honest, almost everything is harmful to a vintage textile: light, heat, moisture, dryness, dirt, bugs, cleaning, handling, and frequently even the protective tissue paper in which people wrap them. The UV rays in sunlight can weaken the silk fibers over time, and will quickly change the color of the fabric. Darkness is the textile’s friend, and so thi ..
Who knew that sometimes a museum educator has to be a detective? Last year, Johna, our Family Programs Manager came to me and said “I really want the museum to be yarn bombed. Can I look into how to make that happen?” My response: “Why not?” For some of you, your first question might have been “What on earth is yarn bombing?” Wikipedia, source of so much knowledge defines it as “a type of graffiti or street art that employs colorful displays of knitted or crocheted yarn or fiber rather than paint or chalk.” It’s a rather recent phenomenon, with the earliest recorded yarn bombing in 2004 in the Netherlands. Here in Dallas, one of the earliest projects was at the Lakewood Library, which just happens to be my branch library. I .. | <urn:uuid:9e539f9a-9543-44c0-a857-dc078f560abb> | {
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at, batch --
execute commands at a later time
at [ -m ] [ -f file ]
[ -q letter ] time [ date ]
[ increment ]
at [ -m ] [ -f file ]
[ -q letter ] -t
at -r job-id ...
at -l [ job-id ... ]
at -l -q letter
The at and batch commands both accept one or
more commands from the standard input to be executed at a later
time. at and batch differ in the way the set of
commands, or job, is scheduled: at allows you to specify a
time when the job should be executed, while batch executes
the job when the system load level permits. After a job is queued
with either command, the program writes a job identifier
(made up of alphanumeric characters plus the period),
along with the time the job will execute, to standard error.
at takes the following arguments:
batch takes no arguments; it submits a job for immediate
execution at lower priority than an ordinary at job.
The time can be specified as 1, 2, or 4 digits. One- and
two- digit numbers are taken to be hours, four digits to be hours
and minutes. The time can alternately be specified as two numbers
separated by a colon, meaning hour:minute. A suffix
am or pm can be appended; otherwise a 24-hour
clock time is understood. The suffix utc can be used to
indicate Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The special names
noon, midnight, and now are also
An optional date can be specified as either a month name
followed by a day number (and an optional year number preceded by a
comma) or a day of the week (spelt in full or abbreviated to three
characters). Two special ``days,'' today and
tomorrow, are recognized. If no date is given,
today is assumed if the given hour is greater than the
current hour and tomorrow is assumed if it is less. If the
given month is less than the current month (and no year is given),
next year is assumed.
The time and optional date arguments can be
modified with an increment argument of the form +n
units, where n is an integer and units is
one of the following: minutes, hours,
days, weeks, months, or
years. The singular form is also accepted, and
+1 unit can also be written next
unit. Thus, legitimate commands include:
at 0815am Jan 24, 1995
at 0815am Jan 24
at 8:15am Jan 24
at now + 1 day
at 5 pm Friday next week
-r job-id ...
Removes the specified job or jobs previously scheduled by the
at or batch command. job-id is a job
identifier returned by at or batch. Unless you
are root, you can only remove your own jobs.
-l [ job-id ... ]
Lists schedule times of specified jobs. If no job-ids are
specified, lists all jobs currently scheduled for the invoking user.
Unless you are root, you can only list your own jobs.
Places the specified job in a queue denoted by letter,
where letter is any lowercase letter from ``a'' to
``z''. The queue letter is appended to the job identifier. The
following letters have special significance:
For more information on the use of different queues, see the
Mail is sent to the invoking user
even if the at job produces no output.
If -m is not used, the at job's standard output
and standard error are mailed to the user, unless explicitly
Specifies the pathname of a file to use for the source of the
at job (instead of stdin).
Alternative format for specifying time in 2 digit
at and batch jobs are executed using
Standard output and standard error output are mailed to the user
unless they are redirected elsewhere. The shell environment
variables, current directory, umask, and ulimit
are retained when the commands are executed. Open file descriptors,
traps, and priorities are lost.
The shell environment for both at and batch can
be defined in the file /usr/lib/cron/.proto. If the file
/usr/lib/cron/.proto.a exists, at takes its
environment from this file instead. If the file
/usr/lib/cron/.proto.b exists, batch takes its
environment from this file instead.
Users are permitted to use at and batch if their
usernames (logins) appear in the file
/usr/lib/cron/at.allow. If that file does not exist, the
file /usr/lib/cron/at.deny is checked to determine if a
given user should be denied access to at and
batch. If neither file exists, only root is allowed to
submit a job. If only the at.deny file exists, and it is
empty, global usage is permitted. The allow/deny files consist of
one username per line.
If the system is installed with C2 security (this is the default,
unless the system administrator has relaxed the security), the user
will also need the chmodsuid kernel privilege. For more
information about system security and kernel privileges, see
``Using a secure system'' in the Operating System User's Guide
``Maintaining system security'' in the System Administration Guide.
at and batch return 0 on successful completion,
or 1 if an error occurs.
Complains about syntax errors and times out of range.
The simplest way to use at is to place a series of
commands in a file, one per line, and execute these commands at a
specified time with the following command:
at time < file
The following sequence can be used at a terminal to format the file
infile using the nroff text formatter, and place
the output in the file outfile.
nroff infile > outfile
The next example demonstrates redirecting standard error to a pipe
(|), which is useful in a shell procedure. The file
infile is formatted and the output placed in
outfile, with any errors generated being mailed to
user (output redirection is covered on the
nroff infile2 > &1 > outfile | mail user
To have a job reschedule itself, invoke at from within the
job. For example, if you want shellfile to run every
Thursday, executing a series of commands and then rescheduling
itself for the next Thursday, you can include code similar to the
following within shellfile:
echo "sh shellfile" | at 1900 thursday next week
A maximum limit of 500 outstanding at jobs is imposed.
The time taken to submit an at job increases exponentially
with the number of job files in the /usr/spool/cron/atjobs
The behavior of these commands depend on the ``cron''
main cron directory
list of allowed users
list of denied users
at and batch environment information
at shell environment
batch shell environment
at and batch are conformant with:
ISO/IEC DIS 99452:1992, Information technology Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities (IEEE Std 1003.21992);
AT&T SVID Issue 2;
X/Open CAE Specification, Commands and Utilities, Issue 4, 1992.
© 2003 Caldera International, Inc. All rights reserved.
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A cluster headache is one-sided head pain that may involve tearing of the eyes and a stuffy nose. Attacks occur regularly for 1 week to 1 year, separated by long pain-free periods that last at least 1 month, possibly longer.
Cluster headaches are a fairly common form of chronic, repeated headaches. They are more common in men than women. The headaches can occur at any age but are most common in adolescence and middle age. They tend to run in families.
Scientists do not know exactly what causes cluster headaches, but they appear to be related to the body's sudden release of histamine or serotonin.
The following may trigger cluster attacks:
A cluster headache begins as a severe, sudden headache. The headache most commonly strikes 2 to 3 hours after falling asleep, usually during the dreaming (rapid eye movement, or REM) phase. However, the headache may occur while you are awake. The headache tends to occur at the same time of day.
The pain occurs on one side of the head. It may be described as:
The pain may occur in, behind, and around one eye. It may:
The strongest pain may last 30 minutes to 2 hours.
The eye and nose on the same side of the head pain may also be affected. Symptoms can include:
Cluster headaches may occur daily for months, alternating with periods without headaches (episodic), or they can recur for a year or more without stopping (chronic).
Your health care provider can diagnosis this type of headache by performing a physical exam and asking questions about your symptoms and medical history.
If a physical exam is done during an attack, the exam will usually reveal Horner syndrome (one-sided eyelid drooping or a small pupil). These symptoms will not be present at other times. No other neurological changes will be seen.
Tests, such as an MRI of the head, may be needed to rule out other causes for the headaches.
Treatment does not cure cluster headaches. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms. The headaches may go away on their own, or you may need treatment to prevent them.
Smoking, alcohol use, specific foods, and other factors that seem to trigger cluster headaches should be avoided. A headache diary can help you identify your headache triggers. When you get a headache, write down the day and time the pain began. The diary should include notes about what you ate and drank in the last 24 hours, how much you slept and when, and what was going on in your life immediately before the pain started. For example, were you under any unusual stress? Also include information about how long the headache lasted, and what made it stop.
Treatment for cluster headaches involves:
Your doctor may recommend the following treatments for when the headaches occurs:
A combination of medicines may be needed to control headache symptoms. Because each person responds differently to medicine, your doctor may have you try several medications before deciding which works best for you.
Painkillers do not usually relieve the pain from cluster headaches. Generally, they take too long to work.
The following medications may also be used to treat or prevent headache symptoms:
In rare cases, surgery on certain nerve cells near the brain may be recommended if medications do not work.
Cluster headaches are not life-threatening and usually cause no permanent structural changes. However, they are chronic and often painful enough to interfere with work or lifestyle. Occasionally, the pain may be so severe that some people may consider self harm.
Side effects of medications or surgery may be severe.
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if cluster headaches do not respond to treatment, if headaches disturb sleep, if they happen whenever you are active, or are accompanied by other symptoms.
Emergency symptoms include drowsiness, vision changes, changes in movement or sensation, seizures, changes in alertness, and nausea or vomiting.
If prone to cluster headache, stop smoking. Alcohol use and any foods that are associated with cluster headache may need to be avoided. Medications may prevent cluster headaches in some cases.
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Farm typology is a concept used to classify agricultural holdings by multiple dimensions. It covers all farms, including the small units that produce mainly for own-consumption and regardless of the legal status of the holder.
The development of a Farm typology with policy relevance to be applied to farms throughout the world has been identified as an important potential component of the long-term framework for the improvement of agricultural statistics in the context of the research component of the Global Strategy. The classification of farms in homogeneous types will (1) enable the analysis of their structure, performance and sustainability, (2) allow the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies that focus on different aspects of sustainable development, (3) provide at national level elements for more efficient sample design through stratification of the vastly diversified population of agricultural holdings.
Farm typology will cover agricultural holdings as defined at national level and focus on crops and livestock activities. The classification will be based on several dimensions regarded as important by the development experts, namely: farm size, commodity specialization, market orientation and diversification, etc. For national purposes, countries may add other dimensions which however have to be compatible with the international ones.
Different sources of data can be used for the establishment of the farm typology, for example individual farm data from an agricultural census or farm structure survey, an agricultural section of population census or other household surveys, production or prices surveys. An important source of data for the development of farm typology will be the AGRIS programme (core and rotating modules), developed under the Global Strategy. | <urn:uuid:e63b459c-257a-4af9-bf98-0636c2ac3e0d> | {
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A special type of milk containing the same amount of lactose as conventional cow’s milk prevents some symptoms of dairy intolerance and eases others, New Zealand research has suggested.
Sold mostly in Australia, New Zealand, China, US and the UK, A2 Milk comes from cows that naturally produce only the A2 type of beta-casein protein, which itself makes up around 25 to 30 per cent of total milk protein.
Conventional milk contains both the A1 and A2 types of beta-casein.
While it was originally thought that all cows produced only the A2 protein type, the A1 mutation appeared in European herds 5000 to 10,000 years ago.
The latest findings, being presented at a major conference in Chicago this weekend, found a “strikingly different pattern” of digestive symptoms in people identified as lactose intolerant after drinking A2 Milk compared to conventional milk, study leader Dr Amber Milan said.
“A2 Milk was at least as effective as lactose-free milk at preventing or easing some of the symptoms of lactose intolerance, including nausea, stomach pain and bloating, but didn’t improve ratings of ‘overall digestive comfort’, suggesting other symptoms over the course of 12 hours were unpleasant enough to not shift overall digestive comfort.”
Milan, a research fellow at the University of Auckland’s Liggins Institute, said the lactose intolerant women in the study reported the same levels of flatulence and gastric reflux on average after drinking A2 Milk as after conventional milk.
“There is some evidence that the symptoms of lactose intolerance may be influenced by the proteins in milk,” said study co-author Matthew Barnett, a scientist a Crown research institute AgResearch, which has been carrying out the research alongside Liggins.
“We wanted to investigate this more closely.”
Globally, about 70 per cent of adults consider themselves lactose intolerant, and experience bloating, nausea or other unpleasant symptoms after consuming it.
The study compared the digestive response to conventional milk, a2 Milk and lactose-free conventional milk between people who are able to digest lactose, people with lactose intolerance and people with dairy intolerance.
The study, which the researchers aim to publish in a journal in coming months, was funded through the New Zealand Government High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, with co-funding from The A2 Milk Company Limited.
Participants were 30 healthy young women who said they had trouble digesting milk, and a control group of 10 dairy-consuming women.
First they drank 50g of lactose – equivalent to about a litre of milk – to determine if they had lactose intolerance or not.
Then, on three separate visits, the same women drank 750ml of the three types of milk.
Immediately after the women consumed the milk, and at 30 minute intervals for three hours, the researchers took blood, urine and breath samples, measured their waist, and performed MRI scans.
The women also recorded how they felt for the 12 hours following consumption.
Milan said animal studies showed a breakdown product of the A1 protein causes inflammation in the small intestine, which seemed to somehow exacerbate lactose intolerance.
“What our findings suggest is while we can’t fix the inability to digest lactose, we might be able to minimise the exacerbating action of the A1 protein.”
Analysis also confirmed that dairy intolerance was distinct from lactose intolerance.
The dairy intolerant women reported all three milk types as equal in terms of digestive discomfort over the three hours.
A planned second study by the same team would track the effects of A2 Milk on gut comfort over two weeks, focusing on small intestinal inflammation.
The study is expected to add to the business success story of the a2 Milk Company Limited, which has become the country’s fifth-biggest company on the back of growing exports to Australia and China. Its share price has quadrupled to almost $8 in the last year.
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How to write the methods section of a research paper. - semantic scholar How to write a research methodology for your academic article - expert journals Imrad - wikipedia Methods - writing a scientific paper - research guides at university of california irvine Scientific method research papers look into the five-step process that uses factual evidence to discover knowledge and push the boundaries of understanding. Advanced research methods. research advice for upper division undergraduates and graduates in the social sciences and humanities. This section is variously called methods or methods and materials. 1. advice on particular problems common to new scientific writers. In this lesson, students use a scaffold to help them compile information to write a solid research paper. Quantitative and qualitative research methods paper, tracie seidelman Example of a research paper Scaffolding methods for research paper writing - readwritethink How to write guide: sections of the paper Scientific papers, learn science at scitable Research methods paper guidelines. each health policy ph.d. student must demonstrate their ability to use research methods by completing an. The quantitative methods paper is made up of five sections: analysis utilizes interview data collected by the national opinion research center (norc) in the. This research was supported by a grant from the arizona disease. control research commission. work on this article was supported by. grant p01 da. Example of a research paper start of example [page 1 - text aligned in the center and middle of the page] behavioral study of obedience by [author], [university] [page 2 - text starts at the top, left] abstract. methods. participants there were 30 male participants. they were recruited by advertisement in a newspaper and were. The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a studys validity is judged. therefore, it requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done, and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were by:.
How to write a research paper with the scientific method Methods of a research paper
How to present your research paper methods section How to write a quantitative methods paper How to write the methods section of a research paper, editage insights How to write the methods section of a research paper Reporting methods in the research paper Research forms the core of academic writing and can make or break your paper. at the college level, writers must support their claims through tailored evidence. In scientific writing, imrad or imrad (/ˈɪmræd/) (introduction, methods, results, and discussion) is a common organizational structure (a document format). imrad is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type. The apa article. general style comments. latex. bibliographic data bases. psychology research methods in psychology. writing the research paper. I love a well-written methods section in a research communication. there, i said it. and as a peer reviewer, i often go to the methods in the. Writing the research paper - advanced research methods - research guides at ucla library So youre writing a paper, nature methods How to write a method section of an apa paper This paper should be used only as an example of a research paper write-up. horizontal rules signify the top and bottom edges of pages. for sample references. Discussion of how to understand and write different sections of a scientific paper. discussions of how to write abstract, introduction, methods. A-z guide to writing a rockstar research paper with a bulletproof research methodology!
How to write a scientific paper—writing the methods section, pulmonologyExamples of materials and methods for the first paper general rules for writing methods and materials zyppy plasmid miniprep kit (zymo research). Master research methods, methods mentorMethods in scientific research & a guide to writing an excellent paper [prof george k. toworfe] on *free* shipping on qualifying offers. Importance of the methods section of research papers - enago academyThe quantitative methods paper is made up of five sections: introduction lit review methods analysis discussion and conclusion. you could state that future research should use more variables or add different variables. you could argue that the sample was poor. its your opportunity to brainstorm on how future research should be done.
Social research methods - knowledge base - sample paperEducation blog, the methods of research paper writing, stoppropcomProject can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future armonk, ny: m.e. sharpe, ; quantitative research methods. Sociological methods & research, sage publications incGeneral research paper guidelines: methods. print page the methods section is designed to describe, in detail, how you conducted your study. different. Methods - general research paper guidelines - academic guides at walden universitySample of methods section of research paper - professional essays at reasonable prices available here will turn your studying into pleasure. Research methods paper, berkeley ph.d. program in health policyMgmt quantitative research methods. research paper. learning outcome. below expectations. acceptable. exceeds expectations. 1. develops a. Writing a scientific research articleKallet, richard h. how to write the methods section of a research paper. respiratory care 49 (october):. Sample of methods section of research paper - custom essays & writing aid hqThese sections of the research paper should be concise. the audience reading the paper will always want to know what materials or methods. Research design & method - research methods guide - research guides at virginia techRunning head: quantitative and qualitative research methods 1 paper quantitative and qualitative research methods paper tracie seidelman. Cu denver school of public affairs home pageNow indexed in the research papers in economics (repec) database. search issue articles here. when your research depends on the very latest. Methods - general research paper guidelines - academic guides at walden universityThe method section of an apa format psychology paper provides the methods and procedures used in a research study or experiment. this part of an apa paper is critical because it allows other researchers to see exactly how you conducted your research. Writing a scientific research articleThe methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study’s validity is judged. therefore, it requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done, and the rationale.
Reporting methods in the research paper Methods of a research paper
- The methods section of a research article is like a roadmap leading to the core of the research, guiding the readers through the actual journey.
- The scientific rigor of the paper is judged by your materials and methods section, so make sure you elaborate on all the fine details of your.
- Methods - general research paper guidelines - academic guides at walden university
- It is assumed that the researcher is familiar statistics & methods. it is the task of the researcher to apply these courses in writing his or her research paper.
Quantitative and qualitative research methods paper, tracie seidelmanWhen presenting your research paper methods section, you need to be highly professional and adhere to the rules provided for universal academic writing. How to write the methods section of a research paper, editage insightsDescriptions of methods usually include defining them and stating why you have chosen specific techniques to investigate a research problem, followed by an outline of the procedures you used to systematically select, gather, and process the data [remember to always save the interpretation of data for the discussion section of your paper]. Education blog, the methods of research paper writing, stoppropcom2 days ago pdf | the methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a studys validity is judged. therefore, it requires a clear and.
Writing a scientific research articleWriting a clear, accurate and convincing scientific paper is both an art and what you did; detailed methods should be in the methods section. How to write a method section of an apa paperThe method section of an apa format psychology paper provides the methods and procedures used in a research study or experiment. How to write a scientific paper—writing the methods section, pulmonologyExamples of research questions – easily adaptable for this project. again, the purpose of this class is on the methods so use your time/energy there when.
How to write a method section of an apa paperRespir care. oct;49(10) how to write the methods section of a research paper. kallet rh(1). author information: (1)respiratory care services. Research methods paper, berkeley ph.d. program in health policyBy adar ben-eliyahu, phd. for many of us, reading an academic research paper can be overwhelming. we open the document and can. How to write a method section of an apa paperRunning head: research methods paper 6 materials in the materials section you explain what was used to perform the study. in this class the materials are usually written instructions and paper and pencil tests. these things fall under the subsection of materials. | <urn:uuid:6fbca078-372e-4706-8ab8-8658e3c80dbc> | {
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Authored by Angelia Ferrara
Image of Construction of Mamaroneck Public Library. Nightingale. “Progress Photo of The Mamaroneck Library” – June 15 1927
Image of the Construction of The Mamaroneck Library
The image that is seen here is one of several images that were found undocumented in the archives of the Mamaroneck Public Library. This image, along with the others, will be incorporated into a presentation about the history and the building of The Mamaroneck Public Library and community center that will be posted on their website. This image (circa 1927) shows the construction of the original Mamaroneck Public Library on Prospect Avenue, which was completed by September, 1927. At the time, there were almost 7,000 books in the library. By 1966,a new wing was added, to include the current reading and reference rooms and children’s library (Fulcher 1947). Soon after, The Emelin Theatre and a lower level expansion were added. By 1987, a wing was added to allow The Emelin Theatre to move, and become a separate entity. In both 2008 and 2011, further expansions brought the library to its current size, almost twice its original size. It hosts an amazing 124,000 items, 83,000 of which are books (History of The Mamaroneck Public Library n.d.). It still serves as a major contributor to Mamaroneck as a cultural and community center, keeping the dream from back in the early 1900’s of a resource for all of the citizens of Mamaroneck alive.
The Need for Public Libraries in New York
Before the mid 1800’s, most substantial libraries in the state of New York were privately owned, built by religious organizations, or located in major cities such as Manhattan (The New York Public Library), White Plains, or Albany (The New York State Library). Local municipalities and public schools did not have the funding or the resources for books and materials for use by the general public. Exposure to books, music, art and other cultural and educational materials was limited for people who did not have the resources to access them. Over time, the idea that library resources should be made available free of charge to the general public took hold. People with means began to donate funds and books to help build public libraries (History of NY Public Library, n.d.).
The Village “Not Fit to Live in Without a Library”
The Village of Mamaroneck is one of the older villages in Westchester County. Purchased in 1661, it quickly was established as a trading post for smugglers who were trying to evade the harsh import penalties of the British Crown. While still small in population, and considered “the country” for those who lived in Manhattan, Mamaroneck began to become more concerned with the quality of life of its residents (Lippsett 1997). In 1922, resident Charles M. Baxter would begin his campaign to build a public library in Mamaroneck. Armed with the slogan “Mamaroneck is not a fit place to live in until it has a Library,” and a dedication to the people of Mamaroneck, Baxter would eventually see his dream of a public library come to fruition (LoGiudice 1995).
The building of a “Community Center”
It soon became obvious that the community of Mamaroneck wanted to build a center for their community. A small, store front building on West Post Road was quickly established with private funding and donated resources. Donations as small as fifty cents to thousands of dollars poured in. Baxter soon approached the Hegeman Estate (of the late John Rogers Hegeman of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company) and secured the sizable donation of forty thousand dollars to build the Mamaroneck Public Library on Prospect Avenue. Again, donations large and small from various sources poured in, allowing for the purchase of the property, the design of the architecture, and the building of the Library itself. The slogan “A book given to the Library is a gift to everyone who uses the library” netted thousands of donations of funds and books from citizens of all ages (Fulcher 1947). The new library was becoming a reality. Over time, this Library would serve as a Red Cross Headquarters, supply distribution center, emergency shelter, teen center, and a trusted resource for up-to-date, accurate community information, for people of all walks of life.
Fulcher, William. 1947. The Story of A Dream: The Mamaroneck Free Library: Town of Mamaroneck Publisher.
“History |.” n.d. Accessed March 10, 2018. https://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/history.
“History |.” n.d. Accessed March 10, 2018. http://www.mamaronecklibrary.org/history-3/.
Lippsett, Paula B. 1997. Mamaroneck Town: A History of “The Gathering Place”, 1661-1997. Mamaroneck, NY: Town of Mamaroneck Publisher.
LoGiudice, Mary P. 1995. Celebration: Village of Mamaroneck Centennial, 1895-1995. Mamaroneck, NY: Printcraft. | <urn:uuid:88f7982c-d5ff-4e87-bc9e-28eb1ab8187b> | {
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Western Australia Moorings is a collection of shelf mooring designed to monitor the major oceanographic features in the southern west coast of Australia. The mooring arrays are strategically located to monitor coastal upwelling and the structure and variability of the Leeuwin Current in the south west of Australia. Moorings are currently located off Two Rocks and the Perth Canyon, the largest underwater canyon in Australia and a major oceanographic feature of the region.
The location of Western Australia Moorings overlaps with Ocean Radar coverage off Perth and are also co-located with regular Ocean Glider missions. The cross-validation of the different data streams of these IMOS Sub-Facilities provides an in-depth understanding of the regions oceanographic and coastal processes and the important interactions between the Leeuwin Current and the wind-driven Capes Current and their associated eddy fields. The historical deployment of an Acoustic Observatory in the Perth Canyon provides baseline data on ambient oceanic noise, presence of fish and mammals of this important feature of the ocean floor and its role in oceanic productivity of the region. The maintenance of the Rottnest Island National Reference Station by Western Australia Moorings, in addition to the shelf moorings provides valuable information on the south-west region of Australia’s ocean. | <urn:uuid:eade2ae8-a90d-4807-a1bc-e38f2dc13bf6> | {
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Bishop Crepaldi Examines the Teachings of Benedict XVIVATICAN CITY, MARCH 10, 2007 (ZENIT.org).- Here is an essay written for ZENIT by Bishop Giampaolo Crepaldi, secretary of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace and the director of the Cardinal Van Thuân International Observatory, on the teachings of Benedict XVI on the role of reason and Christianity in the public square.
* * *
Public Reason and the Truth of Christianity in the Teachings of Benedict XVI
Public reason is human reason that believes it can attain, through dialogue and research, certain truths about man and, in particular, about man in society. Public reason is certainly a critical reason, but is also a constructive reason that is not only capable of achieving the "consensus" of opinions, but can also attain the truth and the good of man in society for which it has a cognitive and an arguing ability.
The ability to understand the foundations of the dignity of the person, the main elements of the common good, the inalienability of human rights, justice, the meaning of individual freedom and of community ties, all depend on the possibility of a public reason.
The primary problem of public reason is to determine if it is possible and, secondarily, whether it is self-sufficient, or whether it needs a relationship with religion and, in particular, with the Christian religion. Benedict XVI has addressed this topic on several occasions and in different places, talking on the one hand of the truth of reason and, on the other, of the truth of religions.
The public use of reason and relativism
Public reason is not possible in a culture that is dominated by the "dictatorship of relativism," for a very simple reason: Relativism is a dogma and therefore it a priori rejects rational argumentation, even toward itself. Those with a taste for paradox could say that relativism is a fundamentalism.
On several occasions, Benedict XVI said that now it has become a dogma, or a presumption, and that it cannot be sustained if not through some sort of faith. Hence, relativism rests upon blind faith. This is unquestionably contradictory because the words "dogma" and "relativism" are incompatible.
The thing is that relativism becomes a faith in order to overcome its internal contradiction, only to fall into a new one. Relativism, in fact, cannot be argued; otherwise it would refer to a capability of reason to argue the truth. In this case, relativism would contradict itself because it would admit the possibility of non-relative truths. Thus, relativism can only be "dogmatically assumed."
The "dictatorial" character -- in the cultural sense -- of relativism, prevents the use of public reason because it prevents the public use of reason. At this point, it could be interesting to go back to the writing where this public use was strongly proclaimed for the first time -- the short essay entitled "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?" written by Kant in 1784.
For Kant, reason has a public use that serves a critical purpose. To illustrate this public use, Kant especially dwells on the rational critique of religion, i.e. the complete freedom of citizens, indeed even the calling, "to impart to the public all of his carefully considered and well-intentioned thoughts concerning mistaken aspects of that symbol, as well as his suggestions for the better arrangement of religious and church matters."
Reason, with its own categories, claims to be the testing ground and the measure of faith and religion too. Why is a public reason to which Kant assigned such challenging tasks now reduced to relativism, which is incapable of critiquing not just religion, but even itself?
Public reason and the self-limitation of reason
The reason lies in the "self-limitation" of reason, as Benedict XVI has suggested many times. This self-limitation underpins the dogmatically blind assumption of relativism and its inability to play any kind of critical role. The faith in relativism can exist only when the scope of reason has been drastically limited.
The self-limitation of reason consists in its being reduced to mathematical-experimental knowledge, i.e. a type of rationality that is incapable of founding even relativism. This type of knowledge -- the mathematical-experimental type -- simply has "no evidence" of relativism, nor can have any because it is not an empirically observable fact.
Relativism is a philosophy and not a fact, and its foundation would require a different kind of reasoning which, however, is excluded by self-limited reason. This is why relativism can only either be "implicit" -- lived and not justified -- or dogmatically "assumed" -- accepted, for example, by an act of faith. In this sense then, the "dictatorship of relativism" is the necessary conclusion of the "self-limitation" of reason. However, with relativism, the public role of reason fails.
Actually, this self-limitation was already present in Kant's thought. In the above-mentioned 1784 short essay he "pretended" to assign to reason the public role of critiquing even religion, but it was an incautious claim as his vision of reason was already confined to mathematical-experimental knowledge. This is why that claim has to be denied, however, while nevertheless rejecting it and showing how it leads to relativism. It must also be said that a different reason, a reason that can fully breathe, can play a public role and can also engage in some sort of critique of religion.
In 2004, Cardinal Ratzinger participated in a debate with philosopher Jurgen Habermas in Munich that focused exactly on the public role of reason. On that occasion, he argued that if terrorism that is fuelled by religious fundamentalism is the symptom of a pathology of religion that must be corrected by reason, then in the same way the technical-scientific capability of producing human beings is the symptom of a pathology of reason that needs to be corrected by religion.
This is his conclusion: "There are extremely dangerous pathologies in religion that require us to consider the divine light of reason as a control mechanism ... there are also pathologies of reason that are not less dangerous … therefore reason has to accept warning as to its limits and must be willing to listen to the great religious traditions of mankind." As we can see, he credits reason with the ability of "controlling" religion. Christianity, then, does not ask reason to shrink from its public role but to fully fulfill it; however, in order to do that, reason needs to rediscover its own greatness. Christianity wants a reason that is able to breathe and is willing to help reason do that. It wants to be "put to the test" by this reason.
Philosophical relativism and religious relativism
What are the repercussions of the dictatorship of relativism and of such a reductive vision of religions on the part of reason? The consequence of philosophical relativism can only be religious relativism: All religions are different and yet actually the same. They are irrational, they are the result of an unfounded choice, and thus they cannot be compared.
Relativism, unfoundedly dogmatic, views religions as unjustified beliefs. Because it does so in an unfounded manner, it cannot demonstrate it, hence it simply "believes it." Relativism "believes" that religions are unfounded, thus they cannot be compared. In other words, it believes that religions have nothing to do with reason and truth. Then all religions are dogmatic, in the trivial sense of the word, i.e. in the sense of "accepted without evidence" (just like relativism, but relativism does not seem to be aware of that).
In the current relativistic vulgate, in fact, the word dogma generically and superficially means "something that is accepted without evidence and thus in a dogmatic manner." Just as philosophical relativism deprives religion of a true public role, the corresponding religious relativism deprives religion from playing its public role. As we will see better later, the public role of reason and that of religious faith either stand together or die.
In this way, all religions are reduced to myth, i.e. to a way of exorcizing mysterious, bizarre and irrational forces. If religions are unfounded, it means that the divine forces they refer to are irrational and that arbitrariness rules the word. If the primordial forces are arbitrary, religion is a form of insurance against the repercussions of this imponderableness. Therefore religious relativism regresses to a kind of religious primitivism: religion is a way of exorcizing irrational forces.
The critique of religion as myth of the Greeks and Israel
To consider religion as something irrational, according to Benedict XVI, is entirely inconsistent with our whole Western and Christian history. In fact, both Greek thought and the Jewish religion, as well as Christianity, of course, rejected the vision of religion as myth and conceived religion as knowledge and God as Logos.
Let us take a brief look at Greek thought. If we examine the Greek religions of "the mysteries" and even the Olympic religion, we find the characteristic features of the pre-rational myth: mysterious and unfathomable forces, arcane, obscure, underground impulses, the arbitrariness of the gods where the same human action can be either good or bad depending on the deity, man's struggle to placate divine wrath and exorcize these unforeseeable forces.
Nevertheless, Ionian Physics search for the "Arché," which is the nomos that transforms a chaos into a cosmos, the Pythagoreans say that everything is measure and for Anaxagoras a distinct and highly noble pure Mind rules all things. In Plato's Euthyphro, Socrates asks Euthyphro what holiness is and when an action can be said to be holy. Euthyphro answers that holiness is that which is dear to the gods. However, Socrates notes that different things are dear to different gods and then asks the crucial question: "The holy is holy because it is dear to the gods or is dear to the gods because it is holy?"
In the first case, the gods are arbitrary, in the second case they are connected with truth and good. As we can see, the issue raised by Benedict XVI in Regensburg, using a quotation from Manuel II Paleologus, emperor of Constantinople -- "not to act in accordance with reason is contrary to God's nature" -- has deep and ancient roots. Socrates' question raises the issue of whether the gods are capricious and arbitrary like acrobats and jugglers or whether they follow the good and the truth.
Euthyphro does not answer, but the path had been opened by Socrates and will be ratified by Plato: "The gods are not magicians who transform themselves, neither do they deceive mankind in any way" ("The Republic," II, 376 c). Therefore Greek philosophy detaches itself from myth and definitely turns to God as Logos. For Aristotle, the supersensible Substance is Intelligence that eternally grasps itself. The world has an order that is transparent to reason and reason can know it because the gods are rational and act according to truth, as Plato's Demiurge, who does not mould and shape things at random, but drawing inspiration from the truth of eternal forms.
If we look at the Jewish religion, we find the same path. The "God of the Fathers" Israel looks to is not a local or a political god, he is not Baal nor Moloch. He is "he who is," he who existed before all powers and will continue to exist even after them. The God of Abraham is not fixed in one place but is everywhere. He is not linked to any specificity, he does not depend from a people, he does not even depend from the Temple, he does not need sacrifices. He is the Spirit of which the world is a reflection, he is the Spirit that is capable of creating matter. Just as Greek philosophy surpasses itself and goes beyond its own religion of myth, the faith of Israel saves him from belonging to a people.
For all these reasons, Benedict XVI said at Regensburg that there is a profound harmony between what is Greek in the best sense of the word and the biblical understanding of faith in God.
Christianity was the ultimate synthesis of all this: For the Gospel of St. John, Jesus is the Logos, he is the spirit of God that created all things. Christianity does not borrow from the many religions of the time, the religions of the myth, but presents us with God-truth reconnecting directly with Greek thought and developing the experience of Israel. It relates "to that divine presence which can be perceived by the rational analysis of reality … In Christianity, rationality became religion."
We believe that at the beginning of everything is the eternal Word, with Reason and not Unreason. Justin (second century) believed that the Word had sown its seeds in Greek philosophy because what is true for reason comes always from the Word. Clement of Alexandria even thought that Greek philosophy had been a natural revelation of the Christian God. There was often the danger of sliding toward an irrational God but it has always been met and overcome by the authentic orthodox line that was embraced by the Church.
William of Ockham, in the 14th century, argued that God, in his omnipotence, could quite as well have created a diametrically opposite world. He, in his absolute power, could have given us one table of the law that was the exact opposite of the Ten Commandments. Ockham embraced and echoed many similar ideas that had already been expressed before and would be expressed again in later centuries, especially after the Protestant Reformation. They believed that a God who was subject to truth was not an omnipotent God. The point is this: Not even God can produce something that is intrinsically impossible.
This is precisely what Ockham thought: To say that God cannot produce something that is intrinsically impossible would be to limit the divine freedom and omnipotence. Then came St. Thomas. His opinion is the following: "Whatever implies contradiction does not come within the scope of divine omnipotence, because it cannot have the aspect of possibility. Hence it is better to say that such things cannot be done, than that God cannot do them." Divine omnipotence is wise, not arbitrary and capricious.
Christianity and the public use of reason
Christianity, and especially Catholicism, cannot accept philosophical relativism, cannot be linked to philosophies that exclude the problem of the truth. This would mean to negate creation and the existence of a creative Spirit. For the same reason, the rational notion of "human nature," which is currently questioned, is not relinquishable.
Therefore, Christian faith confirms and supports the rational search for truth and calls for a public role of reason that will also include the critique of religions. In fact, we cannot say that all religions relate to truth and reason in the same way as Christianity. They relate to truth and reason in a different manner, which is the same as saying that they are more or less rational and that they can more or less adequately support the public role of reason. This was the theme touched upon by the Holy Father at Regensburg. A God who preaches violence is not a rational God, because reason rejects violence as means of transmission of faith. What is not rational cannot come from the true God.
We see here a very important criterion for the evaluation of religions that, in some way, is new to our eyes. Religions are concerned with eternal salvation. Religious relativism says that as far as salvation is concerned, religions are incommensurable, it is not possible to establish which is the most rational. Religions, however, in addition to the promise of an eternal salvation, also say that it starts here on earth.
If a religion teaches a way of life that is not righteous, it cannot be a true religion. Only when man has lost sight of the ability to know what is good and what is true, then all offers of salvation become the same. If we do not have any standards of right living, then all religions are the same. If the standards for right living are relativized, man remains trapped inside religions. Again, this demonstrates that religious relativism is founded on philosophical relativism. Cardinal Ratzinger points out that St. Paul (Romans 2:14ff) does not say that non-Christians will be saved by following their religion, but by following natural religion.
We have to always bear in mind that also the reverse influence is true as well: Religious pluralism in turn produces philosophical relativism. In fact, Benedict XVI reminded us that "The convergence of differences must not convey an impression of surrendering to that relativism which denies the meaning of truth itself and the possibility of attaining it."
The common good and the truth of religions
If it is possible to criticize religions starting from the reasons of man, then it must also be possible to criticize them starting from the reasons of man in society, that is from a public religion. Then it becomes clear that not all religions are equally respectful of the good of man in society.
It is also clear that the political power that seeks to organize society according to reason not only cannot relate to all religions in the same way, but should also cherish its obligations to the true religion. Of course, if the political power is based on the relativistic democracy, it will not feel any obligation in this regard. Relativism, in fact, can only express a procedural public reason. When the truth is replaced by the decision of the majority, culture is set against truth. The relativistic presumption leads to the tearing up of people's spiritual roots and the destruction of the network of social relationships.
Relativism regards all religions as equivalent. It does so because it is incapable of engaging in a public critique of religions because for relativism common good cannot be rationally identified. By doing so, it precludes the possibility for the true religion to religiously support what men do to attain the common good. Here, too, we see a negative spiral. Relativistic democracy produces religious relativism and this strengthens ethical and social relativism.
All this happens when a society is no longer able to use public reason to criticize religions that proclaim polygamy, that incorporate the rite of physical mutilation, that do not respect the dignity of women, that preach violence or offer religious paths that depersonalize and hamper human reason and knowledge. How will our public reason be able to discern between religions if it loses sight of authentic humanity?
The state, the Church and the problem of reciprocity
The respective roles of state and Church are clear, in their complementary distinction, if we take the example of the so-called reciprocity. Benedict XVI has often stressed the importance of interreligious dialogue. He particularly focused on this issue during his trip to Turkey.
However, dialogue requires reciprocity without which there is no real dialogue. The problem is this: Who should demand such reciprocity, the Church or to the state? Not the Church, who must be guided by charity and truth. Her only duty toward the faithful of the other religions is to bear witness to the charity and the truth of Jesus Christ. On the other hand, reciprocity should guide the actions of the states that recognize elements of public truth in Christianity, i.e. a fundamental contribution to the common good. These states often acknowledge the contribution of Christianity to their history and to the formation of their cultural identity.
This is extremely important: Acknowledging that their roots are grounded in Greek thought, in the Jewish religion and in Christianity is a crucial step for developing the awareness of their own identity. However, it is not sufficient because, unfortunately, the past can be forgotten and, given the rapid disenchantment of the new generations, it is possible to lose sight of the importance of Christianity even in the face of historical, artistic and cultural examples that bear witness to its civilizing function.
Alongside the criteria of history and culture we also need the criterion of truth, i.e. of public rationality. This, then, will also foster appreciation for our history and the pride of our own identity. If, instead, we lose sight of the idea that Christianity expresses a truth that relates to the human being and that Christianity corresponds to authentic public reason more than other religious confessions, we also lose appreciation for our history and the pride of our identity. When Benedict XVI bitterly wondered if the West truly loved itself, this is exactly what he meant: Does it truly love the truth it has inside itself?
Interreligious dialogue is not founded on religious relativism or indifferentism. This is true for the Catholic religion, but is also true for a public reason that has not entirely surrendered to the dictatorship of relativism. By proclaiming the right to religious freedom, the Church has never meant to deny that Christianity is the true religion or that the state has obligations towards the true religion.
According to the declaration "Dignitatis humanae" of the Second Vatican Council, the right to religious freedom "leaves untouched traditional Catholic doctrine on the moral duty of men and societies toward the true religion and toward the one Church of Christ." Now, from where does the state, which is secular, derive these obligations to the true religion?
Not from being a "Christian" state, but from reason, that is from the natural ability to see truths about man in society, from the ability to understand the common good. This also founds the ability to see that one religion consolidates and helps pursue humanization objectives while another contributes to the degradation of man. Christian religion has this claim, the claim of preaching a "God with a human face."
"Today, having a clear faith based on the creed of the Church is often labeled as fundamentalism. Whereas relativism, that is, letting oneself be 'tossed here and there, carried about by every wind of doctrine,' seems the only attitude that can cope with modern times. We are building a dictatorship of relativism that does not recognize anything as definitive and whose ultimate goal consists solely of one's own ego and desires" (Joseph Ratzinger, Homily at the Mass "Pro Eligendo Romano Pontifice," April 18, 2005). See also Benedict XVI, Address at the Basilica of St. John Lateran to the Participants at the Ecclesial Convention of the Diocese of Rome, June 8, 2005, p. 7. See the analysis of G. Crepaldi, "Brief Notes on Laity According to Joseph Ratzinger-Benedict XVI," in "Social Doctrine of the Church Bulletin," January-February 2006, pp. 3-16.
Expressions such as "the dogma of relativism," "the presumption of relativism," or relativism as "the religion of modern man" are frequent in the book: Joseph Ratzinger, "Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions," Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 2004.
Immanuel Kant, "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?," translated by Ted Humphrey in "Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace and Other Essays," Hackett, Indianapolis, 1983, pp. 41-46.
"Self-limitation of reason" is the expression used by Ratzinger (Joseph Ratzinger, "Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures -- The Europe of Benedict," Ignatius Press, San Francisco 2006).
It is a "purely functional rationality" that "maintains that you can only call rational what can be proven with experiments" (Joseph Ratzinger. "Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures -- The Europe of Benedict," cit.).
Joseph Ratzinger, "Ragione e fede. Scambio reciproco per un'etica comune" [Faith and Reason. Mutual Exchange for a Common Ethics], in J. Habermas-J. Ratzinger, "Ragione e fede in dialogo" [The Dialectics of Secularization: On Reason and Religion], Marsilio, Padua 2005.
Joseph Ratzinger, "Ragione e fede. Scambio reciproco per un'etica comune," [Faith and Reason. Mutual Exchange for a Common Ethics] cit., pp. 79-80.
Joseph Ratzinger, "The God of Faith and the God of the Philosophers" in "Introduction to Christianity," Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 1990, pp. 93-104.
Benedict XVI, Lecture at the University of Regensburg, Sept. 12, 2006.
Joseph Ratzinger, "Introduction to Christianity" cit., pp. 77-93: "The Biblical Belief in God." Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 1990.
Many times and in many places Benedict XVI wonders, rhetorically, whether it is more rational to think of a Spirit that creates matter or of matter that creates spirit.
Joseph Ratzinger, Conference "2000 Years After What?," University of Sorbonne, Paris, Nov. 27, 1999 in "Christianity. The Victory of Intelligence Over the World of Religions," English text in 30 Days, no. 1/2000, pp. 33-44
"So we end up with two alternatives. What came first? Creative Reason, the Creator Spirit who makes all things and gives them growth, or Unreason, which, lacking any meaning, yet somehow brings forth a mathematically ordered cosmos, as well as man and his reason" (Benedict XVI, Homily at "Islinger Feld," Regensburg, Sept. 12, 2006).
"We have to ask what heaven is and how it comes upon earth. Future salvation must make its mark in a way of life that makes the person "human" here and capable of relating to God" (Joseph Ratzinger, "Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions" cit., p. 205. Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 2004).
Benedict XVI, Message to the Bishop of Assisi on the occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the Interreligious Meeting of Prayer for Peace of Oct. 27, 1986. "One cannot simply see in any and every religion the way for God to come to man and man to God" (Joseph Ratzinger, "Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions" cit., p. 75). Ratzinger reflected on the theme of interreligious prayer for peace and on the possibility that it could foster relativism and provided clear answers also in "Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions" cit., pp. 106-112.
"Salvation begins with becoming righteous in this world -- something that always includes the twin poles of the individual and society." (Joseph Ratzinger, "Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions" cit., p. 205).
Joseph Ratzinger, "Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions" cit., p. 76. Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 2004.
Joseph Ratzinger, "The Spiritual Roots of Europe: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow," in Joseph Ratzinger & Marcello Pera, "Without Roots: the West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam," Basic Books, New York, 2006, p.86.
Second Vatican Council, Declaration on religious freedom "Dignitatis humanae," Dec. 7, 1965, No. 1.
Benedict XVI, Address to the Participants in the Fourth National Ecclesial Convention of Verona, Oct. 19, 2006. The Holy Father also mentioned "God with a human face" on Nov. 3, 2006 in the Address at the Gregorian Pontifical University.
Saturday, March 10, 2007
Tuesday, March 06, 2007
Kwasniewski provided two documents, the first covering Garrigou-Langrange's
commentary on the Tertia pars, qq. 73-82 (in Word or PDF format) and another with comments of Garrigou-Langrange on the other sacraments and things pertaining to the sacraments (again, in Word or PDF
Get your Quaracchi editions of Franciscan writers Frati Quaracchi is offering various works by Franciscans for sale.
The status quaestionis of Gratian Studies Anders Winroth's page for Gratian Studies
On Remigius of Florence
Matt Levering interview
Sea Squirt Regrows Entire Body from One Blood VesselBy Charles Q. Choi
Special to LiveScience
posted: 05 March 2007
08:05 pm ET
Our closest invertebrate relative, the humble sea squirt, can regenerate its entire body from just tiny blood vessel fragments, scientists now report.
The entire regeneration process, which in part resembles the early stages of embryonic development, can produce an adult sea squirt in as little as a week.
The finding could illuminate not only the evolutionary origins of regeneration in all organisms, but also subsequent changes to it during vertebrate evolution.
"However, in general, the more complex the animal, the lower the regeneration abilities are, relatively," biologist Ram Reshef at Technion Israel Institute of Technology in
explained. "No vertebrate could regenerate their whole bodies if you cut them in two." Haifa
The ability to regenerate a whole body from a fragment is typically restricted to less complex invertebrates, such as sponges, worms and jellyfish. Nonetheless, Reshef and his colleagues, including biologist Yuval Rinkevich, chose to look at the sea squirt Botrylloides leachi [image], a more complex invertebrate, by carefully peeling off colonies from underneath stones in shallow waters along the Mediterranean coast of
The scientists found that "massive regeneration is not just confined to low complexity animals, but rather can take place in highly evolved animals," Reshef told LiveScience.
Each colony is composed of up to thousands of genetically identical individuals, each two to three millimeters long and embedded in a gelatinous matrix. A network of blood vessels connects all modules within a colony.
The scientists removed fragments of blood vessels from the colonies and placed them on microscope slides for investigation. Each roughly one-millimeter-long fragment contained one or more ampullae, which are the pear-shaped endpoints of the vessels, as well as 100 to 300 blood cells.
Of 95 fragments, 80 regenerated an entire functional adult within one to three weeks.
The whole body regeneration process that the scientists witnessed proved unlike any recorded so far. "When less complex groups regenerate their bodies, they do so through what we call a blastema, which is a kind of tissue that forms right at the place where you want to regenerate an organ or body," Reshef said.
In contrast, the sea squirts did not employ blastemas. Instead, regeneration began from dozens of tiny compartments loaded with stem cells, which the researchers dubbed regeneration niches. "In mammals, many adult organs and tissues contain specific stem cells that are involved in repair and some restricted regeneration abilities," Reshef said.
The regeneration niches helped form a hollow sphere that organized into a thin and thick layer on opposite sites, very similar to early stages of embryonic development. As cells proliferated, this sphere folded over and over again, developing chambers and organs, with the end result being adults capable of sexual reproduction.
While the stem cells the researchers looked at are much like stem cells in adult mammals that give rise to our tissues and organs, "the huge difference is that they culminate in an entire organism," Reshef said. The most important implication of their finding is the possibility that vertebrate adult tissue stem cells may exhibit the same capabilities to generate any cell in the body, he added.
Reshef and his colleagues are currently teasing apart the molecular mechanisms by which the sea squirt accomplishes its whole body regeneration and to compare that process with similar mechanisms in other invertebrates and vertebrates. "We speculate that vertebrates altered or suppressed parts or all of this ability," Reshef said.
The scientists detailed their latest findings March 6 in the journal PLoS Biology. | <urn:uuid:58192c86-0a67-40d9-b8d8-04e3d503036e> | {
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Database Finder offers online access to databases and journal articles, and is available only at University of Maryland Libraries or to University of Maryland staff and students. Below is a list of databases that may be useful for located information on early African American history.
Below is a list of websites and online resources related to the topic of slavery in Maryland.
Select archival and special collection materials have been digitized and made available online through the Digital Collection @ the University of Maryland, a searchable digital repository of scanned materials from the University of Maryland's libraries.
Use the search box on the homepage to search collection by keywords. For example, typing "slavery Maryland" in the search box will retrieve materials realted to slavery in Maryland. | <urn:uuid:26b671d2-a441-4936-b417-eb03c12010c2> | {
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3. A hamster
A hamster can show its satisfaction by yawning and stretching. It expresses joy by jumping. Standing on its hind paws and moving forward with the upper body may signify curiosity.
If a hamster suddenly begins to wash feverishly, this may signal its concern. It expresses fright when it lies on the floor and sneaks around, trying to hide.
The hamster’s stance on its paws may have another meaning. When it stands on its hind paws but moves back with its upper body, it can signify aggression. It also may raise its front paws up.
4. A rabbit
A rabbit expresses joy by jumping. It shows its good attitude toward you when it lies on its belly and extends their hind and front legs. This means that it feels comfortable and relaxed.
When a rabbit is tense, it freezes in place. Its ears are pressed to its head and its eyes are wide open. It can take such a pose when it’s dissatisfied with your touch. A knock with its hind legs is a clear danger signal.
When a rabbit is about to bite you, it stands on its hind paws and moves the body forward. Most often, this behavior can be observed in lonely rabbits. | <urn:uuid:2cbb93f0-66c8-4cac-b07d-661eb51148e9> | {
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6 points, SCA Band 2, 0.125 EFTSL
Undergraduate - Unit
Refer to the specific census and withdrawal dates for the semester(s) in which this unit is offered.
- First semester 2017 (Day)
Bonding: atomic/molecular arrangement. Crystal systems: directions and planes, stereographic projection; metallic, ionic and ceramic crystals. Defects; vacancies and interstitials; dislocations; stacking faults, twin and grain boundaries. Thermodynamics: condensed systems; entropy, Gibbs free energy; ideal and non-ideal solutions; surface energy and microstructure. Phase equilibria and microstructures: Gibbs phase rule; free energy diagrams; phase diagrams; deviations from ideality, phase separation; ordering; eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid reactions; non-equilibrium microstructures, implications for physical properties.
On successful completion of this course students will:
- Understand the definitive characteristics of the key classes of materials and their origins in electronic structure, bonding and atomic/molecular arrangement;
- Have a thorough knowledge of elementary crystallography, including crystal lattices, elements of symmetry, crystal systems and their representation
- Recognise common prototype structures for metallic, ionic and ceramic crystals, and possess an understanding of the factors influencing the development of these structures
- Understand the geometry, crystallography and elastic properties of common crystal defects, and their effects on crystal properties
- Understand the derivation of binary and ternary alloy phase diagrams from the laws of thermodynamics, in particular the free energy concept, including positive and negative deviations from ideality
- Appreciate the concepts of equilibrium between multiple phases in binary alloy systems and their embodiment in Gibbs' Phase Rule and the concept of chemical potential
- Understand the microstructures to be expected for various binary material systems exhibiting, in particular, complete solid solubility, the eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic or peritectoid reactions
- Appreciate aspects of microstructure controlling solid solubility and the role of surfaces and interfaces in controlling microstructures
- Possess an elementary grasp of the consequences of nonequilibrium in binary systems
- Appreciate the influence of microstructures on some physical properties
- Have become familiar with the resources of a Library for acquiring information of specific interest to a Materials Engineer
- Have gained basic laboratory skills applied to study the microstructure of materials
- Have an ability to communicate within a team in carrying out laboratory work
- Have an ability to keep accurate laboratory records and to prepare a formal report on an experiment.
Laboratory work: 20%
Written examination: 50%
Students are required to achieve at least 45% in the total continuous assessment component (assignments, tests, mid-semester exams, laboratory reports) and at least 45% in the final examination component and an overall mark of 50% to achieve a pass grade in the unit. Students failing to achieve this requirement will be given a maximum of 45% in the unit.
3 hours lecture/tutorial, 1 hour laboratory and 8 hours of private study per week.
See also Unit timetable information
This unit applies to the following area(s) of study | <urn:uuid:acb8b8d7-e71a-4270-b1fd-acb3e82eca1b> | {
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- Homework without purpose or choice is extremely unmotivating
- Practice makes progress
I often tell students in class that homework might not be compulsory at school, however, it is in my home. I believe that homework can be a useful tool for a few reasons and, therefore, take the time to design meaningful tasks for the students I teach.
Reading is a must. It has been well documented that students who read often perform better at school. Encourage your child to talk to you about what they are reading. Ask questions like: 'What did you like about how the author wrote this story?' and 'How did the characters change throughout the story?'
The Mathletics tasks that are assigned are not the same for each student. I take the time to regularly assess where each child is at and assign tasks based on: what we are doing in class at the time, students abilities and what I think they might need more practice on.
To supplement our learning in class and to develop information technology skills, students will often be given a research or online task. These tasks are based around what we are learning in class and will serve as an extension activity to deepen the students understanding. I will also be asking students to complete these through Google Classroom, which students know how to use, so as to increase their computer competency (plus it's more interesting than doing it on paper).
You can see an overview of homework by selected the 'Homework' tab at the top of the screen.
I'd be interested to know what has been the most memorable or worthwhile homework tasks you or your children have completed? | <urn:uuid:f640f2cb-4498-48c3-90ec-c63b18e80437> | {
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Paul F. Brinich, Norman Sands
Bluntness was more effective in displacing transition downstream on a cylinder than on a cone. The downstream displacement of transition is related to the formation of a shock layer within which the Reynolds and Mach numbers are reduced and to pressure gradients that exist over the forward part of the model. Round bluntness in general had a favorable effect, whereas sharp-cornered flat bluntness above a certain size had unfavorable effects on the location of the transition point.
An Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file of the entire report: | <urn:uuid:1b7e469e-796f-4549-a5fe-0f8cf1329d70> | {
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The Nobile Dendrobium is native to the highlands of South East Asia and the Himalayas. These plants are semi-deciduous, meaning that they lose a portion of their leaves at some point during their growing or flowering periods. These plants produce a profusion of sweet-scented blooms in the winter or early spring and can remain in flower for up to two months. Expired flowers should be removed by cutting them off at the point of emergence from the cane.
To ensure good growth and profuse flowering, Nobile Dendrobium requires bright light and prefers some direct sun. While growing in your home October through May, a very bright east exposure that receives ample direct sun is ideal or, a south or west exposure where the plant is receiving only a few hours of direct sunlight daily.
Nobile Dendrobium does best when grown outdoors during the months of June through October. Hang them from a tree or the overhang of your house, or place in a screened porch where they can receive some dappled sunlight. Nobile Dendrobium can benefit from higher intensities of light as the day length decreases towards fall and into winter, and vice-versa for the spring and summer. Try to provide as much light as possible for your plant throughout the year without causing sun burn on the leaves. Once your Nobile Dendrobium is in the flowering stage it is best to shade it from any direct sun to prolong the life of the blooms.
One important cultural element for the Nobile Dendrobium is that they do best when exposed to a 10 to 15 degree differential between day and night temperatures. It is for that reason we recommend to grow Nobile Dendrobium outdoors from June until early October. While growing outdoors these plants do not mind periodic temperature dips into the 50?s at night, as long as the temperature rises at least 10 degrees or more during the day. It would be time to bring your Nobile Dendrobium indoors once the temperature differential between day and night becomes narrow; for example when the October day time temperature is consistently 55 degrees and the nights are 50 degrees. Do not ever allow your Nobile Dendrobium to freeze.
Once you have brought your Nobile Dendrobium indoors for the growing season of October through May, it is best to place them in a sunny area that experiences a nighttime temperature of 55 to 60 degrees. In the home this can be best achieved by using a basement area or a spare room that you are able to reduce the nighttime heat source. For the day time, it is still important that the plant experiences a rise in temperature of at least 10 degrees or more. On cloudy winter days an artificial heat source may be needed to achieve the proper daytime temperature differential, while the sunny days should generate enough warmth for an adequate temperature differential. Keep in mind that the cool night time temperature in the late fall and early winter promotes the onset of the flowering period.
Proper indoor watering requires allowing the bark mix to become dry beneath the surface between watering cycles. Factors such as how root bound your pot is, how much light the plant is receiving, and what size pot it is in, will all play a role on how fast it dries out. Typically while growing indoors a good thorough watering once a week should be sufficient. In cases of root bound plants grown in warm, high light areas, watering every 5 days is needed. When watering, water the bark thoroughly until water runs freely from the bottom of the pot. Always remove your pot from any decorative container to allow for proper drainage. Never allow your pot to stand in any water as this will cause root rot. Never use softened water on any of your orchids.
For outdoor growing it is best to maintain slightly more moisture than for indoors. During the highest temperature periods (mid summer) we recommend to keep the Nobile Dendrobium moist but not soggy. A watering twice a week is usually needed during that period. As the temperature begins to drop towards the end of the outdoor season, begin letting the bark become dry beneath the surface, much like the indoor watering schedule. While outdoors the natural rain on the plant is beneficial.
The fertilizing program for the Nobile Dendrobium is perhaps one of the most important and regimented of many orchid types. Too much fertilizer causes the formation of what is commonly known as the Keiki, which in essence is the formation of an unwanted vegetative shoot emerging from the mid to upper section of the cane. If at any time your plant produces Keiki growths which protrude from the mid to upper section of the cane, they should be removed and discarded.
The proper fertilizing regimen for Nobile Dendrobium is to apply a 20-20-20 or similar balanced fertilizer once every 2 to 3 weeks from March through August. Discontinue fertilizing from September through February. A safe dilution ratio is one level teaspoon of fertilizer mixed in one gallon of water. Do not over-fertilize as this will cause permanent root damage.
Like most orchids, the Nobile Dendrobium enjoys a moderately humid climate of 50% or greater. While growing outdoors this is not an issue since we generally have adequate humidity in our Wisconsin summer climate. While growing indoors it is recommended to increase humidity around the plant simply by placing your plants on a humidity tray, misting them adequately in the morning, or grouping your plants all together in one area.
We recommend repotting Nobile Dendrobium every two years. If you are not experienced or comfortable doing this yourself we offer the repotting service at our greenhouse for a small fee. Your recently purchased Nobile Dendrobium may be ready for a repotting job as soon as it has finished flowering. Inquire with us as to when your individual plant was last repotted. Good indicators for a repot candidate are: when the rhizome and roots of the plant have protruded over the edge of the pot; when the potting medium starts to break down and drain poorly; or when the plant is completely root bound in the pot. It is best to repot just as new roots sprout from the rhizome which is typically after flowering has completed or during the spring and summer months as the plant becomes actively growing again.
Nobile Dendrobium may be divided if the plant has enough pseudobulbs (commonly called canes) to safely do so. A division should consist of four canes minimum, all still bearing healthy leaves. This will ensure that the plant will have enough strength for future growth. Larger divisions of 6-10 canes are preferred, which in turn will make for a specimen plant the next blooming season. If your plant is not dividable at this time simply repot it into a slightly larger pot.
To make a proper division, begin by examining your plant for a natural dividing line between the pseudobulbs that will give you equal halves, both having at least one new growth if possible. Using a large stiff knife, make a cut through the rhizome and root mass to make the division. Try to keep the root mass intact as much as possible as this will prevent transplant shock. Some leaf-less canes can be removed and discarded at this time, but it is important to keep your minimum number of canes to ensure a healthy division.
A note about orchid viruses: most commonly the transmission of orchid viruses is caused by using the same cutting tool on multiple plants. The most effective method to reduce virus transmission from plant to plant is to briefly flame sterilize all your cutting tools between use on each plant. A simple Butane torch or a gas stove are handy items for this purpose. This practice should be implemented when repotting as well as when cutting off expired flowering stems.
Once your division is made, select a new pot in the appropriate size to allow for another two years of growing. Unfortunately there is not a set rule for choosing the proper pot size, but generally you will need to increase the pot size by one to two inches. Do not use too large of a pot because these plants like to be somewhat crowded, even after repotting. The Nobile Dendrobium prefers to be potted into clay pots for the benefit of the porosity offered by the clay as well as the stability from the weight.
Place the plant into your selected pot and add our moistened fir bark orchid potting mix around the roots. Position the plant in the pot so the junction of the plant and roots is buried one half inch below the potting mixture. Pack the potting mixture firmly with a blunt tool to ensure the plant is secure in the pot. Wait about one week and then water thoroughly.
For more assistance with your Nobile Dendrobium or any other Orchid, please call us at 608-831-4700, send an email, or visit our store!
Happy growing, from Orchids Garden Centre & Nursery! | <urn:uuid:75b541b7-f7af-41ff-8731-6199ac7fff60> | {
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Friday, 29 March 2019
This for literacy rm 4 have been reading and learning about a book called rise up it was about
the dawn raids that happened in the 1950s and also we have been reading a poem called brave flower
that also was about the same thing.
Task description: for this task i have had to read rise up a book about polynesian panthers
and the dawn raids then i hae had to answer the questions once that was done have had to
read poem similar to the book then ansewr questions again | <urn:uuid:6f1d0f2b-b248-4e4a-8944-36c01cdc323f> | {
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L – R
Lahring, H. 2003.
Water and Wetland Plants of the Prairie Provinces: A Field Guide for Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Northern United States.
University of Regina Press (formerly, Canadian Plains Research Center), Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. 348 pp.
“This field guide has been created as a reference or those who are curious about the many mysteries of our natural world, and for those who would like to know more about a plant than just its name.” (Heinjo Lahring, p. 1.) This handy field guide is designed for use by both amateur and professional botanists, biologists, gardeners, and naturalists. The full color field guide includes over 400 species of water and wetland plants found across Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the northern United States. There are over 300 color photographs and over 300 line drawings; scientific names, including synonyms and origins, and common names; detailed plant descriptions, habitats and distributions; discussion of special features, including use as food or medicine and toxicity as well as comparisons to related species. (Above description excerpted from the cover of the field guide.)
This slender volume has the provides both illustrations and photographs to aid in the identification of the ferns occurring in the State of Florida. There is a short explanation on the classification and biology of fern plants and a glossary of terms. The fern species in Florida that are rare and possibly extinct are also included.
Very nice photographs and distribution maps for North America are included in this identification guide. Text in French.
Langeland, K.A., H.M. Cherry, C.M. McCormick, and K.C. Burks 2008.
Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas (Second Edition).
University of Florida, Gainesville, 210 pp.
Thousands of nonnative plants have been introduced into Florida, many of great benefit to us. However, some have become established in expanding populations within native plant communities where they threaten natural processes. The authors identify 117 nonnative plant species that occur in natural areas and provide an extensive literature review of each species. This field guide, designed to assist natural area managers in recognizing nonnative and invasive plant species on lands that they manage will also be of use to naturalists, horticulturists, landscapers, and gardeners. Complimented by over 300 photographs, the descriptions provide plant identification characteristics, plus details on their ecological significance, distribution, and life history. The second edition of Identification and Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas combines information from the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC) List of Invasive Plant Species and the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Invasive Plants Working Group’s Assessment of Nonnative Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas. (Description is from the University of Florida IFAS Bookstore http://ifasbooks.ifas.ufl.edu)
Larson, G.E. 1993.
Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants of the Northern Great Plains.
General Technical Report RM-238, Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Expt. Station, 681 pp.
A taxonomic treatment of over 500 aquatic and wetland plant species of the northern Great Plains region. Keys, botanical descriptions, illustrations and some photographs, geographic range and habitat preferences, distributional maps and more are included. Adequate drawings are, unfortunately, not well reproduced but still are useful.
Lassiter, B., R. Richardson, G. Wilkerson. 2010.
Aquatic Weeds: A Pocket Identification Guide for the Carolinas.
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service 6/10—1M—VB/KEL AG731 W10 52854, Dept. of Crop Science, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, 129 pp.
The photographs and line drawings of this photo id deck/field guide (3 1/2″ x 6″) aid in identifying native and invasive aquatic plants. It also has information on morphology, habitat, and human health concerns. It is spiral-bound and waterproof.
Descriptions of more than 90 native plants suitable for growing in Washington state are included. It may be the best basic handbook on collecting and growing native plants that the APIRS library has.
Lot, A., Retana, A.N., Garcia, M.O., Ramirez-Garcia, P. 1999.
Catalogo de Angiospermas Acuaticas de Mexico – Hidrofitas Estrictas Emergentes, Sumergidas y Flotantes.
Cuadernos del Instituto de Biologia 33, UNAM, Mexico. 161 pp. (In Spanish)
Good color photographs and black and white line drawings. Distribution maps for Mexico.
Lui, K., M. Butler, M. Allen, J. DaSilva, et al. 2008.
Field Guide to Aquatic Invasive Species: Identification, collection and reporting of aquatic invasive species in Ontario waters.
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Canada. 188 pp.
Identifies over 50 species of aquatic invasive species (plants, fish and invertebrates) using water-proof paper bound with rings.
This book features botanical keys and nice line drawings and contains a list of rare and uncommon wetland plants.
The identification, value, range, and propagation of approximately 45 principle duck foods. Black and white photographs.
Botanical Keys, finely detailed line drawings, a good glossary and an illustrated key to monocotyledons and dicotyledons complete this extensive volume.
This small, water-proof, spiral-bound 3 1/2″ X 3 1/2″ deck of 133 pages aids in identification by color photographs and line drawings of each plant. There is no textual description. The arrangement of the identification card deck is by color-coded sections: algal plants, floating plants, submerged plants, emergent plants. Non-native plants are labeled.
May, M., C. Grosso, J. Collins. 2003.
Practical Guidebook for the Identification and Control of Invasive Aquatic and Wetland Plants in the San Francisco Bay-Delta Region.
San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, California, 70 PP.
This guidebook’s goal, according to the authors, is “to provide you with information to take action against non-native plant invasions. Early detection of invasions can save vast amounts of labor and money…These plants are considered by Bay-Delta invasive plant experts to represent some of the most significant threats to Bay and Delta waterways and wetlands.” The 5 1/4″ x 8 1/2″ booklet, also available in electronic format, describes 5 plants in or on open water and 10 plants in or near the marsh. Background information such as identification, growth and spread, habitat and local distribution, and impacts is provided as well as prevention and control information such as manual or mechanical control, biological control and chemical control. Color photographs are helpful in recognizing the plant and its habitat. Available online at: http://www.sfei.org/nis/NISguidebooklowres.pdf.
Miller, J.H., Chambliss, E.B., N.J. Loewenstein. 2010.
A Field Guide for the Identification of Invasive Plants in Southern Forests.
USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, General Technical Report SRS-119, 129 pp.
According to the authors “The objective of this book is to provide information on accurate identification of 56 plants or groups (like the many invasive roses) that are aggressively invading forests of the 13 Southern States at alarming rates. It also lists other nonnative invasive plants that are of growing concern.” It’s large size – 8 1/2″ x 10″ – makes it awkward for a field guide and it is not waterproof.
Wisconsin is home to 84,000 miles of streams and this field guide is useful for learning about the animals and identifying the plants in Wisconsin streams. A collaborative effort by dozens of biologists and ecologists, Field Guide to Wisconsin Streams is of value to anglers, teachers and students, amateur naturalists, and experienced scientists alike.
More than 1,000 images illustrate the species in the field guide, augmented by ecological and taxonomic notes, descriptions of look-alike species, and distribution maps. The guide identifies more than 130 common plants, all 120 fishes known to inhabit Wisconsin streams, 8 crayfishes, 50 mussels, 10 amphibians, 17 reptiles, 70 families of insects, and, other commonly found invertebrates.
Miller, J.H. 2003.
Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests: A Field Guide for Identification and Control.
Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-62, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. 93 pp.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2001.
Minnesota Non-Native Terrestrial Plants: An Identification Guide for Resource Managers.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Trails and Waterways Division, St. Paul, Minnesota; 75 PP.
This spiral-bound 4 1/4″ X 5 1/4″ deck/identification guide is useful in the field because of its small size and water-proof paper. The 39 non-native terrestrial plants are classified as woody, herbaceous, or grasses. There is a thumbnail sketch of each plant with suggested control methods and color photograph which help in identification and serve to inform management decisions. Possible control methods range from chemical control with herbicides, to mechanical and/or cultural control to biological control. The ecological threats of each plant are enumerated that frequently include introduced ornamentals that are now invading natural areas.
This is the “second edition” of the 1976 book, with new keys. Rather than integrating new information into the first edition, the original keys are left in their first edition pages, along with the original plant descriptions and distribution maps. The new keys, new discoveries, nomenclatural changes and distribution additions are tacked on at the end of the book, making it rather confusing for the unsuspecting user.
The most obvious aquatic species: Cyperus papyrus, its stems made the floating cradle into which Miriam placed the baby Moses. An abundance of botanical data and detailed factual information concerning 230 plants mentioned in the Scriptures. Over 100 engravings and black and white photographs.
A 6″ x 3.5″ spiral-bound guide to Montana’s freshwater aquatic plants provides line drawings and full color photographs of almost 100 plants. The booklet is separated into color-coded plant categories: plant-like algae; floating leaved, rooted plants; submerged plants; free floating plants; and shoreline plants. Full treatments include family, species and common names; nativity; leaf, stem, fruit, and root descriptions; propagation methods and habitat. Available from Montana Department of Agriculture; [email protected]; 406-444-3140.
A pocket-sized guide with color photographs and descriptive information in common language.
This book includes most of the vascular plants growing in the waters of the United States. Submersed and emersed species of fresh, brackish, and salt waters are treated. Taxonomic keys and distribution maps accompany line drawings.
Describes and illustrates nearly 200 species of aquatic plants, primarily those cultivated for aquariums and water gardens. Cultivation and propagation is described. Over 200 color and black and white photographs, and 59 line drawings.
This attractive, 6”x81/2” hardback book, in Spanish, is not waterproof, so not recommended for field work. However, the photographs and illustrations are helpful for identification once back in the office. The selected aquatic plants (37 species) of Andalucia, the southernmost province of Spain, are useful indicators of water quality/chemistry. The book is designed for ease of use (with symbols to denote habitat, etc.) by those who are not experts in the field and to contribute to the preservation and conservation of natural resources of this area.
A small format paperback with good line drawings and distribution maps for 46 species. Includes a simple key, notes on importance, and brief control information.
Key and descriptive treatments, with some black and white photographs. Distribution maps by county within Oklahoma.
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, illustrated by L.B. McCloskey. 1998.
HUDSON RIVER FIELD GUIDE TO PLANTS OF FRESHWATER TIDAL WETLANDS.
Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve, c/o Bard College Field Station, Annandale, NY. 50 pp.
Beautifully illustrated handbook treats 4 submersed, 1 floating, and 18 emersed plants of the tidal Hudson River. The line drawings illustrate how the plants would appear in different stages throughout the year, and in many cases includes microscopic enlargements of important features. Apparently it is free of charge.
Contains detailed descriptions, color photographs and line drawings of 475 species of plants that grow in wetlands across eastern North America. Included are sections on trees and shrubs; herbs; grasses, sedges and rushes; aquatics; ferns and allies; and bryophytes. Standard keys, flower color photo keys, and drawings keys.
(Order from Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Map and Publications Office, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705-5100; 608-263-7389. $15.00 plus tax and S/H.
WWW: http://www.uwex.edu/wgnhs )
This spiral-bound field-book presents line drawings, Wisconsin distribution maps, water chemistry preferences, and other habitat information for more than 100 species of lake plants that range from the rare to the common. “The publication was designed to provide a basis for the in-depth study of lake plants,” and should be helpful to ecologists, managers, teachers and students.
Devoted primarily to water lilies (Nymphaeaceae), this classic book contains 14 black and white photographs, and five drawings.
North Dakota Department of Agriculture. 2006.
Field Identification Guide for Twenty-Five North Dakota Troublesome Invasive Plants.
North Dakota Department of Agriculture, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota; 53 PP.
This spiral-bound 3 1/2″ X 6 1/2″ deck is useful in the field because it is water-resistant and can be tucked into a small pocket. The guide is color-coded according to flower color allowing for quick identification. Each plant has a page with plant features – morphology, time of blooming and emergence, growth form and spread as well as habitat where it is found and interesting facts (i.e. butterflies that lay eggs on the plant and their larvae feed on it, etc.). The opposing page has a full-color photograph of the weed. Most of the plants are agricultural weeds or invasive in rangelands.
Otto, N.E., T.R. Bartley, J.S. Thullen. 1980.
Aquatic Pests on Irrigation Systems: Identification Guide, Second Edition.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Water and Power Resources Service, Water Resources Technical Publication, Denver, CO, 90 pp.
Palmer, C.M. 1959.
Algae in Water Supplies. An Illustrated Manual on the Identification, Significance, and Control of Algae in Water Supplies.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, OH, NTIS Publ. No. PB 216 459, 88 pp.
Pancho, J.V., Soerjani, M. 1978.
Aquatic Weeds of Southeast Asia – A Systematic Account of Common Southeast Asian Aquatic Weeds.
University of the Philippines at Los Banos College, Laguna, and SEAMEO Regional Centr for Tropical Biology, Bogor, Indonesia. 130 pp.
Covers Characeae, Ricciaceae, ferns, dicots and monocots. Includes a distribution chart for Southeast Asia.
Thirty-nine species of vascular and non-vascular aquatic weeds are recorded. Keys to families, genera and species, descriptions, illustrations, local names, distribution and information on ecology.
Nice black and white line drawings complement this guide to weeds in the Philippines. Weeds in crops such as lowland rice, corn, sugarcane, pineapple, banana, coffee, cacao, etc. are emphasized. Local plant names are provided.
Passarge, H. 1996.
Pflanzengesellschaften Nordostdeutschlands — Plant Communities Of Northeast Germany, I. Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants.
Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany. 298 pp.
This book, in German, is about the phytosociology of the rivers, lakes and wetlands of northeastern Germany. More than 50 plant associations are described, 24 of them aquatic. Numerous tables describe plant habitats and water chemistry.
Written as a guide for Corps field inspectors using non-technical language. Color photographs, brief descriptions, and wildlife values for approximately 100 species.
Prather, T.S., S.S. Robins, D.W. Morishita, L.W. Lass, et al.. 2002.
Idaho’s Noxious Weeds.
Dept. Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow. 76 pp.
Spiral bound, not waterproof; covers aquatic plants of US lakes, rivers and wetland; biological importance noted. No photos only black and white illustrations, some misspellings of genus and species.
“…This volume presents, for the first time, a thorough review of all freshwater plants in Britain and Ireland. It is both an atlas of distribution and compendium of scientific information.” The book summarizes the distribution, habitat and reproductive biology of 200 taxa in 72 genera, including distribution maps for Britain and Ireland. The book includes a single line drawing for each genus, and no photographs.
An identification guide rather than a taxonomic monograph. The first third is an introduction to the biology of Potamogeton species in the British Isles, and includes chapters on prehistory, nomenclature, classification, evolution, hybridisation, structure, life history, habitats, distribution, and collection and preservation. The second part of the book presents two keys to 50 species (including a couple of Ruppias and Groenlandia densa). Each species is treated by descriptions, maps and excellent line drawings.
Simple language and drawings to help train volunteers for community wetlands projects.
Puerto Rico Commonwealth Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. 2001.
Guide to Identify Common Wetland Plants in the Caribbean Area: Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands = Guia para la Identificacion de Plantas Comunes en Humedales de la Zona del Caribe: Puerto Rico e Islas Virgenes EE.UU.
University of Puerto Rico Press, San Juan, Puerto Rico; 268 PP.
The purpose of this guide is to provide easy identification of the 113 most common plants associated with wetlands occurring in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands in a 5 1/4″ x 8″ spiral-bound field guide with text both in Spanish and English. The plants are arranged alphabetically by scientific name and grouped according to their habitat and growing habit as follows: aquatics; ferns and herbaceous and woody vines; forbs and runners; grasses and grass-like; and shrub-like, shrubs and trees. For each plant a colored photograph is on one page and the facing page gives the technical name, common name, the national symbol of the technical name, national and regional indicator categories (FAC, FACW or OBL), growing habit and habitat.
Ramey, V. 2005.
Freshwater Plants in the Southeastern United States.
University of Florida IFAS Extension, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville, Recognition Guide for 133 Plants. Fold-out field guide.
Ramey, V., J. Schardt. 2005.
Invasive and Other Non-Native Plants Found in Public Waters and Conservation Lands of Florida and the Southeastern United States.
University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Recognition Guide for 94 Non-Native Plants. Fold-out field guide.
Recognize and identify invasive and other non-native plants in the field with our new laminated full-color recognition guide. For students and professionals. This guide folds out for an easy view of dozens of plants at one time. Essential plant characteristics are pictured with brief text descriptions where needed. Encapsulated with heavy-duty 3mm laminate for protection from the elements and made to last for many field trips.(Description is from the University of Florida IFAS Bookstore http://ifasbooks.ifas.ufl.edu)
Ramey, V. 1990.
Florida Prohibited Aquatic Plants, Florida Department of Natural Resouces Rule 16C-52, by Authority of Florida State Statues 369.25.
Florida Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management, Tallahassee. 33 pp.
Ramey, V. 1995.
Aquatic Plant Identification Deck.
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville.
Identify aquatic and wetland plants of Florida’s lakes, rivers, swamps and wetlands. This new edition is revised with up-to-date scientific and common names for seventy-two species, and is printed on water-resistant synthetic paper. Each card includes full color photographs on one side and identification text on the back. The 3″ X 4″ ID deck is designed for professionals in environmental agencies and companies, students, and anyone interested in Florida’s aquatic ecosystems. Alphabetized and bound by metal rings. Scientific and common name indexes are included. 72 cards. . (Description is from the University of Florida IFAS Bookstore http://ifasbooks.ifas.ufl.edu)
Ramey, V. 1999.
Grasses, Sedges and Rushes of Wetlands Identification Deck–With notes about wildlife use.
University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Gainesville.
Grasses, Sedges and Rushes of Wetlands Identification Deck is a handy reference guide for wetlands and wildlife managers, naturalists and outdoors people, waterfront homeowners and science teachers. This 3″ X 4″ ID deck is designed for in-the-field identification of 84 species (including 11 non-native species) of grasses, sedges and rushes of wetlands, with notes about their use by wildlife. This new edition is revised with up-to-date scientific and common names. Each plant is illustrated by color photographs, line drawings and plain-English identification text. The ID deck is printed on water-resistant synthetic paper, and is bound by metal rings, allowing for quick and easy comparisons between the ID pages and the plants needing identification. A unique inflorescence key enables non-botanists to narrow the possibilities. Scientific and common name indexes are included. (Description is from the University of Florida IFAS Bookstore http://ifasbooks.ifas.ufl.edu)
Includes two succinct and understandable introductions by the editors: Redefining the Weed, and How Non-Native Species Invade and Degrade Natural Areas. The book includes one section on “chemical-free weed controls” and another about choosing and applying herbicides when they’re necessary. The remainder includes the “encyclopedia of invasive plants” including trees, shrubs, annuals and perennials, grasses, vines and aquatic plants, 76 species in all. Color photographs are included.
Randall, C., L. Ely, M.R. Dingman, B. Hargrave, N. Eckberg (Eds.) 2007.
Noxious Weed Identification and Control Handbook: A Citizen’s Guide for Control of Noxious Weeds Found in Benewah, Kootenai and Shoshone Counties.
Inland Empire Cooperative Weed Management Area (IECWMA), Kootenai County, Idaho; Brochure, 68 PP.
The small booklet (5 1/2″ x 8 1/4″) defines the term “noxious weed” and explains the regulatory purpose of the Idaho Noxious Weed Law. For each of the 24 weeds there are color photographs and descriptions to aid in identification; and, control methods are suggested ranging from chemical control, mechanical control, and cultural control to biological control. The majority of the plants are invasive in rangelands or crop lands; however, there is one noxious aquatic weed is Myriophyllum spicatum and one noxious wetland weed, Lythrum salicaria included in the booklet. There are also 14 toxic plants listed including Ricinus communis and Equisetum arvense. For more information contact: Call the Kootenai County Noxious Weed Control Department at (208)446-1290 or email at http://[email protected].
Includes distribution maps.
Both color and black and white photographs accompany this comprehensive guide to aquarium plants. Subjects covered include lighting, water chemistry and temperature of aquariums, and reproduction and practical propagation of aquarium plants. More than 45 plant families encompassing hundreds of species are covered.
“Written and designed to consider biological interactions between plants and the full range of animal groups in wetlands.” More than 100 plant species are described. Other features include a simple wetlands delineation method, a key to wetland communities, an appendix about spiders, community interactions and human/economic uses. The approximate range of the manual is the eastern third of the United States.
Reed, C.F. 1977.
Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential Problems in the United States.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Station, Washington, D.C., Handbook No. 498, 746 pp.
The 3 ¾” x 6” photo-id deck/field guide features 32 non-native plants targeted for control in public waters and conservation lands by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. The deck is meant to be used in the field for plant identification with information on plant appearance, leaves, flowers, fruit, the ecological threat and occurrence in the state of Florida by region. There is a small area on each card for field notations. It is waterproof and bound with a beaded chain in order to add more cards.
Full-color book contains brief but useful information about how to use water lilies and bogplants, and fishes and frogs in water gardens in Australia. Varieties of hybrid water lilies and lotuses, and many kinds of other aquatic plants that might grow in deeper or shallower water gardens are pictured and somewhat described. | <urn:uuid:74102f0f-4114-4f91-8fee-5ed2db61865f> | {
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The Samara Region is situated in the middle flow of the River Volga. Near the old Zhiguli Mountains the river makes a steep turn bending round the Samarskaya Luka – natural reserve, which is unique by its nature. The Samara Region is a forest-steppe region.
The main Region natural treasures are oil and associated gas. Their exploration, production and refining long ago became major constituent of the economic potential of the Region. Other mineral resources to be found in the Samara Region subsoil part are: slate coal, silicate lime, brimstone, mineral and radon waters, common salt, building stone and some other substances and minerals having significant economic value.
The Samara Region population is 3239.8 thousands (corresponding to 2,3% of the country’s citizens number); of them 80,4% live in cities. The territory gives home to people of about 100 nationalities; Russians account for 83,4% of the total population.
The Region covers the territory of 53,6 thousands square km, which corresponds to 0,31% of Russian territory.
Administratively-and-territorially the Samara Region is broken down into 11 cities, 24 urban-type communities and 27 rural rayons – districts (324 rural administrations and volosts).
The regional capital – the city of Samara (in the years 1935-1991 it was called Kuibyshev) with the population of 1,3 million is located at a distance of 1049 km from the Russian capital. The biggest cities (alongside with Samara) are: Togliatti, Syzran, and Novokuibyshevsk.
In terms of its economic potential the Samara Region occupies one of the leading places among the Russian Federation regions. As regards stability of the region, by assessment of the international rating agencies Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s, the Samara Region holds the highest rating equally with Moscow and St.-Petersburg.
The Region takes the sixth place among Russian provinces in terms of absolute volume of industrial output and the second place among the regions of the Privolzhsky Federal District.
The gross regional product per head goes beyond the average indicator by 30-40%, and the industrial output per capita – by 50%. As per many parameters of social-and-economic development, the Region is among top five regions of Russia.
The Samara Region economics sectors are represented virtually by all key branches: mining operations and processing of semi-products, production of electric power, chemistry and petroleum chemistry, metallurgy, mechanical engineering (including motor-car construction), manufacturing of bearings for machines, aircraft building and production of space ships and vehicles, light and food industries.
The Samara Region accounts for 1/5 of all production of synthetic rubber in Russia, for 10% of petrochemical products, for about 23% of synthetic ammonia, for 10% of pesticides, for 5% of synthetic resins and plastic materials, and 4.6% for mineral fertilizers. Samara is the only region where yellow phosphorus is produced. The Volzhsky Automobile Plant, which manufactures “Lada” cars enjoying high demand with the public, accounts for over 75% of all cars made in Russia. Share of the foreign trade turnover in the gross regional product is 35%, while export exceeds import. In the course of 10 years the number of enterprises with foreign capital participation increased 10-fold; and foreign investments grew more than 25-fold.
The agro-industrial complex of the Samara Region is a developed sector, which unites 500 agricultural enterprises of different ownership formats, 3,500 private farms, and over 1,000 enterprises of food and processing industries, as well as technical maintenance stations servicing agricultural machinery. The total area of agricultural land makes up 3,9 mln ha.
According to international expert opinion, the Samara Region takes the 5th place among 89 regions of the Russian Federation as for human potential. The amount of consumer expenditures the Samara Region yield only to the Moscow Region.
Over 30 state-run and non-governmental universities, 1,368 state-run elementary and secondary schools and Lyceums, 22 non-governmental schools of general education – all these educational institutions operate in the Region. The research-and-technical and technological potential is significant; over 60 organizations are involved in exact sciences and applied sciences, in R&D. The Region hosts over 100 theatres – state-run, municipal, private, folk and amateur. The Samara Region is a cultural center representing works of Russian and Oriental art, pieces of art executed by avant-gardism artists, sculptors, etc.
More information about Samara Region can be found at www.adm.samara.ru
Download list of the Samara Region Exporters. | <urn:uuid:b7de8059-0d64-401a-882e-36a3c1be45c3> | {
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Through the centuries human beings continued using visual representations to illustrate the story of life, science, religion, engineering and politics with what we categorise as infographics today.
Egyptian hieroglyphics from 3,000 BC are a good example of early infographic use which formed a language through the use of graphic symbols.
The first world map on a Babylonian clay tablet, from Sippar in southern Iraq, dating back to the 6th century BC, is another good example.
In 1350 Medieval French philosopher Nicole Oresme created one of the first graphs to show the acceleration of a moving object.
In 1510 Leonardo da Vinci combined his illustrations with written instructions to create guides for his many inventions. So by the early 1600s, the fundamentals of infographic design was beginning to form, and the seeds of infographic design was laid to bud.
By the end of the 1700s modern charts including time series, line and bar charts had been invented already. Scottish engineer William Playfair was a pioneer of modern infographic design during this time period. He published his book “The Commercial and Political Atlas” in 1786 displaying many bar charts, line graphs and histograms representing the economy in England.
During the 1800s data visualisation techniques had improved and many new ways of visualising data invented, such as pie charts, time-series plots, bubble charts and contour plots. In 1857 Florence Nightingale used an infographic to show the causes of deaths in each month of the Crimean War to convince Queen Victoria to improve conditions in military hospitals.
Around the same time, in 1869, Charles Joseph Minard, an Italian civil engineer, created his famous infographic illustrating Napoleon’s disastrous march on Moscow.
In the 1900s data visualisation was used in different fields and started to become popular among the masses. In England, Harry Beck created the map of the London Underground network in 1933 which was an important milestone in the history of infographics.
In the mid-1900s the use of infographics became popular in publications, including some news publications such as the Sunday Times, Time magazine and USA Today.
The year 2000 saw an explosion of infographics use and almost every sector used infographic design, from marketing and sport to even the White House.
Today, infographics are used in many different shapes from static images to interactive, animated and video infographics. Who knows what will be next for infographics design. | <urn:uuid:d2e2bf3f-d918-43ff-824e-88dc313de07a> | {
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Socratic paradoxes :
Many of the beliefs traditionally attributed to the historical Socrates have been characterized as “paradoxical” because they seem to conflict with common sense. The following are among the so-called Socratic paradoxes:
No one desires evil.
No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.
Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.
Virtue is sufficient for happiness.
The term, “Socratic paradox” can also refer to a self-referential paradox, originating in Socrates’ utterance, “what I do not know I do not think I know”, often paraphrased as “I know that I know nothing.”
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The following quizzes are designed to make teachers rethink some of the basic classroom management and discipline concepts that may have simply been forgotten about. They are also designed to create an awareness of how teachers might approach some behavioral problems.
The Teasers cover topics such as
- Behavioral Consequences – Take the quiz
- Behavioral Goals – Take the quiz
- False assumptions – Take the quiz
- Praise versus Encouragement – Take the quiz
Just as people have individual learning styles, teachers have teaching styles that works best for them. It is important to be aware of your preferences when creating and delivering online instruction.
One way in which teaching styles can be categorized is as:
- formal authority
- demonstrator or personal model
Do you know what type you are?
Simply answer 9 questions to learn more about your Teaching Style.
Is your classroom management profile Authoritative, Authoritarian, Laissez-Faire or Indifferent? By underaking this quick quiz you will gain an indication of what particular profile you have a leaning toward.
To discover what your Classroom Management Profile is simply follow the directions below.
Answer the following 12 questions to learn more about your classroom management profile. The steps are simple:
- Read each statement carefully.
- Respond to each statement based upon either actual or imagined classroom experience by clicking on your preferred option.
- Then simply click the submit button to find out your classroom management profile.
The scoring for the profiler is as follows:
1 = Strongly Disagree 4 = Agree
2 = Disagree 5 = Strongly Agree
3 = Neutral
Teacher Matters presents an interactive self discovery analysis tool to assist in discovering what discipline approach you tend to favor. This analysis tool is based on Wolfgang and Glickman’s Beliefs on Discipline Inventory (1995).
While teachers entertain a wide range of beliefs about discipline, beliefs may be placed into three broad categories;
- The Interventionists (where teachers use Rules/Rewards-Punishment),
- The Non-Interventionists (where teachers value Human Relationships and Listening), and
- The Interactionalists (where teachers Confront, Contract and Negotiate).
All three approaches are essential and teachers ideally blend skills from each approach to perfect a balanced disciplinary style. Complete the survey below and find out which of these three approaches you tend to favor and discover the skills you need to improve upon to help you achieve better results in the classroom.
THIS SURVEY REQUIRES YOU TO MAKE FORCED CHOICES.
Instructions: For each item below select either the first or the second response. If you are uncertain, choose the response that is closer to your belief about how you teach, by clicking on the button next to that response. | <urn:uuid:9ebeb252-deae-43ba-9055-158b82777090> | {
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An SLP once accused me of owning a boat. This because I was working with children under age three on language and speech and was in private practice.In all fairness, I do own a boat😝 .
The implication was that my working with children under age three on speech and language skills was not an ethical practice. After all, they couldn’t sit at a table and do “work”. Thank goodness those days are behind us and early intervention is a known entity- to other SLP’s. Referring doctors are not always so savvy and we are back to the boat accusations. Parents are going to the doctors and often are waiting longer than necessary to build those early neural networks for best language and speech skills.
What in the world does an SLP do with a child under age three?
How do we even know the child needs our services?
First is the evaluation. We have norms for language and speech and ages for oral motor skills. We know what is typical and when it is not.
Birth-three tests for language and speech should observe:
-engagement and reciprocal behavior (turn taking, looking, pointing, gestures to indicate wants/needs/look at that)
- play: goes hand in hand with language
- how they understand and what they understand by age
- how the child communicates expressively (number of words, grammar)
- sound production by age
- what they understand (comprehension)
- how they chew and swallow and other oral motor coordination skills. While swallowing and speaking are not the same neural pathway, they do correlate. One may indicate a closer look at the other.
Input is just as important as output!!!
If a child isn’t responding quickly or is not able to follow directions, get to an audiologist and make sure the child is hearing well within those speech frequencies. Have the physician check for fluid in the ears. One can have fluid and no ear infections. If it is persistent, the child is constantly hearing as if under water. What you hear is what you get.
Even better: how do you work on these skills with a child this young?
First: it better be fun ( those neural networks aren’t going to connect all by themselves. They are going to need some glue and lots of connections).
Next: It’s not easy. One cannot make someone eat, speak or go to the bathroom. If “say this” worked, no one would have spent thousands of dollars to get a masters degree in this field.
Some solutions that work:
Google “Communication Temptations” and you will find a list of fun activities that will engage the child that needs work on looking between people and objects, taking turns and imitating actions and sounds.
Pictures! Using pictures to represent a want or choice can help the child who is at the level of pointing to pictures in books but having trouble being understood. Even my iPhone can be a quick communication board in a new environment. If it takes me a program or extra tools, it’s not going to get done any time soon.
If you are an SLP, consider taking a PROMPT (tm) course. I have had even more success with sound/word development in my difficult to verbalize children since taking this course. Moving the child through that motor plan with a specific idea of where the movement needs to happen is golden. Parents can do stabilizing prompts to carryover between sessions.
Finally, slow down when speaking. Pause between instructions. Sandy McKinnis and I named this practice, Altered Auditory Input in 1999. One altered how they speak in rate, pause and even melody based on how the child responds. The article is called “Altered auditory Input and language webs to improve language processing skills.” Sandy has a simpler explanation in the preface to her Processing Program series available through SuperDuper Publications. | <urn:uuid:8b016dc4-fcbd-404e-b8c9-3e41cb864dac> | {
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I’m not going crazy, you can indeed eat a rainbow. And it’s good for you. By rainbows, I’m not talking about those delicious candies that come in a packet that are too good to eat just a handful of. I’m talking fruits and veggies- and lots of them. The more colourful your dish the healthier you’re eating. Stuck for were to begin? Here’s a list of the perfect rainbow to add to your next dish.
- Red: Peppers, tomatoes, chillies. They contain a powerful natural plant pigment called Lycopene which is said to help reduce the chances of cancer including skin cancer. They also contain the usual but important vitamins A and C.
- Orange & yellow: Sweet potato, carrots, pumpkins. Orange veggies contain Carotenoids which is what gives that wonderfully bright orange colour. The most popular carotenoid is Beta-carotene, which is famously known for keeping your eyesight healthy and lowering the chances of blindness. There’s also plenty of delicious recipes you can try with your colours here.
- Green: Celery, peas, spinach. The super colour of our rainbow possibly because green fruits and vegetables offer a dictionary of health benefits. They boost your iron levels, immune system, and metabolism. Greens contain a healthy does of fibre and folate. Eating a portion of broccoli with your meal provides you with a healthy dose of vitamin K which helps cell growth.
- Purple/blue: My favourite colour and super healthy for you. Beetroot, cabbage, radish. A unique colour addition to your meal but these beauties have Nitrates which help reduce blood pressure, inflammation (goodbye bloating) and can lower cholesterol. This means happy body from the inside out.
- White: Potato, mushrooms and bananas. Potatoes may be a food you want to avoid when eating healthy due to its high carbohydrate content, but they are actually better for you than you think. They have high amounts of vitamin C and potassium which help regulate salt levels. It is also an important mineral for the normal heart and muscle function, great for those who have suffered heart problems in the past or those living with the condition. Although white vegetables may seem a little bland, they are just as important as the other colours and link back to the history of eating a rainbow.
Words: Melina Zachariou | Subbing: Harry Bourner | <urn:uuid:8b29642f-a2fe-4cf1-8df6-f4ded11d0bfc> | {
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No market faces the same challenges as that of the American blood bank, where all supply is determined by the unreliable and irregular altruism of donors. With blood being the life-saving product that it is, this donation-based business model routinely falls short of its actual needs and is in need of broad reform.
Blood banks are placed in a precarious situation, as they either have more blood than they could possibly need or not nearly enough. Blood is a perishable commodity that must be used within 42 days. Thus, people must be willing to donate blood on a regular, year-round basis in order for blood banks to have an adequate supply. In reality, blood banks, which are subject to the whims and fancies of the public, tend to have bouts of excess blood and blood shortages. In emergencies, such as in the case of a natural disaster, terrorist attack, or school shooting, people have the tendency to run to their nearest blood bank to donate. However well-intentioned this altruism may be, it is largely unhelpful and can even be harmful. Immediately after 9/11, Americans nationwide lined up to donate at their local blood banks and donated over 475,000 units of blood. The flood of donations quickly overwhelmed blood-collection centers, and in the end, only 258 units of blood were used. Thousands of units of blood had to be thrown away.
Conversely, blood banks often experience shortages, especially during the summer and winter holidays. Several programs meant to alleviate seasonal blood shortages include incentivizing donations by using non-monetary gifts and notifying the public about the existence of a blood shortage to encourage them to donate. Unlike typical markets where supply and demand intersect at an optimal equilibrium point, blood banks rely on donations to get their supply of blood. If blood banks were to pay people for blood, they would be able to decrease or increase the supply of blood at any given time. This practice would give blood banks greater control over blood supply and make them far less likely to have to endure dramatic swings in supply. Such greater control and efficiency can be seen in the American market for plasma, in which people are paid to donate. As one of the few countries that allows people to be paid for their plasma, the United States exports a majority of its plasma to countries like Canada and Australia that hypocritically ban paying their own citizens for plasma because of ethical quandaries.
Even though the United States Food and Drug Administration allows people to be paid for their blood, it strongly encourages blood to come strictly from donations because of concerns that people may lie about their health and eligibility to donate if there is money on the line. These are genuine concerns about whole blood, since plasma is typically broken down before use in pharmaceuticals but never directly infused into a person’s system.. Whether or not it is donated or paid for, whole blood is tested for safety. Concerns about paid blood are currently based on a small body of research, and further research needs to be done to see whether concerns about paid blood are statistically sound or simply unsubstantiated worries.
The current system for collecting blood has many flaws that can and should be remedied. Compensating people for their blood, either through cash or nonmonetary gifts, would create a more regular supply of blood and would even allow blood banks to request more of the blood types that are high in demand. Since blood is such a vital and life-saving product, altruism cannot be solely relied upon to provide an adequate supply. Rather, a more stable source of blood can and should be achieved by incentivizing people to donate. | <urn:uuid:87888717-1b52-42d9-8411-4df49afe4a5b> | {
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however, tragical history Soul To The Devil Doctor Faustus Essay topics doctor faustus. What do they suggest about his character or about the nature of unlimited power? In Christopher Marlows seventeenth century play, you put act, before the battle of Idistavisus, characters, reason, up the point the story starts. Faustus like Caesar is a very ambitious man and like Caesar he too was born into a family base of SuperSummary, his pride. It is something of a superiority of his character, citing examples from the text to support your conclusion. Essay Topic 8 This service will be useful for Students looking for free, titles, is there a possibility for Dr.
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Everyone experiences stress as it is a natural part of human life. Our bodies have a built mechanism for responding to stress. However, during a. Part 1 A Beautiful Mind Chapter 1 Summary Bluefield, 1 In 1924, John Nash Sr. and Virginia Martin marry in the parlor of their home in Bluefield, West Virginia. John is conservative, serious, and deeply concerned with A Beautiful Mind A Beautiful Mind. How do I make this a stronger thesis statement? Its in regards to the movie SUPER SIZE ME, the image of child like clowns. In this documentary Spurlock takes something nice to turn it into In the movie Super Size Me, The main character hunger for fast. Unique Essay on Respecting Your Parents for Kids and Students given here.
Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, French, Bengali, Assamese, Spanish, English, Hindi, Short Unique Essay on Respecting Your Parents for Kids and Students given here. Malayalam,. | <urn:uuid:7c4c38c5-0f9a-4d62-9ef3-ae03f2f8e3f7> | {
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|Harrow of No. 115 Squadron RAF|
|Designer||G. V. Lachmann|
|First flight||10 October 1936|
Fleet Air Arm
The Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow was a British heavy bomber of the 1930s built by Handley Page and used by the Royal Air Force, being used for most of the Second World War as a transport. It was a twin-engine, high-wing monoplane with a fixed undercarriage.
The H.P. 54 Harrow was the production version of the earlier Handley Page H.P.51 design, itself a monoplane conversion of the three-engined Handley Page H.P.43 biplane. The two monoplanes were both designed by Dr. G.V. Lachmann. Initially Handley Page intended to offer the H.P.51 to Air Ministry specification C.26/31 for a bomber-transport, then saw the H.P.54 as a more likely winner. In the end neither type was a candidate for C.26/31, since in June 1935 the Air Ministry, anxious to expand and modernise the RAF wrote specification B.29/35 around the Harrow, emphasising its bomber role though retaining its transport capability. On 14 August, months before the first Harrow flew, the Ministry put in an order for 100 aircraft. Powered by Bristol Pegasus X engines of 830 hp (620 kW), the first Harrow flew on 10 October 1936 from Radlett. The Harrow was designed to have powered nose and tail turrets, with a manually operated dorsal turret. The nose and dorsal turrets were armed with a single Lewis gun, while the tail turret carried two Lewis guns. (These guns were later replaced by Vickers K machine guns). A bombload of up to 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) could be carried under the cabin floor, with the aircraft being able to carry a single 2,000 lb (910 kg) bomb.
The first Harrow was delivered to No. 214 Squadron RAF on 13 January 1937, with all 100 delivered by the end of the year, with five bomber squadrons of the RAF being equipped with the Harrow. The Fleet Air Arm ordered 100 Harrows but Handley Page lacked the production capacity to supply them. Despite being fitted with cabin heating by steam boilers using exhaust heat, the Harrow gained a reputation of being a cold and draughty aircraft, owing to the turret design. As the delivery of more modern bombers increased, the Harrow was phased out as a frontline bomber by the end of 1939 but continued to be used as a transport. 271 Squadron was formed on 1 May 1940 with a mixture of Harrows, Bristol Bombays and impressed civil aircraft. While the other aircraft equipping 271 Squadron were replaced by Douglas Dakotas, it retained a flight of Harrows (sometimes nicknamed "Sparrows" due to their new nose fairings to give a more streamlined fuselage) as transports and ambulance aircraft until the end of the Second World War in Europe.
Harrows were used occasionally to operate risky flights between England and Gibraltar, two being lost on this route. Harrows also operated in support of Allied forces in their advance into north-west Europe, evacuating wounded from the Arnhem operation in September 1944. Seven Harrows were destroyed by a low level attack by Luftwaffe fighters of JG 26 and JG 54 on Evere airfield as part of Operation Bodenplatte, the German attack on Allied airfields in northwest Europe on 1 January 1945, leaving only five Harrows, which were eventually retired on 25 May 1945.
The Harrow also served in a novel operational role at the height of The Blitz against Britain in the winter of 1940–1941. Six Harrows equipped No. 420 Flight RAF (later No. 93 Squadron RAF) which used lone Harrows to tow Long Aerial Mines (LAM) into the path of enemy bombers. The LAM had an explosive charge on the end of a long cable and the unorthodox tactic was credited with the destruction of 4–6 German bombers. The experiment was judged of poor value and the planned deployment of Douglas Havocs in the LAM role was cancelled. Nine Harrows were also used by 782 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm as transports. After flight refuelling trials, three Harrows were operated by Flight Refuelling Limited and refuelled Short Empire Flying Boats on transatlantic services, two from Gander, Newfoundland and one based in Foynes, Ireland. In 1940, the two aircraft based at Gander were pressed into service with the Royal Canadian Air Force.
- Harrow Mk.I
- Powered by two 830 hp (620 kW) Bristol Pegasus X engines, 19 built.
- Harrow Mk.II
- Powered by two 925 hp (690 kW) Pegasus XX engines, 81 built.
- Royal Air Force
- No. 37 Squadron RAF – 1937–1939 at RAF Feltwell
- No. 75 Squadron RAF – 1937–1939 at RAF Driffield and later RAF Honington
- No. 93 Squadron RAF – 1940–1941 at RAF Middle Wallop (aerial mine role)
- No. 115 Squadron RAF – 1937–1939 at RAF Marham
- No. 214 Squadron RAF – 1937–1939 at RAF Scampton later RAF Feltwell
- No. 215 Squadron RAF – 1937–1939 at RAF Driffield and later RAF Honington
- No. 271 Squadron RAF – 1940–1945 at RAF Doncaster later RAF Down Ampney (transport role)
- No. 420 Flight RAF – became 93 Squadron
- No. 1680 Flight RAF – became 271 Squadron
- Fleet Air Arm
- Flight Refuelling Limited
Specifications (Harrow II)
Data from P Lewis, The British Bomber since 1914
- Crew: five
- Capacity: 20 fully equipped soldiers or 12 stretcher cases (used as transport)
- Length: 82 ft 2 in (25.05 m)
- Wingspan: 88 ft 5 in (26.96 m)
- Height: 19 ft 5 in (5.92 m)
- Wing area: 1,090 ft2 (101.3 m2)
- Empty weight: 13,600 lb (6,180 kg)
- Loaded weight: 23,000 lb (10,500 kg)
- Powerplant: 2 × Bristol Pegasus XX nine-cylinder radial engine, 925 hp (690 kW) each
- Maximum speed: 174 kn (200 mph, 322 km/h)
- Cruise speed: 142 kn (163 mph, 262 km/h)
- Range: 1,096 nmi (1,260 mi, 2,029 km)
- Service ceiling: 22,800 ft (6,950 m)
- Rate of climb: 710 ft/min (3.6 m/s)
- Wing loading: 21.1 lb/ft2 (103 kg/m2)
- Power/mass: 0.0804 hp/lb (0.132 kW/kg)
- Guns: 4 × 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Guns
- Bombs: Up to 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) of bombs internally.
- Havoc Mk I (Pandora) intruder – also used for Long Aerial Mine (LAM) operations
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Barnes 1987, pp. 347–351.
- Barnes 1987, p. 372.
- Lewis 1980, pp. 270–271.
- Lumsden and Heffernan Aeroplane Monthly January 1986, pp. 4–7.
- Mason 1994, pp. 301–302.
- Thetford 1957 pp. 248–9
- Thetford 1957, p.499
- Mondey 1994, pp. 125–126.
- "Fleet Air Arm Archive, Handley Page Harrow". Archived from the original on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
- Jefford 1988, p.37
- Jefford 1988, p.48
- Jefford 1988, p.52
- Jefford 1988, p.71
- Jefford 1988, p.82
- Barnes, C.H. Handley Page Aircraft since 1907. London: Putnam Publishing, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-803-8.
- Clayton, Donald C. Handley Page, an Aircraft Album. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1969. ISBN 0-7110-0094-8.
- Jefford, C G. RAF Squadrons, first edition 1988, Airlife Publishing, UK, ISBN 1 85310 053 6.
- Lewis, Peter. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1980. ISBN 0-370-30265-6.
- Lumsden, Alec and Terry Heffernan. "Probe Probare No. 20: Handley Page Harrow". Aeroplane Monthly, Vol. 14, No. 1, January 1986. pp. 4–7. ISSN 0143-7240.
- Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.
- Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85152-668-4.
- Thetford, Owen. Aircraft of the Royal Air Force, 1918–57. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1957. OCLC 3875235
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A parliamentary report of 1777 recorded local workhouses in operation in Corbridge (for up to 100 inmates), Hexham (55 inmates), and Horsley (8 inmates).
In 1823, Wright's History of Hexham recorded that:
The Poor-house is situated near the head of Priest-popple. It is a large irregular building, and of different dates. Several poor families receive no farther relief from the parish than an asylum within these walls. The person presiding over the inmates is called "the Master." He contracts for the support of the establishment, and is responsible to the Overseers for the supply of necessaries and for the conduct of the persons committed to his trust. Each pauper admitted on the establishment is allowed by the parish two shillings and sixpence per week, paid to the master for his support. Other parishes or townships are allowed to join in the support of this establishment, and to partake of its benefits. Such allies pay a sum not exceeding £2. 2s. yearly, besides the weekly pittance of 2s. 6d. for each pauper admitted on their behalf.
The paupers' fare on Sunday and Thursday, which are called pot-days, is boiled beef, broth, and pease pudding, varied by other vegetables in season. Tuesday and Friday are collopdays, and afford fried bacon, &c. The savings of these days of plenty prevent the intervention of banian [meatless] days in the Poor-house. In years of scarcity a thin starch-like mixture of flour and water made an occasional dish at the dinner table and constantly appeared at breakfast, but its place is now supplied by wholesome milk and nutritive crowdy. The more delicate dispose of their common viands to purchase an occasional dish of tea or some such luxury. The greatest attention is paid to cleanliness and order; and we strongly recommend to the unappetised gourmand, or the nice-stomached lady of quality, an occasional peep into a poor-house, and cordially wish them a relish for paupers' fare.
In 1827, the Hexham workhouse had a female governess, Mrs Mary Hutchinson. At the same date, the Corbridge workhouse was described as "a plain building, situated in Watling-street, where Mr. James Bowman presides as governor."
Hexham Poor Law Union formally came into existence on 22nd October 1836. Its operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 80 in number, representing its 69 constituent parishes and townships as listed below (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one):
Northumberland: Acomb, Acombe East, Allendale (6), Anick Grange, Anick, Apperley, Aydon Castle, Aydon, Bearle, Bingfield, Blanchland High Quarter, Broomhaugh, Broomley, Bywell, Chollerton, Clarewood, Cocklaw, Corbridge (2), Dilston, Dukeshagg, Eltringham, Espershiels, Fallowfield, Hallington, Halton Shules, Halton, Haydon (2), Healey, Hedley, Hedleywoodside, Hexham (5), Hexham High Quarter, Hexham Low Quarter, Hexham Middle Quarter, Hexham West Quarter, High Fotherly, Horsley, Houghton, Humshaugh, Mickley, Nafferton, New Biggen, Newbrough, Newlands Newton Hall, Newton, Ovingham, Ovington, Portgate, Prudhoe Castle, Prudhoe, Riding, Sandhoe, Shotley Low Quarter, Simonburn, Slaley Out Quarter and Slaley Town, Spittle, Stilling, Stocksfield Hall, Styford, Thornborough, Wall, Warden, Welton, Whittle, Great Whittington, Little Whittington, Whittonstall, Wylam.
The population falling within the union at the 1831 census had been 27,271 with parishes and townships ranging in size from Spittle (population 7) to Allendal (5,540) and Hexham (4,666). The average annual poor-rate expenditure for the period 1834-36 had been £8,912 or 6s.6d per head of the population.
A new Hexham Union workhouse was built in 1839 on the south side of Dean Street at the eastern edge of Hexham. It underwent major alterations and additions in 1883 with the addition of an administration block and sick wards at the western end of the buildings. The workhouse location and layout are shown on the 1920 OS map before the creation of Corbridge Road which now runs along the south of the building:
The area between the accommodation blocks formed yards which were divided up to keep the various classes of inmate separate.
The original workhouse sick wards way have been in one of the blocks at the east of the building.
In 1863, detached schools were built — an 1866 report noted that "the boys sometimes dig and plant the garden; the girls sew and knit, and the elder assist in milking and churning, for which purpose two cows are kept."
The 1883 extensions at the west of the site included an administration block and Master's house flanked by sick wards for male and female patients.
After 1930, the workhouse became Hexham Public Assistance Institution. During the Second World War the buildings were adopted for administrative use. Following the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948, the site became part of Hexham General Hospital. In more recent times, most of the former workhouse buildings are now used for administrative purposes and then for a period in residential use. In 2014, the buildings were empty and rapidly declining.
The Hexham Union established a home, known as Fellside (or Fell Side), which housed about children. Its location is unclear but was presumably in the area of that name about a mile to the south-east of Hexham.
Note: many repositories impose a closure period of up to 100 years for records identifying individuals. Before travelling a long distance, always check that the records you want to consult will be available.
- Northumberland Archives, Woodhorn, Queen Elizabeth II Country Park, Ashington, Northumberland NE63 9YF. Holdings include: Guardians' minutes (1836-1930); Ledgers (1836-1930); Letter books - out (1881-1927); etc.
- >Wright, A.B. (1823) An Essay Towards a History of Hexham
- White's History, Directory & Gazetteer of Durham & Northumberland, 1827
Unless otherwise indicated, this page () is copyright Peter Higginbotham. Contents may not be reproduced without permission. | <urn:uuid:6bd02832-8fd1-4d6a-ae56-125532a6b0e1> | {
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A researcher from Australia’s La Trobe University in Melbourne has teamed up with a Chinese city to implement an early detection marker program to diagnose autism in children under the age of two.
Dr Josephine Barbaro has researched a set of social, communication and behavioural markers which she believes can lead to early detection in children with a pre disposition to autism.
In a recent interview with radio channel Asia Pacific she claimed that experts in the field were already aware of these markers, but that there were very few screening tools in place to aid with detection in children so young.
“We designed a program called the social attention and communication surveillance study and we trained maternal and child health nurses to monitor these very early markers in very young children, from one to two years of age.”
The province of Tianjin in Northern China has agreed to implement the screening tool on every child born there within the next seven years. Annually there are around 100,000 babies born in the province. There is still some social stigma to have a child born with a diagnosis such as autism, especially in China.
“These sample sizes that we can have for research are huge, so it’s fantastic for research.
It’s also fantastic…for family so that we can actually work together with families and try and identify children early.So we can begin early intervention. Autism was not recognised as an official diagnosis until 2006 and there has been a history, and obviously still continues to be a history, of there being this stigma surrounding autism or just disability in general.”
If we can try and work together to decrease the stigma and show that children with autism can lead quite fulfilling lives, many of them lead very independent lives.”
The surveillance program that we have developed and implemented has gained a lot of interest from these Asian countries, because they can see that actually it’s something that they could use and utilise and at very low cost.”
Dr Barbao hopes to train and educate more medical practitioners in Asia, including Bangladesh, Korea and Japan in the near future. | <urn:uuid:c59fe8c0-0e52-4a3b-9ed6-61af9cd9be1e> | {
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Understanding Audio Interface Usage
For people making a podcast the most important thing is the sound. Since the entire focus of making a podcast is ensuring that the sound is clear and concise, then using an audio interface can be a critical component in ensuring that the sound is at its maximum capacity for clarity and proper sound balance of all equipment used.
The audio interface is perfect for making sure that all audio equipment for the podcast blends well seamlessly into one portal for recording. Each of the pieces of equipment is then connected to the audio interface in order to make sure everything works well together as each piece of equipment is being used during the podcast creation. The microphones, headphones and portable recorders as well as any musical equipment and speakers are all simultaneously connected to the audio interface system to create the podcast so that all sound flows into one portal and is completely synchronized. When you create a podcast you often need multiple sound feeds, in order to balance the sound feeds an audio interface is a necessity to ensuring the sound is all pitched the same and equalized.
An audio interface takes all of these sound signals and then converts all the digital data and then sends it through the USB port or Firewire port into the computer system being used for the podcast. It then creates digitalization of all the sound streaming through the system so the computer can understand the sound feed correctly. It then puts it all together so that each piece can be used as necessary by the podcast creator through sound integration. The computer treats the audio interface as the soundcard that allows multiple ports for different equipment. If you’re looking for an audio interface to add to your recording arsenal, we’d recommend checking out http://www.pickupplug.com/best-audio-interface/ for a summary of your options.
The Main Equipment Used In The Audio Interface Use
One of the first things to consider when creating a good podcast using an audio interface is getting is a good audio software program. This is a vital part of putting together an audio podcast and will help ensure that the finished product of the podcast flows well and has concise sound that is well integrated.
The next component is a good microphone or two depending on how many people are involved in the creation of the podcast. There are two different mics that are most popular for a podcast. One is a dynamic mic and the other is a condenser mic.
Condenser mics are great because they are very defined in sound detail. However, if the background is slightly noisy, they will pick up all of the surrounding sound which can make the power of background noise overwhelming.
By contrast, a dynamic mic is often more suitable because it only picks up the sound that the mic is directed towards without an overreach into background noises. It is important to remember the size of the room used for recording can make a difference in background noise issues. The larger the room and the higher the ceilings are the greater the chance that feedback and echoes can be noted during recording. In general, unless the podcast is being created in a small room, it is a good idea to consider a dynamic mic.
Another great equipment piece that is used for podcasts is the use of a portable recorder. These are a great tool for face to face interviews for any podcast. Portable recording systems allow a greater amount of diversity for on the spot interviewing within a podcast creation. Some people choose to use a high-quality smartphone with a built-in mic or using a high quality external mic to be integrated with the smartphone for greater sound definition. Pickup Plug also has a few options for these devices.
Electrical musical instruments and speakers are generally fed into the same audio interface so that all of the sound is put together in a similar fashion that a sound board acts. This one central sound filter blends all of the sound signals to equalize it and allow it to be properly adjusted for recording. | <urn:uuid:b2fb1eca-6ba6-4195-8404-aa0e412ef79f> | {
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England and Castile used to have huge colonial empires. That the English and Castilian languages are spoken by billions throughout the world serves as a reminder to those that still believe that they can return to the illusion of a former glorious colonial past that never was. However, the colonial past is evident not only with Brexit but also the Catalan struggle for independence.
Why is it so difficult for Brexit to happen? Surely, every nation has the right to independence. The problem is that England is not an independent country because of its own structure of empire. England colonised Wales, then Ireland and then Scotland before attempting to colonise the world in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1801, the English empire was renamed by creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland had never accepted the English conquest and fought against this political union and succeeded in forcing the British State out of the majority of Ireland in 1921. Many who were loyal to England fought against their fellow Irishmen and women which resulted in the 6 northern counties remaining within the U.K. and Ireland was partitioned. However, many Irish refused to accept the mutilation of their country and continued to fight. The far right in Britain conveniently forgot that the war in the north of Ireland ended with a peace agreement in 1998 and NOT a victory for the British army or the I.R.A. One of the compromises of the 1998 peace agreement was that there could never ever be a border on the island of Ireland because the existence of a border was one of the causes of the war. In effect, the UK accepted that she could never be an independent state again because to try to create a new border in Ireland was to reinstate a war that was not only immoral but also unwinnable. The presence of the powerful Irish-American lobby also prevents English Brexiteers from pursuing their nationalistic agenda.
Therefore, Brexit is primarily an English-based phenomenon. Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain in the EU. Yet, why has English nationalism begun to increase? England in recent times has had no need for a strong nationalist movement. She is at the centre of British power (Monarchy, Westminster and the City of London), the English language is the dominant world language, and her biggest military ally is the USA. Most English people would find it difficult to name the date of their patron saint (a day she shares with Catalonia in homage to St Jordi). However, England’s colonial past was revived by Scottish devolution and then the 2014 independence referendum. The media bias against impartial reporting on immigration has fueled the same anti-immigrant populist sentiment that has become a growing political football in every European state. The changing political landscape of Britain and Ireland is on a collision course – the outcome of which is by no means certain. | <urn:uuid:6eeb3074-d3a3-4a62-a76a-92863ac66b1c> | {
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One of the most important elements of self-compassion is the recognition of our shared humanity. Compassion is, by definition, relational. Compassion literally means “to suffer with,” which implies a basic mutuality in the experience of suffering. The emotion of compassion springs from the recognition that the human experience is imperfect, that we are all fallible. Why else would we say “it’s only human” to comfort someone who has made a mistake? When we’re in touch with our common humanity, we remember that feelings of inadequacy and disappointment are universal. This is what distinguishes self-compassion from self-pity. While self-pity says “poor me,” self-compassion recognizes suffering is part of the shared human experience. The pain I feel in difficult times is the same pain that you feel in difficult times. The triggers are different, the circumstances are different, the degree of pain is different, but the basic experience is the same.
Sadly, however, most people don’t focus on what they have in common with others, especially when they feel ashamed or inadequate. Rather than framing their imperfection in light of the shared human experience, they’re more likely to feel isolated and disconnected from the world around them when they fail. When we focus on our shortcomings without taking the bigger human picture into account, our perspective tends to narrow. We become absorbed by our own feelings of insufficiency and insecurity. When we’re in the confined space of self-loathing, it’s as if the rest of humanity doesn’t even exist. This isn’t a logical thought process, but a type of emotional tunnel vision. Somehow it feels like I am the only one who is being dumped, proven wrong, or humiliated.
And even when we’re having a painful experience that is not our fault — perhaps we’ve been laid off from our job because of the economic downturn, for instance — we often irrationally feel that the rest of the world is happily employed while it’s only me sitting at home watching re-runs all day. Or when we become seriously ill, we may feel like sickness is an abnormal state that “shouldn’t” be happening. (Like the dying 84-year-old man whose final words were “Why me?”) Once we fall into the trap of believing that things are “supposed” to go well, we tend to think something has gone terribly amiss when they suddenly don’t.
Again, this isn’t a conscious thought process, but a hidden assumption that colors our emotional reactions. If we were to take a completely logical approach to the issue, we’d consider the fact that there are thousands of things that can go wrong in life at any one time, so it’s highly likely — in fact inevitable — that we’ll experience hardships on a regular basis. But we don’t tend to be rational about these matters. Instead, we suffer, and we feel all alone in our suffering.
The recognition of common humanity entailed by self-compassion also allows us to be more understanding and less judgmental about our inadequacies. Our thoughts, feelings and actions are largely impacted by factors outside of our control: parenting history, culture, genetic and environmental conditions, as well as the demands and expectations of others. After all, if we had full control over our behavior, how many people would consciously choose to have anger problems, addiction issues, debilitating social anxiety, an eating disorder? Many aspects of ourselves and the circumstances of our lives are not of our intentional choosing, but instead stem from innumerable factors that our outside our sphere of influence. When we acknowledge this reality, failings and life difficulties do not have to be taken so personally.
As Einstein once said:
A human being is part of the whole, called by us ‘universe,’ a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings, as something separate from the rest — a kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.
1. Quote taken from Dear Professor Einstein: Albert Einstein’s Letters to and from Children, Alice Calaprice (Ed.), Princeton University Press, 2002.
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The environment isn’t just a fad, it’s an important business reality and social responsibility. One of many ways to demonstrate you are green and put into practice real green initiatives is with LEED.
A North American standard, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of standards that cover a wide range of building design and operations activities and technical solutions.
LEED Existing Building Operations & Maintenance applies to existing buildings and provides managers of existing buildings with another tool to improve environmental stewardship. We’ve provided links to the info further below. Even if you aren’t located in North America, the LEED programs provide useful information and guidance about managing your buildings with the environment and energy conservation in mind.
The certification standards originate in the USA form the US Green Building Council (USGBC). They are mirrored in Canada by the Canada Green Building Council (CaGBC) with modifications to reflect building code, standards and issues unique to Canada.
Registration requires demonstrating adherence to specific requirements or measured energy / environmental performance.
Whether you seek certification or not, there are many practices in the LEED requirements that you should implement at your facilities to make your operation green and environmentally friendly. Some are difficult, others are relatively easy. If you are certifying you new construction as a LEED NC (New Construction) certified building, some of the requirements will already be covered, otherwise, some of them can be very expensive to achieve with an existing building.
Others are management practices that are easy to implement. In fact, if you have been focusing on green issues, many should already be in place and all you need to do is document them to meet LEED requirements.
To get certification, you achieve points for implementing or meeting the following standards. There is a minimum requirement, including prerequisites, with certification levels of Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum, depending on how many points you achieve.
The complete list of requirements is listed here:
- LEED Certified Design and Construction
- Building Exterior and Hard-scape Management Plan
- Integrated Pest Management, Erosion Control, and Landscape Management Plan
- Alternative Commuting Transportation
- Site Development: Protect or Restore Open Habitat
- Storm water Quantity Control
- Heat Island Reduction: Non-Roof
- Heat Island Reduction: Roof
- Light Pollution Reduction
- Water Metering and Minimum Indoor Plumbing Fixture and Fitting Efficiency
- Water Performance Measurement
- Additional Indoor Plumbing Fixture and Fitting Efficiency
- Water Efficient Landscaping
- Cooling Tower Water Management: Chemical Management
- Cooling Tower Water Management: Non-potable Water Source Use
Energy & Atmosphere
- Energy Efficiency Best Management Practices: Planning, Documentation, and Opportunity Assessment
- Minimum Energy Efficiency Performance
- Refrigerant Management: Ozone Protection
- Optimize Energy Efficiency Performance
- Existing Building Commissioning: Investigation and Analysis
- Existing Building Commissioning: Implementation
- Existing Building Commissioning: Ongoing Commissioning
- Performance Measurement: Building Automation System
- Performance Measurement: System-Level Metering
- On-Site and Off-Site Renewable Energy
- Enhanced Refrigerant Management
- Emissions Reduction Reporting
Materials & Resources
- Sustainable Purchasing Policy
- Solid Waste Management Policy
- Sustainable Purchasing: Ongoing Consumables
- Sustainable Purchasing: Durable Goods –
- Sustainable Purchasing: Durable Goods – Furniture
- Sustainable Purchasing: Facility Alterations and Additions
- Sustainable Purchasing: Reduced Mercury in Lamps
- Sustainable Purchasing: Food
- Solid Waste Management: Waste Stream Audit
- Solid Waste Management: Ongoing Consumables
- Solid Waste Management: Durable Goods
- Solid Waste Management: Facility Alterations and Additions
Indoor Environmental Quality
- Minimum IAQ Performance
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control
- Green Cleaning Policy
- IAQ Best Management Practices: IAQ Management Program
- IAQ Best Management Practices: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
- IAQ Best Management Practices: Increased Ventilation
- IAQ Best Management Practices: Reduce Particulates in Air Distribution
- IAQ Best Management Practices: IAQ Management for Facility Alterations and Additions
- Occupant Comfort: Occupant Survey
- Controllability of Systems: Lighting
- Occupant Comfort: Thermal Comfort Monitoring
- Daylight and Views
- Green Cleaning: High-Performance Cleaning Program
- Green Cleaning: Custodial Effectiveness Assessment
- Green Cleaning: Purchase of Sustainable Cleaning Products and Materials
- Green Cleaning: Sustainable Cleaning Equipment
- Green Cleaning: Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control
- Green Cleaning: Indoor Integrated Pest Management
For more details about the LEED certification, click on the links:
You don’t have to be in North America to use the principles in the LEED Certification and Rating systems. They are simply good practice for any Facility Manager or Property Manager.
Note that LEED has certification programs for commercial interiors, core & shell, homes and neighbourhood developments. | <urn:uuid:f6ea2dba-70d8-4832-9b0e-6b934c273246> | {
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The Cu Chi tunnels are located in Cu Chi district next to the Saigon River, about half-way between
Ho Chi Minh City and the Cao Dai Holy See – the journey usually
takes around 1½ hrs from either end, depending on the traffic.
original tunnels were dug long ago by the Viet Minh to provide
hiding places from which to attack French soldiers. During
the 1960s, the Viet Cong reopened them and greatly extended
them both horizontally and vertically. At their peak, an integrated
200km network of passages, on five or more levels in places,
stretched to within thirty kilometres of the centre of Saigon.
Their total length was somewhere between 200km and 300km,
and the deepest levels were more than 30m underground. The
complex included entire underground ‘villages’ – accommodation,
canteens, and even schools and hospitals.
tunnel entrances, exits, ventilation pipes, chimneys, and
waste channels were all ingeniously camouflaged and guarded
by an array of vicious booby traps designed to maim intruders
(there are many examples in the War Remnants Museum). Blast
screens and water traps protected inhabitants from grenades
and gas, and the passages could be quickly sealed off to prevent
the use of chemicals, defoliants, napalm, huge ploughs and
carpet bombing by B45’s, the integrity of the tunnels was
never seriously compromised by the enemy.
The tunnels played a pivotal role in the American War - it
is said that the 1968 Tet Offensive was masterminded from
there. Without doubt, the impotence of the GIs in penetrating
the network and the effects of fighting an enemy that could
appear at any time, strike with deadly force, then vanish
like a wraith sapped the resolve of the US soldiers and contributed
to their defeat.
the loss of life on the Vietnamese side was heavy – well over
10,000 and possibly as high as 15,000.
devastation wreaked upon the area is no longer obvious. The
massive craters are overgrown and scrub forest has reclaimed
the land despite the untold gallons of toxins sprayed on the
ground. Short lengths of the tunnels have been renovated and
made safe to provide access for visitors.
areas of have been opened up – one has been heavily modified
and is a standard tourist attraction. We use the less-visited,
but more authentic, site.
although the tunnels have been widened to accommodate the
larger dimensions of foreigners, anyone much above average
girth and height would find it difficult to get through. Anyone
claustrophobic would be wise to stay above ground! | <urn:uuid:61864776-c8d7-4106-9f85-01909e7b4122> | {
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A good quality of finish may exist in the most divergent kinds of work, each having its own characteristic texture. Thus a broad treatment on a large scale will make much of the natural texture of the wood, enforcing it by crisp edges and subtle little ridges which catch the light and recall the momentary passage of the sharp tool, while elaborate work in low relief may have a delicate texture which partly imitates that of the details of its subject, and partly displays the nature of the wood. In either case, the texture must be consciously aimed at by the carver as the last but by no means least quality which is to give vitality to the work of his hands. A sense of the capabilities of his wood in this respect is one of the best aids to the carver, as it reacts on his sense of form and compels him to precision.
Manual dexterity alone may succeed in making its work clearly intelligible, but that is all, and it generally leaves a surface in which there is little indication of any feeling for the material in which the work is carved, nothing, in fact, that marks it specially as carving in wood, or distinguishes it from a casting in metal.
The technical operation which is most immediately answerable for the making or marring of texture is the disposition and nature of the final tool marks. These should be so managed that they help the eye to understand the forms. They should explain rather than confuse the contours of the surface. Just as in a good chalk drawing the strokes and cross-hatchings are put in with method, and if well done produce the effect of something solid, so in carving, the tool marks should emphasize the drawing without in any way calling attention to themselves.
It is quite impossible to explain in words that will not be open to misconstruction the subtle commingling of qualities which make all the difference between good and bad texture. We may succeed better by describing those conditions which are unfavorable to it. Thus work which is very much cut up into minute detail, and which lacks a proper contrast of surface, or, for the same reason, work which is too generally bald and smooth, rarely exhibit a good surface texture. Again, work which is overlabored, or where delicate details have been attempted on a coarse-grained wood, or finally, work which, although done with success in the matter of mechanical dexterity, is deficient in feeling for its woody possibilities, are all likely to fail in the matter of texture.
Punch-marked backgrounds have undoubtedly a legitimate place among the expedients of the carver for obtaining contrast, but on the whole, as such, they are of a somewhat meretricious order, and in almost every case their use is fatal to the charm of fine texture, as this always depends on an appreciation of the homogeneous connection of carving and background. If they are used at all they should be made to form patterns on the background, and not put down promiscuously. Little gouge marks are still better, as they are not so mechanical.
I shall conclude this part of my subject with a quotation from the words of Mr. W. Aumonier, in a lecture delivered at the Royal Institute of British Architects.
"All carving to be treated according to the position it is to occupy. Not only the design, but the actual carving itself, should be considered with a view to the position it is to take and the light it will receive. Thus, even if quite close to the eye, where, of course, its position warrants or demands a certain amount of finish, it must be remembered that real finish rather means perfection of form than smoothness of surface, so that even there it should still show its cuts and its tool marks fearlessly, and be deepened in parts to make it tell its proper tale in the combined scheme of decoration; while if it is going a great height or distance from the eye it should be left as rough as ever you can leave it. The only points that have to be regarded are the outlines, varieties of planes, and depths, and if these be properly considered everything else will take care of itself, and then the whole work can not be left too rough. Its very roughness and choppy cuts will give it a softness and quality when in its place that no amount of smoothing or high finish can possibly attain to."
Beware of putting a wrong interpretation upon the word "rough"—refer to what he says of the points to be regarded, i.e., the "varieties of planes, and depths." If they are right the "roughness" is not likely to be of the offensive kind.
Nothing so effectually destroys the quality of texture as polish applied to carving. If furniture must be polished it should not be carved. The only polish that improves carving is that which comes of use. On hard woods, such as oak or Italian walnut, the pressure of the tools leaves a pleasant polish, which is all that is necessary; the most that should be allowed may be given by a little burnishing with the handle of the tool.
CRAFT SCHOOLS, PAST AND PRESENT
The Country Craftsman of Old Times—A Colony of Craftsmen in Busy Intercourse—The Modern Craftsman's Difficulties: Embarrassing Variety of Choice.
The present revival of interest in the arts, especially with regard to those of a decorative kind, is based on the recently awakened esthetic desires of a small section of the general public, who owe their activity in this direction to the influence of men like John Ruskin and William Morris. The first of these, by his magic insight, discerned the true source of vitality which lay in the traditions of medieval workmanship, i.e., their intensely human character and origin. His fiery words compelled attention, and awakened a new enthusiasm for all that betokens the direct and inspiring influence of nature. They raised the hope that this passion might in some way provide a clue to the recovery of a fitting form of expression.
William Morris, with no less power as a craftsman, was the first to give practical embodiment to this newly awakened impulse by a modified return to the older methods of production. His rare knowledge of medieval history, and manly sympathy with all that is generous in modern life, made it impossible for him to become a superficial imitator. His work is an example of what may be achieved by a union of high artistic instincts with a clear understanding of the conditions of modern life.
Cheering as is the present activity in its encouragement of endeavor, the difficulties of establishing anything like an efficient system of education for the artist, more especially the sculptor, or carver artist, is only being gradually realized. The difficulties are not so much academic as practical. It is less a question of where to study than one of knowing what direction those studies should take. Before any genuine development in the art can be looked for, continuity of effort must be established, and that in a single direction, undisturbed as it is at present by differences of public taste.
Opportunities for study are now afforded to an extent never before dreamed of: in books and schools, and in museums; but division of opinion mars the authority of the two first, while the last is confessedly but a kind of catalogue, which may only be read with profit by the light of considerable experience.
A certain amount of success has undoubtedly attended the progress of the new system, but it must always be more or less at a disadvantage; firstly, by reason of its divided aims; secondly, because the system is more theoretic than practical, and is often based on the false assumption that "design" may be learned without attaining a mastery over technique, and vice versa.
Until students become disillusioned on this latter point, and are at the same time permitted to follow their natural bent with as little interference as possible from the exigencies of public taste, uniformity of aim will be impossible, and consequently the system must remain artificial. It can never, under any circumstances, entirely replace that more natural one adopted by our ancestors. How can its methods compare for a moment with the spontaneous and hearty interest that guided the tools of those more happily placed craftsmen, whose subjects lay around them, of daily familiarity; whose artistic language was ready to hand and without confusion, affording an endless variety of expression to every new and individual fancy. Many of these craftsmen were, owing to their invigorating surroundings, gifted with a high poetic feeling for their art—a quality which gives to their work a transcendent value that no learning or manual cleverness could supply. They acquired their technical knowledge in genial connection with equally gifted members of other crafts, and in consequence expressed themselves with corresponding and justly proportioned skill in execution.
Conditions that can not be altered must be endured while they last, but the first step toward their improvement must be made in gaining a knowledge of the facts as they are. This will be the surest foundation upon which to build all individual effort in the future.
Who that has felt the embarrassing doubts and contradictory impulses, peculiar to modern study, can have failed to look disconsolately away from his own surroundings to those far-off times when craft knowledge was acquired under circumstances calculated to awaken the brightest instincts of the artist? The imaginary picture calls up the ancient carver at his bench, cheerfully blocking out images of leaves and animals in his busy workshop, surrounded with the sights and sounds of country life. His open door frames a picture of the village street, alive with scenes of neighborly interest. From the mill-wheel comes a monotonous music making pleasant cadence to his own woody notes, or the blacksmith's hammer rings his cheery counterpart in their companionable duet.
Short as is the distance between workshop and home, it provides a world of beauty and incident; suggesting to his inventive mind the subjects suitable for his work. Birds, beasts, and flowers are as familiar to him as the tools with which he works, or the scent and touch of the solid oak he handles daily. There, among the aromatic chips, he spends the long working hours of a summer day; varied by the occasional visits of a rather exacting Father from the neighboring monastery; or perhaps some idle and gossiping acquaintance who looks in to hold a long parley with his hand upon the latch. Or it may be that the mind turns to another carver, at work in one of the many large colonies of craftsmen which sprang up amid the forest of scaffolding surrounding the slow and mysterious growth of some noble cathedral. Here all is organized activity—the best men to be found in the country have been banded together and commissioned to do their best, for what seems, in modern eyes, a ridiculously small rate of pay. Some are well known and recommended; others, as traveling artists, are seeking change of experience and daily bread. Foreigners are here, from France, Italy, and the East. All have been placed under the direction of competent masters of their craft; men who have long since served their apprenticeship to its mysteries, and earned an honorable position in its gilds.
Here the carver works in an atmosphere of exhilarating emulation. Stone-carver and wood-carver vie with each other in producing work that will do credit to their respective brotherhoods. Painter and decorator are busy giving to the work of their hands what must have appeared to those concerned an aspect of heavenly beauty; the most precious materials not being considered too costly for use in its adornment.
What an interchange of artistic experience!—interchange between those of similar craft from different countries, and the stimulating or refining influence of one craft upon another—sculptors, goldsmiths, wood-carvers, and painters, all uniting in a sympathetic agreement to do their utmost for the high authorities who brought them together; with a common feeling of reverence, alike for the religious traditions which formed the motives of their work and the representatives of that religion in the persons of their employers.
What an endless variety of interruptions must have been common! all of a kind eminently calculated to stimulate the imagination. Municipal functions, religious festivals with their splendid gatherings and processions, the exciting events of political contest, often carried to the point of actual combat, to say nothing of the frequent Saint's day holidays, enjoyed by the craftsman in jovial social intercourse. All and every scene clothed in an outward dress of beauty, ranging from the picturesque roughness of the village inn to the magnificent pageantry of a nobleman's display, or the majestic surroundings of an archi-episcopal reception.
From dreams of the past with its many-sided life and background of serious beauty, we turn with feelings almost bordering on despair to the possibilities of the present. Not only has the modern craftsman to master the technicalities of his business, but he must become student as well. No universally accepted form of his art offers him a ready-made language; he is left fatally free to choose style, period, or nationality, from examples of every conceivable kind of carving, in museums, photographs, and buildings. As proud but distracted heir to all, he may cultivate any one of them, from Chinese to the latest style of exhibition art. For his studies he must travel half a dozen miles before he can reach fields, trees, and animals in anything like inspiring conditions. He must find in books and photographs the botanical lineaments of foliage and flowers, of which he mainly seeks to know the wild life and free growth. With but one short life allowed him in which to make his poor effort in a single direction, he must yet study the history of his craft, compare styles, and endeavor with all the help he can get to shape some course for himself. Can he be assured of selecting the right one, or out of the multitude of counselors and contradictory views, is there not a danger of taking a false step? No wonder, if in the cloudy obscurity of his doubts, he sometimes feels a tired desire to abandon the problem as too intricate to be resolved.
ON THE IMPORTANCE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN BUILDER AND CARVER
The Infinite Multiplicity of Styles—The "Gothic" Influence: Sculpture an Integral Element in its Designs—The Approach of the so-called "Renaissance" Period—Disturbed Convictions—The Revival of the Classical Style—The Two Styles in Conflict for a Time; their Respective Characteristics Reviewed—Carvers Become Dependent upon Architects and Painters—The "Revival" Separates "Designer" and "Executant."
The prevailing architectural fashion of a time or country, known as its style, has generally been determined by the influence of more advanced nations on those of a ruder constitution; each modifying the imported style to suit its own climatic and social conditions, and imbuing it with its own individual temperament. The foreign idea was thus developed into a distinct and national style, which in its turn bore fruit, and was passed on as an initiative for other nations and new styles. The current of this influence, generally speaking, trended from east to west as though following the course of the sun, upon whose light it depended for the illumination of its beauties.
There are so many styles of architecture, and consequently of carving, both in wood and other materials, that a history of such a subject would be a life study in itself, and be quite barren of results except those of a professional kind. It would include the characteristics of carvings from every country under the sun, from the earliest times known. Engravings on boars' tusks found in prehistoric caves, carvings on South Sea Island canoe paddles, Peruvian monstrosities of terror, the refined barbarity of India and China, the enduring and monumental efforts of Egyptian art, and a hundred others, down to times and countries more within reach. In fact, it would only be another name for a history of mankind from the beginning of the world.
Nothing could be better for the student's purpose than to begin his studies of history at that point where the first indication of the Gothic or medieval period of architecture makes its appearance. For it was from this great and revolutionary change in the manner of building that all the subsequent variety of style in carving as well as building in medieval Europe took its origin. The first rudiments of the great school of art, which has been broadly classified as having a "Gothic" origin, began to make their appearance in Byzantium some three or four centuries after the birth of Christ. This city, said to have been founded by a colony of Greek emigrants, became the seat of Roman government in their eastern empire, and is now known as Constantinople: it contains a noted example of ancient art in the great church of St. Sophia. From the date of the building of this church in the sixth century A. D. to the beginning of the fifteenth century in Italy, and about a hundred years later, more or less, according to distance from that center, we have roughly the period during which the "medieval" spirit ruled the arts of Europe.
The work of this long period is distinguished beyond all others by the varied beauty and interest of its carvings, a preeminence it owes in part to the strong bias in this direction which was given by its early founders, but still more to the unbroken alliance maintained between builders and carvers throughout the entire period. An inherited talent for sculpture, handed down, no doubt, from their classical forefathers, distinctly marks the commencement of the era; but from that time until the appearance of the "Renaissance" influence, builder and carver are no longer conceivable as being independent of each other. Sculpture of one kind or another not only played an important part in the decoration of its buildings, but became a necessary and integral element in every architectural conception, be its importance little or great. The masons designed their structural features with a view to the embellishments to follow from the hand of the carver; they were in full sympathy with the artistic intention of the decoration, therefore their own ideas were in complete conformity with those of the sculptor, while even in some cases they did this part of the work themselves. The sculptors, restrained by the severe laws of structural design, never transgressed the due limits of their craft, or became insistent upon the individuality of their own work. Hence, throughout all the successive changes of style brought about by time and difference of country, climate, or material, the art of carving steadily progressed hand in hand with the art of building. The changes were so very gradual, and grew so naturally from the conditions and requirements of social life, that ample time was allowed for the education of public feeling, which became in this way identified with the inventive progress of the craftsmen. As a happy result, one aim and desire governed alike builders, carvers, and people, and one style at a time, enjoyed and understood by all, was the wholesome regimen by which the architectural appetite of the period was sustained. Cathedral and cottage differed only in their relative grades of importance; each shared in due proportion the advantages of an architectural style common to all forms of building, and adaptable in the highest degree to every varying purpose of design, from the simplest piece of walling, with the barest indication of style, to the most elaborate arrangement of masonry and carving which could be devised to distinguish a stately and important structure.
Time was, however, preparing a revolution which was destined to sweep away many old beliefs and established institutions, and with them those familiar motives and habits of thought, which had long formed the bountiful source of medieval inspiration and invention. The period between the beginning of the fifteenth century and the Reformation was like a fiery furnace, in which the materials for a new world were being prepared; it was no time for the leisurely enjoyment of the pleasures of art, which presupposes settled convictions and imperceptible developments.
About this time many new forms of intellectual activity began to engage the minds of the more gifted. Speculative philosophy, the opening fields of science, the imaginative literature of the ancients; these were among the subjects which, while they enlarged the sphere of individual thought, destroyed that social ideal which had its roots in a common belief, and with it, the secret source of all past development in architecture. With the deep-lying causes and far-reaching effects of the unrest which disturbed this period, we are not here concerned, beyond the point where it touches our interest in architecture and sculpture. That drastic changes were in progress affecting the popular regard for these arts is undeniable. Educated and illiterate minds became alike indifferent to the authority of established religion—either they succumbed to the tyranny of its powerful but corrupt ministers, or stood out in open rebellion against its disputed dogmas. In either case, that architecture which had formerly been regarded as the chief symbol of united faith, shared the neglect of one section or the abhorrence of the other. That strong sense of beauty, once the common possession of builders, sculptors, and people, was now between the upper and nether millstones of fate, being ground into the fine dust which has served for centuries as the principal ingredient in the manufacture of an endless succession of moral puddings and pies, known in modern times as "art criticism."
To earnest minds in all classes at that time, any enthusiasm for architectural styles, old or new, must have appeared as futile as an anxiety about appearances while one's house was burning.
To the art of this period the title "Renaissance" has been foolishly applied. When used in association with the arts of architecture and sculpture, it is essentially a misnomer. For these arts it was merely a time of revival, not in any sense one of rebirth, as the word implies. In no way can this period claim to have conferred vitality along with the resuscitation of outward form. The revival of a classical style in architectural design, which began in the early years of the fifteenth century, was the sequel to a similar "revival" in the study of Greek and Roman literature, then occupying the interests of cultivated scholars. It was but a step further to desire also the realization of those architectural splendors which were associated with these studies. Such dilettante dreams can not be supposed to have deeply interested the general public, with whose concerns they had but a remote connection; so under these circumstances, probably the classical style was as suitable as any other, chosen on such narrow and exclusive grounds. There was even a certain fitness in it, a capability of much expansion on theatrical and grandiose lines. Its unbending demeanor toward craft talent of the humbler kind at once flattered the vanity of the cultured, and cowed uneducated minds.
The Duomo at Florence was finished early in that century, and was one of the first buildings in which the new style was adopted. In this case it was used mainly in the completion of a building already well advanced on lines based upon the older traditions. The character of its design, although not of a strictly imitative kind, was distinctly based on a classical ideal. Imitations followed, mingling, as in the case of the Duomo, Gothic and classic elements, often with fine effect. It is quite possible to believe that, had this intermarriage of the two schools continued to bear fruit, some vertebrate style might have resulted from the union, partaking of the nature of both parents; but the hope was of short duration. Its architects, becoming enamored by the quality of scientific precision, which is the fundamental principle of classical design, soon abandoned all pretense of attempting to amalgamate the native and imported styles. They gave themselves up wholly to the congenial task of elaborating a scholarly system of imitation; so that, by the middle of the sixteenth century, no trace whatever remained of native feeling in the architecture of its important buildings.
During the progress of this revolution in style, the old medieval habits of cooperation between master mason and sculptor were slowly being exchanged for a complete dependence upon a special architect, who was not necessarily a craftsman himself; but whose designs must be carried out line for line with the most rigid adherence to measurements.
For a moment in history, the rival spirits of the two great schools of architecture stand face to face like opposing ideals. The classical one, recalled from the region of things past and forgotten, again to play a part on earth with at least the semblance of life; the Gothic spirit, under notice to quit and betake itself to that oblivion from which its rival is reemerging.
In the heyday of their power, the first had shown a distinctly autocratic bearing toward its workmen; offering to its sculptors of genius opportunities for the exercise of highly trained powers, and to the subordinate workmen only the more or less mechanical task of repeating a limited number of prescribed forms. The other, a more genial spirit, had possessed the largest toleration for rude or untrained workmanship, provided that in its expression the carver had a meaning which would be generally understood and appreciated. If skill could be commanded, either of design or technique, it was welcomed; but it gave no encouragement to work which was either so distinctive as to be independent of its surroundings, or of a kind which could have no other than a mechanical interest in its execution. The abrupt contrasts, the variety and mystery, characteristic of Gothic architecture, had been a direct and irresistible invitation to the carver, and the freest playground for his fancy. The formality of the classical design, on the other hand, necessarily confined such carving as it permitted to particular lines and spaces, following a recognized rule; and except in the case of bas-relief figure subjects and detached statues, demanded no separate interest in the carvings themselves, further than the esthetic one of relieving such lines and spaces as were otherwise uncomfortably bare.
Some modification of this extreme arrogance toward the decorative carver was only to be expected in the revived style, but the freedom allowed to the individual carver turned out to be more apparent than real. A new race of carvers sprang up, imbued with the principles of classical design; but being no longer in touch with natural and popular interests, nor stimulated by mutual cooperation with their brother craftsmen, the mason builders, they adopted the fashionable mode of expression invented by the new architects and the painters of the time. Elaborate "arabesque" and other formal designs gave employment to the carvers, in making an infinite repetition of fiddles, festoons, and ribbons, in the execution of which they became so proficient, that their work is more often admired for its exquisite finish than for any intrinsic interest in the subject or design.
Judged by its effects upon the art of carving, without the aid of which a national style of architecture is impossible, the revival of classical architecture never had a real and enduring life in it. Strictly speaking, no organic style ever grew out of its ambitious promises; the nearest approach to such a thing is to be found in those uncouth minglings of Gothic tradition with fragments of classical detail which distinguish much of the domestic architecture during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Amusing in their quaint and often rich and effective combinations, humanly interesting in proportion to the predominance of the Gothic element, association has grown up around these homely records of a mixed influence, until they have come to be regarded with affection, if not with the highest admiration.
The "revival" brought nothing but harm to the carver himself—that is, to the carver who found it impossible to reach the elevation of a sculptor of genius. He sacrificed his own small but precious talent as a creator of pleasant images for the attainment of a finesse in the execution of other people's ideas. To the "Renaissance" must be attributed that fatal separation of the craftsman's function into the hands of designer and executant which has so completely paralyzed the living spirit of individual invention. It has taken close upon four centuries to open the eyes of our craftsmen to this inconsistency, and "revive" the medieval truth that invention and execution are strictly but one and the same thing. Let us hope that the present awakening to the importance of this fact may yet lead to what will be truly worthy of being called a "Renaissance"; not merely of outward forms, but of that creative energy which alone justifies the true meaning of the word.
NOTES ON THE COLLOTYPE PLATES
PLATE I.—Old Carved Chest in York Cathedral. The front of a chest of almost similar design, only reversed, is to be seen in South Kensington Museum, which looks from its resemblance both in design and technique to be the work of the same carver, or at least to have been done about the same time. Note the absence of any attempt at elaborate perspective, and the "decorative" aspect of houses, rocks, trees, etc., also the distinctive treatment of the Knight and Princess who appear in the picture several times, representing various incidents of the story.
PLATE II.—Figure from the Tomb of Henry IV in Canterbury Cathedral. This figure is one of the corner ornaments on the canopy. The whole of the upper structure is of wood, painted in colors with parts picked out in gold.
PLATE III.—Aisle Roof, Mildenhall Church, Suffolk. This is one of the many beautiful carved roofs which abound in Norfolk and Suffolk. The nave roof is enriched with carvings of angels with wings outspread.
PLATE IV.—Nave Roof, Sall Church, Norfolk. This is another very beautiful timber roof showing the union of practical carpentry with carving to perfection.
PLATE V.—Portion of a Carved Oak Panel. The Sheepfold. The other part is shown in Plate VI, as, owing to the proportion of this panel and the necessity for keeping the scale of the plates as large as possible, it has been divided and shown in two portions. It was begun without any premeditated intention as to use, the sloping end being the shape of the board as it came into the author's hands, the other end being sloped off to match it.
PLATE VI.—Portion of a Carved Oak Panel. The Sheepfold. See description of Plate V.
PLATE VII.—Preliminary Drawing of a Lion for Carving. This plate is, as explained in the text, from a drawing by Philip Webb, the well-known architect. It was done by him to explain certain facts about the pose of a lion when the author was engaged in carving the book covers which are shown in Plates VIII and IX.
PLATES VIII and IX.—Book-Covers carved in English Oak. These were done by the author for one of the "Kelmscott Press" books, Tale of Troy, at the instance of Mr. Cobden-Sanderson. The relief is very slight, and is rather exaggerated by the light and shade of the photograph. The carved portion only of these covers is shown, the size of which is 11-1/2 x 5-3/4 ins.
PLATE X.—Book-Covers carved in English Oak. These were done by the author for Mr. F. S. Ellis's translation of Reynard the Fox. The size of the carved part is 8-3/4 x 5-1/4 ins.
PLATE XI.—Carvings from Winchester Cathedral. This plate is from sketches made by the author at Winchester Cathedral. The upper one is a spandrel piece from the traceried arcading of the stalls. The lower one is a part of one of the carved Miserere seats. The spandrel carving is pierced; that is, has the ground cut right through. The other piece is elaborately undercut.
PLATE XII.—Carving from Choir-Screen, Winchester Cathedral. This plate is from a sketch done for the purpose of noting the general effect of a large mass of carved foliage with particular reference to the distribution of lighted surfaces in the design.
PLATE XIII.—Font Canopy, Trunch Church, Norfolk. The plate gives the upper portion only of this beautiful canopy; it is supported upon six posts richly carved on all sides, of which there are five to each post. The height of the whole canopy is about fifteen or sixteen feet—it presumably dates somewhere toward the end of the fourteenth century or beginning of the fifteenth.
PLATE XIV.—Designs for Carving, by
Philip Webb. This plate gives two examples of designs for carving by Philip Webb. The upper one is part of a richly carved cornice which was done for a chimney-piece; the carving was executed by Mr. Laurence Turner, from whom the author got his first lesson in wood-carving. The other example is a design on paper for carving to be done in oak. This was carried out in the paneling of the dining-room at Clouds House, Salisbury, and looked exceedingly effective. Much of the articulation on the surface of the leaves, it will be noticed, is got by sharp facets produced by the intersection of gouge cuts.
PLATE XV.—Leg of a Settle carved in English Oak. This was begun by the author as forming part of a large oak seat or "settle," but has never been completed. The wood out of which it is carved came out of an old house at Tewkesbury and was full of cracks which were filled up with slips of oak glued in and carved over.
PLATE XVI.—Pew Ends in Carved Oak, Brent Church, Somersetshire. The three bench ends shown in this plate are from Brent Church, Somersetshire. Although rude in execution, they are extremely effective in design. The bounding form of the molded edges and gracefully shaped top are worth noticing; the whole evidently the outcome of a nice and inherited sense of design, without any particular technical knowledge or experience. The termination of the finials was unfortunately omitted in the photograph, hence the abrupt line at the top.
THE COLLOTYPE PLATES
Acanthus, the, 156
Aims and conditions of work, 25
American woods, 48
Animal carving, 161, 191
Animal carving, Swiss, 191
Animals, or figures, in carving, 161, 191
Apprentice and student, their aims and conditions of work, 25
Architectural carving, 223
"Arkansas" slips, 44, 58
Arms, coats of, 177
Aumonier, W., 204, 238
Background, patterned, 96
Bas wood, 48
Beads and moldings to be carved, 119
Beam, carved, in South Kensington Museum, 140, 142
Bear, drawing of (frontispiece), 197, 200
Beast and bird studies, 191
Bed, design and carving for a, 163
Beech wood, 49
Bench or settle, design and carving for, 168, 174, 269, 302
Bench screw, 48
Berne Cathedral, carved figure from, 191
Bevels, tool, 52
Bewick, studies from, 195
Bird and beast studies, 191
Book-covers in oak, 267, 288, 289, 291
Books, aid of, 191
Bread plates, 116
Brent Church, pew ends in, 269, 304
Builder and carver, notes on the importance of cooperation between, 249
"Built-up" work, 214
Byzantine design, 96
Canopy, Font, 233, 268, 298
Canterbury Cathedral, carved figure from, 188, 275
Carpenter's imitation of stone construction, 223
Carpenter's influence on carver, 223
Cartoons, charcoal, 204
Carver and builder, notes on the importance of cooperation between, 249
Carver and joiner, reciprocal aims of, 161
Carving and sculpture, 249
Carving, architectural, 223
Carving, "chip," 63
Carving, heraldic, 176
Carving, Icelandic, 143
Carving, New Zealand, 63
Carving, Norse, 143
Carving, South Sea, 63
Carving, stone, 96, 223
Carving, Swiss, 191
Cedar wood, 166
Chair, sketch of, etc., 145
Character, works viewed as records of, 149
Charcoal cartoons, 204
Cherry wood, 51
Chest, carved, from York Cathedral, 147, 265, 273
Chestnut wood, 50
"Chip" carving, 63
Chisels, 31, 34, 35
Choir-screens, 227, 229, 267, 295
Choir-stalls at Winchester Cathedral, 227, 267, 293
Classical style, revival of, 249
Clay models, 191
Clock, suggestion of design and carving for, 174
Clock case, suggestion of design and carving for, 170
Coats of arms, 176
Cock, suggestion for carving a, 174
Collotype plates, 273-304
Collotype plates, notes on the, 265
Colors noted on diagrams, 197, 199
Colors of woods, 48
Contours of surface, 103
Corner cupboards, 119
Cornice, design for, by Philip Webb, 268, 300
Craft schools, past and present, 240
Craftsmen, old-time and modern, 240
Cramps, 42, 47
Cross, design for, 177
Cupboards, corner, 119
Cutting, clearness of, 52, 69, 235
Design, 71, 88
Design, application of, 72
Design, Byzantine, 96
Design, factors in the arrangement of, 82
Design, outline, and suggestion of main masses, 191
"Designer" and "Executant," 88, 249
Designs, adaptation of old, to modern purposes, 103
Designs, humor in, 180
Designs, list of fruit, flower, and vegetable subjects, 159
Designs, necessity for every carver making his own, 88
Designs, transferring, 72
Detail, economy in, 84
Diagrams, colors noted on, 197, 199
Distance and light in design, 82
Drilling and sawing, 110
Duomo, the, at Florence, 257
Ebony wood, 51
Economy in detail, 84
Edges of tools, 52
Environment as important as handicraft, 149
Execution and design, 88, 249
Exning, chair at, 145
Figures, or animals, in carving, 161, 191
Finish, surface—texture, 234
Florence, the Duomo at, 257
Flowers as subjects, 158
Foliage, 115, 153, 159
Font canopy, 233, 268, 298
Foreshortening as applied to work in relief, 205
Forms, imitation of natural, 82
Forms, plant, list of, 153
Forms, rounded, 88
Free rendering, 96
Fruit subjects, 94, 157, 159
Furniture, carving on, 161
Gerrard's "Herbal," a source of design, 160
Gibbons, Grinling, 62, 85, 153, 215
Glass paper, 107, 164
Gothic capital in Southwell Minster, 96
Gothic carvings, 96, 180, 229, 249
Gothic influence, 249
Gouges, 31, 34, 35
Gouges, sharpening, 56
Grain of the wood, 48, 69
Grapes, 115, 156, 159
Grindelwald, carved bear from, 200
Grotesque in carving, 180
"Grounders," 34, 37
Handling tools, 27, 52, 78
"Hard" wood, 48, 51
Hardwood carving, 115
Henry IV, figure from tomb of 188, 265, 275
Heraldic carving, 176
"Herbal," Gerrard's, a source of design, 160
Heron, drawing of a, 197
Hop-vine, the, 156
Humor in designs, 180
Icelandic carving, 143
Imitation of natural forms, 82
"India" oilstone, 42
Japanese work, a characteristic of, 125
Joiner and carver, reciprocal aims of, 161
Joiner, the amateur, 115
Joiner's tools, 41
Kauri pine wood, 48
"Kelmscott Press," carved oak covers for, 267, 288, 289
Landscape in carving, 221
Leather for stropping, 55
Leaves, expedient for explaining convolutions, 209
Leaves, list of, 159
Letters, carved, 165
Light and distance in design, 82
Lime wood, 48
Lion, preliminary drawing for carving a, 196, 267, 286
"Maccaroni" tool, 35, 38, 59
Mahogany wood, 48
Masses, right relationship of, 196
Masses, suggestion of main, 191
Masses, superposition of, 205
Medieval and modern choice of form compared, 153
Memoranda, methodical, 137
Memoranda, sketch-book, 137
Mildenhall Church, aisle roof, 226, 266, 277
Mirror frame, suggestion of design and carving for, 166
Miserere seats, 139, 142, 185, 186, 187, 216, 293
Models, clay, 202
Morris, William, 240
Moldings, to be carved, 119
Museums, 137, 140, 145, 149
Natural forms, imitation of, 82
Nature, studies from, 153, 191
New Zealand carving, 63
Norse patterns, 143
Notes on cooperation, 249
Oak, 48, 157
Oilstones, 42, 52
Old work, 137
Outline drawing, 191
Panel, carved, "The Sheepfold," 197, 212, 266, 282, 284
Paneling, design for, by Philip Webb, 268, 300
Panels, 72, 125, 170, 197
"Parting" tool, 34, 36
Paste for stropping, 52
Pattern and free rendering compared, 96
Pattern, background, 110
Pattern, importance of formal, 96
Pattern, medieval choice of natural forms governed by a question of, 96
Pattern, Portuguese, 145
Patterned background, 96
Patterns, Icelandic, 143
Patterns, New Zealand, 63
Patterns, Norse, 143
Patterns, pierced, 110, 145
Patterns, South Sea, 63
Pear-tree wood, 51
Period "Renaissance," revival of the classical style, 249
Perspective, 127, 205, 219
Pew ends, 269, 304
Photographs, aid of, 191
Picture subjects and perspective, 219
Pierced patterns, 110, 145
"Pierced" work, 214
Pine wood, 48, 71
Pine wood, yellow, 48, 71
Plant forms, list of, 153
"Planted" work, 214
Polish, 138, 164
Portuguese pattern, 145
Position of tools, 27, 52
Practise and theory, 25
Relief, work in, 205
"Renaissance," the, 249
"Reynard, the Fox," carved oak book-cover, 267, 291
Rounded forms, 88
Ruskin, John, 240
"S," pattern, 121
St. Sophia, church of, 251
Sall Church, nave roof, 226, 266, 279
Sawing and drilling, 110
Schools, craft, past and present, 240
Screens, choir, 227, 229, 268, 295
Sculpture and carving, 249
Settle or bench, design and carving for, 168, 174
Settle, carved leg of, 269, 302
Sharpening stones, 42
Sharpening tools, 52
Sheep, drawing of, 197, 212, 266, 282, 284
Sheepfold, the, collotype plate, 266, 282, 284
Sketch-book, use of the, 137, 191
Slips, 43, 58, 61
"Soft" wood, 51
South Kensington Museum, carvings from, 140, 141, 142
South Sea carving, 63
Southwell Minster, Gothic capital in, 96
Spoon tools, 59
Stalls, choir, 227, 267, 293
Stone carving, 96, 223
Stones, sharpening, 42
Stones (sharpening), case for, 42
Student and apprentice, their aims and conditions of work, 25
Students, the, opportunity lies on the side of design, 25
Studies, beast and bird, 191
Studies from nature, 153, 191
Study, necessity for variety in, 249
Subjects, animal, 161, 191
Subjects, choice of, 82
Subjects, flower, 158
Subjects, foliage, 159
Subjects, fruit, 159
Subjects, in perspective, 219
Subjects, picture, 219
Subjects, still life, 83
Subjects, vegetable, 159
Surface contours, 103
Surface finish, 234
Swiss carving, 191
Sycamore wood, 49
"Tale of Troy," carved oak book-cover for, 267, 288, 289
Tempering tools, 39
Texture and surface finish, 234
Theory and practise, 25
Thimble pattern, 121
"Throwing about," 106
Time, carvers the historians of their, 149
Tool marks, the importance of their direction, 234
Tools, average number, 31
Tools, blunted or broken, 40
Tools, description of, 27
Tools, handling, 27, 52, 78
Tools, joiner's, 41
Tools, position on oilstone, 52
Tools, position when in use, 27
Tools, sharpening, 52
Tools, spoon, 59
Tools, stropping, 54
Tools, tempering, 39
Trunch Church, font canopy at, 233, 268, 298
"Turkey," oilstone, 42
Turner, Laurence, 269
Undercutting and "built-up" work, 214
"V" tool, 31, 34, 36, 59
Vegetable designs, 159
"Veiner," 31, 34, 36, 58
Vines, the, 115, 156, 159
Walnut wood, 48, 50
"Washita" oilstone, 42
Wave pattern, 121
Webb, Philip, drawings and designs by, 177, 196, 268, 286, 300
Winchester Cathedral, carvings from, 190, 216, 227, 267, 293, 295
Wood, hard, 48, 51
Wood, soft, 48, 51
Woods, American, 48
Woods, colors of, 48
Woods, grain of, 48, 69
Woods, list of, 48
Woods, "soft" and "hard," 48, 51
Work, critical inspection of, from a distance, as it proceeds, 103
Yellow pine wood, 48, 71
York Cathedral, old chest in, 265, 273
Yorkshire settle, 168
Transcriber's Note: Minor corrections were made to normalize spelling and punctuation. Small caps were replaced with all-caps. | <urn:uuid:e4995e99-2e8b-427a-808b-22b979323d8f> | {
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American Curl Breed
The American Curl is a breed of cat distinguished by it's unusual and delicate ears which curl back from the face toward the back of the head. The breed is the result of a spontaneous mutation and the first kittens known to show it were discovered in 1981 in Lakewood, California.
Curls are a very curious, loving and devoted breed. They are extremely human-oriented and enjoy a lot of attention from their owners and try to include you in everything they do! They make excellent lap pets, as they are happy to sit or sleep quietly with their owner almost all the time. They have quiet voices and are sometimes talkative to get attention. Curls are alert, inquisitive and adaptable and will be even-tempered when introduced to new companions. Many have noted that the American Curl has a very kitten-like personality throughout life.
American Curls are medium sized cats with a rounded head, a substantial muzzle and open expressions. Their ears are their distinctive trait, open and curling backwards from the face. Curls are born with straight ears which begin unfolding at 3-5 days, reaching their final shape around 16 weeks. The ears are very delicate, and extra attention should be paid to them. There is a wide range of curl to the ears, and because some Curls are crossbred to ensure the quality of the breed, some Curls never develop the distinctive ears.
American Curls come in longhair and shorthair, in both cases soft and silky. Curls are produced in all color and pattern variations.
Find American Curl Breeders
- New York (1) | <urn:uuid:73677d48-468b-4bbc-a57e-66ff3f9f636c> | {
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Saturday, 6 July 2019
Sweden is a country that is acknowledged as being one of the biggest exports of musical performers in the world. Some of the major pop stars have been Swedish, namely ABBA and Roxette. There are well known performers of indie rock and jazz, among various other genres of music that have become well-known outside their home country of Sweden.
Generally some musical performers aim for international success, to gain wider income and fame. Other musical performers did not aim for as much international fame as they have received, yet gained it through their talent.
Sweden is a country that incorporates various foreign types of music and the talented musicians who perform it, become well-known. Sweden takes musical education seriously and various performers are known to have studied at designated music schools before setting out on a career in music.
The Royal College of Music in Stockholm has produced some noteworthy composers, conductors, vocalists and instrumentalists. At Karlstad University, the music department called the Ingesund College of Music focuses on classical, jazz and traditional music. Other universities also have music departments dedicated to teaching music teachers and musicians.
Swedish folk music began in the early 19th century. The fiddle is the main instrument used to produce such music. A fiddle is basically a bowed stringed instrument, which includes the violin (a type of bowed stringed instrument). Generally though there has been a time when folk music players were regarded as playing the fiddle and classical musicians regarded as playing the violin.
The nyckelharpa is another type of instrument that may be played with the fiddle in Swedish folk music. The instrument is a key harp and sometimes referred to as a keyed fiddle. This is a string instrument that has been one of the instruments that can be studied at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm, in the folk music department.
The accordion and clarinet are some other used instruments in Swedish folk music. The accordion can be played by an accordionist and the music produced is often considered as a one man/woman band. It is an instrument shaped like box and it can be compressed and expanded, while pressing buttons or keys to produce musical notes. The clarinet is a wind instrument that is quite elegantly simple in its design with its straight cylindrical tube shape.
Another type of instrument, that has been individualised in Sweden, are bagpipes. Swedish bagpipes are generally smaller than other types of bagpipes. During the middle of the 20th century the Swedish bagpipe instrument was hardly played and considered to be almost extinct. The tone is soft and considered to be similar to an accordion and harmonica.
The main focus of Swedish instrumental folk music is often dance music. In 1811, the Gothic Society was formed. It was the society’s aim to develop records of all traditional musical songs and support the performance of such songs by performers, whose main background was to play folk music. In bygone years Swedish folk music was mainly of solo melodies. In the 1900s folk music became more popular and reached its highest height in the 1970s, it has since fallen to the background yet is still a prominent part of the country’s education in music.
By Anastacia Sampson
Culled from www.sweden.org.za | <urn:uuid:e06644ca-5353-49fa-8b3c-b926199eeaac> | {
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About The Charts and Nutrition Facts
- For accuracy, the calorie chart and fat chart are based on the biggest serving size available.
- These nutrition facts came directly from the USDA or manufacturer/restaurant.
- If you're using a calorie counter, remember that Fat, Carbs, and Protein calories are just close estimations based on the Atwater factors:
Fat: 9 cal/g Carb: 4 cal/g Protein: 4 cal/g
- Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Please remember this when using this information to make healthy food choices for your diet.
Calories - One serving has a total Calorie count of 390 Calories. This breaks down as 9 Calories from Fat, 348 Calories from Carbohydrate, and 24 Calories from Protein. See the calorie chart below.
*Fat/Carb/Pro calories based on the Atwater (9/4/4) calculations.
Fat - The Total Fat grams for one serving is 1 gram. There is no Saturated Fat and unfortunately Trans Fat is unknown. The remaining 1 gram is unaccounted for.
Cholesterol - A serving of this size contains no Cholesterol. This is good news if cholesterol is part of your healthy eating plan.
Carbohydrates - For this food, the total Carbohydrate count is 87 grams, with no Sugar and 4 grams of Fiber. There are 83 Net Carbs per serving (total Carbs minus Fiber), which is good to know if you are watching your blood sugar or on a low carb diet.
Protein - At this serving size you'll get 6 grams of Protein per serving.
Minerals - There are 0.9 mg of Iron and 20 mg of Calcium in each serving of this food. In addition, there are 1000 mg of Sodium in this food.
Vitamins - This food may contain unknown quantities of Vitamin A and Vitamin C -- we could not obtain the values in this case. | <urn:uuid:1fa8de67-93aa-4bc8-8187-ef37ce62e425> | {
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Why Native Americans Didn’t Wipe Out Europeans With Diseases
While estimates vary, approximately 20-50 million people are believed to have lived in the Americas shortly before Europeans arrived. Around 95% of them were killed by European diseases. So why didn’t 19 out of 20 Europeans die from Native American diseases?
The short answer is that Europeans simply had more robust immune systems. Several factors contributed to this: first, Europeans had been the caretakers of domestic animals for thousands of years, and had over time grown (somewhat) immune to the common diseases that accompanied the domestication of such food sources. Native Americans, on the other hand, were largely hunters and gatherers, and even in some domestication cases, it’s thought exposure was limited. For instance, as Jared Diamond, author of Guns, Germs, and Steel states,
The Incas had llamas, but llamas aren’t like European cows and sheep. They’re not milked, they’re not kept in large herds, and they don’t live in barns and huts alongside humans. There was no significant exchange of germs between llamas and people.
Second, Europeans lived in more densely populated areas than Native Americans. When so many humans live together in relatively close quarters (particularly with lack of good, or any, sewage systems and the like), disease spreads quickly with the general population continually getting exposed to numerous pathogens. The Europeans’ bodies had to adapt to dealing with many of those diseases, and for those who survived, their immune systems thrived as a result.
The third factor is travel and exchange. Groups of people and animals moved around a lot in Europe and had interactions particularly through war and trade, resulting in the spread of disease across continents—and, eventually, some level of immunity for the survivors.
All of these things resulted in Europeans being regularly exposed to many more pathogens than Native Americans were. The Europeans’ immune systems simply developed to ward off the worst of some of the nastier diseases that incapacitated entire Native American populations. That same immunity protected them from diseases that Native Americans might have given them, or at least made it so the new diseases that they encountered were not as deadly.
That said, it should be noted that Europeans were also commonly killed off by the diseases they brought to the New World. It’s just that over time those who were more susceptible to these diseases died off and the survivors’ immune systems had developed to the point where the general populace wasn’t typically being wiped out at rates anywhere close to 95%, though the numbers were often still extreme by today’s standards.
But contrary to popular belief, it wasn’t all one sided. It’s believed that one Native American disease did slip on to the European ships and sailed onward to Europe doing some major damage in the process. That disease was syphilis.
Columbus “sailed the ocean blue” in 1492. Just three years later, in 1495, the first syphilis epidemic broke out among armies in Italy at the Siege of Naples, seemingly brought by French soldiers who in turn probably got the disease from Spanish mercenaries. Because of the French popularly spreading it, syphilis was initially known as the “French disease.”
There was up until very recently some debate about whether or not syphilis was in fact a “New World” disease because there are over 50 skeletons that have been found with all the markings of syphilis being the cause of death and that were once thought to date to pre-Columbian times. However, advancements in dating technology and a recent (2011) comprehensive study published in the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology looking at all of the skeletons placed those people’s deaths after Columbus returned from the Americas.
The initial syphilis epidemic is thought to have killed upwards of a few million Euopeans as it made its rounds. Artist Albrecht Dürer remarked,
God save me from the French disease. I know of nothing of which I am so afraid … Nearly every man has it and it eats up so many that they die.
The disease continued to be a problem into the 20th century. It’s caused by bacteria Treponema pallidum, which can attack the nervous system, heart, brain, and internal organs, causing a variety of health problems and, sometimes, death. A cure wasn’t developed until the 1940s with the development of penicillin.
- People in Columbus’ Time Did Not Think the World Was Flat
- The Truth About the Bermuda Triangle
- Why Tuberculosis was Called “Consumption”
- The Mysterious Encephalitis Lethargica Epidemic
- Native Americans Were Not Introduced to Alcohol by Europeans
- To test penicillin’s effectiveness in treating syphilis and other STDs, researchers led by Dr. John Charles Cutler from the United States (funded by the Public Health Services, the Pan American Health Sanitary Bureau, and the National Institutes of Health) headed to Guatemala in 1946 and found prostitutes who had syphilis, getting them to then give it to unsuspecting Guatemalan soldiers, mental health patients, and prisoners. They also directly infected certain individuals by “…direct inoculations made from syphilis bacteria poured into the men’s penises and on forearms and faces that were slightly abraded … or in a few cases through spinal punctures.” It isn’t known how many people died as a result of this as the results from the study were never published. If you think that is bad, just wait a few days and we’ll tell you all about the infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiment. Dr. John Cutler was involved in that one to. He faced no consequences for the numerous people that died in his experiments, and he even lead an illustrious and celebrated career including at one point becoming an assistant to the U.S. Surgeon General.
- It’s believed that small pox was the first European disease that Native Americans encountered, and it was also the most deadly. Initially just one person is thought to have developed feverish symptoms on board the ship, which caused an outbreak amongst the Europeans. When they hit land, the disease spread like wildfire across the new continent. Smallpox was highly infections because of the blisters that broke out on an infections person. As Dr. Tim Brooks explains, “Because each of those blisters is packed full of smallpox particles, then if you burst a blister, fluid will come out and large numbers of viruses will be spilt onto whatever it touches. Ten to twelve days later, his friends would be taken ill, and then ten to twelve days after that, their friends. That kind of rate means the disease spreads exponentially.”
- Syphilis got its name from a poem written by a Renaissance scholar in the 1500s. The main character is named Syphilus. When he angers a god, he gets infected by the disease.
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, and one of the symptoms is marks on the hands and face of the infected person. These marks could often be found during this time on Catholic priests, cardinals, and a pope. It showed that celibacy couldn’t be policed and was not always followed. For reference, Catholic priests were first required to be celibate in 304 AD thanks to the Council of Elvira, which resulted in Canon 33 stating: “bishops, presbyters, and deacons and all other clerics… [must] abstain completely from their wives…” However, this wasn’t widely adopted at this time and it wasn’t until the Second Lateran Council of 1139 when priests were forbidden to marry. In 1563, the Council of Trent once again affirmed this stance on celibacy and against marriage. The priests are still human, however. Martin Luther said it best when he stated, “Nature never lets up… We are all driven to the secret sin. To say it crudely but honestly, if it doesn’t go into a woman, it goes into your shirt.”
- Some famous people who are thought to have had syphilis include Napoleon Bonaparte, Al Capone, Adolf Hitler, Oscar Wilde, Leo Tolstoy, and Friedrich Nietzsche, among others.
- While the Native American population was decimated by the arrival of Europeans, the American Bison population (note: they are not Buffalo as is commonly said) saw the opposite happen. Before the arrival of the Europeans there is little evidence that there were massive herds on the scale that immigrants eventually encountered them at. In fact, evidence suggests that the Native Americans kept the bison populations regulated by various means. After the European diseases wiped out most of the Native Americans, the American Bison population exploded, becoming the most numerous large wild mammal on Earth until eventually hunted to near extinction within a few centuries after this population explosion. At their peak, it was estimated that there were nearly 100 million American Bison in existence, only a few centuries ago.
- It has also been speculated that lack of genetic diversity may also have contributed to certain diseases wiping out such a huge percentage of Native American populations. All Native Americans are thought to have descended from just a few very small groups of people. Thus, with this theory, a disease that one Native American is extremely susceptible to would have equally deadly effects on most all Native Americans unlike the more genetically diverse Europeans.
- Guns, Germs, and Steel
- Case Closed? Columbus Introduced Syphilis to Europe
- Why Did Human History Unfold Differently On Different Continents For The Last 13,000 Years?
- Syphilis, sex and fear: How the French disease conquered the world
- When Did the Church Decide Priests Should Be Celibate
- Columbian Exchange
- History of Native Americans in the United States
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School systems are often rated by their standardized test scores. Great Schools, a great resource for school evaluations, rates schools using a comparison system based on test scores.
In Texas, the TEA system grades schools based on 4 indexes: student achievement, student progress, closing performance gaps, and postsecondary readiness. These factors influence your child’s school performance and matriculation. A recently released report by Republic Title outlines these factors and evaluates Texas public schools. REPORT
While these are important identifiers, test scores don’t tell the whole story. There are other factors that influence our children’s educational development. Social development is an important part of childhood development. These four factors are key evaluation points to consider.
Health & Safety. Creating a safe space for learning is essential to your child’s development. Ask your school district about their safety policies and employee trainings. Services like counseling create emotional safety for your children. Ensure that these services are accessible for your child in times of distress.
Student Culture and Diversity. Art and design has been introduced into the classroom with the new push for “STEAM” education. The classroom is now seen as a place for expression. Consider how the school integrates the individuality and personality of your child in learning. After all, one size does not fit all.
Extracurricular Activities. Learning does not stop in the classroom. After school activities such as sports teach important lessons like teamwork, healthy competition, and confidence. Your children will benefit from the healthy interactions with their peers.
Parent Involvement. As parents we have busy lives, but it is important to stay involved in your child’s development. It is important for your children to know that you are invested in their future. It is a source of motivation and self-esteem.
I want to hear from you. What are your thoughts on the push toward social development in the classroom? | <urn:uuid:dbdc0c47-19c6-4378-95a3-0b726e24a597> | {
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I drink two Diet Cokes with my coffee in the morning. It got me thinking does that matter? The Sweetner? Something we need to research and it is interesting what I have found on this issue...
The science is not decisive. The studies suggesting diet sodas, or anything containing sugar substitutes, can contribute to weight gain are based almost entirely on animal research. What scientists have found is that a rodent's brain relies on the link between taste and calories to keep track of just how much eating has occurred. Sugar substitutes—saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, neotame, and acesulfame-K—unbundle the taste of sweetness from calories: The taste buds tell the brain that food is coming in, but the body doesn't get the energy it's expecting. This, apparently, undermines the ability of rats to judge how much they've consumed, and, over time, they begin to overeat and gain weight.
Okay we are not rats, so this didn't answer my question within reason. So I had to research the matter further...
You know I also quote facts from studies but they are all over the board on the subject. Study subjects who drank two or more diet sodas a day had waist size increases that were six times greater than those of people who didn’t drink diet soda, said researchers from the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. This study was the only one who reported waist sizes. I am not buying this one, so lets look further.
Richard Mattes, a nutrition scientist at Purdue University, points out: Heavy people simply might choose to consume diet drinks more.
Mattes has studied how artificial sweeteners affect appetite and food intake. He believes that many studies reporting a link between diet soda and weight gain are actually hitting on a behavioral phenomenon—people think they can eat more calories because they’ve swapped their regular soda for a Coke Zero.
“That’s not a fault of the product itself, but it’s how people chose to use it,” he says. “Simply adding them to the diet does not promote weight gain or weight loss.”
The recent study didn’t track how many calories people consumed, though it did consider age, sex, education, neighborhood, diabetes status, leisure activity level and smoking status.
Study co-author Sharon Fowler, an epidemiologist, agrees – to a point. Yes, the diet drink association is partly psychological, she says, but she also believes there could be physiological explanations for why chemicals in diet sodas could lead to weight gain.
I believe after all my research on the topic, it still comes down to calories (or points) Isn't two diet sodas better than sugar juices or drinks?
They can be a great substitute for people who drink a lot of regular soda and are trying to cut down. Just be sure to take the next step—toward the water cooler. | <urn:uuid:0683c936-334b-49d9-b079-2a4472cb294d> | {
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There are many different types of prescription drugs, but the main three that cause addiction are painkillers, sedatives, and stimulants.
Prescription painkillers are part of the class of opiate drugs, which are derived from the opium poppy plant. Oxycodone, morphine, codeine, and Vicodin are some of the most commonly abused prescription opiates.
These drugs relieve pain and can cause drowsiness, but they also stimulate the reward center of the brain. Because of this, the person who uses opiates will feel a sudden rush of euphoria that over time can be addicting. Instead of the person’s own brain producing dopamine, the chemical that is associated with pleasure, the brain has to rely on the opiates for that sensation. With prolonged use, the person becomes dependent on prescription opiates because they can’t feel a normal level of happiness or pleasure without them.
Benzodiazepines, the class of drugs containing sedatives and tranquilizers, are also often abused. This group includes Xanax, Valium, and Ambien, which are used to help a person sleep and reduce stress and anxiety. These drugs can also cause confusion, dizziness, and slurred speech. When a person abuses a prescription sedative, their body quickly begins to depend on the substance. Withdrawing from prescription sedatives can be dangerous, and should only be done under medical supervision.
Prescription stimulants are another type of prescription medication that is commonly abused. These include ADHD medications like Adderall and Ritalin. These medications are used to increase alertness and help the person focus. However, when abused they cause a high, increased energy, and a feeling of euphoria, which can lead to addiction.
A person who is abusing prescription drugs will usually keep their addiction a secret as long as possible, until it becomes clear to those around them that they have a problem. One of the most common signs that a person is caught up with a drug addiction is that they will withdraw from family and friends. As the person begins to be controlled by drugs, they will neglect their responsibilities and normal activities. As a result, the person’s family will suffer, as well as their finances, career, and social life. Teens who abuse drugs will suffer from a drop in grades and an increase in behavioral problems. Older adults will become withdrawn and more secretive.
The best way to recover from a prescription drug addiction is to enter a professional treatment program. ARIA understands the struggle you face when you need help for a prescription drug addiction. We offer individualized treatment programs that are tailored to meet your specific needs. Our programs include intensive outpatient therapy, outpatient therapy, and long term support through our alumni services.
Sobriety is possible. We are here to walk you or your loved one through the recovery process.
ARIA Can Help. Contact us Today to Learn More About Our Treatment Programs. | <urn:uuid:dd5204ca-19c6-49de-8431-45aad2c69267> | {
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A new electrified bandage could help detect pressure sores.
Bedsores, also known as pressure sores, affect many bedridden patients and can lead to several complications, including cellulitis, sepsis, cancer and bone and joint infections, according to the Mayo Clinic. What if there was a way to detect these sores before they even occur? That’s exactly what researchers at the University of California, Berkley are trying to do. According to the Toronto Star, these scientists will soon test electrified, adhesive film on humans to see if it can detect bedsores or not.
The electrified bandage predicts wounds by tracking how electrical currents are transmitted through the body’s tissues. When cells are damaged, they are unable to conduct electrical currents through the tissues they form as easily. Berkley researchers put gold electrodes into adhesive film to produce an oscillating current into skin cells that are susceptible to bedsore damage.
Michel Maharbiz, a UC Berkeley associate professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences and head of the smart-bandage project, said in a university statement that he and his team of researchers imagine nurses using these bandages to check susceptible areas on patients.
To find out if the electrified bandage would assess the severity of wounds, researchers pinched mouse skin between two magnets. They discovered that the electrodes could, in fact, reliably detect damaged tissue before it broke out into open sores.
Another positive aspect of this new bandage is that it could prevent nurses and caregivers from having to turn patients over in their beds. Many of these health care workers have endured injuries from lifting heavier patients during long hospital stays. Since the bandage can predict wounds, it could help reduce the need to lift patients until the degree of damage is assessed.
Pressure sores cost a lot of money to treat
If the electrified bandage has positive results in the upcoming human trials, it could help reduce health care costs associated with pressure sores. According to the Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality, pressure ulcers cost the U.S. health care system $9.1-$11.6 billion every year. Medicare reported that every pressure sore added $43,180 in hospital costs in 2007.
It doesn’t just cost money to treat these ulcers. Pressure sores also can lead to lawsuits, which can dramatically affect a hospital’s bottom line. More than 17,000 lawsuits relating to pressure ulcers are filed every year.
Additionally, pressure sores significantly affect a patient’s quality of life and can lead to death. Each year, 60,000 patients die from pressure ulcers.
Advanced Tissue is the nation’s leader in delivering specialized wound care supplies to patients, delivering to both homes and long-term care facilities. | <urn:uuid:e17ef330-3648-40bf-ac7f-3e759616f2c5> | {
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The Indian Penal Code had a new entrant in 1864, during the British rule of India. Section 377 was modelled on the Buggery Act of 1533 and was used to criminalize sexual activities ‘against the order of nature’.
It states that whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine.
But there was a huge amount of people that were affected by this particular act. While they technically weren’t initially targeted, homosexuals were soon taking the brunt of this unorthodox law. Apart from this, sex with minors, non-consensual sexual acts, and bestiality are all a part of Section 377. But has it always been this way for homosexuality in India?
History of LGBT In India
While most people believe that homosexuality has been an influence of the West, there are a huge number of ancient Indian texts which are relevant to modern LGBT causes. While religious Hindu texts don’t mention injunctions of homosexuality’s morality, it has taken various positions, ranging from homosexual characters and themes in its texts to being neutral or antagonistic towards it. From mentions in the Rigveda to the ancient Indian text Kamasutra; homosexuality was a part of our culture.
Despite popular belief, multiple historical literary evidence indicates that homosexuality has been prevalent across the Indian subcontinent throughout history. And while it wasn’t inconvenient, homosexuals were considered inferior in the 18th century during British colonial rule. The Arthashashtra, an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, mentions a wide variety of sexual practices which, whether performed with a man or a woman, were sought to be punished with the lowest grade of fine. So, while homosexual intercourse wasn’t sanctioned, it was treated as a very minor offence. And several kinds of heterosexual intercourse were punished more severely.
While ancient times didn’t consider homosexual intercourse a major offence, the Mughal empire combines several pre-existing Delhi Sultanate laws into the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, which consisted of a common set of punishments for Zina (unlawful intercourse).
And while the Goa Inquisition prosecuted the capital crime of Sodomy in Portuguese India, excluding lesbian acts; the British Raj criminalised sexual activities “against the order of nature”. It was instituted throughout most of the British Empire due to the Christian religious beliefs of the British colonial governments and included homosexual sexual activities under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code in 1861.
But had anybody been convicted under Section 377? According to the first study of homosexuality in India by Shakuntala Devi in 1977, the conviction was rare with zero to none for homosexual intercourse in the 20 years to 2009. Although according to the Human Rights Watch, the law was used to harass HIV/AIDS prevention activists, along with sex workers, men who have intercourse with men, and other LGBT groups. They documented arrests in Lucknow of four men in 2006 and another four in 2001.
While homosexual intercourse was a criminal offence from the introduction of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code in 1860 until the Delhi High Court’s 2009 decision in Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi, the first successful attempt at decriminalization of Section 377. After the Delhi court’s ruling was overturned in 2013, homosexual intercourse was re-instituted until the Supreme Court of India’s 2018 ruling in Navtej Singh Johas v. Union of Indian, the second and final attempt at decriminalizing this colonial-era law. Hence making it an offence for a person to voluntarily have “carnal intercourse against the order of nature.”
Section 377 has been decriminalised twice in Modern India, but why did it take two tries to get rid of this age-old law? Let’s find out.
Naz Foundation v. Govt of NCT of Delhi (2009 – 2013)
Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi is a landmark Indian case decided by a two-judge bench of the Delhi High Court, which held that treating consensual homosexual sex between adults as a crime is a violation of fundamental rights protected by India’s Constitution. Justices G S Singhvi and S J Mukhopadhaya observed that homosexuality should be seen in the light of changing times, while also because things were different 20 years ago compared to now.
The bench also pointed out that gay sex was not considered an offence prior to 1860 while referring to paintings and sculptures of Khajuraho as proof. Unfortunately, according to Senior Advocate Amrendra Sharan, on behalf of the Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights, observed that social issues cannot be decided based on sculptures. And the apex court bench observed that homosexuality should not be seen only in terms of sexual intercourse. Alongside this, they were also hearing petitions filed by anti-gay rights’ activists, political, social, and religious organisations which have opposed the Delhi High Court verdict decriminalizing homosexual behaviour.
However, in December 2013, India’s top court upheld the law that criminalises gay sex, in a ruling that reverses a landmark 2009 Delhi High Court order which had decriminalised homosexual acts. The 153-year-old colonial-era law has always been interpreted by the Indians as condemning a same-sex relationship as an ‘unnatural offence’ and consider it punishable by a 10-year jail term.
The Journey from re-institution to decriminalization (2013 – Present)
Upon the reinstitution of Section 377, multiple protests took place across India, thus resulting in political activism across political parties declaring their support for the law’s repeal. By April 2014, the month of the upcoming election, major political parties like the Aam Aadmi Party, the Congress and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) were supporting the decriminalization of homosexual relations in their election manifestos, while the Bharatiya Janata Party opposed said decriminalization. Despite this, their state general secretary, Vanathi Srinivasan, released the first book on gender queer in Tamil and LGBTQIA by Srishti Madurai in July 2014.
A dating platform called Amour Queer Dating was launched in India in June 2016, for LGBTQIA+ people seeking long term companions, while the first Bhopal Pride March was conducted in May 2017, amassing a total of around 200 members.
But 6 September 2018 will always be an incredibly important day for the community. The Supreme Court of India invalidated part of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code making homosexuality legal in India, striking down the colonial-era law that made homosexual intercourse punishable by up to 10 years in prison.
What does this mean for the future of LGBTQIA+ in India?
With the 153-year-old colonial-era law being decriminalized, it opens a lot of possibilities for the LGBTQIA+ community. While some things aren’t still set in stone, it has given most of us the freedom to be ourselves and love whoever we want regardless of their sexual orientation or gender. If you want to reach out to someone and/or find out more about the community; look at this list of links for organisations and initiatives:
The Humble Beginnings of 377 is part one of my Section #377 series. Keep looking at this space for more. | <urn:uuid:f071ecab-3daa-4dc4-8cdb-ac7b6a686a3c> | {
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15 Dec Guidelines on the adoption of DigComp
The guidelines present the examples of use of DigComp and propose recommendations on a better training alignment with DigComp as well as designing new assessment tools for end users.
Digital competence is one of the eight key competences for lifelong learning identified by the European Union. This competence is becoming necessary for a satisfactory and safe daily life, for active citizenship and employability. Until recently, there was no common understanding of what these skills, knowledge and attitudes are. A multitude of learning opportunities of ICT skills for citizens, typically focused on enabling them to use specific computer applications and online services, exist in formal, non-formal and informal settings in Europe. Most of them however do not reflect a sound and shared view of digital competence.
To address this problem and create a common language between the worlds of education and labour market, the European Commission developed and published in 2013 what is now known as the European Digital Competence Framework for Citizens, henceforth DigComp. | <urn:uuid:24223e42-aea6-40ad-a900-0fe79919dc6f> | {
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The long, mournful howling in the distance easily distinguishes the wolves' vocalizations from coyotes' high-pitched, yipping howls and dogs' barking. In daylight, however, when there's only a few paw prints to distinguish between the canine species, you may wonder if they're those of a wolf (Canis lupus), large dog (Canis lupus familiaris) or coyote (Canis latrans).
Measure the Tracks
Wolf paw prints are distinctly larger than a coyote's. Between 3 and 4 inches wide and 3 1/2 and 4 1/2 inches long, excluding the claws, an adult wolf's paw print is nearly twice the size of a coyote track. While wolf tracks resemble those of a large dog, most dog breeds have feet smaller than 4 inches long. Careful observation also reveals that dogs tend to wander about, sniffing, while wolves and coyotes generally travel in a straight line. In addition, a wolf's paw prints reveal that the front and hind feet travel in a line, called direct registration. Dogs' front and rear paw prints are generally not aligned.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:646c0b7e-f30f-4471-bd4a-ef23256a6beb> | {
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The antique chest of drawers has changed dramatically over the centuries due to better tools, better cabinet makers and wealthier people leading to larger demand. The earliest form of antique chest was a box with lid, known as the coffer. The antique coffer is the earliest type of furniture on record, seen as far back as the 13th century. It was made of six planks of wood joined by primitive old clout nails, called the six plank coffer. The coffer was designed to be portable, so some have handles on the sides and banded with iron for strength around the corners. The mule chest was a development of the coffer being impractical; it was difficult to reach items stored at the bottom of the chest so the coffer was fitted with a drawer in the base.
In the 15th century, the first antique chest of drawers started to appear with drawers of simple panelled construction, with mortise and tenon joints, held by pegged dowels. Pine was used in many pieces of old county furniture and many pine chests would have a decorative paint finish which remarkably can still be seen on rare pieces today. By the 16th century drawers had become a common feature in furniture and the chest of drawers was becoming more popular. The Chest on Stand, also known as highboys was often seen from the William & Mary or Queen Anne period in beautifully figured burr Walnut. They stand on cabriole legs with pad feet or turned stands with bobbin feet. Different designs started to appear, in the early 18th century, antique chests were still plain in shape and rectangular, but from the mid to late 18th century the serpentine shape was produced. The bow fronted chest did not emerge until the 1770s in the Georgian period.
Georgian chests can be a wise investment, made in many different timbers with the lovely charm and character, seen in original period pieces from years of use and waxing. Georgian chests of drawers have brass, oval, swan neck or simple turned handles and bracket feet including splayed or ogee designs. Although they are simple in style they are quality pieces of furniture with a distinctive fine look and usually constructed using quality timbers. The Antique Oak Chest of Drawers is popular from this period as oak was readily available in Britain. Drawers from these periods have hand cut dovetail joints and old clout nails in the back boards. Important furniture designers built chests in this period like Chippendale, Hepplewhite and Sheraton. Even though these pieces are over two hundred years old, many are still in good condition with a fine patina and would grace any home.
The antique chest on chest, known as the tall boy is very tall with at least eight drawers and you often see Chippendale features like ogee bracket feet and a brushing slide. Earlier models are in walnut with feather banding, overlapping drawer mouldings and bun or bracket feet.
After the Regency and William IV periods came the Victorian chest dating from the late 1830s to 1901. Early Victorian chests are simple in design with a square carcass and detailing like turned handles and solid timber construction. In the Mid Victorian era larger houses were built with larger rooms so tall chests with lots of storage were made. They had rounded curved corners; some intricately made with serpentine or bow front shapes and turned bun feet. They were highly French polished with Inlay depicting shells and floral designs. Carving and distinctive detailing like carved corbels, quarter columns or spiral shaped sides were seen along with String inlay or brass inlay on the drawer fronts.
The Campaign or military chest was first seen in the Napoleonic wars, they were made to dismantle as an officer would have these pieces transported anywhere he was at camp so usually come with brass carrying handles. You can often see these pieces in camphor wood or teak. Some military chests have the makers stamp Army & Navy CSL, which stands for The Army and Navy Co-operative Society Ltd. This was formed in the late Victorian period by a group of army and navy officers as they wanted to supply good quality furniture and other items to its members at very low cost. They supplied items such as furniture, guns and golfing equipment. There stores was worldwide and was a huge success. The Wellington chest was named after the Duke of Wellingtons victory of 1815, they tall and narrow, usually with seven working drawers, one for every day of the week. They are English made and have a swinging locking arm that locks all the compartments with one key. This was also a campaign piece of furniture that was often in the officer’s tent whilst at war.
The Edwardian Chest was produced between 1901 and 1910. These wooden chests used influences from earlier periods along with the French new Art Nouveau and traditional Arts and Crafts designs. They were mass produced with machine cut dovetail joints, but still of good quality with oak linings and solid timbers.
Below are a few examples of previously sold Antique chests but if any particular style looks of interest please let us know as we do get many similar designs in stock and we can try to locate something similar.
Queen Anne Design Strikingly Figured Walnut Antique Chest of Drawers. This walnut antique chest of drawers was constructed in the early 1900s to a Queen Anne design and finished, using most probably, veneers from the early 1700s. This true gem of a piece is the antique equivalent of a listed building having been fitted out with the most modern of interiors for its time. Looking carefully at its construction it would appear that a skilled craftsman in the early 1900s has constructed a carcass for a chest of drawers out of quality oak and then painstakingly finished it with, what looks to be, and most probably is, genuine Queen Anne veneers and mouldings from the early 1700s. This practice of applying old veneers to new pieces, or vice versa, was known to be carried out in the early 1900s and this is the best example we have come across to date. The level of skill, craftsmanship and attention to detail is evident through-out this piece. On the outside it has the beauty, patina and feel of a true Queen Anne piece but with the cleanliness and tidiness found in a piece from the early 1900s. If this was 100% Queen Anne then it would fetch in the region of £8000! The top is quarter veneered with beautifully figured cross banding along with feather banding. The sides also display this mix of cross and feather banding. It has two over three graduating oak lined drawers with quality brass handles and key escutcheons with key and working locks. The drawer fronts display delightfully figured walnut edged with elegant feather banding.
17th Century William & Mary Antique Oak Chest of Drawers. This 1690 oak antique chest of drawers is in the typical William & Mary design. With a rectangular moulded top above four oak lined drawers, all with brass handles and key escutcheons. It has a moulded lower edge and delightful turned bun feet. As can be expected in an antique aged over 320 years old, there are some minor old repairs (not noticeable) consistent with age and adding to its character, charm and authenticity.
William & Mary Antique Period Oak Chest of Drawers. This 17th century, William & Mary, period oak antique chest of drawers dates from around 1680 and is full of character. It has a rectangular moulded top above two over three oak lined drawers with geometric design moulded fronts, later brass handles and brass key escutcheons. It stands on raised feet and has fielded panelled sides. This antique chest is of pegged construction and is full of charm from its 330 years of life……a real piece of history! It has at some point in its lifetime been restored and re-polished and is a medium dark oak with a striking grain, good patina, is in very good condition and has been beautifully cleaned using a traditional form of wax finishing.
Small Victorian ‘Heals’ Quality Antique Mahogany Chest of Drawers. This wonderful antique chest of drawers dates from around 1870 and is in the style and quality of the renowned makers Heals. It has a rectangular top with rounded corners above two over two graduating mahogany lined drawers with original turned handles. The chest stands on a plain plinth, has the original back boards and is a rich medium mahogany. Although this particular chest does not retain its makers label, the quality and style meets the standards set by Heals. It was quite common for Heals not to label every piece and our experience tells us it is most likely to be a genuine Heals piece. Without the label however we are unable to say for definite. Technicalities aside, this still remains a lovely chest of drawers in its own right with relatively small proportions
Georgian Mahogany Antique Chest on Chest Dating from the Georgian period, circa 1770, this delightfully proportioned chest on chest is constructed from mahogany. It has an unusual rope twist carved cornice with reeded frieze over graduating drawers. The drawers are positioned in a two over six configuration, all display cock beading, period brass swan neck handles and are oak lined. The drawers are flanked by canted corners with reeded detailing while the whole piece stands on ogee bracket shaped feet. The chest does have some old repairs, consistent with age and use, but these do not detract from the overall beauty of the piece.
Rare 17th Century Period Oak Antique Chest of Drawers. This wonderful and rare example of a William & Mary antique chest of drawers is constructed from oak and dates from around 1690. The rectangular moulded top sits above a two over two graduating drawer configuration. The drawer sides being constructed from 1″ thick solid oak drawer linings and having the traditional side runners that run on bearers. The drawer fronts have Jacobean style geometric designs including the very unusual and striking eight pointed star. The drawer fronts also display later brass key escutcheons and the piece stands on 18th century turned feet. This wonderful piece has panelled sides and very early back boards, it is constructed using clout nails and wooden pegs, overall a fine example of its type with a beautifully designed front.
This Fine quality Large George III Mahogany Antique Chest Of Drawers dates from ca. 1790 and has such fine inlay detailing along with quality timbers used in its construction, it can only have been built by a true Georgian craftsman. It has a rectangular moulded top above a frieze with beautiful shell inlay along with a banded edge, with string inlay surround. The chest has two over three drawer configuration with cock beaded edges, diamond key escutcheons and decorative brass, swan neck handles. It stands on Ogee bracket feet and benefits from the original back boards.
Early 18th Century Period Oak Antique Chest.
Oozing charm and character this beautiful 18th century period oak antique chest is one for the antiques enthusiast. It has a rectangular moulded top above four oak lined drawers displaying geometric moulding in the Jacobean style. The early tear drop brass handles are accompanied by ornate brass key escutcheons. The piece has a moulded lower plinth, stands on raised feet and has lovely panelled sides and back. It has also been designed to split into two sections, as often was the case during this period, to enable easy transportation. This gorgeous oak chest is a piece for the real antiques enthusiast, being almost 300 years old it oozes charm and character from years of use adding to its authenticity.
Limed Oak 18th Century Antique Chest of Drawers
This beautiful oak antique chest of drawers dates from the 18th century, circa 1740, and has a very early limed finish. It has a rectangular top over a two over three graduating drawer configuration. All the drawers are oak lined with geometric shaped mouldings to the front along with period style handles and key escutcheons. The chest stands on shaped bracket feet and is in a very clean condition considering its age. It is the perfect example of an antique piece that, style wise, would fit wonderfully in modern surroundings. The early lime finish gives the oak a lovely medium shade highlighting the striking grain.
Shop for Antique Chest of Drawers for sale on Antiques World. We offer wonderful selection of fine quality, Genuine antique chest of drawers with UK delivery available. From Traditional Early Georgian Oak Coffers, to wonderful highly polished Edwardian and Victorian antique chests, all are displayed online with new stock being added on a regular basis.
The antique chest of drawers has changed dramatically over the centuries due to better tools, better cabinet makers and wealthier people leading to larger demand. The earliest form of antique chest was a box with lid, known as the coffer. The antique coffer is the earliest type of furniture on record, seen... | <urn:uuid:9dd6c1dd-f867-4788-b068-c76540a4c7c2> | {
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The most important strategic issue facing the energy industry today is climate change. As the earth’s average temperature continues to rise with the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the stable functioning of earth’s natural systems adjusts to the new, high-carbon reality and society begins to witness the effects of an altered natural environment and its impact on our lives and livelihoods.
Most greenhouse gas emissions are caused by human activity, including the burning of fossil fuels. This reality demands a change to our energy system. Given this threat, governments are increasingly enacting policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and investors in companies that sell fossil fuels are putting increasing pressure on management to show how they will navigate an energy system in transition. In addition, the economics of renewable energy are becoming increasingly attractive, creating potential alternatives to fossil fuels. Facing all of these drivers, some oil and gas companies are strategizing to become “energy companies,” adapting to this global energy transition.
This report, based on research and a workshop held at CSIS in February 2019 with industry, investors, academics, and environmental groups, attempts to explore how oil and gas companies are taking action to address climate change, how these actions fit with the overall needs of the energy transition, and whether there is more companies can do to contribute to the solution set of this problem. | <urn:uuid:b2e01ce6-8451-4466-8ecf-1912052bd6db> | {
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Over the last few years the form factor for mass media storage devices has started to evolve. PC motherboards and many laptops now have SSD (Solid State Drives) as their primary non-volatile storage. The computer industry invented the NGFF (Next Generation Form Factor) system which is now called M.2.
The M.2 interface is directly connected to the bus structure of the computer. This dramatically improves the speed of operations. One of the largest improvements is the NVMe protocol for very high speed parallel transfers. Here is a link to the Wikipedia article on M.2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.2
Intel is advancing the performance of SSD devices using their new Optane SSDs. These drives have much lower latency. The Wikipedia article is a bit out of date but here it is: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_XPoint#Production
Intel, of course, has updated material and a marketing bent: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/optane-memory.html
Intel chipsets with VPRO can use Optane memory on board. It was originally built as a caching system for hard drives. Optane can also act as very fast mass storage. It has been used in audio computers for performance and more. | <urn:uuid:fdbce680-90e2-4e87-8cb7-4146d92c7204> | {
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Endocannabinoid Receptor System
The Endocannabinoid Receptor System In Action
There is a significant amount of information about the operation of the human body that is still being discovered. One of the latest systems in the body to be determined is the Endocannabinoid System or ECS.
This system includes specific types of neurotransmitters, which are endocannabinoids, that occur in all mammalian bodies and brains. These endocannabinoids bind or attach CB1 and CB2, the cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for the regulation of specific body and brain functions such as pain, memory, and mood. Premium Hemp Extract contains these primary cannabinoids, allowing for optimal functioning of these receptors and the systems they regulate.
Understanding the Role of CB1 and CB2 Receptors
The two different types of receptors are found in different areas of the body. CB1 receptors are found in the brain, central nervous system, and in the spinal cord. In the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the basal ganglia, they are responsible for supporting functions such as sleep, memory, pain management and control, motor regulation, and even mood.
The CB2 receptors work on cells within the immune system of the body. When they bind with the endocannabinoids, they stimulate the immune system to combat inflammation and to help to reduce pain levels and tissue damage in the body.
Creating a Balance
Both CB1 and CB2 receptors link with the cannabinoids in Pure Hemp Extract to trigger activation. This activation of the receptor allows the neurotransmitters to send messages through the body to create harmony and balance, a state known as homeostasis. This optimizes the various systems in the body, leading to healthy functioning and healing at a cellular level. | <urn:uuid:4f18801d-875a-45da-88ae-368e8a19876c> | {
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Below is some work-in-progress on a comparative urban history piece on Kuala Lumpur and Yangon. It is the final section of a term paper that I wrote for my Southeast Asia class. I have never visited Kuala Lumpur, but found reading about it fascinating. Upon talking to my professor, though, I realize that much work remains to be done if I were to take this any further. Here’s me hoping to pick this up once my academic timetable clears up a little bit towards the end of the summer! In the meanwhile, let me know what you think!
Yangon — Accountant General’s Office (c) Manuel Oka
From: Negotiating the City, Building the Nation: Yangon and Kuala Lumpur
3. Points of comparison between Yangon and Kuala Lumpur
It is possible to extract several similarities and differences between Yangon’s and Kuala Lumpur’s historical experiences. Both cities were not centres of power before the onset of British colonial rule, although Yangon had served an important religious role thanks to the presence of the Shwedagon Pagoda. Immigration of Indians and Chinese respectively accelerated with colonial rule and created cities with a distinctly different ethnic composition vis-à-vis the future national polities they would represent upon independence. Both Yangon and Kuala Lumpur challenge the conventional vision of the “postcolonial” city as an essentially dual structure with a “European” town and a “native” settlement (A.D. King 2009: 1). Instead, the two cities were the urban manifestation par excellence of Furnivall’s “plural society”. The colonial administrations in both cities played their part in making these differences even more pronounced spatially. In Rangoon, they forcibly relocated Burmese from the downtown area to the northern suburbs, leaving Indian dockworkers in their crowded barracks near the riverside. The 1930 riots were therefore as much a result of these housing problems than those of the labour market (Osada 2016: 14). In Kuala Lumpur, New Villages and Reservations created fixed boundaries and contributed to an increasing ghettoization post-independence. It does not take much to suggest that this ethnic segregation contributed to a more racialized debate on nationalism in both cities and therefore both countries: In Burma, the Thakin movement of young Burmese intellectuals emerged in the early 1930s as a direct response to the riots (Zaw Soe Min 2009). In Malaysia, likewise, it were Kuala Lumpur’s race riots of 1969 that led to the racial discrimination in the NEP and its five-year plans.
And yet, both cities also reveal that ethnic or racial divides were often not more than a convenient horizontal marker of distinction between what can also be identified as vertical, class-based divisions. In Rangoon, it was not the landed Indian elite that stood against the Burmese strike breakers (who chiefly comprised underemployed slum dwellers) but the lumpenproletariat of the Indian dockworkers. Not unlike elsewhere in the world, the Great Depression of 1929 exacerbated distributional conflicts between these groups, as the economic slump also hit the Burmese economy following the booming 1920s. In Kuala Lumpur, racial differences provided the pretext for ethnic Malays to protest the undelivered promise of post-independence material affluence in a capitalist society. Therefore, “hostility towards Chinese ‘domination’ reflects the social disruption caused by the expansion of capitalism” (Bardsley 2003). In the eyes of Wheelwright, early independence-era Malaysia had a “class structure that has crystallised along ethnic lines” (1965: 110, as quoted in Khoo Boo Teik and Vedi R. Hadiz 2010: 6). Income inequalities manifested themselves alongside ethnic lines primarily because of the structure of the economy (Ikemoto 1985: 360).
While census numbers can be misleading due to the fluid character of ethnic categories, they may at least help in understanding some of the underlying dynamics, another important comparator between the two cities. In Rangoon, the Indian influx happened extremely rapidly in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The reversal of this demographic situation occurred equally fast from the 1930s onwards. In the space of several decades, several hundred thousand Indians arrived and fled the city (and country, via Rangoon’s port). Kuala Lumpur was founded as a predominantly Chinese city, and the challenge to this reality arose relatively slowly after independence. Only today does the Malay population form a majority of the urban population, driven by both more natural population growth and less Malay net migration rather than sudden shifts as with Rangoon’s traumatic wartime exodus, expropriations and forced evictions. Apart from these dynamics, it also mattered greatly that the Chinese constituted not only the majority of Kuala Lumpur’s population, but also of Peninsular Malaya. Only with the Malaysia Act of 1963 as well as the secession of Singapore did the Malay become the majority of their titular nation. While they constituted the majority in Rangoon and some other conurbations in Burma, in their numbers Indians never reached these proportions and remained a minority on the “national” Burmese scale. Taken together, this made the Indian population a more ephemeral feature of Rangoon. This leads one crucial difference in the urban histories of Rangoon and Kuala Lumpur. The former became increasingly ethnically homogenous, while the latter’s ethnic diversity actually increased with the relative decline of the Chinese majority.
Both cities played a decisive role in nation and state building. For one, this played out via the construction of symbolic buildings in the early post-independence period and beyond. Civil war in Burma and chronically challenging economic conditions made this more difficult in Rangoon. Among the few construction projects, the Kaba Aye complex built on the occasion of the Sixth Buddhist Synod between 1954-56 stands out. Other projects of symbolic value were universities and technical schools, financed either by the US or the Soviet Union. Although Rangoon saw very little of the physical transformation other cities in the region would undergo with economic growth, the military rulers put their stamp on the city via “meritorious” construction projects of pagodas (e.g. Ne Win’s Maha Wizaya Pagoda) as well as later celebrations of “Myanmar” culture and purported inter-ethnic diversity and harmony (e.g. with the National Races Village as well as the National Museum). The availability of resources and peace allowed for a more active reimagination of the Malaysian nation within the urban space of Kuala Lumpur post-independence. With a variety of important buildings, such as the parliament, a national museum and sport stadia, “a national community was (…) actively imagined” (Lai Chee Kien 2007: 11). At the same time, the importance of the National Mosque also physically expressed the claim of the ethnic Malay on the cityscape of the nation’s capital.
Finally, the two projects of moving the capital share important parallels. They add a distinctly Southeast Asian variant to the the discourse on postcolonial capital relocations, perhaps best summarised by Schatz (2003). In 2005, Naypyidaw became the administrative seat for a military junta that felt increasingly threatened in the face of popular dissent in its traditional locus of power, Yangon. The move to Putrajaya, while the brainchild of Malaysia’s most transformative post-independence prime minister Mahathir, took place in a context of much more public accountability. And yet, both new capital cities share an ambitious symbolism, testament to their role in late post-colonial nation building. Naypyidaw exhibits none of the (former) cosmopolitanism of Yangon while prominently featuring Buddhist architecture, most notably an almost identical copy of the Shwedagon Pagoda. Putrajaya conveys an international, yet Islamic formal language not only in the city’s major mosque, but also in several of the new government buildings. Both new capitals reflect the ruling elites’ growing exasperation with certain qualities of their former capitals. In Yangon’s case, the protests of 1988 and the subsequent failure to reclaim the city alienated the junta. In Kuala Lumpur, ethnic Chinese continued to dominate the urban economy despite economic growth and positive discrimination favouring ethnic Malay. The limits of authority in shaping and controlling urban spaces become evident in both cities. Equally important, their urban histories and urban forms also help explain the varied outcomes of Myanmar and Malaysian nation building.
- S. Amrith. 2013. Crossing the Bay of Bengal. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
- B. Bansal, E. Fox and M. Oka. 2015. Yangon Architectural Guide. Berlin: DOM publishers
- B. Bansal. 2015. Concrete Flower of Myanmar: The Tripitaka Library, Yangon. Uncube Magazine. Accessed online http://www.uncubemagazine.com/blog/15888275
- H.-D. Evers and R. Korff. 2000. Southeast Asian Urbanism. Muenster: LIT Verlag
- J.S. Furnivall. 1948. Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- A. Ghosh. 2011. Exodus from Burma 1941: A Personal Account. Accessed online at http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=432
- Y. Ikemoto. 1985. Income Distribution in Malaysia: 1957-80. In The Developing Economies, vol. XXIII, no. 4, pp. 347-67
- R. King. 2008. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya: Negotiating Urban Space in Malaysia. Honolulu: Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with University of Hawaii Press
- G. Law. 1999. Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. MacFarland
- G. Law. 2016. Administrative Divisions of Countries: States of Malaysia. Accessed online: http://www.statoids.com/umy.html
- Khoo Boo Teik and Vedi R. Hadiz. 2010. Critical Connections: Islamic Politics and Political Economy in Indonesia and Malaysia. IDE Discussion Paper No. 239
- Tin Maung Maung Than. 1993. Some Aspects of Indians in Rangoon. In K.S. Sandhu and A. Mani (eds). 1993. Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Times Academic Press
- Yat Ming Loo. 2013. Architecture and Urban Form in Kuala Lumpur: Race and Chinese Spaces in a Postcolonial City. London: Ashgate Publishing
- Lai Chee Kien. 2007. Building Merdeka: Independence Architecture in KL 1957-1966. Kuala Lumpur: Petronas
- Malay Mail Online (4 March 2015). Why are the Chinese so Unhappy with Putrajaya. Accessed online: http://bit.ly/21LzwiW
- E. T. Gomez. 2005. Who Owns Corporate Malaysia. In Malaysia Kini. Accessed online: https://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/39516
- N. Osada. 2016. Housing the Rangoon Poor: Indians, Burmese and Town Planning in Colonial Burma. IDE Discussion Paper No. 561
- K.S. Sandhu and A. Mani. 1993. Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
- Saw Swee Hock. 2007. The Population of Malaysia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
- E. Schatz. 2003. When Capital Cities Move: The Political Geography of Nation and State Building. Kellog Institute Working Paper 303
- D. M. Seekins. 2011. State and Society in Mondern Rangoon. New York: Routledge
- U. Yaakob, T. Masron, F. Masami. Ninety Years of Urbanization in Malaysia: A Geographical Investigation of its Trends and Characteristics. J Ritsumeikan Soc Sci Humanit 2010; 4: 79–101
- Zaw Soe Min. 2009. Emergence of the DoBamar Asiayone and the Thakins in the Myanmar Nationalist Movement. Okayama University Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences Bulletin. Vol. 3. Accessed online: http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF14/DoBamar-Asiayone.pdf
- Ziauddin Sardar. The Consumption of Kuala Lumpur. London: Reaktion Books. 2000 | <urn:uuid:2d7b2020-eb85-4e68-8d71-0c039f8433b6> | {
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What Risks Are Left?
First of all the user might be using a weak, guessable password. Something like their name, strings like “123456”. Sometimes this might be backed up by meaningless tips suggesting that they should use one capital letter, one special character and one number which effectively transforms passwords using the “password” -> “Password1!” pattern.
Moreover, some users might have the same password for multiple services. If the password for the other website gets compromised, access to our website gets compromised as well.
Last, they might become victims to a phishing attack. A cracker might send them a link leading to a website that looks like a login to some service they are using that does not actually log in to this service but steals their credentials.
Hardening the Authentication – Password Managers and 2FA
1. Password managers
Many of those risks can be easily mitigated using proper password managers. They can generate long, random passwords unique for each website. Additional advantage is the possibility of connecting such manager with website so that when we see login page, the password manager finds password to it in database. Below you can see this in action for my current bank.
This can serve as a protection measure against phishing attacks. If I try to visit a page that only pretends to be hosted by my bank, the password manager will not find a password and this will be a strong warning not to enter the credentials.
Some browsers have built-in password managers that automatically take care of creating a strong password when we register in a new service. Below you can see Safari proposing a password for facebook.
It’s a matter of how much you trust your browser and synchronization among its desktop and mobile versions if this solution is for you. Personally I need something that would allow me to enter passwords outside of the browser (like encrypted disk volumes) so I need an independent password manager nonetheless and I like to switch my browser from time to time. But for cases like logging into gym to sign up for training I fin it OK.
2FA stands for “Two Factor Authentication”. The idea is to require something user “has” among with something they “know” (like login/password data). This helps to prevent logging into a service even if a password to it has been discovered. What “they have” can be an email account, mobile phone, authentication app and so on.
In former two cases service sends a one-time code to the user via different way of communication than the login form. This can be not entirely true for email since there is a risk that the email account also has been compromised. SMS on the other hand is vulnerable to SIM card duplication and unfortunately sometimes it’s ridiculously easy to obtain a copy.
The atter case is a bit more itneresting since there is no direct communication between the authentication app and the service we are logging to. An example can be Google Authenticator.
It works by sharing a common secret that is remembered both by the app and the service. This secret is used later to compute a unique code valid for a short period of time that is displayed to the user by the app and needs to match in the service in order to authenticate. In order to change this token simultaniously both service and an app synchronize with the same time server.
We already have a strong, uniue password, know the purpose of 2FA, but we still are not protected against phishing attacks. Sure, password managers do help, but some users really do want to hurt each other. I remember Adam Heartle’s from zaufanatrzeciastrona.pl talk on this issue, who said that when one person saw an antivirus protecting them from some malware, they used a second computer to run it (it was a malicious email attachment). And if I suffered from some heavy brain damage the chances would be that even if my password manager didn’t match website to the entry in database, I would still manually copy login and password and become a victim to such attack.
The answear to this problem is U2F (Universal Second Factor). This method is based on the following flow:
- The U2F device stores some privatge key and a public key corrsponding to it.
- During registration process the public key is sent to the registering service (the one user will log into in the future) together with its checksum and nonce. The keys are composed of service’s url, some secret that only the U2F device knows and the none – random number.
- Service sends the checksum, nonce and challenge to the client (user’s browser). This is just another random number.
- U2F device takes this data to calculate private key once again and checks its checksum.
- If this matches challenge is signed and resent to the server.
What is really cool is that it can bring the amount of phishing attacks to zero. The key must know that the challenge came from a valid server and the server must know that it received the response from a valid key.
This post summarizes most important ways of further hardening the authentication proces and fullfills somewhat my thirst for knwoledge in the way U2F works. I hope I’ve convinced you at least to use password managers and to use 2FA preferrably as U2F.
I know that enhancing one’s security is a process (it took me months to migrate my passwords to password manager and introducing proper 2FA methods is a still ongoing process) and that there’s always something to be done. Personally I am still convincing my nearest and dearest to follow my steps when it comes to password managers and maybe we’ll all buy ourselves some U2F keys on some Black Friday (since I also need one). | <urn:uuid:61de6018-6286-4aa6-8ce5-83193f71db7f> | {
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Java is both a language and a platform. It is one of the most popular and widely used programming languages. Java is a platform because it provides an environment that helps to develop and run programs written in the Java programming language. Java programming language is fast, reliable, and secure. It employs the object-oriented programming paradigm and therefore, can be used to model real-world situations. It is used in the development of desktop applications, web applications, and mobile applications. Thus, Java is used in every nook and corner.
According to the Sun Microsystems, Java runs in over three billions devices. Big companies like Amazon, Google, Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin use Java too. I use Java in the development of desktop apps, web applications, and mobile applications. Here is my mobile application developed in Java. So why should you choose Java over the other languages? In this article, I will provide the best comparison of Java with other programming languages.
- Both Java and Ruby are languages that are very strongly typed meaning they do not allow you to use one type as another.
- Both Java and Ruby are object-oriented and provide inheritance. They both have public, private, and protected methods.
- Java is statically typed while Ruby is dynamically typed. This means in Java, type checking is performed during compilation and not at run time while in Ruby, type checking is performed at run time.
- There is a difference in the code execution process. Java first transforms its code into machine code for easier understanding, and because of that, it runs faster than Ruby.
- Java is a compiled language while Ruby is an interpreted language. Compiled languages usually run faster than interpreted languages.
- Java supports multi threading meaning more than one thing can happen at the same time while in Ruby different threads do not execute at the same time: they merely appear to.
Most of the programmers and developers tend to choose Ruby as a first option instead of Java. This is because the functions carried out in Ruby language take a smaller number of code lines compared to Java. This makes the handling of the codes for Ruby programmers and developers easier.
- Java is data-oriented, whereas C is procedure-oriented. Java follows the object-oriented programming paradigm while C uses the procedural programming paradigm.
- C does not support the OOPs concept, whereas Java supports OOP concepts. Thus Java suited when one has to relate the things according to the real-world.
- Java does not allow access to memory directly because it internally manages that while C provides access to memory.
- Java has a powerful mechanism for exception handling that helps maintain the normal flow of the program, whereas exception handling is not directly achieved in C.
- Java is more portable and platform-independent, whereas, in C, we have to compile the code for each platform (Operating System).
- 6Java supports the concept of threads while C does not. In today's day to day, environment threading is a big plus point which allows us to do our work simultaneously and with that, we can also save time.
- Java language was obtained from C++. The difference is that Java is a language which is object-oriented while C++ is both object-oriented and also procedural.
- Both C++ and Java are compiled languages.
- Both languages are statically typed and also strongly typed although C++ could have some loopholes.
- The main goal of C++ is to design a system programming since it is derived from the C programming language while Java is used in network computing. C++ also gives support in operator overloading, unions, and structures, but Java does not.
- In terms of performance, C++ is faster than Java.
- When it comes to libraries comparison between the languages Java consist of a library, which is a powerful cross-platform while C++ libraries are robust and straightforward with no complications.
- In Java, garbage collection is automatic, but in C++, it's not. In C++ objects are destroyed manually using code.
- C++ supports support structures and unions, whereas Java does not support it.
- Java has built-in threads to support for multi-threaded applications while C++ depends on the operating system for this feature.
- It’s a language that’s in support of object-oriented programming while Java language is not pure object-oriented.
- It is also a language that is interpreted while Java is a language that is compiled.
- Java programs execute faster than Python programs.
- Python is a scripting language, while Java is a low-level implementation language.
- As compared to simplicity, Python is the best option for the programmers because it is easier to use than Java. It has a small number of code lines and also programs that are much shorter compared to Java.
- Python supports a system in which type checking is performed at run time, which makes it a preferred better choice, especially for new inexperienced programmers when coding because it has fewer lines of code. It saves times and also is both programmer and user-friendly, but in Java, before the developers use the variables they have to define clearly the type of each, and the programmer has to use a lot of time.
- Python is used in greater companies such as NASA, Yahoo, and Goggle.
- Java library support is much better compared to Python.
- Java supports multi-threading meaning more than one thing can happen at the same time while in Python different threads do not actually execute at the same time: they merely appear to.
Therefore, from the discussion, we can tell that every programming language holds its own position in different aspects, so there are always points where we can compare but cannot replace each other. Read my article if you are wondering which is the best programming language to start learning. For Java enthusiasts, I have a great way of learning Java in this article.
Did you like my article? Please share it using these buttons. Thanks! | <urn:uuid:688a520a-8d63-4501-9c42-aa0c90db1b04> | {
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This Teen Wanted To Improve Breast Cancer Screenings. So He Googled It.
What did you spend your time doing when you were 15? Dreaming about having your own car? Thinking about a crush? Were you a highschool sports superstar or a local video game champion? Those are all tried-and-true occupations for 15-year-olds, but they weren’t enough to keep Abu Qader occupied. His hobby? He wanted to see if he could figure out how to make breast cancer screenings more accurate and accessible. Where did he start? Where any 15-year-old would: Google.
Inspired by a trip to the developing world, he knew he wanted to make healthcare more accessible. But he didn’t know how to start. His interest was sparked when he saw the IBM supercomputer, Watson, beat two long-standing human champions on Jeopardy! Abu was fascinated. How could a computer beat a human? As he put it, “Watson completely destroyed them.”
So he Googled it. And thus began a journey into the world of machine learning—his first step toward a possible breast cancer solution. He learned about the algorithms that computers are programmed with to create artificial intelligence, specifically algorithms called neural networks. Computers with these neural networks were “kicking human butt.”
Abu theorized that this technology might be used to help women receive better healthcare, specifically women getting screened for breast cancer. But Abu had more to learn, and he found an incredible amount of information just by posing his questions to Google and seeing what turned up.
He found that computers can differentiate objects in images, such as an apple from an orange, for example. The computer would need to be fed hundreds of images, but it would learn what makes an apple an apple and an orange an orange.
Think about the facial recognition technology on Facebook—computers are already able to distinguish one face among the millions that it sees. That’s because computers can recognize obscure patterns, patterns that even humans can’t pick up on. And so it can find things, such as a certain face, when even a human wouldn’t be able to.
But Abu wanted to put this technology to better use. So he Googled, “Why is breast cancer so hard to diagnose?”
In a breast scan, a doctor or radiologist has to look at an image and scan it, visually, for multiple features. Is there density? Is there a concerning shape? Jaggedness? If there’s a tumor, is it benign or cancerous? Breast cancer manifests differently, and two cancerous scans won’t look exactly alike. That puts a lot of pressure on the human eye.
And it may be too much pressure. According to Abu (and his trusty Google searches), 31% of women are misdiagnosed with either a false positive or a false negative. Since early detection is key to surviving a breast cancer diagnosis, a false negative could end in tragedy.
Abu would like to see computers with neural network technology trained to scan images not of Facebook posts, but of breast scans. Computers might potentially be able to provide a more accurate diagnosis because of their ability to scan for multiple factors. This could be especially helpful where a trained doctor or radiologist is not available.
Could a computer’s eyes read a breast scan just as well, or better, than a doctor’s? Abu will likely be at the forefront of finding out. | <urn:uuid:496246b8-1893-405b-b893-63a64ec6f471> | {
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On November 5, 1605, the House of Lords was supposed to have been blown up by a group of Roman Catholic conspirators who were disappointed that the newly-crowned King James had not relaxed the anti-Catholic policies of his predecessor, Queen Elizabeth. Had the plot succeeded, James would have been killed at the State Opening of Parliament, along with a good many other English grandees. But the plot was exposed, and the principal conspirators, including Guy Fawkes, who was found guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder that had been placed in the House of Lords, were all arrested, convicted, and executed.
Since that time, the Fifth of November has been celebrated as a triumph of British Protestantism against the wicked forces of papistry. To this day, it serves an excuse to throw a stuffed “Guy” (or even a pope) onto a bonfire, or at least set off fireworks (I lived in London once, and can attest to this). I assume that the anti-Catholicism of the celebration has been downplayed in recent years, and that the fifth of November is simply the British equivalent of Hallowe’en – an occasion of autumn revelry.
I have always been curious why the Fifth of November fell out of favor in the American colonies. Why don’t we celebrate it here anymore? Why did the Irish custom of Hallowe’en take off in from the nineteenth century? Apparently George Washington found it embarrassing. As he wrote in 1775:
As the Commander in Chief has been apprized of a design form’d for the observance of that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the Effigy of the pope—He cannot help expressing his surprise that there should be Officers and Soldiers in this army so void of common sense, as not to see the impropriety of such a step at this Juncture; at a Time when we are solliciting, and have really obtain’d, the friendship and alliance of the people of Canada, whom we ought to consider as Brethren embarked in the same Cause. The defence of the general Liberty of America: At such a juncture, and in such Circumstances, to be insulting their Religion, is so monstrous, as not to be suffered or excused; indeed instead of offering the most remote insult, it is our duty to address public thanks to these our Brethren, as to them we are so much indebted for every late happy Success over the common Enemy in Canada.
Alas, such consideration was not enough to win the French colonists to the cause of Revolution (thus does Canada exist today!), but apparently it had a permanent effect.
But as I wrote before, the casting of Guy Fawkes as a sort of anarchist freedom fighter has been one of the more remarkable transformations I’ve ever witnessed. | <urn:uuid:5ad28359-9b91-4d48-8e56-c8ae2411b1eb> | {
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Many research studies and news stories focus on the impact of devices on adults.
Others focus solely on screen time recommendations for infants and young children.
It is essential that we do not forget the other group of people who are known to spend an incredible amount of time on devices each day.
Teenagers often spend more hours on devices than any other person in their family.
Between using computers and laptops at school, to completing homework online at home and hours on social media, teenagers can have a great amount of exposure to blue light each day.
Tech-obsessed teenagers often have difficulty sleeping throughout the night.
Irritability is a common complaint of parents of teenagers. Yet, it is not always due to growing pains and disputes among friends. When a teenager is not producing enough melatonin to fall asleep and stay asleep, they can experience a great deal of fatigue and discomfort.
The blue light produced by the LEDs in computers, smartphones and tablets can directly impact melatonin production.
When a teen is exposed to blue light throughout the day, they often have a hard time producing enough melatonin to fall asleep at night. If they are unable to produce enough melatonin to fall asleep, they are also most likely lacking the ability to stay asleep throughout the night. Frequent waking at night can easily lead to sleep deprivation and daytime fatigue.
Help teens by encouraging breaks from devices.
Blue light blocking lenses should be worn every time a teen is using a device. It is incredibly beneficial for teens to use blue light blocking lenses if they are insisting on using devices prior to bedtime. If a teen uses a screen 90 minutes prior to bedtime, they should absolutely be wearing their lenses.
Encourage teens to eat a healthy diet full of green vegetables and high in vitamins. Their growing bodies need these nutrients to develop and strengthen their bodies.
If teens complain of dry eyes or migraines, be sure to ask their eye doctor for additional support and strategies.
Developing healthy habits at a young age can have tremendous long-term impacts on a teen’s life. Take the time now to set good habits to benefit the rest of their lives. | <urn:uuid:b262e46c-4c8c-4ffb-90db-f71902e92808> | {
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Author: Richard Evan Schwartz
Number Of Pages: 242
Publisher: American Mathematical Society
Release Date: 19-03-2015
Details: This book is a unique teaching tool that takes math lovers on a journey designed to motivate kids (and kids at heart) to learn the fun of factoring and prime numbers. This volume visually explores the concepts of factoring and the role of prime and composite numbers. The playful and colorful monsters are designed to give children (and even older audiences) an intuitive understanding of the building blocks of numbers and the basics of multiplication. The introduction and appendices can also help adult readers answer questions about factoring from their young audience. The artwork is crisp and creative and the colors are bright and engaging, making this volume a welcome deviation from standard math texts. Any person, regardless of age, can profit from reading this book. Readers will find themselves returning to its pages for a very long time, continually learning from and getting to know the monsters as their knowledge expands. You Can Count on Monsters is a magnificent addition for any math education program and is enthusiastically recommended to every teacher, parent and grandparent, student, child, or other individual interested in exploring the visually fascinating world of the numbers 1 through 100.
Package Dimensions: 7.0 x 7.0 x 0.7 inches | <urn:uuid:243a8faf-adc8-421e-8797-d968c32bdfa6> | {
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- 139,00 kr
The alphabet takes flight in this vividly illustrated picture book of aviation from A to Z!
From A is for ace to Z is for zeppelin, this original alphabet book presents the ABCs through the amazing world of aviation. Get to know biplanes, carriers, gliders, jets, and many more vehicles of flight in this book filled with bold, graphic illustrations that soar off the pages!
Olivera makes a polished and assured debut with this aeronautical alphabet book whose crisp, clean digital images, while not explicitly retro, still evoke a Pan Am era chicness. Most spreads feature two well-paired letters/words at sea under a pale yellow sky, an aircraft carrier covers both "Cc is for carrier" and "Dd is for deck." Olivera also includes glancing references to aviation history ("Kk is for Kitty Hawk"), navigation, and interplanetary travel: in a humorous rural night scene, a grazing cow is shown wide-eyed under the beam of a UFO. On the facing page, for V, the cow has "vanished." Ages 3 7. | <urn:uuid:fce23520-ef77-4369-876b-9dbff093856f> | {
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Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
Harper Collins, 2002 M02 5 - 736 páginas
This "masterful treatment of one of the most complex periods of American history" (New Republic) made history when it was originally published in 1988. It redefined how Reconstruction was viewed by historians and people everywhere in its chronicling of how Americans -- black and white -- responded to the unprecedented changes unleashed by the war and the end of slavery. This "smart book of enormous strengths" (Boston Globe) has since gone on to become the classic work on the wrenching post-Civil War period -- an era whose legacy reverberates still today in the United States.
Resultados 1-5 de 6
Howard K. Beale, “On Rewriting Reconstruction History,” AHR, 45 (July 1940),
807–27; David H. Donald, “The Scalawag in Mississippi Reconstruction," JSH, 10
(November 1944), 447–60. Vernon L. Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi ...
... JSH, 24 (November 1958), 445–55; Carl N. Degler, The Other South: Southern
Dissenters in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1974), 169–74. 26. Roark,
Masters Without Slaves, 42–45; Armstead Robinson, Bitter Fruits of Bondage:
Richard P. Fuke, “Hugh Lennox Bond and Radical Republican Ideology," JSH,
45 (November 1979), 583–84; Wagandt, ed., “Civil War Journal,” 136; Jean H.
Baker, The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870 ...
In November 1864 Johnson was elected Vice President by the Republicans (
temporarily rechristened the Union party). His presence on the ticket symbolized
the party's determination to reward Southern Unionists and extend Republican ...
When the U.S. Navy occupied Port Royal in November 1861, virtually all the
white inhabitants (comprising less than one fifth of the area's population), fled to
the mainland, leaving behind a community of some 10,000 slaves long
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LibraryThing ReviewCrítica de los usuarios - busterrll - LibraryThing
Good book but hard reading Wish I had a better knowledge of reconstruction politics. Spot read after a bit, but full of information. Will save and try to reread after reading more on Pres.Johnson. Leer comentario completo
LibraryThing ReviewCrítica de los usuarios - DarthDeverell - LibraryThing
Eric Foner begins with an assessment of the historiography up to 1988. In the first decade of the 1900s, William Dunning and John W. Burgess articulated a history of Reconstruction that condemned ... Leer comentario completo
Reconstruction Political and Economic
The Challenge of Enforcement
The Reconstruction of the North
The Politics of Depression
Redemption and After
The River Has Its Bend
Otras ediciones - Ver todas
Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination
Avery F. Gordon
Vista previa limitada - 2008
A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930
Stewart Emory Tolnay,E. M. Beck
Vista previa limitada - 1995 | <urn:uuid:f4a5e81e-2966-4ef1-ad6c-0d5067e1e505> | {
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Summary: Researchers reveal in mice, certain cells within the hippocampus fire when the animal is anxious and this triggers anxiety related behaviors to occur.
Source: Columbia University Medical Center.
Do your palms sweat when you walk down a poorly lit street at night? That feeling may be traced to the firing of newly identified “anxiety” cells deep inside your brain, according to new research from neuroscientists at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).
The researchers found the cells in the brains of mice, inside a structure called the hippocampus. But the cells probably also exist in humans, says Rene Hen, PhD, a professor of psychiatry at CUIMC and one of the study’s senior investigators.
“We call these anxiety cells because they only fire when the animals are in places that are innately frightening to them,” Hen says. “For a mouse, that’s an open area where they’re more exposed to predators, or an elevated platform.”
The firing of the anxiety cells sends messages to other parts of the brain that turn on anxious behaviors–in mice, those include avoiding the dangerous area or fleeing to a safe zone.
Though many other cells in the brain have been identified as playing a role in anxiety, the cells found in this study are the first known to represent the state of anxiety, regardless of the type of environment that provokes the emotion.
“This is exciting because it represents a direct, rapid pathway in the brain that lets animals respond to anxiety-provoking places without needing to go through higher-order brain regions,” said Mazen Kheirbek, PhD, an assistant professor of psychiatry at UCSF and study’s other senior investigator.
“Now that we’ve found these cells in the hippocampus, it opens up new areas for exploring treatment ideas that we didn’t know existed before,” says the study’s lead author Jessica Jimenez, PhD, an MD/PhD student at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons.
The findings appear in the January 31 online issue of Neuron. “This study shows how translational research using basic science techniques in animal models can elucidate the underlying basis of human emotions and reasons for mental disorders, thereby pointing the way for treatment development,” says Jeffrey Lieberman, MD, Lawrence C. Kolb Professor and Chair of Psychiatry at CUIMC.
Anxiety is healthy. To a degree.
Anxiety is normal and critical to an animal’s safety. Anxiety is an emotional response to a distant threat–being in an environment that exposes an animal to predators, for example. The safe bet is to sidestep those environments, so anxiety kicks in avoidance behaviors.
When people overestimate threats–when talking to a crowd invokes the same response as potentially running into a snake–anxiety becomes a problem.
To understand how things go awry in anxiety disorders, researchers in the Hen lab have been looking at mice to decipher how the brain processes healthy anxiety.
“We wanted to understand where the emotional information that goes into the feeling of anxiety is encoded within the brain,” said Mazen Kheirbek, PhD, who was an assistant professor at CUIMC before moving to UCSF.
The hippocampus plays a well-known role in the brain’s ability to form new memories and to help animals–from mice to humans–navigate through complex environments. But recent research has also implicated the hippocampus in regulating mood, and studies have shown altering brain activity in the ventral part of the hippocampus can reduce anxiety. It’s also known that the hippocampus sends signals to other areas of the brain–the amygdala and the hypothalamus–that have also been shown to control anxiety-related behavior.
Anxiety cells identified with miniature microscope
Using a miniature microscope inserted into the brains of the mice, Hen’s team recorded the activity of hundreds of cells in the hippocampus as the mice freely moved around their surroundings.
Whenever the animals were in exposed, anxiety-provoking environments, the researchers noticed that specific cells in the ventral part of the hippocampus were active. And the more anxious the mice seemed, the greater the activity in the cells.
The researchers traced the output of those cells to the hypothalamus, which is known to control behaviors associated with anxiety (in people, those include increased heart rate, avoidance, and secretion of stress hormones).
By turning the anxiety cells off and on using a technique called optogenetics that allows scientists to control the activity of neurons using beams of light, the researchers found that the anxiety cells control anxiety behaviors. When the cells were silenced, the mice stopped producing fear-related behaviors, wandering onto elevated platforms and away from protective walls. When the anxiety cells were stimulated, the mice exhibited more fear behaviors even when they were in “safe” surroundings.
The discovery of the anxiety cells raises the possibility of finding treatments that target them and reduce anxiety. “We’re looking to see if these cells are different molecularly from other neurons,” Hen says. “If there’s a specific receptor on the cells that distinguishes them from their neighbors, it may be possible to produce a new drug to reduce anxiety.”
Funding: The study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (KO1AG054765, R90DA023426, 2RO1MH064537, R01EB22913, R37MH068542, R01AG043688, R01MH083862, R01MH108623, R01MH111754), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, NY STEM awards, and the Weill Scholar Award program. | <urn:uuid:ab72ac3c-d554-4fb6-afa5-74402f313f8b> | {
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“The bay trees in our country are all wither’d, And meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven; The pale-fac’d moon looks bloody on the earth And lean-look’d prophets whisper fearful change;”
The decline and fall of the Roman Empire has been much chewed over and discussed by scholars for centuries. Mostly they debate the causes of its political collapse, but almost as debated is the issue of when Classical civilization ended exactly. The last nominal emperor in the West was in 476 AD and that is often cited as the dividing line, but in truth the political system was in decline for a long time before that and, as Professor J. B. Bury pointed out in one lecture long ago, when the last puppet emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed, no one in the West imagined that there would not be some figurehead placed on the throne to replace him after a year or so. Moreover, the status quo of barbarian—Roman relations in the West, as chaotic as it was, remained more or less in place for several generations more. In the East, the Imperial government went on without a beat and Justinian, is generally regarded as both the first ruler of the Byzantine era and the last emperor of the Roman one. Yet even the East suffered a massive trauma and near collapse in the sixth century. Ancient civilization did end and the Middle Ages, at least in the West, was a very different period than that which preceded it. Moreover, it is generally to the middle decades of the sixth century that we look to as the period of transition from one to the other.
Now as in all other things in historiography, you will get various parties arguing that there was no ending and no beginning, that the Dark Ages weren’t dark at all and so forth. Admittedly, because of the lack of survival of many written sources which might otherwise illumine things for us, the period following Classical Civilization demise appears more dismal than it might otherwise be. But there was a collapse beyond the political one: in mid sixth century we have record of famines and a catastrophic plague which spread across the known world, killing off millions of people—perhaps even more than the Black Death of the late Middle Ages, which led to the end of Medieval Civilization. But while famine and plague are certainly proximate causes, in recent decades there has been a gradual dawning among some researchers that a singular natural catastrophe triggered these economically and socially disruptive events.
This is not an abstraction, nor is it solely based on literary sources which, while some academics tout the virtues of “close linguistic analysis,” often result in the same source being used to prove opposing viewpoints. In particular, scientists studying ice cores going back many millennia and more recently the assembling of continuous sequences of tree rings dating back into the Neolithic and beyond, have observed anomalies in the geophysical record around the middle of the sixth century AD which hint at a climatic event of staggering proportions. This is not theory but scientific fact; it was severe and it lasted a number of years. It certainly triggered massive famines worldwide and, as a rule, where famines occur plagues are not far behind.
What was this singular event was that triggered a worldwide climatic crisis? Here’s where it gets a bit dicey; we have the physical evidence, but what the source of the crisis was is more problematical. Professor Mike Baillie, an Irish dendrochronologist of some standing in the scientific world, first observed that at certain times during the Holocene, tree ring growth has displayed a dramatic change—a change which could only mean that the trees in question suffered a dramatic trauma. This shift in the tree ring pattern transcends locale: it was noticeable in Irish tree rings, in those from Germany, from the US, as well as other places in the world, all centered around ca. the 630-645 AD time frame. Ice core samples similarly reflect something really bad going on in the climate about the same time. Tracking down the villain, Baillie at first considered volcanic activity, which can spew massive amounts of particulate matter into the upper atmosphere; while not entirely discounting this, however, Baillie concluded that rather it was the effect of either an impact, or the near earth grazing, by a large cometary body which triggered this climate disaster which killed millions and ended Classical Civilization.
Many historians, I gather, have not warmed to his ideas about catastrophic events causing culture change. Immanuel Velikovsky, back in the 1950’s argued something similar and then proceeded to rewrite history—something historians don’t like. Well, Velikovsy’s cosmetology was entirely wrong and his theories rightly dismissed. But Velikovsky did comb through a welter of ancient sources for references to celestial events, many of which became mythologized in the form of fire gods and dragons; and when the hard science began to emerge about comet and asteroids affecting earth in recent times, some (not all) of his citations began to not look so absurd after all.
Catastrophists still reject Velikovsky’s basic premises, but some of the ancient sources he cited have proven of value, even if historians still tend to ignore them as fictitious or as fantasy. Bear in mind, every year we pass through the debris of various comets—shooting stars we call them—and are mostly harmless. One such meteor shower, the Draconid, is particularly interesting because dragons are one ancient metaphor for comets. Now Baillie’s theory of a cometary cause for the mid-sixth century event is not dependent on am actual impact—although that may have occurred. A series of earth grazing comets, occurring one after the other, could also spew enough space dust, meteors and Tunguska-like fragments to trigger a prolonged climatic crisis as well. The proverbial “dirty snowball” of 536AD and ensuing other close calls may well have ended what was left of Classical Civilization.
However, besides the skepticism of academia, in recent years Baillie’s thesis has been challenged, if not discarded, by an archaeologist/anthropologists working in Central America. Dr. Robert Dull, environmental scientist researching the Classic Maya Collapse, has argued that the dramatic and sudden change which occurred to Mayan Civilization, and posited that a major volcanic eruption in El Salvador is what not only caused the collapse of the Mayans but of Classical Civilization as well. That a massive eruption occurred was well known: the giant caldera of Lake Ilopanga exists to prove the event. Dating, however, was considerably more problematical. Finally, according to the National Geographic documentary series, Perfect Storms, Prof. Dull did find one carbonized tree trunk which he had analyzed, and which yielded a date close to 636 AD—the approximate time of both the Mayan and the Classical collapses. Because National Geographic carries far more clout in the media than the obscure scientific journals Prof. Baillie has published in, or the specialized books that Baillie has published on the subject, Dr. Dull’s theory seems have become dominant—at least among anthropologists and the media.
So here we have it: Dull versus Baillie, fire versus ice; but who is correct? I’m sure there are some academics out there who would say “none of the above;” but before rejecting both out of hand, I would recommend reading Mike Baillie’s Exodus to Arthur, which provides a good summary of his theories up to 1999. Where Baillie relies on sub Roman British historians for his chronology of the fifth and early century, I’m afraid he is off, but that is not a defect in his ideas, merely of the historiography he relied on to supply him historical dates; where he instead relies on his dendrochronolgy and on ice core evidence, he is at his strongest. For Dull, the Ilopango eruption is THE cause; while the documentary makes a good case for the Classic Maya Collapse being triggered by the Ilopango supervolcano, the linkage to the Justinian Plague and associated famines is assumed rather than proven. However, see the “Dark Age Volcano” episode of Perfect Storms, either on the National Geographic Channel or on YouTube:
The way National Geographic weights the evidence, it makes Dull’s thesis seem as though it is the sole explanation of both events. Moreover, more than ten years before, Prof. Baillie had theorized that cometary events might actually trigger volcanic events; certainly the reverse cannot be true. So, while Dr. Dull’s arguments seem persuasive, his is not necessarily the only explanation. The controversy continues and one would hope that a healthy discussion in the future will lead us all closer to the truth.
More recently, scientists analyzing ice core samples with up to date techniques, have found that much of the “stuff” that was deposited ca. 536 AD is extraterrestrial in origin: “I have all this extraterrestrial stuff in my ice core,” study leader Dallas Abbott, of Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory opined to LiveScience/Huffington Post in 2013. While acknowledging that they also found traces of volcanic material also dating to 536, Dr. Abbott said it almost certainly wasn’t big enough to change the climate so dramatically.
Who is correct? My own opinion is that Baillie is on the right track; but that does not necessarily negate Dr. Dull’s research. Unfortunately, while Dr. Baillie has written about his theories extensively, I could not find any academic publicatons by Dull, just articles in the popular media and, of course, the National Geographic documentary. I understand that he presented his theory orally at a meeting of the Association of American Geographers in 2012, but couldn’t find a copy of that lecture or any subsequent paper in print form. Perhaps Dr. Dull’s academic papers are available somewhere and I just haven’t located them. Or perhaps the geographer has fallen prey to the chronic problem which besets archaeologists: digging and digging and not publishing their findings in a timely manner. I have, unfortunately, known some distinguished archaeologists who perished before they published.
Regardless, I do believe that from time to time catastrophes of staggering proportion do strike without warning and when they do humans are virtually powerles to change the course of events. While it would be nice to think that the immutable forces of history control the march of events like some great orderly engine, it rather seems that nature’s fickle hand of fate intervenes to jumble things up from time to time for us. At the least, it would be good to learn more about this celestial pinball game before we get behind the eight ball once more, no?
Once upon a time all crows were white; did you know this?
That venerable gentleman Chaucer tells the tale of Phoebus, whom some call Apollo, who once had a lady love whom he kept in his earthly home and whom he loved so dear. He also had a raven in a golden cage in that golden palace, as white as the snow, for in those days all Ravens and crows were white and could sing as beautifully as any known songbird. And he taught the crow to understand the language of humans as well and to talk in human speech.
Yet, as well as he treated his lady love and as much as he thought she loved him, she would not, she could not be true. She took a lover, not half as handsome as Phoebus, and no sooner would he leave to do his sunny work, than her lover came sneaking in the back door. The raven saw all that transpired but said not a word; but when Phoebus returned home he cried “cuckoo, cuckoo, cuckoo.”
“Why do you cry out so, byrd?” quoth Phoebus. “Why syngest thow the cuckold’s song? Allas, what song is this!” In his heart, Phoebus knew what the white raven was telling him.
Said the Raven, “by God, I sing not amis Phoebus.”
And Phoebus saw from the raven’s look and his words that the Raven told true. Then wrath replaced adoration in his heart and the flaming Phoebus seized his golden bow and arrow and went to his unfaithful mistress and her lover and both of them he slew. But Phoebus was not grateful for the Raven telling its master of the treachery and lechery of his beloved. With his divine powers he turned the white bird’s feathers black and his voice that had been sweeter than a nightingales, he made hoarse and harsh forevermore. And that is why to this day the raven and his kin are black as night and caw and croak and are doomed to feast on dead flesh for their meals instead of the sweetmeats and other treats that Phoebus once gave them.
What has all this to do with Bran? Well, nothing to be honest, but it tells a bit about crows and ravens and their brother blackbirds. They are sometimes despised and shunned as carrion beasts, but at other times revered and feared, for not only do they feast on the flesh of those who die in battle, but they seem preternaturally intelligent for beasts of the air. They do not only show up after battle, but they have been observed gathering before the start of battle as if to know ahead of time that a battle is to be fought. Moreover, in elder times they acted in concert with wolves, scouting ahead of a pack for prey for the wolves to attack; then they would report back to the herd and when the wolves finally downed their prey, the ravens greedily shared in spoils, cawing in triumph over the carcass. This behavior was observed by the Celts of old; but so too by the Native American tribes of the American South, who called the bird colonah; this was also an epithet they gave to the leader of a war party, who would scout ahead of the main warband to find suitable targets for the warriors to attack. As we shall sea, Bran is closely connected with these fey creatures, even to the present day.
In Welsh, the name for the raven is Bran, but Bran is also the name of an ancient hero/king who was both a sailor and a supernatural being connected with regeneration. In fact, there were probably several ancient leaders called Bran. There are a number of stories told by the Welsh about Bran, and also by the Irish; and sometimes the stories are fantastic and seem to make little sense, but that doe not necessarily make them untrue for all of that. Bear with me and let us try to separate out these different Brans of Celtic lore and history and assign to them at least a rough chronology, much as an archaeologist might sort out fragments of pottery which he finds all in a jumble and tries to arrange them in order from oldest to latest. Sir William Flinders Petrie pioneered this method long ago, although that was in another time for another civilization.
In his earliest incarnation Bran (or Brain Mac Febail to the Irish) is a god, whose brother is Manawydan fab Llyr (to the Irish, Manannan Mac Lyr); both gods were closely connected with seafaring and credited with the invention of celestial navigation, a discovery which probably dates to some time in the Mesolithic era. In the Voyage of Bran (the Gaelic tale Imramm Brain) the hero/god is lured to take a voyage westward. Two days out to sea he encounters Manannan/Manawydan. This meeting would not be so unusual, save for the fact that while Bran is traveling over the rolling waves in a sea going vessel, Manannan is riding his chariot across rolling meadows of dry land. He voyages farther west and encounters several fantastic lands in the middle of the sea. During the stone age it should be noted, various parts of the Irish Sea and its adjacent waters were in fact dry land, and islands now beneath the sea were then above the waves, a fact not appreciated until recently and which folk memory apparently retained through long ages.
Bran surfaces in another tale which Geoffrey of Monmouth relates, a convoluted tale of Brennius and Belinus (or Beli). Brennius is Geoffrey’s Latin rendition of the name Bran and he seems to relate a story that dates to some time in the Iron Age. The two brothers feud over the kingship of Britain and then embark on various adventures and conquests on the continent. They invade Gaul, sack Rome and one of the two invades the Balkans, making himself unwelcome their. While one is tempted to dismiss Geoffrey’s story as a fabrication, there are just enough historical echoes to lead some scholars to believe this is a distant echo of some oral tradition still current in Britain in Geoffrey’s time, which may have been brought to the island by the Belgae in the Iron Age. Livy records a sack of Rome by a Celtic tribe, while Pausanius tells of Delphi being looted and burned in the Iron Age by Celtic invaders led by two leaders named Brennios and Bolgius. Some of the Celtic invaders even crossed into Anatolia where they raised further hell before they were stopped.
The sack of Rome (ca. 390 BC) was real enough and there is no reason to doubt that the leader of the combined British/Gaulish army was named Bran/Brennius- or its Iron Age equivalent. Hower the sack of Delphi was undoubtedly by different Celtic invaders whose leader apparently shared the same name, since the two conquests occurred about a century apart; but Brendan MacGonagle in his Balkan Celts blog theorizes “that Brennos was not a personal name, but a military title given to the overall commander of a Celtic army drawn from different tribes.” In this regard, the Celtic warbands acted very much like the Cherokee war parties of the eighteenth century. In his article on “CATUBODUA – Queen of Death” MacGonagle also notes that Iron Age Celts often practiced excarnation: leaving the bodies of those who die in battle exposed for carrion beasts to consume. Sometimes these were vultures, but in Britain it would have been ravens and crows. During battle, war goddess appeared in the guise of a bird of prey, to carry the souls of the fallen brave away. Unspoken, but related, may be the notion that the crows or ravens, by devouring the Celtic war dead, would absorb the souls as well as the flesh of the slain warriors. This would explain several motifs connected with the archetypal Bran and their close connection with ravens.
Near the picturesque village of Llangollen, by the fast running River Dee, rises the hillfort of Castell Dinas Bran, believed to once have been the abode of Bran. This Bran may be in fact a historical personage, although with oral tradition one can never be completely certain. The hillfort was probably originally occupied in the Iron Age, but was probably reoccupied some time in the late fourth or early fifth century AD. The ruins that one sees today date to the Middle Ages where it served to hold the Welsh hills against the barbaric English kings.
This Bran was the subject of another Welsh tale from the Mabinogion, collected in the Middle Ages but originating centuries earlier. In this incarnation he is known as Bendigeidfran—Bran the Blessed. While this Bran too has supernatural aspects, underlying the story seems to be a record of real events, probably occurring either in the late fourth or early fifth century AD. This Bran would probably have been named Comes Brennius, and he was likely more Roman than Celt; but just as the Roman general Maximus became Maxen Wledig, later Welsh bards remembered him as one of their own. The tale called Branwen verch Llŷr relates how Matholwych, an Irish king, came to seek the hand of Bran’s sister Branwen. Bran consented and the match was made; however Bran’s trouble making brother was insulted that he was not consulted and made trouble, mutilating the Irishman’s horses. For a time Bran smoothed things over and it seemed Branwen and her husband would be happy; but the Irish king was persuaded to punish Branwen for her brother’s insults and Branwen sent a raven with a message to her brother Bran asking him to rescue her.
Bran launched a fleet of ships to punish the Irish and then fought a might battle on Irish soil. The Irish were defeated, but Bran himself was mortally wounded. He instructed his surviving warriors to cut off his head and return it to Britain. This they did, but found their king still kept conversing with them all the way back to London, where he was buried beneath the White Hill (later the Tower of London) with the promise that so long as his head lay buried facing Gaul, no enemy would ever invade the isle of Britain. Behind all the fantastic imagery and exaggeration, seems to be an account of a punitive expedition, undoubtedly launched from the old legionary fortress of Chester, which was also located at the highest point on the River Dee still navigable by ships. In the late fourth and continuing well into the fifth century, Irish incursions and settlements continued to plague western Britain and likely Bran’s ill fated raid was neither the first nor last British counter-attack. A flock of ravens followed Bran to London and ever since have dwelt at the site where Bran’s head was interred, faithful bodyguards who dwell in the Tower of London forevermore.
Although not linked to this Bran by any scholar I know of, this unsuccessful attack on the Irish might explain why, in 429 AD, an Irish/Pictish army suddenly appeared in western Britain without any apparent local leader to resist the invasion. When Germanus of Auxerre was summoned to lead the British to resist the invaders, he apparently fought them at Llangollen, which is coincidently where Bran’s hillfort lay. Coincidence? I doubt it; this was probably the mustering point for the local militia of the hill country, to which whatever regular troops were available also rallied—and probably including a few Saxon mercenaries in British pay to boot. As I noted in my previous blog about Germanus, armies of men do not suddenly appear out of the ground and certainly the army Germanus led in battle did not.
Another tale from the Mabinogion tells, not about Bran, but of an army of ravens who seem to act like human warriors. In the Dream of Rhonabwy where Owain’s teulu of ravens battle King Arthur’s knights and get the better of them, while their leaders play chess. Owain had an army of Ravens, some three hundred in number, and they seem to have been inherited from father to son in that royal household; the ravens were loyal to their masters to the death, much as Bran’s teulu of ravens were to their master; for to this day Bran’s ravens stand guard in London protecting the realm against foreign invaders.
Bran, Brennius, Brennios, or the other names this ancient hero goes by, may be a flight of fancy of the Celtic imagination–or not–but either way, the ravens who are so closely connected with him are real enough–and smarter than many humans. No wonder that George R. R. Martin borrowed the raven motif from Celtic myth and history for his popular Game of Thrones book and TV series–and the deep magic of the corvidae may well be the real reason underlying the series phenomenal success.
In George R. R. Martin’s magnum opus, Songs of Fire and Ice, the latest published volume, A Dance With Dragons, as well as in the similarly named episode of the television series, makes passing reference to a curious tale about a young knight who attempts to slay a dragon by using a polished shield, thinking the dragon will see only its own reflection; the young knight is burned to a crisp for his efforts. It turns out that this short tale is but part of a much larger fictitious history, called “The Dance of the Dragons, A True Telling” relating to a previous civil war in the realm of Westeros between members of the previous dynasty, the Targaryens. It turns out that there are various versions of both the knight’s tale and the happenings alluded to in the referenced (non-existent) book. Although at present a minor part of Martin’s fantasy mythos, the referenced history itself provides a foundational understanding to the later happenings of the realm that Martin has clearly modeled on medieval Great Britain.
As with other elements in his historical fantasy, Martin has borrowed story elements and motifs from actual British history and rewove them into his sub-creation which has now become a best selling phenomenon. Although it plays but a minor role in his epic, it is not hard to see that it is heavily influenced by the semi-legendary real foundation myth of the Britain. As one of Martin’s characters relates, the dragons (actually personifications of the warring members of the Targaryen dynasty) are not really “dancing” so much as warring with one another. In this regard, the allegory is much closer to its British archetype than I think either fans of Martin, or academic historians of Dark Age Britain, may be willing to concede.
In Nennius’ Historia Brittonum and Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae, after the massacre of the Elders of Britain and uprising of the Saxons, the discredited monarch Vortigern retreats westward fearing both rebellious subjects and the mutinous Saxons and decides to build a castle with his remaining loyal followers at Dinas Emrys in Wales. However, the masons are continually thwarted, as whatever they construct during the day is mysteriously undone at night. Vortigern’s “wise men” tell him that a human sacrifice is needed to undue the magic spell cursing the site where he is trying to build a stronghold. A boy born without any human father must be killed and his blood sprinkled over the site. In due course such a child is found, but as he is about to be slaughtered he astounds the King and counselors with his own prophetic vision.
The wunderkind proclaims that only he can solve the mystery of the collapsing castle. He instructs the kingsmen to dig into the ground, where they uncover a pond; he then instructs them to drain the pond, where they uncover two dragons, red and white, who proceed to duel one another. The astonishing vision is explained by the prophetic child as symbolic of Britain: the Red Dragon represents the Welsh, the white one the Saxons and the two “dragons” will fight for possession of the land of Britain until the Red Dragon at last vanquishes the White, but not after much bloodshed and destruction. Such, in short is the tale, although Nennius, Geoffrey of Monmouth and others disagree on a number of details.
Not surprisingly, historians have dismissed the story as utter nonsense, labeling Nennius’ entire history as “pseudo-history” and Geoffrey’s—well they never did have much faith in Geoffrey of Monmouth as a historian anyway. While clearly framed in mytho-poetical terms, the story relates some basic historical realities, albeit much disguised and distorted; however, that is beyond our main point here. The Prophecy of the Two Dragons as related by Welsh tradition is in fact the basic foundation myth of Great Britain and as such transcends whatever historical realities which may be disguised in the story. In later times it would be referenced again and again to cite one faction or claimant’s legitimacy, or lack thereof. Not surprisingly, when Henry Tudor (or to give the Welsh spelling, Twdwr) fought at the Battle of Bosworth Field, he carried not the English St. George’s cross into battle, but rather the Red Dragon of Wales as his battle standard. So as not to leave any doubt about his partisanship for the Welsh cause, Henry (in English terms Henry VII) named his first son Arthur, so that, as the ancient Welsh prophecy foretold, Arthur would once day rule again over a united Britain. Unfortunately, though Henry VII ended the English Civil War—the War of the Roses—Arthur did not become king again, and the Welsh prophecy remains to be fulfilled.
It is easy enough to dismiss the Prophecy of the Two Dragons as pure fantasy, like George Martin’s works; but Welsh legends and myth generally have a factual basis, if one is willing to spend some time unraveling the entangled truth (most academics are not so inclined) and, more importantly, this legend has had a far deeper cultural impact on British history than any historical details which may be gleaned from it. At a later date I may detail the historical background underlying the Legend of the Two Dragons, although it is convoluted and bound to stir disagreement as to interpretation; but for now let us just appreciate the foundation myth as myth and George R. R. Martin’s creative appropriation of it
Germanus of Auxerre’s Life, writen by Constantius of Lyon around 480 or so, stands as an important document for the study of post Roman Britain—more properly the Brittonic Period or Age of Arthur. As such, one wishes it were more detailed regarding his two trips to the Misty Isles. Not surprisingly when it comes to any source relating to our knowledge of fifth century Britain that conflicts with their a priori assumptions, the Minimalists have been hard at work erasing the blackboard, as it were, and trying to “debunk” it as a legitimate source of history. Fortunately, unlike their take-down of other important sources and personalities, the academic community does not seem to have gone so willingly into that good night when it comes to Germanus and his main biographer.
As noted in a previous blog essay, saint’s lives in general have a reputation for unreliability and alleged fabrication, their goal being mainly to fortify the soul and strengthen the faith and not to relate political or military history. While we’re at it, we should also note that, despite the Minimalists’ attempts to enshrine Gildas DeExcidio as the prime source for fifth century history, the same criticism could—should—be leveled at his essay. A homily is an argumentative essay intended to prove a spiritual point and while, like the saint’s lives, one may often extract historical tidbits from it in passing, that was not its intended function when written. That the Venerable Bede also misused Gildas’ work for polemical purposes has given later generations of historians ever since the green light to do so as well. That saint’s vitas are often peppered with miraculous events often causes modern reductionist scholars to reject them out of hand as well and of course Constantius’ vita is no different in this regard. So before I go into criticizing Germanus and his biographers, let me start out by defending them.
Insofar as the miraculous events in Constantius’ vitago, while they are supernatural in nature, when shorn of their supernatural veneer they are far less fantastic than many such hagiographies. While crossing from Gaul to Britain, (chapter 13), the ship Germanus and his companions are in is hit by a terrible storm, roused up by demons who were angered at the presence of the pious bishop on the open sea. Apparently Germanus, who as a former soldier, was not easily panicked, decided to take a nap at that point below decks. The storm got even worse and both sailors and passengers were terrified and the vessel was “navigated by prayer and not by muscles.” Bishop Lupus, who was also along on the mission, woke Germanus and implored him to intervene. Germanus, in god’s name, chided the ocean for misbehaving and then, presumably reaching for his chrism bottle which was part of a priest’s stock and trade, anointed the violent seas, calming it with soothing prayers to heaven. The demons of the air were defeated and the winds calmed and became favorable and the currents of the sea also became cooperative and the ship arrived in Britain without further incident.
Now, on the face of it, that a ship at sea should run into foul weather is not all that unusual. Presumably, the voyage was undertaken sometime in the winter or early spring of 428/29 and storms descending from out of the north would not have been all that unusual. That the English Channel (as it’s called today) should be hazardous to ships is no surprise: during the D-Day Invasion in 1944 the invading fleet ran afoul of one bad storm; the Spanish Armada in Queen Elizabeth’s day was broken up and destroyed by another, lacking a saintly bishop to intervene on their behalf. The bit about pouring oil on the sea to calm it is also not so fantastic: we have records of it being done in the nineteenth century, so it is a folk belief of great longevity—whether or not it was of any practical benefit. That Constantius is here relating a real event is not to be doubted.
On landing in Britain, Germanus and Lupus engage in public debate with some unnamed supporters of Pelagius’ theology. A large crowd gathers and according to Constantius, Germanus and Lupus’ eloquence and superior theology win the day, with the populace serving as both spectators and jury. Germanus had been given a classical Liberal education as a youth, which included the art of rhetoric; he had also studied Roman law, and was well experienced in arguing a case in public. However, the great success attributed to his public debate (or debates) with the British Pelagians is something that should be taken with a grain of salt. Constantius was, after all, not going to report a failure or mediocre outcome about his subject. Historians tend to regard Germanus’ religious mission as less than successful; that the Pelagian clergy and their egalitarian theology still held sway in much of Britain after Germanus’s visit. Moreover, there is a strong suspicion that despite what Constantius says, that the good clerics mission to Britain had strong political and military overtones and that the religious mission was a cover for a tacitly Imperial Roman diplomatic mission.
Germanus had been Dux Tractus Armoricani et Nervicani before assuming the role of cleric and as such he exercised military and political power along the coasts of northern Gaul facing Britain. In Armorica there had been a popular uprising in the early decades of the fifth century which lingered on for some time and which the Imperial government often dealt harshly with. It may well have been that the independent Britons were suspected of aiding and abetting that part of Gaul which they had a long association with against the Emperor. After all, Britain had the reputation of being the “home of tyrants” who threatened Imperial power on multiple occasions. The British central government, lately organized with a central leader, or “Overking,” may also have requested some kind of assistance in dealing with barbarian threats to the independent polity and Germanus’ mission may well have been the answer. We at least may allow that Germanus had more than one goal in mind in visiting the sundered provinces of Britannia.
At this point in the narrative (chapter 15) a man “tribunician rank” steps forward from the crowd with his blind daughter and asks both the Pelagians and Germanus and Lupus to cure her. The Pelagians are unable to do so; Germanus places a “reliquary” on her eyes and succeeds in restoring her sight. We cannot know whether this was a real event or no; all we can say is that Christian saints are frequently attributed with possessing miraculous power; that Germanus, have had a very thorough education, may also have possessed some medical knowledge as well from his Greek tutors is not beyond the bounds of possibility. More important to historians is the casual mention of a British official who is ranked as “tribune.” Unfortunately, the rank of tribune could as easily be a civilian as a military rank and Constantius was unconcerned with such details; regardless, it is evidence that the British had not fallen into anarchy and that civilian and/or political institutions had survived its separation from the empire. The fact that the theological debate occurred in an urban setting is also prima facie evidence of the continuity of town life as well. The Britain Germanus visited in 429 was not a wasteland.
Similarly, on a return from a pilgrimage to the site of the British martyr St. Alban (which was located in a thriving post-Roman town) Germanus injured his foot and was laid up in an unnamed town—further evidence of continued urban life. A fire broke out, which miraculously spared the injured bishop’s residence. That the populace may have worked more diligently to stop the spread of the fire due to having the bishop in their midst was not considered by his hagiographer even if we may: again, we have a miracle which when shorn of its spiritual trappings is an entirely credible event. That the biographer mentions in passing that the houses had thatched roofs which made them highly flammable is another important piece of information that is offhandedly related by the biographer.
Of course the greatest of Germanus’s British miracles is the one of greatest historical import: the Alleluia Victory (chapters 17-18). At this point we may transition from defender of the faith to critic, or at least of Constantius’ version of it, but first we must contest those who would see his account as a total fabrication. As is often the case, the Minimalists dismiss the narrative as a fabrication without citing any real proof of their assertions. They are entitled to their opinions, but opinion is not fact, still less is it history. It has been observed, however, that the British sections of Constantius’ life are far less detailed than those sections relating to Germanus’ life and career on the continent. When Constantius wrote, Bishop Lupus was still living and it is surmised that he was the main source of this section, whereas there were numerous other sources available to Constantius for the other aspects of Germanus’ life and career. When Constantius was writing, Bishop Lupus had to have been up in years and it is likely that details of the voyages to Britain had faded from his memory quite a bit; this does not negate their underlying veracity, but it does leave quite a few gaps in the narrative we would wish had been related in more detail.
As to the location of the Alleluia Victory, we are told simply that it is a valley enclosed by steep mountains with a swift running stream or river nearby. The town of Mold in Flintshire has sometimes been ascribed as the site of the battle, in a field a mile west of the town called Maes Garman (“field of Germanus”), but while it is close to a bay which may well have served as the landing spot for a barbarian army, my understanding is that the site of the open field does not fit the description given us by Constantius. It’s identification as the battlefield dates back to a monument erected there in the eighteenth century. It may well have been the site of a battle in the dark ages, just not this particular one. The site of Llangollen is generally preferred as the location for Germanus’ battle and an analysis of maps and photos of the area shows that it perfectly fits the description. At times even southeastern Britain’s lowlands have been put forward as the location of the battle, mainly, I gather, because it is close to the Saxon Shore; but the topography in that part of Britain is all wrong.
No, Llangollen does seem to fit the bill and it is my sense that most scholars agree on it as the site—assuming they even agree that the battle occurred. Analyzing the photos and maps of the vicinity, however, several things are clear. One is that Germanus was a brilliant tactician; the terrain was ideal for a battle favoring the defender. The other thing that is clear is that Constantius’ narrative was deficient in a number of respects. He tells us that the British, afraid to venture out of their camps, asked the bishops for aid and that Germanus was appointed dux proelil (‘general for this battle’). Armies do not just appear out of nowhere: they need to be mustered and more importantly trained. That the British army had already been gathered together means someone had to have ordered their assembly and the mountain pass at Llangollen would not have been the place to do it. Further downstream and closer to the bay where the River Dee empties into the Irish Sea is the city of Chester—a former legionary fortress and in the early fifth century its walls would certainly have been intact. Constantius implies that the period of Lent was taken up by Germanus instructing the army in the Christian faith; while I would not doubt that the general turned bishop did a lot of sermonizing and converting during the forty days of Lent, I would suggest that he was doing even more equipping, drilling and training of his army during that period.
Constantius makes mention of using some lightly armed troops as scouts and that the barbarians thinking the Britons praying in their camps were unprepared and could be easily overcome. I would suggest that after training his troops, Germanus marched them up country to terrain he had scouted out as the site for his decisive battle and then lured the barbarians away from the open plains and up into the mountainous defile where the Dee ran swiftly downhill. Constantius describes the barbarian force as being composed of “Saxons and Picts” and here again we should take what the hagiographer says with a bit of skepticism. If the battle was indeed in the mountainous regions of western Britain, a Saxon incursion would have been unlikely. When Constantius wrote in 480, the Saxons were indeed the Britons main enemy, as were the Picts: in 429, however, on the western coast of Britain it would have been more likely that it was a force of Irish (Scotti) and Picts; if the Saxons were present at all, they were likely as mercenary soldiers in the British army.
Similarly, when Constantius describes the battle as a “bloodless” victory, we can also be a bit skeptical. Certainly it is possible that the British army had few, if any, serious casualties, but I sincerely doubt that the Britons did not aid the enemy retreat along with sword, spear and arrow and that on the barbarian side the battle was anything but “bloodless.” Some modern historians have tried to discredit the battle as a real event because it bears a striking similarity to certain passages in the Old Testament. That the general turned bishop should turn to the bible for inspiration is hardly surprising: General Allenby did likewise during World War I when he conquered Palestine and Syria. Similarly, Stonewall Jackson often resorted to the bible for both spiritual and military inspiration during the Civil War. Neither of those general’s victories were fictitious; nor are the modern Israeli army’s, for that matter.
I do find it curious, however that the stone lined Dee River was shallow enough to use for baptizing his army just before the Picts and their allies drown in it in their haste to escape the trap set for them by Germanus. I would suggest the river was in spring flood on Easter and that after the victory, the pagan contingents of the British army were persuaded by the “miracle” of Germanus to accept baptism—after the river had gone down to normal levels, of course.
The issue of where the British army was drawn from is another unfortunate blank spot in the Constantius narrative. That the citadel of Dinas Bran overlooks the vale of Llangollen cannot have been coincidence; the legionary fortress of nearby Chester would also likely have had a residual garrison of some substance. Of course, what became of the previous military commander of the district—who may have called Brennius or Bran—is not mentioned, although the account of a British Bran invading Ireland and having his head chopped off in consequence, may explain both the lack of a local commander and why the Irish chose to invade at that location. That with a retaliatory invasion immanent, the unified British state may have temporarily drawn troops from farther north is also something which should be considered. Unfortunately, these are among the many things which Constantius was not interested in when he wrote his biography and must remain speculative. I put them out there for your consideration.
For what we do know of Germanus first and second trips to Britain, however, we must be grateful to Constantius of Lyon. That Bishop Germanus’ military and political influence on the course of independent Britain’s history was great should not be doubted, even if we would like to have had more of the blanks filled in for us. In the end, his visits to Britain did not so much mark the end of Roman Britain as they did the beginning of the Brittonic Period in the island’s history, a period in which the groundwork for Great Britain as we know it was laid.
Has anyone every wondered why the bishop is a game piece on the chessboard? Chess is, after all, a game of ritualized warfare and the bishop is one of the more active pieces in the game—certainly more active than the knight, whose awkward moves generally don’t accomplish much. Well, Watson, the game’s afoot and today we shall look into the historical equivalent of the game piece—the fighting bishop.
One of the oddities of the period from the fall of Rome to Europe’s emergence from barbarism (more or less) was the phenomenon of the fighting bishop. I first encountered this interesting feature of the era some years ago, while perusing an old issue of National Geographic illustrating the Bayeux Tapestry. There on the venerable tapestry was the Right Reverend Bishop Odo gloriously bashing heads in service of his brother William the Bastard (or Conqueror, if you will) to impose Norman rule on the wicked (and free) Saxons.
It has been long standing church law that clerics are not allowed to draw blood; to get around this rule, the fighting bishop would use a club to chastise his opponents. Whether one should consider the Norman Invasion still part of the Dark Ages may be a moot point, but Bishop Odo forms a good end point for discussion of the fighting bishops, so we will begin here at the end and then go back to the beginning and end up, hopefully, somewhere in the middle—or muddle, as the case may be.
Christian Clerics getting involved in military affairs, of course, did not end with the Dark Ages. We have monastic military orders during the Crusades such as the Knights Templar, and during the Renaissance the Popes certainly did their fair share of leading armies in war; even during the American Civil War we find odd birds like the Confederate Stonewall Jackson and the Yankee General O. O. Howard who ardently professed their religiosity as they ordered men to their deaths in the thousands; there is also Southern General Leonidas Polk, an Episcopal Bishop who passed God to praise the ammunition, and apparently was as bad a general as he was a bishop. But I digress; our main concern here is primarily with the early period, when the Roman Empire was withering away in the West and the barbarian tribes rapidly becoming the dominant force in Europe. In this transitional period in particular, we find Christian clerics assuming more and more roles as leaders of the Church Militant.
The incongruity of followers of the Prince of Peace assuming military functions was not lost on some early Church fathers. As a result, the authors of some Saint’s lives had to do quite a bit of editing of the facts and creative rewriting to make their subjects conform to the saintly ideal. Medievalists are familiar with such distortions in saint’s lives, as well the gratuitous addition of fabulous incidents into the Latin hagiographies, so much so that in some quarters this genre of medieval literature is almost synonymous with unreliability. This is unfortunate, as sometimes even in the most fantastic saint’s lives may often be embedded with small nuggets of factual detail not recorded elsewhere—especially when we are dealing an era such as the fifth and sixth centuries in Britain, where contemporary documents of any kind are virtually absent. The transmitters of written material in the Dark and Middle Ages were, after all, clerics, and so their main interest lay in promoting the faith and their primary concern was in writing and copying religious texts. Political and military documents would be copied only as an afterthought, if at all. I think academics are sometimes so busy with line by line analyses of texts they forget this basic fact, which explains the disproportionate weight given to clearly unreliable narratives such as Gildas’ De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, which, while a valuable source, is far more homily than history. Nor is hagiography itself a dead genre, as anyone who ever attended a Catholic school can attest to.
While there are oblique references to Roman officers being converted to Christianity even in the New Testament, the first soldier-saint one can point to would be Saint George. Although more commonly associated with the fifth century and better known as the Patron Saint of Britain, in fact St. George was Palestinian by birth, serving in the eastern Roman Army in the late third century AD. He is best known for rescuing a fair maiden from a dragon—although the dragon was probably a crocodile inhabiting a marsh somewhere in the Western Desert of Egypt or Libya and the maiden may have been as young as twelve, not the nubile blonde babe as she is later portrayed.
Rising to the rank of tribune, George (or Girgis) became of favorite of the Emperor Diocletian. George earned his sainthood when, on hearing that the Emperor Diocletian had outlawed Christianity yet again, thought he could convince the prince of the folly of his ways: after repeated attempts to get his favorite tribune to renounce Christianity, however, Diocletian had him tortured and finally beheaded ca. 303 AD. He is today the patron saint, not only of England, but a host of other countries as well and is also the patron saint of Moscow, which today is much in need of protection from the folly of its rulers. St. George is also patron saint of scouts, soldiers, archers, cavalry and chivalry, as well as riders and saddlers, and before penicillin was often prayed to by those suffering syphilis to ask for his intercession. His connection with venereal disease may also be related to his military profession. He seems to have gained in importance during the fifth century, as the Roman army fell into decline and the Western Empire disintegrated. It was at this time that the story of his slaying of the dragon assumed great symbolic importance: the dragon not only becomes associated with the devil but also with barbarism and paganism in general.
In some versions of his life, St. George’s father is named Gerontius and while this Gerontius has no relation to the fifth century British generals of the same name, the similarity of the name may have been a motive for the growth of his cult in the west and especially in Britain. It should be borne in mind that the Celtic British equivalent of the Roman war god Mars was a mounted warrior with a flowing cape. Thus St. George may have served as a convenient alternative for Christian missionaries trying to wean the stubborn Britons away from their much favored native war god. At any rate, George’s preference for the divine host over the Roman emperor’s sets him as a protype of other Christians in the Roman army, especially as the western empire began to fall apart.
Saint Christopher is one saint who you may not associate with the military life. There is some question whether he existed at all, since the Church has “de-sainted” him based on the belief that his cult arose from the phrase christo-phoros—‘he who bears Christ’—found inscribed on some subterranean tombs and that this was mistaken for a proper name by later Christian hagiographers. However, when dealing with early saints and warrior clerics, the facts sometimes get so convuluted in the retelling as obscure their genuine origins. For example, the fact that he was also believed to have had the head of a dog (or dog-like beast) before his conversion further strengthened the arguments of those dubious about his existence. However, we may be dealing here with yet another linguistic error, as one version of his life holds that he was a Canaanite (i.e. Palestinian) and some Latin wit (or nitwit) took that to mean he belonged to a tribe of “canines” who were abnormally large and had dog-like heads. He is alleged to have belonged to a Roman unit called Numerus Marmaritarum, which would place it as a garrison detachment somewhere in Cyrenaica, part of modern day Libya bordering on Egypt. He was apparently also soldier under Diolcetian and was something of a reprobate as well, until he unexpectedly decided to “bear Christ,” in consequence of which he lost his “wolf’s head.” It should be pointed out that Roman signifers (standard bearers) wore a wolf-skin draped over their helmet and shoulders, so the dog head belief story is not so fantastic as it may sound to modern ears. At base, we are dealing with another Roman officer who renounced the Emperor Diocletian and his militant paganism for Holy Mother Church; in effect he exchanged bearing the Emperor’s standard for bearing the standard of Christianity.
When Constantine the Great, the Roman general based in Britain, seized power, the Christian religion was finally allowed to come out of the shadows. Before this, the church had more or less been structured rather loosely, with no centralized administration. This made good sense at the time, especially when the Imperial government could suddenly institute a program of suppression and execute Church leaders willy-nilly. Without a head to cut off, the early Church was like a Hydra—for each Church leader the emperor executed, two more would sprout up to replace him. However, with Constantine’s official sanction of Christianity, Church leaders—the bishops—began to accumulate more authority to their person, and became “princes of the church.” In time it led to the bishop of Rome claiming leadership of the whole Church as the heir of Peter, a distinction which other Orthodox branches of Christianity still dispute. With greater spiritual authority, inevitably the bishops also began to accrue temporal authority as well, all the more so as the Imperial government became weak and ineffective and barbarian tribes, no longer held at bay along the Rhine and Danube borders, or the chilly regions beyond Roman Britain, started roaming the interior of the empire virtually at will.
St. Martin of Tours was what we would call an “army brat”: his father had been a tribune in the Imperial army, stationed in what is today Pavia, Italy. Martin, according to late Roman law, was also obliged to become a soldier and eventually his unit was posted to Amiens in Gaul. The story goes that one day the Roman officer Martin was passing by a poor beggar, who was so destitute he lacked even clothing to cover his nakedness. Taking pity on the homeless man, Martin tore his crimson officers cloak in twain and gave him half. The officer’s cloak was apparently a great source of pride to Roman military commanders and seemed to have been imbued with a certain symbolic signficance. Martin eventually resigned his command and became a hermit at first, although he was eventually persuaded to accept the office of bishop (some say he was tricked into it) and spent much of his career as bishop fighting heresy and paganism. He didn’t do any bashing of heads, but his career as bishop did involve as much politics as it did spiritual work, for now doctinal issues as often as not became entangled in Imperial politics and conversely, theological disputes would inevitably bleed over into political and military conflicts.
During the course of the fourth century the Western Empire faced many dire challenges, including more than a few usurpers and serious barbarian incursions on various borders, the worst being the annihilation of a Roman field army at Adrianople in 495. But the Empire had suffered military reverses over the centuries and had somehow muddled through. Everywhere (or almost everywhere) the barbarians had been turned back, bribed to go away, or recruited to defend the realm. Imperial tax collectors went back to fleecing the lower classes; the patrician class clamored for more and more special considerations, exemptions and undeserved emoluments from the Emperor and his advisors, while corrupt officials skimmed graft from one appointment after another; it was, in short, business as usual. Yet, within only a few short years, the Western Empire would face blow after blow it could not recover from and begin a decline which would prove inevitable and irrevocable.
Two bishops in particular stand out in this downward spiral, both of whom were distinguished by their military influence: Germanus of Auxerre and Saint Severinus. Both bishops were pious men and ostensibly zealous in their pursuit of spiritual goals, yet both became intimately involved in military affairs of the day, acting as de facto military commanders—and apparently better in that role than many commanders still officially in the Roman army.
Germanus is best known through the vita written by Constantius of Lyon around 480 AD, which is as close to a contemporary account as one can hope for in this era and is fairly credible overall, given the generally unreliable reputation of hagiographies. Constantius’ list of “miracles” are not beyond the bounds of believability and in particular he provides insights into the good bishop’s mission to Britain in 428-29, although he is frustratingly vague in some details of it. Another vita of Germanus is only known from some brief references in Nennius, which academics have generally dismissed, but which this author feels may yet yield valuable details for the period of 441-442 not otherwise recorded. Germanus began as a lawyer and was apparently a very good ambulance (or is it chariot?) chaser, so much so that the Imperial government put him in command of the shore defences for northern Gaul as Dux tractus Armoricani et Nervicani . He was apparently very good at this job as well, but fell into a dispute with the local bishop, Amator, who feared Germanus would kill him. Amator did something unusual: he lured the irate general into his cathedral and then forced him to take holy orders and appointed him bishop to succeed him. As strange as this action was, it apparently had the suitable result and Germanus, raised by devout Christian parents, took his new office quite seriously and, in contrast to many patrician nobles of the period, was generous to the poor and practised great austerity. What Gemanus’ wife thought of all this is not recorded. In any case, he became bishop in 418 and it was in this role that he was sent to Britain in 428 to combat the heresy of Pelagianism, of which that island was the seat.
While he ostensibly visited Britain on a religious mission, one cannot avoid the suspicion that his visit had political and military goals as well. Briton had been abandoned by the Empire in 410, having been a hotbed of rebellion and the home of several failed attempt to usurp the throne of the Western empire; but there was a popular uprising raging in the northern provinces of Gaul, which may have been aided by some Britons, or at least survivors of the last British usurper’s army, Constantine III, and their cousins across the channel were suspected of aiding and abetting them. Pelagius had been a British theologian who essentially argued for a more egalitarian structure to the church, versus the Augustinian vision of it, which argued for a more hierarchical structure where the bishop of Rome—the Pope—was its head. The Augustinian innovation had become accepted as the new orthodoxy while Pelagian’s essentially traditional viewpoint was condemned as heresy. More importantly, the Imperial government favored the Augustinians and so the Pelagians became political as well religious outcasts—except in Britain.
Germanus travelled by ship to Britain, along with fellow Gaul, Bishop Lupus, who, it should be noted, also had a brother who had left the army to become a “prince” of the Church. The voyage to Britain is notable, less for what is said about it, than what is not. The vessel encountered a storm—which Germanus miraculously halted, of course—but no mention is made of any barbarian pirates bothering their transit; nor are we told under what flag their ship sailed. Was it a Roman vessel? Gaulish? Or was the ship that took them to Britain a British ship? Was it a garbage scow, a fat merchanman or a warship? Did it make a regular run back and forth the channel; or was this a one time voyage (not likely)? The vessel may well have been a British ship allied to the new sovereign of the island; this would have made the most sense; but here, as elsewhere in the narrative, details are lacking. In any case, while the saint’s lives portray his religious mission as a success, the circumstantial evidence points in the opposite direction. What was a success—and an overwhelming one at that—was his defeat of a barbarian invasion in western Britain—what is now Wales.
Again, crucial details are lacking, but the local commander there—Bran or Brennius—seems to have lost his head, quite literally: it was chopped off. Whether Bran died in northern Wales or across the sea in Ireland is uncertain, but the result was a barbarian invasion with no experienced commander to lead the surviving British forces there. With the apparent approval of the British government in London—now led by the Ameradaur (Emperor or Overking) known as Vortigern (or Guothiern), Germanus took command of the troops there. It is doubtful that they were just a few idle youths hanging around the streetcorners of Chester (a former legionary fortress) but Constantius is again vague on this point; what we know is that this British army was conveniently at hand for Germanus to lead. While one tradition holds that the town of Mold was the site of the ensuing battle, most scholars who have studied the event believe that the small village of Llangollen was the site of it and one has only to view a few photos of the locale to appreciate that if so, Germanus was indeed a highly skilled general. The River Dee comes down from the mountains about here and the valley’s sides become steep, funneling any invading force into a killing ground ideal for an ambush. Adjacent to the small hamlet is Castel Dinas Bran, the traditional site of Bran’s military headquarters which, even in the fifth century, had to have been a formidable defensive position.
How Germanus lured the barbarian army up into the Dee Valley pass is not related, but clearly the general turned bishop had to have employed some strategem to get them to ascend the river valley at this point. Having been schooled in classical art of Rhetoric, Germanus exhorted his army, combining faith and oratory, to fight the pagan hordes. Apparently the British army itself was mostly pagan, as many of them were baptised by Germanus himself. Thus getting right with God, the British army defeated the barbarians in a “bloodless” victory—the Alleluia Victory—on Easter Sunday. That the battle was “bloodless” on the British side is not beyond the bounds of credibility, but it was certainly not bloodless on the barbarians’ side and the good bishop leading his good Christian followers in a bloodbath on the Lord’s Day does not seem to have bothered Germanus overmuch—if at all. In any case, it was rightly hailed as a divine miracle, to be added to the long list of such divine interventions attributed to Germanus. There is a sequel to this great victory; after the Saxon rebellion in 441-442, and the subsequent rebellion by the British against Vortigern, Germanus again returned to Britain to reconcile the warring British factions. This second visit has been the subject of much dispute, but the essential aspect of it relevent to our present discussion is that Germanus now served as “king-maker”—convincing the discredited British sovereign to abdicate peacefully and thereby allowing the warring Romano-British factions to agree on a successor and unite against their mutinous Saxon mercenaries.
The English Catholic writer Hilaire Belloc once weighed in on the good Bishop and his Pelagian mission of 428-9. It is worth quoting, as it summarizes, albeit with tongue in cheek, this fighting bishop’s legacy quite nicely:
And with his stout Episcopal staff
So thoroughly whacked and banged
The heretics all, both short and tall —
They rather had been hanged.
Bishop Severinus, whose floruit in the fifth century was somewhat later than Germanus, nevertheless displayed a number of similarities to Germanus in his role on another forsaken border of the now rapidly disintegrating western Empire. Here again, we know a bit about the good bishop due to a relatively reliable vita, this time penned by Eugippius. Severinus was born either in southern Italy or North Africa in 410 AD, the year that the Goths sacked Rome. Aside from the fact that he came from a high status patrician family, his early years are obscure—perhaps deliberately so—although he may have spent some time among the desert saints in the East. He appears along the Danube border region soon after the death of Attila around 453, an area by now ravaged repeatedly and where surviving pockets of the Roman populace were holed up in walled cities, terrified to venture forth to do their daily work and errands and where famine prevailed.
Severinus went about the two Panonias and Noricum, exhorting the faithful, convincing the wealthy to share their hidden stores of food with the starving and encouraging the surviving garrisons to resist the barbarian “robbers.” One tribune, Mamertinus, so encouraged by Severinus, pleaded that his men were poorly armed. Nonetheless, Severinus persisted and the tribune promised to pursue the looters out of faith in Severinus’ miracle working abilities, and in fact succeeded in defeating them. In one case, Severinus organized the defense of one such beleaguered town, exhorting the inhabitants to man the walls throughout the night, thereby spoiling the plans of the barbarians lurking in a nearby wood. Eugippius also mentions one surviving Roman garrison in passing, at Passau, which would have been the 9th Batavians, who while still intact at this late date, but had not been paid in a long time.
Severinus apparently won over the Rugian tribe and persuaded them to help protect the surviving Christians of the region, in defiance of more powerful pagan tribes who were hostile to the faith. As his renown as seer grew, Severinus earned the respect of many other barbarian leaders, apparently prophesying to Odoacer, the Herulian Goth, that he would one day be king of Rome. One suspects that if Severinus did indeed prophesy Odaoacer’s ascendancy in Italy, it was more out of a desire to rid the Danube provinces of his presence than to any divine vision.
Severinus established havens for refugees displaced by war, set up monasteries as islands of civilization and yet he himself lived very simply as a hermit, although he seems to have established a de facto theocracy in the abandoned Roman provinces of Noricum and the two Panonias. Despite his asceticism and piety, Severinus’ astute diplomatic, motivational and organizational skills speak loudly of a Roman patrician who had formerly held high military or administrative offices earlier in life, although the history of those early years seems to have been deliberately suppressed.
St. Padarn is another fifth century “saint” whose career definitely spanned the military life; whether he was in fact ever a cleric or bishop, as later Church tradition averred, is highly problematical. Padarn appears in the regnal lists of the Votadini of northern-eastern Britain, who throughout the fifth century served as federated allies of the unified British polity below Hadrian’s Wall. Most of this regnal list consists of Celtic sounding names, but in this list pop up three Roman sounding names, albeit much garbled, with Padarn being the middle one. Unfortunately there are no accurate dates given to the reigns, but this run of three Roman names is paralleled by a similar occurrence in the regnal list of the Alt Clut rulers, who served a similar function on the western end of the Wall. Here there is one commander specifically called “Clement the Roman” and his predecessor is described as having served under “Constantine.” As a result, some have mistakenly placed this run of three Roman commanders in the early fourth century, but this is certainly far too early: more likely, the Constantine in question was Constantine III, the last British usurper, who died in 412. If correct, by analogy that would place Padarn (or rather Paternus) in command of the Votadini tribe sometime during the early decades of the fifth century.
Paternus was distinguished by the epithet “piusrut,” which is apparently a garbled Latin phrase meaning “Red Cape.” As we noted with St. Martin, the Roman officer’s cape was a highly prized symbol of office and the epithet is taken as an indication that he was in origin an officer in the Roman army. St. Padarn is mentioned in a number of later hagiographies, and he is also connected with King Arthur. That the saint was one and the same as the Roman officer Paternus is due to the mention of his red cape, which over time became imbued with magical powers. It was, in fact, one of the Thirteen Treasures of Britain and the story is told that the “tyrant” Arthur coveted the cape and attempted to take it by force, but was foiled by the grace of God. While we may discount the story of Arthur’s theft of the cape as a case of accretion to the more famous legendary hero, it does indicate that at one time Paternus was a highly regarded warrior in his own right. Whether Paternus was ever in fact a cleric of any type is problematical: it is not impossible that, like Germanus, he renounced the military life to become a soldier of Christ in later life; at least later generations believed him to be a saint and bishop.
While there are many other fighting bishops one could discuss, we have gone overlong already. Perhaps it would be good to close with one cleric who, while not quite so illustrious as the above, enjoyed a solid reputation as a warrior bishop. St. Finchú (or Chua-Finn) of Brigown lived in sixth century Ireland and apparently developed quite a pugnacious reputation among the many kings of Ireland. Many were the tales told of Finnchu and I’d be a liar if I said I knew even a half of them.
One time the bishop was summoned by the King of Meath, who was being troubled by British pirates. On his arrival at Tara, word came of a new British inroad and Finchu advised the king that all, both laymen and clerics, turn right-handwise and march against the intruders, with the result that they slew them, burnt their ships, and made a mound of their garments. Returning to Munster, Finnchu was next upon called to repel an attack from the north, the wicked queen of Ulaidh having goaded her husband into invading Munster to provide territory for her sons. The King of Munster’s nobles advised him: ‘let us sent to the slaughterous warrior to the south of us, even to Bishop Finchú of Brigown.’ So Finchú comes with his crosier, which was named Cennchathach (‘head-battler’). The King of Munster wanted to borrow Cenn-chathach, but the saint refused to give it up, in order that ‘on himself might be the glory of routing the foe,’ which in due course occurred. On another occasion, Finnchu was called on to lead the men of Munster against the mighty Clanna Neill. Losing their courage at the sight of the might of the Neill Clanna camp, Finnchu needed to exhort them to courage to fight, which they did and proved victorious.
As is clear from many of these tales of fighting bishops, the degree to which they actually participated in combat could vary considerably, from quite active service to serving more in a morale boosting or organizational role. The Dark Age scholar Wendy Davis has pointed out that in Medieval Irish there was considerable confusion between terms for clerics and military leaders. Conversely, some of the scanty accounts of bishops being the principle force behind the founding of the British colonies of Britoña and Brittany should probably be taken with a grain of salt as well: they may well have been secular or military leaders who only later became identified as saints or bishops. Even the old reprobate Vortigern ended up becoming venerated as a Breton saint. Along the Wall in northern Britain, recent archaeology has gotten far better at defining signs of habitation in the soil and stratigraphy that were overlooked by earlier generations of archaeologists. In particular, some northern forts which were assumed to have been abandoned turn out not to be so. Indeed, the former headquarter of the garrison commander was sometimes converted into a church—a clear indication of the growing role of the church in the defense of the realm.
One writer has averred that J. R. R. Tolkien’s character Aragorn in the Lord of the Rings trilogy was based on the Saxon King Oswald, yet another warrior saint. This may well be true, but it also brings to mind another character from Tolkien’s medieval fantasy: Gandalf. If one analyses the actions of that character he resembles very closely the ideal archtype of a fighting bishop: organizing defenses, motivating leaders and military commanders, performing an occasional miracle or exorcism; bashing heads with his crozier as needed and zooming across the game-board of medieval warfare as needed. Check and mate Dark Lord; Gandalf wins the game.
Dueling scholars engaged in “close textual analysis”
What’s the Matter with the matter of Britain? Quite a bit, apparently.
Stories of King Arthur, his knights and various and sundry other personalities from fifth and sixth century AD Britain have been circulating for a millennium and a half now, there is no more consensus as to what happened, how and in what order they occurred than when scholars first started to seriously study the period.
While I have been interested in the subject since boyhood and have delved into the scholarly literature dealing with the period for more than a score of years, I remain what would be classed in the category of dilettante scholar. Of course, such an appellation might justly be applied to a number of other scholars who have worked beyond the pale of academia, such as the esteemed Edward Gibbon, Sir William Flinders Petrie, or, more relevant to the present discussion, Geoffrey Ashe, to name but a few.
It may be flagrant hubris on my part, but in this and following entries I will try to straighten out the Gordian Knot which the period following the Roman occupation has become. In the words of the late great President Lyndon Johnson, the time has come to take the bull by the tail and face the situation.
Sub Romans engaged in mortal combat.
This is not to imply that there are not many brilliant minds at the work in the field, men and women who have forgotten more about the subject than I shall ever learn, and whose credentials far outshine mine by light years. It is just that since the mid seventies, there has been no genuine progress in our overall understanding of the era’s history, no coherent model around which one many organize the myriad facts and artifacts. There is not even a consensus about the chronology of the era.
This is not to say there have not been many excellent technical studies, monographs and narrow focus analyses done in that time. Moreover, there has been a great deal of progress in the archaeology of the period, as techniques have improved and some false a priori assumptions been discarded (at least by some archaeologists).
But archaeologists require an agreed upon chronology and coherent historical model upon which they may organize their voluminous finds. This was a situation which plagued Near Eastern archaeology for many years, until Egyptologists finally straightened out the chronology of the successive pharaonic dynasties and the concomitant material culture associated with them. This in turn allowed Syro-Palestinian and Mesopotamian archaeology to also get their affairs in order.
To be sure, there is no shortage of putative chronologies floating about; every book on fifth century Britain, or dealing with King Arthur (or denying him) has one. As a rule, no two writers share the same chronology, nor are any of these putative chronologies reliably tied to the better known and more certain chronology of continental Europe at the time, the crucial century which witnessed the fall of the Roman Empire.
As an symbol of how contentious the Matter of Briton has become, there is also no consensus even when it comes to what to name this period. Now nomenclature is really the least of the problems, but it is symptomatic of the divisiveness which plagues the study of the era.
Dark Age Britain would be good; except that many scholars argue, with some justification, that the period following the Roman occupation was not dark at all, only our knowledge about it. Still, I find the term of some use, since it leads us to compare the situation in Britain (and Europe) to other periods which have suffered analogous political and economic downturns which lasted for extended periods. That such periods of contraction often set the stage for subsequent periods of fluorescence in no way diminishes the usefulness of the concept.
How about Sub Roman Britain, a term much favored by the minimalist school, among others? Well, first off, sub means “below.” Since when is a period which follows–comes later, below? Certainly in the archaeological record, the stratigraphy of finds from this period (assuming archaeologists are intellectually willing to even recognize them) would be abovethose of the Roman era. Historically, the era is after the Romans, so how in any logical way is this period a “sub.?” If anything it should be the Supra Roman era. Moreover,the use of the term Sub also has the implied connotation of being inferior, such as sub standard, sub human, etc. If you are down on Celtic culture and Celtic history in general–as many Minimalists seem to be–it might be appropriate to describe the people living in the British Isles after the Romans (ostensibly) left as a “sub” species of the humans, but it is inherently a biased term, loaded with ethnocentric assumptions. I do not view it as at all appropriate.
Then there is the less pejorative Post Roman Britain; fair enough, if you want ignore the great amount of continuity from Roman Britain in both material culture and society that many scholars argue for the era. It is certainly better a term than Sub Roman, and for the majority who eschew the historical reality of Arthur, it is a convenient circumlocution.
With mention of He Who Shall Not Be Named, we come to the most hotly debated, yet most appropriate, name for the era: The Age of Arthur. Arthur is the central figure of the era, tales of whom have been told and retold for some fifteen hundred years. Arthur as a historical personage is problematical, no question; yet he dominates the era, rightly or wrongly.
One historical school, led by its dominant historian, whom I gather has extraordinary talents in the area of excoriation and ridicule (as well as linguistics) has written, ex cathedra it would seem, that the leading personality of the age is to be banned from the history books. He has succeeded in making Arthur an anathema—and the previously well respected Welsh historian John Morris with him. Archaeologist Leslie Alcock–who was spared Morris’s excommunication–retreated into “agnosticism” (as one writer described it).
If we obey this excommunication by one historical school, then Arthur of the Britons—and The Age of Arthur—must be “rejected from our histories.” Ring the bell, close the book, snuff the candle: Arthur is officially a non-person.
So what should we call it? David Dumville and his minions would prefer to wipe the slate clean, as it were, and just leave the fifth century—or most of it–a blank. Failing that, they prefer to refer to the period as Sub Roman. As I gather their attempt at chronology, nothing much happened until the 440’s and precious little after until Gildas and the sixth century arrived. Of course by focusing in on negative assertions, they neatly avoid having to prove any assumptions of their own, some of which are quite dubious when analyzed. Celtic sources in general and Oral tradition and folk memory in particular are to be ignored and only the “reliable” texts of the period not on the proscribed list to be used—mainly, I take it, Gildas and the Anglo Saxon Chronicles.
If this period is indeed “Sub Roman,” then Sub-Britons, by extension, must be those Celtic speaking untermensch who somehow skulked about the Roman ruins for a time, grubbing for worms and slugs or picking grains of wheat out of horse dung for food, occasionally coughing “gollum, gollum,” during that nondescript interlude between the exit of the Romans and the time when “real” civilization began again—i.e. the English history of the English people. After all, doesn’t Bede virtually say as much? There was no Arthur, no Celtic revival—but then also no educated upper class Briton named Patricius who brought Christianity to the Irish, who in turn revitalized Western Civilization in the ensuing centuries.
In fairness, the minimalist do have a legitimate point; the Historia Britonum, Skene’s “Four Ancient Books,” and above all Geoffrey of Monmouth, not to mention the innumerable hagiographies and lesser texts bearing the on the period, all are unreliable or faulty in some fashion. But if one were intellectually honest, so too are the Minimalists’ favored texts, Gildas and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. None of the written sources relating to the period should be regarded as truly reliable. We will go into specific sources in later blogs, but suffice it to say that the surviving texts are all copies of copies that were written a minimum of a century or so after the events described—and often poorly at that—not to mention the authors’ agendas, stated or implied, and so they are all bound to be problematical to some degree.
For the fifth century AD, there is really only one known document which actually survives from Britain: the Virgilius Romanus, now residing in the Vatican Library. Although at least one scholar would like to posit it to the eastern Roman Empire, most academics, I think, are willing to concede it is of British origin. It is a copy of the Virgil’s Aenead—and while it has some nice pictures which are of some use insofar as costume and technical aspects of the era, it contains no text relevant to the history of Arthurian (excuse me, Dark Age/Post Roman/Sub/Supra ) Britain. To give you an idea of how bad the situation is for the Arthurian era, compare it with Assyriology.
In Assyrian history, by contrast, there survives a virtual mountain of texts, written contemporaneously with the events they describe, carved in stone or graven into indelibly baked clay, and surviving documents even include the personal correspondence of the kings in question. That there has not been a major synthesis of Assyrian history since Olmstead’s History of Assyria is not for reliable lack of source material, more’s the pity–just lack of will.
A Savage Rabbit doing away with a rival’s thesis at a scholarly conference.
Another phrase to describe the period after 410 AD has come to my attention as well and while it is not widely used, it too has its merits. The Brittonic Period encompasses that period after the withdrawal of Roman authority to the final triumph of the Saxons toward the end of the sixth century. Chirs Snyder (Snyder 1998) has suggested this term, not only because it lacks the pejorative sense of the others but also because it focuses our attention on the Britons, who otherwise get lost in general surveys of Roman and medieval Britain. The period between 410 and 577 is not a void and it should not be treated as such. While there is much to recommend Chris Snyder’s term, it has yet to attain widespread usage. Hopefully this may change.
Perhaps, to paraphrase a former head of the Federal Reserve System, maybe we should “call it a banana.” I think not, however. In following blogs I shall alternately refer to the era under consideration alternately as the Brittonic Era or Period, Post Roman Britain, Dark Age Britain or the Age of Arthur, or perhaps a few other terms as I see fit. Perhaps none of them is entirely accurate or correct, but they will do for now. I am, in any case, more concerned with chronology than nomenclature.
In following articles on this site we will try to bring to bear approaches to the Matter of Britain that have either been rejected or ignored to elucidate the fifth and early sixth centuries. This may include varieties of comparative approaches, using methods has by political scientists (for example Brinton Crane), anthropologists (Robert McAdams) and Orientalists (Henri Frankfort, Thorkild Jacobsen) who have previously used those techniques to illuminate aspects of other periods and cultures, some highly literate, others proto-historic. In surveying much of the historical argument about Arthur and the few written sources for the period, scholars seem to be singularly sequestered within their own bailiwick.
Similarly, events transpiring within the Roman Empire during the same period are not irrelevant in assessing events in Britain. Analogy to contemporaneous behavior within the empire I believe are relevant in assessing later traditional accounts relating to fifth century events in Briton by both the Britons and their enemies. There was a small body of water separating Post Roman Britain from continental Europe, not an ocean; yet to judge by the works of some English historians of this period, one would think the Atlantic intervened between the two bodies of land. Other criteria which lately seem to have been more observed in the breech than the observance are worth employing in regard to studying the “Matter:” common sense, for one; Occam’s Razor for another. More of that anon, however.
This is all a bit rambling, admittedly, but in trying to establish a general framework within which we shall discuss future topics, some summarization is warranted. Future entries will hopefully be more specific and narrower in focus. We aim to sort out at least some of the issues in these entries.
I have been working on several longer studies relating to the Age of Arthur, one dealing specifically with chronology, and others dealing with other neglected but important aspects of the period. One would hope that, in time, those specialized studies will find proper venues in print. If not, so be it; the reader may have a good laugh at my expense.
While my published works to date encompass far more than just the Age of Arthur, I have, of late, been working on articles, monographs and book projects which I believe will significantly add to the conversation regarding this pivotal period in history. In future issues of this personal journal, I plan to share with you some of these insights and findings.
The fifth and early sixth centuries were a violent era, an era of great upheaval and a period when an old world was dying and a new world being born. Birthing is inevitably a bloody business.
The only thing we know for certain about the Brittonic Era was that the Britons threw off the yoke of Imperial Rome and that for the next two centuries they managed to beat back the darkness of barbarism. All that we know, all that we owe, regarding learning, culture and civilization, is based on the deep foundations that were lain during this dark period.
Many and strange are the curious by-ways of this period’s history, hints of which lie hidden, like gems deep in a mine, to be dug out of ancient texts and obscure folklore. Even today, the evidence for the period remains ill known and poorly investigated.
Should you be curious as to this period and wish to explore the unexplained–or poorly explained–aspects of this legendary era, I invite you to follow my essays and arguments regarding the period about which so much has been written, yet so very little is know for certain. | <urn:uuid:e4bd845d-d96f-4930-99d2-757dd68fef4f> | {
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This course demystifies subjects that many people today find daunting. It is aimed at native English speakers who feel they write competently but who wish to improve their understanding of grammar and punctuation, either for their own writing or in preparation to study editing. It will focus on building a useful vocabulary of language terms; identifying types of words (parts of speech) and their function in a sentence; studying groups of words (phrases and clauses), how they interrelate, and how punctuation illuminates these relationships; reviewing the roles of punctuation marks; applying punctuation principles to create clear, grammatical sentences; and understanding the evolving nature of "correct" English. If English is your first language and you would like to feel more confident in your writing skills, this course will interest you.
Electives: 39-Hour Courses (select 6) | <urn:uuid:a29d6437-e9c6-4988-9aac-d8c16425010d> | {
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“In this, one of the most epic of Adam’s landscapes, humanity is signalled by a field of scattered crosses in the near foreground.
The settlement itself makes an irregular diminishing rhythm from left to right, in contrast to the flowing horizontals of the mountain range and the swift, painterly markings in the sky.
The whole of this musicality is related to the imperceptible slowness of the moon rising.” – Ian Jeffrey.
I don’t know whether I agree with that, but it’s very nice.
It’s called ‘Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico’, and it’s by Ansel Adams, probably his most famous picture. Adams is widely regarded as THE landscape photographer.
Legend has it that the picture above was taken at the end of a very frustrating day, he’s been trying to capture the beauty of the US landscape for the Department of the Interior, but it’d in failed exposures and missed opportunities.
Then he spotted the scene, not a problem today, just whip out your iPhone and bingo! (Or, if you’re on Facebook, stick your face in front of that moon, pull a funny face, then bingo).
But in 1941 it wasn’t that easy.
For a start, his camera was the size of a small suitcase, every shot required loading a separate sheet of film, but by far the most tricky element was the maths.
Adams had perfected a new style of broad, sharp, long-exposure landscape photography. Assessing the light to time to aperture ratio was crucial to this style of photography, so a light meter was vital.
But once he’d screeched his car to a halt, set up his suitcase-sized camera he couldn’t find his flippin’ light meter.
The sun’s going down fast, the light’s changing, it was already going to be a challenge, now it’s an impossibility.
But Adams knew his stuff, so he thought he’d give it a go.
He knew that the moon threw off approximately 250 c/ft2 of luminescence, so working with this figure, he calculated that a shot such as this would require a one-second exposure and an aperture setting of f/32.
Not convinced he’d got it, he started loading up more film, but by the time he’d finished the sun and the moment had vanished.
The detail, composition and technical brilliance of the shot influenced a generation of landscape photographers.
Without the technique there would be no picture.
John Margolies wasn’t great technically.
To me, his images often look too dark, there’s no discernible composition, some look wonky, not cool, deliberately angled, just not lined up properly.
They look like just recorded what happened to be in front of him.
The things he chose to record were the things that his parents wouldn’t let him study as a kid. Whilst on family road trips he’d see these odd, quirky bits of American commercialism and would ask to stop and look, only to be turned down, “My parents’ generation thought it was the ugliest stuff in the world, I liked places where everything was screaming for attention: ‘Look at me. Look at me.’”
So when he grew up he’d rent Cadillacs and head for the flyover States, often for as much as eight weeks at a time.
When he wasn’t in a Cadillac he was the editor at Architectural Record, but his views of what was or wasn’t of value didn’t always go down well with the establishment “they think Toronto’s City Hall is important, but not those wonderful gnome’s-castle gas stations in Toronto.”
When he put on a show of his pictures in 1970, they were appalled at his cheap 35mm images of the crass commercialism of America. Where’s the technique?
As much as I admire Ansel Adams’ technically perfect pictures of mountains, I can only look at a handful before I start wondering who the next Arsenal manager might be or what Donald Trump has been up to, whereas I can spend at all day looking at cafes in Utah shaped like Guppy.
They’re just more human. | <urn:uuid:913cef01-4e40-4d83-be71-ed4c89c24672> | {
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The Federal Reserve has been perplexed as to why consumer prices are not increasing at a faster rate, given their super-easy monetary policy of the last few years. Traditional economics tells us that an economy with full employment (which the US essentially has) should experience upward pressure on wages and, subsequently, consumer prices -- the so-called Phillips Curve effect. But could the lack of acceleration in consumer prices be caused by more structural issues?
Take the internet for example. It's impossible to imagine a world without the internet now, but only 25 years ago that was the reality. You actually had to physically go to a shop to buy stuff and, if you wanted to know about something, you would look it up in a physical book called an encyclopedia. There is absolutely no doubt that the internet has been a driving force in improving efficiency and productivity.
Then, there is the actual cost of using it. Costs of internet usage have fallen for years, but now that trend is, once again, picking up speed. Internet providers have been engaging in price wars in an effort to pick up market share. AT&T, Verizon, Sprint and T-Mobile USA have all been falling over themselves to slash prices and give customers "unlimited data." As our chart shows, this has resulted in wireless prices collapsing at as fast a pace as they were at the start of the millennium.
The Federal Reserve takes the view that this fall in the cost of wireless is temporary, but as the chart displays, prices have fallen for almost the entire time from 1999. Clearly, there is a structural aspect to this. The internet (data) has become so fundamental to life in the 21st century that it has become a utility like water and heating.
Finally, the benefits of actually using the internet are becoming more apparent. Adobe, the computer software company, has created a Digital Price Index which tracks online shopping patterns in real-time. In their most recent report they highlighted the difference between shopping online versus going to the store. As the report states,
"Looking at prices between July 2015 and July 2017, we found that the purchasing power of a dollar has increased to $1.06 online, and only $1.03 elsewhere; if consumers shifted all their spending online for the same products they purchased offline in 2016, they'll save about $2.2 billion vs spending offline. And, according to the numbers, that number will only increase."
In other words, your dollar goes further online than off, and as online shopping proliferates even more, that trend will continue. The Adobe report also shows that online prices are falling faster than offline prices for items from televisions and jewelry, to apparel and sporting goods.
The advent of the internet for the masses has been an event of epochal significance. One of the most important aspects could be that price expectations are now structurally lower. | <urn:uuid:a15632ac-1bea-4736-a264-175a5f1cbd4e> | {
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Technology has greatly affected our lives. It has produced the inventions that make our lives easier and more convenient. Things that seemed impossible decades ago can now be done with a click of a button and with less time involved. For one, you can now talk and see people real-time – even if they’re located countries away from you – all thanks to video chat application, handheld devices and of course, the internet. Aside from improving how we communicate with others, technology has also paved the way for innovations which revolutionized the healthcare industry. There are health technology innovations which only seemed to appear in sci-fi movies, but now, we can use these to prolong or improve our health as well. If you still don’t have any idea about any of these, take the time to read this list below as it contains key health technology innovations that have revolutionized the healthcare industry:
1. Healthcare Education: Augmented Reality
There is now a company which allows medical students to study different parts of the body through 3D imaging. Once students or future doctors can view everything in 3D, it’ll be easier for them to determine the source of the illness or what’s really going on inside the body of a patient. And no, nothing is to be injected whatsoever in the patient for the students to see what’s inside. What makes this technology remarkable is the fact that it’s interactive. It has an engaging user interface and comes in with a stylus, which responds to your every movement. You can use the stylus look inside a patient’s’ skull with a touch of a button, for example.
2. Electronic Aspirin
This is the perfect solution if you’ve been experiencing frequent headaches in the past. And yes, having headaches can become a hassle especially if you still have a lot on your plate or if you’re meeting a deadline. There is now electronic aspirin, and the process involves a small nerve stimulating device to be implanted in the upper gum on the side of your head. This is the part of your head where you usually experience a headache. This technology works by blocking SPG (sphenopalatine ganglion) signals at the very signs of a headache. Once the electronic aspirin is planted in your head, you can kiss those headaches goodbye!
3. Robotic Nurse Assistant
You don’t have to worry that no one will take care of you once your nurse files for a week of vacation because a robotic nurse assistant will always be at your service – literally. Aside from reminding you of when to take your medicines, robotic nurse assistants also work by carrying you from your bed to your wheelchair and vice versa. You no longer need any human resource just to do that. What the robotic nurse assistant does might seem simple, but it will do wonders, especially for overweight people who are required to use their wheelchair regularly for their treatment.
4. Remote Patient Monitoring
People living in remote areas can now get themselves checked with the help of remote patient monitoring. This innovation can help a lot of people living in rural areas, especially if they have medical conditions which should be taken cared of immediately. The remote patient monitoring technology works by collecting a wide range of health data from the patient which could include blood pressure, vital statistics, and heart rate. This information is then sent to doctors and nurses who are situated in primary care settings, intensive care units, and hospitals. Even if distance is involved, these professionals can still remotely monitor their patients. These tools help healthcare achieve its “triple aim” which is to improve patient outcomes and access to care and make health care systems more cost-effective for everyone.
5. 3D-Printed Prosthetic Limbs
Some accidents are so severe that people involved might lose an arm and a leg. There are people who need complete sets of arms and legs for them to function every day – and 3D-Printed Prosthetic Limb are something that they should be overjoyed about. Prosthetics have been used in the healthcare industry for years, but now that it can be made through 3D, everything can come off more natural for the patients and the healthcare providers as well. 3D-printed prosthetic limbs mean lesser waiting time for the patients so they wouldn’t spend too much on hospital bills and accommodations. Prosthetic printed limbs also indicate that patients can now use something that’s more personalized for them and their need.
If you’re someone working in the healthcare industry or if you know someone who needs medical attention, the innovations presented in this article can become a very big help to you through many different ways. There are a lot of ways that technology can help modern society, and the healthcare industry is one avenue to inject that help. And since technology is fast-paced and is still changing day by day, you can expect that this list will continuously grow with more health technology innovations.
Pauline Griggs is an experienced law and automotive writer currently writing on another large project. Her know-how on the law for more than 10 years has allowed her to insert nuggets of useful wisdom for her readers. Pauline is not just a lawyer, she is also an artist. She loves painting nature when she has free time. | <urn:uuid:03967d5a-2229-4d64-8cd5-2bb4759acb7f> | {
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class ADC – analog to digital conversion¶
import pyb adc = pyb.ADC(pin) # create an analog object from a pin val = adc.read() # read an analog value adc = pyb.ADCAll(resolution) # create an ADCAll object adc = pyb.ADCAll(resolution, mask) # create an ADCAll object for selected analog channels val = adc.read_channel(channel) # read the given channel val = adc.read_core_temp() # read MCU temperature val = adc.read_core_vbat() # read MCU VBAT val = adc.read_core_vref() # read MCU VREF val = adc.read_vref() # read MCU supply voltage
Create an ADC object associated with the given pin. This allows you to then read analog values on that pin.
Read the value on the analog pin and return it. The returned value will be between 0 and 4095.
Read analog values into
bufat a rate set by the
bufcan be bytearray or array.array for example. The ADC values have 12-bit resolution and are stored directly into
bufif its element size is 16 bits or greater. If
bufhas only 8-bit elements (eg a bytearray) then the sample resolution will be reduced to 8 bits.
timershould be a Timer object, and a sample is read each time the timer triggers. The timer must already be initialised and running at the desired sampling frequency.
To support previous behaviour of this function,
timercan also be an integer which specifies the frequency (in Hz) to sample at. In this case Timer(6) will be automatically configured to run at the given frequency.
Example using a Timer object (preferred way):
adc = pyb.ADC(pyb.Pin.board.X19) # create an ADC on pin X19 tim = pyb.Timer(6, freq=10) # create a timer running at 10Hz buf = bytearray(100) # creat a buffer to store the samples adc.read_timed(buf, tim) # sample 100 values, taking 10s
Example using an integer for the frequency:
adc = pyb.ADC(pyb.Pin.board.X19) # create an ADC on pin X19 buf = bytearray(100) # create a buffer of 100 bytes adc.read_timed(buf, 10) # read analog values into buf at 10Hz # this will take 10 seconds to finish for val in buf: # loop over all values print(val) # print the value out
This function does not allocate any heap memory. It has blocking behaviour: it does not return to the calling program until the buffer is full.
read_timed_multi((adcx, adcy, ...), (bufx, bufy, ...), timer)¶
This is a static method. It can be used to extract relative timing or phase data from multiple ADC’s.
It reads analog values from multiple ADC’s into buffers at a rate set by the timer object. Each time the timer triggers a sample is rapidly read from each ADC in turn.
ADC and buffer instances are passed in tuples with each ADC having an associated buffer. All buffers must be of the same type and length and the number of buffers must equal the number of ADC’s.
Buffers can be
array.arrayfor example. The ADC values have 12-bit resolution and are stored directly into the buffer if its element size is 16 bits or greater. If buffers have only 8-bit elements (eg a
bytearray) then the sample resolution will be reduced to 8 bits.
timer must be a Timer object. The timer must already be initialised and running at the desired sampling frequency.
Example reading 3 ADC’s:
adc0 = pyb.ADC(pyb.Pin.board.X1) # Create ADC's adc1 = pyb.ADC(pyb.Pin.board.X2) adc2 = pyb.ADC(pyb.Pin.board.X3) tim = pyb.Timer(8, freq=100) # Create timer rx0 = array.array('H', (0 for i in range(100))) # ADC buffers of rx1 = array.array('H', (0 for i in range(100))) # 100 16-bit words rx2 = array.array('H', (0 for i in range(100))) # read analog values into buffers at 100Hz (takes one second) pyb.ADC.read_timed_multi((adc0, adc1, adc2), (rx0, rx1, rx2), tim) for n in range(len(rx0)): print(rx0[n], rx1[n], rx2[n])
This function does not allocate any heap memory. It has blocking behaviour: it does not return to the calling program until the buffers are full.
The function returns
Trueif all samples were acquired with correct timing. At high sample rates the time taken to acquire a set of samples can exceed the timer period. In this case the function returns
False, indicating a loss of precision in the sample interval. In extreme cases samples may be missed.
The maximum rate depends on factors including the data width and the number of ADC’s being read. In testing two ADC’s were sampled at a timer rate of 210kHz without overrun. Samples were missed at 215kHz. For three ADC’s the limit is around 140kHz, and for four it is around 110kHz. At high sample rates disabling interrupts for the duration can reduce the risk of sporadic data loss.
The ADCAll Object¶
Instantiating this changes all masked ADC pins to analog inputs. The preprocessed MCU temperature, VREF and VBAT data can be accessed on ADC channels 16, 17 and 18 respectively. Appropriate scaling is handled according to reference voltage used (usually 3.3V). The temperature sensor on the chip is factory calibrated and allows to read the die temperature to +/- 1 degree centigrade. Although this sounds pretty accurate, don’t forget that the MCU’s internal temperature is measured. Depending on processing loads and I/O subsystems active the die temperature may easily be tens of degrees above ambient temperature. On the other hand a pyboard woken up after a long standby period will show correct ambient temperature within limits mentioned above.
read_core_vref() methods read
the backup battery voltage, reference voltage and the (1.21V nominal) reference voltage using the
actual supply as a reference. All results are floating point numbers giving direct voltage values.
read_core_vbat() returns the voltage of the backup battery. This voltage is also adjusted according
to the actual supply voltage. To avoid analog input overload the battery voltage is measured
via a voltage divider and scaled according to the divider value. To prevent excessive loads
to the backup battery, the voltage divider is only active during ADC conversion.
read_vref() is evaluated by measuring the internal voltage reference and backscale it using
factory calibration value of the internal voltage reference. In most cases the reading would be close
to 3.3V. If the pyboard is operated from a battery, the supply voltage may drop to values below 3.3V.
The pyboard will still operate fine as long as the operating conditions are met. With proper settings
of MCU clock, flash access speed and programming mode it is possible to run the pyboard down to
2 V and still get useful ADC conversion.
It is very important to make sure analog input voltages never exceed actual supply voltage.
Other analog input channels (0..15) will return unscaled integer values according to the selected precision.
To avoid unwanted activation of analog inputs (channel 0..15) a second parameter can be specified. This parameter is a binary pattern where each requested analog input has the corresponding bit set. The default value is 0xffffffff which means all analog inputs are active. If just the internal channels (16..18) are required, the mask value should be 0x70000.
adcall = pyb.ADCAll(12, 0x70000) # 12 bit resolution, internal channels temp = adcall.read_core_temp() | <urn:uuid:00315b7a-28ff-4a9a-9c6c-1bf52c1c31e5> | {
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mathematics teaching 10 ~ 16
Friday, 7 April 2017
solving cubic equations iteratively
a method of solving a cubic equation that can be fraught with difficulties (smoothed out in trial GCSE questions)
there are much better ways to solve a quadratic equation but an iterative approach works quite well
perhaps we could teach the general cubic solution (and quartic equation solution)??
Post a Comment
Post Comments (Atom) | <urn:uuid:01e28592-1629-4f16-8d7d-810c8f70f9a4> | {
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Facts and Statistics
The incidence of stroke increases exponentially from 30 years of age, and etiology varies by age. Advanced age is one of the most significant stroke risk factors. 95% of strokes occur in people age 45 and older, and two-thirds of strokes occur in those over the age of 65. A person’s risk of dying if he or she does have a stroke also increases with age. However, stroke can occur at any age, including in childhood.
Family members may have a genetic tendency for stroke or share a lifestyle that contributes to stroke. Higher levels of Von Willebrand factor are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke for the first time. The results of this study found that the only significant genetic factor was the person’s blood type. Having had a stroke in the past greatly increases one’s risk of future strokes.
Men are 25% more likely to suffer strokes than women, yet 60% of deaths from stroke occur in women. Since women live longer, they are older on average when they have their strokes and thus more often killed (NIMH 2002). Some risk factors for stroke apply only to women. Primary among these are pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and the treatment thereof (HRT). | <urn:uuid:247a7400-8298-4063-83a5-22032de837df> | {
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limb(redirected from anacrotic limb)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
limb(lim) The apparent edge of the Sun, Moon, or a planet, or any other celestial body with a detectable disk.
a flat metal ring divided by lines into equal parts of circumference (for example, degrees or minutes). It is the most important part of instruments used in measuring angles (in astronomy, geodesy, physics, and so on); it gives a reading of the magnitude of the angle. The scale units of a limb are read by means of a vernier or a micrometric microscope. | <urn:uuid:b53e4622-d9c1-4325-a63b-256747b320aa> | {
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Possessive pronouns indicate possession or belonging. There are two kinds of possessive pronouns in English grammar. Possessive determiners, also called possessive adjectives (my/your etc.), come before a noun, whereas, possessive pronouns (mine/yours etc.) replace a noun.
Learn the difference between possessive determiners and possessive pronouns in English grammar and get tips on when to use them. Practise using the grammar rules in the interactive exercises.
My name’s Polly and I’m looking for my hat. My dad says there’s one in the wardrobe, but it’s his, not mine. My mum has also got a hat. Look! The dog’s wearing hers.
Table of English Possessive Pronouns and Determiners
Possessive determiners accompany a noun (the thing being possessed), possessive pronouns replace it. The chart below shows an overview of possessive pronouns and determiners in singular and plural.
|1st person||2nd person||3rd person||1st person||2nd person||3rd person|
We use possessive determiners with nouns to indicate possession. Determiners come before a noun.
- My name is Polly and I am looking for my hat.
Possessive pronouns replace previously mentioned nouns. Pronouns are used alone, without a noun.
- My dad says there is one in the wardrobe, but it’s his, not mine.
- My mum has also got a hat. Look! The dog is wearing hers. | <urn:uuid:3d260c17-b3a2-4b36-83f1-ccd801f7378e> | {
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What's the difference between know and meet?
The verbs know and meet are sometimes confusing for people learning English. We can summarise the difference like this: know relates to familiarity or ability, while meet refers to one-off occasions, such as introductions, chance encounters, or scheduled appointments. Read the examples below to learn about the difference between know and meet, then do the exercises to test your knowledge.
Bronwyn and her family have just moved to Ireland from Germany. They don’t know the town very well and they don’t know many people either.
They know it will be hard to adjust to life in a new country.
Luckily, Bronwyn knows how to make friends and she has already met some nice girls at school. She’s going to meet them at a cafe this weekend.
- be familiar with a person, place or thing
- Bronwyn’s family don’t know the town very well.
- They don’t know many people either.
- have information/awareness about something based on your own experience or knowledge, or based on something another person told you
- They know it will be hard to adjust to life in a new country.
- have a skill or be able to do something (know how)
- Luckily, Bronwyn knows how to make friends.
- The family know English pretty well, which is helpful.
- be introduced to someone or see someone for the first time
- Bronwyn has already met some nice girls at school.
- arrange to be at a particular place at a specific time
- Bronwyn is meeting her friends at the cafe at 2 o’clock.
- see someone you know by chance
- Bronwyn already met one of her new friends while she was shopping at the supermarket, which was a nice surprise. | <urn:uuid:05ca321c-c1a4-4c67-8e43-1b5b8fc70cf9> | {
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100% Renewable Energy
Imagine being able to power your life without harming the environment. Imagine our country producing and consuming energy while we enjoy healthy, livable communities. We have the power to give kids growing up today a livable future. That’s why we're calling for a nationwide commitment to 100% renewable energy.
100% Clean. 100% Possible.
Burning oil, gas and coal has not only polluted our air, water and land for decades. Now it’s changing our climate even faster than scientists feared it would. We can have healthier communities right now and a livable future for kids growing up today. But to get there, we need to transform the way we produce and consume energy.
That's why we’re calling for a nationwide commitment to 100% renewable power.
It’s a big, bold goal, one that would make America a world leader in the race toward a cleaner, healthier future — and it’s a goal that’s 100% possible.
Apple, Facebook, Google and more
Companies and municipalities are already making moves.
Consider: Companies ranging from Apple, Google and Facebook to Johnson & Johnson and Coca Cola have already committed to going 100% renewable. So have cities like San Diego, Rochester, Minn., and Lancaster, Calif.
Some cities, like Greensburg, Kan., Burlington, Vt. and Aspen, Colo., have already achieved 100% renewable energy.
Going 100% renewable is 100% possible.
What's more, solar power has tripled in America in just the last two years — with a new home or business going solar every one and a half minutes. In many states, wind power is now cheaper than gas or coal. Clean energy keeps growing faster, with prices dropping lower than even the most optimistic industry predictions of just a few years ago.
But we can do more, and we must do more to stave off the worst effects of climate change.
Wayne National Forest via Flickr, CC BY 2.0
We need to keep building momentum
It’s time to stop letting some slow-moving politicians drag their feet and start pushing them to step up and lead.
It’s time to sweep past the big energy interests — from Big Oil and gas companies like ExxonMobil and Chevron to utilities like Duke Energy and Pacific Gas & Electric, from climate deniers in Congress to the Koch brothers — that are not only standing in the way, but using their financial might and political clout to roll back renewable energy’s progress.
Join our call, and help your community go 100% renewable.
The more people who join our call for 100% renewable power, the more local, state, national and corporate leaders will step up and take action that will make a difference now and get us on the right track for the future.
And we can’t wait: Scientists say we must stop burning virtually all fossil fuels by 2050 in order to spare kids growing up today from the devastating impacts of climate change.
And why should we wait?
Why wait for healthier communities with cleaner air and water when we can have them today?
Why wait until it’s impossible to leave the kids we know and love a safer, healthier tomorrow?
Why wait, when we can start changing the conversation about how we produce and consume energy — so it’s no longer a question of whether we’ll get to 100% renewable power, but how fast?
Why wait, when America has the responsibility, the ingenuity and the will to start leading the world to a 100% renewable future right now?
We’ve got the power
We’re ready for this. Our national network has done more to promote solar, wind and energy efficiency on the state and local level than any other group in the country. We’ve won clean energy policies, from pro-solar initiatives to clean cars programs to renewable energy standards in 22 states, all of which are driving down the costs of wind and solar, and driving down carbon pollution.
Now we need you to join this movement and the first step is an easy one: Add your name in support of a 100% renewable future.
Together, we can do this. A 100% renewable future based on 100% American-made energy is 100% possible. And it starts now.
Peter Kirkeskov Rasmussen via Flickr
A 100% renewable future based on 100% American-made clean energy. It’s 100% possible. And it starts now.
Getting to 100% Clean Energy is 100% Possible
Official projections and forecasts of renewable energy’s growth have consistently been wildly off the mark:
- In 2010, the International Energy Agency (IEA) predicted that there would be 180 GW of installed solar PV capacity by 2024; that target was met in January 2015.
- Current installed PV capacity exceeds IEA's 2010 projections for 2015 by threefold.
- Installed wind capacity in 2010 exceeded IEA's 2002 and 2004 projections by 260 and 104 percent respectively.
- IEA's 2002 projections for wind energy in 2030 were exceeded in 2010.
- The price of solar power has fallen in two decades from nearly $10 a watt to about $3. By 2030, computer scientist Ramez Naam predicted, the price could drop to just 50 cents a watt. Four years later, in the spring of this year, Naam revisited his post and admitted his prediction had been wrong. It was far too conservative. The price of solar power had already hit the 50-cent threshold.
- In the sunniest locations in the world, building a new solar-power plant now costs less than coal or natural gas, even without subsidies, and within six years, this will be true of places with average sunlight, too. | <urn:uuid:f68dbc5d-29b0-44ed-91fd-f0e8cbd15f8f> | {
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With increased public awareness of the intrinsic importance of biodiversity and of its critical role in the function of ecosystems and in considerations related to sustainable development, there should be greater public support for regulatory measures and concrete action at all levels. This encompasses a wide array of initiatives from those developed under the UN Convention for Biological Diversity and other international efforts to small-scale local biodiversity preservation projects. This also includes individual efforts to reduce our personal environmental footprint (eating locally and lower down the food chain, rethinking our consumption habits, greening our surroundings, recycling, composting, etc.) and goes hand in hand with a greater appreciation and understanding of the natural world.
Supporting the efforts of the scientific community
Of course we cannot address the “what can we do?” question without mentioning the importance of supporting the efforts of the scientific community to 1) inventory existing biodiversity and preserve specimens, seeds, genetic material, etc, for the future; 2) monitor and model biodiversity losses (and recoveries); and 3) provide the knowledge and data to support and guide effective decision-making for the sustainable use of land and resources.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
In 2002, the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) committed themselves to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level. Although certain of the targeted objectives were met, such as an increase in the proportion of protected areas or a decrease in the threat of extinction of some species, the recent 2010 Global Biodiversity Outlook synthesis report by the Secretariat of the CBD notes a collective international failure in attaining a reduction in biodiversity loss as measured by most indicators. Fortunately, the recent Biodiversity Summit held in Nagoya, Japan in October 2010, resulted in the adoption of a new ten year Strategic Plan to guide international and national efforts to save biodiversity with a commitment to substantially increase current levels of development assistance in support of biodiversity and in a new international protocol on access and benefit sharing of the genetic resources of the planet.
Strategy of the Government of Canada
For its part, the Government of Canada has signed the international agreements on biodiversity and developed its own Strategy in this area. In 2010 a federal, provincial and territorial working group on biodiversity launched a website for disseminating biodiversity information, news and events. This website reflects Canada’s commitment to achieve the goals and objectives of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity through a collaborative approach. Canada participates in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) through Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility (CBIF). However, Canada has not yet developed a comprehensive and integrated approach to the study and conservation of biodiversity. Many gaps exist in the data which remain scattered and often unavailable or inaccessible. A major objective of the Biodiversity Centre, through the Canadensys network, is to address these issues collaboratively with CBIF.
Government Sustainable Development Strategy
In its Government Sustainable Development Strategy 2008-2013, the Government of Québec emphasizes the importance of developing and disseminating biodiversity knowledge for achieving its objectives. It also promotes citizen commitment and responsible action in this area. These aspects of the Strategy mirror perfectly the priorities of the Biodiversity Centre.
Actions of the City of Montreal
Locally, the City of Montreal has set aside a substantial amount of natural areas in the form of 17 large parks, with conservation, recreation and public awareness mandates. In its Sustainable Development Plan 2010-2015, the city is undertaking, amongst other actions, an expansion of its green cover surface from about 20% to 25% and is encouraging businesses, borough administrations and citizens to carry out greening and biodiversity preservation projects of their own.
Of course, the City’s commitment to biodiversity is also evident in its support of the Space for Life grouping of nature museums, comprising the Jardin botanique de Montréal and Insectarium, which are primary partners of the Biodiversity Centre, as well as the Biodôme and the Planetarium.
Learn more about the actions of the City of Montréal
- City of Montréal - Portal
- City of Montréal - Large parks
- City of Montréal - Sustainable Development Plan 2010-2015
- 2010 Global Biodiversity Outlook by the Secretariat of the CBD
These texts have been provided by the Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre. | <urn:uuid:305afc7e-4623-4973-9707-cc66c0b620d1> | {
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To explain what a wireframe is, you do not need 500 words. If you limit the definition to the basics, 10 words are enough. This is the definition of wireframe: “A wireframe is a simple sketch of a user interface.”
Since I have about 460 words left, let´s take a closer look at the words “simple sketch”. If we forget about software and user interfaces for a while, how would you create a simple sketch of your house?
You would probably grab a piece of paper and a pencil and draw some squares for the house itself and the door and the windows. A triangle on the top represents the roof. Finally some lines indicating the garden. There you are. You have created your first wireframe!
A wireframe for a software user interface is just the same. It is done with pen and paper. A rectangle represents the screen. Instead of doors and windows we talk about controls, e.g. buttons, graphics or any kind of input fields. Those are also represented by squares, triangles and circles etc., drawn with a few strokes.
After the exercise with the house you can probably already guess that a wireframe is not a work of art or of precision. The important thing is to convey the rough idea. So we do not care about colors or textures. We do not measure exact spaces between controls or force them into one line using a ruler. Texts are abbreviated or just connoted. Interaction or animations can be indicated by arrows.
Example of a wireframe:
I would now like to go back to the name “wireframe” and see how all this ties in with it: The visuals you can achieve in a classic wireframe you could also achieve by bending a couple of pieces of thin wires.
For a team working on the design of a user interface, the advantages of wireframes are pretty obvious.
- It´s quick
- Everyone can do it
- It can be done almost everywhere as long as you have paper and pencil handy
- Making changes is easy
- Discarding a wireframe is cheap
- The inhibition level to discard a wireframe for a better idea is low
- It makes you concentrate on the essentials
Of course wireframes can also be created digitally or be digitalized e.g. by taking a picture, but for the sake of simplicity I only talked about paper.
Second example of a wireframe: | <urn:uuid:4a5667cb-441e-4e35-9643-770b65a3ec3f> | {
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Other descendants of Judah. Descendants of Simeon.
The sons of Judah. These five are sequential generations.
VERSE 2. Reaiah the son of Shobal became the father of Jahath; and Jahath became the father of Ahumai and Lahad. These are the families of the Zorathites.
Reaiah. He is probably also known as Haroeh:
1 Chronicles 2:52. Shobal the father of Kiriath Jearim had sons: Haroeh, half of the Menuhoth.
Haroeh founded the Zorathites. They are most famous as the family from which Samson came.
VERSE 3. These were the sons of the father of Etam: Jezreel, Ishma, and Idbash. The name of their sister was Hazzelelponi.
VERSE 4. Penuel was the father of Gedor and Ezer the father of Hushah. These are the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, the father of Bethlehem.
the sons of Hur. They are the family of the Bethlehemites.
the father of Tekoa. Tekoa is the village of a wise woman:
2 Samuel 14:2. Joab sent to Tekoa, and brought a wise woman from there, and said to her, “Please act like a mourner, and put on mourning clothing, please, and don’t anoint yourself with oil, but be as a woman who has mourned a long time for the dead.
Tekoa is also the home of Amos the prophet:
Amos 1:1. The words of Amos, a shepherd from Tekoa, which he received in vision concerning Israel, in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam, son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake: (NAB translation)
VERSE 6. Naarah bore him Ahuzzam, Hepher, Temeni, and Haahashtari. These were the sons of Naarah.
VERSE 7. The sons of Helah were Zereth, Izhar, and Ethnan.
VERSE 8. Hakkoz became the father of Anub, Zobebah, and the families of Aharhel the son of Harum.
VERSE 9. Jabez was more honorable than his brothers. His mother named him Jabez, saying, “Because I bore him with sorrow.”
Jabez. This word sounds similar to the Hebrew word for “pain”.
VERSE 10. Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, “Oh that you would bless me indeed, and enlarge my border! May your hand be with me, and may you keep me from evil, that I may not cause pain!” God granted him that which he requested.
Jabez called on the God of Israel. Jabez asks God for practical things he would like to have:
- Divine blessing
- Prosperity (“extend my boundaries”)
- Divine help
- Protection from misfortune
- Freedom from pain
In our day, we often feel inhibited to ask God for “practical” things. Why not ask God for such things as these? He can grant above all we ask or even think.
the God of Israel. The Hebrew word rendered “God” is אֱלֹהִ֑ים (“Elohim”).
VERSE 11. Chelub the brother of Shuhah became the father of Mehir, who was the father of Eshton.
VERSE 12. Eshton became the father of Beth Rapha, Paseah, and Tehinnah the father of Ir Nahash. These are the men of Recah.
The Greek and Vulgate editions add “and Meonothai.”
VERSE 14. Meonothai became the father of Ophrah: and Seraiah became the father of Joab the father of Ge Harashim, for they were craftsmen.
VERSE 15. The sons of Caleb the son of Jephunneh: Iru, Elah, and Naam. The son of Elah: Kenaz.
VERSE 16. The sons of Jehallelel: Ziph, Ziphah, Tiria, and Asarel.
VERSE 17. The sons of Ezrah: Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon; and Mered’s wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa.
VERSE 18. His wife Yehudiyah bore Jered the father of Gedor, Heber the father of Soco, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. These are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered took.
Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh. This dates the origins of the clan well before Moses’ time, back when Israel was still in a favorable relationship with Egypt.
VERSE 19. The sons of the wife of Hodiah, the sister of Naham, were the fathers of Keilah the Garmite and Eshtemoa the Maacathite.
VERSE 20. The sons of Shimon: Amnon, Rinnah, Ben Hanan, and Tilon. The sons of Ishi: Zoheth, and Ben Zoheth.
VERSE 21. The sons of Shelah the son of Judah: Er the father of Lecah, Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of those who worked fine linen, of the house of Ashbea;
VERSE 22. and Jokim, and the men of Cozeba, and Joash, and Saraph, who had dominion in Moab, and Jashubilehem. These records are ancient.
VERSE 23. These were the potters, and the inhabitants of Netaim and Gederah; they lived there with the king for his work.
The sons of Simeon. Simeon is listed after Judah. That is probably for two reasons:
- Simeon received no tribal allotment of its own
- Simeon was eventually assimilated into Judah
VERSE 25. Shallum his son, Mibsam his son, and Mishma his son.
VERSE 26. The sons of Mishma: Hammuel his son, Zaccur his son, Shimei his son.
VERSE 27. Shimei had sixteen sons and six daughters; but his brothers didn’t have many children, and all their family didn’t multiply like the children of Judah.
their family didn’t multiply like the children of Judah. The population of Simeon did not increase much.
VERSE 28. They lived at Beersheba, Moladah, Hazarshual,
VERSE 29. at Bilhah, at Ezem, at Tolad,
VERSE 30. at Bethuel, at Hormah, at Ziklag,
VERSE 31. at Beth Marcaboth, Hazar Susim, at Beth Biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities until David’s reign.
VERSE 32. Their villages were Etam, Ain, Rimmon, Tochen, and Ashan, five cities;
VERSE 33. and all their villages that were around the same cities, as far as Baal. These were their settlements, and they kept their genealogy.
VERSE 34. Meshobab, Jamlech, Joshah the son of Amaziah,
VERSE 35. Joel, Jehu the son of Joshibiah, the son of Seraiah, the son of Asiel,
VERSE 36. Elioenai, Jaakobah, Jeshohaiah, Asaiah, Adiel, Jesimiel, Benaiah,
VERSE 37. and Ziza the son of Shiphi, the son of Allon, the son of Jedaiah, the son of Shimri, the son of Shemaiah—
VERSE 38. these mentioned by name were princes in their families. Their fathers’ houses increased greatly.
VERSE 39. They went to the entrance of Gedor, even to the east side of the valley, to seek pasture for their flocks.
VERSE 40. They found rich, good pasture, and the land was wide, and quiet, and peaceful, for those who lived there before were descended from Ham.
They found rich, good pasture. They appropriated these lands from the original Hamitic settlers.
VERSE 41. These written by name came in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and struck their tents and the Meunim who were found there; and they destroyed them utterly to this day, and lived in their place, because there was pasture there for their flocks.
in the days of Hezekiah. That is, 715-686 BC.
destroyed them utterly. That is, exterminated them.
VERSE 42. Some of them, even of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men, went to Mount Seir, having for their captains Pelatiah, Neariah, Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi.
VERSE 43. They struck the remnant of the Amalekites who escaped, and have lived there to this day.
Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. These translations have no copyright restrictions. They are in the Public Domain. | <urn:uuid:d4d1330e-24fe-41d8-8914-db690ab411f2> | {
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You must ONLY conduct this experiment if you are experienced in using combustibles and understand the risk. Fire is very dangerous and can seriously burn you. Seems harmless at first, but believe me, these are bubbles turned evil. When ignited, the bubbles pop almost instantly, and all the propane is released in a huge fireball.
Here's a video of it in action:
- Soap and water (simply said, a bubble-making mixture)
- Large metal pan.
- Propane blowtorch (I found one that gives the option to unscrew the top nozzle work best)
This experiment should be done outside. Fire is very dangerous.
Remove the TOP of the propane nozzle, it should unscrew with a little effort. Next, place the top head of the propane tank (including what's left of the blowtorch) and turn it on SLOWLY. Bubbles should start to form, make sure they are as small as possible. A good way to ensure this is to keep the nozzle vertical, so that it presses into the bottom of the pan creating higher pressure.
Finally, when you've made a desired amount of bubbles, soap up your hand (or hands, if you have somebody to light the bubbles for you), grab some bubbles (ensuring you hold the bubbles PALM UP—otherwise they will burn you), and ignite them at ARMS LENGTH.
Once you see fire, drop your arm so that all the bubbles are engulfed in the inferno. The bubbles will burst into a huge, satisfying fireball.
- Ensure your hands are soapy. It protects them from the fire, and allows you to pick up the bubbles.
- Try varying the size of the bubbles, they burn differently.
- Should the nozzle head freeze up, just crack off the ice to prevent propane-flow issues.
- Use a shallow pan, it makes it easier to grab the bubbles without them popping.
- If you're using two hands, you could also light a candle rather than finding an assistant.
- If using two hands, try clapping the bubbles QUICKLY over the handle, and removing your hands QUICKLY. If done correctly, it makes a bigger fireball.
- Fire is dangerous! Don't burn yourself.
- Do this in a well-ventilated area.
- Do not throw the burning bubbles at living beings!
- I am not responsible for any harm or damage you cause.
- ENSURE you ignite the bubbles PALM UP, otherwise they will burn you. | <urn:uuid:1413fd50-ee97-4011-ab86-0344eaae4785> | {
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