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Course objective is the acquisition of specific knowledge and skills characteristic of managing financial risks, as well as developing students' ability to apply knowledge and skills in practice. The goal is, after the completion of the learning process, that students know how to define and describe the most important types of financial risks encountered by businesses and financial institutions, as well as to describe the basic and advanced methods used to measure and manage them. The goal is that after completing the learning process, students learn to apply advanced models of measurement and management of credit, market, operational and portfolio risks, as well as know how to describe the characteristics of financial derivatives and the procedures for their application in the process of managing financial risks.
Upon completing the learning process within the Financial Risk Management course, students will be able to:
• define the basic types of financial risks to which enterprises and financial institutions are exposed;
• describe the basic methods of measuring financial risks;
• describe the basic methods of managing financial risks;
• application of the basic model of risk management in banking;
• implementation of the basic model of portfolio risk management;
• define and describe the role of financial derivatives in the process of managing financial risks.
• Basic types of financial risks;
• Methods of measuring financial risks;
• Models of financial risk management;
• Portfolio risk management;
• Managing financial risks through financial derivatives;
• Capital adequacy and risk management in banking.
• Case study analysis;
• Preparation and presentation of seminar papers in order to synthesize the acquired knowledge.
Benninga, S. (2014). Financial modeling. London: MIT Press.
Saunders, A., & Cornett, M., M. (2011). Financial institutions management, a risk management approach. McGraw-Hill international edition.
Bogojević Arsić, V. (2009). Upravljanje finansijskim rizikom. Beograd: FON.
Ivanović, P. (2009). Upravljanje rizicima u bankama. Beograd: Fakultet za bankarstvo, osiguranje i finansije, Beogradska bankarska akademija.
Lectures and practice classes, case studies, discussions, presentation of examples from professional practice, creation and presentation of seminar papers. | <urn:uuid:249baed0-acea-4eb1-b0e6-476badd0a838> | {
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We were awarded a $1000 grant from the South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council (SCEPPC) for management and removal of invasive plant species.
We’ll use grant funds to remove invasive plant species including Bradford Pear, Mimosa, Honeysuckle, Wisteria, and Kudzu. More than 100 million acres in the U.S. are impacted by invasive species, yet plenty are still sold. We’re looking at you, Bradford Pear, Mimosa, and English Ivy…
Managing invasive, non-native plant species is challenging to say the least. The restoration of overrun areas is a monumental project that depends on public awareness, ongoing support, and participation. That’s why the SCEPPC’s mission is to support the management of invasive exotic plants in South Carolina’s natural areas.
The SCEPPC not only provides a platform for the exchange of scientific, educational, and technical information, but also offers an annual Community Grants Program (CGP). The CGP is a competitive grant program that offers financial assistance to individuals or organizations restoring sites degraded by non-native invasive plants. Two $1000 grants are available for purchasing equipment and materials each year. This year, both of those grants happen to be for projects in the Upstate.
What are invasives and why are they a threat?
Not all non-native, exotic plants are invasive. In fact, a large number of our agricultural and ornamental plants are non-native. According to SCEPPC, non-native plants become invasive when they escape cultivation, spread rapidly, and aggressively compete with native species. As invasive populations grow, they adapt and multiply too. For this reason, they often reach unmanageable levels, reducing plant biodiversity and destabilizing entire ecosystems.
“The bottom line is you have to kill the roots,” says SCEPPC President, Bill Steele. “Once you get your property under control, it’s also important to talk to your neighbors about their invasives because seeds are going to travel.”
Woodside City Farm plans to remove invasives from their plot in City View by manually removing plants with Pulaski axes and handsaws, and also by applying tested sprays recommended by SCEPPC and Clemson Extension. | <urn:uuid:83e8a824-ede8-4002-95b8-bb6aba0c96ff> | {
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Genital warts are referred as Condyloma acuminata is a contagious disease caused by Human Papillomaviruses (HPV). It is a sexually transmitted infection and is spread by direct skin to skin contact during oral, genital or anal sex. These are found as flesh colored or grey outgrowth in the genital area. Warts may occur either single or in group. They may or may not cause itching and pain.
Genital warts are seen in both men and women but more common in women. Most patients with genital warts are of 17-33 years and children of ages younger than 3 years.
|hello im 23 and i have been told that i have genital warts. is there a treatme ...|
|sir i have two black spots on my penis on the tip around the opening with out an ...| | <urn:uuid:9e6d2c0d-f264-46a1-acbe-a90a49715bd5> | {
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Camellia japonica L. var. macrocarpa Masam.Family: Theaceae
English: Japanese camellia or simply camellia
Japanese: リンゴツバキ (林檎椿) [Ringo Tsubaki] or ヤクシマツバキ [Yakushima Tsubaki]
Although camellias are usually loved for their large, early-blooming flowers (with sweet nectar that both white-eyes and monkeys love, Yakushima's camellias are known for their apple-sized seed pods that turn from granny-smith green to jona red and dwarf those of higher latitudes. The purpose is to keep native weevils from depositing eggs inside with a ~2cm-long probiscus.
米倉浩司・梶田忠 (2003-) 「BG Plants 和名－学名インデックス」（YList），http://ylist.info（ 2019年8月14日） | <urn:uuid:7357dcc1-4000-4845-94e7-996fe8b2f57b> | {
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Unit 1: Variables and Strings
In this unit you’ll get started with Python, and write your first Python programs. You’ll learn about variables and assignment, and you’ll learn about strings. You’ll learn to make your programs interact with the user, and finally you’ll make a creative and fun word game.
If you are are working on your own computer, you’ll need to install Python.
Remember, the work on these assignments should be your own. Please never let another student copy your work, and do not copy any other students’ work. You can look at the resources provide or search the internet for help with the problems, but you should not copy and paste code you find online – you should attempt to understand and use what you find online.
To insert variables into strings, which you’ll need to make “Name” and “Word Game”, you should learn a little about string formatting.
python.org – if you are installing python on your own computer, start here. Make sure you use Python 3, not Python 2.
http://www.madtakes.com – This site is similar to the WordGame assignment. If you’re confused about the WordGame assignment, take a look at this website. | <urn:uuid:d7aa2833-99de-421b-b173-8aaae2450a2f> | {
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See also: Sexually Transmitted Infections
Fact Sheets About Gonorrhea
- Gonorrhea (American Sexual Health Association)
- Gonorrhea (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC) and Spanish version
- Incidence, Prevalence, and Costs of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the U.S. (CDC)
Guidelines and Statistics (U.S., Massachusetts, and Boston)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015. (June 2015, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)
- 2014 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance (Centers for Disease Control and Protection [CDC] Division of STD Prevention) This report includes detailed data on chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and other sexually transmitted infections, with breakdowns for race/ethnicity, gender, age, and risk group.
- Massachusetts STD, HIV/AIDS, and Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report, 2014 (Massachusetts Department of Public Health’s Bureau of Infectious Disease) This 30-page report includes state surveillance data on syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea, as well as breakdowns for different racial/ethnic groups, adolescents and young adults, women, and men who have sex with men.
- STIs in Boston: Gonorrhea Brief. Three-page fact sheet from the Boston Public Health Commission with information on gonorrhea incidence and breakdowns by risk groups and age.
- Gonorrhea Rates by Neighborhood: Boston, 2013. Map from the Boston Public Health Commission that presents data on gonorrhea rates per 100,000 population for 15 Boston neighborhoods.
Resources from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The CDC developed several resources for clinicians based on the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015. All of the resources can be found online at www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015. Additionally, limited quantities of the wall chart and pocket guide are available to order through CDC-INFO on Demand Publications.
- Wall Chart – This poster-sized chart provides an overview of CDC’s 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines.
- Pocket Guide – A pocket-sized booklet that includes a summary of CDC’s 2015 STD Treatment guidelines.
- Apple STD Tx Guide 2015 App – This free, easy-to-use mobile reference features a streamlined interface so that providers can quickly and easily access STD Treatment and diagnostic information.
- Evidence Tables – These background documents provide a basis for the STD screening, diagnostic, and treatment recommendations included in the 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines.
Selected Recent Articles
- CDC Sounds More Urgent Alarm About Emerging Drug-Resistant Gonorrhea. (September 2016, Poz)
- Antibiotic resistance threatens gonorrhea treatment. (July 2016, CDC); related coverage from Poz
- Rectal Gonorrhea, Syphilis Emerge as Top STI Preludes to HIV in Gay Men. (June 2016, TheBodyPro)
- Drug-Resistant Gonorrhea Continues to Cause Concern in England. (April 2016, Poz)
- Using saliva as lube can cause rectal gonorrhea. (April 2016, Beta Blog)
- “I’m a Top! How Did I Get Gonorrhea in My Butt?” (March, Beta Blog)
- Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Syphilis Are All on the Rise. (November 2015, Poz)
- Drug-Resistant Gonorrhea Rising Once More. (November 2015, Poz)
- Gonorrhea Is Rising Among Gay and Bisexual Men. (September 2015, Poz)
- 2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines from the CDC. (June 2015, TheBodyPro)
- Doctors may be missing many cases of gonorrhea and chlamydia in women. (April 2015, Washington Post)
- Daily Antibiotic Protects Against Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Syphilis. (April 2015, Beta Blog)
- Latest CDC Sexually Transmitted Disease Report Shows Gonorrhea Stable, Syphilis Rising. (December 2014, HIVandhepatitis)
- Drug-resistant gonorrhoea rates plummet in US. (June 2014, AIDSmap)
- Gay men who don’t have anal sex still at high risk of bacterial STIs. (November 2013, AIDSmap)
- Two New Therapies Successfully Treat Gonorrhea. (July 2013, Poz)
- High rates of gonorrhoea among people living with HIV in the US. (June 2013, AIDSmap) | <urn:uuid:8bd462ae-888b-4222-80b4-7b406c735844> | {
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· Ask: Have you fallen in the past year? Do you feel unsteady when standing or walking? Do you worry about falling?
· Review/Reassess/Discontinue any medications or combinations that can increase the risk of falling.
· Recommend at least 800 mg IU of vitamin D to improve bone, muscle, and nerve health in older adults.
Every hour of every day, in communities across the United States, a patient who either just fell or is a fall risk, is being evaluated by a family physician or emergency care clinician. It is critically important that clinicians in urgent and primary care settings ask, review, and recommend fall prevention strategies for older adults.
The new CDC article highlights that in 2014, over 27,000 older adults died because of falls, and 2.8 million people were treated in emergency departments (EDs) for falls-related injuries. In the same year, CDC discovered that one in four older adults reported falling, totaling almost 29 million falls, and seven million fall injuries.
Falls not only cause injuries and affect the independence of older adults—they also have an impact on the economy. The annual medical costs associated with older adult falls are estimated to be $31 billion per year. The article estimates that the older adult population will increase 55% by 2030. The incidence of falls among this growing population will continue to increase unless effective interventions like STEADI are implemented nationwide.
Older adult falls are preventable. For patients in the ED or inpatient setting, care givers need to constantly evaluate and reevaluate for fall risk. Hospital bed side rails always should be in place to avoid an unintended fall from the bed.
Clinicians can play a critical role by following STEADI’s comprehensive approach of: 1) Asking older adult patients about falls, 2) assessing gait and balance, 3) reviewing medications, 4) prescribing interventions such as strength and balance exercises, 4) and recommending least 800 mg IU of vitamin D every day to prevent falls among older adults. Because many patients do not discuss the problem with their doctor, clinicians must be vigilant about asking patients about their falls, screening for fall risk, and implementing STEADI into practice.
As we acknowledge Falls Prevention Awareness Day, I encourage you all to take a stand against falls by integrating into your daily practice: Ask, Review, and Recommend for older adults. It’s good medicine!
Dr. Hargarten is Chair of the CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Board of Scientific Counselors, and Professor and Chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine and Associate Dean for the Global Health Program at the Medical College of Wisconsin. | <urn:uuid:380fc07a-4054-420d-a27e-790d64bc78a4> | {
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SKIP AHEAD. . .
What is a tampon and how does it work?
Tampons have been around for a long time–there’s documentation that ancient Romans used wool as tampons! (1) (Man, that must have been itchy!) Now, tampons usually made of cotton, rayon or a cotton/rayon blend and are used to absorb the blood that is released during menstruation (2). Tampons, like pads, menstrual cups or menstrual disks, can help keep you, your clothes, your sheets, and your furniture dry and protected from blood.
Although they are typically cylinders at least an inch long, tampons come in a variety of different sizes. These cotton cylinders have strings that start at the top of the tampon and extend past the bottom of the cotton (imagine a white, cotton baby carrot with a long string attached to it).
A cool thing about tampons is that they are used internally. They are placed inside the vaginal canal (more on that later) and your vaginal muscles actually help to keep a tampon in place (2). The cotton absorbs the menstrual blood instead of the blood flowing out in your underwear, around your pelvic area and surroundings. Tampons are single-use so once they have absorbed blood, you toss it in the trash (not the toilet!).
How do I pick a size?
There are a lot of tampon options.
There are dozens of different brands, materials, and sizes found in any drugstore, or now deliverable straight to your door via a subscription service (like this one!). These sizes correlate to absorbency (2). Popular tampon brands come in the following sizes (3):
- Light tampons (absorbs 6g blood)
- Regular (absorbs 6-9g blood)
- Super (absorbs 9-12g blood)
- Super plus (absorbs 12-15g blood)
- Ultra (absorbs 15-18g)
The lighter the absorbency, the smaller the tampon will be in diameter and length. Of course, few of us (if any) have actually measured the amount of menstrual blood secreted so these measurements feel arbitrary.
The best rule of thumb is to use the lightest absorbency needed to last you for a few hours (2). There is a little bit of trial and error that comes along with this and depending on where you are in your cycle, different sizes may work better on different days.
Do tampons expire?
Great Q. Yes, tampons do expire. Cotton can grow bacteria and mold (4). Expired tampons may not look or smell different to a naked eye, so if the tampon box is covered in dust it’s best to be on the safe side and check it out. On some tampon boxes, you might find an expiration date on the side or the bottom. For non-organic tampons, companies suggest there is a five-year shelf life. Organic tampons, do not recommend using their organic tampons three years past the expiration date (5). Each tampon manufacturer may have a different standard for exactly when tampons expire but the short answer is yes, tampons do expire. You should check the box or a website to find out when exactly it’s time to toss your box.
The above diagram from Menstrupedia shows a rough illustration of how to put a tampon in;
Step 1: Wash your hands! Vaginas are sensitive to bacteria so it’s always best to make sure your hands are clean before insertion.
Step 2: Get in a comfortable position. This may require some trial and error to figure out what works for you. Some folks like to sit on the toilet, others like to put one leg on a toilet seat or some like to stand with bent knees to get ready for insertion.
Step 3: Once you’re in a comfortable position, unwrap the tampon.
Step 4: Hold the tampon and its applicator (if using) outside of your vagina. At first, it may be helpful to spread your labia apart and situate the tampon right outside of the opening of your vagina. Angle the tampon at about a 45-degree angle, angling towards your back.
Step 4a: If you are using a tampon with an applicator– once the tampon and its applicator are inside your vagina (about an inch, although this will be different for everyone!) place your fingers on the bottom of the applicator and press. This will push the tampon further into the vaginal canal.
Step 4b: Some tampons without applicators may require you to spread the strings apart to expand the tampon. Once you have done this, hold the tampon in a position that is comfortable for you so that you are able to push the tampon, again, towards your back. You may have to continue pushing the tampon towards your back with your finger.
Step 5: At this point, you should not be able to feel anything and the tampon string will be hanging outside of the vagina. However, if you still feel the tampon, gently pull on the string and try to re-insert a new one. Throw away the wrapper of the tampon in a trash can.
Step 6: To remove, gently pull on the string, wrap up the tampon and discard.
If inserting a tampon is continuously painful, you may want to contact a doctor or midwife– you should not live in pain and it may be a sign of something going on with your pelvic floor. Also, if you’re experiencing pain while putting a tampon in at the beginning of your period you may find that adding a little bit of unscented lubricant on the tampon may relieve some of the pain (2). Typically during a medium or heavy flow, you may not need lubrication because menstrual blood acts as a natural lubricant.
Also, remember to breathe and relax! If you’re very nervous you may tense up and make it harder to insert a tampon.
One of the most important things to know about tampons is that you need to remember to change them frequently. Tampons should be used at the lightest absorbency that works for you and changed every 4-8 hours (6). If tampons are left in for too long, you could be susceptible to a dangerous (but rare) infection known as Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), which is caused by the presence of a bacteria called Staphlococcus aureus (7). If you are using a tampon and experience the following symptoms:
- High fever
- Muscle soreness or muscle aches
- Sore throat
- Faintness or weakness
- Sunburn-type rash
Be sure to take the tampon out immediately and contact your doctor right away as these can be signs of TSS, which can be fatal (2).
Additionally, there are concerns over chemicals used in tampon production (8). Some reports have found that pesticides can be found in tampons (8). Organic all-cotton tampons are an alternative.
Sometimes tampons come as “scented.” It’s best to use unscented tampons as scented tampons can lead to irritation or infection (2). This is particularly true if you tend to be susceptible to B.V (bacterial vaginosis). However, tampons are not your only period product option!
Other options besides tampons
Luckily, there are lots of different options on the market now for your period needs!
Menstrual cups: Offer protection similar to a tampon as they are used internally and are an eco-friendly and long-lasting alternative (2). Can be worn up to 12 hours (2).
Menstrual disc: Similar to a menstrual cup but cannot be used more than once. Menstrual discs, such as those from FLEX are more flexible than a menstrual cup (and lighter!). They can be worn for up to 12 hours and during sex!
Pads: Made of an absorbent material that is placed on top of your underwear and offers period protection (2). They vary in thickness, length, and overall size, similar to tampons. We have reusable ones here! Just wash em before use (way less gross than it sounds, promise!)
Pantyliners: A lighter version of a pad meant to help on days you’re just spotting. They can also be used for a tampon, menstrual cup, and menstrual disk back up. Like an insurance policy in your undies!
Period underwear: Period protection underwear essentially has a pad embedded in the lining of the underwear. If you are on a lighter day you can just put them on and go. Similar to pantyliners, these can also be used as extra assurance when wearing other products.
Ultimately, there are a lot of options out there for your period needs. Figuring out what works best for you will likely take some trial and error, but if one of these options does not feel right, know that you do not have to use it. Experiment with different options to see what works best for your body.
Can tampons get lost inside you?
Allbodies physician and badass, Aisha Wagner, MD, would also like to clear up one age-old myth:
Tampons cannot get “lost” in your body.
The cervix is a beautiful thing and, amongst its many other awesome jobs, it’s head of security in these matters. Your cervix acts as a barrier and prevents tampons or any of your other menstrual products from ending up where they don’t belong.
Written by: Moriah Engelberg
Medically Reviewed by: Aisha Wagner, Family Physician with fellowships focusing on contraception and abortion advocacy
1. Fetters, Ashley. “The Tampon: A History.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, June 1, 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/history-of-the-tampon/394334/.
2. Parenthood, Planned. “How Do I Use Tampons, Pads & Menstrual Cups?: Facts & Info.” Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood , n.d. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/menstruation/how-do-i-use-tampons-pads-and-menstrual-cups.
3. Tampax Pearl Tampons. Product Detail Label. Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, 2019.
4. “Do Tampons Expire.” TAMPAX tampons & period advice. https://tampax.co.uk/en-gb/tampax-articles/my-first-tampon/do-tampons-expire.
5. “Do Organic Tampons Expire?” Natracare, July 24, 2019. https://www.natracare.com/blog/do-organic-tampons-expire/.
6. Commissioner, Office of the. “The Facts on Tampons-and How to Use Them Safely.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA. Accessed September 1, 2019. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/facts-tampons-and-how-use-them-safely.
7. Vostral, Sharra. “Toxic Shock Syndrome, Tampons and Laboratory Standard- Setting.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 189, no. 20 (May 23, 2017): E726–E728. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.161479.
8. Nicole, Wendee. Environmental Health Perspectives 122, no. 3 (March 2014): A70–A75. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-A70.
9. “FLEX™ Disc: Tampon & Cup Replacement: Alternative Period Product.” The Flex Company. Accessed September 1, 2019. https://flexfits.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw2K3rBRDiARIsAOFSW_7k_vdI_7xBi5mAgiQXj1KcEWAF0X1znDxvjvbL2MqDDYcoGvtyL0gaAphNEALw_wcB. | <urn:uuid:2ee372da-6926-4b23-9c8d-fc841f079c62> | {
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How do organisms respond to changes in their habitats?
I am trying to find information but I can't find any.
- Gray BoldLv 71 month ago
Change is the rule, though much depends on the speed and degree of the change. When the habitat changes, three main things may happen to a resident population: habitat tracking, genetic change or extinction. In fact, all three things may occur in sequence. Of these three effects only genetic change brings about adaptation. When a habitat changes, the resident population typically moves to more suitable places.
- LizLv 41 month ago
Soviet scientists believe that earthquakes can be predicted by studying the behavior of snakes, worms, and other animals. Certain organisms are said to respond to the geomagnetic vibrations and to temperature and water-level changes that precede earth tremors. According to scientists, it may be possible to analyze animal behavior with the aid of a computer and thus accurately predict earthquakes long before they happen. For example, studies have disclosed that about one month prior to a strong earthquake, snakes will crawl out of their nests and abandon a dangerous zone. Scientists believe that the sensitivity of these animals greatly exceeds that of modern man-made earthquake detectors. | <urn:uuid:9db3bf31-be94-420f-8893-6eb792f07788> | {
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People who form the healthy habit of saving money pretty soon find themselves rich. This is because money by itself earns interest, so that you do not need to put money in the bank to save – you can just leave the money there and it will grow all by itself, ignoring the very real possibility of a bank going bankrupt.
Suppose then that you put £100 in a bank at 10% interest. This means that the amount of money in the bank increases by 10% each year.
The amount at the end of the 1 st year is £100 +10% of £100 =£100 +£10=£110
The amount at the end of the 2 nd year is £110 +10% of £110 =£110 +£11=£121
The amount at the end of the 3 rd year is £121 +10% of £121 =£121 +£12.1=£133.1
The amount of money in the account each year is shown on the graph below.
There is a formula to find the amount of money,in the bank at the end of each year, after interest has been added:
In this formula,is the original amount invested – the Principle.
is the rate of interest
is the number of years since the investment was made.
For this example, the amount of money in the account at the end of the 20 th year is | <urn:uuid:fdc1f16e-75e6-415b-b156-d9c7694c50e8> | {
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I'm trying to find some data that I can use to derive dark matter (in a loosey-goosey sort of way, I won't be too rigorous). I'm helping a friend out with a final project for his astronomy course and I'm tasked with doing the maths. Any idea where I can find a table of various stars distance from the center of our galaxy and their speed (how fast they are going around the center of the galaxy)? This does not need to be comprehensive but would ideally contain several data sources from various representative radii. Also some sort of formatted text would be SUPER cool so I could just tell my computer to do the calculations!
It is very difficult to measure Galactic orbital speeds of stars in our galaxy for several reasons. We are moving with them and do not have a reliable measurement yet of even our own orbital motion. We only get one component of motion, the radial component (although Gaia is about to change that). Dust in the galactic plane prevents us from seeing very far in our own galaxy. So, when we measure Dark Matter in galaxies, it usually done in other galaxies where we can see both sides of the galaxy and, except for inclination angle, directly measure the orbital motion.
I don't know of any sources for the data you're looking for, however, I did something like this a year ago in one of my classes. An option would be (keeping in mind that you don't want to be too rigorous) to get an image of a good enough galaxy, i.e a fits file released to the public like M83. Under the assumption that wherever there's light there's mass (mass = $kL$, where $k$ is a constant and $L$ luminosity), you can equate forces and solve for velocity. This would get you values for "expected virtual velocities" at each radii, so you could plot the data and get a curve with a certain shape. What you expect to find is that as you increase radii, the values for velocity drop under the initial assumption. Then you go and compare with different and more rigorous measurements, like this one (page 18). Here you notice that the curve doesn't quite agree with the shape of the curve you got from the image, since it peaks and stays approximately constant (as opposed to dropping). Why is that? Maybe there's something that light can't show you. Note: as I said, this isn't rigorous. I've skipped conversion from counts per pixel, relationship between flux and luminosity and some other things. I've also assumed that you can work with something like astropy to process the data. Hope it helps | <urn:uuid:a1342738-5da2-4ffa-8843-f0e8cc1734b9> | {
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The Wenrohronon or the Wenro People, were a little-known Iroquoian Amerindian people of North America, originally residing in present-day western New York (and possibly fringe portions of northern & northwestern Pennsylvania) who were conquered by the Confederation of the Five Nations of the Iroquois in two decisive wars between 1638-1639 and 1643— probably as part of the Iroquois campaign against their likely relatives and abutting neighbors, the Neutral people which lived across the Niagara River. The Iroquois had discovered a secret, their winter attacks lead to advantageous campaigns allowing attritional defeats on both the larger Iroquoian confederacies, as it had against the numerous Huron.
The Tabacco people having fallen in 1650-1651 after a December 1649 sneak attack kicked off that phase of the Beaver Wars as the Iroquois rampaged westwards along the north shores of Lake Ontario after their defeat of the Huron in 1649. As had happened to the Huron peoples, the sudden unexpected winter attack led to disorganization and isolation of clan groups, and early losses of key towns by the Neutrals in the 1651-53 campaign by the warriors of the League of the Iroquois leading to eventual defeat and displacement (flight by whole villages) of first the Tobacco tribes, then the Neutral groups, as had happened to the Huron.
Through the first half of the 1600s sources report the Wenrohronon tribe inhabited a lands along both ends of the Lakes Erie and Ontario and their connecting river, the Niagara River. This range ran from the west side of the lower Genesee River valley around Rochester, NY (opposite to the territory of the Seneca peoples) and extended westerly along the right bank (eastern) shores of the Niagara River (opposite lands occupied by the main Neutral Nation on the Canadian side of today's river) and from lands at its source (Lake Erie, in the vicinity of Buffalo) continued a comparatively shorter distance along the southern shores at the eastern end of Lake Erie.
While the terminal southern and western end of this range is unknowable, the extent along the southern shore of Lake Ontario from Rochester to Buffalo) is about 65 miles (104.6 km). North to south, it is likely their lands extended up from Lake Ontario farther southerly more than the approximately 26 miles (42 km) shown on the map, possibly to the drainage divide (and Genesee River gorge area) formed atop the terminal moraine left behind by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, but in all likelihood, into a shared hunting ground shared with the Erie tribes near the headwaters of the Allegheny River.
While not well known today even as a tribal name in the aftermath of becoming extinct during generations-long plagues and near continuous internecine warfare, the Wenro People are known primarily through the mentions in the decades the Jesuit Relations were published. The tribe's villages the Missionaries describe seem to have been reduced to relatively fewer permanent settlements than their neighbors by internecine warfare in the late 16th century before becoming known to the few French who encountered them.
Protected by the gorges of the Genesee River on the east, their small territory likely contained few valuable resources save for hunting lands, and their survival between the oft warring Huron and Iroquois was because they managed to trade simultaneously with both and their presence was valuable as a buffer state.
The Wenro were recorded by Franciscan missionary Joseph de La Roche Daillon in 1627, who encountered them at the site of Oil Springs. Daillon noted the tribe's use of crude petroleum (then a largely unknown substance) as an alleged medicine. The editors of American Heritage Magazine writing in the American Heritage Book of Indians suggested the French visitors encountered the Wenro people shortly after they had lost an internecine war, probably with the Senecas, accounting for the relatively small size of their territory, as they were on fair terms with the Erie and good terms with both the Neutrals and Huron at that time, and the Susquehannocks were both remote and have little to compete over in consequence. (De La Roche was likely preceded twelve years prior by Etienne Brule, who passed through an unspecified land "west of Seneca territory" in 1615; Brule did not document anything specific about any of the tribes or lands he encountered.)
Later in the 1640s-1650s, after the Beaver Wars turned genocidal, they had a falling-out with their former allies, the Neutrals, which made it impossible for the Wenros to withstand their long-time enemies, the Iroquois. To a greater degree than their successive stunning defeats of the Huron people, the Tabacco people, the Neutrals, the Shawnee people (in Ohio), the Wenro were ultimately conquered by the Iroquois nations in a manner closer to the later destruction of the Susquehannocks, and the Erie nations. In the aftermath of battle, there were few survivors and the society was broken.
Iroquoian cultures allowed for survivors to be adopted (assimilated) into the victorious nations, to the point that one French observer in the 1870s estimated the majority of Iroquois were adopted. Many were possibly absorbed into the Seneca Nation, whose descendants inhabit some of their former the territory today, but the Erie were given an ultimatum to return Huron and Neutrals sheltered by the tribe, which lead to the three years of warfare reducing the Erie Confederation and the Iroquois invasion pushing the Shawnee out of eastern and northern Ohio. Remaining survivors were exiled into Huron territory.
|Region||New York, Pennsylvania|
- Lee Sultzman. "Erie History". Retrieved August 9, 2016.
In 1639 the Erie and Neutrals withdrew their protection from the Wenro leaving them to fend for themselves. The Iroquois attacked, and the Wenro were quickly defeated. Most fled to the Huron and Neutrals, although one Wenro group remained east of the Niagara River and resisted until 1643.
- Editor: Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., by The editors of American Heritage Magazine (1961). "The American Heritage Book of Indians". In pages 188-219. ,. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. LCCN 61-14871.
- Thwaites, ed. (1898). Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France 1610–1791. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers.
- "Vol 5". Handbook of North American Indians. 2012-12-12.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Wenro". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- "Wenrohronon". Accessgenealogy.com. 2015-08-21. | <urn:uuid:57d098c2-232a-4ffa-81dd-743b77beece9> | {
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Anyone thinking of plastic in the sea has beaches in Asia in mind. But the garbage problem also exists on our own doorstep. Researchers found up to 150 plastic fragments in the stomachs of turtles living in the Mediterranean. FOCUS Online introduces five organizations that face the fight against garbage.
Encouraging news from the German mainland: Consumption of plastic bags fell by more than a third in 2017 compared to 2016. This is shown by the latest figures from the Gesellschaft für Verpackungsmarktforschung. But unfortunately, that is no reason to sit back and relax now. For the seas are also suffering from our enormous plastic consumption – worldwide.
“Garbage Island” – A huge garbage mountain floating in the middle of the Pacific
Plastic bottles in the stomach of a dead whale. A turtle suffering excruciatingly while pulling a straw out of her nose. Many people who consciously do without plastic have exactly those shocking images in their heads. Anyone who has ever seen Garbage Island, a garbage mountain three times the size of France and floating in the Pacific, cannot help thinking over its plastic consumption.
Such impressions have also made me buy more environmentally conscious. As part of my four-week plastic-free challenge, I want to find out if it’s even possible to live completely without plastic. Even if waste disposal works in Germany and our plastic waste does not end up in the oceans, we also contribute to pollution. For example, by fine microplastics, which is in many shower gels or dissolves from the clothes during washing.
Garbage is not just a problem in the Pacific, but also in our country
Per square kilometer, there are 1.25 million plastic particles in the northern Pacific. This is the result of a recent report by the environmental organization WWF. And garbage is not only far, far away in the Pacific. The Mediterranean is also polluted. It “threatens to become a plastic trap,” warns Heike Vesper, head of marine conservation at the WWF in Germany. Reason for this is unsecured landfills near the sea, illegal waste disposal in rivers and tourists who simply leave their rubbish on the beach.
4 weeks without plastic: Join in!
Join the 4-week plastic-free challenge and exchange your experiences, problems, and tips with me and other participants. Just join the Facebook group “Challenge accepted by FOCUS Online – Can you do it for 30 days?”. I’m happy about every competitor!
Although the Mediterranean consists of only one percent of the water on earth, it contains seven percent of the world’s microplastic. 18 percent of tuna and swordfish in the Mediterranean have plastic in their stomach, especially cellophane and PET, the organization reports.
Five projects in the fight against plastic in the sea
I started doing without plastic on the 1st of June – and of course, I did not feel like saving the world with it. But there are big projects that already do much more. I would like to introduce you to five of them today – today is the day of the seas.
1. Seas without plastic
Garbage not only destroys the Pacific and the Mediterranean, but German seas are also affected by the problem. In 2010, the Naturschutzbund (Nabu) started the project “Seas without plastic” in order to permanently demolish the North and Baltic Seas. The objectives of the project are, in addition to clean-up activities such as participation in the annual “International Coastal Cleanup”, above all prevention measures.
After all, “cleaning up alone is not the solution,” explains project manager Kim Detloff. Much more important are waste prevention and recycling as well as setting on longevity. Many electronics and consumer products could be much more durable if industry geared their product design to it. Therefore, the project is also involved politically.
2. One Earth – One Ocean
The organization “One Earth, One Ocean” also operates from Germany. It has set itself the goal to develop a “Maritime garbage collection” and thus to free waters worldwide not only from plastic waste but also from oil and pollutants.
Since 2012, the “Seehamster”, a four-meter-long catamaran, is collecting garbage in the inland waters of the Baltic Sea. In 2016, the “manatee” followed. On top of that, there is a small laboratory in which the seawater can be analyzed directly. She should already go on a global mission. In the future, “Seefarmer” and “Elephant Seal” will follow. The latter should be able to disassemble the plastic on board in its individual components and, for example, to extract oil from it.
3. Seabin Project
The “Seabin Project” has also set itself the goal of cleaning up polluted seas. The two surfers Andrew Turton and Pete Ceglinski have developed a trash can floating in the water. It can be used in ports, docks or in yacht clubs.
To collect garbage, the “Seabin” moves up and down, sucks water over the surface and passes it filtered – without garbage – back into the sea. He collects up to 1.5 kilograms of waste in a bag that is disposed of properly on land. Interested companies or clubs can buy their own “Seabin” for about 3000 euros.
4. 4 Ocean
“We are not paid for plastic, but for fish” – this sentence caused the two surfers Alex and Andrew to change something. A fisherman answered them in a conversation in which the two Americans tried to explain to him that his nets could also fish plastic from the sea and clean it like that.
They then developed a bracelet made from recycled materials. More specifically, recycled plastic and glass bottles. Internet users can buy it online – and help with every bracelet purchased to fetch one pound of garbage from the world’s oceans. The activities of “4 Ocean” also include educational and political work.
In addition, every month there is a special bracelet, with the addition of other actions, are supported. In June, for example, “4 Ocean” supports a sea turtle project. | <urn:uuid:fd9c717b-ba60-4c0f-8c11-cf84cc0d6509> | {
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Smoke Alarm Check
Many times having a simple, functioning smoke alarm is the first step in preventing a catastrophe. Ensuring that everyone in your community has one of these potentially life-saving devices goes a long way to show your love.
- Develop a strategy for reaching your community through this service project. Target low-income homes. Estimate how many homes you will visit and therefore how many smoke alarms, batteries (typically 9V) and volunteers you will need.
- Enlist volunteers and create teams, ideally three people including both male and female.
- Check local fire department or municipal government office to see if they provide smoke alarms.
- Purchase any more items you may need. Necessary supplies and tools include:
|Batteries (typically 9V)
||Ladders (small and large)
- Go door-to-door introducing yourself. Ask the homeowners if they have a smoke alarm. If yes, ask if you can check the battery. If no, ask if they would like one and offer installation assistance.
- Ensure that the homeowner knows how to maintain his/her smoke alarm.
- Use the opportunity to build relationships, share Christ and pray for the home. | <urn:uuid:8d120502-931d-451b-b5b1-851259d46fab> | {
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Know The Essential’s Of Bread Baking And Start Baking Bread At Home
Bread comes in many different flavours, types and sizes. We are going to look into the different areas of bread and look into the basics of baking bread. Through practice in baking bread at home, the more knowledge you will gain about the features and characteristics of the dough.
As you work more and more with dough the better understanding you will have. This will result in a better quality of your finished products and your skills in baking bread.
All About Bread
What Is Bread?
Bread is a basic food prepared by cooking flour, water and possibly other ingredients. In the UK doughs are mainly baked, however In other countries bread can be fried, steamed or baked on a hot surface.
Doughs can be unleavened or leavened, which means it is using a rising agent to produce a leavened bread. Although in many international countries the bread can be a flatbread with no rising agent or also known as unleavened bread.
Flour, Salt, water and leavening agents including baking soda or yeast are basic ingredients for making bread and other dough products. It is also possible to add many other ingredients such as sugar, milk, spice, fruit, nuts like pine nuts, vegetables such as spring onions or seeds like sesame seeds.
Bread is one of the oldest cooked foods in the world, dating back thousands of years. Evidence of leavened bread has been found dating back tens of thousands of years.
Facts About Bread
Fresh bread is attained for its quality this includes the taste, texture and the aroma of the bread. It is essential to keep bread fresh for it to keep its quality when bread has dried and stiffened it is known as becoming stale. To keep bread fresh it can be wrapped in a cling film or a paper wrap.
Also, a way to prevent the bread from becoming stale is to keep it in a bread box. Bread that is being kept in a warm moist environment has the potential to grow mould easily. Keeping the bread in a fridge will slow down the growth of unwanted mould.
The soft inside part of the bread known as the crumb. The small pieces that fall from a bread product are known as the crumbs. The crumb and the breadcrumbs are two different parts of a bread product. Also, the outside part of the bread is described as the crust.
How To Serve Bread
Bread can be served at a range of temperatures, hot or cold and as soon as it is baked. Bread can also be toasted in a toaster or under a grill. Mostly bread is eaten using your hands. Although it may be part of a dish such as a focaccia topped with a tomato salsa. In this case, a knife and fork may be needed.
It can be eaten on its own or together with other foods, for example, soup, olive oil + balsamic vinegar or sardines. It can also be made into a sandwich with a broad range of possible fillings including cheese, vegetables, egg, meat or fish. A sandwich will be two slices of bread with a filling in between.
Baking Bread At Home – All About the Crust
The exposed dough will form the crust of the bread during the cooking process. Through the cooking it will be browned and hardened, the proteins and sugars in the dough will caramelise due to the intense heat on the surface of the bread.
The broad range of bread varieties will form a different type of crust during cooking. Due to the type of bread and the way it is being baked. When baking bread at home it’s important to understand, bread can be baked using a dry heat, although in some cases a jet of steam can be aimed towards the dough during cooking to create a quality crust.
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By Kierra Pixler, Managing Editor
Land in Morgan’s Point Resort has become a fire hazard to nearby residents when wildfires start, especially the natural oils in cedar trees that can turn a grass fire into a blaze of high intensity. When winds and dry conditions are added, these wildfires can become difficult for firefighters to contain and puts the surrounding area at risk. While some fires are acts of nature, others are the result of careless burning and a lack of routine landscaping and brush removal. The reality is that cedars are part of a larger ecosystem of organic fuels that pose a significant wildfire risk in Morgan’s Point Resort and the surrounding communities.
“Morgan’s Point Resort Fire has responded to a number of wildfire events over the past calendar year,” Fire Department Chief Vaszocz-Williams said. “Thankfully, most have been small and reported quickly. The largest wildfire occurred over the summer and began in the Windmill Farms development to our south in Temple. The fire quickly spread toward Morgan’s Point Resort but was controlled without the loss of life or a single dwelling within our city. The quick actions of the department to establish fire control points, good working relationship with Temple Fire & Rescue and the Moffat Fire Department, and the availability of air and dozer resources (TFS) factored into a good stop on the fire. Of course, a wildfire recognizes no borders, and a number of fires were controlled by the department in outlying areas before making their way into Morgan’s Point Resort.”
Burn bans are a tool that can reduce the risk of fires spreading and endangering lives, property and Morgan’s Point wildlife. While there are no “restrictions” on what types of plants are allowed, nor where they are grown, the city does work collaboratively on land management and fuels mitigation program.
“We are a recognized FireWise Community and partner with the Texas A&M Forest Service (TFS) to assess problematic areas and work to reduce the amount of available fuels,” Vaszocz-Williams said. “Firefighters receive training throughout the year in both wildfire prevention initiatives and response to wildfires.”
Fire safety involves reducing flammable vegetation and detritus that often clutter land. Watch for grass, leaves or branches reaching from the ground to the crowns of trees. Conifer type foliage tends to be dry and ignites easily. Cleaning out gutters full of dead vegetation and needles is also of critical value and is an important preventative measure that residents can take.
“Residents are encouraged to pick up their own copy of our “Ready, Set, Go!” publication from City Hall or the Fire Department for detailed ways to prepare themselves and their property for a wildfire,” Vaszocz-Williams said.
Vaszocz-Williams also stressed the importance of becoming educated on wildfire preparation and prevention.
“Finally, we cannot emphasize enough that Morgan’s Point Resort, renowned for its natural, rugged beauty, is located in one of the highest Interface Fire (homes and structures immediately adjacent to, and within, dense vegetation) threat zones in the State of Texas,”Vaszocz-Williams said. “As such, there should never be a question of “if” we will experience a wildfire, but “when.” With that in mind, it is easier to understand the natural occurrence of wildfires, predictable conditions that increase the threat, and prepare accordingly.”
The following are some general characteristics of combustible plants:
Dry and dead leaves or twigs, dry, leathery leaves, abundant, dense foliage, high oil or resin including gums or terpenes, shaggy, rough, or peeling bark, lots of dead leaves underneath the plant (litter), needle-like or very fine leaves and foliage with low moisture. | <urn:uuid:b284fd43-41c8-45bc-8789-e2203cf10988> | {
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Young people of marrying age today may not all agree on their politics, but the majority of millennials do share a common view on the environment, according to a recent study by MIT. This is even more pronounced in the Gen Z community. Products and brands that wish to appeal to and grow with the largest generation in American history, 70 million, will need to respect the environment and nascent technology if they wish to succeed.
This connection between technology and the environment makes the triumph of Lab-grown diamonds over mined diamonds inevitable. There is simply nothing good for the environment about open pit mines so large they are visible from space and huge vacuuming ships that suck the seabed floor of everything in search of these precious gems. Rather than put lipstick on this pig, even the diamond conglomerate DeBeers has entered the Lab-grown arena. Of course, their motives are to destroy the value of Lab-grown so they can continue to sell the mined diamonds that lay at the core of their fortune. But they are on the wrong side of history.
A similar example in our history is the hunting of whales to near extinction in the 19th century. Whale blubber, melted down to whale oil, was the only means to light our lamps when the sun went down. We hunted these mammals to near extinction in our quest for light. Then, in 1879, Thomas Edison invented the incandescent bulb. This along with discovery of linseed oil and petroleum reserves, displaced and eventually replaced whale oil. Soon after the slaughter ceased—but not without ample protest from the whaling industry that was being eradicated. Whale oil had contributed 20% of America’s overall GDP. New Bedford, Massachusetts, the center of the whaling industry, was the wealthiest city per capita in the entire United States.
Change is hard for old technology companies like miners and whalers. They will fight with their marketing dollars and mature balance sheets to continue to convince consumers that their legacy product bears some inherent superiority to the cleaner, less expensive and certainly less environmentally destructive new technologies. But in a world newly sensitized to the fragility of our environment, their efforts instantly betray them on the wrong side of history. Simply put, there is no ‘planet B’, and millennials and Gen Z couples know that. | <urn:uuid:a08638d2-b440-4b25-a402-53d0036c0d3e> | {
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It may not be on the scale of the Hell’s Gate rock slide that devastated Fraser River salmon populations in the early 1900s, but a rock slide that occurred a week and a half ago near on the Fraser River near Clinton could require a fish rescue operation.
A rock slide that occurred sometime between June 21 and 22 created a five-metre waterfall upstream of Big Bar that may make it difficult for returning salmon to make it up past the barrier to get to spawning grounds.
It’s not the height of the waterfall, but the increased velocity of water that may make it difficult for salmon to get past the obstruction.
An acoustic monitoring device placed in the river above the slide indicates about 700 fish have made it past the barrier since Friday. Based on size, the data suggests most of those fish are chinook.
But until a monitor is installed below, fisheries officials won’t know just how many chinook and sockeye are still trapped below.
“We’re really happy that we can report that fish are getting through,” Jennifer Davis, director for Fish and Aquatic Habitat for the provincial government, said in a teleconference Wednesday, July 3.
“But we still don’t have the details around what proportion of those fish (below) are getting through.”
She said naturally decreasing water flows in the river could ease the passage for salmon below the slide. Once a monitor is installed below the slide, officials should get a better idea of how many fish are not making it past the barrier. They hope to have the monitor in place by Thursday.
If too many fish are found to be still stranded, federal and provincial officials may try a rescue operation, which could include installing fish ladders or removing the fish and transporting them by truck upstream.
“We’re looking at options to trap and move the fish past the site, should we need to pull that trigger,” Davis said. | <urn:uuid:1ad86825-fbe9-4e20-93eb-d903f48cc4a2> | {
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Most of us use online services such as banking, travel and social media everyday with little thought as to how we can access or use them. However, this isn’t the case for many users, including employees.
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 legislation, which previously provided protection against direct discrimination, has been updated to the Equality Act 2010 (except Northern Ireland). The Equality Act became legal on 6 April 2011, and changes the law to brings disability, sex, race, and other types of discrimination under one piece of legislation.
One major change is that the Equality Act 2010 now includes perceived disability and in-direct discrimination, making it easier for claimants to bring successful legal proceeding against businesses and public bodies.
What it means
The Equality Act essentially means that all public bodies or businesses providing goods, facilities or services to members of the public, including employees (For example: retail, HR, and councils) must make fair and reasonable adjustments to ensure services are accessible and do not indirectly discriminate. Being fair and reasonable means taking positive steps to ensure that disabled people can access online services. This goes beyond simply avoiding discrimination. It requires service providers to anticipate the needs of disabled customers.
Benefits of compliance
UK retailers are missing out on an estimated £11.75 billion a year in potential online sales because their websites fail to consider the needs of people with disabilities (Click-Away Pound Survey 2016).
In addition, 71% (4.3 million) of disabled online users will simply abandon websites they find difficult to use. Though representing a collective purchasing power of around 10% of the total UK online spend, most businesses are completely unaware they’re losing income, as only 7% of disabled customers experiencing problems contact the business.
How to comply with the Equality Act
The best way to satisfy the legal requirement is to have your website tested by disabled users. This should ideally be undertaken by a group of users with different disabilities, such as motor and cognitive disabilities, and forms of visual impairment. Evidence of successful tests by disabled users could be invaluable in the event of any legal challenge over your website’s accessibility.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), is the international organisation concerned with providing standards for the web, and publishes the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0), which are a good indicator of what standard the courts would reasonably expect service providers to follow to ensure that their websites are accessible.
WCAG provides three ‘conformance levels’. These are known as Levels A, AA and AAA. Each level has a series of checkpoints for accessibility – known as Priority 1, 2 and 3 checkpoints. Public bodies such as the government adhere to Priority 2 – Level AA accessibility as standard.
According to these standards, websites must satisfy Priority 1 – Level A, satisfying this checkpoint is a basic requirement and very easy to implement. Priority 2 – Level AA, satisfying this checkpoint will remove significant barriers for customers. Finally, Priority 3 – Level AAA, is the highest level of accessibility and will ensure most disabled customers can access services, and requires specific measures to be implemented.
Read the Equality act 2010 quick start guides to find out more about how this affects you. | <urn:uuid:29f80958-75e9-4174-adc5-a3b05a259c59> | {
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1. Introduction Historical Background of Turkey – EEC relations As prominent French Historian and Turcologist, Prof. Dr. Jean-Paul Roux said “Turks always aspired Europe like aspiring a beautiful woman, sometimes passionately, sometimes with disappointments and sometimes with grudge”. As a matter of course, author’s purpose was to define Ottoman society’s frame of mind in a particular time period. However when taking account of Turkey-EC relationship, it can be said that striking feature of today coincides in this respect with the past.
Unfortunately, Turks have a somewhat negative image in the European Union, not because of any abnormal behaviour but because they reflect, or seem to reflect, negative western image of Islam. However, Turkey’s negative image is overdrawn and today represents something of a throwback to certain realities of earlier decades. With each new generation, the Turks living in Europe are gradually becoming better educated, more professionally skilled, and more integrated into European life. Furthermore, Turks are developing a clear European identity. While they still have a long way to go and mostly live in close-knit communities in a few key cities, by objective measures the profile of the Turkish reality in Europe is on the rise and encouraging. 1
In consideration of the longstanding relationship with EC-Turkey, there is always doubt about the sincerity and the aspiration of the Western European countries concerning with economic and political integration of Turkey mainly due to the fact mentioned above and some other fears such as geographical location and man-power emigration . In the process of Turkish integration, the approach of the member state countries to Turkey is generally based on maintaining their relations in minimum level with Turkey to secure their national interest. On the contrary from the Turkish perspective, the integration process was regarded as an important instrument to reach the ultimate goal of Turkish modernization project which had been successfully envisioned and implemented by the founder of Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.2
The first contractual relationship with then European Economic Community (EEC) dates back to 1963, with the signature of the association agreement. The subsequent decades witnessed a series of ups and downs in EEC – Turkey Relations, mainly as a result of Turkey’s domestic
1 Graham Fuller, New Turkish Republic: Turkey As a Pivotal State in the Muslim World, (United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington DC 2008) Page 148
2 Prof. Dr. Enver Bozkurt , Associate Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özcan and Prof. Dr. Arif Koktas, European Union Law, (4th Edn, Asil Yayin Dagitim Ltd. Sti.,Ankara 2008)p.368
turmoil. However, even the most difficult moments, Turkey never abandoned its rhetorical goal of moving closer to the Community.3 Ultimately, In 2004, the European Union delivered the historical and long awaited decision to open the formal accession negotiations with Turkey.4
In October 2005, the European Union started the accession negotiation with Turkey. This was a ground breaking event of the long history of the EU-Turkey relations. A close, special relationship is now being built in a constructive manner and with the long-term prospect of EU membership. Yet, the EU has exclusively underlined an ‘open ended’ nature of accession negotiations, ‘outcomes of which cannot be guaranteed beforehand. ‘Therefore question of as to whether EU membership will be the final outcome of the negotiations for Turkey still unclear thus remains to be seen in the foreseeable future.5
EU-Turkey relations have experienced serious difficulties resulting from the essential incompatibility of both parties’ policies with the declared objectives of their association agreement. In particular, it seems unlikely that the ultimate objective of the Association agreement – Turkish accession to the EU will be achieved in the foreseeable future. On the one hand, this is because the EU has always considered Turkey to be an awkward candidate for EU membership: Turkey is different, problematic and thus, by the implication, a more difficult case than any of the other applicants. The EU’s scepticism towards the prospect of Turkish membership can be seen in its policies, which have basically sought to maintain and strengthen the existing association agreement. However, this has been inadequate to prepare Turkey for EU membership.6 Despite of mentioned difficulties, customs union which is envisaged by the Association Agreement was established on 31 December 1995.7 Therefore one of the freedoms of The Community currently functions between Turkey and EU countries. This development must be deemed as an important signal for future integration of Turkey to EU. Association relationship between Turkey and EEC has been also developed by the various decisions of EC-Turkey Association Council which was established as a superior organ of association relation. Certain rights had been granted to Turkish nationals however, these rights were not properly implemented by the member states. This controversial situation is commonly perceived as an unfair and hypocritical by Turkish academicians and also by Turkish public opinion. In this sense, European Court of Justice (Herein after ECJ) played an active and important role to interpret and to improve the rights granted to Turkish nationals by its own decisions.
Firstly, in 1987 legal struggle of Turkish Nationals had become a current issue by decision of Meryem Demirel Case and continued with the improvement of subsequent 37 decisions which
3 Susannah Verney & KostasIfantis, Turkey’s road to European Union Membership : National Identity and Political Change (Routledge,Newyork,2007) p.21 4 Kerim Yildiz& Mark Muller, The European Union and Turkish Accession : Human rights and the Kurds, (Pluto Press,London) p.1 5 Harun Arikan, Turkey and The EU : An awkward candidate for EU membership? (2nd edn, Ashgate, Hampshire, April 2006) p.1 6 Ibid Page 2 7 Decision 1/96 of the EC-Turkey Customs Cooperation Committee laying down detailed rules for the application of Decision 1/95” (O.J. 1996 L 200/14)
came until today and which appears as a notable judicial precedent in this particular legal field. The process had been initiated by European Court of Justice recognizing that agreement establishing association between Turkey and EEC is integral part of the Acquis Communautaire and ECJ also considered itself as an authorized body for the disputes concerned. Subsequently, ECJ also considered decisions of EC-Turkey Association Council as integral part of the Acquis Communautaire. In this process, the most significant development was recognition of the direct applicability in relation to the content of the Additional Protocol and decisions of EC-Turkey Association Council.8 When considering the context of the Association Agreement, three main titles such as rights granted to Turkish workers in the framework of the decisions of EC-Turkey Association Council, freedom to provide services and freedom of establishment attract the attention of the media and public opinion in Turkey. Additionally, 37 decisions of ECJ is relevant with this mentioned fields. In this study, the freedom of establishment and the disputes arises from the restrictions in relation to freedom of establishment towards Turkish nationals by EC member states will be evaluated under the legal scope of Association Agreement and annexed protocol. The study will be also touched briefly on the subject of freedom of establishment and its perception in European Community which constitutes necessity to comprehend the concept of freedom of establishment in real terms. 2. Concept of Establishment Article 13 of the Ankara agreement lays down that “The Contracting Parties agree to be guided by Articles 52 to 56 and Article 58 of the Treaty establishing the Community for the purpose of abolishing restrictions on freedom of establishment between them.“ Therefore, the agreement underlines the guidance of above mentioned articles of EEC treaty in regard to the freedom of establishment. In this sense, the definition of the concept of the establishment under the EC and EU treaties also requires to be comprehended entirely in order to construe the concept which set out by the Ankara Agreement. 2.1 The Right of Establishment Under EC Treaty
The right of establishment is described by the ECJ as ‘Fundamental Community rights’. The principle on which these rights are based is the principle of non-discrimination on ground of nationality, whether arising from legislation, regulation or administrative practice. The principle is binding on all competent authorities as well as legally recognized professional bodies.9
The principle of freedom of establishment and all the rights connected to it constitute in substance a possibility for individuals (natural persons as nationals of a Member State) and companies (within the Community), without any distinction as regards nationality or residence,
8 Prof. Dr. Haluk Kabaalioglu & Dr. Rolf Gutman,The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union : The Trend developed out of Standstill Provision Within Association Agreement (December 2007,Istanbul), p.3 9 Josephine Steiner & Lorna Woods, Textbook on EC LAW, (7th edition, BlackStone Press, London,2000) P.329
to start up with economic activity in any Member State in a stable and continuous way. This applies also to the state owned companies. The freedom of establishment, one of those freedom-principles is provided in the EU Treaty (Articles 43-48, ex 52-58). The freedom itself is a fundamental (right), effective and very broadly interpreted principle. Its restrictions, on the other hand, must be interpreted narrowly and literally. This freedom should be guaranteed as much for companies as it is guaranteed to physical persons.10 ‘Companies or Firms’ means ‘companies or firms constituted under civil or commercial law, including cooperative societies, and other legal persons governed by public or private law, save for those which are ‘non-profit making’ (Article 48(1) (ex 58(2)) EC). Companies or firms formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the Community shall, for the purposes of this Chapter, be treated in the same way as natural persons who are nationals of Member States (Article 48(1) (ex 45(1)) EC) The Community nationals may also buy shares of companies in all member States. It may be mentioned too that the Treaty has changed not anything in the system of law of private property of Member States (Article 295 (ex 222)) 2.2 Distinguishing Between Right of Establishment and Right to Provide Services
The criteria for distinguishing between self-employed activities and employment in the labour market are not very clear. The courts have repeatedly established this and insisted on publication of clear criteria. Sometimes they specified that the bearing of entrepreneurial risks and the actual management of the enterprise could be central criteria.11
Title III of the EC Treaty includes chapter 2 on the right of establishment, followed by chapter 3 on services. Commentators frequently consider these to be two aspects of the same right, namely, the right to conduct freely commercial, financial or professional activities throughout the Community, and find the line of demarcation between the two difficult to discern. There is a great deal of truth to this observation. Implementing legislation and interpretative case law often apply to the exercise of both rights, without any distinction drawn between them. However, in some instances, a particular aspect of the exercise of a right, or a particular limit on a right, is specific either to the provision of services or to establishment. Accordingly, one should try to keep the two Treaty rights distinct.12
Articles 43 and 49 of the EU treaty may appear to overlap, but in separating their application a rule of thumb may be employed; art 43 relates to the freedom to establishment. This entails the ‘actual pursuit of an economic activity through a fixed establishment in another Members State
10 Dr. Markku Kiikeri,’The Freedom of Establishment in the European Union’,(2002),Report to the Finish Ministry of Trade and Industry, p.29 http://www.helsinki.fi/publaw/opiskelu/Eurooppaoikeus/Sijoittautumistutkimus.englanti.Kiikeri.pdf accessed 01 February 2009 11 Anita Bocker & Elspeth Guild, Implementation of the Europe Agreements in France, Germany, The Netherlands and the UK: movement of Persons (Platinium Publishing, London 2002) p.67 12 George A. Bermann, Roger J. Goebel, William J. Davey and Eleanor M. Fox, Cases and Materials On European Union Law, (2nd edition, West Group Publishing Company, St. Paul 2002), P.654
for an indefinite period’: R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others Case13. According to the case of Gebhard v Consiglio dell’ Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano14, establishment requires the activity to be carried out on a ‘stable and continuous basis’.
Article 49 applies where a person simply conducts professional forays into another Member State without establishing a business presence there, or, as we shall see, wishes to receive services for a Temporary period in another Members State. A community national will therefore rely on this provision when their activities are temporary will be decided by reference to ‘not only the duration of the service, but also of its regularity, periodicity or continuity’. 15 2.3 Restrictions on Freedom of Movement and Residence in EC Directive 73/148 applies to both the right of establishment and the provision of services. The Directive abolished restrictions on the movement and residence of:
(a) Nationals of member states who are established in one member state and wish to establish in another member state or to provide services.
(b) Nationals who wish to go to another member state as the recipients of services (e.g. as tourists)
(c) Spouses and children under 21 years of nationals
(d) Relatives (both ascendant and descendant) of nationals and of spouses where dependent. 16
Under the Directive (similar in scope to Directive 68/360 for workers), those who benefit may leave and re-enter the territory on production of the necessary identity card. Those entering for the purpose of establishment have permanent right of residence and are entitled to a five-year, automatically renewable residence permit. Directive 75/34 also applies to both establishment and the provision of services. It provides for the self-employed and their families to remain after retirement.17 3. Association Agreements Concluded with Non-Member States in Relation To Freedom Of Establishment
The Association Agreements concluded with non-member states must be considered when speaking about the freedom of establishment – especially those with countries in the process of accessing to the European Union. Therefore, it is worthy to give a place in this study in order to
13 Case C-213/89 R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others Case (ECJ 19 June 1990) 14 Case C-55/94 Gebhard v Consiglio dell’ Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano (ECJ 30 November 1995) 15 Joanne Coles, Law of the European Union, (3rd Edition, Old Bailey Press, London, 2001) p. 190 16 Penelope Kent, Law of the European Union,(3rd Edition, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh, 2001) p. 175, 176 17 Ibid
comprehend the freedom of establishment in the context of Association Agreements concluded with non-member states-EC.
The agreements promote trade and harmonious economic relations so as to foster the development of prosperity in those States and facilitate their future accession. In 1998, the EU formally launched the process that should lead to its enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe. The process embraces ten central and Eastern European Countries (Herein after CEECS). Accession negotiations were opened with five of these countries (CEECs). Accession negotiations were opened with five of these countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia) on 31 March 1998, and with five other countries (Romania, the Slovak Republic, Latvia, Lithuania and Bulgaria) on 15 February 2000. All these agreements have granted the right of establishment of CEEC companies, branches and agencies, including small-service companies, even sole proprietorships, and in nearly all cases also the establishment of self-employed persons.18
Again the provisions in the Agreements are very similar in particular as regards the Agreements with Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. As regards the three Baltic States and Slovenia the Agreements are more different – in particular, the right to self employment is specifically aimed at companies from the parties, but then extended by a separate provision to natural persons at the end of the transitional periods. The Estonia Agreement provides for the extension of the right to the self-employed only where the individual is established although the definition of the right is “to take up economic activities as self-employed persons…”.This particularity has been considered significant by some commentators.19
The Europe Agreements define EC and CEEC companies as companies or firms that have been set up in accordance with the laws of one of the parties to the EA in question, and whose registered office, central administration or principle place of business is located in territory of within the EC or in the other Contracting Party. Partnerships are included in this definition, because the right of establishment grants individuals the right to set up and manage companies.20
In most of these association agreements there exist provisions prohibiting discrimination on grounds of nationality, i.e., discrimination against nationals of those States. Those can be self-employed workers or persons setting up and managing companies (right of establishment) (in the context of freedom of establishment). Such nationals are entitled to treatment that is no
18 Anita Bocker & Elspeth Guild, Implementation of the Europe Agreements in France, Germany, The Netherlands and the UK: movement of Persons (Platinium Publishing, London, 2002) p.1 19 ibid page 14 20 Andrea Ott, Kirstyn Inglis & Marescae, Handbook on European enlargement : a commentary on the enlargement process (T.M.C Asser instituut, The Hague 2002) p. 468
less favourable than that accorded to companies and nationals of the Member States.21 This applies also to companies from those countries. The right to entry and residence is also included.22
In some recent decisions the Court has maintained (and confirmed) that the nationals from those countries having the association agreement with the Community may invoke the right to free establishment in national courts (direct applicability)23. In other words, those nationals are granted a right of establishment, i.e., a right to take up activities of an industrial or commercial character, activities of craftsmen, or activities of the professions, and to pursue them in a self-employed capacity, and they may enforce their right legally in the host country.
However – contrary to the “normal” establishments, the Member States may retain the right, under those agreements, to regulate rights of entry and residence of nationals of those countries, and apply certain rules of stay, work, and labour. Doing this, however, they must be sure that the domestic immigration rules must not nullify or impair the benefits granted to such nationals under the right of establishment provided for in the agreements. This right of the member States means, however, that even if the residence and entry cannot be refused on the basis of nationality, the nature and the possibilities for the business activity can be examined more closely in a preliminary procedure (unlike in the case of EU nationals). This concerns also the control of the purpose of the visit. Furthermore, the abuse and misuse of law can result consequences (just like for EU nationals).24
Hence, the right to establishment is not as unconditional as for the EU nationals. This means that the scope of the principle of proportionality and the meaning of the wording is different, and the interpretation of the rights and freedoms is different too. In the end, however, the measures taken by the national authorities must not affect the very substance of the rights of entry, stay and establishment. Furthermore, they are also protected by the fundamental rights (the right to respect for family life and the right to respect for property), which rules derive from the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Article 291, Article 294 and 295. As mentioned also in the Court’s case law, any restrictions relating to the control of capital by natural or legal persons are contrary to the Article 294 (ex 221). It explicitly maintains that no national discrimination may exist for owning capital in companies of a country.25
21 See further information, Europe Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Poland, of the other part, [31 December 1993] OJ L 348/3, Europe Agreement Establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Bulgaria, of the other part, [31 December 1994] OJ L 358
22 See further information, Case C-37/98 Savas v The Queen Secretary of State for the Home Department (ECJ 11 May 2000) paragraph 60/63 23 Case C-262/96 Sema Sürül and Bundesanstalt für Arbeit (ECJ 4May 1999) paragraph 60
24 Dr. Markku Kiikeri,’The Freedom of Establishment in the European Union’,(2002),Report to the Finish Ministry of Trade and Industry, p.93 http://www.helsinki.fi/publaw/opiskelu/Eurooppaoikeus/Sijoittautumistutkimus.englanti.Kiikeri.pdf accessed 01 February 2009 25 Ibid Page 94
Considering the subject matter, it is noteworthy to touch on some ECJ decisions concerning right of establishment in relation to Europe Agreements which were concluded by CEECs in advance of their accession to EU. Among these decisions Glozczuk26, Kondava27 and particularly Barkaci and Malik28 decisions must be specified.29
In Barkaci and Malik Case30, Mr. Barkoci and Mr. Malik applied for political asylum in the United Kingdom in 1997. They stated that they were from the Czech Republic (CEECs country), but their applications were unsuccessful. They also submitted applications in 1998 to become established in the United Kingdom under the relevant Association Agreement as a self-employed gardener (Mr. Barkoci) and a provider of domestic and commercial cleaning services (Mr Malik). The authorities chose to treat those applications as applications for initial leave to enter, even though Mr. Barkoci and Mr. Malik were already present within the territory of the United Kingdom. In regard to their plans for establishment, the authorities were not satisfied that these would be financially viable and that the activities contemplated would be carried on in a self-employed capacity, and for those reasons dismissed their applications.31 The Court’s respond to it can be seen below:
‘The condition set out at the end of the first sentence of Article 59(1) of that Association Agreement must be construed as meaning that the obligation on a Czech national, prior to his departure to the host Member State, to obtain entry clearance in his country of residence, grant of which is subject to verification of substantive requirements, such as those laid down in paragraph 212 of *the United Kingdom+ Immigration Rules *(House of Commons Paper 395) “the Immigration Rules”+, has neither the purpose nor the effect of making it impossible or excessively difficult for Czech nationals to exercise the rights granted to them by Article 45(3) of that Agreement, provided that the competent authorities of the host Member State exercise their discretion in regard to applications for leave to enter for purposes of establishment, submitted pursuant to that Agreement at the point of entry into that State, in such a way that leave to enter can be granted to a Czech national lacking entry clearance on a basis other than that of the Immigration Rules if that person’s application clearly and manifestly satisfies the same
26 Case 63/99, The Queen, ex parte Wieslaw Gloszczuk and Elzbieta Gloszczuk v. Secretary of State of Department (ECJ 27 September 2001) 27 Case 235/99 The Queen, ex parte Eleanora Ivanova Kondova v Secretary of State for the Home Department (ECJ 27 September 2001) 28 Case 257/99 Barkoci and Malik (ECJ 27 September 2001) 29 Associate Dr. Sanem Baykal,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(December 2007,Istanbul),Interpretion and scope of Standstill provison regulated by the additional protocol 41/1 under the context of Association Law between Turkey-EC and decisions of ECJ, p.14 30 See n 28
31 Press and Information Division of European Court of Justice,‘Judgments of the Court in Cases C-63/99, C-257/99 and C-235/99 The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Wieslaw Gloszczuk and Elzbieta Gloszczuk, The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Julius Barkoci and Marcel Malik, The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Eleonora Ivanova Kondova’,(27 September 2001),Press Release no:45/01, p.93 http://curia.europa.eu/en/actu/communiques/cp01/aff/cp0145en.htm accessed 01 February 2009
substantive requirements as those which would have been applied had he sought entry clearance in the Czech Republic.’32 And continued as:
‘… without even addressing the question whether Article 59(1) of the Association Agreement allows the competent authorities of the host Member State to refuse admission to its territory for a Czech national who does not hold entry clearance, it will be sufficient to examine whether the application by the United Kingdom authorities of national immigration legislation, including the exercise of the Secretary of State *for the Home Department+’s discretion to determine whether the condition relating to possession of entry clearance may be set aside in individual instances, appears on the whole to be in accordance with the condition set out at the end of the first sentence of Article 59(1) of the Association Agreement.’33 It is also noteworthy to take into account of subsequent Lili Georgieva Panayotova and Others v Minister voor Vreendelingenzaken en Integratie case which is also referring to Barkaci and Malik decision in its justification. ‘Articles 45(1) and 59(1) of the Association Agreement between the Communities and Bulgaria, read together, Articles 44(3) and 58(1) of the Association Agreement between the Communities and Poland, read together, and Articles 45(3) and 59(1) of the Association Agreement between the Communities and Slovakia, read together, do not in principle preclude legislation of a Member State involving a system of prior control which makes entry into the territory of that Member State with a view to establishment as a self-employed person conditional on the issue of a temporary residence permit by the diplomatic or consular services of that Member State in the country of origin of the person concerned or in the country where he is permanently resident. Such a system may legitimately make grant of that permit subject to the condition that the person concerned must show that he genuinely intends to take up an activity as a self-employed person without at the same time entering into employment or having recourse to public funds, and that he possesses, from the outset, sufficient financial resources for carrying out the activity as a self-employed person and has reasonable chances of success. The scheme applicable to such residence permits issued in advance must, however, be based on a procedural system which is easily accessible and capable of ensuring that the persons concerned will have their applications dealt with objectively and within a reasonable time, and refusals to grant a permit must be capable of being challenged in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings. Those provisions of the Association Agreements must be interpreted as likewise not in principle precluding such national legislation from providing that the competent authorities of the host Member State are to reject an application for a full residence permit with a view to establishment in accordance with the Association Agreements submitted in the territory of that State when the applicant lacks the temporary residence permit thus required by that legislation.
32 Case 257/99 Barkoci and Malik (ECJ 27 September 2001) Paragraph 4 of The Operative Part of Judgement 33 ibid Paragraph 69
It is immaterial in this regard that the applicant claims to satisfy clearly and manifestly the necessary substantive requirements for grant of the temporary residence permit and the full residence permit with a view to such establishment or that the applicant is legally resident in the host Member State on another basis on the date of his application where it appears that the latter is incompatible with the express conditions attached to his entry into that Member State and in particular those relating to the authorized duration of the stay.’ 34
The provisions in the Europe Agreements on the establishment of self-employed persons and undertakings from the CEECs are to be understood in accordance with the definition of establishment in Article 43(1) of EU Treaty. The provision takes the form of a prohibition against discrimination and is interpreted as having direct effect in case-law of the ECJ. In accordance with the precedents of the ECJ, the right of establishment laid down in the Europe Agreements implies an ancillary right of entry and residence for nationals of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe who want to exercise industrial, commercial, craft and freelance activities in an EU member state.35
In The Queen, ex parte Eleanora Ivanova Kondova v Secretary of State for the Home Department case36, The Court also accreted that : It must, however, also be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, a mere similarity in the wording of a provision of one of the Treaties establishing the Communities and of an international agreement between the Community and a non-member country is not sufficient to give to the wording of that agreement the same meaning as it has in the Treaties (see Case 270/80 Polydor and RSO Records ECR 329, paragraphs 14 to 21; Case 104/81 Kupferberg ECR 3641, paragraphs 29 to 31; Case C-312/91 Metalsa ECR I-3751, paragraphs 11 to 20). According to that case-law, the extension of the interpretation of a provision in the Treaty to a comparably, similarly or even identically worded provision of an agreement concluded by the Community with a non-member country depends, inter alia, on the aim pursued by each provision in its own particular context. A comparison between the objectives and context of the agreement and those of the Treaty is of considerable importance in that regard (see Metalsa, cited above, paragraph 11).
34 Case C-327/02 Lili Georgieva Panayotova and Others v Minister voor Vreendelingenzaken en Integratie (ECJ 16 September 2002) Paragraph 39 Operative part 1-3 35 Evtimov Erik,’ The freedom of movement for workers under the Europe Agreements of the EC with Central and Eastern European countries’ : Comment on the ECJ decision of 29 January 2002 – C-162/00 – Land Nordrhein Westfalen v Beate Pokrzeptowicz-Meyer’,(2002), The European Legal Forum (E) 4-2002, 235 – 239 , p.3 36 Case 235/99 The Queen, ex parte Eleanora Ivanova Kondova v Secretary of State for the Home Department (ECJ 27 September 2001)
The Association Agreement is designed simply to create an appropriate framework for the Republic of Bulgaria’s gradual integration into the Community, with a view to its possible accession, whereas the purpose of the Treaty is to create an internal market, establishment of which involves the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital (see Article 3(c) of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Article 3(1)(c) EC)). 37 This approach of the Court is crucial for further parts of our study in order to understand the scope of freedom of establishment which grants ancillary rights such as the right of entry and residence to Turkish Citizens. Finally, it must be borne in mind that decisions concerned do not deal with the standstill clause which will be clarified in the further part of the study. Accordingly, this additional info must not be disregarded in course of comparison between cases arise from Ankara Agreement and cases arise from Europe Agreements. 3.1 Jurisdiction of European Court of Justice Over Association Agreements Concluded by The Community with Non-Member States and The Evaluation of Decisions Related to EC-Turkey Association Council in Parallel With The Subject Matter
In the Demirel Case38, the court ruled that it has jurisdiction to interpret the provisions on freedom of movement for workers contained in the Ankara Agreement and its additional protocol with reference to Community’s responsibility for the due performance of the international agreements. The provision on the movement of persons will also come under scrutiny with currently five case pending before ECJ in the form of preliminary ruling from national courts.39
There is some argument about whether the concept of the mixed agreement is one which should be recognized in Community Law. However, there can be no doubt that the court of justice recognizes such concept and indeed has referred specifically to the Ankara Agreement as such an agreement. The essential feature of mixed agreements is that some provisions fall within the competence of the community, while others fall within the competence of the Member States. However, the court of justice is reluctant to allocate exact division of competence. Instead it emphasizes the need for common action or “close co-operation” thus requiring double common standards to be reached and uniform to be reached and uniform interpretation of provisions contained within the agreements.40
37 Ibid paragraph 51-53 38 Case 12/86 Meryem Demirel v Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd (ECJ 30 September 1987) 39 Kronenberger Vincent & Captain Paul Joan George, The European Union and The International Legal Order (1st Edition, T.M.C Asser Press, Brussels) p. 106 40 Nicola Rogers, A practitioners’ guide to the EC-Turkey Association Agreement , (Kluwer Law International, The Hague 2000), Page 5
How far the court can go in determining issues of interpretations in mixed agreements is a source of anguish for member states, which would rather preserve greater proportions of agreements to their exclusive jurisdiction. In Demirel Case41, the German and the United Kingdom governments argued that the court did not have jurisdiction to rule on the interpretation of a provision in a mixed agreement over which the Member States had exclusive jurisdiction. Even the Commission agreed that it would be ‘illogical’ to refer for review by the court of justice provisions over which the member states have exclusive jurisdiction. The court side-stepped the issue by holding that the relevant provisions concerned the free movement of workers which fell within the power in conferred on the community article 31042 The court held in Demirel decision as follows:
‘An agreement concluded by the council under articles 228 and 238 of the EEC treaty is, as far as the Community is concerned, an act of one of the institutions of the community within the meaning of Article 177 (1) (B), and, as from its entry into force, the provisions of such an agreement form an integral part of the community legal system; within the framework of that system the court has jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning the interpretation of such an agreement. In the case of provisions in an association agreement concerning the free movement of workers, doubt cannot be cast on that jurisdiction of the court by the argument that, in case of a “mixed” agreement, its powers do not extend to provisions whereby the member states have entered into commitments in the exercise of their own powers. Since freedom of movement for workers is, by virtue of article 48 et seq. of the EEC treaty, one of the fields covered by that treaty, commitments regarding freedom of movement fall within the powers conferred on the community by article 238.
Nor can the jurisdiction of the court be called in question by virtue of the fact that in the field of freedom of movement for workers, as community law now stands, it is for the member states to lay down the rules which are necessary to give effect in their territory to the provisions of the agreement or the decisions to be adopted by the association council, in ensuring respect for commitments arising from an agreement concluded by the community institutions the member state fulfil, within the community system, an obligation in relation to the community, which has assumed responsibility for the due performance of the agreement. ‘43
In Sevince case44, The Court referred to the Demirel case and also ruled that ‘the same criteria apply in determining whether the provisions of a decision of the Council of Association can have
41 See n 38 42 Ibid, Page 6 43 See n 38 44 Case C-192/89 S. Z. Sevince v Staatssecretaris van Justitie (ECJ 20 September 1990)
direct effect.’45 And additionally The Court determined the scope of the decisions in reply to the Raad van State of the Netherlands:
‘The interpretation of Decision No 2/76 of 20 December 1976 and Decision No 1/80 of 19 September 1980 of the Association Council set up by the Agreement establishing an Association between the European Economic Community and Turkey falls within the scope of Article 177 of the EEC Treaty .
Article 2(1)(b ) of Decision No 2/76, cited above, and Article 6(1 ) of Decision No 1/80, cited above, and Article 7 of Directive No 2/76 and Article 13 of Decision No 1/80 have direct effect in the Member States of the European Community’.46 3.2 The Content of Ankara Association Agreement With Turkey
The association Agreement with Turkey was signed in Ankara on 12 September 1963. The Ankara Agreement provided for an EC-Turkey Association Council that met regularly and evaluated the outcomes of the association. The Additional Protocol to the Association Agreement that was signed on November 23, 1970, and came into force on January 1, 1973, contained a road map for the realization of the customs union within twenty-two years.47 It’s also noteworthy to bear in mind that article 28 of the Agreement envisages possible accession to EC, article concerned lays down that:
‘As soon as the operation of this Agreement has advanced far enough to justify envisaging full acceptance by Turkey of the obligations arising out of the Treaty establishing the Community, the Contracting Parties shall examine the possibility of the accession of Turkey to the Community.’48 The Ankara Agreement is divided into three Titles:
Title I sets out the principles of the agreement. Title II lays down the framework for the transitional stage of the Association. Title III contains the final provisions to the Agreement. The Additional Protocol is divided into four titles, relating to specific free movement areas. Title I relates to the free movement of goods. Title II entitled “movement of persons and services”. Chapter 2 of the protocol is concerned with the right of establishment, services and transport.49
The study of the Association Agreement with Greece and the ensuing accession process of Greece to the EC is particularly useful for the proper understanding of the relationships between the EC/EU and Turkey. The Agreement was very much inspired by the Athens
45 Ibid Paragraph 15 46 Ibid Opperative Part of the Judgement 87 47 Martin Sajdik & Micheal Schwarzinger, European Union Enlargement : Background, Developments, Facts Central and Eastern European Policy Studies, Volume 2, (Transaction Publishers, London 2008)p.283 48 Agreement Establishing an association between the European Economic Community and Turkey, [12 September 1963] OJ L 361/3 49 Nicola Rogers and Rick Scannell, Free Movement Of Persons In The Enlarged European Union, (Sweet and Max Well,London 2005) Page 326-327
Agreement and it is probably correct to say that without the Athens Agreement the Ankara Agreement would have looked very different. However compared to the Athens Agreement, its provisions were less detailed, were formulated in more general terms and most of them needed further implementation, something which, in practice, would prove to be a difficult, slow and sometimes even a painful exercise.50
According to the preamble of the agreement (referred to herein as Ankara Agreement), one of the objective was “to ensure a continuous improvement in living conditions in Turkey and in the European Economic Community through accelerated economic progress and the harmonious expansion of trade, and to reduce the disparity between the Turkish economy and the economies of the Member States of the Community.”51 The Ankara Agreement implied that much had to be done, through a bilateral additional protocol in particular, for the transfer from the “preparatory stage” to the “transitional stage” of the association – which was agreed in 1970.52 Article 4 of the Ankara Agreement stress that one of the contracting parties’ obligation is to “align the economic policies of Turkey and the Community more closely in order to ensure the proper functioning of the Association and the progress of the joint measures which this requires. “ 3.3 Freedom of Establishment In the Content of Ankara Association Agreement
Unlike the association agreements concluded by Malta and Cyprus, Ankara Agreement does not merely envisage establishment of customs union, moreover the agreement refers to the free movement of workers, freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services.53
Under Additional Protocol, as regards to the transitional stage of the relations with EEC, transfer from “preparatory stage” to the “transitional stage” requires a decision of EC-Turkey association council which had been envisaged under the agreement. An Additional Protocol to the Ankara Agreement was signed between Parties in 1970 (came into force in 1973) to coordinate the transitional stage.54 As mentioned above, Title III and Chapter II of the Additional protocol is the part which concerns with the right of establishment. Under this chapter, the standstill which constitutes the core of this study exists.
Particular importance is Article 41(1) which contains a standstill provision relating to establishment and the freedom to provide services. Article 41(2) empowers the council of
50 Alan Dashwood & Marc Maresceau, Law and Practice of EU External Relations: Salient Features Of A Changing Landscape(Cambridge University Press 2008) p.326 51 O.J. English Special Edition, c 113/1 52 Ibid page 326. 53 Associate Dr. Sanem Baykal,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’Interpretion and scope of Standstill provison regulated by the additional protocol 41/1 under the context of Association Law between Turkey-EC and decisions of ECJ, ,(December 2007,Istanbul), p.23 54 Additional Protocol to the Assoclation Agreement, 23 November 1970, (OJ EC No. C 113/17, 24.12.1973)
association to adopt rules and timetable for the progressive abolition of restrictions on freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services.55
According to article 41(2) of The Additional Protocol ‘The Council of Association shall, in accordance with the principles set out in Articles 13 and 14 of the Agreement of Association, determine the timetable and rules for the progressive abolition by the Contracting Parties, between themselves, of restrictions on freedom of establishment and on freedom to provide services. The Council of Association shall, when determining such timetable and rules for the various classes of activity, take into account corresponding measures already adopted by the Community in these fields and also the special economic and social circumstances of Turkey. Priority shall be given to activities making a particular contribution to the development of production and trade.’56
On the contrary of this statement as ECJ already mentioned in Tum and Dari Case, ‘To date, it is true, the Association Council has not adopted any measure on the basis of Article 41(2) of the Additional Protocol with a view to the actual removal by the Contracting Parties of existing restrictions on freedom of establishment, in accordance with the principles set out in Article 13 of the Association Agreement. Furthermore, it is apparent from the case-law of the Court that neither of those two provisions has direct effect (Savas, paragraph 45).’ 57 Therefore considering lack of The Council Association decisions with regard to abolition of restrictions on freedom of establishment article 41(2) of Additional Protocol has no direct effect.
There is no express right contained within the Ankara Agreement or its Additional Protocol for Turkish nationals to establish in the territory of the Member States. Whilst Article 13 and 14 of the Ankara Agreement make reference to Treaty provisions in order to “guide” Contracting Parties on the abolition of restrictions in those areas, neither provision creates any directly effective right.58 In Demirel Case59 the court explicitly stated that “examination of Article 12 of the agreement and article 36 of the protocol therefore reveals that they essentially serve to set out a program and are not sufficiently precise and unconditional to be capable of governing directly the movement of workers”60
The Court recalled its two stage analysis of direct effect of agreements. Referring to its reasoning in Demirel case it first held that Article 13 of the Association Agreement, by analogy with article 12 concerning free movement of workers, did not do more than lay down in general
55 Nicola Rogers and Rick Scannell, Free Movement Of Persons In The Enlarged European Union, (Sweet and Max Well,London 2005) Page 327 56 Additional Protocol to the Assoclation Agreement, 23 November 1970, (OJ EC No. C 113/17, 24.12.1973) Article 41(2) 57 Case C-16/05 Veli Tum & Mehmet Dari v Secretary of State for the Home Department (ECJ 20 September 2007) Paragraph 62 58 See n 55 59 Case 12/86 Meryem Demirel v Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd (ECJ 30 September 1987), 60 Ibid paragraph 23
terms, with reference to the corresponding provisions of the EC Treaty, the principle of eliminating restrictions on freedom of establishment.61 The category of entry to set up a business is a broad one. No particular kind of business is contemplated, and the form of the business may be as a sole trader. This broad approach to assessing self-employed or business applications has now been replaced with very detailed rules requiring minimum investment, creation of employment and so on. EC exclusive agreements are binding on new Member States from the date of accession. In the case of EC mixed agreements and other related agreements, new Member States “undertake to accede” to them in due course in accordance with the conditions in their respective Act of accession and national constitutional procedures. New Member States must take appropriate measures where necessary to adjust their position in international ongoing process of political integration within the EU. Firstly, new Member States must accede to decisions and agreements adopted by the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States meetings within
The Council.62 In the light of this information, new member states must be part of Ankara Agreement and its annexed protocol in order to become a member of the community. Additionally the agreement and the protocol are binding from the date of accession. In other words, the standstill provision (examined below) of additional protocol entered into force in 1st January 1973 is applicable to a member state at the time of its accession to the community. 4. The Standstill Provision 4.1 The Concept of Standstill Provision
The Community law has long recognised the concept of a standstill provision. Indeed article 53 of Rome contained such a standstill clause as a first step in the transitional period towards the progressive abolition of restrictions on establishment provided for in Article 52 of the same Treaty [Now Art. 43 EC Treaty]. Whilst national laws still had some application to the situation of those wishing to establish themselves in other Member States, the Member States were directed to ensure than those in existence at the time when the Treaty came into force. Indeed, the provision also prevents a Member State to revert back to less liberal measures then have been imposed during the transitional period by Community Law.63
61 M. Maresceau, Bileteral Agreements Concluded by the European Community(The Hague: Nijhoff 2006) p.270 62 Roman Petrov, ‘The External Dimension of the Acquis Communautaire’, (02 2007, San Domenico di Fiesole), EUI Working Paper MWP No. 2007/02 p.13 63 Nicola Rogers and Rick Scannell, Free Movement Of Persons In The Enlarged European Union, (Sweet and Max Well,London 2005) Page 356
The standstill provision contained in Article 41(1) of the additional Protocol to the Ankara Agreement is very similarly worded to Article 53 of the Treaty of Rome. Considering wording of the provisions concerned, as a comparison:
Article 53 of the Rome Treaty states: Member States shall not introduce any new restrictions on the right of establishment in their territories of nationals of other Member States, save as otherwise provided in this Treaty. Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol states: The Contracting Parties shall refrain from introducing between themselves any new restrictions
on the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services.64 The Provision of additional protocol has been interpreted by the ECJ in such as way as to give it same effect as Article 53. 4.2 The Standstill Provision In The Ankara Agreement
A Member State is thus prevented from imposing any new measure having the “object or effect” of making the establishment of a Turkish national in its territory subject to stricter conditions than those which applied at the time when the Additional Protocol entered into force for the particular Member State in question. In this sense, Savas decision in year 2000 and Abatay decision in year 2003 subsequently Tum and Dari decision ruled in 20 September 2007 is weighty.65
The pre-1973 rules however are preserved in the case of Turkish nationals because of the ruling of the European Court of Justice in the case of Savas. The court applied the standstill clause in article 41 of the Additional Protocol to the EC-Turkey Association Agreement, which provided that EU countries should not, after the date of the agreement, introduce new obstacles to Turkish Nationals, and these give more favourable conditions, for instance allowing switching into self-employment from visitor status. All business applications require entry clearance with the exception of Turkish nationals as mentioned above 66
64 Additional Protocol to the Assoclation Agreement, 23 November 1970, (OJ EC No. C 113/17, 24.12.1973) 65 Prof. Dr. Haluk Kabaalioglu & Dr. Rolf Gutman,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’, The Trend developed out of Standstill Provision Within Association Agreement (December 2007,Istanbul), p.3 66 Gina Clayton, Text book on Immigration and Asylum Law, (1st Edition, Oxford University Press, New York 2004) p.123
In the context of Ankara Agreement and EC-Turkey Council Decisions, there are two such standstill types: one relating to the conditions of access to employment and the other to the conditions of self-employment in the member states.67 4.3 Applicability of the Standstill Clause
The question of whether a provision of Community law has direct effect is of significance in terms of its applicability and consequences. If a provision has direct effect then all those falling within its scope are able to rely upon it before national courts and authorities without need for any transposition into domestic law. In Savas Case, ECJ had no difficulty in accepting the direct effect of Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol which “confers on individuals rights which national court must safeguard”. In Abatay Case68, the second judgement concerning Art.41(1) of the Additional Protocol, the ECJ confirmed that the provision has direct effect resulting from the fact that the provision, as with other standstill provisions under the Ankara Agreement, lays down “…clearly, precisely and unconditionally, unequivocal standstill clauses, which contain an obligation entered into by the contracting parties which amounts in law to a duty not to act”.69
In Tum and Dari Case, ECJ also set out that “it is not disputed that Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol has direct effect in the Member States, so that the rights which it confers on the Turkish nationals to whom it applies may be relied on before the national courts to prevent the application of inconsistent rules of national law. “70 Furthermore, In Mehmet Soysal Case71 concerning opinion had been once again repeated.
This conclusion is reinforced when the purpose and subject-matter of the Ankara Agreement is examined. As with other provisions in the Ankara Agreement the ECJ affirmed that the essential object of the Agreement, namely to promote the development of Turkey, trade and economic relations between the Contracting parties, lends support to the conclusion that this provision has direct effect in Community law.72
The Court simply repeats in this respect its old case-law in Costa v. Enel73 where it had already confirmed direct effect of a similar standstill clause in the EEC Treaty. 74
67 Nicola Rogers, A practitioners’ guide to the EC-Turkey Association Agreement , ( Kluwer Law International, The Hague 2000), P.29 68 Case C-317/01 Eran Abatay and Others and Nadi Sahin v Bundesanstalt für Arbeit (ECJ 21 October 2003) 69 Nicola Rogers and Rick Scannell, Free Movement Of Persons In The Enlarged European Union, (Sweet and Max Well,London,2005) Page 357 70 Case C-16/05 Veli Tum & Mehmet Dari v Secretary of State for the Home Department (ECJ 20 September 2007), Paragraph 46 71 Case C-228/06 Mehmet Soysal & Ibrahim Savatli v Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ECJ 19 February 2009), Paragraph 45 72 Nicola Rogers and Rick Scannell, Free Movement Of Persons In The Enlarged European Union, (Sweet and Max Well,London 2005) Page 327 73 Case C-6/64 Costa v Enel (ECJ 15 July 1964) 74 M. Maresceau, Bileteral Agreements Concluded by the European Community (The Hague: Nijhoff 2006) p.271
In Costa v Enel Case75, the court in its judgement held as follows:
‘In so far as the question put to the court is concerned, it prohibits the introduction of any new measure contrary to the principles of article 37(1), that is, any measure having as its object or effect a new discrimination between nationals of member states regarding the conditions in which goods are procured and marketed, by means of monopolies of bodies which must, first, have as their object transactions regarding a commercial product capable of being the subject of competition and trade between member states, and secondly must play an effective part in such trade’76 4.4 The Scope of the Standstill Clause
First-time ECJ evaluated the “standstill provision” as a subject matter under association agreement called Athens Agreement (mentioned above) which has close similarity with Ankara Agreement. In Anastasia Peskeloglou v Bundesanstalt für Arbeit case77, Greek national Peskeloglou brought a law suit against federal employment office of Nuremberg, Germany in 1982. ECJ held that after entry force of the Athens agreement, subsequent restrictions on Greek nationals are inconvenient with article 45(1) of the Athens agreement.78 As stated by the ECJ :
Article 45 (1) of the act concerning the conditions of accession of the Hellenic Republic) and the adjustments to the treaties ( Official Journal 1979, L 291, p.17) must be interpreted as not permitting national provisions concerning the first grant of a work permit to a Greek national to be made more restrictive after the entry into force of that act.79 Moreover unlike Greece, it took 14 years for Turkey to realize the presence and consequences of the standstill clause.
The ECJ has applied the provision in Art.41(1) to any measure having the object or purpose of making the establishment, and as a corollary, the residence of a Turkish national in its territory subject to stricter conditions than those which applied at the time when the Member State become party to the Additional Protocol.80
Scope of Article 41(1) of Additional Protocol and its interpretation had been firstly examined in Savas Case with the decision which had been made by ECJ in 2000. On one hand, concerning issue had been attempted to be clarified with the decision of Savas Case and with the subsequent precedent on the other hand, academicians from Turkey and also Europe had been comprehensively entered into a discussion in the matter of the interpretation of the Court’s
75 Case C-6/64 Costa v Enel (ECJ 15 July 1964) 76 ibid 77 Case 77/82 Anastasia Peskeloglou v Bundesanstalt für Arbeit (ECJ 23 March 1983) 78 Dr.Murat Aksoy,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(6 November 2007, Istanbul),Report concerning the evaluation of obligatory visa implementation on Turkish Nationals under European Law , Economic Development Foundation Publish no:213, p.14 79 See n 77 Paragraph 17 80 Nicola Rogers and Rick Scannell, Free Movement Of Persons In The Enlarged European Union, (Sweet and Max Well,London,2005) Page 357
precedent. When considering direct applicability feature of Savas Case, a vast scale of academicians reached on the consensus that the decision concerned revealed by the ECJ can be deemed as a judgement which provides a right for Turkish nationals to assert their rights in national courts and national administrative bodies without any regulation requirement in national stage. The other consensus is the parties concerned cannot implement new restrictions towards Turkish nations as regards to freedom to provide services and freedom of establishment after ratification date of The Additional Protocol.81
It is plain from the facts of Mr. Savas that such a Turkish national does not have to be lawfully resident in the Member State in question in order to obtain the benefit of the standstill provision in Article 41(1) Mr. Savas had obtained lawful entry to the United Kingdom as a visitor for one month with his wife. By the time of his application to remain in the United Kingdom as a self-employed person he had overstayed that visa by some 11 years plainly unlawfully resident in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, ECJ held that the standstill provision in article 41 EC meant that the UK could not apply provisions on establishment to Turkish nationals that were more restrictive than those which obtained at the time of the commencement of the Ankara Agreement. For the UK this was 1 January 1973 when the UK joined the EU. Immigration rules on self-employment were then more favourable to the individual then they are now. The Ankara agreement has a developing case law and is of importance as Turkish accession to the EU is still some way off.82 The scope of the standstill provision in Article 41(1) therefore extends to all Turkish nationals, whatever their legal status in the Member State in which they wish to establish themselves. No distinction in the application of the standstill clause can be made on the basis of whether the Turkish national is lawfully resident, unlawfully resident or only a prospective resident wishing to obtain entry to particular Member State. The effect of the provision is to ensure that any immigration laws or laws relating to conditions of establishment to which the Turkish national is made subject are no stricter than those that would have been applicable to a Turkish national in the same position at the time when the Additional Protocol came into force in the Member State in question. The benefit of the provision extends to both such a provision can be significant.
At the time at which the Additional Protocol came into force in a large number of the original Member States or those which joined in the 1960s and 1970s, Member States’ immigration regimes were extremely liberal. In a quest to stimulate post-war economies in Western Europe, non-EU nationals who could bring skills and economic benefit to a Member State were encouraged to migrate. Domestic immigration laws and policies have undoubtedly become far harsher in the last two decades. The Turkish national who wishes to establish himself in the
81 Associate Dr. Sanem Baykal,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(December 2007,Istanbul),Interpretion and scope of Standstill provison regulated by the additional protocol 41/1 under the context of Association Law between Turkey-EC and decisions of ECJ, p.7 82 Gina Clayton, Text book on Immigration and Asylum Law, (1st Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004) p.301
territory of a Member State will likely be in a better position if able to rely on the liberal immigration regimes of the 1960s and 1970s than current immigration laws.
The scope of the standstill provision extends to “any new measure” which has the object or effect of making establishment more difficult for Turkish nationals. Such measures would include the imposition of new procedures, for instance a requirement to obtain certain permits, as well as substantive provisions, such as the imposition of a new requirement to invest a certain sum of money in the Member State in question.83 It’s noteworthy to underline that standstill provision does not grant any right upon Turkish Nationals such as a right of establishment. In Savas Case, The Court held that:
‘Finally, according to consistent case-law, even if the ‘standstill’ clause set out in Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol is not, in itself, capable of conferring on Turkish nationals – on the basis of Community legislation alone – a right of establishment or, as a corollary, a right of residence, nor a right to freedom to provide services or to enter the territory of a Member State (see Savas, paragraphs 64 and 71, third indent; Abatay and Others, paragraph 62, and Tum and Dari, paragraph 52), the fact remains that such a clause prohibits generally the introduction of any new measures having the object or effect of making the exercise by a Turkish national of those economic freedoms on the territory of that Member State subject to stricter conditions than those which applied to him at the time when the Additional Protocol entered into force with regard to the Member State…’.84 5. The Decision of Veli Tum and Mehmet Dari v Secretary of State for the Home Department
Mr. Tum and Mr. Dari arrived in the United Kingdom by ship, Mr. Tum in November 2001 from Germany and Mr. Dari in October 1998 from France.85
As their applications for asylum were refused, their removal was ordered pursuant to the Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities, signed in Dublin on 15 June 1990 (OJ 1997 C 254, p. 1), but that measure was not put into effect by the competent national authorities, with the result that the persons concerned are still in United Kingdom territory.86
As, under section 11(1) of the Immigration Act 1971, they were granted only temporary admission to the United Kingdom, which does not amount to formal clearance for entry to the United Kingdom for the purposes of its national legislation and was, moreover, subject to a
83 See no 80 Page 358 84 Savas v The Queen Secretary of State for the Home Department Case Paragraph 47 85 Case C-16/05 Veli Tum & Mehmet Dari v Secretary of State for the Home Department (ECJ 20 September 2007), Paragraph 27 86 ibid, Paragraph 28
restriction on taking employment, Mr. Tum and Mr. Dari applied for visas to enter the United Kingdom for the purposes of establishing themselves in business on their own account.87
To that end, the parties concerned relied on the Association Agreement, claiming in particular that, under Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol, their applications for leave to enter the host Member State should be assessed on the basis of the national Immigration Rules applicable at the date of the entry into force of that protocol with regard to the United Kingdom, namely the rules in force on 1 January 1973.88
The Secretary of State, however, applying the national Immigration Rules in force at the time when Mr. Tum and Mr. Dari’s applications were lodged, refused to grant those applications.89
Mr. Tum and Mr. Dari applied for judicial review of the decisions rejecting their applications; their cases were heard together by the High Court of Justice of England and Wales, Queen’s Bench Division (Administrative Court), and determined in their favour by judgment of that court of 19 November 2003.That decision was essentially upheld by the judgment of the Court of Appeal (England and Wales) (Civil Division) of 24 May 2004.90 According to those courts, the position of the two Turkish nationals was not based on deception of any kind and did not call in question the protection of a legitimate national interest such as public policy, public security or public health. Those courts also found that the parties concerned were entitled to rely upon the ‘standstill’ clause set out in Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol and claim that their applications to enter the United Kingdom for the purpose of establishing themselves in business on their own account should be considered on the basis of the 1973 Immigration Rules. 91 The Secretary of State was then given leave to appeal to the House of Lords.
Since the parties to the main proceedings disagree as to whether the ‘standstill’ clause set out in Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol applies to the United Kingdom rules on first admission as regards Turkish nationals seeking to benefit from freedom of establishment in that Member State, the House of Lords decided to stay proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling: ‘Is Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol … to be interpreted as prohibiting a Member State from introducing new restrictions, as from the date on which that Protocol entered into force in that Member State, on the conditions of and procedure for entry to its territory for a Turkish national seeking to establish himself in business in that Member State?’92 The Slovak Government and the Commission of the European Communities to a large extent support the interpretation advocated by Mr. Tum and Mr. Dari.
87 Ibid, Paragraph 29 88 Ibid, Paragraph 30 89 Ibid, Paragraph 31 90 Ibid, Paragraph 32 91 Ibid, Paragraph 32 92 Ibid, Paragraph 34
And finally, ECJ held that Article 41(1) of the Additional Protocol, which was signed on 23 November 1970 in Brussels and concluded, approved and confirmed on behalf of the Community by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2760/72 of 19 December 1972, is to be interpreted as prohibiting the introduction, as from the entry into force of that protocol with regard to the Member State concerned, of any new restrictions on the exercise of freedom of establishment, including those relating to the substantive and/or procedural conditions governing the first admission into the territory of that State, of Turkish nationals intending to establish themselves in business there on their own account.93 However national court did not indicate an explicit question concerning visa restriction to ECJ, due to this fact ECJ did not precisely clarify the subject matter of visa restriction.94 It requires to be mentioned that, up to the recent Soysal case, there has been no precise clarification for visa issue.
Firstly, ECJ prohibited any new restrictions on the exercise of freedom of establishment, and it also included those relating to the substantive and/or procedural conditions governing the first admission into the territory of that State, of Turkish nationals intending to establish themselves in business there on their own account. Prior to Tum and Dari decision, there was no precise ruling concerning the entry conditions of the territory of member states in the context of ECJ decisions.95 On the other side, ECJ pointed out the deficiency of Association Council decision and affirmed by stating as follows:
To date, it is true, the Association Council has not adopted any measure on the basis of Article 41(2) of the Additional Protocol with a view to the actual removal by the Contracting Parties of existing restrictions on freedom of establishment, in accordance with the principles set out in Article 13 of the Association Agreement.96 Accordingly, considering the consequences of the decision of Veli Tum & Mehmet Dari v Secretary of State for the Home Department Case ,it’s noteworthy to underline that the decision concerned is a landmark decision related to the evaluation of freedom of establishment in relation with Turkey and EEC. 5.1 Recent Developments after the Decision of The Case Veli Tum & Mehmet Dari v Secretary of State for the Home Department
93 Ibid, Paragraph 60 94 Dr.Murat Ugur Aksoy,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(6 November 2007, Istanbul),Report concerning the evaluation of obligatory visa implementation on Turkish Nationals under European Law , Economic Development Foundation Publishment no:214, p.29 95 Dr. Sanem Baykal,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’ Page 28 96 Case C-16/05 Veli Tum & Mehmet Dari v Secretary of State for the Home Department (ECJ 20 September 2007), Paragraph 62
In course of preparation of this study, recent developments concerning freedom of establishment have been revealed particularly in United Kingdom due to the decision of European Court of Justice related to the case of Tum and Dari v Secretary of State. The case concerned has changed the way in which applications from Turkish nationals are considered under the Ankara Agreement. This decision made it possible for a Turkish applicant to make an application to establish a business in the UK under the provisions of the Ankara Agreement regardless of whether they are inside or outside of the UK. Applications to establish a business under the provisions of the Ankara Agreement must be considered according to the immigration rules as they existed in 1973 (The date entry into force of the Ankara Agreement for UK) . As mentioned above the Additional Protocol includes a ‘stand-still’ provision that has the effect of requiring Member States, including the UK, not to introduce any new restrictions on the rights of Turkish nationals to set up in business as self-employed persons after the Agreement gained effect in 1973. The 1973 rules of UK immigration law make it easier to qualify to enter the UK to establish a business than the current immigration rules.97 Although it does not provide the Turkish national with a directly effective right of establishment (as is enjoyed by EEA nationals), The Additional Protocol means that the Immigration Rules that should be applied to them are not those in force now but the Immigration Rules in force in 1973, which imposed much less stringent requirements on being allowed to set up in business.
When considering freedom of establishment as in many other areas, the early immigration rules were rather open and flexible. For instance, Command 1716 (UK), the instructions to immigration officers which accompanied the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 stated that: 98
‘*s+elf-employed people and persons seeking to set up business on their own account should be admitted freely unless it seems unlikely that they will make a sufficient living and may therefore need to seek employment for which a voucher would ordinarily be necessary or to have recourse to public funds.’ This broad approach to assessing self-employed or business applications has now been replaced with very detailed rules requiring minimum investment, creation of employment and so on.99 Reflection of this recent development can be also seen on the official website of Home Office of United Kingdom Border Agency Department which informs that the applications of Turkish nationals as an entrepreneur considered in another immigration category than others due to the European Community Association Agreement. The Department underlines that:
‘If you are a Turkish citizen who is legally in the United Kingdom under a different immigration category, you can apply to establish yourself in business under the European Community
97 See the details, Veli Tum & Mehmet Dari v Secretary of State for the Home Department Case 98 Cina Glayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (First Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004) Page 301 99 Ibid
Association Agreement with Turkey. We will consider your application under different rules from those for entrepreneurs.’100
In 1st June 2009, to the extent that UK issued immigration directorates’ instructions101. At this point, it is important to touch on the title of ‘Applicants who cannot take the benefit of the standstill clause’ in summary. Therefore, the applicants who cannot take the benefit of the standstill clause listed as below: Fraudulent / abusive practice It is a well established principle, in both domestic and Community case law, that Community law (in this case the standstill provisions in the ECAA with Turkey) cannot be relied on for abusive or fraudulent ends. Leave sought or obtained by deception Where it can be shown that an applicant has created the opportunity to establish or apply to establish in business only by virtue of obtaining or seeking leave by deception i.e. has made false representations, has presented false documentation or failed to disclose material facts, the applicant is considered to have engaged in abuse. This includes applications to which paragraph 322(2) of the current rules applies e.g. if entry clearance in another category has been obtained by deception. Breach of the conditions of leave to enter or remain Applicants who breach the conditions of businessperson leave given under the ECAA should only be treated as abusive and denied the benefit of the standstill clause if it can be shown that their original application was abusive e.g. if they never had any intention to establish in business in accordance with the 1973 business provisions. Applicants who nonetheless can show that they have continued to run their business should not be denied the benefit of the standstill clause, although may be penalised in other ways e.g. for working illegally in addition to running their business. Establishing in business whilst on temporary admission
The most generous permission given in relation to economic activity whilst on temporary admission is that to engage in employment. Permission to engage in employment whilst on temporary admission has never extended to permission to establish in business. This includes
100 Home office UK Border Agency, ‘Entrepreneurs Section’ http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/workingintheuk/tier1/entrepreneur/#header1 accessed 2nd June 2009 101 Home office UK Border Agency, ‘Immigration Directorates’ Instruction’ Chapter 6 Section 6 business applications under the Turkish-EC Association Agreement (1 June 2009) http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/IDIs/idischapter3/section3/section3.pdf?view=Binary
applicants who fail to comply with the terms of their temporary admission and during that time establish in business. Asylum/human rights claim that is subject to adverse credibility findings Claiming protection on the basis of asylum/human rights and having that claim refused is not considered to be fraudulent per se. However, applicants who base their application on a business set up whilst in the UK by virtue of claiming asylum/human rights protection on the basis of an account which is discredited on the grounds that false representations have been made should not be allowed to take the benefit of the standstill clause. Liability to deportation If an applicant is, or becomes, liable to deportation s/he should be handled in accordance with domestic legislation and guidance governing deportation. Extant deportation orders If an extant deportation order against an applicant comes to light the case should be referred to Criminal Casework Directorate for further guidance. Non-conducive and national security
If it becomes apparent that an applicant falls for refusal under paragraph 322(5) of HC395 refusal should proceed on this basis.102 5.1.1 Proof Requirement Related to Investment to Establish a Business In the Scope of the UK Immigration Rules
Considering the provisions of the immigration rules, the critical difference between the self-employment immigration category under UK law applicable to non EU and non CEEC nationals and the provisions on CEECs is that the former must have available and invest in the UK business at least 200,000L and created new employment for at least two persons who already belong to the labour force. In the wording of the relevant rule there must also be a need for the business though in practice this is not a hurdle to the success of an application.103
The requirement to show the investment is needed seems to be intended to ensure that the application is a genuine one. The question is not whether the applicant can demonstrate that the UK economy needs their services. This would be a question of market forces and feasibility well beyond scope of immigration decisions. The question is whether this business can be demonstrated to need 200,000L worth of investment. If very little investment is needed then the application will not succeed. Despite the very open wording of paragraph 200 of
102 Ibid 103 Anita Bocker & Elspeth Guild, Implementation of the Europe Agreements in France, Germany, The Netherlands and the UK: movement of Persons (Platinium Publishing, London, 2002) p.81
Immigration rules, this requirement influences the kind of business that can be set up or joined by nationals of countries outside the EEA or with EC agreements. For instance starting or joining a business as a window cleaner or street trader would be unlikely to require an investment of 200,000L.104
Since 1994 there have been provisions in the immigration rules to enter the UK as an investor. An investor must have at least L1 million of their own money, of which they intend to invest not less that L750,000 in the UK ‘by of UK Government bonds, share capital or loan capital in active and trading UK registered companies’. The investor must also intend to make the UK their main home and be able to support themselves and dependants without recourse to public funds- a rather extraordinary requirement as of course the possessor of such wealth would not qualify for any means-tested benefit. They must also be able to support themselves without taking employment, as again this would circumvent the work permit scheme. Leave may be granted for 12 months in the first instance extendable to four years, and entry in this capacity may lead to settlement.105 Considering the date (1994) when the immigration rules came into the force (enacted after entry into force of the Additional Protocol) , this measure must be considered as a new restriction on Turkish legal entities in the context of freedom of establishment due to its restricting character which requires considerable capital to establish a business. It’s noteworthy to emphasize that companies also fall into the scope of freedom of establishment. As also mentioned above, Article 13 of the Ankara agreement lays down that “The Contracting Parties agree to be guided by Articles 52 to 56 and Article 58 of the Treaty establishing the Community for the purpose of abolishing restrictions on freedom of establishment between them.“ Therefore, ex articles 52 to 56 and article 58 which replaced by articles of 43-48 covers provisions concerned with freedom of establishment. In the interpretation of legal matters concerning freedom of establishment related to Turkey, provisions concerned must be taken into account in order to be ‘guided’ from the wording of them. Accordingly, Article 43 states as follow:
‘…Nationals of any Member State established in the territory of any Member State. Freedom of establishment shall include the right to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons and to set up and manage undertakings, in particular companies or firms within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 48, under the conditions laid down for its own nationals by the law of the country where such establishment is effected, subject to the provisions of the Chapter relating to capital.’106 As regards the definition of the companies within the context of EC treaty:
104 See N 86 page 302 105 Ibid, Page 303 106 Article 43 of EC Treaty
‘Companies or firms formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the Community shall, for the purposes of this Chapter, be treated in the same way as natural persons who are nationals of Member States. ‘Companies or firms’ means companies or firms constituted under civil or commercial law, including cooperative societies, and other legal persons governed by public or private law, save for those which are non-profit-making.’107 Accordingly, the content of these provisions also extensively applies to the evaluation of freedom of establishment in relation to Turkey. In this sense, restricting measures implemented on Turkish legal entities are inconvenient in the terms of standstill provision. 5.1.2 Guler Kasmaz and Gurbuz Sanatci Case In consideration of the current restricting measures related to right of establishment in the legislation of the member states, legal remedies become apparent for Turkish nationals. As a matter of fact, the main important change came after the Tum and Dari v Secretary of State Case in the area of immigration category of Turkish entrepreneurs, the case concerned can be regarded as landmark decision but it is also noteworthy to clarify the recent Gurbuz Sanatci’s Case to British Consulate and Guler Kasmaz cases which remained in national level of United Kingdom. 18.104.22.168 Guler Kasmaz Case As regards Guler Kasmaz Case, Kasmaz who earlier resided in Britain, applied for a residence permit under the Ankara Agreement, which allows Turkish citizens conducting business in European Union to acquire residence permits. Her application was rejected by the UK Home Office, which also decided to expel Kasmaz. The businesswoman then applied to the British Consulate General in Istanbul, which said Kasmaz would fall under the category of an “investor’s visa,” which it does not grant as investors and have to prove possession of 200,000 pounds in resources for investing in the UK, a requirement that does not normally apply to Turkish nationals under the Ankara Agreement.
Deputy of Guler Kasmaz explained that the consulate general opted to refuse to issue Kasmaz an investor’s visa, treating it as a normal application. The law firm then filed a lawsuit against the consulate general at a court in Britain, which ruled that the officers of the consulate general had made an inaccurate evaluation. The consulate general then reviewed the case and issued a
107 Article 48 of EC Treaty
one-year residence permit, making Kasmaz the first person to be granted a permit after being expelled from Britain108 Significant feature of Kasmaz Case shows itself by abolishing restriction of 200,000 pounds in order to benefit from status of entrepreneur which was not necessary prior 1973 considering immigration law of UK. Despite the fact that capital requirement for setting up business has never been brought to The ECJ, as can be seen, government of UK is admitted to make arrangement by itself in order to abolish incompatible restrictions due to the standstill provision and its direct effect character which is mentioned above. 22.214.171.124 Gurbuz Sanatci Case
Last year, the British Consulate General in Istanbul accepted an application from Gurbuz Sanatci, requesting a work and residence permit. This was the first time British authorities in Turkey accepted such an application filed from within Turkey — as based on rights granted to Turkish citizens via the additional protocol and in line with a verdict of the European Court of Justice109 The official, however, warned that the fact that the British Consulate General in Istanbul accepted Sanatci’s application should not be considered a guarantee that he will be granted residence and work permits.
Applicants who wish to enter or remain in Britain as self-employed persons under the provisions of the Ankara Agreement are required to have a genuine intention to establish a business in Britain, provide a detailed breakdown of setup costs of the intended business in Britain and possess sufficient funds to establish and run the business. Consulate also notified that an applicant can be refused a visa under the agreement if the immigration authorities feel that approving the applicant’s request could lead to public security or health risks.110
According to the recent news on one of the most prominent Turkish Newspaper Hurriyet in 1st August of 2009 (after almost 2 years), Sanatci possessed residence permit despite of the refusal from the British Consulate. Hereupon, Sanatci filed a case against Home Office in UK and had been granted to a residence permit.111 Importance of Gurbuz Sanatci Case derives from its feature of being first person who is granted to residence permit concerning right of establishment without entry to UK by applying from Turkey.
108 Today’s Zaman, ‘News Diplomacy: Bussinesswoman gives UK residence permit under 1963 deal’ (3rd June 2009) <http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=177063> accessed (5th June 2009) 109 http://en.timeturk.com/businesswoman-given-uk-residence-permit-under-1963-deal–20714-haberi.html 110 Today’s Zaman, ‘News Diplomacy: Turkish Business People closer to free access to UK’ (21th May 2008) <http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=142480> accessed (5th June 2009)
111 Hurriyet: ‘Economy : UK granted Residence and Work Permit’ (1st August 2009) <http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=12192242> accessed (2nd August 2009)
6. RESTRICTIONS ON TURKISH NATIONALS IN RELATION TO FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT 6.1 Visa Restrictions on Turkish Nationals
In the course of preparation of this study, EU has just decided to lift the visa barriers towards Western Balkan Countries.112 Unlike Western Balkan Countries, Turkey is still in the list of council regulation laying down the nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders of EU.113 The earlier regulations of the single member states were according to Amsterdam contract replaced by a regulation applying to all member states. Following the regulation 509/2001/EC Turkish nationals have to possess visa. This regulation does not provide an exception for Turkish nationals in the context of standstill clauses.114 Before evaluation of the status of Turkish nationals, it requires necessity to touch on the status of Central and East European Country nationals under The Europe Agreements in order to comprehend the subject matter by analogy with other association agreements. As already mentioned, the main difference between Ankara Agreement and Europe Agreements is the standstill clause which is lacking in Europe Agreements regarding freedom of Establishment. Under Europe agreements member states can have laws on visas/entry clearances for CEES nationals who seek to be self-employed these can only apply where: 1. The individual has entered the territory unlawfully or remained unlawfully; 2. The individual arrives at the border with an application for entry as a self-employment person which does not satify the legitimate requirements of the state to verify that he or she will genuinely be taking up self-employment and has sufficient financial resources to do so.
In other words, Member States cannot apply a blanket visa/entry clearance requirement of CEEC nationals seeking to be self-employed in member states. They must accept applications to change status from persons lawfully within the territory and they must entertain applications made at the border by CEEC nationals without visa/entry clearance for admission as self-employed persons.115
112 Elitsa Vucheva, ‘Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro offered EU visa-free travel’ (Journal of EU Observer) (15th June 2009) <http://www.euobserver.com/9/28515> accessed 15th June 2009 113 See Council Regulation (EC) 1932/2006 of 21 December 2006 amending regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement. OJ L29/10 114 Dr. Rolf Gutmann, ‘Standstill as a new form of movement in the association EEC-Turkey : Article regarding European and German Immigration Law’ *2009+ <http://www.migrationsrecht.net/component/option,com_docman/Itemid,125/task,doc_download/gid,1004/ accessed 01 July 2009 115 Anita Bocker & Elspeth Guild, Implementation of the Europe Agreements in France, Germany, The Neherlands and the UK: movement of Persons (Platinium Publishing, London, 2002) p.23
Turkish Nationals aim to obtain entry to particular Member State in order to establish a business encounters visa restrictions. Thus in our study, visa barriers on Turkish nationals must be regarded as an essential obstacle in the context of freedom of establishment. Considering this fact, the issue in question requires to be mentioned in this study.
As regards to Turkish nationals, a Turkish businessman is currently granted a 90-day visa if his application is approved by a country in the Schengen area, in which systematic border controls are removed between participant countries. Prof Dr. Haluk Kabaalioglu, the dean of the faculty of law at Yeditepe University and also the president of the Turkish Universities Association in European Community Studies, argued that EU countries are afraid of possible public pressure in the event that they completely lift visa procedures for Turkish nationals since every year thousands of illegal immigrants are deported from their territories, even if a vast majority of them are not Turkish citizens and actually come from North Africa and the Middle East.116
It is worthy to note that there is a particular attention-grabbing argument increasing day by day in regard to abolishment of the visa barriers for Turkish businessmen under the association council decisions. Under Article 32 of decision numbered 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union, it is asserted that the article laying down the competition rules which maintain the proper functioning of the Customs union must be interpreted broadly.117 The article concerned states as follows: ‘The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with the proper functioning of the Customs Union, in so far as they may affect trade between the Community and Turkey: all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition, and in particular those which:
(d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.’118
Under this provision, it is argued that the current picture such as visa restrictions implemented on Turkish business results in unfair competition due to the fact that EU citizens such as businessmen and industrialists travel without any visa requirement to Turkey while Turks are incapable of travelling to EU countries without visa possession. As an example under the terms of the decision establishing customs union, Turkish merchant are capable of sending its
116 Today’s Zaman, ‘Bussiness National: Visa-free path to the EU still not wide open for Turks’ (22nd February 2009) <http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=167653> accessed (15th May 2009) Paragraph 7 117 See further information Dr. Sanem Baykal,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’ Page 21 118 Article 32 of Decision No 1/95 Of The EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union (O.J. 96/142/EC)
products to EU countries meanwhile they are incapable of presenting and follow-up its product due to the visa restrictions.119 As regards to freedom of establishment, restrictions as capital requirements to establish a business or visa restrictions in member states countries which prevents the proper functioning of the Customs Union can be also argued as an inconvenient situation under the terms of Article 32. 6.2 Status of Turkish Nationals Within The Context Of German Aliens Act of 1965
When considering historical trend of member states with respect to the visa implementation on Turkish nationals, Germany can be considered as heading state. Federal Republic of Germany sent diplomatic note to Turkey in 4th July 1987, noting the annulment of German-Turkish visa agreement of 1953 (Rundschreiben des Bundesministers des Inneren Zur Aughebung des Gichtvermerkzwangs Gegenüber der Türkei). Germany relied on article 7 of European Agreement on Regulations governing the movement of persons between member states of the council of Europe120 which states as follow:
‘…Each Contracting Party reserves the option, on grounds relating to ordre public, security or public health, to delay the entry into force of this Agreement or order the temporary suspension thereof in respect of all or some of the other Parties, except insofar as the provisions of Article 5 are concerned.’121 Hereupon, Germany’s implementation of visa requirement had been also followed by other member states. Considering this fact, Turkey faces a patchy structure regarding the visa applications in a large number of Member States. At least the following countries, which were parties to the agreement concerning free movement of persons between the Member States of the Council of Europe concluded in 1957, are affected: Belgium, Germany, France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherland, Portugal and Spain. The United Kingdom is also affected by the standstill clause even it was not a party of the agreement.122
The need to obtain a visa before entering Germany was governed, at the time when the Additional Protocol came into force by Article 5 Paragraph 1 of DVAuslG provisions for implementation of the Aliens Act of 10.09.1965 in the version of 13.09.1972. According to the Act, Turkish tourists were allowed to stay for 2 months without residence permit and as regards to truck drivers, it was for 3 months. Apart from this, longer residence was only possible for the
119 Prof. Dr. Haluk Kabaalioglu & Dr. Rolf Gutman,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(December 2007,Istanbul),The Trend developed out of Standstill Provision Within Association Agreement p.7 120 Dr.Murat Ugur Aksoy,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(6 November 2007, Istanbul),Report concerning the evaluation of obligatory visa implementation on Turkish Nationals under European Law , Economic Development Foundation Publishment no:214, p.6 121 European Agreement on Regulations governing the movement of persons between member states of the council of Europe, CETS No:025 (entered into force 01.01.1958) , Article 7 122 Dr. Klaus Dienelt, ‘Effects of the Soysal decision by the European Court of Justice on the visa process for Turkish citizens in Germany’ *22 July 2009+ <http://www.migrationsrecht.net/european-immigration-migration-law/1390-soysal-decision-european-court-justice.html> accessed 1st June 2009, Paragraph 4
purpose of long duration vacations and medical treatments123. According to the list annexed to the statute (Turkey was also in the list), sportsmen, artists and scientists were allowed to stay for 2 months in Germany without residence permit. However, after 2 months of stay the residence permit was required to be possessed from the government.124
As regards to freedom of establishment, since additional protocol came into force, trading opportunities have been deteriorated for foreigners within the framework of German Aliens Act of 1965 (Aufenth.G&21). However considering second sentence of article 2 (1), permission from the authorities for setting up a self-employed business herewith residence permit was in foreigner department’s discretion. Herein, the criteria were closely related to foreigner’s adequate orientation to the German economic environment. Consequently considering the time at issue, as compared to today, there was no any condition requiring an orientation to German living conditions or proficiency in German language. On that date, it was sufficient for a foreigner to have basic knowledge concerning the business intended to be established and adequate language ability in German language to enter into relations with German authorities in the field of the business.125 Therefore, current version of German Aliens Act comparing with previous act of 1965, it contains aggravating restrictions and conditions on Turkish nationals wishing to establish a business. The current Act imposes new conditions such as condition of having proficiency in language or cultural orientation to the country. In that case considering relevant decisions of ECJ, German Aliens Act of 1965 must be implemented to Turkish nationals by excluding current restrictions. However, according to relevant provisions of the statute regulating implementation of the German Aliens Act of 1965 (Article 5(1) Nr.1, Herein after DVAusIG) possession of visa was obligatory in regard to freedom of establishment for Turkish nationals. Turkish citizens, who, according to the positive list, were in principle exempt from the need to obtain a visa, only needed a visa before entry pursuant to 5 Paragraph 1 no. 1 DVAuslG 1965 when they wished to take up employment within federal territory. Employment, in this regard, was considered as any self-employed activity or employment, designed to obtain an income or for which a wage was agreed or was expected, depending on the circumstances.
But as mentioned above, visa was not required for other purposes. For other visits, there was, without time limits, basically no obligation to obtain a visa, as this was only introduced by the 11th amendment regulation to DVAuslG from 01.07.1980 for Turkish citizens. By the same token, the obligation to obtain a visa could come into force on 05.10.1980 because of the
123 See Further information Von Volker Westphal & Edgar Stoppa, ‘EuGH zur visumfreien Einreise Von Turken’ (16 October 2007) (Report Concerning Foreigners and European Law), Nr. 16 <http://www.westphal-stoppa.de/O-Report/16ReportOktober2007.pdf> accessed (15th May 2009) 124 Prof. Dr. Klaus Dienelt, Prof. Dr. Haluk Kabaalioglu and Dr. Murat Ugur Aksoy ,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(14 March 2008 Istanbul),The Restriction on Turkish Nationals In Respect of Freedom of Travel p.14 125 Dr.Murat Ugur Aksoy,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(6 November 2007, Istanbul),Report concerning the evaluation of obligatory visa implementation on Turkish Nationals under European Law , Economic Development Foundation Publishment no:214, p.28
withdrawal of the German-Turkish visa agreement of 1953 (Rundschreiben des Bundesministers des Inneren Zur Aughebung des Gichtvermerkzwangs Gegenüber der Türkei). The general restriction on visits without a visa to a period of three months was likewise introduced at a later date, namely by the 14th amendment regulation to DVAuslG of 13.12.1982 with effect from 18.12.1982; it thus also does not apply to Turkish citizens, who are able to refer to the standstill clause. If a visa was only to be obtained before entry when taking up employment, it follows from § 1 Paragraph 2 nos. 1 to 4 DVAuslG 1965, that certain purposes were exempt not only from the visa process, but altogether from the requirement to obtain a residence permit. This means that after entry, the visit was lawful without obtaining a residence permit. According to these rules, Turkish citizens, who were holders of national passports, did not need a residence permit, “1. if they do not stay for longer than three months within the area of application of the aliens act and do not wish to take up employment, 2. if they stay in the service of a service provider not based in the area of application of the aliens act for the purpose, by its very nature, of a temporary service as an employee within the area of application of the aliens act, so long as the length of the stay does not exceed two months. The exemption does not apply to foreigners who wish to take up an itinerant trade with the area of application of the aliens act (Article 55 of trade regulations), 3. if they while maintaining their usual stay abroad, wish to become involved, within the area of application of the aliens act, in lectures or presentations of an artistic, scientific or sporting nature, so long as the length of the stay does not exceed two months, 4. if they holders of seaman’s record books, which have been issued by the authorities within the Federal Republic of Germany, so long as they only stay to exercise or in connection with their activity as crew members of ships within the area of application of the aliens act.”
For the purposes of tourism, this means the following: After entry, a Turkish citizen needed a residence permit, if he/she wished to stay in Germany for longer than three months or to take up employment. Should a Turkish citizen have intended to stay for more than three months, entry for this without a visa was possible, however, after entry, a residence permit needed to be obtained, as the exemption situation outlined in Article 1 Paragraph 2 no. 1 DVAuslG 1965 only applied for scheduled stays of up to three months. 126
In this regard, improper action of the states disregarding relevant provisions mentioned above may cause compensation liability. Due to this fact, Federal State of Germany, Bavaria
126 Dr. Klaus Dienelt, ‘Effects of the Soysal decision by the European Court of Justice on the visa process for Turkish citizens in Germany’ *22 July 2009+ <http://www.migrationsrecht.net/european-immigration-migration-law/1390-soysal-decision-european-court-justice.html> accessed 1st June 2009
temporarily abolished the visa requirement for Turkish nationals which are within the scope of the provisions concerned.
In this sense, it’s important to emphasize on the recent Soysal Case and its related consequences concerning freedom to provide service. The ECJ’s Soysal Case ruling constitutes one of the milestone decisions in terms of its consequences. The current ECJ decision arose because of changes to German law requiring Turkish truck drivers resident in Turkey to obtain visas in order to drive their vehicles on German roads – even though no such obligation existed on the date on which the relevant protocol to the association agreement entered into force.127 The case concerned obligated Germany to remove visa restrictions on a large scale towards Turkish nationals aim to provide services. Accordingly German government amended its legislation related to visa regulations in accordance to the German Aliens Act of 1965 as mentioned follow: ‘Some specific professional groups are enlisted and two pre-conditions are required: 1) Those Turkish nationals should preserve their usual place of residence in Turkey. 2) The maximum duration of stay in Germany with the aim to provide services should not exceed two months. In this context, Turkish nationals who belong to the professional groups specified below are exempt from obtaining a visa to travel: 1) Those who are employed by a Turkish company established in Turkey and who travel to Germany with the aim to provide services for a temporary period: a) driver personnel and ship/plane crew members engaged in the international transportation of goods and passengers, b) maintenance workers.
2) Those who will travel with the aim to carry out activities of a commercial character: a) Those who will make a presentation or performance that is of great artistic value (internationally recognized artists or groups of artists whose performances are distinguished from their counterparts.) b) Those who will make a presentation that is of great scientific value or, c) Those professional sportsmen who predominantly earn their living from this profession’.128
It’s also noteworthy to mention that in advance of Soysal Case, there were attempts to amend visa regulations in Germany. The ministry of internal affairs of Federal State of Germany (Bundesland), Bavaria issued a circular letter (Rundschreiben vom 10.08.2001 |A2-2082.10-210/F) referring Savas Decision of 11 May 2001 in 10 August 2001 due to institutionalized precedent and upcoming cases arises from the provision 41(1) of Additional Protocol stating ‘The Contracting Parties shall refrain from introducing between themselves any new restrictions on the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services. Interior Minister of Bavaria expressed clearly that under the circular letter concerned Turkish service providers
127 See Case C-228/06 Mehmet Soysal & Ibrahim Savatli v Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ECJ 19 February 2009) 128 Ceren Mutus, ‘Germany’s Visa “Exemption Application: A test of the EU’s Sincerity’ ( Article of Center for European Studies Turkish International Strategic Research Organization or USAK, ’ (21st July 2009) <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=germanys-visa-exemption-a-test-of-the-eus-sincerity-2009-07-13 > accessed (22nd July 2009) Paragraph 6
particularly Truck drivers have right of entry without visa requirement and right of stay for 2 months. Hereupon, German federal interior ministry had been published a new circular letter as a respond to Bavaria’s Circular letter and after a month Bavaria Federal State took step backward. Nevertheless, as can be seen from the case, visa restriction on Turkish Nationals had been abolished for a month in Bavaria.129 6.3 Status of Turkish Nationals Within the Context of Dutch Aliens Act 1965 by Analogy with Dutch Aliens Act of 2000
Admission and expulsion of aliens is governed by the Dutch Aliens Act of 1965130. This act is implemented by means of the Aliens Decree and Aliens Regulation. As regards our subject matter, provisions regarding right of establishment were governed, at the time when the Additional Protocol came into force by this Act. 131 Currently, Dutch Aliens Act of 2000 is in effect and Aliens Circular 2000 also governs the provisions related to right of establishment. Therefore, The Government of the Netherlands did not preserve her Aliens Act of 1965 which was in force at the time when the Additional Protocol came into force and enacted an Aliens Act and Aliens Circular which covers the self-employment matters lastly in 2000. Accordingly, this situation requires to be examined in order to reveal new measures which restrict the rights of Turkish nationals regarding the right of establishment within the context of standstill provision.
The establishment permit (vergunning tot vestiging) confers a right of residence and is regulated in Articles 10, 13 and 14 of the Aliens Act. It is mainly a permit which is intended for aliens who have already resided in The Netherlands for a considerable time and it gives them a stronger legal position than does the residence permit. The act has entrusted the grand and the withdrawal of this permit exclusively to the Minister of Justice. 132
For the grant of the establishment permit, The Aliens Act makes a distinction between two categories of aliens. As regards those aliens who have not yet resided in the Netherlands for five years, the minister has full freedom of action. The position is different for aliens who have had their principle residence in the Netherlands for five years or more. In principle the Act accord them a right to an establishment permit. In this case, according to article 13(3) of Aliens Act, the permit can only be refused on two grounds. The first is that there is no reasonable guarantee that the alien will have sufficient means of support in the long term. The second is that he has been guilty of serious violation of public peace or public order, or that he constitutes a serious
129 Dr.Murat Ugur Aksoy,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(6 November 2007, Istanbul),Report concerning the evaluation of obligatory visa implementation on Turkish Nationals under European Law , Economic Development Foundation Publishment no:214, p.21 130 The Aliens Act or Vreemdelingenwet of 13 January 1965 (The Netherlands), Stb, 1965, No. 40.
131 H.F Van Panhuys, ‘International Law in the Nederlands’ (Vol 3, Suthoff&Nordhoff Ocena, 1980), Page 82 < http://books.google.com/books?id=PPseXaPHxmwC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=vreemdelingencirculaire+1965+english&source=bl&ots=JQAWqamkL3&sig=13-KzNbSte58mdWuqWog4NJTzTU&hl=tr&ei=EGd7StfcCMiE-Qbnj4A0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=vreemdelingencirculaire%201965%20english&f=false> accessed 15 May 2009 132 Ibid, Page 88
threat to national security. After a ten years’ residence the first mentioned ground for refusal can no longer be adduced. The act does not expressly require that the alien’s residence in the Netherlands for five years or more should have been lawful. From the legislative history of the Act it appears, however, that a prolonged residence in the absence of a right to such residence may give rise to refusal of the permit on the ground that the alien has been guilty of serious violation of public order may give rise to refusal of the permit on the ground An establishment permit is granted for an unlimited period of time; it never requires renewal. No limitations or conditions may be attached to such a permit. In some other respect, too, the holder of the permit enjoys certain advantages over the holder of a residence permit. Article 14(1) of the Act enumerates four grounds for withdrawal of the establishment permit. The first ground for its withdrawal is that the alien has made false statements leading to the grant of permit. The permit can be also withdrawn when the alien has repeatedly violated criminal provisions of the Aliens Act. The third ground for withdrawal mentioned in The Act is that the alien has been convicted of an offence involving a deliberate violation of criminal law and carrying a maximum penalty of at least 3 years imprisonment. Finally, the permit can be withdrawn if the alien constitutes a serious threat to national security.
Article 14(2) of the Aliens Act also contains a rule with respect to the loss of the establishment permit. By operation of law, without intervention by Minister of justice, the permit is lost when its holder establishes his principle residence outside the Holland, i.e., when he removes the centre of his life from the Holland. Since the act omits to mention a fixed time limit, this rule causes a good deal of uncertainty and difference of opinion on the question of when a permit is, or is not, lost by operation of the law. 133 As a summary, In consideration of the Aliens Circullar 2000 which is current act of the Netherlands governs the right of establishment provisions, non-EU nationals who seek to come to the Netherlands to set up in business have to satisfy the following general admission requirements for self-employed individuals: 1. They have to satisfy the requirements for practising their profession or running their business.
2. They have to prove that their economic activities (will) yield sufficient means of subsistence. Their net income must be at least equal to the relevant social security level under the National Assistance Act (Algemene Bijstandwet). According to the Aliens Circular, the application must be accompanied by satisfactory documentation, for example bank statements. Where a renewal of the residence permit is concerned, a balance sheet and profit-and-loss account can be accepted as evidence for the applicant’s business providing him with sufficient income. These documents should be provided by a recognised administrative office, or, in case of private limited company
133 Ibid Page 89
or a limited liability company, an accountant. Where a first application for residence permit or an application for a visa is concerned, the applicant can be asked to submit a business plan, which should include personal data, information about the personal business, legal aspects, a commercial plan, management plan and financial plan. 3. An application can be rejected on grounds of public peace or order or national security. It is important to note that the public order exception in the Dutch Aliens legislation goes further than the European public order exception. 4. An application can be rejected on the ground that their activities do not serve a substantial Dutch interest or on the ground that they do not have to reside in the Netherlands to pursue their business or professional activities. Their applications therefore must be submitted to the ministry of Economic Affairs for consideration and advice. 5. They can be rejected on the ground that the business is not a new business;
6. They can be rejected on the ground of their age (limit is 60 years)134 Therefore when considering current requirements of the Government of the Netherlands, there are notable new measures on Turkish nationals in comparison with the old version of the Aliens Act. In consideration of the requirements of Aliens Circular 2000 for establishing business: The requirement of number 1 arises out of as a new restricting measure seeking to satisfy the requirements for practising the profession or running the business. The requirement of number 2 arises out of as a new restricting measure requiring detailed sufficient means of subsistence and procedure for establishing business. This requirement did not exist in Aliens Act of 1965. The requirement of number 4 arises out of as a new restricting measure for serving a substantial Dutch interest or on the ground that they do not have to reside in the Netherlands to pursue their business or professional activities. Additionally, requirement for application submission to the ministry of Economic Affairs for consideration and advice did not also exist in Aliens Act of 1965. The requirement of number 5 arises out as a restricting new measure requiring a business which is not a new business. The requirement of number 6 arises out as a restricting new measure envisaging an age limit (60 years) to establish a business.
134 Anita Bocker & Elspeth Guild, Implementation of the Europe Agreements in France, Germany, The Netherlands and the UK: movement of Persons (Platinium Publishing, London, 2002) page 63-64
As regards the requirements of the aliens who have had their principle residence in the Netherlands for five years or more, the other measures excluding the requirements of number 2 (In some respects excluding the detailed procedure) number 3 must be regarded as a new restricting measure. Conclusion
On 31st July 1959, Turkey’s Prime Minister Adnan Menderes made the first partnership application to join the economic bloc of what was then six countries, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, created only two years before in 1957.135 Therefore, this study had been prepared in the fiftieth anniversary of the first diplomatic contact with EEC. From that day on, Turkey’s relationship with the EU remains unresolved. We have witnessed ups and downs and critical moments in this relationship. Her ‘wait and see policy’ and the reluctance of EU to take Turkey into the Union lessens credibility of EU not only in Turkey and also in the countries consisting of muslim majority population.
A U.S German Marshall fund survey made in Turkey in mid-2007 reported that support for EU membership among Turks had fallen to less than half of the population, a mere 40 percent, in 2007 as compared to 54 percent in 2006.136 The last poll of 2009 falls 35 percent.137
The key point is that Turks can approach the “Eurasian strategic alternative” from different several vantage points and find coincidence of interest among themselves even as they represent different ideological points of departure. Distrust of the West as well as a fierce loyalty to Turkey characterizing them all. On balance, the trend toward an increasingly independent Turkish foreign policy is the most powerful force in Turkey today and is increasingly supported by domestic, regional and global events.138
It’s noteworthy to take into account that Turkey was rewarded to conclude the Association Agreement with EEC during the cold war and nowadays, after 20 years of the cold war, new notable powers such as China and India have become apparent. In this sense, it can be said that a new bloc and a new invisible wall between Europe and Asia arises like it arose during the cold war. In the light of this recent development, there is no doubt that Turkey needs to be integrated to EU institutions and become a member of the union in the long run. As former
135 Lucia Kubosova, ‘Turkey Marks 50 years as a suitor’ (Journal of EU Observer) (31st June 2009) <http://www.euobserver.com/9/28515> accessed 31st June 2009 136 Graham Fuller, New Turkish Republic: Turkey As a Pivotal State in the Muslim World, (United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington DC, 2008), Page 149-
137 The Copenhagen Post:, ‘Poll finds Turkish EU membership generation gap (31st June 2009) <http://www.euobserver.com/9/28515> accessed 31st June 2009
138 Ibid, Page 174
Prime Minister of Belgium, Verhofstad said “The Turkish entrance to the EU is not only wanted, it is necessary.”139
In this context, the concept of freedom of establishment has crucial role in order to establish strong, stabilized and effective economic integration between Turkey and EU. In 2007, €0.3 billion of EU inflows came from Turkey, while €12.4 billion of EU out-flows went to Turkey.140 Therefore, there is huge amount of investment deficit considering the statics concerning Turkish investment. The abolition of all barriers on Turkish persons and legal entities will assist to narrow the deficit. In other words, integration of Turkey to European Union can only be achieved by means of deep and effective economic partnership and this requires proper implementation of the Association Agreement.
Turkey, as a negotiating country with the European Union, should be treated on an equal footing with member states already admitted to the Union and have gone through the same EU process. As in the case of Bulgaria and Romania, Turkey should be presented a roadmap on visa liberalization that is in conformity with Turkish nationals’ granted legal rights. It is an undeniable fact that easy travelling conditions will increase mutual understanding between parties and ease full integration of Turkey into the European Union.141 According to Dr. Murat Ugur Aksoy, There must not be an high expectation for imminent abolition of visa restrictions by EU countries. Turkish government and the people who suffered from these restrictions must take a step in order to reach an achievement. He has two recommendations to the government. 1. Visa restrictions must be discussed in the stage of Turkey-EC Association council’s negotiations.
2. The European Commission must be actuated because European Commission is the protector and caretaker of Acquis Communautaire.142
After Tum and Dari decision, necessity to abolish current restrictions in the terms of standstill provision has one more time become apparent. In the course of the preparation of this study, as can be seen in previously mentioned part of the study, EU members began to change their legislations and their rules. From this point forth, it’s worthy to touch on the legal ambiguity in
139 See Column of Verhofstadt, ‘It is necessary that Turkey joins the EU’ (7th August 2009) < http://www.liberales.be/cgi-bin/en/showframe.pl?column&pamukengels> 140 http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/turkey/index_en.htm 141 Ceren Mutus, ‘Germany’s Visa “Exemption Application: A test of the EU’s Sincerity’ ( Article of Center for European Studies Turkish International Strategic Research Organization or USAK, ’ (21st July 2009) <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=germanys-visa-exemption-a-test-of-the-eus-sincerity-2009-07-13 > accessed (22nd July 2009) Paragraph 13 142 See further information, Dr.Murat Ugur Aksoy,’The Freedom of Establishment and Providing Services of Turkish Nationals in the Member States of European Union’,(6 November 2007, Istanbul),Report concerning the evaluation of obligatory visa implementation on Turkish Nationals under European Law , Economic Development Foundation Publishment no:214, p.30
the European Union countries. As explained above, every member states have different legislation in terms of freedom of establishment which applies foreigners. Additionally, the time when the additional protocol entered into force differs from member state to member state in accordance with the date of their participation to the community. This situation brings along complexity in order to clarify the restrictions regarding freedom of establishment. Relevant decisions of ECJ generally refer to one particular member state’s legislation and its immigration rules. In this sense, there is no unanimity of rules within the framework of EC law. Mainly under the Schengen Rules and the principle of Single Market due to the lack of one single regulation on Turkish nationals aiming to establish a business, Turkish nationals confront with difficulties and various implementations when they wish to enter into EU countries and establish a business. Accordingly, it’s important to gather compatible legislations in accordance with freedom of establishment in relation to Turkey and enact them under one single roof. When all decisions considered, an important responsibility emerges for Turkish government and Turkish NGOs. Turkish lawyers specialized on EC law must be gathered and they must designates incompatible legislations of the members states which restricts Turkish nationals’ right of establishment and their right to provide services. Therefore, the establishment of relevant commissions constitute necessity to organize and lead the Turkish nationals who suffered from incompatible implementations by member states. Following cases must be brought to The Courts in order to apply pressure on the member states and EU. Turkey can achieve to abolish the restrictions on Turkish nationals by this way. It is as clear as crystal that Turkey acted inefficiently up until today. The first case in this field, Meryem Demirel case, was brought to the agenda after 14 years of entry into force of the additional protocol. In the light of this fact, it is apparent that effective legal remedies have not been exercised as it should be. Turkey, as matter of being a responsible state is obliged to claim Turkish nationals’ rights and to organize efficient institutions for the purpose of abolishing the legal obstacles. Approximately, 4 million Turkish nationals live abroad in European Union and facilitation of business establishment and providing services are essential for many of them. In this sense, Turkey should give weight to institutionalization in the field of EU law in order to cope with the disputes arises from them. Lastly, the statement of Ataturk must be kept in the mind ‘External relations must be based on internal institutionalization because the external relations which is not relied on internal institutionalization is doomed to failure.
1. Introduction Historical Background of Turkey – EEC relations As prominent French Historian and Turcologist, Prof. Dr. Jean-Paul Roux said “Turks always aspired Europe like aspiring a beautiful woman, sometimes passionately, sometimes with disappointments and sometimes with grudge”. As a matter of course, author’s purpose was to define Ottoman society’s frame of mind in a particular time period. However when taking account of Turkey-EC relationship, it can be said that striking feature of today coincides in this respect with the past. | <urn:uuid:7a4fc55a-f31d-474e-8d60-09b8950e6b91> | {
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There are many earth cycles. One is a cycling between warmer and colder periods which are commonly called ice ages. The causes of these cycles are complex and are related to how much sun radiation we get as well as some slight variation in the sun itself. Scientists have recently found a possible source of a huge carbon dioxide burp that happened some 18,000 years ago and which helped to end the last ice age.
The causes of ice ages are not fully understood for both the large scale ice age periods and the smaller ebb and flow of glacial and interglacial periods within an ice age. The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition (the concentrations of carbon dioxide for example); changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates (i.e, the present north pole was once hundreds of mile from where it is now), location of the crust in places which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in actual solar output; the impact of some large meteorites, and volcanism including eruptions of super volcanoes.
An “ice age” or, more precisely, “glacial age” is a geological period of long term reduction in the temperature of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, resulting in an expansion of glacial ice sheets.
Within a long term ice age, individual pulses of extra cold climate are termed “glacial periods”, and intermittent warm periods are called “interglacials”. An ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in the northern and southern hemispheres. By this definition we are still in the ice age that began at the start of the Pleistocene (because the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist).
So one of the potential causes of a change in an ice age is the atmospheric gas composition. A large release of carbon dioxide can change the overall climate (in this case warm it up)and be a trigger for an interglacial period.
The new carbon dioxide burp results provide the first concrete evidence that carbon dioxide (CO2) was locked away in the deep ocean during the last ice age, turning the deep sea into a more stagnant carbon repository, This is something scientists have long suspected but lacked the data to support.
Working on a marine sediment core recovered from the Southern Ocean floor between Antarctica and South Africa, the international team led by Dr Luke Skinner of the University of Cambridge radiocarbon dated shells left behind by tiny marine creatures called foraminifera.
By measuring how much carbon 14 (14C) was in the bottom dwelling shell creatures, and comparing this with the amount of 14C in the atmosphere at the time, they were able to work out how long the CO2 had been locked in the ocean.
The team were also able compare their results directly with the ice core record of past atmospheric CO2 variability.
According to Dr Skinner: “Our results show that during the last ice age, around 20,000 years ago, carbon dioxide dissolved in the deep water circulating around Antarctica was locked away for much longer than today. If enough of the deep ocean behaved in the same way, this could help to explain how ocean mixing processes lock up more carbon dioxide during glacial periods.”
Because the ocean is a large, dynamic reservoir of carbon, it has long been suspected that changes in ocean circulation must have played a major role in motivating these large changes in CO2. In addition, the Southern Ocean around Antarctica may have been an important center of action, because this is where deep water can be lifted up to the sea surface and exhale its CO2 to the atmosphere.
Some scientists think more CO2 was locked up in the deep ocean during the ice ages, and that pulses or burps of CO2 from the deep Southern Ocean helped to trigger global thaws every 100,000 years or so. The size of these pulses was roughly equivalent to the change in CO2 experienced since the start of the industrial revolution.
If this theory is correct, we would expect to see large transfers of carbon from the ocean to the atmosphere at the end of each ice age or glacial period.
If correct, this theory provides evidence of a large release of carbon dioxide that suddenly and dramatically increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This would then cause a sudden temperature increase that would make the ice sheets melt leading to rising oceans and a sudden change in world wide ecologies. Though the industrial revolution liberated a lot of carbon dioxide, the ocean should then act as a giant storage area for the increased carbon dioxide given time.
Article by Andy Soos appearing courtesy ENN
photo: John E. Lester | <urn:uuid:56904654-9f2e-498d-a862-f13d20336062> | {
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The benefits of solar energy are not full comprehended by everyone. Fortunately, you can learn what you should know about solar energy. Read this article to learn how to begin.
Start small when you start using solar energy. Get yourself a couple of solar energy lights if you want to use them for landscaping purposes so that you can save some energy. You can find these at most major retailers. Just insert them into the ground, and you’re good to go.
When you maintain it, your solar power set-up will last. Look over the equipment one time a month and keep the panels clean. Taking care of your solar energy system yourself can save you some money; however, it may be well worthwhile to set up a maintenance schedule with your installer.
To make a partial transition to solar energy, look for smaller-scale applications. There are two ways to go about it. The first is to get solar panels that you can attach onto windows – these can be used to recharge portable electronic gadgets. The second way is to use solar-powered equipment when you camp. Money is saved bit by bit.
You ought to have a backup resource should your solar panel system fail to work properly. You can either purchase a generator, or simply stay connected to your local power grid, drawing extra power as you need it. Test any generator you do have to ensure that it works when you need it.
After you recoup your initial investment, you can save a lot of money using solar energy. The initial costs of a solar energy system for your home is expensive. If you’re not prepared to settle down, solar panels probably aren’t the best decision.
If you want to by a solar power system, steer clear of pushy salespeople. You need to make sure you take the time to gather information on all of your solar options and make the right choice for you. A hasty decision at this point could cost you thousands of dollars because you invested in a useless system.
Be sure that you have your solar panels installed in a location that is best for all seasons of the year. Invest in a sun tracker and an adjustable mount so you can change the angle of your panels throughout the day or change their orientation for each new season.
If you want to start using solar power in your home, look for areas that can be easily converted. Starting with small solar-powered appliances will help make the transition easier without disrupting your daily routine. You can convert gradually, which will allow you to focus on a long-term commitment.
You may wish to install your panels a few at a time to avoid a huge initial investment. See if you can enlist the help of someone that can help you with an energy audit. This will show you possible sources of wasted energy so that you can make the appropriate changes. This will allow you to use fewer solar panels.
Anyone can benefit from solar power today. But not everyone is aware of how much solar power has to offer them. Now you have read this article, you should finally realize the great benefits solar power has to offer.… | <urn:uuid:b7e1c5ad-e5ba-4b7b-b8af-ac04e7c8b241> | {
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Data have been collected and methods have been developed to estimate the impact of H1N1 prevalence and trends nationally. However, there has been little study of this pandemic for rural communities, where fewer resources for vaccination and care may exist. Caring for rural people impacted by H1N1 influenza in outpatient and hospital settings can further tax already burdened rural health care organizations. Rural needs relative to prevention of H1N1 disease (and in particular vaccination distribution) may not be considered during decision making at the state level. The results of this study can be used to guide policy recommendations for prevention in rural populations during future pandemics. The full article can be found here.
The Rural H1N1 Experience: Lessons Learned for Future Pandemics | <urn:uuid:01cb6ac1-79a2-4d68-ae79-00abb3ab8e6a> | {
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Poe Study Guides
Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story in the horror genre. It focuses on a
mentally unstable man who murders an old man with an "evil eye."
Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in the winter of 1843 in The Pioneer,
a Boston magazine.
story opens in an undisclosed locale, possibly a prison, when the narrator
tells readers that he is not mad. To defend his sanity, he tells a story
which he believes will prove him sound of mind. His story is set in a house
occupied by the narrator and an old man. The time of the events in the
story is probably the early 1840's, when Poe wrote the story. The action
in the narrator's story takes place over eight days.
The Narrator: Deranged
unnamed person who tries to convince the reader that he is sane. The narrator's
gender is not identified, but Poe probably intended him to be a man. Here
is why: Poe generally wrote from a male perspective, often infusing part
of himself into his main characters. Also, in major short stories in which
he identifies the narrator by genderstories
such as "The Black Cat," "The Cask of Amontillado," and "The Fall of the
House of Usher"the narrator is male. Finally,
the narrator of "A Tell-Tale Heart" exhibits male characteristics, including
(1) A more pronounced tendency than females to commit violent acts. Statistics
demonstrate overwhelmingly that murder is a male crime. (2) Physical strength
that would be unusual in a female. The narrator drags the old man onto
the floor and pulls the bed on top of him, then tears up floorboards and
deposits the body between joists. (3) The narrator performs a man's chore
by bringing four chairs into the old man's bedroom, one for the narrator
and three for the policemen. If the narrator were a woman, the policemen
probably would have fetched the chairs. But they did not.
The Old Man: Seemingly
harmless elder who has a hideous "evil eye" that unnerves the narrator.
who hears a shriek coming from the house of the narrator and the old man,
then reports it to the police.
Officers who search the narrator's house after a neighbor reports hearing
story is told in first-person point of view by an unreliable narrator.
The narrator is obviously deranged, readers learn during his telling of
his tale, even though he declares at the outset that he is sane. As in
many of his other short stories, Poe does not name the narrator. A possible
explanation for this is that the unnamed narrator becomes every human being,
thereby enhancing the universality of the short story. In other words,
the narrator represents anyone who has ever acted perversely or impulsivelyand
then had to pay for his deed.
narrator has been so nervous that he jumps at the slightest sound. He can
hear all things on heaven and earth, he says, and some things in hell.
But he maintains that he is not mad. To prove his sanity, he says, he will
calmly tell the reader his story.
Michael J. Cummings...©
day, he decided to take the life of an old man for no other reason except
that he had an eye resembling that of a vulturea
pale blue eye with a film over it." Over time, it became so unbearable
to look upon it that the narrator had no other choice but to get rid of
the old man. The way he went about the task, with such calculation and
cunning, demonstrates that he is not mad, the narrator says.
midnight, he would turn the knob on the door of the old mans bedroom.
Then he would open the door ever so slowly. In fact, it would take him
an hour to open the door wide enough to poke his head into the room. Would
a madman have been so cautious? Then he would open a little slot on his
lantern, releasing light, to check the hideous eye. For seven straight
nights, it was closed, and so it was impossible to do the work," he says,
for it was not the old man who vexed me but his Evil Eye."
the eighth night, the narrator opened the door with greater caution than
before. As before, the room was completely dark. He was about to shine
the lantern when the old man sat up and said, Whos there?" The narrator
did not answer but remained in place, not moving a muscle, for an entire
hour. All the while, the old man continued to sit up, wonderingthe
narrator speculatedwhat he had heard. The
wind? A mouse? A cricket?
he did not hear the old man lie down again, the narrator opened the lantern
slot just a sliver, then wider. The beam fell upon the open vulture eye.
Then the narrator heard a low, muffled soundthe
beating of the mans heart! Or so he believed. The heartbeat louderthen
louder and louder. Would a neighbor hear it?
the narrator rushed into the room. After the old man shrieked, the narrator
quickly threw him to the floor and pulled the bed on top of him. The heart
continued to beat, but only softly. Moments later, the beating stopped.
The narrator checked his pulse. Nothing. The old man was dead. After moving
the bed aside, the narrator took up three floorboards, secured the old
man between the joists, and replaced the boards. The narrator felt proud
of himself, for there was no blood to wash out, no other task of any kind
4 a.m., just when he had finished his work, the narrator answered a knock
at his front door. When he opened it, three policemen entered, saying a
neighbor had reported hearing a shriek, possibly indicating foul play.
They needed to search the premises. I smiled," the narrator says, for
what had I to fear?"
welcoming the police, he told them the shriek was his own; he had cried
out during a dream. He also told them that the old man who lived in the
house was away in the country. Next, he took the police all over the house,
inviting them to search everythingthoroughly.
After they entered the old mans chamber, the narrator pointed out that
the old mans possessions had not been disturbed.
his swelling self-confidence, the narrator brought in chairs and invited
the policemen to rest. I myself, in the wild audacity of my perfect triumph,
placed my own seat upon the very spot beneath which reposed the corpse
of the victim," the narrator says.
police appeared completely satisfied that nothing criminal had occurred
in the house. However, they continued to chat idly, staying much longer
than the narrator had expected. By and by, he began to hear a rhythmic
ringing in his head. While he was talking with the police, the noisewhich
had the cadence of a ticking watch but a much louder soundpersisted,
becoming more distinct. A moment later, he concluded that the rhythmic
ringing was outside of him. Still, he talked on, now more loudly. The policemen
did not seem to hear the noise.
it grew even louder, the narrator rose and began arguing with the officers
about trivial matters, punctuating his conversation with wild hand movements.
He also paced back and forth. Then he raved and cursed and dragged his
chair over the floorboards, all in an apparent attempt to drown out the
noise he was hearing. Meanwhile, it grew still louder, and louder, and
louder. How was it possible that they could not hear it?
fact, they must have heard it, the narrator decided. And they must have
suspected him of a crime all along. Their calm manner and idle chatter
were part of a ruse to mock him. Unable to brook their counterfeit behavior
any longer, unable to endure the sound any longer, the narrator brought
the whole business to a crashing climax.
I shrieked, "dissemble no more! I admit the deed!tear
up the planks!here, here!it
is the beating of his hideous heart!"
Need help with Shakespeare? Click
here for Study Guides on the Complete Works
Theme 1: A human
being has a perverse, wicked sideanother
selfthat can goad him into doing evil things
that have no apparent motive. This is the same theme of another Poe
story, "The Black Cat." The narrator of "The Tell-Tale Heart" admits in
the second paragraph of the story that he committed a senseless crime,
saying: "Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old
man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold
I had no desire." However, he does note that his evil deed, murder, was
not entirely unprovoked; for the old man he killed had a hideous eye that
unnerved him. Unable to look upon it any longer, he decided to kill the
Theme 2: Fear
of discovery can bring about discovery. At the end of the story, the
narrator begins to crack under the pressure of a police investigation,
hearing the sound of the murdered man's beating heart, and tells the police
where he hid the body. Fear of discovery is the principle under which lie
Theme 3: The evil
within is worse than the evil without. The old man has a hideous, repulsive
eye; outwardly, he is ugly. But, as the narrator admits, he is otherwise
a harmless, well-meaning person. The narrator, on the other hand, is inwardly
ugly and repulsive, for he plans and executes murder; his soul is more
repulsive than the old man's eye.
Beats Like a Heart
time to time, Poe uses a succession of short sentences or word groups,
creating a rhythm not unlike that of a heartbeat. Note the following examples
from the story:
Object there was none. Passion
there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never
given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye!
Yes, it was this!
I scarcely breathed. I held
the lantern motionless. I tried how steadily I could to maintain the ray
upon the eye. Meantime the hellish tattoo of the heart increased.
Was it possible they heard
not? Almighty God!no, no? They heard!they
were making a mockery of my horror!this I
thought, and this I think. But anything was better than this agony! Anything
was more tolerable than this derision! I could bear those hypocritical
smiles no longer! I felt that I must scream or die!and
louder! louder! louder! LOUDER!"Villains!"
I shrieked, "dissemble no more! I admit the deed!tear
up the planks! here, here!it
is the beating of his hideous heart!"
in other works of his, Poe uses many figures of speech. Examples are the
is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning
of a clause or another group of words. Anaphora imparts emphasis and balance.
Here are boldfaced examples from "The Tell-Tale Heart":
I heard all things
in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell.
With what cautionwith
what foresight, with what dissimulation, I went to work!
He had been trying
to fancy them causeless, but could not. He had been saying to himself,
"It is nothing but the wind in the chimney, it
is only a
mouse crossing the floor," or, "It is merely a cricket which hasmade
a single chirp."
There was nothing to wash
outno stain of any kindno
were making a mockery of my horror!
Death in approaching him
had stalked with his black shadow before him and enveloped the victim.
[Here, Death is a person.]
So I opened ityou
cannot imagine how stealthily, stealthilyuntil
at length a single dim ray like the thread of the spider shot out from
the crevice and fell upon the vulture eye. [The simile is the comparsion
of the ray to the thread of the spider with the use of the word like.
my fury as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier intocourage. [The
simile is the comparison of the heartbeat to a drumbeat.]
His room was as black as
pitch with the thick darkness. . . . [The simile is the comparison of the
darkness to pitch.]
and observe how healthily, how calmly,
I can tell you the whole story.
Meanwhile, the hellish
of the heart increased.
It is the beating of his
I was never kinder to the
old man than during the whole week before I killed him.
Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston. After being orphaned
at age two, he was taken into the home of a childless coupleJohn
a successful businessman in Richmond, Va., and his wife. Allan was believed
to be Poes godfather. At age six, Poe went to England with the Allans
and was enrolled in schools there. After he returned with the Allans to
the U.S. in 1820, he studied at private schools, then attended the University
of Virginia and the U.S. Military Academy, but did not complete studies
at either school.
beginning his literary career as a poet and prose writer, he married his
young cousin, Virginia Clemm. He worked for several magazines and joined
the staff of the New York Mirror newspaper in 1844. All the while,
he was battling a drinking problem. After the Mirror published his
poem The Raven" in January 1845, Poe achieved national and international
fame. Besides pioneering the development of the short story, Poe invented
the format for the detective story as we know it today. He also was an
outstanding literary critic. Despite the acclaim he received, he was never
really happy because of his drinking and because of the deaths of several
people close to him, including his wife in 1847. He frequently had trouble
paying his debts. It is believed that heavy drinking was a contributing
cause of his death in Baltimore on October 7, 1849.
Questions and Essay Topics
Write an essay that compares
and contrasts the narrator of "The Tell-Tale
Heart" with the narrator of "The Black
Cat." In the latter story, the narrator is also mentally unstable even
though he maintains at the beginning of the story that he is not.
Is the narrator stricken with
What is the difference between
guilt and remorse?
If you were the narrator's attorney,
what would be your approach in defending him?
Write an essay about people
who maltreat others because of their physical appearance.. | <urn:uuid:9e717419-5b4b-4547-a26c-8e0c7897a3e9> | {
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Water has always been speculated as being crucial to sustain human life, but has never been thoroughly tested and verified. Important scientists from a great university are five years into a decade long study, which will hopefully uncover the truth about our need for water.
A randomized double-blind control study was initiated in 2009 and is funded to continue through 2019. Funding agencies of the study told reporters, “We have great hope that this study will uncover the truth about water, but if results are questionable, we are willing to fund the study another 15.6 million dollars, each decade, until we find the answers we are looking for.”
A description of the study was provided by the lead researcher; “We split 400 humans into two groups, 200 in our experimental group who would go completely without water and 200 in the control condition who would consume only water. Our decision for the control condition to consume only water was to exclude any extraneous variables which might impact the study, such as food.”
Sources reported that the subjects have been housed in scientific research areas for the duration of the study. The lead researcher told reporters that the study got off to a rough start. “All of the subjects died within the first 7 days of the study, which makes it really hard to understand the role water played in their ability to sustain life. Those with water died; those without water died. We’re stumped.”
Despite this setback, he stated, “We’ve been monitoring their corpses around the clock for the past 1,700 days, hoping that they will regain life so that study can continue.”
“Wikimedia Commons Recombinant DNA: Southern Blot” by Linda Bartlett (Photographer). Source: National Cancer Institute. This image has not been altered. | <urn:uuid:4456d463-a793-4634-a589-458f73f4866d> | {
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Dog owners can confidently say that their four legged friend, may still be more than just a pet. American researchers in their studies proved that dogs guard the human heart.
Low blood pressure and cholesterol, reduced stress and better mood, are only a small part of the benefits that the owners of the dogs have, according to researches.
Through research it has been proven that dogs effectively reduce the presence of risk factors associated with heart disease.
People who have a dog more likely to exercise, because every day they have to walk their dog.
The research surveyed more than 5,000 adults, was discovered that people who have dogs walk more frequently, unlike the people who do not have dogs, on average 54% less have some physical activity.
Pets have great impact on psychical health. It has been shown to reduce the risk of stress and improves the mood.
As for the dogs they unconsciously encourage people to socialize, it has been shown that socialization reduces the risk of depression.
If you still doubt, do not hesitate anymore. Take a dog for a pet, you will not do wrong! | <urn:uuid:665146fe-b5df-47b1-b0bb-1be1d1278211> | {
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|Expelled German Ethnic Minorities|
While still generally unheard of by the general public outside of Germany, it is a matter of little contention among historians that some 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from Eastern Europe after World War Two.
Some of these areas had been part of Germany, while in others, Germans had lived as ethnic minorities for generations.
While the actual death toll that resulted from the expulsion remains uncertain and controversial, conservative figures suggest over 1 million.
The German victims of these expulsions seem to have been banished to the same place as the victims of the Dresden ‘terror-bombing’ and the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The mean-spirited logic seems to be that the victims of these various events should not be mourned and for that matter no sympathy should be expressed because they were ‘enemies’ of the victorious Allies.
The controversy of the German expellees received press earlier this year when the governing German coalition parties, the Christian Democratic Union, the Christian Social Union and the Free Democratic Party proposed a memorial day for the expellees. Almost immediately Jewish groups denounced the idea. Stephen Kramer, the general secretary of the Central Council of Jews in Germany called the proposal “a kind of retaliation” against the victims of German war crimes. A group of historians actually condemned the proposal as “revisionist.” Others called the proposal a mockery and disgraceful.
Sudetenland is the German name for the northern, southwest and western regions of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Germans, specifically the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia located within Czechoslovakia.
The Sudetenland with the Bohemian Forest and South Moravia was greater than Hessen and Saarland together.
From 1918 to 1938, after the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, more than 3.5 million ethnic Germans were living in the Czech part of the newly created state of Czechoslovakia.
Sudeten German pro-Nazi leader Konrad Henlein founded Sudetendeutsche Partei (German Party – SdP) that served as the branch of the Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei for the Sudetenland.
By 1935, the SdP was the second largest political party in Czechoslovakia.
|Heim ins Reich|
‘Volksdeutsche’ – German for people/folk -, defined ethnically, is a historical term from the 20th century.
The Heim ins Reich (Home into the Empire or Back to the Reich), was a foreign policy pursued by Führer und Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler. beginning in 1938. The aim of his initiative was to convince all of the ethnically German people who were living outside of the Third Reich (i.e. in foreign countries such as Austria and the western districts of Poland) that they should strive to bring these regions “home” into the ‘Gross Deutsches Reich’ (Greater Germany). It included areas ceded after the Treaty of Versailles, as well as other areas containing significant German populations such as the Sudetenland. The policy was managed by VOMI (Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle) (Main Welfare Office for Ethnic Germans). As a state agency of the NSDAP, it handled all Volksdeutsch issues.
The words ‘volk’ and ‘volkische’ conveyed in Nationalist thinking the meanings of “folk” and “race”, while adding the sense of superior civilization and blood.
These terms were used by the Third Reich to define people in terms of their ethnicity rather than citizenship and thus included Germans living beyond the borders of the German Reich.
This is in contrast to Imperial Germans (Reichsdeutsche), German citizens living within Germany.
The term also contrasts with the usage of the term Auslandsdeutsche (Germans abroad) since 1936, which generally denotes German citizens residing in other countries.
Volksdeutsche were further divided into Volksgruppen — a minority within a minority in a state — with a special cultural, social and historic development.
Volksdeutsche were defined by Adolf Hitler as “people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship.“
For Hitler and the other ethnic Germans of his time, the term “Volksdeutsche” also carried overtones of blood and race not captured in the common English translation “ethnic Germans”.
According to German estimates in the 1930s, about 30 million Volksdeutsche and Auslandsdeutsche, were living outside the Reich.
A significant proportion of them were in Central Europe: Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, and Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia, where many were located in villages along the Danube, and Russia.
Many of their ancestors had migrated to non-German-speaking European countries in the 18th century, invited by governments that wanted to repopulate areas decimated by the Ottoman Empire occupation and sometimes by disease.
The National Socialist goal of expansion assigned the Volksdeutsche a special role in German plans, to bring them back to German citizenship and elevate them to power over the native populations in those areas.
Shortly after the Anschluß of Austria with Germany, Henlein met with Führer und Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, where he was instructed to present demands to the Czechoslovak government led by president Edvard Beneš.
On 24 April, the SdP issued a series of demands upon the government of Czechoslovakia, that were known as the ‘Carlsbad Program’.
|Führerbau – Munich Agreement 1938|
Among the demands, Heinlein demanded full equality of Germans with Czechs and autonomy for Germans living in Czechoslovakia.
The Czechoslovakian government responded by saying that it was willing to provide minority rights to the German minority but it refused to grant them autonomy.
However, the Allies rejected this aspiration.
It was followed by the Sudeten crisis, the Munich Agreement.
|The Munich Agreement|
The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting annexation of Czechoslovakia’s areas along the country’s borders mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans known as the Sudetenland by the Third Reich.
The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia.
The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September).
The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of territorial demands made by Führer und Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler.
The agreement was signed by the great powers – Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy.
|Wappen des Protektorats
Böhmen und Mähren
|Adolf Hitler – der Prager Burg|
The Czech part of Czechoslovakia was subsequently invaded by Germany in March 1939, with a portion being annexed and the remainder turned into the ‘Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia’.
|Wappen Reichgau Sudetenland|
The northern and western parts were reorganized as the Reichsgau Sudetenland, with the city of Reichenberg established as its capital.
|Konrad Ernst Eduard Henlein|
Konrad Ernst Eduard Henlein (6 May 1898 – 10 May 1945) was a leading Sudeten German politician in Czechoslovakia. Upon the German occupation he joined the Nazi Party as well as the SS and was appointed Reichsstatthalter of the Sudetenland in 1939. He attended business school in Gablonz. Henlein entered military service as a Kriegsfreiwilliger. In May, 1916, he attended Offiziersschule and then was assigned to k.u.k. Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 27 (Base-Graz). He saw frontline service in the Dolomites at Monte Forno, Mont Sief, and Monte Maletta from May, 1916 to 17 November 1917. Henlein was severely wounded, then captured by Italian troops, and spent the remainder of the war as a POW held in Italian captivity at Asinara Island. There Henlein spent his time studying the history of the German Turner (gymnastics) movement of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. He returned home after the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1919. Influenced by the German national movement, Henlein became a gym teacher of the gymnastics club in Asch (Aš) in 1925, which, similar to the Czech Sokol movement, took an active part in Sudeten German communal life.
|Potsdam Conference – 1945|
After the end of World War II, the Potsdam Conference in 1945 determined that Sudeten Germans would have to leave Czechoslovakia.
|Expulsion of Volksdeutsche
from the Sudetenland
|Expulsion of Volksdeutsche
from the Sudetenland
Immediately after the arrival of the Red Army in Bohemia and Moravia there began the brutal displacement of the German population.
From London and Moscow, Czech and Slovak political agents in exile followed an advancing Soviet army pursuing German forces westward, to reach the territory of the first former Czechoslovak Republic. Beneš proclaimed the programme of the newly appointed Czechoslovak government on April 5, 1945, in the north-eastern city of Košice, which included oppression and persecution of the non-Czech and non-Slovak populations of the partially restored Czechoslovak Republic. After the proclamation of the Košice program, the German and Hungarian population living in the reborn Czechoslovak state were subjected to various forms of court procedures, citizenship revocations, property confiscation, condemnation to forced labour camps, and appointment of government managers to German and Hungarian owned businesses and farms, referred to euphemistically as “reslovakization.”
Between 1945 and 1948, a series of presidential decrees, edicts, laws and statutes were proclaimed by the president of the republic, the Prague-based Czechoslovak Parliament, the Slovak National Council (Parliament) in Bratislava and by the Board of Slovak Commissioners (an appendage of the Czechoslovak government in Bratislava).
Decrees 5, 12, 33, 108/1945 ordered the removal of citizenship from people of German ethnic origin who were treated collectively as collaborators. This was then used to confiscate their property and expel around 90% of the ethnic German population of Czechoslovakia. These people were collectively accused of supporting the Nazis (through the Sudetendeutsche Partei (SdP), the political party led by Konrad Henlein) and the Third Reich’s annexation of the Czech borderland in 1938.
In the summer of 1945 there were localised massacres of the German population.
June 18–19, 1945, in the Přerov incident, 71 men, 120 women and 74 children (265 Germans) who were Slovak Germans from Dobšiná were passing through Horní Moštěnice near Přerov railway station. Here they were taken out of the train, taken outside the city to a hill named “Švédské šance”, where they were forced to dig their own graves and all were shot. They were all murdered while being transported back to Slovakia by soldiers of the 17th Bratislava Foot Regiment.
20,000 Germans were forced to leave Brno for camps in Austria. Z. Beneš reported 800 deaths.
Estimates of those killed in the Ústí massacre range from 30–50 to 600–700 civilians.
763 people were shot dead in Postoloprty and the immediate vicinity. In September 1947 a Czechoslovak parliamentary commission investigated reports of mass graves scattered around the north Bohemian town of Postoloprty. In all, the investigation unearthed 763 German bodies, victims of a zealous Czechoslovak army detachment carrying out orders to “cleanse” the region of Germans in late May 1945. Expellees who survived the massacre estimated the number of their murdered neighbours to be over 800.
Some Germans were sent to “concentration camps”. A 1964 report by the German Red Cross stated that 1,215 “internment camps” were established, as well as 846 forced labour and “disciplinary centres”, and 215 prisons, on Czechoslovak territory. Special Courts sentenced 21,469 persons to prison and 713 were executed for crimes committed during the Nazi occupation. They made rough estimate claiming 350,000 Germans in Czechoslovakia passed through one or more of these institutions and 100,000 perished.
The civilian internees who survived to be expelled recorded the horrors of months and years of slow starvation and maltreatment in many thousands of affidavits.
Conditions in the internment camp near Kolín, in which internees were raped and beaten and two of them were killed were investigated by the Czechoslovak parliament. According to a rough estimate approximately 10,000 people died in Czech camps and prisons from 1945 to 1948. The causes of death included epidemics, undernourishment, overall exhaustion and old age, but also ill-treatment and executions.
|Expulsion of Sudeten Germans|
Germans living in the border regions of Czechoslovakia were expelled from the country in late 1945. The joint German and Czech commission of historians estimated that there were about 15,000 violent deaths. Czech records report 15-16,000 deaths not including an additional 6,667 unexplained cases or suicides during the expulsion, and others died from hunger and illness in Germany as a consequence. In 1946, an estimated 1.3 million ethnic Germans were deported to the American zone of what would become West Germany. An estimated 800,000 were deported to the Soviet zone (in what would become East Germany). | <urn:uuid:d7db0052-0900-4d1a-8999-3827ef37ef1f> | {
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These days it’s hard to avoid the message that thin is best. From advertising billboards to the Oscar red carpet, we are inundated with images of successful ultra-thin women.
Past research has already shown that this ideal is filtering through to our children, even preschoolers. But before now, there has been little study of just how early pro-thin bias (and prejudice against fat people) appears, and how it develops with age.
Jennifer Harriger tested 102 girls from the South Western US, aged between three and five. She first asked the girls to consider 12 adjectives (six positive and six negative, including nice, smart, mean stupid) and to allocate each one to whichever of three female figures they felt the adjective was most suited. The precise wording was “Point to the girl that you think is/has …”. Crucially, one of the female figures was very thin, one was very fat, and the other average, with no other differences between them. Three-year-olds, four-year-olds and five-year-olds all tended to allocate more negative adjectives to the fat figure and more positive adjectives to the thin figure.
Another test involved the children looking at nine figures (three fat, three average and three thin) and choosing their first three preferences for playmates, and finally to choose their best friend from the selection. Children at all ages tended to choose a thin figure for their first choice, a thin or average for the second choice, with no bias in their third choice. Best friend choices tended to be thin.
Age differences were few, but there was some evidence that three-year-olds were showing more of a bias for thinness, as opposed to a bias against fat people, with fat prejudice increasing with age. For example, only the youngest girls allocated more negative adjectives to average and fat figures than to the thin figures, consistent with their believing “thin is good” rather than “fat is bad”.
The research needs to be replicated in other countries, with boys, and with even younger children. Harriger also noted that it would be interesting to look at the influence of children’s own weight and the beliefs of their parents, siblings and peers. For now, she said her findings illustrated “an increasing preference for thinness and intolerance for fatness in preschool age girls …” and that the promotion of size acceptance “must begin even earlier than we once believed.”
Harriger, J. (2014). Age Differences in Body Size Stereotyping in a Sample of Preschool Girls Eating Disorders, 23 (2), 177-190 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2014.964610
Video protects girls from the negative effects of looking at ultra-thin models
Five-year-old girls who want to be thin
Nine-month-olds prefer looking at unattractive (read: normal) male bodies
How do women and girls feel when they see sexualised or sporty images of female athletes?
Magazine reports on eating disorders are superficial and misleading
Christian Jarrett (@Psych_Writer) is Editor of BPS Research Digest | <urn:uuid:7fddce23-3e0c-43f1-8ede-4b66ccd7df34> | {
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This page is designed to answer the following questions:
- 1.1b List the standards, codes of conduct and practices that relate to your role (Care Certificate, Standard 1: Understand your role)
- 1.2 Identify standards, regulatory requirements and agreed ways of working that may influence your knowledge, understanding and skills to carry out your work role (Level 2 Diploma in Care, Personal development in care settings)
- 1.2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards (Level 3 Diploma in Adult Care, Promote personal development in care settings)
Everyone that delivers care in the health and social care sector should complete The Care Certificate to ensure that they have a the set of skills needed to provide the minimum standards. It ensures consistency of skills across the industry. Ideally, all workers should also pursue the Level 2 Diploma in Care and senior staff should complete the Level 3 Diploma in Adult Care. However, it should be noted that these qualifications are not mandatory for a career in care.
Legislation such as The Care Act 2014 describes (among other things) the obligations of the Local Authority for assessing people’s needs and eligibility for public funded care and support. There are several other pieces of legislation that care workers should be aware of such as the Equality Act, Health and Safety at Work Act
Skills for Care have produced a Code of Conduct that sets out the standards that all healthcare workers should adhere to and the minimum level of care all clients should expect.
The Six C’s, originally produced for nursing staff but then expanded to include the whole health and social care sector, are recognised values that all workers should keep to the forefront of their minds. They are:
Care: Care is our core business and that of our organisations, and the care we deliver helps the individual person and improves the health of the whole community. Caring defines us and our work. People receiving care expect it to be right for them, consistently, throughout every stage of their life.
Compassion: Compassion is how care is given through relationships based on empathy, respect and dignity – it can also be described as intelligent kindness, and is central to how people perceive their care.
Competence: Competence means all those in caring roles must have the ability to understand an individual’s health and social needs and the expertise, clinical and technical knowledge to deliver effective care and treatments based on research and evidence.
Communication: Communication is central to successful caring relationships and to effective team working. Listening is as important as what we say and do and essential for “no decision about me without me”. Communication is the key to a good workplace with benefits for those in our care and staff alike.
Courage: Courage enables us to do the right thing for the people we care for, to speak up when we have concerns and to have the personal strength and vision to innovate and to embrace new ways of working.
Commitment: A commitment to our patients and populations is a cornerstone of what we do. We need to build on our commitment to improve the care and experience of our patients, to take action to make this vision and strategy a reality for all and meet the health, care and support challenges ahead.
SOURCE: Royal College of Nursing (https://rcni.com/revalidation/6cs-nursing-32156)
The Fundamental Standards of the Care Quality Commission are standards which everybody receiving care can expect and below which care should must fall.
Agreed ways of working are the way your employer wants you to work and encompasses their policies and procedures. Your employer should have policies and procedures for all working practices, for example a Safeguarding Policy, a Whistleblowing Policy etc.
Example question and answer
List legislation, standards and agreed ways of working that influence your own work role
There are many standards that influence how I carry out my responsibilities including:
- The Care Act 2014
- Health & Social Care Act 2008
- Health & Safety at Work Act 1974
- Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992
- CQC Standards
- Internal Policies & Procedures
Some of the standards are UK legislation such as the Care Act, Health & Social Care Act, Health & Safety at Work Act etc. These lay out the rules for lawful practice in the UK and non-conformance can lead to litigation against an individual or company. Some legislation is specific to the health and social care sector (e.g. Care Act. Health & Social Care Act) and others are for businesses in any sector (e.g. Health & Safety at Work Act, Manual Handling Operations Regulations).
The 13 CQC fundamental standards are used by the Care Quality Commission when inspecting organisations in the health & social care sector. All individuals using care services have the right to expect care that does fall below these standards.
Internal policies and procedures are documents created by the company that I work for that describe the roles and the expectations of all employees and guidance on a multitude of subjects. | <urn:uuid:b98e78d0-65f2-4269-9cf4-7c31b9415197> | {
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Network and Cybersecurity Specialist
The Network and Cybersecurity Specialist program prepares students for employment in the network and cybersecurity specialist areas of the Information Technology field. The network and cybersecurity industry is growing at a faster than average rate. This program prepares students to become:
• Technical Support Specialist
• IT Administrator
• Network Field Technician
• IS Consultant
• Network Field Engineer
• Security Specialist/Consultant
• Information Security Analyst
• Security Administrator
• And more!
Students in the program will:
• Identify PC hardware components
• Work with operating systems
• Install and configure hardware
• Install, configure, optimize, troubleshoot, repair, upgrade, and perform preventative maintenance on PC’s, digital devices, and operating systems
• Identify network communication methods, network media, and network components
• Analyze and implement network security/troubleshoot network issues
• Identify fundamental components of information technology security
• Analyze risks and threats to networks and devices
• Implement security protocols on networks and devices
• Access information risks in computing and networks environments
• Analyze cybersecurity attacks through data collection from security and event logs
• Manage cybersecurity risk in an enterprise environment
• Use research and analysis to secure the enterprise environment
• Implement cryptographic and security controls for all devices in a network environment
• Conduct incident and emergency responses
Students have the opportunity to earn the following industry-recognized credentials:
• CompTIA IT Fundamentals+
• CompTIA A+
• CompTIA Network+
• CompTIA Security+
• CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner
• National Career Readiness – ACT
This course is located at the Adult Workforce Development Center.
Monday – Thursday
8:00 am – 1:30 pm
January 14, 2019
• Age 18 or older
• High School Diploma or GED
• Background check
The WorkKeys Assessment is administered as part of the registration process. Students will complete the following sections:
Applied Math – critical thinking, mathematical reasoning, and problem solving techniques.
Graphic Literacy – skills needed to locate and use information from charts, diagrams, etc.
Workplace Documents – ability to understand written text to complete a task.
Business Writing – measures the skill used when writing an original response to a work-related situation. | <urn:uuid:4ea4d34f-3012-4c08-a470-0999e29de151> | {
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In this recent post from the American Safety & Health Institute, they reiterate that “Songs and rhymes are often used in teaching because they stick.”
Educators and teachers have always used songs and phrases as a big support for students to retain information – so the knowledge is there when you NEED it.
For CPR, the Stayin’ Alive song is referenced because it has the correct speed of 100 compressions in 60 seconds. When YOU charged with adrenalin because you’re helping someone in an emergency, will this song pop into your memory? You BET it will. Thus, you’ll go the correct pace, neither too slow or too fast.
Read more about The Connection Between Music and CPR Skill Training.
Stay safe! More about Jean, the CPR Training JEANius
My ongoing CPR Adult/Teen classes | <urn:uuid:8f02c0f1-a4dd-465f-9221-ed8d3c414235> | {
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In the Czech Republic, schools are administered in the frame of general administration. The responsibility is distributed among the central government, regions and communities. The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports preserves and determines the integrated state educational policy. Regions are responsible for education on their territory. They are organising bodies for upper secondary and tertiary professional schools. The communities are responsible for pre-primary education and compulsory schooling. All schools have the status of legal entities. Public higher education institutions are established by law. | <urn:uuid:0ed78328-3dd6-4bd0-ac18-e65ada05300c> | {
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DNA sequencing: University of Tartu scientists show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are globally distributed
In a recently published paper in Science, the University of Tartu’s plant ecology group, led by Prof. Martin Zobel, present the first global-scale empirical study of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal biogeography. Project fieldwork lasted from 2007 to 2012 and resulted in collection of 1014 environmental samples from six continents. The group’s results showed that many AM fungi are globally distributed but nonetheless require careful conservation.
AM fungi inhabit diverse ecosystems from lush tropical forests to temperate habitats and cold tundra. Examples of sampling sites targeted by this study. Photographs by M. Zobel.
The successful growth of 80% of plant species, including the majority of crop plants, depends on microscopic root symbiotic AM fungi. Indeed, plant productivity and diversity in both natural and anthropogenic habitats is strongly influenced by the presence and diversity of these fungi.
However, the global biogeography of AM fungi and drivers of their distribution are largely unknown. As such information is essential for predicting and mitigating losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services, the University of Tartu’s plant ecology group and their international co-authors conducted a global-scale empirical study of AM fungal biogeography.
Using high-throughput DNA sequencing to identify AM fungi in their samples, they found that many (34%) AM fungal taxa exhibit a global distribution, while almost all (93%) are present on multiple continents. This result was unexpected because AM fungi have been assumed to be poor dispersers.
“We started this line of research over 10 years ago by addressing AM fungal diversity in local habitats. We soon realized, however, that we cannot explain local diversity patterns and processes without looking at the broader picture. Our efforts began to snowball, and we ended up with this first systematic global overview of the diversity and distribution of these important symbiotic microbes,” Professor Martin Zobel, head of the plant ecology lab at University of Tartu and center of excellence ‘Frontiers in biodiversity research’ says.
“It was a major challenge to analyze such a complex and comprehensive data set,“ Dr. John Davison, researcher in the plant ecology lab at University of Tartu, added. “While we started by analyzing taxon distributions and the composition of AM fungal communities, the emerging patterns stimulated us to integrate phylogenetic information as well. Rapidly evolving molecular technologies are demanding parallel advances in data storage, bioinformatics and statistical approaches. We are now able to examine cryptic biodiversity with a depth and detail that would have seemed fanciful even a decade ago.”
Despite the wide distributions of AM fungal taxa, AM fungal communities are shaped by local environmental conditions and landscape configurations. Progressive loss and fragmentation of habitats may therefore lead to a situation where ecosystems lack the symbiotic fungi that are essential for sustainable ecosystem functioning, the research group emphasizes.
The wide distributions of AM fungi revealed by the study also raise several new questions, according to the group. Future studies can help to explain how the fungi achieve such efficient dispersal. Another focus of research will be to understand whether the symbiotic characteristics of widespread taxa remain constant throughout their ranges.
In addition to the core authors Martin Zobel, John A. Davis, UT’s Senior Research Fellow in Plant Ecology Mari Moora and UT’s Senior Research Fellow in Plant Ecology Maarja Öpik, co-authors included eight researchers from the UT Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences and colleagues from the USA, India and Senegal.
The paper Davison et al. (2015) “Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism” was published in Science at 28 August 2015.
Conducting the study was made possible thanks to an extensive international collaborative network and the financial support of the center of excellence FIBIR.
Additional information: Martin Zobel, Professor of Plant Ecology at the University of Tartu, e-mail: [email protected].
John Davison, Research Fellow at the University of Tartu, e-mail: [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:b9c51ec7-8cf8-40c4-a5de-4ea791bb9ac9> | {
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Recognizing Cracked Tooth Symptoms
It is important to pay close attention to your dental health. When you visit the dentist at the first sign of trouble, it is easier to save your tooth. If you crack a tooth, you may not notice how bad the damage is, however. You may simply think you have a minor toothache related to a cavity, for example. It is common to have intermittent pain, difficulty eating, and sensitivity to hot or cold. You may have trouble describing the exact location of the pain. You must visit a dentist for proper diagnosis and repair.
Learn About Cracked Tooth Symptoms
You can talk to your dentist about pain in your tooth or gums. It is best to visit the dentist for any type of pain in your mouth, even if you are not sure about cracked tooth symptoms. You may not feel or hear the tooth when it cracks. Some people notice right away, while others have minor symptoms. You may have a cracked tooth if you notice the following symptoms.
- Sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweets
- Pain when eating
- Swollen or painful gums
- Cuts on your cheek or tongue from sharp edges of broken tooth
- Pain in the tooth, gums, or jaw (sometimes inconsistent)
What happens if the tooth cavity is bleeding?
When the tooth cavity is bleeding, the decay has reached the pulp of the tooth. It is important to visit the dentist quickly if your tooth is bleeding. Most people have intense pain when this happens, as well. Your dentist may save your tooth with a root canal. If the damage is severe, an extraction is necessary. You have a better chance of keeping your teeth if you make a dentist appointment immediately.
Repair with a Fractured Tooth Root Canal
You are susceptible to decay and infection when you have a fractured tooth. If a tooth has a large fracture, a root canal treatment is often necessary. Many people try at-home toothache pain relief. This is not a long-term resolution for a damaged tooth. Your dentist must determine one of the best course of action.
A fracture can reach far into the tooth, affecting the pulp. Some fractures also reach the gum line, threatening the stability of the roots. A root canal can restore your oral health and secure the tooth in place. Dentists can also place a rod inside the tooth to make sure the tooth does not shift after a fracture. The doctors at Emergency Dentists can treat your cracked tooth today.
What is a root canal treatment?
Dentists perform root canals on teeth that are severely damaged by decay, infection, or cracks. If the root canal is successful, you can avoid an extraction. The dentist removes the pulp from your tooth and cleans everything well, including the roots. The next step involves a filling, building up of the tooth, and a crown.
What should I do about a sore tooth after a root canal?
Talk to your dentist about tooth pain relief. You may need over-the-counter or prescription pain medication. You can also apply an ice pack to your face when you return home from the procedure. Many times, you feel better after a root canal, as the problematic area of your tooth is removed.
Root Canal Tooth Chipped
Teeth can become chipped in a variety of locations. You may have a small chip on the surface of the tooth. A chipped tooth may also present with damage all the way to your gum line. The dentist must examine the tooth to find one of the best repair method. You may need a root canal to restore your oral health and prevent further damage. Some dentists try large fillings before resorting to a root canal treatment, as well. Talk to your dentist about the pros and cons of a root canal. A dental spa in Houston, TX 77027 can help you restore your smile.
When a Fractured Tooth Extraction is Necessary
Sometimes the dentist cannot repair a cracked tooth. You may need an extraction and tooth replacement for a badly broken tooth. Often, a tooth is already damaged by decay or infection when it breaks. Your dentist may recommend a broken tooth extraction to relieve a severe toothache and keep you healthy. If large pieces of your tooth break off, you may get the remainder of the tooth extracted, as well.
What are the symptoms of a tooth infection?
You may experience bad breath, pain, or bleeding with a tooth infection. An infection can spread, causing a severe abscess or sepsis. Immediate treatment involves cleaning out the tooth and a repair. This may involve a filling or crown. Sometimes, you need a root canal or extraction.
See a Dentist Today to Get a Treatment Plan
Call your regular dentist for an urgent appointment if you suspect a cracked tooth. Your dentist may fix the tooth the same day or schedule a follow-up appointment. During the initial appointment, your dentist gives you an exam and may take x-rays. If you have sharp edges on the tooth, your dentist may file it down to keep your comfortable until the repair appointment.
Where can I find affordable dental care?
If you have dental insurance, find a dentist on your plan. If you do not have dental insurance, ask about self-pay discounts and payment plans.
Broken Front Tooth Treatment
When you break a front tooth, you may have concerns about your appearance. Your dentist may need to give you a filling or root canal before working on the aesthetics. A dentist may perform a bonding procedure with composite resin. This helps to reshape your tooth so it looks natural again.
Cracked Wisdom Tooth Extraction
There are times when the dentist cannot save a tooth after it breaks. You may have severe decay or infection that weakened the tooth. You may also lose part of your tooth from an injury. Your dentist may try to save the tooth with a root canal before resorting to an extraction.
Wisdom teeth often cause many problems, independent of decay or injury. Your wisdom tooth can crack when it is growing in if there is not enough room in your mouth. It can also grow in crooked, cracking as it hits other teeth. Impacted wisdom teeth can crack, as well. You need an dentist to intervene you have impacted wisdom teeth.
You can often keep your tooth after a crack. Dentists can solve the problem with fillings, root canals, and crowns. Visit your dentist quickly if you suspect a cracked tooth. Cracks in your teeth can increase your risk of decay or infection. The crack can also become worse or part of your tooth can break off. Make an appointment with an Emergency Dentist to get your tooth repaired today.
Some people notice right away when a tooth cracks. You may have sudden pain or hear the tooth crack. Some cracks in the teeth are more subtle. Your dentist, however, may find them during a routine checkup. If you notice the symptoms of a cracked tooth, make an appointment with your dentist to get a treatment plan. You may feel pain, sensitivity to temperature, or have swollen gums. If you do not get a repair done on the tooth, you may succumb to decay or infection. You may need a simple filling or a crown to keep your teeth strong. If the crack is large or a part of your tooth is missing, your dentist may perform a root canal. During a root canal, the dentist removes the pulp from the tooth and cleans out the entire tooth and roots. You need a filling and crown to keep the tooth strong. This procedure can help save your tooth. If the tooth is extremely damaged, your dentist may extract the tooth. You can go in for an exam to find out the extent of the damage. Your dentist then gives you a treatment plan and financial estimate. Learn how to recognize cracked tooth symptoms so you know when to call the dentist. | <urn:uuid:d31f364f-bdb6-48b9-9e3f-32a3733e360e> | {
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Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the interchange of chemical and electrical energy. The electrons in a balanced redox reaction show the relationship between electricity and a redox reaction.
A redox reaction which occurs in a galvanic cell is a spontaneous reaction. These galvanic cell reactions produce energy which can be directed to do work. This energy can be captured by placing the two half reactions of the redox reaction in separate containers called half-cells. The half-cells are connected usually by a wire which allows a flow of electrons. The flow of electrons spontaneously flows through the outer circuitry in which their energy is extirpated. The oxidation half reaction occurs at the anode and the reduction half reaction occurs at the cathode. The electron flow is always from the anode to the cathode.
A galvanic cell includes the following parts:
- 2 electrodes (1 in each half-cell)
- 2 separate containers (each is a half-cell)
- Salt bridge
- Apparatus (usually a wire)
Energy input in the form of voltage energy is needed to drive non-spontaneous reaction in an electrolytic cell. Electron flow in this case flows from anode to cathode only because the extra voltage is driving the reaction. There are many applications for the electrolytic cell and the general setup is very similar to galvanic cells. | <urn:uuid:635a5af6-5026-4ac2-866d-538a7eee1ddc> | {
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Associate Professor Yue Zhang explain how 3D modeling can be used to improve cancer treatment.
Video games and movies often come to mind when we think of 3D animation. But the technology has other applications in science and medicine.
Two professors in the College of Engineering are advancing mathematical modeling to make 3D images more realistic. The techniques can not only improve our movie going experience, but when applied to science, they can increase the accuracy of simulation models used to predict natural disasters like tornadoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Or, in this case, help medical professionals better target cancerous tumors.
Eugene Zhang, professor of computer science, and Yue Zhang, associate professor of structural engineering and computer science, are collaborating on a project with Dr. Wolfram Laub at Johns Hopkins Medicine to reduce patient exposure to radiation.
Specifically, the project aims to increase the precision of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Because radiation is toxic, it is important to minimize exposure as much as possible so neighboring healthy tissues and organs are not affected.
If organs would stay in one place, it would be easier to target them, but — surprisingly — they don’t. Simply breathing can change the location of an organ. During radiation treatment, which can last hours, the volume of the patient’s bladder continuously changes as it fills and empties, which can affect the size and location of the prostate and cause the tumor to displace.
“What we are hoping to achieve is an adaptive treatment plan that is individualized for each patient,” Yue Zhang said.
To address the problem, they created a simulation of how the organs might move or change the location of a tumor by creating a model constructed from a series of 2D medical scans. They then use those scans to generate a 3D image and apply a graphic mesh, which becomes the mathematical framework of the 3D animation.
A graphic mesh is a collection of points, or vertices, in 3D space. The lines connecting these points are called edges, and the areas bounded by edges are called faces. Every cube, for instance, has eight corners — its vertices — and 12 edges separating the six faces.
The interior of each cube is another element of the mesh called a cell. If you join a number of cells together, you get a hexahedral mesh made mostly of cubes. It takes millions of cells to generate a realistic simulation of a tumor and surrounding organs.
But it gets even more complex than that.
“We have tools to describe material properties on these cells, so if it’s an organ that doesn’t move much — or is a little rigid — then we describe it with one material property,” Yue Zhang said. “But if it is something like the bladder, which is very flexible and stretches a lot, we need to use a different property to describe it.”
To add information about the material behavior of the organs to the mesh, the researchers first apply physics concepts and then use field processing, a new subfield of geometry processing. Because the mesh is a numerical representation of 3D space, they can deform the mesh using some simulated physical forces described by math equations. At this point, they have multi-dimensional values at each mesh grid point representing physics or biology concepts. These quantities are usually represented as vector or tensor fields.
The technology can be applied to 3D structures in any context. “Instead of modeling a shape, now we are modeling things that are on the shape. It’s one thing to model the shape of the Earth — the mountains and the oceans — but it’s another to model the magnetic field or the global ocean current flows on the Earth. These are vector fields on the surface and can provide a lot of insight into things such as the air stability, pollution, and climate change,” Eugene Zhang said.
In general, field processing finds critical points where there is uncertainty in the model that can indicate change. When it’s applied to medical images, the doctor can use the simulation results to predict changes to the prostate throughout the treatment period.
It could also help track the effectiveness of the treatment and whether nearby organs are being damaged.
“I’m really hopeful that the techniques we are developing and the tools we are building will be useful, not only to architects or artists, but also to scientists and doctors who could actually save lives and overcome diseases, including various forms of cancer and AIDS,” Eugene Zhang said.
by Rachel Robertson
MOMENTUM, College of Engineering, Fall 2018
MOMENTUM Issue Archives | <urn:uuid:54c8c842-443a-4cb0-b0d8-1b9c07f926a3> | {
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Through persuasive thinking, the benefits get weighed against the shortcomings of an undertaking, and the most apt direction assumed. It becomes simpler, as such, to persuade people to take a certain direction. Scientific thinking, on the other hand, involves experiments that verify facts. It also includes observation about the effect of an undertaking ion the world. The following write up is a discussion of impacts and solution to global warming and genetic engineering using persuasive and scientific thinking respectively.
Buy Persuasive and Scientific Thinking essay paper online
Global warming is among the major problems facing the world today. As a result of global warming, the average temperatures of the earth escalate gradually. At the rate in which the global temperatures are rising, it is predicted that in the next one hundred years glaciers will have melted, as the dry lands expand, and ocean levels rise. Global warming has been largely attributed to human activities, which have led to the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rising. Industries and deforestation have been considered as the major causes of increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which has in turn led to the destruction of the ozone layer, allowing harmful ultra violet rays from the sun to reach the earth’s surface. These rays are harmful to plants and lead to increased temperatures near the earth’s surface. The increased temperature results from the fact the low-frequency rays emitted from the earth’s surface cannot go past the ozone but are reflected back to the earth’s surface. By the end of the 21st century, the global temperatures are expected to rise by 1.50C. As noted earlier, human activities have frequently been cited as the major cause of global warming. Industries have played the biggest role through the release of greenhouse gases that deplete the ozone layer. Deforestation, on the other hand, spoils the balance of gases in the ecosystem, resulting in increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This gas causes heat accumulation by reflecting the low frequency sun’s rays from the earth’s surface back.
Global warming has led to a disrupted ecosystem leading situations that are life threatening. Melting glaciers and ice sheet have led to increased levels in the oceans. This has led to instability in the sea resulting hurricanes and tornadoes which lead to many deaths. Green houses gases also lead to respiratory diseases such as cancer. Any measures should be taken to reduce the rate of global warming. This can be achieved through reduction of the amount of greenhouses gases released into the atmosphere as well as discouraging deforestation as well as encouraging reafforestation. The government should also put measures in place regulations and laws restricting disposal of wastes by industries.
Altering an individual’s genotype involves the changing of his genetic make-up. This field of science is regarded to as genetic engineering. It has been applied in the altering a person’s appearance, intelligence, as well as metabolism, in an attempt to raise the efficiency of an individual (Reiss & Straughan, 1996). An instance of human genetic engineering is the one in which somatic cells get added to the reproductive cells such that off springs are born without any disorders, despite the same existing in their parents. This eliminates such disorders in the generation through the application of germ line human genetic engineering. This process can also be applied to boost immunity to individuals with low immunity, by carrying out genetic engineering on their immune system. This field of science has seen a substantial reduction in death rates across the world. Despite the major breakthroughs, the genetic engineering of humans is extremely expensive and can lead to complications. It has also aroused issues in ethics. The probability of the outcome of genetic engineered cells being unfavorable is significantly high. Enough research ought to be carried out by qualified personnel and organizations to ensure that these attempts to improve the human race are successful, and do not impact people negatively. The governments involved should also put restrictions as to who to participate in such critical areas as genetic engineering.
Global warming is harmful, and all measures possible should be elected to curb it. Through persuasive thinking, I have explored global warming and its shortcomings in a way that can persuade people to embrace precautions against global warming. Also, though scientific thinking, I have explored genetic engineering in humans and the problems they present. Precautions against its adverse effects would involve experimentation and scientific observation.
Related Free Environment Essays
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- Sustainability and a Changing Environment
- Global Dimming
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Information Possibly Outdated
The information presented on this page was originally released on August 12, 2010. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Coast fishing, crabbing often more than recreation
MISSISSIPPI STATE -- Chicken and nets may not seem high tech, but a Mississippi State University student finds them necessary tools for researching an important Gulf Coast resource.
MSU College of Forest Resources’ doctoral student Sarah Harrison is collecting data on the blue crab populations in the Pascagoula Estuary. She uses crab nets baited with raw chicken legs to pull the crustaceans from the shallow waters of the estuary. Avoiding their snapping claws, she weighs and measures the crabs before returning them to the water.
The data Harrison is collecting on catch rates, weight and size will help reveal how well the crab population in the Pascagoula Estuary has recovered from the impact of Hurricane Katrina. It will also influence management decisions.
“Fishing is an important part of the economic and cultural lives of many people on the Gulf Coast,” Harrison said. “Hurricane Katrina had a devastating effect on both river and estuarine fisheries along the Coast, and many people are just now starting to regain their connections with fishing, including crabbing.”
This is the first year of the two-year project, which could become even more important if oil from the spill in the Gulf reaches the blue crab habitat.
“If oil reaches the estuary, we will see how catch rates are affected because I have pre-oil data,” Harrison said. “Catch rates were increasing in July because commercial crabbing was closed due to the oil spill.”
Although commercial-scale crabbing is important to the Gulf Coast economy, crabbing by individuals and families is often more than just a recreational activity.
“In hard times, such as in the aftermath of Katrina and, more recently, the oil spill, many Coast residents use fishing and crabbing as a way to supplement their incomes or as a way to reduce grocery bills,” said Don Jackson, fisheries biologist and professor in MSU's Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture. “The data being collected helps us understand the biology of the blue crab, but we are looking at how people on the Coast use marine resources, and the study will include interviews with Coast residents who crab and fish.”
Jackson is the principal investigator for the study at the Pascagoula Estuary, which also collects data on catfish populations in the coastal areas of the Pascagoula and Pearl Rivers. Assistant professor of aquatic sciences Robert Kroger and undergraduate assistant Aaron Diaz are also working on the project. Both Jackson and Kroger have joint appointments with the MSU Forest and Wildlife Research Center and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.
Funding and other support for the project is being provided by the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks.
“The goal of the project is to provide the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks and the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources with information that can be used to revitalize the socially and economically important fisheries in the coastal areas of the Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers and the Pascagoula Estuary,” Jackson said.
Contact: Dr. Don Jackson, (662) 325-7493 | <urn:uuid:2c9c466a-8817-4c9e-8619-7d951b7b159d> | {
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In early Jewish culture an ordinary meal served as the foundation of the Holy Eucharist. Much of this tradition goes back to the days of the Exodus, when the Israelites were liberated from Egypt, and was a great gift to the Jewish people. The story of Pharaoh’s charioteers being crushed as they pursued them continues to live in our memory. In the Old Testament every Jewish household had to slaughter a lamb, prepare it as instructed, and dress in haste, as they prepared to leave Egypt. The doorposts of their homes were sprinkled with blood as security for God’s judgment to pass over them. On every anniversary this rite had to be celebrated to commemorate their freedom. This event has become a special way of giving praise of God’s wonderful works.
This sacramental memorial came alive again in the New Testament when Jesus Christ instituted the Holy Eucharist with his disciples, before sacrificing his life on the cross at Calvary. Christ’s salvation was to follow the tradition of our present-day Eucharist. Omar Khayyam (1048–1131), a Persian mathematician, astronomer and philosopher observed, “A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou.” “Thou” is “Jesus Christ” and “you and I” – his communicants. At Corinth however there were abuses of this rite that led to the nature of the Mass that Christians enjoy to this day.
Nature of the Mass
Our daily bread became a Mass with the Liturgical Word, hymns of thanksgiving, and the offering of bread – Christ’s flesh and wine – his blood, as described by Johannes H. Emminghaus entitled, The Eucharist: Essence, Form, Celebration. It was a divine right of the original Passover meal. Charlie Trotter (1959–2013), a chef and restaurateur described a sacred meal this way: “All four elements were happening in equal measure – the cuisine, the wine, the service, and the overall ambiance. It taught me that dining could happen at a spiritual level.” But unlike such a meal in the Middle Ages, and on the eve of the Council of Trent (1545–1563), there were deficiencies how the Holy Eucharistic rites were conducted in churches. There were abuses, schisms, selfish political interests, and social upheavals. The Word of God was not adequately preached, rituals were hindering it, and the spiritual life of the congregations was not helped.
In the nineteenth century William Morris Hunt (1824–1879), a painter spoke for many when he declared, “What is nobler than a man wrestling and wringing his bread from the stubborn soil by the sweat of his brow and the break of his back for his wife and children.” Today men and women don’t necessarily have to be in their working environments to have such hardships. They would wish to be touched by the Lord and accepted at his table in good standing. The Holy Eucharist is a communal undertaking, a salvific celebration that takes humility, dedication, discipline, and commitment on the part of believers, for full enjoyment of the Lord’s true blessings.
The Eucharistic Rite
From the 1800s reforms of the Holy Eucharistic rite could be traced back to the days of the Enlightenment Movement. By having better sermons in the vernacular languages, participation of faithful parishioners has enriched the liturgy. The continuation of education for the clergy in pastoral counseling was stressed. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and renowned polymath wrote, “Wine is constant proof that God loves us and loves to see us happy.” The “wine” like in the Holy Eucharist represents life itself.
Giovanni Guareschi (1908–1968), an Italian journalist, cartoonist, and humorist said, “When you share your last crust of bread with a beggar, you mustn’t behave as if you were throwing a bone to a dog. You must give humbly, and thank him for allowing you to have a part in his hunger.” The Holy Eucharist is necessary not only for beggars of God’s mercy, but also for his grace. We’re the hungry souls that have to be grateful that we have found trust in our Savior.
With such blessings come beauty and healing too. John Muir (1838–1914), a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and philosopher assured us: “Everybody needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in, where nature may heal and give strength to body and soul.” Even nature must be considered the bread of life that parishioners celebrate in the Holy Eucharist. “Our bread” is everything people need for sustenance. | <urn:uuid:c75a84e6-297f-459c-bf54-0c68bf6be604> | {
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Chapter 11. The definition of the word ethics are the moral rules that define what is inherently right and wrong. They are generally a code to follow in order to execute the right and minimize and/or avoid or resolve the wrong. There is micro ethics, which constitutes the values and morals based on a person’s life experiences. There are macro ethics, which constitute the general consensus or conventional thought of what is right vs. wrong. 2. One should study ethics because it allows an impartial assessment towards any questionable scenario, leading to a fair or “right” outcome. 3. The definition of morality is essentially the code of conduct that dictates an individual’s behavior. The correctness of the morals differs from culture to culture, countries, religion, etc.4. Normative ethics – creates a standard on the basis of an person’s actions and their consequences in deciding what is morally correct and incorrect Consequential and Teleologic ethics – measures the amount of good that a particular action brings in comparison to the evil; the goal is the achieve the greatest good. Situational ethics – measures the outcome of an action which justifies the result given the situation. Utilitarian ethics -measures the overall usefulness of actions. The intention is to do the greatest food for the max. amount of people in regard. Deontologic ethics – includes duty based ethics and believes that doing the right thing may not necessarily lead to good outcomes. Nonconsequential ethics – code of conduct is based on the properties intrinisic to the actions rather than on the consequence.Ethicial relativisim: considers ethics in relation to one’s cultural background; moral decision are based on the different norms by a religion, society, etc. 5. Ethical relativism is a theory which defines that morality is related to the norm of a particular culture or society. The relevance of this concept is applied in healthcare to those practicing certain religions, are a part of a culture/society. Those particular people may need a different assessment based off those details, which will allow the decision to ultimately be as ethical as possible. Chapter 21. Ethicial dilemmas arise when a choice must be made when there are different ways to approach something. Sometimes, the decision maker must weigh in all the variables and maybe break some ethical norms to make the decision that best suits the situation. Also, there can situations where a deicion must be made when it contradicts that person’s code of ethics, and creates a dilemma. 2. The controversey resided in the fact that it was now federally legal for a woman to have an abortion regardless of the state’s abilitiy to rule whether it was legal or not beforehand. This contradicted a lot of states values of pro life vs pro choice. 3. The ethical principles that surround the abortion issue is that aborting the unborn child denies that child a life to live. Religious ethics are also violated because it is taking another’s life. There is another perspective that if the child is born, it is at harm to the mother, so the abortion is justified. 4. I do think that states should be able to impose reasonable restrictions or waiting periods on women seeking abortions. In Colautti v. Franklin, held that the state can make efforts in order to protect a fetus that has the probability to survive outside the womb in case the physian approves that the fetus can survive. I think humanely speaking, allowing the unbirthed child a chance at life is the least the mother should allow (she does not necessarily have to raise it though). 5. Yes, according to the Abortion Control Act, a married woman doesn’t need the husband’s consent. Because the woman is directly affected physiologicially throughout the pregnancy, she maintains the right to soley choose to abort or not regardless of the man’s interest in the unborn child. | <urn:uuid:24f76d89-58f6-42e4-b7e5-f030a0fc22a0> | {
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Food safety is a critical part of any community kitchen.
Kitchen Safety and Hygiene
Practicing Food Safety:
Community kitchen facilitators must ensure participants diligently carry out safe practices at all times.
- Speak about food safety at the beginning and throughout your time together in the kitchen since people’s level of understanding of food safety varies. (Be careful not to assume that everyone holds similar knowledge.)
- Incorporate safe food-handling practices in various ways–verbally, through kitchen signage and by providing simple handouts.
- Read and discuss basic food-safety guidelines before your group begins to cook together. Remember to share these guidelines with new members.
- Get detailed information about dishwashing.
Resources on Food Safety:
- Caring for Food Safety Interactive Video: Actively participate in this online-learning resource from the BC Ministry of Health. Available in English, Chinese and Punjabi.
- Be Food Safe Canada: Obtain brochures, food safety facts and a video from the Canadian Partnership for Consumer Food Safety Education.
FOODSAFE Level One
- It is recommended that at least two people in your community kitchen group take the BC Certified course “FOODSAFE Level One”. This way, if one of the certified people cannot attend the community kitchen, there is still another certified FOODSAFE person in the group.
- We offer FOODSAFE Level One workshops, twice a year in Vancouver on a sliding scale.
- The FOODSAFE website provides course details and locations, information on certified instructors, and information on course materials in other languages.
For Further Assistance with Food Safety
Contact your Health Authority’s Environmental Health Department (BC Residents)
Food Safety is handled by the Environmental Health Officer (EHO) who works for the Environmental Health Department of your Health Authority. If you have any questions or concerns about your food safety, contact your EHO:
- Vancouver Coastal Health Email: [email protected]
- First Nations Health Authority
- Fraser Health
- Vancouver Island Health Phone: 1-800-204-6166
- Interior Health
- Northern Health
Contact Dietitian Services at Health Link BC Also available by calling 8-1-1.
- Ensure that your kitchen has a fire extinguisher that is checked annually by the fire department or a fire inspection company.
- Be sure that you know how to use the fire extinguisher!
- Ensure that you and all of the participants are aware of the building’s fire procedure.
- Contact your local fire department to see if they offer fire extinguisher courses in your area. Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services offers a Fire Safety and Extinguisher Use Training Course for groups, organizations, and individuals.
- Ensure you have a first-aid kit in your kitchen.
- Make sure someone in your group is certified in Basic First Aid.
- Purchase a first-aid kit or make your own. See our list of basic First Aid Kit.
- Visit the St. John Ambulance website to find a variety of first-aid courses or to purchase first-aid kits.
- Check to see if your local community centre offers First-Aid courses. | <urn:uuid:a981e7ef-5aaa-48ae-b612-999e44cde6d5> | {
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November 2019 marks the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin- and inner-German wall.
With the annual Festival of Lights casting colour and patterns, I’m standing next to the first ever traffic signal in Germany (1924), just out of view to the left. What’s highlighted is a stripe on the pavement through the centre of the frame, with the camera view south to the south entrance to Potsdamer Platz train station. The imbedded brick stripe marks the former location of the “Vorderlandmauer“, the forward or boundary wall immediately next to West Berlin). Left of the stripe would have been East Berlin; to the right, West Berlin.
I made the image above on 14 October 2017 with a Canon 6D mark 1 and the following settings: 1/50-sec, f/4, ISO10000, and 24mm focal length. This post appears on Fotoeins Fotografie at fotoeins DOT com as https://wp.me/p1BIdT-fdf.
The first map section from berlin.de shows my location and image perspective with a black asterisk and black arrow, respectively, with additional parts labeled: Vorderlandmauer (boundary or outer wall) which was often but not always coincident with the “politische Grenze” (political border) between West and East Berlin, Grenzstreifen (border control zone), and Hinterlandmauer (hinterland or inner wall). West Berlin is to the left of the red line, and East Berlin is to the right of the blue line. The second map section below is clickable via Google Maps. | <urn:uuid:66b34fe7-9cc6-441b-8594-61076cd2a591> | {
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The Effects of Bulimia on Your Teeth
While dentists often talk about tooth decay and more common causes of enamel erosion like overindulging in soft drinks, sugar-filled candy, and more, another underlying concern remains unaddressed - bulimia. People suffering from this condition for extended periods encounter a less-common problem termed tooth erosion.
What is bulimia?
Bulimia is an eating disorder whereby people cause themselves to regurgitate food or take other extreme measures in an attempt to avoid gaining weight. Many times this is preceded by an overindulgence in all sorts of foods called bingeing. It becomes a frantic cycle often called “binge and purge” and causes immense feelings of shame and guilt.
How does bulimia affect teeth?
In cases of bulimia where regurgitation is primarily used, the teeth are regularly immersed in stomach acids. These acids eat away at the tooth enamel for hours after the purging event. Over time this tooth erosion can become visible to others, cause pain, and require major dental work from your dentistry specialist.
Additional oral side effects include mouth sores, acid reflux, ulcers, swollen cheeks and salivary glands, and sore throats. Prolonged exposure to stomach acids can even cause the stomach and esophagus to rupture.
Who does bulimia effect?
Bulimia is not limited to a certain age or gender, but most often affects adolescent women. Due to concerns about appearance, stress, peer pressure, and hormonal imbalances, many young adults turn to bulimia as a solution. However, it can irreparably damage teeth.
How do you recognize bulimia?
People suffering from binge eating have a lack of control and often eat in secret. However, their weight will not change significantly. If you find numerous wrappers, packages, and other indications of an overindulgence in food, bulimia might be the cause.
To deal with this massive food consumption, people suffering from bulimia will often go through periods of fasting, over exercise excessively, use laxatives regularly, or have a tendency to disappear after meals, locking themselves in the bathroom to purge. People may notice a smell of vomit lingering.
In these instances, the teeth will be discolored from exposure to stomach acids and may appear yellow or even clear with spots. If extensive tooth erosion has occurred, their teeth may also look ragged. Other physical signs include puffy cheeks, calluses or scars on the knuckles, and fluctuations in their weight.
What should be done if you or a friend suffers from bulimia?
The first step is to tell someone. The National Eating Disorders Association has a toll-free hotline: 1-800-931-2237. Avoid places that trigger the temptation and seek professional help. If the person suffering from bulimia has not seen a dentist regularly, we advise making an appointment for a consultation.
If you are in the Cambridge area and wish to contact Fresh Pond Dental’s professional staff, they would be happy to fit you in. | <urn:uuid:18d4c7b4-e540-4bc9-8df7-22e1552e573f> | {
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The words in a comic do more than simply relay meaning, they create visual cues as well. Since the comic medium functions as both a literary and visual text, images and words perform double duty. This means that the location, size, and shape of the letters on the page provide as much information for the viewer as the words they form.
There are six main ways that comic creators separate text from the images on the comic page, speech balloons, pointers, thought balloons, bursts, whisper balloons, and captions. Speech balloons are the most basic form, and simply contain the text a character says within the story. Pointers, also called tails, actually refers to the wedge-like shape that “points” to the character that speaks. Pointers can be used to draw attention to areas of action or import within the comic, and as a tool for directing the reader’s eye to the next panel in a sequence.
While nearly all balloons have pointers, and function in similar ways, the shape of those balloons signal different types of speech. Thought balloons are specifically scalloped in shape, and tend to use circles as pointers. The distinctive form of these balloons act as cues to the reader that the text contained within is not uttered aloud by the character, but instead gives a glimpse of that individual’s internal state. Like thought balloons, bursts and whisper balloons have specific appearances. Bursts are jagged on the edges to indicate “bursts” of static that might come from the electrical apparatus it points to. While whisper balloons use a broken line of dashes to show that a character is not speaking at full volume.
Captions are the one form of commonly utilized separation devices that doesn’t refer directly to a specific character, but instead serves as a place for narration. They normally indicate a shift in place or time, and are set apart from the images by rectangular boxes.
While all of the above methods are used frequently in comics, this does not mean that text cannot exist without a separation device. Comic creators can choose to place text directly into the image within a panel, un-bound by any type of balloon. This direct method is used occasionally for captions, but rarely for speech between characters. This is because without pointers, and without the “Emily said” or “Patrick thought” used in literature, it is very difficult for readers to know to which character a certain utterance belongs.
Ultimately, the choice of which methods to employ and which to disregard is a choice made by the creator. What works best for the advancement of the narrative as well as for the visual appearance of the page is a decision that must be carefully considered on an individual basis.
Click on the images below to learn more about the different ways text can be used as a visual medium!
ONeil, Dennis. The DC Comics Guide to Writing Comics. New York: Watson-Guptill, 2008. | <urn:uuid:4c091a62-3af9-4dde-8684-c140a9733bd6> | {
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Choosing Systems of Knowledge
Systems of Knowledge is intended to serve as a stimulus for a critical appreciation of values within an interdisciplinary programme based on four interrelated modules. During the first year DemocraticValues & Responsible & Active Citizenship, Culture, Art & Aesthetic Values in Western Civilization, and The Environment & Sustainable Development are covered. During the second year the model scientific Values & Technology is tackled together with a general revision of the three modules covered during the first year.
Concurrently, students have three project meetings related to the presentation of a Matsec project which carries 40% of the global mark (60% exam). The Project involves a task which spans over a time period of 20 hours and, in order for the project to be accomplished satisfactorily, a meeting is held during the first year and another two during the second year.
Since class groups are small, discussion about the various themes covered is actively promoted through the participation of all students.
You can study SOK at:
|Intermediate Level||No previous knowledge is required||2 years||3 lessons per week||N/A|
The teaching programme is supplemented by:
- A Parliamentary debating session is held in May focusing on six themes related to the modules of SOK. Students act as members of Parliament and present proposals addressing current issues.
- Other non-formal activities are also held in line with promoting direct involvement of students.
- Talks by external speakers
- An NGO fair is also held on the school premises to help students choose an organisation for the activity part of their project
Further Studies/Career opportunities
- Compulsory Requirement for entry University of Malta | <urn:uuid:b8b83f28-369a-47e9-864f-ebe9399d9670> | {
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October 16, 2018
WRITER: Mandy Mastrovita, [email protected], 706-583-0209
CONTACT: Sheila McAlister, [email protected], 706-542-5418
ATLANTA, Ga. — Oral histories from Chinese-Americans living in Augusta now available
The Digital Library of Georgia (DLG) is pleased to announce the availability of the Augusta Chinese-American Oral History Project at https://dlg.usg.edu/collection/gaec_caoh. The collection, which belongs to the Augusta-Richmond County Public Library System (ARCPLS), contains 26 oral history interviews of of individuals who either immigrated to Augusta, Georgia from China, and/or grew up in Augusta during the early to mid-twentieth century. It is available thanks in part to the DLG’s 2018 Competitive Digitization grant program, a funding opportunity intended to broaden DLG partner participation for statewide historic digitization projects.
The interviews were gathered in 2011 and 2012 by members of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of Augusta (CCBA), with ARCPLS serving as a partner institution. The original intent of the project was to create an archive of stories and personal family histories of a select group of individuals, mostly elders within the Augusta Chinese-American community to preserve for future generations, particularly for the younger members of the community. By making the oral histories easily accessible online, younger generations are more likely to seek out information regarding their heritage.
ARCPLS Genealogy and Local History Librarian Tina Monaco notes: “Because of the variety of topics discussed by those interviewed, the oral histories appeal to a broad number of researchers, social historians, those tracing their family histories, and students. Anyone interested in studying immigration, minority cultures, economic history, race relations, or the establishment of Chinese-American organizations in the South will find the interviews informative.”
Monaco also states: “Several of the interviewees discuss family-owned businesses that opened in predominantly African-American neighborhoods in Augusta during the Jim Crow era. Whites in Augusta refused to provide services to African-Americans, thereby opening a window of opportunity, which Augusta’s Chinese-Americans took advantage of by opening successful groceries, restaurants, and laundry establishments, a few of which were damaged or destroyed during the Augusta Race Riots of 1970. This dynamic would be a rich area of study for both social scientists and historians concerned with the interaction of social and economic factors among minority and discriminated populations in the Jim Crow South. Finally, these stories offer a fresh voice to the complex narrative of southern history, one that speaks to the diversity and multiculturalism of the South.”
Travis Tom, curator of the Augusta Chinese-American Oral History project and board member of the CCBA notes: “We are hoping that the oral histories reach a wider audience–across the nation and perhaps the world–and educates those interested in how Chinese Americans settled in Augusta, Georgia (the Southeast) and started their lives. It is important that we recorded these stories to show how people in our community lived during our time (early 1900s-2011). We encourage other groups to do the same.”
About Augusta-Richmond County Public Library System
The Augusta-Richmond County Public Library System (ARCPLS) is a public library system serving more than 250,000 county residents. As a member of Public Information Network for Electronic Services (PINES), a program of the Georgia Public Library Service covering 53 library systems in 143 Georgia counties, ARCPLS supports any resident in the PINES network and provides access to over 10 million books. ARCPLS has a collection size of over 316,000 with a circulation of more than 478,000 annually. ARCPLS facilitates programs and classes to educate and entertain all ages at no cost. In addition to being a vital meeting place where the community can gather, explore new worlds, and share ideas and values, ARCPLS is a community hub and a critical anchor for our residents and neighbors. With a committed and diverse staff, ARCPLS continues to bring innovative and adaptive information and technology to its patrons. Visit ARCPLS at https://arcpls.org/.
About the Digital Library of Georgia
Based at the University of Georgia Libraries, the Digital Library of Georgia https://dlg.usg.edu is a GALILEO initiative that collaborates with Georgia’s libraries, archives, museums, and other institutions of education and culture to provide access to key information resources on Georgia history, culture, and life. This primary mission is accomplished through the ongoing development, maintenance, and preservation of digital collections and online digital library resources. DLG also serves as Georgia’s service hub for the Digital Public Library of America and as the home of the Georgia Newspaper Project, the state’s historic newspaper microfilming project. | <urn:uuid:8b8d6e8e-300a-4e83-9066-124ad1c56c73> | {
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The world of textiles is a fascinating place. Tapestries have been present in our history for as long as records of humanity exist. At first, textiles weren’t focused on looks but on practical purposes. Today, we come in contact with textile art every day. From the clothes we wear to the objects that decorate our home – textile art is something that can be simultaneously beautiful and useful.
Since weaving practice is so old – it’s been hard to define what it actually is. At the beginning of its long history, weaving was seen as a utility and has been associated with women practices. The postwar period in design and art history shaped our views on textile as something that can also have no discernible function aside from aesthetics. And while this is still the case today, with the help of some visionary creatives the world of textiles reinvented itself and is present in our everyday lives.
In the 20s Bauhaus school of art and design was founded and there was a special workshop dedicated to pursuing the boundaries of textiles with pioneering artists such as Gunta Stolzl, Anni Albers, Otti Berger and many more female design icons of the 20th century.
With their textile theories and modernistic approach, for the first time ever in design history, textile art and weaving were seen not only as practice and something to do when you have spare time, and textiles were considered as an artistic medium.
Gunta Stölzl, who became head of the weaving workshop and whose abstract textile hangings were featured on walls throughout the school, embraced textiles as a medium.
‘We wanted to create living things with contemporary relevance, suitable for a new style of life. Huge potential for experimentation lay before us. It was essential to define our imaginary world, to shape our experiences through material, rhythm, proportion, and form.’
Having visited factories to learn about industrial fiber and dyeing technology, Gunta experimented with the integration of industrial materials such as cellophane, and metal, with reversible fabrics and the use of fabric in acoustics. We think it’s really fascinating considering we are talking about the 1920s.
Otti Berger was one of the most influential women to study and then teach at the Bauhaus. Like Albers and Gunta Stolzl, Berger was forced to study in the textile department of the Bauhaus because she was a woman and wasn’t allowed to try other workshops such as painting or architecture. She took on creating textiles with pared down, geometric compositions that gave her weavings a minimal, abstract sensibility. Berger was a genius, becoming one of only a few Bauhaus artists to have her designs patented while transforming the way textiles are viewed as an artistic medium.
Textile as an artistic medium
In the postwar period, with global socio-political, economic, educational and cultural changes came the overall acceptance of modernism, Bauhaus design philosophy, and textiles as an artistic medium. We owe a lot of that to Anni Albers, also a Bauhaus student whose career peaked in the United States of America as a lecturer and a teacher of Bauhaus modernist textile theories. Her books “On Designing” and “On Weaving” are still considered a valuable source when studying textile theories and weaving theories.
Anni Albers brought wonder to weaving and recently Tate Modern showcased her works in a major retrospective. Among monumental grid-like wall hangings that took months and months to make, room dividers and rugs, Anni also wrote essays that consider the nature of textiles. Thanks to Anni and her essays, lectures, and weaving practice – textile was accepted as an artistic medium and opened doors to a whole new world of possibilities when dealing with fabric, thread, and yarn.
Anni Albers retrospective exhibition at the Tate Modern
When we talk about textiles in a contemporary context, we must mention Kvadrat – a leading Danish textile innovator constantly pushing the boundaries of textile. We’re sure that you have had previous contact with Kvadrat upholstery without even knowing. They produce contemporary high-quality textile and related products for private and public spaces. Kvadrat’s extensive collection meets the designers’ and architects’ needs all over the world and they helped created iconic architectural developments such as the Museum of Modern Art NYC, The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Guangzhou Opera House in China.
This time we are focusing more on their collaborations with artists architects and designers. Verner Panton, Nanna Ditzel, Tord Boontje or the brothers Bouroullec, Olafur Eliasson and Saville are just some of the names that can be found on Kvadrat collaboration list. But the company goes way beyond the standard designer/client and artist/commercial arrangements and these collaborations tell a story about the use of textiles, color, and architecture.
Bouroullec brothers are often mentioned with Kvadrat as their particular functionalism goes really well with the company’s aesthetic. We’ve already talked about Kvadrat ready-made curtains and mentioned Kvadrat when we looked closely into Bouroullecs’ design philosophy. One of the examples is also Salone del mobile Milano 2012 wherein celebration of the longevity and success of Hallingdal, Kvadrat invited emerging artists and designers to create something new. Kvadrat’s ongoing collaboration with the famous artist Olafur Eliasson just shows us what can be created when an artist is given a chance to explore new materials and new technologies.
Textile properties are really stunning and we can’t wait to see what awaits us with new technologies and with companies such as Kvadrat that constantly push their own boundaries.
At GIR Store we have a specially curated collection of Kvadrat products – rugs and ready/made curtains. Visit us at Trešnjinog cveta 5, and take a look for yourself. | <urn:uuid:a9f15581-f994-484f-9076-c4baa0f4f3b0> | {
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A natural disaster of titanic proportions is overdue to strike the U.S., physicist Michio Kaku warns.
Seismologists predict it will be the worst natural disaster in North American history, and the federal government estimates it could contribute to 13,000 deaths and 27,000 injuries.
“It’s not a question of if, it’s a question of when,” the City University of New York physics professor said Thursday on “CBS This Morning.”
A devastating earthquake and subsequent tsunami, dubbed “the really big one” in a New Yorker article of the same name, is destined to strike a fault line called the Cascadia subduction zone that runs for 700 miles off the Pacific Northwest coast from Vancouver through parts of California. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:0d24a84d-5783-4a0a-8b35-6bc188384aa9> | {
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Kyodo, Jul 14, 2017 (emphasis added): Fukushima’s tritiated water to be dumped into sea, Tepco chief says — Despite the objections of local fishermen, the tritium-tainted water stored at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant will be dumped into the sea, a top official at Tokyo Electric says. “The decision has already been made,” Takashi Kawamura, chairman of Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc., said in a recent interview with the media… As of July 6, about 777,000 tons were stored [1.54 billion pounds]… Kawamura’s remarks are the first by the utility’s management on the sensitive matter… Continue reading
Tokyo Electric Power Company, Results of Radioactive Analysis around Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station:
Results of radioactive nuclide analysis for groundwater at the east side of Unit 1-4 Turbine Buildings and seawater at the port in order to monitor the source, the extent, and the effect of the radioactive materials in the groundwater toward the ocean. Continue reading
All other pictures, diagrams and charts can be found at the source.
Americans and Canadians have been eating radioactive fish filled with bloody, cancerous tumors, as a result of contamination with radiation in the Pacific ocean from the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan.
In March, 2011 an earthquake off the coast of Japan caused a Tsunami which hit the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, causing three reactors to melt down and explode.
As you may notice in the images above, the Fukushima Daichi Power Plant is located on the coastline of Japan. Like all coastlines, the ground slopes toward the ocean. This created a problem that the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) didn’t tell anyone about until a full YEAR after the disaster took place: Ground water, flowing from inland, was seeping beneath the blown-up rectors, coming into contact with the melted-down reactor cores, becoming highly radioactive, then flowing into the Pacific Ocean. 300 Ton of this radioactive water has been seeping into the Pacific Ocean EVERY DAY since March 15, 2011. Nothing has stopped it and the flow continues to this very day, October 31, 2015. Here’s how it is taking place:
Consider this enough proof that the leakage problem is not solved. 10 tons of contaminated water flow is 10 tons too much, and likely is even a purposely understated amount. Other reports in the past have mentioned hundreds of tons leaking out daily and that the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California is turning into a dead zone.
The barrier constructed at the Fukushima nuclear power plant to prevent contaminated water from leaking into the ocean has tilted, developing a crack about 500 meters (0.3 miles) in length along its base, local media report.
TOKYO (Sputnik) – The tilt, which reportedly occurred as a result of heavy groundwater pressure on the wall, is only about 20 centimeters (just short of 8 inches), but because of the crack there is a danger of ocean water getting contaminated. Continue reading
(NaturalNews) At least three of the U.S. Navy sailors exposed to radiation from the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan have now died from mysterious illnesses, according to Charles Bonner, an attorney representing approximately 250 of the sailors in a class action lawsuit against companies involved in running the Fukushima plant.
Bonner said in a July 21 update on the case that more than 250 sailors have come down with illnesses and three have died. “We had one of the sailors who came home and impregnated his wife. They gave birth to a little baby born with brain cancer and cancer down the spine, lived for two years, and just died in March of this year.” Continue reading
Fukushima’s still radiating, self-perpetuating, immeasurable, and limitless, like a horrible incorrigible Doctor Who monster encounter in deep space.
Fukushima will likely go down in history as the biggest cover-up of the 21st Century. Governments and corporations are not leveling with citizens about the risks and dangers; similarly, truth itself, as an ethical standard, is at risk of going to shambles as the glue that holds together the trust and belief in society’s institutions. Ultimately, this is an example of how societies fail.
Tens of thousands of Fukushima residents remain in temporary housing more than four years after the horrific disaster of March 2011. Some areas on the outskirts of Fukushima have officially reopened to former residents, but many of those former residents are reluctant to return home because of widespread distrust of government claims that it is okay and safe.
Part of this reluctance has to do with radiation’s symptoms. It is insidious because it cannot be detected by human senses. People are not biologically equipped to feel its power, or see, or hear, touch or smell it (Caldicott). Not only that, it slowly accumulates over time in a dastardly fashion that serves to hide its effects until it is too late. Continue reading
To be quite honest, the Pacific Ocean is dead. If you’ve been following the Natural Disasters category here or another website such as ENENEWS for some time, the mass die-offs of sea life, and dead animals washing up in the hundreds or thousands when they normally shouldn’t be, it isn’t hard to come to this conclusion.
Not surprisingly, in the mainstream media this information doesn’t exist.
Approximately 800 terabecquerels’ worth of cesium-137 (Cs-137) alone is expected to reach North America by next year, accounting for just 5 percent of the Cs-137 spilled into the ocean as a result of the disaster.
Radioactivity already arriving
Radioactive cesium does not naturally occur on planet Earth and is found only as a result of human nuclear activities. Cs-137 is widely considered one of the most dangerous byproducts of nuclear activity, because it mimics the activity of potassium and therefore accumulates in soil and plants, and is actively taken up by the human body. Continue reading
(NaturalNews) From San Diego to San Francisco, hundreds of sea lions have been washing ashore – dead and dying.
“You could equate it to a war zone,” said Keith Matassa of the Pacific Marine Mammal Center, noting that the center gets “hundreds of rescue calls a day.”
In just the first three months of 2015, already more than 1,800 sea lions have washed up on California beaches – 1,100 in March alone. Most of them are starving juveniles, often riddled with parasites or sick from pneumonia. They have even turned up in people’s backyards, apparently desperately seeking food or some kind of assistance. Continue reading
(NaturalNews) U.S. Navy sailors exposed to radioactive fallout from the Fukushima nuclear disaster have been falling ill, even as the Defense Department insists that they were not exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. Many of the sailors have now joined in a class action lawsuit against Fukushima operators and builders Tokyo Electric Power Company (Tepco), Toshiba, Hitachi, Ebasco and General Electric.
Even if they wanted to — which many do not — the sailors would be unable to sue the Navy. According to a Supreme Court ruling from the 1950s known as the Feres Doctrine, soldiers cannot sue the government for injuries resulting directly from their military service. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:baed1b34-69c1-4a72-ae02-cfef957ca114> | {
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Fishing in the Summertime is a wordless picture book by Arvaaq Books, an imprint of Inhabit Education. This book is written by Monica Ittusardjuat and illustrated by Anton Kotelenets. In Fishing in the Summertime, the colourful illustrations show a fishing experience. The images show social interactions and enjoyment of the event as fishing skills develop between a child and his father as they go fishing, catch fish, and make pitsi. Wordless picture books help young children develop early book-handling skills and to use vocabulary as they interact with the book.
Making A Qamutiik is a wordless picture book by Arvaaq Books, an imprint of Inhabit Education. This book is written by Monica Ittusardjuat and illustrated by Amanda Sandland. In Making A Qamutiik the colourful illustrations shows the steps to making a qamutiik. It also shows social interactions and enjoyment as the qamutiik takes shape. Wordless picture books help young children develop early book-handling skills and to use vocabulary as they interact with the book.
Treaty Tales 3 volume set in French contains Treaty Tales Volume One La poignée de main et le calumet (The Handshake and the Pipe); Treaty Tales Volume Two L’amitié (The Friendship); and Treaty tales Volume Three Les traités nous concernent tous (We are All Treaty People) produced by Manitoba First Nations Education Resource Centre.
Phyllis’s Orange Shirt is written by Phyllis Webstad who is Northern Secwépemc (Shuswap) from the Stswecem’c Xgat’tem First Nation, and illustrated by Brock Nicol. This book is an adaptation of Phyllis’s The Orange Shirt Story. Phyllis’s Orange Shirt is suitable for 4 to 6 year-olds and while based on the original story, this version has been simplified, shortened, has a rhyming scheme and gentler images. This is Phyllis’s story of living on the Dog Creek Reserve picking berries, gardening and fishing. One day she goes to town and picks out an orange shirt, which becomes her favourite.
Nibi’s Water Song by Anishinabeg author Sunshine Tenasco from Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, Quebec, and who is also a clean water activist and illustrated by Chief Lady Bird a Chippewa and Potawatomi artist from Rama First Nation and Moosedeer Point First Nation is the story of very thirsty Nibi who needs to drink clean water, yet the water is always brown. She goes looking for drinking water and this is when her message begins to resonate with all that is around her. There is a statement about the need for clean water at the end of the book and information about the author and artist.
Nibi a soif, très soif is the French version of Nibi’s Water Song by Anishinabeg author Sunshine Tenasco from Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, Quebec, and who is also a clean water activist. This work is illustrated by Chief Lady Bird a Chippewa and Potawatomi artist from Rama First Nation and Moosedeer Point First Nation; the text is translated into French by Hélène Rioux. This is the story of very thirsty Nibi who needs to drink clean water, yet the water is always brown. She goes looking for drinking water and this is when her message begins to resonate with all that is around her.
Meennunyakaa / Blueberry Patch is the story of a trip to a blueberry patch in the late 1940s around Duck Bay near Camperville, Manitoba. An Elder shares his experiences, describing the trip, the team pulling the wagon, the bush and territory, the trail of wagons and setting up tents and the fun of it all. The images are vivid and colourful complementing and immersing the reader in the story so sharing the experience. Activities and a recipe are included for this blueberry picking trip.
I Am Eating is a dual language reader from Arvaaq Books, an imprint of Inhabit Education designed to interest young children. The titles from this published are relevant to children in the Canadian Arctic. All books feature colourful and engaging illustrations or photographs and are available in English and Inuktitut syllabics. Illustrated by Lenny Lishchenko, this 12-page book asks readers about the foods they enjoy eating.
The Girl and the Wolf is a recent release from Theytus Books. In this children’s 2019 picture book a young girl is out in the woods picking berries. But the girl has forgotten mother’s instruction about going off by herself and soon the girl is lost. Suddenly a grey wolf appears and the girl is afraid. But this wolf is different from the European approach to wolves in fairy tales. This large wolf is kind and helpful as he assists the frightened child calm herself and draw upon her knowledge of the woods. The girl successfully finds her way home and recounts her encounter with the wolf.
Bear for Breakfast, Makwa kidji kijebà wìsiniyàn is the recent Robert Munsch picture book about a young boy who wants to have a unique breakfast. Instead of having a bowl of cereal or some delicious pancakes Donovan tells his mother he wants to eat bear for breakfast. Donovan’s grandfather explained that as a child he often ate bear for his breakfast. Mother explains that she had just shopped for groceries but if Donovan hurried he might find some bear meat for his morning meal. Donovan immediately sets out to locate bear. He meets locates several animals but there are no bears. | <urn:uuid:19a0ef2b-590c-4d76-9fa5-dabe431c6e5b> | {
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The 50 Greatest Prehistoric Sites of the World
by Barry Stone
✅ Editor: Icon Books Ltd
Enjoy this book on your E-Reader and in the format you prefer
Humanity writes of history stretches back only 5,000 years, a simple twist in the chronology of our existenceIf you want to know what it really means to be fully human, to see the whole story, you have to go back.Way, way homeThe prehistoric man couldn’t write, but they were skillful at telling their own stories.On every continent and outpost where they have established themselves, they have left signs for modern man to decipher.From the colony of the Middle Bronze Age of Arkaïm in Kazakh Steppes to the temples of Olmec culture in Mexico; from one of the first European proto-cities in Nebelivka in Ukraine for the Neolithic Henges of Avebury and Stonehenge; from the dolmens of Antequera in the heart of Andalusia.
Barry Stone – The 50 Greatest Prehistoric Sites of the World – Free
Format: ePub, MOBI and Pdf
✅ Download links:
In this site we encourage writing and creativity. | <urn:uuid:6bfb997b-098f-42b4-8b1d-45e0de4ac377> | {
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What is a digestive ultrasound?
A digestive ultrasound or ultrasonography is a diagnostic technique that allows the study of various abdominal organs, including the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, pancreas, spleen and large abdominal vessels, and in some cases, the intestinal loops themselves. It uses a probe (transducer) that emits high-frequency ultrasounds; these, being directed towards the different abdominal organs, are reflected and returned to the probe, and then converted into a grey scale that will form the ultrasound image.
The concept of gastrointestinal ultrasound refers to the abdominal ultrasound practised by gastroenterologists, with an interpretation of the ultrasound images being integrated into patient assessment, in an eminently clinical ultrasound paradigm involving proximity.
What are the indications for performing a gastrointestinal ultrasound?
There may be multiple clinical indications for performing a gastrointestinal ultrasound. Among the most frequent is the study of liver diseases, gallstones or biliary diseases, abdominal pain of unknown cause, and so on. Since it is a harmless, low cost and easily accessible test, some clinicians have adopted the abdominal ultrasound as a routine procedure in the evaluation of their patients, using it as a natural extension of clinical history and physical examination.
In some situations, the ultrasound may be used as a guide for interventional procedures, such as biopsies of liver nodules or drainage of abscesses or other fluid collections.
It should be noted that ultrasound is not an exact science; its interpretation may be difficult in some cases, leading to it sometimes being necessary to run other tests to confirm or rule out a certain suspected diagnosis.
How is a gastrointestinal ultrasound performed?
The ultrasound is performed with the patient lying on his or her back, ideally in the examination room under calm and darkened conditions. It is a comfortable, painless examination, and can provide a unique opportunity for investment in the relationship between doctor and patient, with the opportunity to answer questions, offer advice and strengthen the bonds of trust.
It begins with the application of a specific gel onto the skin to facilitate contact with the probe and facilitate the transmission of the ultrasound. During the examination, the doctor runs the probe over the patient’s abdomen and may ask you to collaborate by taking deep breaths or stopping breathing for a while. You may also be asked to change position during the examination, or to ingest a certain amount of water to facilitate the observation of some structures.
The procedure usually takes between 15 and 30 minutes. At the end, the gel is easily removed with a cloth or paper towel.
Is any preparation necessary for the gastrointestinal ultrasound??
The patient only needs to refrain from eating for six hours prior to the examination. In some situations, you may be prompted to start the examination with a full bladder in order to facilitate observation of the organs of the pelvic cavity.
What are the risks of gastrointestinal ultrasound?
The gastrointestinal ultrasound examination is extremely safe, comfortable and very well tolerated. Some patients report only a slight feeling of discomfort caused by the cold gel applied to the skin or the pressure exerted by the probe on the abdominal wall during the examination.
This technique does not use ionizing radiation, so it can be repeated as many times as necessary, without injury to the patient’s health. | <urn:uuid:b7407a13-5f34-40f8-bf89-154e5616f064> | {
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Anyone who has experienced a gout flare-up knows the pain and agony associated with this condition. What many people do not know is why the gout attacks come so quickly and frequently. Surprisingly, the American diet may be partially to blame.
Gout begins with naturally-occurring substances called purines. These purines are found in the body’s cells and in some foods. When purines are broken down in the body, uric acid is released into the bloodstream. If the body is unable to thoroughly excrete uric acid via the kidneys, it stays in the body and accumulates in the joints. This results in the extreme pain and swelling of a gout attack.
Researchers know that food intake, especially foods high in purines, can be a direct cause of gout attacks. Some patients can totally control their gout flare-ups by adjusting their diets. Others will need to take prescription medication, but these patients can also see improvement by altering their diets.
A normal diet includes roughly 600-1000 milligrams of purines each day. In order to reduce the likelihood of gout, a low-purine diet limits individuals to 100-150 milligrams per day. Minimizing purines is especially critical during a gout attack. During non-attack periods, some individuals may be able to tolerate more purines without triggering a gout episode.
High Purine Content Foods (one serving or less per day)
- Organ foods (liver, brains, heart, kidney)
- Red meat
Moderate Purine Content Foods (one to two servings per day)
- Dried beans or peas
Low Purine Content Foods (no limits)
- Coffee or tea
- Dairy products (Low Fat or Fat Free)
- Peanut butter
- Vegetables (except those listed above)
- White flour or bread
Other Foods That Increase Uric Acid
Beer is also known to interfere with the balance of uric acid in the body – yeah, bummer! So try to hold off drinking a cold one during a gout attack. During non-attack times, researchers recommend a maximum intake of two servings of wine each day.
High-fructose corn syrup is also a dangerous food for gout patients. Individuals should limit their intake of colas or juices that contain fructose. Juices made with 100 percent fruit won’t increase uric acid.
Foods for Gout Treatment
Researchers are finding that some foods may actually have a protective factor against excess uric acid and gout. Low-fat dairy products and cherry juice are two foods that have shown promising results so far.
Gout specialists agree that water is very helpful in removing uric acid from the body. They recommend getting between eight and 16 8-ounce glasses each day.
Enjoyed this article about gout? Try reading these . . . | <urn:uuid:995d9c84-aadb-470f-9d9b-424a9cbf264c> | {
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Return to the
Nutrition main page
IODINE DEFICIENCY AND YOUR HEALTH:
As many people know, iodine is an essential mineral
nutriment. “Essential” in nutrition means that to stay healthy we
must get the necessary nutriment from outside our bodies; we cannot make
it from other materials. The most important and well-known use for
iodine is in the thyroid gland. Without iodine the thyroid hormones
cannot be produced.
Hypothyroidism, Thyroid Disease
and Fibrocystic Breast Disease
One of the most important functions of thyroid
hormones is to regulate the rate of metabolism. So without enough of the
thyroid hormones nothing works correctly in the body. The inadequate
hormone production and the symptoms this causes is called
hypothyroidism. If this continues without treatment eventually the
thyroid gland will swell and produce a visible goiter. In children
sustained hypothyroidism also leads to mental retardation and other
problems. In women it is associated with infertility, miscarriages and
breast and ovarian cancer.
Unfortunately, subclinical (i.e., mild and hard to
detect) forms of hypothyroidism can often be missed, even with
conventional blood tests. Even when hypothyroidism is identified and
treated with Synthyroid (the common pharmaceutical treatment), sometimes
the treatment is not addressing the underlying problem and the patient
continues to suffer from symptoms.
Early symptoms of hypothyroidism:
Cold intolerance, increased sensitivity to cold
Cold hands and feet
Thin, brittle fingernails
Hair loss; thin, brittle hair
Puffiness in face and elsewhere
Depression; poor concentration
Dry, itchy skin
It is important to note that iodine is also found
in every tissue in the body - not just the thyroid gland. The second
highest concentration of iodine is found in breast tissue. Low iodine is
associated with fibrocystic breast disease and in animal studies low
iodine increases the risk for breast cancer. Iodine is also normally
found in the prostate gland, gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands,
bones, connective tissues, brain, ovaries, thymus gland, adrenal glands,
It was because of the wide spread problem of goiter
in the Midwest (the “goiter belt”) that 80 years ago iodine was
added to salt. This worked. There was a significant drop in the amount
of goiter that was diagnosed in the years following the addition of
iodine to salt.
However, for many years now we have seen a growing
epidemic of thyroid problems. Hypothyroidism is more common than ever in
middle-aged women, and Hashimoto’s disease (an autoimmune form of
hypothyroidism) and Grave’s disease (an autoimmune form of
hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone production)) are increasingly
common. There also are increasing incidence of benign thyroid nodules
and thyroid cancer.
What is going on? Most salt has iodine in it so
there should be no iodine deficiencies in the USA. However, recent
studies have shown that over the last 30 years iodine levels in the
general population have decreased by 50%. Why?
There are two possible reasons for decreasing
iodine levels worth noting. The first one is salt consumption. A lot of
people are now on low-salt diets. This means they consume less iodine.
Also, in an effort to get away from the commonly used “refined”
iodized salt some people use sea salt or an “unrefined” form of salt
such as Celtic Sea Salt or Redmond’s Real Salt. While these
alternative forms of salt don’t have the unhealthy additives found in
common refined iodized salt, they also don’t have any iodine added.
Estimates are that less than 50% of the US population now uses iodized
The other reason for decreasing iodine levels is
not so obvious and requires more explanation. Iodine, along with
bromine, is in the halide family of minerals (fluorine and chlorine are
also halides). All halides have a similar molecular structure, which is
why they are in the same mineral family.
Bromine is often used as a sanitizer in pools and
hot tubs, is used as fumigant in agriculture, is in a few
pharmaceuticals and, most importantly, since the 1980s was added to
bakery products as an anti-caking agent, ironically replacing iodine.
What concerns us is that because of its similar size and structure,
bromine can compete with iodine for binding sites in our bodies. This is
especially a problem if a deficient amount of iodine is present.
What this means is that now many people are getting
more bromine exposure than iodine exposure. Unfortunately, bromine is
toxic and has no useful purpose in the human body whereas iodine is in
short supply and is essential to health. There is growing evidence that
this combination of low iodine and relatively high bromine is at the
heart of the epidemic of thyroid problems. It is easy to see how this
could lead to hypothyroidism, both overt disease and subclinical. There
are also strong suggestions that it could also be a factor in the
thyroid autoimmune diseases of Hashimoto’s disease and Grave’s
disease (the mechanisms explaining how low iodine could stimulate
autoimmune thyroid problems is too complicated to go into here).
This situation of high bromine and low iodine
exposure is probably contributing to many other health problems as well
since iodine is normally found everywhere in the body and bromine should
not be found anywhere. The holistic doctors who work a lot with this are
finding that adequate iodine supplementation is - when the patient is
found to be deficient by testing - an important part of a holistic
treatment for many health problems. This includes, of course, all
thyroid problems, especially hypothyroidism and thyroid nodules, as well
as fibrocystic breast disease, ovarian cysts and breast cancer. There
are several studies showing iodine to be an effective breast cancer
treatment and probably should be added to any breast cancer treatment
However, iodine is one of those minerals that too
much can be a problem too. There are reports of high doses of iodine
actually causing hypothyroidism in sensitive people, as well as
hyperthyroidism. While this is rare, people do need to be careful with
taking too much iodine. With the larger therapeutic doses people need to
work with a health care practitioner who is familiar with iodine as a
In the meanwhile, most people would do well to
supplement with kelp, a natural source of iodine. Sea vegetables are
excellent sources of bio-available iodine. The coastal Japanese consume
large quantities of sea vegetables and have little thyroid disease.
Kelp supplementation will go a long way towards
protecting people from getting thyroid and other problems associated
with deficient iodine and, in some people, this will even correct milder
forms of this diseases. Plus anyone diagnosed with hypothyroidism or
fibrocystic breast disease should be supplementing with kelp. However,
don’t cheap-out here. It is really important that you buy kelp that
comes from unpolluted waters or you could end up with many dangerous
environmental toxins along with your iodine. We recommend supplementing
with kelp so that it supplies between 200 and 400 mcg (micrograms) of
iodine per day. Our office is now carrying a good high-quality kelp
supplement for a reasonable price.
For those of you who already have a diagnosed
thyroid problem, possible symptoms of thyroid disease, fibrocystic
breast disease or breast cancer we recommend that you make an
appointment with us (or a similarly trained health care professional -
see our Links page).
For these situations an assessment of iodine levels and monitoring the
progress by a professional is recommended. We can work with you with
therapeutic doses of iodine and can help you better manage your thyroid
health problems naturopathicly. | <urn:uuid:a4ba7434-45f9-4d10-be65-8a328d679f35> | {
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Table of Contents
The Story of the Autobiography
The account of how Franklin's Autobiography came to be written and of the adventures of the original manuscript forms in itself an interesting story. The Autobiography is Franklin's longest work, and yet it is only a fragment. The first part, written as a letter to his son, William Franklin, was not intended for publication; and the composition is more informal and the narrative more personal than in the second part, from 1730 on, which was written with a view to publication. The entire manuscript shows little evidence of revision. In fact, the expression is so homely and natural that his grandson, William Temple Franklin, in editing the work changed some of the phrases because he thought them inelegant and vulgar.
Franklin began the story of his life while on a visit to his friend, Bishop Shipley, at Twyford, in Hampshire, southern England, in 1771. He took the manuscript, completed to 1731, with him when he returned to Philadelphia in 1775. It was left there with his other papers when he went to France in the following year, and disappeared during the confusion incident to the Revolution. Twenty-three pages of closely written manuscript fell into the hands of Abel James, an old friend, who sent a copy to Franklin at Passy, near Paris, urging him to complete the story. Franklin took up the work at Passy in 1784 and carried the narrative forward a few months. He changed the plan to meet his new purpose of writing to benefit the young reader. His work was soon interrupted and was not resumed until 1788, when he was at home in Philadelphia. He was now old, infirm, and suffering, and was still engaged in public service. Under these discouraging conditions the work progressed slowly. It finally stopped when the narrative reached the year 1757. Copies of the manuscript were sent to friends of Franklin in England and France, among others to Monsieur Le Veillard at Paris.
The first edition of the Autobiography was published in French at Paris in 1791. It was clumsily and carelessly translated, and was imperfect and unfinished. Where the translator got the manuscript is not known. Le Veillard disclaimed any knowledge of the publication. From this faulty French edition many others were printed, some in Germany, two in England, and another in France, so great was the demand for the work.
In the meantime the original manuscript of the Autobiography had started on a varied and adventurous career. It was left by Franklin with his other works to his grandson, William Temple Franklin, whom Franklin designated as his literary executor. When Temple Franklin came to publish his grandfather's works in 1817, he sent the original manuscript of the Autobiography to the daughter of Le Veillard in exchange for her father's copy, probably thinking the clearer transcript would make better printer's copy. The original manuscript thus found its way to the Le Veillard family and connections, where it remained until sold in 1867 to Mr. John Bigelow, United States Minister to France. By him it was later sold to Mr. E. Dwight Church of New York, and passed with the rest of Mr. Church's library into the possession of Mr. Henry E. Huntington. The original manuscript of Franklin's Autobiography now rests in the vault in Mr. Huntington's residence at Fifth Avenue and Fifty-seventh Street, New York City.
When Mr. Bigelow came to examine his purchase, he was astonished to find that what people had been reading for years as the authentic Life of Benjamin Franklin by Himself, was only a garbled and incomplete version of the real Autobiography. Temple Franklin had taken unwarranted liberties with the original. Mr. Bigelow says he found more than twelve hundred changes in the text. In 1868, therefore, Mr. Bigelow published the standard edition of Franklin's Autobiography. It corrected errors in the previous editions and was the first English edition to contain the short fourth part, comprising the last few pages of the manuscript, written during the last year of Franklin's life. Mr. Bigelow republished the Autobiography, with additional interesting matter, in three volumes in 1875, in 1905, and in 1910. The text in this volume is that of Mr. Bigelow's editions.
The Autobiography has been reprinted in the United States many scores of times and translated into all the languages of Europe. It has never lost its popularity and is still in constant demand at circulating libraries. The reason for this popularity is not far to seek. For in this work Franklin told in a remarkable manner the story of a remarkable life. He displayed hard common sense and a practical knowledge of the art of living. He selected and arranged his material, perhaps unconsciously, with the unerring instinct of the journalist for the best effects. His success is not a little due to his plain, clear, vigorous English. He used short sentences and words, homely expressions, apt illustrations, and pointed allusions. Franklin had a most interesting, varied, and unusual life. He was one of the greatest conversationalists of his time.
His book is the record of that unusual life told in Franklin's own unexcelled conversational style. It is said that the best parts of Boswell's famous biography of Samuel Johnson are those parts where Boswell permits Johnson to tell his own story. In the Autobiography a no less remarkable man and talker than Samuel Johnson is telling his own story throughout.
F. W. P.
The Gilman Country School,
Baltimore, September, 1916. | <urn:uuid:87a125f8-ea5f-49b2-903a-887168480da8> | {
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Preterm infants who are fed breast milk in comparison to infant formula have decreased morbidity such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Multi‐nutrient fortifiers used to increase the nutritional content of the breast milk are commonly derived from bovine milk. Human milk‐derived multi‐nutrient fortifier is now available, but it is not clear if it improves outcomes in preterm infants fed with breast milk.
To determine whether the fortification of breast milk feeds with human milk‐derived fortifier in preterm infants reduces mortality, morbidity, and promotes growth and development compared to bovine milk‐derived fortifier.
We searched the following databases for relevant trials in September 2018. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library, Issue 9), electronic journal reference databases including MEDLINE (1980 to 20 September 2018), PREMEDLINE, Embase (1974 to 20 September 2018), CINAHL (1982 to 20 September 2018), biological abstracts in the database BIOSIS and conference abstracts from 'Proceedings First' (from 1992 to 2011). We also included the following clinical trials registries for ongoing or recently completed trials: ClinicalTrials.gov (ClinicalTrials.gov), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP; www.whoint/ictrp/search/en/) and the ISRCTN Registry (www.isrctn.com/), and abstracts of conferences: proceedings of Pediatric Academic Societies (American Pediatric Society, Society for Pediatric Research and European Society for Paediatric Research) from 1990 in the 'Pediatric Research' journal and 'Abstracts online' (2000 to 2017).
We included randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials that compared preterm infants fed breast milk fortified with human milk‐derived fortifier versus those fed with breast milk fortified with bovine milk‐derived fortifier.
Data collection and analysis
The data were collected using the standard methods of Cochrane Neonatal. Two authors evaluated trial quality of the studies and extracted data. We reported dichotomous data using risk ratios (RRs), risk differences (RDs), number needed to treat (NNT) where applicable, and continuous data using mean differences (MDs). We assessed the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.Main resultsOne randomized trial with 127 infants met the eligibility criteria and had low risk of bias. Human milk‐based fortifier did not decrease the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in exclusively breast milk‐fed preterm infants (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.2 to 4.54; 1 study, 125 infants, low certainty of evidence). Human milk‐derived fortifiers did not improve growth, decrease feeding intolerance, late‐onset sepsis, or death.
There is insufficient evidence evaluating human milk‐derived fortifier with bovine milk‐derived fortifier in exclusively breast milk‐fed preterm infants. Low‐certainty evidence from one study suggests that in exclusively breast milk‐fed preterm infants human milk‐derived fortifiers in comparison with bovine milk‐derived fortifier may not change the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, mortality, feeding intolerance, infection, or improve growth. Well‐designed randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate short‐term and long‐term outcomes.
Oversett med Google Translate | <urn:uuid:dc79b952-1a8c-49ab-8ee6-2b25605eefbe> | {
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How can we monitor bandwidth consumption on Linux server?
Q: We need to know how much bandwidth consumes our Linux server. What is the simplest means to accomplish that?
A: IPHost Network Monitor, since version 3.5, offers SNMP Traffic Volume monitor. The sequence of its setup is described below.
SNMP Traffic Volume monitor description
Start New Monitor wizard and select Traffic category on the left and SNMP Traffic Volume monitor:
On the next screen select host name and check, if required, the checkbox to start monitor upon creation.
On the third screen set the monitor’s parameters. Note that we only will comment on monitor type-specific settings; all the rest are common settings for monitors, explained in online help.
Select network interface (if necessary) to measure traffic speed for. Click on Select button to the right of Interface Name value to see the entire list of interfaces reported by SNMP:
Most probably you will see several interfaces, but you only should be interested in those with assigned IP address. If a target host is powered by Windows OS, you can run ‘ipconfig /all’ command in cmd.exe on the target host to make sure you selected the correct interface. If the target host is a UNIX-like machine, you can run ‘ifconfig’ command in a shell window on the target host to view the list of its network interfaces and check if you selected to correct one.
Program will prefill Interface Bandwidth (network interface speed capacity). However, you can change that value if required. This value is used to normalize measured value, if percentage is selected (see below). Note: if set to zero, program will assume the value of 1.
Measure (traffic) drop-down list allows you to measure total (incoming and outgoing) traffic volume (by default), incoming or outgoing only. Note: when Data Set is changed, the statistics calculated so far will be reset. You will be warned by a pop-up window if you choose to alter Data Set.
and show (traffic) as allows you to choose how to display the calculated traffic volume: in kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes. Default is in megabytes.
Store traffic data for allows you to set the time interval to store traffic data for monitor being created.
SNMP credentials are required to access data. Please refer to monitor parameters online help reference for explanations.
You can select granularity in minutes, hours, days, weeks or months. Note that time interval means from what distance in the past is traffic volume measured. I.e., if 1 hour is set, then the traffic measurement starts from exactly one hour ago till current moment.
WMI and SNMP monitoring comparison
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is actually standard protocol used to request information from network devices and/or control certain functions of those. In case of Windows you can use either WMI or SNMP traffic volume monitors. The choice is entirely up to you; if you have a heterogeneous network, SNMP method can be used for uniformity, since WMI is Windows-only means.
Note: you need to explicitly enable SNMP Services on Windows computer you need to monitor (via Add/Remove Windows Components). Don’t forget to right-click on the services to set up required parameters such as community names. Please refer to Net-SNMP documentation on the meaning of those settings.
The two methods to monitor traffic volume can return slightly different results, due to many a difference of measurement approaches. | <urn:uuid:f9cab3b9-71a7-4327-90c5-c6de6e2eae10> | {
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In a story, an African man was given the opportunity to ask for anything he wants. The condition was that, whatever he gets, his brother would receive double. He thought about asking for a house; but he did not like thought of his brother having two houses. So he thought about asking for a million dollars to go to his bank account; but again, he was unhappy with the thought of his brother having two million dollars in his account. The man sat down and thought hard, “What can I have and still be better than my brother when he has double?”
So, he thought of having one of his eyes removed so that his brother might have his two eyes gouged. This sounds like a very unlikely story; however, this is the typical mentality that has set Africans backward for ages and caused witchcraft to thrive in Africa.
An African wants to be better than his brother at all costs. The African man is only careful to share his beer, not his books; to spread his diseases, and not the cure; to transfer his problems, and not the solution.
When an African man fails, he wishes his brother same fate so that he won’t be the only one who had tasted the bitterness of failure.
An African man is happy when evil besets his brother.
When most African men succeed, they want to enslave their brothers; they try to make the class gap between them and their brothers widen daily. An African man wants to outperform his brother in every area and most African men do not want to let their brothers have any chance of success because they want to be the only ones succeeding.
When an African man gets to sit on a seat of authority, he wants to keep it to himself and refuses to give anyone else a chance to sit. In African schools, students who can afford textbooks do not let other students borrow their textbooks because they want to stay at the top of the class or they don’t want to give another student the opportunity to perform better than them. When anyone independently discovers the route to success, an African man who initially refused to give directions would still do all he can to stand in the way of that success.
An African man is ready to spend money to intimidate his brother and make him look like nothing.
Africa will become better:
- When we begin to share books to pass knowledge, not just our drinks.
- When we begin to let others also lead without our influence.
- When we begin to give the same quality of food and clothing to both our children and our maids.
- When we let our servants eat on the same table with us.
- When the boss lets his lower staff get paid before him. Africa can become progressive when we begin to look out for each other rather than stand in the way of one another.
- When we can sincerely say, “let my brother get it too, and if I can’t get it, let me help him get it”
Adapted from the book “The Problem with Africa”.
Related Post: one word to avoid | <urn:uuid:5dcec2e0-7c09-4ff1-b082-5a206fce38ee> | {
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CBSE Class 10 Board Exam 2020: Ever since the board has released the sample question papers for CBSE exams, there has been a lot of agitation among students regarding the preparation of exams.They have started searching for all important resources to help them prepare effectively in these few months before the exam. In their endeavour to score high marks in board exams, NCERT books and solutions can play a crucial role. NCERT books are designed as per the latest course curriculum and are quite self-sufficient to prepare for the board exams. Considering the importance of studying from NCERT books and following the reliable NCERT solutions, we are providing here the NCERT book, NCERT Solutions and NCERT Exemplar Problems & Solutions for CBSE Class 10 Science subject. Students may get this all inclusive study material from here free of cost and use it to prepare for CBSE Board Exam 2020.
Links to access Class 10 Science NCERT textbook, NCERT solutions and NCERT exemplar problems & solutions are provided below:
About CBSE Class 10 Science NCERT Textbook
Study of Science subject is purely based on the application of different concepts and principles in various situations. To excel in this subject, students must get all the concepts cleared in their mind and know the basics of the subject.The clarity of basic concepts and strong fundamentals play a vital role in securing good marks in the CBSE examinations. NCERT books has proper definitions for all the concepts written in simple and easy to understand language that help you to enhance your knowledge and strengthen your concepts. Moreover, reading NCERT books will prove to be very helpful to easily attempt the increased number of objective type questions in CBSE Class 10 Science exam.
About CBSE Class 10 Science NCERT Solutions
NCERT textbook questions increase the importance of following NCERT books as most of the questions in CBSE exams are either same or similar to these questions. Therefore, it always suggested that students practice all the NCERT questions and learn to apply the right approach in solving different questions. Experts at Jagranjosh have designed precise and comprehensive solutions for all Class 10 Science NCERT textbook questions.
About CBSE Class 10 Science NCERT Exemplar Problems & Solutions
In CBSE class 10 Science exam, there are some questions of higher order thinking skill type which are there to test the students’ analytical thinking and problem-solving skills. The CBSE toppers of previous year board exams also recommend the practice of NCERT exemplar problems to attempt all the difficult problems in exams with ease and precision. To help students know correct and appropriate answers for all NCERT exemplar problems of Class 10 Science, we have presented here the NCERT exemplar solutions prepared by subject experts.
Students must understand that reading the NCERT books thoroughly and regular practice with NCERT textbook questions are enough for exam preparation. They must take NCERT textbook questions and answers as the basic learning tools for each subject. | <urn:uuid:eb3bd31e-003c-4ca2-9a68-8c7b282ca2b9> | {
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Wastes that are potentially hazardous because of toxicity require a hazardous – non-hazardous determination through laboratory analysis using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) testing protocol. Submitting a representative waste sample to a laboratory for TCLP analysis is the only accurate and defensible way to determine if a waste is hazardous or non-hazardous due to the characteristic of toxicity.
A representative sample consists of a waste that is normally generated and disposed. It may be a composite sample made up of small amounts of waste generated over time or a grab sample collected from a container used to store the waste. The laboratory will determine how much of a waste sample must be collected to conduct the TCLP analyses. Samples should be taken with clean equipment and containers supplied by the laboratory selected to do the analyses. Although 40 TCLP contaminants are on EPA’s toxicity list, wastes need only be tested for the toxins likely to be present.
Waste is hazardous from toxicity if any TCLP parameter is detected at a concentration equal to or greater than its corresponding regulatory limit. Hazardous waste must be managed in accordance with hazardous waste management regulations and disposed through an EPA-permitted hazardous waste management company. Non-hazardous waste may be landfilled or managed through any reputable waste management company. | <urn:uuid:02ce1a42-d232-411c-8c25-769123924054> | {
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Amongst the readings we’ll be addressing tomorrow in introduction to comparative politics is Alfred Stepan’s “The Twin Tolerations”, which analyzes the necessary mutual respect between religious society and political society that democracy demands. Please read this recent article from the Christian Science Monitor on the battle between Turkish secularists and the Islamic-oriented ruling party in Turkey, the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which is headed to Turkey’s court system. The secularists argue that the Turkish Constitution’s strict separation of church and state has been violated by the religious nature of the ruling party. Please bring this article to class tomorrow. Be prepared to discuss how well the “twin tolerations” are working here. Here are some excerpts:
Under scrutiny: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his ruling party are facing heightened criticism for straying from the Constitution’s secular principles. Umit Bektas/Reuters
After protesting the AKP’s presidential candidate, precipitating new elections, and then losing out to the AKP at the polls last year, hard-line secularists are now taking a new tack: trying to shut down the party for “expunging” the Constitution’s secular principles.
Turkey’s highest court is set to decide in the coming days whether to allow the motion, filed by the country’s top prosecutor on March 14, to go forward. If the Constitutional Court decides to allow the case to proceed, it could plunge Turkey into a deep crisis, threatening the country’s emerging political and economic stability and further jeopardizing its already troubled bid for European Union membership.
“This would definitely hinder the government in many ways. There are so many things to be done, such as issues relating to the EU, Cyprus, and the economy, and the government would no longer be in a position of authority,” says Sahin Alpay, a political science professor at Istanbul’s Bahcesehir University. “What the people going after the party are doing is really shooting the country in its own feet.”
EU officials have criticized the closure move, calling it antidemocratic.
“In a normal European democracy, political issues are debated in parliament and decided in the ballot box, not in the courtroom,” said EU Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn in response to the prosecutor’s unexpected call to shut down the AKP. “It is difficult to see that this lawsuit respects the democratic principles of a normal European society.”
24 parties closed since 1963
Turkish law gives the judiciary broad powers to shut political parties down. The Constitutional Court has closed 24 parties since it was established in 1963. The court is currently deciding on a motion to close the pro-Kurdish Democratic Society Party (DTP), accused of promoting ethnic separatism. | <urn:uuid:56b45778-affd-4ac2-9f11-78f88a94f282> | {
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The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, expanded throughout mainland China in the last century to become one of the most serious pests in the area, yet information on this process are fragmentary. Three mitochondrial genes (nad1, cytb and nad5) were used to infer the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of the oriental fruit fly from its entire distribution range in China. High levels of genetic diversity, as well as a significant correspondence between genetic and geographic distances, suggest that the invasion process might have been gradual, with no associated genetic bottlenecks. Three population groups could be identified, nevertheless the overall genetic structure was weak. The effective number of migrants between populations, estimated using the coalescent method, suggested asymmetric gene flow from the costal region of Guangdong to most inland regions. The demographic analysis indicates the oriental fruit fly underwent a recent population expansion in the Central China. We suggest the species originated in the costal region facing the South China Sea and gradually expanded to colonize mainland China, expanding here to high population numbers.
Citation: Wan X, Nardi F, Zhang B, Liu Y (2011) The Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, in China: Origin and Gradual Inland Range Expansion Associated with Population Growth. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25238. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025238
Editor: Thomas Mailund, Aarhus University, Denmark
Received: June 17, 2011; Accepted: August 30, 2011; Published: October 3, 2011
Copyright: © 2011 Wan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB125903). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is one of the most important pests on fruits and vegetables across South East Asia and the Pacific region . Being highly polyphagous, the oriental fruit fly can infest a wide variety of fruit crops, such as citrus, mandarin, peach and mango , , and induce significant economic losses through direct fruit damage, fruit drop and export limitations associated to quarantine restrictions. Furthermore, due to its broad host range, relatively ample climate tolerance, high reproductive potential and dispersal capacity , the oriental fruit fly is considered to have a high invasive potential.
The oriental fruit fly has significantly expanded its geographic distribution in the last century. Early records report its presence in 1912 in Taiwan . Henceforth, this species colonized different areas of the Asian and Pacific regions, such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, Thailand, Sri Lanka, the Northern Mariana Islands (eradicated), Hawaii, Guam, with transient appearances in California and Florida , . The potential distribution analysis showed that the oriental fruit fly is likely to expand in the next future North and South-ward into areas currently cooler .
After its initial recognition in Taiwan, the oriental fruit fly was reported in 1934 on Hainan Island, China , and sparsely in disjointed areas of Southern China until the 1970s. Since the 1980s the population size of the oriental fruit fly increased quickly and the distribution area expanded rapidly to cover most areas south of the 26N parallel. In the last decade the oriental fruit fly expanded across the Yangtze River to reach the 32N parallel – and is expected to expand further North .
Despite the economic and ecological threats associated with the invasion of the oriental fruit fly, data on its phylogeography are scarce. An early study investigated the relationship between two laboratory and three wild populations . Afterwards, studies on Bactrocera dorsalis population genetics and phylogeography mostly addressed specific and/or geographically limited issues –, until a first integrated attempt to study this species in a substantial part of its range conducted by Aketarawong et al. . Aketarawong and colleagues suggested China as the origin of fly populations in South-East Asia and could describe a well supported pattern of expansion from the region of Guangdong to this latter area. Nevertheless, their study included only two Chinese populations, from Guangdong and Taiwan, limiting their possibility to study the dispersal of the oriental fruit fly in mainland China.
Mitochondrial DNA, due to its accelerated rate of evolution, short coalescence time and simple maternal inheritance, has been used as a marker of choice for historical phylogeography and complements well with the information provided by microsatellite markers. Thanks to the possibility to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among haplotypes, the mitochondrial DNA is particularly informative to reconstruct historical processes, such as the identification of the region of origin of a species, the pathways of invasion and historical demography, and has been repeatedly used to study the spread of alien species –. Furthermore, mitochondrial markers have repeatedly been used in fruit flies, such as the olive fly –, the pumpkin fruit fly , the melon fruit fly and the Mediterranean fruit fly –. Limitation to the use of mitochondrial markers is that the entire molecule is non recombining and inherited as a single locus, henceforth limiting the possibility to average across markers to take into account the random nature of the coalescence process.
With this study we specifically focus on Chinese populations, previously identified as a likely source for the species, to tackle the issue of the origin and range expansion of the oriental fruit fly. Specifically at issue are: a) a first exploration of Chinese diversity and definition of local genetic groups; b) the reconstruction of the major routes of expansion in mainland China and the definition of the demographic profile associated with the expansion, and c) the identification of the region of origin of the species and a re-evaluation of the different hypotheses proposed in the literature.
Materials and Methods
Sampling, DNA extraction and sequencing
Samples of Bactrocera dorsalis were collected from 12 locations covering the entire distribution range in China during years 2009–2010 using traps baited with Methyl Eugenal (Tab. 1; Fig. 1). Specimens were preserved in 95% ethanol at −20°C until processing.
See Tab. 1 for complete collection information.
Total DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (QIAGEN) from 221 individual specimens. Three fragments of the mitochondrial genome (574 bp of nad1, 750 bp of cytb and 658 bp of nad5) were amplified from each and all individuals using primer pairs nad1-F (5′-TTTAGTTGCTTGGTTGTGTATTCC-3′)/nad1-R (5′-GAAAAAGGTAAAAAACTCTTTCAAGC-3′), cytb-F (5′-AACTCTTCACGCCAACGG)/cytb-R (5′-GGTCGTGCTCCAATTCAT-3′) and nad5-F (5′-TAACCCAATACACCTCCT-3′), nad5-R (5′-GGTAACTGCTGGGGTTTA-3′). Primers for nad1 are from Nardi et al. (2005), primers for cytb and nad5 were designed based on available complete mitochondrial genome sequences of tephritids, including B.dorsalis . Amplifications were carried out for 35 cycles of 30″ at 94°C, 1′ at 54°C, 1′ 30″ at 72°C, with an initial denaturation step of 5′ at 94°C and a final extension of 10′ at 72°C. Amplification products were purified and sequenced by Invitrogen Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China) on both strands using PCR primers. After manual correction and assembly, unique sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers JF521024-JF511166 (cytb), JF521167-JF521298 (nad1) and JF521299-JF521440 (nad5).
Sequences were aligned using ClustalX (ver. 2.0) and unique haplotypes were identified in ARLEQUIN (ver. 3.5) . Descriptive statistics (number of variable sites, number of haplotypes, haloptype diversity, nucleotide diversity, average number of nucleotide difference between haplotypes) were calculated in Dnasp (ver. 5.0) .
Spatial analysis of molecular variance was performed using SAMOVA (ver. 1.0) to identify population groups, with concatenated sequences of the three genes for each individual, longitude and latitude information as input data. The most supported number of groups (K) was determined by repeating the analysis with K ranging from 2 to 6 and selecting the subdivision scheme associated with highest FCT. An AMOVA hierarchical analysis of variance was performed using ALEQUIN to partition total variance in its components among groups, among populations and within populations, based on the groups inferred by the SAMOVA analysis. The correlation between genetic (FST/1-FST) and geographic distance matrices (in ln scale) was tested using the IBDWS web service with 10000 randomizations. Median-joining networks of haplotypes of each of the three genes were constructed using NETWORK (ver. 4.6) , to study the evolutionary relationships among haplotypes.
The extent of gene flow between population pairs was studied using the coalescent-based strategy implemented in MIGRATE (ver. 3.2.7) . To determine if there was asymmetrical gene flow between populations, the mutation scaled effective immigration rate (M = m/μ) entering and leaving each population per generation and the mutation scaled effective population size (Θ = Neμ) were jointly estimated applying the Bayesian search strategy. Nem was calculated by multiplying these latter values. Four independent runs of MIGRATE, each consisting of one long chain of 100,000,000 generations with the initial 10,000 excluded as burn-in of the analysis, were conducted to assess consistency in the results, changing seed number at each run.
The demographic history of all populations pooled together and of each of the three population groups identified by the SAMOVA analysis was studied using mismatch distributions in ARLEQUIN. Tajimas'D ad Fu's FS were calculated to test for neutrality. Population size before expansion (θ0), population size after expansion (θ1), population expansion time (τ), and sum of squared deviation (SSD) between observed and expected mismatch distributions were similarly calculated. All parameters were tested against the expected values under the hypothesis of a recent population expansion based on 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Collapsing of individual sequences led to the identification of 132, 143 and 142 unique haplotypes for genes nad1, cytb and nad5, respectively, or 164 after concatenation of the three markers for each individual.
Basic descriptive statistics, calculated for each population based on concatenated sequences as well as each of the three genes independently, are shown in Tab.S1. The number of haplotypes per population (n) ranged from 9 to 20, 6 to 19, 8 to 20, 9 to 20 in concatenated sequences, nad1, cytb and nad5, respectively. Haplotype diversity (H) ranged from 0.9006 to 1, 0.8889 to 1, 0.8947 to 1 and 0.8947 to 1, nucleotide diversity (π) from 0.0093 to 0.0125, 0.0077 to 0.0147, 0.0105 to 0.0194 and 0.0081 to 0.0117, similarly in concatenated sequences, nad1, cytb and nad5. These figures suggest that all populations retain fairly high levels of genetic diversity.
Monitoring of FCT values in the SAMOVA analysis suggested 3 as the optimal number of population groups (FCT3 = 0.04231). The 12 populations were clustered as follows: Jiangjin, Wulong, Wanzhou, Xiushan, Huaxi, Nanning, Wuhan, Nanchang and Jianshui; Fuzhou and Guangzhou; Wenchang. These three groups correspond to three geographically well defined regions that we refer to as Central, South-East and Southern China in the following presentation (see Fig. 1).
The AMOVA analysis revealed that a substantial portion of genetic differentiation is partitioned among groups (4.22% based on concatenated sequences, from 2.29% to 6.96% based on individual genes) and inside populations (94.95%; 92.63% to 96.89%), while genetic differentiation between populations inside each of the three groups identified is limited (0.84%; 0.4% to 1.29%) (Tab. 2). Accordingly, differentiation among groups (FCT) and within populations (FST) are highly significant, while differentiation among populations between groups (FSC) was not or marginally (nad5 only) significant (Tab. 2).
The Mantel test for correlation between genetic and geographic distances revealed a significant correlation based on the concatenated dataset (r = 0.3667; P = 0.008) (Fig.S1 A) as well as based on each individual gene (r = 0.3852, P = 0.005; r = 0.3010, P = 0.025; r = 0.3852, P = 0.008 for nad1, cytb and nad5, respectively) (Fig.S1 B, C, D).
MJ networks of haplotypes
Median Joining networks reconstructed from haplotypes of the three genes are shown in Fig. 2. Networks are generally star-like with limited substructure. Some haplotypes positioned in the center of the networks are found at higher frequency in two or all three population groups (such as H77 for nad1, H7 and H8 for cytb, H4 for nad5), with most remaining haplotypes that are found in one single population group, generally at low frequency and connecting to central haplotypes through few mutations. Some missing haplotypes (32, 53 and 50 in nad1, cytb and nad5, respectively) were inferred.
The effective mutation scaled population size was estimated for each population and the amount of mutation scaled immigration rate in both directions was estimated for all 66 population pairs (Tab.S2). High levels of migration rate were detected among populations, ranging from 87.6 (Xiushan to Guangzhou) to 853.0 (Guangzhou to Fuzhou). Migration rate was generally symmetrical in population pairs, i.e. the immigration rate was at par with the emigration rate. Some instances of asymmetric migration rate were nevertheless observed, based on non overlapping 95% HPD intervals for M in the two directions, namely from Guangzhou to Fuzhou, Wenchang, Wuhan, Jiangjin, Wanzhou and Xiushan. Expressed in terms of Nem, average gene flow inside population groups is 29.442 (range 0.778–51.673) and across population groups is 17.370 (0.322–56.664), i.e. high levels of overall gene flow are observed.
Significantly negative values of Tajimas'D (−2.1644, P = 0.0004) and Fu's FS (−23.6507, P = 0.0056) based on concatenated sequences as well as on individual genes (see Tab. 3) indicated that the whole set of B.doraslis samples studied here did not fit a simple model of neutral evolution. These same estimators calculated for the three population groups indicate that South and South-East China have values of D and FS compatible with neutrality, while Central China has values of D and FS significantly deviating from neutrality (Tab. 3), suggesting Central China as the responsible for the overall disequilibrium.
The mismatch distribution of all 12 B.dorsalis populations pooled together as well as of the Central China group only were distinctly unimodal (Fig. 3, 4), suggesting the further testing of a sudden expansion model.
A, B, C and D are for concatenated sequences, nad1, cytb and nad5, respectively, the horizontal axis represents the number of pairwise differences, the vertical axis represents the relative frequency.
A, B, C and D are for concatenated sequences, nad1, cytb and nad5, respectively, the horizontal axis represents the number of pairwise differences, the vertical axis represents the relative frequency.
The mismatch distribution of the 12 populations pooled together was compatible with the sudden expansion model based on concatenated sequences (PSSD = 0.556) as well as each individual gene (see Tab. 3). Parameters of the expansion model were θ0 = 0.007, θ1 = 89.575 and τ = 24.453. The mismatch distribution of the Central China group was similarly compatible with the sudden expansion model based on concatenated sequences (PSSD = 0.455) and individual genes (see Tab. 3). Parameters of the expansion model for the Central China group were θ0 = 0.019, θ1 = 99.248 and τ = 22.164. The sudden expansion model was in turn rejected for population groups South and South-East China (P<0.05). Individual genes (see Tab. 3) are in accord with concatenated sequences, all being compatible with the sudden expansion model for all 12 populations pooled and the Central China group (P>0.05) and most rejecting the expansion model in the other two population groups.
The ratio between estimated effective population size after expansion (θ1) and before expansion (θ0), an estimate of the extent of population growth, is 12796× for the entire dataset and 5223× for the Central China group based on concatenated sequences. Individual genes, although with differing numerical estimates, similarly suggest a large population growth, from 33× to 7144× for the entire dataset and from 85× to actually infinite for the Central China group.
High level of genetic diversity
Invasive species are generally associated to a loss in genetic diversity that can take place, during an invasion process, due to a) increased genetic drift associated to the temporarily reduced population size in founding colonies – and b) increased selection pressure encountered during the colonization of new habitats .
Chinese populations of the oriental fruit fly, nevertheless, seem to retain fairly high levels of genetic diversity, as exemplified by the high observed values of haplotype diversity. Noteworthy, this is observed even in populations such as Wuhan, Xiushan, Wulong, Wanzhou and Jiangjin that, based on collection records, established not longer than a decade ago and that display values of genetic variability actually higher than some of the oldest populations in the study set, Fuzhou and Guangzhou.
Nevertheless, some characteristics of the oriental fruit fly and the ecology of the area have to be considered that could help explain why no loss in genetic variability is observed concurrent to the colonization process. Due to the high reproductive potential of this species and high dispersal capabilities, together with the relative absence of major geographical or ecological barriers to dispersal in the area, it is possible to envision how the oriental fruit fly might have gradually expanded without any significant or prolonged bottleneck. Furthermore, the relative abundance of suitable host fruits such as mango, carambola and guava, the large orange plantations in South China and Yangtze valley, and the relative uniformity and stability of a suitable tropical and subtropical monsoon climate in this area might have exerted little novel selective pressures during the range expansion in Central China.
Furthermore, multiple introductions, or colonization of a given area from multiple sources, can counteract the drop in genetic variability associated with colonization or rescue a species from an actual loss in genetic diversity . Such cases of increased genetic variability due to a secondary mixing between previously diversified populations have been repeatedly described in the literature – and multiple introductions have been previously suggested to explain the relatively high genetic variability of the oriental fruit fly in the Yunnan province of China .
The oriental fruit fly may have, therefore, expanded quickly but gradually in mainland China, without the significant bottlenecks generally associated with a range expansion that takes place through invasive propagules of few individuals. This view is further in line with the high levels of gene flow and limited population differentiation observed (see below) and with the situation described by Aketarawong et al. in South-East Asia and Shi in the province of Yunnan.
Weak genetic structure
Although some structure could be identified by the SAMOVA analysis, leading to the partitioning of the 12 populations studied in the three groups Central, South-East and Southern China, the overall level of differentiation was low. According to the analysis of molecular variance, more than 90% of variability was observed inside populations, with no or marginal differentiation between populations and some differences arising only between population groups. This is rather unexpected given the distances involved, with the area occupied by the Central group being roughly equivalent to Central Europe in size, but in line with other examples of highly vagile fruit fly species that have expanded in large areas in relatively recent times , .
The median joining networks for the three genes, accordingly, did not describe any underlying structure, as networks are distinctively star-like and haplotypes sampled in the three regions, not to mention populations, appear randomly distributed. The Mantel test identified a significant, though not strong, correlation between genetic and geographic distance, suggesting a certain degree of isolation by distance with no major discontinuity.
Taken together, these observations suggest a relative genetic uniformity of the oriental fruit fly in China. This is in line with the notion that the species has high dispersal capacities, with eggs and larvae that can disperse efficiently inside host fruits both under natural conditions (i.e. along rivers and ocean currents ) and artificially through trades of infested fruits, and adults that can fly as far as 46 km under experimental conditions .
It is therefore possible to hypothesize that the natural barriers present in the study area (Daba Mountains, Hengduan Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, Yangtze River, Zhujiang River and Qiongzhou Strait) are not sufficient to interrupt or determine a significant limitation to gene flow. A similar situation has been described in the region of Yunnan, where weak genetic structure was observed among 14 oriental fruit fly populations despite the presence of three big rivers and mountain ranges running North-West to South-East in the area . Opposite results, i.e. the insurgence of a clear genetic structure, were in turn obtained for more sedentary species, such as the rice stem borer Chilo suppreddalis , where rivers and mountain ranges act as effective barriers to gene flow.
The significant negative Tajiams'D and Fu's Fs values showed that the oriental fruit fly populations in mainland China do not fit a simple model of selective neutrality , due to an excess in low frequency alleles. This, together with collection data that indicate a substantial increase of oriental fruit fly in terms of both geographic range and population numbers, suggested the possibility of a recent population expansion. In turn, analysis of Tajiams'D and Fu's Fs estimators separately in the three groups indicated that the Central China group may have specifically undergone a regime of population expansion. The unimodal mismatch distribution for all genes in the entire dataset and specifically in the Central China group, as well as non significant SSD values against the null hypothesis of a sudden population expansion further support this hypothesis . The notion that the species underwent a significant population expansion is further in line with the observation that Median Joining networks for the three genes have a distinctly star like structure, typical of expansion demographic processes.
These results are concordant with trapping data in the area. Oldest presence of the species is reported from the area facing the island of Taiwan, where the species was first detected, and the island of Hainan. These two areas correspond to population groups South-East and South China, respectively, that based on our data show no sign of population expansion. In turn, the marked range expansion observed in the last few decades mainly interested mainland China up to the 32N parallel, a very large region corresponding to population group Central China, for which distinctive signs of population expansion could be described.
Based on historical records and the genetic data presented here, it is therefore possible to reconstruct a process of fast and recent range expansion from the coastline area facing the South China sea, where the species has been likely established for a longer period of time, to a very large mainland region that has been colonized in the last few decades. Based on the high genetic diversity in the area and limited genetic structure (see above), we hypothesize that this process of colonization may be interpreted as a gradual, though fast, range expansion associated with high population numbers and population growth. The opposite scenario of a stepping stone model of repeated colonization events through numerically limited propagules may on the other the hand be excluded, as no trace of genetic bottlenecks and related drop in genetic variability is observed.
The notion that local natural barriers seem to be rather ineffective in counteracting oriental fruit fly dispersal, as well as the potential distribution analysis, suggests that the process described here of population expansion in mainland China may interest other regions north of the 32N parallel in the next decades.
Region of origin
Different hypotheses have been proposed about the geographic origin of the oriental fruit fly. While the current distributional range of the species is rather ample, from India to Hawaii encompassing all South-East Asia, historical records clearly show that marginal populations represent recent introductions, with the species being most likely East-Asian in origin. One initial hypothesis on the geographic origin of the oriental fruit fly, based on the earliest records of its presence in the island, is Taiwan . Subsequent studies, based on the high levels of local genetic variability, hypothesized Yunnan as a possible source area for the species , or at least an area of old colonization . The most comprehensive study to date on the phylogeography of this species , in turn, suggested China as the source area for South-East Asian populations, and possibly for the species as a whole, based on the observation that China is equally divergent from Pacific and South-East Asian populations. Furthermore, a well supported pattern of a West-ward migration from China to colonize South-East Asia was described. Noteworthy, Aketarawong and colleagues, based on asymmetrical gene flow values, could exclude Taiwan as the source of the invasion.
Based on our extended sampling in mainland China, that greatly expands the current knowledge on local oriental fruit fly diversity beyond the region of Yunnan , and one single population in Guangdong , we could further explore the patterns of diversity and range expansion in China to support an origin of the species in the coastal region facing the South China Sea, corresponding in genetic terms to the population group here described as South-East China. Main support for this hypothesis is found in the asymmetric gene flow observed from location Guangzhou (Guangdong) to 6 out of 11 alternative locations scattered in mainland China. Furthermore, this hypothesis is in line with the historical records showing that population groups South and South-East China occupy regions where the species has been present since the last century, while population group Central China, that we associate with the expansion process, occupies the mainland regions where the oriental fruit fly has been reported in the last two decades only.
Further support for the costal region of Southern China being the source area for the species as a whole comes from a joint interpretation of our results and those presented by Aketarawong et al. . The two studies, taken together, cover the majority of the oriental fruit fly geographic range, and all regions that are plausible candidates for the early differentiation of the species: China and South-East Asia from Bangladesh to Hawaii. In turn, both studies describe a similar pattern of expansion from a single and the same region (Guangdong) throughout South-East Asia and mainland China (this study), with a distinct signal of asymmetrical gene flow out of this region.
Scatter plots of genetic distance vs. geographic distance (in ln scale) for pairwise population comparisons. A: concatenated sequences, B: nad1, C: cytb, D: nad5.
Genetic diversity indices. V, number of variable sites; n, number of unique haplotypes; H, haplotype diversity; π, nucleotide diversity; k, average number of nucleotide differences.
Estimates of population size and effective immigration rate between populations pairs. Θ: mutation scaled effective population size; M: mutation scaled effective immigration rate. In parentheses the 95% HPD intervals. Instances of asymmetrical gene flow are indicated in bold. The source population is indicated in columns, the target population in row.
We are grateful to Xiaozhen Li, Daochao Jin, Changying Niu, Nannan Zhang and Yanbiao He for sample collections.
Conceived and designed the experiments: XW BZ YL. Performed the experiments: XW. Analyzed the data: XW FN. Wrote the paper: XW FN YL BZ.
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- 60. Harpending HC, Batzer MA, Gurven M, Jorde LB, Rogers AR, et al. (1998) Genetic traces of ancient demography. Proceedings of the National Academic Sciences of the United States of America 95: 1691–1697.
- 61. Rogers AR, Harpending H (1992) Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9: 552–569.
- 62. Rogers AR (1995) Genetic evidence for a Pleistocene population explosion. Evolution 49: 608–615. | <urn:uuid:465bbdc8-fb74-45b6-93fc-7331cbf8e96d> | {
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Federal Land, Western Anger
The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics
R. McGreggor Cawley
In 1979 the Nevada state legislature passed a bill providing for state control of certain lands within the state boundaries under the administration of the Bureau of Land Management. Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming immediately followed suit. Public land users reacted swiftly and the Sagebrush Rebellion was on.
Westerners, driven by the sheer size of the federal estate (99 percent of BLM lands are located in twelve western states) and angered by what they perceived as undue influence by the environmental movement on federal policies, sought to protect and control the resource and recreational use of public lands that they deemed essential to their state economies.
“Of great interest to students of U.S. federalism. Cawley presents a fine case study of the background and denouement of this flashfire in which a region of fifteen states declared war on the property clause of the U.S. Constitution.”
—Publius: The Journal of Federalism
“Because this book provides an excellent historical backdrop for these tumultuous times in the changing conservation story, it should be read by all policy analysts and would work well in classrooms where policy is studied.”
—Western Historical QuarterlySee all reviews...
“An excellent account of the Sagebrush Rebellion as a defining event in the political history of public land policy in the western states. This is a valuable contribution to the literature on federal land policy and natural resource politics. Cawley weaves a wide variety of federal land policy issues into the text, including battles over wilderness, grazing, mechanized recreation, and various proposed water, energy, and defense projects. Those who wish to learn more about the forces that drive current events in the public land policy arena, will find this book essential reading.”
—Environmental History Review
“This book goes beyond the political clichés and shallow media coverage and presents the real conflicts that determine who controls the social and economic activities of the western states.”
—James G. Watt, Secretary of the Interior, 1981–1983
“If defense against one’s natural enemies is the key to survival, then environmentalists would do well to read Cawley’s penetrating analysis of how and why the Sagebrush Rebellion coalesced in the late 1970s. This is an essential addition to the shelf of the best recent studies of American natural resources policy and of environmental politics.”
—Roderick Frazier Nash, author of Wilderness and the American MindSee fewer reviews...
In this book, R. McGreggor Cawley objectively investigates the Rebellion, looking at the driving force behind the movement, the strategies used by the Rebels, and the consequences of the controversy. He examines how the definitions of key federal land management concepts, such as conservation, influenced policymaking and explores tensions that pitted the West against other regions and the federal government.
In the process, he analyzes James Watt's beleaguered tenure as secretary of the interior and the Reagan administration's proposal to sell federal lands and shows how the conflict created an unexpected division within the environmental movement.
Going beyond the Rebellion, Cawley offers provocative interpretation of events in federal land policy from the 1960s to the 1990s and establishes a framework for assessing future developments in federal land policy. | <urn:uuid:c45b2d15-e0d7-4cd8-87eb-e508f245e799> | {
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Great Mosque of Paris
In Paris, many sites are intrinsically linked to the history of the Arab world. Whether it is a chapel, an obelisk, or a cemetery, all testify to a common past between France and the East. Here is an overview of these few buildings in the French capital.
1 – Père Lachaise cemetery
Launched in 1804, Père Lachaise, a famous Parisian cemetery renowned throughout the world, welcomes more than 3.5 million visitors each year to pay tribute to the famous people buried there. Among them, a figure essentially linked to the Arab world, Jean-François Champollion, the first curator of the Egyptian Antiquities Department of the Louvre. In 1822, this French Egyptologist deciphered the Rosetta stone discovered by Napoleon’s troops in Egypt and created the erudite discipline of Egyptology.
2 – The Luxor Obelisk
Originally located at the entrance to Luxor Temple in Egypt, the 23-meter Egyptian obelisk was given to Charles X by the Egyptian Viceroy Mehemet Ali in 1830 as a sign of good understanding. Nowadays, located in the center of Place de la Concorde, the obelisk reflects Egyptian history thanks to the hieroglyphics that adorn each of its faces, particularly that of the cartouche of Ramses II, in which the king makes an offering to the God Amen-Re.
3 – Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre Church
Built at the beginning of the 13th century, the Melkite church of Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre is a small place of worship in the Gothic style that now prevails in the Latin Quarter. This building, known as a hospice for pilgrims and poor travelers, was assigned to the Melkite cult of Christians from Lebanon and Syria, established in France more than a century ago, from 1889 onwards.
4 – The Saint-Ephrem Chapel
The Chapelle Saint-Ephrem-le-Syriaque is a Syriac Catholic church located in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. Dedicated to the Syrian deacon Saint-Ephrem, the building, whose foundations date back to the 14th century, now houses services in Aramaic and Arabic. In the Latin Quarter of Paris, tourists and locals can find in this holy place a reference to the Near East.
5 – The Great Mosque of Paris
Inaugurated in July 1926, the Great Mosque, as it is commonly known, is a Moorish style French mosque with a 33-meter minaret. Nestled behind the plant garden in Paris, this place of worship founded by Kaddour Benghabrit holds a highly symbolic place for the visibility of Islam and Muslims in France. Today, it is the oldest mosque in metropolitan France. | <urn:uuid:fa71b0f4-ac72-4a16-803b-c0c0938ae778> | {
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Conversation Class Lesson Summary
Language Resident Name:
Day and Date:
Language and Level (intermediate or advanced class):
Class theme/topics discussed:
Art and painters
Goal of the class:
Get to know the vocabulary regarding art. Be able to describe a picture accordingly.
How did you structure the class?
Activity 1 (5 min): Quiz. First, we started doing a kahoot quiz. I prepared a quiz on famous painters and paintings. The students had to do the quiz on their own. The students got really excited and loved doing that.
Activity 2 (10 min): Interview. I asked the students to interview each other about art and museums. They asked each other how often they went to the museums, which museum they liked the most and which painter they liked the most. After that, we gathered the results in the big group.
Activity 3 (5 min): I told the students to gather as many terms they knew about art, specifically the tools they would need to paint and to draw. The winner got a small gift (candy). After that, we briefly talked about vocabulary regarding art by collecting all the tools you would need to paint and draw.
Activity 4 (10 min): I showed a famous painting of Salvador Dali and we tried to describe the picture as accordingly as possible by using phrases (in the front of the picture, in the back of the picture, etc). I also handed them a help sheet they could use in the next exercise. This exercise should prepare them for the next task.
Activity 5 (30 min): Drawing by hearing. I split the students in groups of three. One student would sit in the front, facing away from the screen. The two other students would look at the screen and try to describe the picture best to their knowledge. The student facing away would draw it. The students had 10 minutes for each picture. Then they would switch so everyone would be in the place of drawing. In the end we would look at all pictures. The one that looked the most similar won (and the group received candy as a reward).
What technology, media or props did you use? (internet resources, playmobiles, handouts, etc.)
PowerPoint presentation (see attached)
Help sheet (attached)
What worked well in this class? What did not work?
The students really enjoyed the quiz! Also, they enjoyed drawing the pictures and explaining that to each other. They also drew really funny pictures!
How could this class be improved/ modified?
It was one of the best classes. I would keep it as it is.
If you have a more detailed lesson plan, please attach it below (OK to use target language for that). Please attach any handouts as well.
Deutsch Fortgeschritten, 27. November 2018
Hilfe für die Beschreibung
Im Vordergrund gibt es… – In the front there is…
Im Hintergrund gibt es… – In the back there is..
Auf der linken Seite des Bildes… – On the left side of the picture…
Auf der rechten Seite des Bildes… – On the right side of the picture…
In der Mitte des Bildes gibt es… – In the center of the picture there is…
Daneben – Next to it…
Davor – In front of it…
Dahinter – Behind it…
Hinten links sieht man…
Hinten rechts sieht man…
Vorne links sieht man…
Vorne rechts sieht man…INT-28.11.2018 | <urn:uuid:d19f46e6-c476-4439-a81a-3ece364ea5fd> | {
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When you’re considering therapy options for your teenager you may want to consider a group therapy-based approach according to recent research.
Individual therapy undoubtedly has benefits for teens in terms of teaching them how to navigate the rigors of young adulthood, but group therapy has been shown to improve a teen’s ability to maneuver social environments and might even be better for this purpose than individual therapy.
One way group therapy works is by helping teens overcome social anxieties. Teens learn to better relate with one another through shared experiences and concerns that emerge.
Another benefit of group therapy for teens is that the therapist is able to see social interactions as they emerge and bring them to awareness, allowing for them to try on a more effective way of relating. Through group they have a chance to learn how to give constructive feedback to others and hear it themselves.
Specifically, Psychology Today listed the following conditions as benefiting from group therapy for teens:
- Social Isolation
- Acute Shyness
- Bullying Issues
- Peer Rejection
- Anger Management Problems
- Identity Conflicts
In a group setting teens can develop their social skills that will serve them later in life, such as public speaking and expressing needs and desires in an adult setting.
Social anxiety, especially during the teenage years, can be quite a barrier to developing relationships and even getting a job. Learning these skills in an environment like this provides teens with an opportunity to express themselves that they might not otherwise have.
While they build social confidence and their social skills with one another, they also learn what a positive peer influence is. This is critical for most teens as their peer group can often have an outsized impact on their decision making and the pressures they experience.
Working with other teens in a group setting wherein each supports the other shows what mature, healthy relationships look like. This may help them avoid making bad decisions later in life and identify those peers that may not have the bests interests of others in mind. | <urn:uuid:f9d3a461-aeb0-478a-9ff7-de1f7260950a> | {
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CCNP Routing and Switching (300-101 ROUTE) Practice Tests
1 The TCP mechanism that allows a receiving computer to advertise the amount of data it is able to receive before transmitting an acknowledgment to the sending computer is referred as ____________________.
1 of 10
2 Raman is asked to configure a point-to-point link between two nodes using a serial connection. Where the security within the networks is a cause of concern, so he wants to configure the authentication. Which of the following command would Raman use to configure PPP authentication so that CHAP is preferred, but if it is not supported then PAP is used?
2 of 10
3 <p>Which of the following commands are used with PBR to configure path control?</p><p>(1) ip prefix-list</p><p> (2) offset-list </p><p>(3) match </p><p>(4) set</p>
3 of 10
4 Mandy is working in an organization that is limited to a single IP network. Mandy is required to deploy a virtualization solution that allows to create two separate virtual networks. It has been required that the IP traffic on the networks must be isolated from each other. Which of the following solutions should Mandy choose?
4 of 10
5 In case the AAA servers become unavailable, then __________________ is the authentication method used as a fallback support.
5 of 10
6 The technology that provides stateless address translation between IPv6-only networks is referred as __________________.
6 of 10
7 State the resultant benefits of route summarization. 1.) smaller routing table 2.) lower use of IP addresses 3.) more accurate path selection 4.) fewer routing updates 5.) improved convergence
7 of 10
8 Which address types are supported by IPv4? 1.) unicast 2.) multicast 3.) anycast 4.) broadcast
8 of 10
9 Select from the given which must be processed in software and cannot be Cisco Express Forwarding-switched. 1.) packets with IP header options 2.) packets received with a larger MTU than that of an output interface, and therefore must be fragmented 3.) packets that need NAT 4.) packets that are forwarded to a tunnel interface 5.) packets with a source address that is not in the FIB table
9 of 10
10 The selection of the best path is based on what by BGP? | <urn:uuid:a8411f1b-d945-4ffc-ac5d-c9de2bc57654> | {
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This video need to be seen by everyone to increase awareness of the criminal activity of governmental agencies who are refusing to protect us from disease-infested animal and fish farms. This is a global issue. To read about it on Dr. Mercola’s website rather than watch the hour-long documentary, click on the link below the clip. If you don’t have time, at least read the “Story at-a-glance” below. Pass this vital information on to friends and family. Spread the word. This has to be stopped now.
- Salmon Confidential draws back the curtain to reveal how the Canadian government is covering up the cause behind British Columbia’s rapidly dwindling wild salmon populations: fish farms
- In British Columbia, pacific salmon are an essential species for the ecosystem. They fill hundreds of streams and rivers, feeding hundreds of species, including humans. Since the early 1990’s, salmon numbers have rapidly dwindled, coinciding with the introduction of farmed salmon pens
- Fish farms breed pathogens that can spread like wildfire and contaminate any wild fish swimming past. Wild salmon that died before spawning have tested positive for a number of salmon viruses, including the highly lethal “salmon influenza”
- Farmed fish, purchased in stores around British Columbia have tested positive for at least three lethal fish viruses, including the dreaded ISA virus (aka salmon flu), salmon alpha viruses, and Piscine reovirus, which causes the salmon to have a heart attack, preventing them from swimming upriver
- I recommend buying locally-grown foods, and wild fish only. Fish farms are a breeding ground for disease and toxic waste, and produce fish of inferior quality. Due to the dramatically increased disease risk—a natural side effect of crowding—these animals are further contaminated with drugs, and in the case of salmon, synthetic astaxanthin, which is made from petrochemicals that are not approved for human consumption
To your health,
Dr. Anthony Palombo, DC | <urn:uuid:60e4ce4b-f54e-45c8-8ce8-988fbb852255> | {
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Ultrasonography as a tool in predicting the severity of dengue fever in children—a useful aid in a developing country
- 527 Downloads
Dengue fever accounts for significant mortality in developing countries. Dengue fever serology takes a week at least to be reported positive, thus necessitating the need for other markers of diagnosis and prognosis.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ultrasonography as a tool in diagnosing and predicting the severity of dengue fever in children.
Materials and methods
This was a prospective study conducted in a tertiary pediatric centre from September 2010 to July 2012. Three hundred twenty-four children with confirmed dengue fever were compared with 422 children of suspected dengue fever. Severity of illness was graded as per WHO criteria and sonography findings were correlated to the grade of illness.
Gallbladder wall thickening was seen in 75% of the children with confirmed dengue fever. A significant difference was seen between survivors and non-survivors with respect to pericholecystic fluid collection (P = 0.002), hepatic intraparenchymal fluid (P < 0.001), splenomegaly (P = 0.002), splenic subcapsular fluid (P < 0.001), peripancreatic fluid (P < 0.001), perirenal fluid (P < 0.001) and pericardial fluid (P < 0.001). Other findings included ascites, pleural effusion, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, which were present irrespective of grade of illness.
Ultrasonography can be used as a useful tool in developing countries to predict the severity of dengue fever in children.
KeywordsDengue Ultrasonography Children
Conflict of interest
- 1.World Health Organization (1997) Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control, 2nd edn. World Health Organization, GenevaGoogle Scholar
- 14.Joshi P, Rathnam VG, Sharma S (1997) USG findings in dengue haemorrhagic fever—our experience in the recent epidemic. Ind J Radiol Imag 7:189–192Google Scholar
- 15.Mia MW, Nurullah AM, Hossain A et al (2010) Clinical and sonographic evaluation of dengue fever in Bangladesh: a study of 100 cases. Dinajpur Med Col J 3:29–34Google Scholar
- 16.Setiawan MW, Samsi TK, Pool TN et al (1995) Early diagnosis of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Ultrasound Int 1:140Google Scholar | <urn:uuid:a1388e56-cabd-4a4e-a152-d7a23cc35f7a> | {
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Fort San Lorenzo in Panama
December 3, 2018
As far as historical points of interest within Panama, visiting Fort San Lorenzo is definitely a key site to visit. The Chagres River was a key method of transportation across the isthmus of Panama during the 1500’s as Spain used it to transport gold from its conquests in Mexico and South America to the Caribbean Sea where they could return it to Spain. It wasn’t long before pirates began attacking the ships as they made their way to the sea, so Spain built Fort San Lorenzo around 1560 to protect their ships from the pirates.
The pirates that attacked the ships were not the ones of a Disney movie and were vicious and ruthless. Over the next 40 years, the fortifications at the fort continued to evolve as the fort became more secure. One of the first things that you notice as you visit the remains of the fort is that the canons all face inland and not towards the river. This is because the attacks on the fortress actually occurred from land as the pirates tried to take control of the high point above the river. The cliffs around the fortress are far too steep for anyone to attack the fort from the river. The fortress also has two motes around it providing the ability to trap attackers as the soldiers retreated into the interior walls.
The fort was attacked and pretty much put into ruins in 1670 by the infamous pirate, Henry Morgan (from Captain Morgan rum fame). It was pretty much abandoned after that, but it was used as a prison during part of the 1700’s. Spain abandoned travel through the isthmus in favor of traveling around Cape Horn, but it became a popular route once again during the gold rush of 1848. The fort was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 and is part of the current Panama Canal.
You travel through a national park on your way to the fortress and during our ride, we stopped several times to see monkeys, a tree sloth, and most interestingly, an anteater in the trees. We spent about an hour walking through the ruins and despite being a world heritage site, our group was all alone during our time there. Afterwards, we set up chairs underneath a tree to enjoy some lunch. We did have one visitor during our lunch as a tarantula poked his head out of a hole in the tree to see what we were eating. We would definitely recommend that you put Fort San Lorenzo on your itinerary when visiting Panama City. | <urn:uuid:3424a184-6b2b-4009-b26b-bf2662eaa2ab> | {
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Mechanized of Interlocking Brick and Its Structural Behaviour as Load Bearing and Non-Load Bearing Element-Review
- Interlocking brick,
- load bearing and non-load bearing
Copyright (c) 2019 International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Conventional bricks are the most elementary building materials for houses construction. However, the rapid growth in today's construction industry has obliged the civil engineers in searching for a new building technique that may result in even greater economy, more efficient and durable as an alternative for the conventional brick. Moreover, the high demands for having a speedy and less labour and cost building systems is one of the factor that cause the changes of the masonry conventional systems. These changes have led to improved constructability, performance, and cost as well. Several interlocking bricks has been developed and implemented in building constructions and a number of researches had studied the manufacturing of interlocking brick and its structural behaviour as load bearing and non-load bearing element. This technical paper aims to review the development of interlocking brick and its structural behaviour. In conclusion, the concept of interlocking system has been widely used as a replacement of the conventional system where it has been utilized either as load bearing or non-load bearing masonry system.
2. Allen E and Thallon R 2011 Fundamentals of residential construction (John Wiley & Sons)
3. Irwan J, Zamer M and Othman N 2016 A Review on Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks (ICEB) with Addition of Bacteria MATEC Web of Conf.: EDP Sciences 0-5
4. Korany Y and Humphrey S 2010 Proc. of the 2nd Masonry Mini Symp
5. Anand K and Ramamurthy K 2005 Development and evaluation of hollow concrete interlocking block masonry system Masonry Soc. J. 23 11-9
6. Correia S L, Souza F L, Dienstmann G, Segadaes A M, ― Assessment of the recycling potential of fresh concrete waste using a factorial design of experiments‖, Waste Manage 2009; 29:2886-91.
7. Jain A K, ―Fly Ash Utilization in Indian Cement Industry: Current Status and Future Prospects‖, Indian Concrete Institute, an Electronic Bulletin, Vol. 2, Issue 2, Feb.2011.
8. R and D Proposals, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, December, 2012.
9. Uygunog˘lu T , Topcu I B, Gencel O, Brostow W, ―The effect of fly ash content and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-fabricated concrete interlocking blocks (PCIBs)‖, Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 180-187.
10. Dhadse S, Kumari P, Bhagia L J, ―Fly Ash Characterization, Utilization and Government Initiatives in India- A Review‖, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol. 67, January 2008, 11-18.
11. Y. M. Adedeji, "Interlocking masonry: Panacea for sustainable low-cost housing in Nigeria,” Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 744-750, 2008.
12. H. G. Harris, K. H. Oh and A. A. Hamid, "Development of new interlocking and mortarless block masonry units for efficient building system," in Proceedings of 6th Masonry Symposium, Saskatchewan, Canada, 1992.
13. M. P. Amado, A. J. Pinto and C. V. Santos, "The sustainable building process," in Proceedings of XXXV IAHS World Congress on Housing Science, Melbourne, Australia, 2007.
14. D. Chwieduk, "Towards sustainable energy buildings," Applied Energy, vol. 76, pp. 211-217, 2003.
15. M. Calkins, Materials for sustainable sites: a complete guide to the evaluation, selection and use of sustainable construction materials, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. | <urn:uuid:ef0cf9c7-2427-4b9d-82c9-52a6fb4c5e1a> | {
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English 501 Workshop in Creative Writing:
Experiment/Directive: Discursive Autobiography
There are many ways to go about writing what we are calling in this class a “discursive autobiography.” I offer a few approaches below–the route you take is up to you.
What is a ‘discursive autobiography’?
The main thing that differentiates conventional autobiography from discursive autobiography is that conventional autobiography treats language as a transparent vehicle to the self; it sets out to represent (presumably unmediated) “experience” as reflective of the “self” (singular); and it typically routes (memory, “experience,” perception) through linear narrative. Discursive autobiography treats language, in part, as a self-referring system–it doesn’t only rely on language’s tendency to “mean”; discursive autobiography takes discourse rather than experience as its ground or starting point; OR, discursive autobiography attempts to mine the “discourses” that comprise one’s selves. In discursive autobiography, it might be said that the writer lets language lead.
By this account, conventional autobiography encourages a passive relationship to language and subjectivity whereas discursive autobiography requires an inventive relationship. On a practical level, what this approach demands of a memoirist or biographer is that, instead of turning in the direction of the pre-given subject, she turn in the direction of the rhetorical conventions that comprise that subject in order to expose, exploit, or revise those narratives.In writing a discursive autobiography in the next week, you may learn what you didn’t know about your self and begin to inhabit language more fully. Possibility will open.
Approaches to writing discursive autobiography
Here’s one way to go about it: Rather than begin with a transparent experience that defines “who you are,” consider taking as your starting point the lines to a prayer, a parental commandment, a TV commercial, a children’s song, the rules to a game, an early lesson, a recipe, a conversation, in short, any linguistic template that, though taken for granted at the time, may have had far-reaching consequences for how you narrate who you are to yourself and others, how you situate yourself in the world, and what choices you make. See where the language game that will be the basis of your essay leads you if you free-write on it. Then structure an essay around the issues in the story of your self-construction that it enables you to explore.
Or, try making a list of self-portraying sentences that begin with leading phrases or phrases that we typically associate with self-construction: e.g., “And then I began to…”, “I remember” (see Jo Brainard’s booklength prose poem I Remember), “I believe…” The sentences don’t have to, as they evolve, be “true” to yourself. Rather, they might begin to comment on each other, contradict each other, or end up being about each other. You might want to play with alternating sentences that reflect what you really think you believe with sentences that don’t necessarily reflect your beliefs but that are suggested by the lead words: “I believe.”
Or, identify two or three discourses by which the “self” is narrated: e.g., a personal ad, a birth certificate, a doctor’s report, a census report, a legal document, a diary entry that you wrote as a child, and try to make a self-portrait out of these discourses in the form of a reappropriation. [I may share an example in class].
Or, organize a discursive autobiography around two competing discourses that comprise the self. | <urn:uuid:2d72978f-7284-4092-b9eb-0c26602d106b> | {
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Deep Neural Networks
This course will aim to introduce students to the core fundamentals of modern deep multi-layered neural networks, while still remaining grounded in practice. The underpinning assumption in its design is that while students may have experience (especially hands-on experience) in machine learning, data science or general software engineering — they have not worked with deep learning or taken prior courses in the area.
- Lecturer: Nicholas D. Lane
- Compute: Access to GPU resources is kindly provided by Google Compute Cloud credits offered to students for free.
- November 19th - 23rd, 2018
- March 11th - 15th, 2019
- November 25th - 29th, 2019
- March TBA, 2020
At the conclusion of this course students should understand:
- The principles and approaches for learning with deep neural networks.
- The main variants of deep learning (such convolutional and recurrent architectures), and their typical applications.
- The key concepts, issues and practices when training and modeling with deep architectures; as well as have hands-on experience in using deep learning frameworks for this purpose.
- How to implement basic versions of some of the core deep network algorithms (such as back-propagation)
- How deep learning fits within the context of other machine learning approaches, and what tasks it is considered to be suited and not well suited to perform.
- Introduction to Neural Networks and Deep Learning: Background, History and Intuition
- Supervised Training Methods, and Basic Architectures: Multi-layer Perceptrons, Backpropagation, Stochastic Gradient Descent
- Convolutional Networks and Image Applications
- Unsupervised Methods and Related Architectures: Autoencoders and Generative Adversarial Networks
- Recurrent Networks and Time-series/Sequential Applications
- Modeling Audio, and Case studies in Speech and Sounds: Data Augmentation and Transfer Learning
- Practical Implications due to Hardware, Systems and the Cloud: Scalability and Efficiency of Training and Inference
Students registering for this course must satisfy three area of background knowledge.
- Mathematical Foundations — Undergraduate courses in the following topics: calculus, probability and linear algebra
- Programming Skills — Undergraduate level programming courses or experience that indicates programming proficiency
- Machine Learning Experience — Students are required to have taken at least one prior course in machine learning at an introductory level during earlier study. Such a course should have provided basic machine learning concepts and ideas, as well as described some popular modelling approaches (at the time the course was taken). There is no expectation this course would have covered any content related to deep learning or types of neural networks.
Professional Masters Program
We offer this course as part of the Profession Masters Program at the Computer Science Department (formerly known as the Software Engineering Program – SEP). Further details of this program can be found here, with the other courses on this program listed here. | <urn:uuid:e04548ab-603d-4c97-93c8-b5d001a05f18> | {
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Q1. In the case of test tube babies
(a) egg is fertilized in the uterus.
(b) embryo completes its development in a test tube.
(c) embryo is placed in uterus after 2 months.
(d) egg is fertilized outside mother’s body.
Ans: (c) Prior of the implantation of the blastocyst the uterus of the recipi-ent mother should be made ready to receive the embryo. This is usually done with the hormonal treatment. The blastocyst is introduced into the uterus by one of the two methods – by using a catheter through the vagina and cervical canal to the womb or directly into the uterus through a cut made in the wall of the uterus. The womb of the mother under the influence of the hormones develops the endometrium and the blastocyst gets im-planted and the normal process of pregnancy continues.
Q2. The age of trees is determined by its :
(a) girth (b) height
(c) growth rings
(d) general appearance
Ans: (c) Growth rings can determine the age of the trees. Growth rings, also referred to as tree rings or annual rings, can be seen in a horizontal cross section cut through the trunk of a tree. Growth rings are the result of new growth in the vascular cambium, a layer of cells near the bark that is classified as a lateral meristem. These visible rings result from the change in growth speed through the seasons of the year, thus one ring usually marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree.
Q3. Kidney disease in man is caused by the pollutant :
(a) Cadmium (b) Iron
(c) Cobalt (d) Carbon
Ans: (a) Cadmium (Cd), a by-product of zinc production, is one of the most toxic elements to which man can be exposed at work or in the environment. Once absorbed, Cd is efficiently retained in the human body, in which it accumulates throughout life. Cd is primarily toxic to the kidney, especially to theproximal tubular cells, the main site of accumulation. Cadmium accumulates in the kidneys and may sometimes cause kidney failure when it is in excess.
Q4. Fruits of this plant are found underground :
(a) Potato (b) Carrot
(c) Groundnut (d) Onion
Ans: (c) The peanuts, or groundnut (Arachishypogaea), is a species in the legume “bean” family (Fabaceae). The cultivated peanut was probably first domesticated in the valleys of Peru. It is an annual herbaceous plant growing tall.
Q5. A rare and endangered animal in Silent Valley is :
(a) Musk deer
(c) Lion-tailed macaque
Ans: (c) Among the more significant inhabitants of the silent valley forests are the lion tailed macaque which is on list of endangered animal and the Silent Valley is one of their habitats on earth. The lion- tailed macaque is one of the most endangered primates of India, confined in distribution to the rainforests of southern Western Ghats. Habitat specialists, they have adapted themselves to the evergreen environments available in the south Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, It has recently been estimated that only 3,000 to 4,000 individuals survive in the wild
Q6. Quantity of fresh air required for a man is
(a) 1000 cubic feet of air for every 20 minutes
(b) 1000 cubic feet of air for every 20 seconds
(c) 1000 cubic feet of air for every 10 minutes
(d) 1000 cubic feet of air for every 10 seconds
Ans: (a) Breathing sixteen times every minute an average volume of air amounting to 30 cubic inches, we find that the expired air amounts to no less than 17 cubic feet per hour. This contaminated air contains only 16 per cent of oxygen, and 4.5 per cent of carbonic acid gas, and is sufficient to vitiate no less than 3,000 cubic feet of fresh air. Pure fresh air contains from 0.03 to 0.04 per cent of carbonic acid gas, or at the most, .4 volumes per thousand volumes of air. Careful investigation shows that when further carbonic acid gas has been added raising the amount to more than .6 volumes per 1000 of fresh air that an unpleasant odour rapidly becomes perceptible and the air gets to be “close,” musty, or foul. According to these figures a person in a room ten feet square by ten feet high containing a 1000 cubic feet of air requires to have this air completely replaced twice during the hour so as to furnish 3,000 cubic feet of fresh air hourly in order to prevent the carbonic acid gas exceeding .06 per cent.
Q7. Reserpine is used to :
(a) reduce high blood pressure
(b) increase blood pressure when it is low
(c) alleviate pain
(d) cure arthritis
Ans: (a) Reserpine (Lannett’s Serpalan) is an indole alkaloid antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug that has been used for the control of high blood pressure. The antihypertensive actions of reserpine are a result of its ability to deplete catecholamines (among other monoamine neurotransmitters) from peripheral sympathetic nerve endings. These substances are normally involved in controlling heart rate, force of cardiac contraction and peripheral resistance.
Q8. ‘ELISA’ test is employed to diagnose :
(a) Polio virus
(b) AIDS antibodies
(c) Tuberculosis bacterium
Ans: (c) ELISA is an abbreviation for “enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay.” An ELISA test uses components of the immune system and chemicals to detect immune responses in the body (for example, to infectious microbes).It is used to detect the retrovirus antibodies. The ELISA test involves an enzyme (a protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction). It also involves an antibody or antigen (immunologic molecules).
Q9. Why excessive heating and repeated use of cooking oil is most undesirable?
(a) The oil vapours can cause indoor pollution
(b) Carcinogenic substances like benzpyrene are produced
(c) Nutrient value of food is lost
(d) Loss and wastage of oil
Ans: (b) Heating an oil changes its characteristics and this means that oils regarded as being healthy at room temperature can become unhealthy when heated above certain temperatures. The smoking point is the temperature at which a particular fat or oil starts to smoke and break down creating acreolein, an obnoxious-smelling compound. A 2001 review found that polyunsaturated oils like soya, canola, sunflower, and corn oil degrade quickly to yield toxic compounds when heated and that prolonged consumption of these degraded polyunsaturated oils was linked to atherosclerosis, inflammatory joint disease and the development of birth defects.
Q10. Which one of the following is a female sex hormone?
(a) Estrogen (b) Androgen
(c) Oxytocin (d) Insulin
Ans: (a) Estrogen is the general name for a group of hormone compounds. It is the main sex hormone in women and is essential to the menstrual cycle. Although both men and women have this hormone, it is found in higher amounts in women, especially those capable of reproducing. Secondary sex characteristics, which are the defining differences between men and women that don’t relate to the reproductive system, are determined in part by estrogen.
Q11. Clove, the commonly used spice, is obtained from the :
(a) root (b) stem
(c) flower bud (d) fruit
Ans: (c) Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. The clove tree is an evergreen that grows to a height ranging from 8–12 m, having large leaves and sanguine flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. The flower buds are at first of a pale colour and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting.
Q12. Labourers who do hard manual labour develop thick skin on their palms and soles due to :
(a) thick epidermis
(b) thick dermis
(c) thick subcutaneous tissue
(d) All of these
Ans: (d) If we look at the dermis, the layer on the skin beneath the epidermis (outer layer), and a certain type of cell within this layer, called a fibroblast, we find that the fibroblasts in the soles and palms secrete higher levels of a protein known as dickkopf 1, or DKK1, than the fibroblasts in the dermis at other body sites. It is believed that the rich source of DKK1 in these areas affects the epidermal layer above it and creates the physical characteristics of thickened, paler skin. DKK1 thickens the epidermis by increasing the number of skin cells and their density. Three genes affected by DKK1 – keratin 9, áKLEIP and â-catenin – have been found to cause this thickening. Keratin 9 reinforces the skin against physical impact, áKLEIP aids in cell division (multiplying) and makes cells smaller and, finally, a reduction in â-catenin is also possibly involved in cell contraction (making the cells more compact).
Q13. Maximum photosynthetic activity occurs in :
(a) blue and red region of light
(b) green and yellow region of light
(c) blue and orange region of light
(d) violet and orange region of light
Ans: (a) Wavelength of light between 400 nm and 700 nm is most effective for photosynthesis. This light is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Comparatively more photosynthesis occurs is red and blue regions though others have significant net photosynthesis. Light has maximum efficiency in red and minimum in blue region. In both these regions light is absorbed by chlorophylls. Red light favours more carbohydrate accumulation while blue light favours more protein synthesis.
Q14. AIDS virus has :
(a) single-stranded RNA
(b) double-stranded RNA
(c) single-stranded DNA
(d) double-stranded DNA
Ans: (a) AIDS viruses have single stranded RNA. It is composed of two copies of positive single-stranded RNA that codes for the virus’s nine genes enclosed by a conical capsid composed of 2,000 copies of the viral protein. The single-stranded RNA is tightly bound to nucleocapsid proteins.
Q15. A ‘breath test’ used by traffic police to check drunken driving uses:
(a) potassium dichromate-sulphuric acid
(b) potassium perma-nganatesulphuric acid
(c) turmeric on filter paper
(d) silica gel coated with silver nitrate
Ans: (a) The main constituent of alcohol is Ethanol and the concentration of ethanol in a sample can be determined by back titration with acidified potassium dichromate. Reacting the sample with an excess of potassium dichromate, all ethanol is oxidized to acetic acid. One major application for this reaction is in old police breathalyzer tests. When alcohol vapor makes contact with the yellow dichromate-coated crystals, the color changes from yellow to green. The degree of the color change is directly related to the level of alcohol in the suspect’s breath.
Q16. Anglo-Nubian is a breed of :
(a) sheep (b) goat
(c) poultry (d) cattle
Ans: (b) The Anglo-Nubian, or simply Nubian in the United States, is a breed of domestic goat. The breed was developed in Great Britain of native milking stock and goats from the Middle East and North Africa. Its distinguishing characteristics include large, pendulous ears and a “Roman” nose. Due to their Middle-Eastern heritage, Anglo-Nubians can live in very hot climates and have a longer breeding season than other dairy goats. Considered a dairy or dual-purpose breed, Anglo-Nubians are known for the high butterfat content of their milk, although on average, the breed produces less milk than other dairy breeds.
Q17. What kind of soil is treated with gypsum to make it suitable for cropping?
(d) Soil with excessive clay content
Ans: (a) Alkaline soils are treated with gypsum to make it suitable for cropping. Alkaline soils are clay soils with high pH (> 9), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate which causes the soil to swell and difficult to settle. Gypsum (calcium sulphate, CaSO4. 2H2O) can also be applied as a source of Ca++ ions to replace the sodium at the exchange complex. There must be enough natural drainage to the underground, or else an artificial subsurface drainage system must be present, to permit leaching of the excess sodium by percolation of rain and/or irrigation water through the soil profile.
Q18. Typhoid fever is caused by-
(a) virus (b) bacteria
(c) fungus (d) allergy
Ans: (b) Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a common worldwide bacterial disease, transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium Salmonella typhi, serotype Typhi.
Q19. Which of the following blood group is a universal reciptient?
(a) A (b) B
(c) AB (d) O
Ans: (c) Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but cannot donate blood to either A or B group. They are known as universal recipients.
Q20. Rod shaped bacteria is called
(a) Bacillus (b) Spirillum
(c) Coccus (d) Coma
Ans: (a) Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. Bacillus species can be obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, and test positive for the enzyme catalase. Bacillus includes both free-living and pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the cells produce oval endospores that can stay dormant for extended periods.
Q21. The animal which has become extinct recently in India happens to be
(a) Golden cat (b) Cheetah
(c) Wooly wolf (d) Rhinoceros
Ans: (b) Cheetahs have been known to exist in India for a very long time, but as a result of hunting and other causes, cheetahs have been extinct in India since the 1940s.The cheetah is the only animal that has been described extinct in India in the last 100 years.
Q22. All the progeny obtained from a single plant by vegetative propagation are called
(a) Clones (b) Pure line
(c) Indred line (d) Pedigree line
Ans: (a) A clone is obtained by vegetative propagation of a single plant and it propagates vegetatively in successive generation. It offers excitation for exploiting desirable mutations. It maintains purity of race in heterozygous state. The clones retains their original characteristics after many years of vegetative propagation i.e. they are stable.
Q23. What is a Sponge ?
(a) A fungus (b) A fossil
(c) A plant (d) An animal
Ans: (d) Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera. They are multicellular organisms which have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and which often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems.
Q24. Which of the following blood groups may be present in the children of a couple having blood groups A and B, respectively?
(a) A and B only
(b) A, B and AB
(c) A, B, AB and O
(d) AB only
Ans: (c) A heterozygous woman with type A blood and a heterozygous man with type B blood have, as you figured with your Punnet square, a 25% chance with each child that the child will have blood group O, 25% chance for blood group A, 25% chance for blood group B, and 25% chance for blood group AB. The same is true for the reciprocal cross: a heterozygous woman with type B blood and a heterozygous man with type A blood. In such a family, the existence of a child with blood group O is evidence that both parents are heterozygous.
Q25. Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?
(c) Whooping cough
(d) Ring worm
Ans: (a) Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. The term derives from the Greek poliós, meaning “grey”, myelós, referring to the grey matter of the spinal cord, and the suffix -itis, which denotes inflammation., i.e., inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although a severe infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher structures, resulting in polioencephalitis, producing apnea that requires mechanical assistance such as an iron lung.
Q1. In the case of test tube babies | <urn:uuid:e4da1cdd-6c12-49e3-9a4a-f643d3e5415d> | {
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Multiple Medications: Will They Work Together?
How can doctors and pharmacists know if the medicines I am taking will work together?
Computers are used to predict interactions between medicines. These interactions include those that might occur either as a result of using medications together long term or when adding a short course of one medication to a stable regimen. Many pharmacies have this capability, but your pharmacist must know all the medications you are taking for the computer program to identify all possible drug interactions.
Do my doctor and pharmacist need to know about over-the-counter medications?
It is important to understand that "natural" and "herb" is not synonymous with "safe." You can also take too much of a good over-the-counter supplement or nonprescription medicine, such as aspirin.
What are the effects of natural supplements on the medicines you take? What about alcohol's effect on medicine? All of these substances can change the way medications work in your body. Let your doctor and pharmacist know about all the medications you are taking and the average amount of alcohol you consume daily or weekly.
Can I take more than one drug together?
The way the body absorbs, breaks down, and eliminates medicine from your body is very important to the effect that a medicine has on your system, as well as its effect on other medications. Any time a person is taking five or more medications (as is frequently the case), the chances that he or she will experience a harmful drug interaction are very high.
How can I lessen the chance of a harmful drug interaction?
You, your pharmacist, and your doctor can work together to lessen the chance of an interaction between medicines. Be sure to tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of the over-the-counter medicines, supplements, and prescription medications you are taking. Listed below are some other general guidelines you can follow when taking medications.
Before medication is prescribed, tell your doctor:
- If you are allergic to any medications.
- If you are currently taking any other medications (including over-the-counter medications).
- If you are pregnant, think you might be pregnant or are trying to become pregnant.
- If you have problems taking any medications.
Note: These are general guidelines. Be sure to ask your doctor or pharmacist for guidelines specific to your medication.
- Keep a list of all your medications and their dosages with you.
- Keep a list of all of your allergies and inform your health care provider before any new medication is prescribed.
- Take your medications exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
- Do not stop taking your medications unless you talk to your doctor first.
- Do not double the dose of your medication.
- If you miss a dose of your medication at the scheduled time, don't panic. Take it as soon as you remember. However, if it has been 24 hours or longer after your scheduled dose, please check with your pharmacist or physician to determine if there should be any adjustments to your dosage regimen.
- Do not keep outdated medication or medication that is no longer needed. Throw old medicines away.
- Store medications in a dry area away from moisture (unless your doctor or pharmacist tells you the medicine needs to be refrigerated).
- Always keep medications out of the reach of children.
- Contact your doctor immediately if you experience any unusual side effects after taking your medication.
- Do not share your medications with others.
- If you store your medications in a container, label it with the medication name, dose, frequency, and expiration date.
- Keep your medications in your carry-on luggage when you travel. Do not pack your medications in a suitcase that is checked, in case the suitcase is lost.
- Take extra medication with you when you travel in case your flight is delayed and you need to stay away longer than planned. | <urn:uuid:ae6097b7-6e8f-485a-a724-e56b0bd0f588> | {
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Food dyes and food colorings are intended to make our dishes look delish and appealing to eat. They make our cookies festive and our store-bought smoothies appear healthy. Like sugar, food dyes and food colorings are in everything and they are not good for us.
Since 1955, an individual’s food dye consumption has increased five times over. Crazy, right?! And since that time, signs have indicated these food dyes cause health issues and may even lead to cancer.
Let’s take a look at some of the worst artificial food dyes and ones to avoid.
Worst Food Dyes
And with most modern food dyes are synthesized from petroleum, and today, there are nine common food dyes, with Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6 being the worst offenders and accounting for 90% of food dyes used in everyday foods.
Red 40 – This bad boy dye is used in so much! From drinks to desserts to pet food. It is also a carcinogen linked to cancer and has triggered lymph tumors in lab tests. It’s known to cause hyperactivity in children. And if there’s any indication of its potential danger, you should know it’s already banned in some European countries.
Yellow 5 – Also known as tartrazine and E102, this food dye is found in desserts, candies, baked goods, and even pet food. Like Red 40, it has caught the attention of European health officials, who’ve mandated that foods with this dye must contain a warning label.
It has been known to cause neurochemical effects such as ADHD, aggression, and insomnia. And can even affect asthma, allergies, and thyroid issues.
Yellow 6 – Used in baked goods, beverages, and sausages. Similar to Yellow 5, it may cause thyroid and kidney tumors.
Common Food Dyes and Colorings
- Red 2 – Known to cause asthma and cancer.
- Red 3 – Carcinogenic that may cause thyroid cancer and nerve damage. Red 3 is commonly used in baked goods (like cherry pie) and ice creams.
- Citrus Red 1 – This food dye is sprayed on oranges to give them a brighter presentation. However, it can damage our chromosomes and eventually lead to cancer.
- Citrus Red 2 – This is also used on orange peels, which can cause cancer if eaten.
- Blue 1 – Found in baked goods related foods, candies, and soft drinks, this food dye can damage chromosomes and lead to cancer.
- Blue 2 – Also found in candy, this food dye can cause brain tumors.
Other Food Dyes
There are many other food dyes out there to be aware of, such as:
- Green 3 – Found in candies and beverages, this food dye may cause bladder tumors.
- Caramel Coloring – Commonly found in soft drinks, sauces, pastries, and bread. Sadly, it has been known to cause cancer in lab mice when made with ammonia. Even sadder, food manufacturers are not required to tell consumers if it is, in fact, made with ammonia.
- Brown HT – Causes asthma, cancer, and hyperactivity in kids.
- Orange B – Common in hot dog and sausage casings, and horrible for our liver.
- Bixin, Norbixin, Annatto – Also all known to cause hyperactivity in children.
Reach for Foods with Natural Dyes
It sounds daunting and a bit overwhelming to tip-toe around and avoid every single one of these nasty additives. Instead, here are some simple things to remember:
- Avoid fast foods and sugary drinks
- Reach for fruits and veggies instead
- Avoid milk and meat with added hormones
The absolute best thing you can do is to reach for foods that use natural dyes such as beta-carotene, annatto, carotenoids, and carmine.
However, if you love to bake or cook at home and need a substitute, there are natural food dye options you can purchase in natural food markets.
Alternatively, you can even make your own food dyes from scratch (if you have the patience and talent). Simply think strawberries and raspberries for pinks, beets for reds (often seen in red velvet cakes), matcha for greens, and red cabbage for blues.
Obviously, anything you consume can be substituted for something more natural. But even natural foods (like Annatto!) can sometimes create food sensitivities. If you find a lot of foods disrupt your digestion or even give you brain fog, speak to a specialist at Naturna.
Potera C. The artificial food dye blues. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(10):A428. doi:10.1289/ehp.118-a428 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957945/ | <urn:uuid:52cbccdd-caff-4e07-93c3-9726a1f6e39e> | {
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Good Touch / Bad Touch is a body-safety program that teaches our children a comfortable way to talk about a very sensitive problem. Children are taught what abuse is, personal body-safety rules, who can help them and what to do if they are threatened or harmed. Good Touch / Bad Touch teaches children vital safety skills on a developmental level compatible with their age group. The lessons are positive and taught according to values such as respect for oneself and others, compassion, humour, honesty, caring and responsibility.
Informing children of the following concepts helps to reduce their vulnerability to abuse:
- Touch can be good, bad or confusing.
- Children are precious and have the right to know all the safety rules.
- Children can say “NO!” to touches they don’t like.
- Children can tell a trusted adult if they ever have a problem with sexual abuse, bullying or other confusing touches.
- Abuse is NEVER the child’s fault.
The program has been adapted especially for Nunavik by a committee involving Inuit and non-Inuit from different organizations: Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services (NRBHSS), Kativik Regional Police Force (KRPF), Kativik School Board (KSB), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (UTHC), CLSCs and the Department of Youth Protection (DYP). We believe that every child has a unique contribution to make to their communities and the world. We wish to help each child be safe and develop self-esteem to reach their full potential. We believe that parents and guardians should be heard, informed and valued in order for them to support their children. The program is presented in Inuktitut by experienced facilitators with the support of local interveners. | <urn:uuid:89a8582a-1595-4c81-bae8-05069728c39b> | {
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There are several different stages and types of bedsores. All of them involve a situation where sustained pressure is put on the skin. When the skin undergoes constant pressure for a long period of time, it becomes difficult or impossible for the blood to carry oxygen to cells in the pressurized area. As a result, skin and tissue in the area may begin to break down or die altogether.
Bedsores are common in the nursing home setting. The advanced age and lack of mobility of many elderly patients puts them at a heightened risk of developing bedsores. Staff members at nursing home facilities are entrusted with repositioning immobilized individuals and examining them for signs of bedsores. In addition to trying to prevent elderly bedsores, it is possible to limit their severity. The severity of bedsores is based on their accompanying symptoms.
Types of Bedsores
Bedsores fall into four basic categories. The number assigned to each category reflects the severity of the bedsore damage, with four being the greatest level of damage. As a bedsores progress in severity, it becomes increasingly more difficult to correct the issue.
Stage I Bedsore
This is the first, beginning stage of a bedsore. In the case of a stage I bedsore, the skin is still intact. However, the area of the bedsore may be warmer or cooler than the surrounding skin and may be painful when touched. On individuals with light skin, stage I bedsores appear as a red blotch. This blotch does not turn white when touched. On dark skinned individuals, the skin of a bedsore may not change color, but also may appear ashen or purple.
Stage II Bedsore
A bedsore is considered to have reached stage II if it has become an open wound. In the area of a stage II bedsore, the outer layer of skin is gone. Additionally, the “dermis” which is located just under the outer layer of skin, may also be damaged or completely removed. The open wound present in stage II may be shallow and appear to be pinkish red in color.
Stage III Bedsore
A stage III bedsore has deepened into a serious wound. Skin loss in the bedsore area is generally significant and deep enough to expose some fat. The wound will resemble a crater, and there may be dead, yellowish tissue in the bottom of it. At this point, damage may be taking place down below the skin layer.
Stage IV Bedsore
An individual with a stage IV bedsore is defined by significant loss of tissue in the bedsore location. The damage is so deep that tendons, muscles and bones all may be visible at the wound site. Crusty dead tissue is often present in the bottom of the wound at this point.
Treating Elder Bedsores
Success in treating elderly bedsores depends on several factors. An individual’s health and stage of bedsore are strong indicators of the rate and success of healing. For very elderly individuals, the healing process may take quite some time, especially in cases where a stage III or stage VI bedsore is present. It can take years for a severe bedsore to heal.
In nursing home facilities, it is usually the responsibility of staff to reposition residents with bedsores, as well as clean and bandage their wounds. Proper, regular cleaning and treatment can help to quicken the healing process. However, if protocol is not followed by a negligent nursing home staff, a bedsore may get worse or become infected.
Regardless of the type of bedsore, treatment requires attention from medical professionals. In some instances, nursing home staff members fail to complete duties that will minimize bedsore risk or damage. When nursing home employees engage in negligent behavior, they may cause premature death or further bedsore complications. If negligence at a nursing home results in a loved one suffering from bedsores or related complications, it may be appropriate to file a lawsuit.
Staff, Mayo Clinic. “Bedsores.” . Mayo Clinic, 19 3 2011. Web. 24 May 2013. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bedsores/DS00570/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs
Yoshikawa, Thomas. “Infected Pressure Ulcers in Elderly Individuals.” Oxford Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35.11 (2002): 1390-1396. Web. 24 May. 2013. http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/11/1390.full | <urn:uuid:0a63f684-eacf-4483-a940-511397ef0385> | {
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xiv, 295 pages : illustrations, maps ; 24 cm
QH77.N56 F66 2004
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-280) and index.
Formatted Contents Note
Bad news The extinction crisis The pleistocene-holocene event: forty thousand years of extinction The first wave The second and third waves Ecological wounds of North America : direct killing and habitat loss Ecological wounds of North America : fragmentation, loss of ecological processes, exotic species, pollution, and climate change Good news Conservation biology Rewilding North America Selecting and designing protected areas: the early days Selecting and designing protected areas: the past two decades The importance of wilderness areas Taking action Putting the pieces together: building a North American Wildlands network An ecological approach to wilderness area selection and design Land management reforms for implementing the North American Wildlands network | <urn:uuid:85520400-8b0e-48ce-9cbc-35f924b27bf3> | {
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Module 2: Project Planning
In project management, we sometimes refer to the triple constraints as a trilemma – kind of a three way dilemma – for it is often said that given stakeholder expectations of fast delivery (time), low cost and every possible feature (scope), you can only ever realistically expect to achieve two out of three.
And even that is often ambitious!
Whether or not you can meet or manage these expectations comes down to the quality of your project plan and its associated consideration of risk.
The science of planning is what truly distinguishes project management as a profession from traditional forms of management.
It is at once both complex and simple: a comprehensive project management plan can run for hundreds of pages, with the schedule alone stretching several metres when viewed end-to-end; while the theory that underpins it is almost embarrassingly simple.
Yet many project managers do themselves a disservice by going straight to the complex, using past project plans as templates (and compounding the mistakes of their predecessors), without ever understanding the ‘why’.
In this Module we introduce you to the theory of project planning using quite simple, illustrative examples. Yet, as we shall see, no plan is perfect and how you anticipate and manage uncertainty – or risk – is equally critical to project success.
In fact, the lessons learned here are as relevant to planning the company picnic as they are to planning a manned mission to Mars – the only difference is one of scale. | <urn:uuid:576e2bad-7047-4142-91d7-0d118bbe8ca2> | {
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|Oriental Orthodox (Non-Chalcedonian) perspective, which may differ from an Eastern Orthodox (Chalcedonian) understanding.|
Early life, conversion, and preaching
According to the life of Abba Inbaqom he was originally a Yemeni Muslim merchant. During the early 1500s Abba Inbaqom left Yemen to settle in Ethiopia, where he began a study of the Quran and Islam that resulted in his abandonment of Islam and conversion to Orthodox Christianity. He was baptized at Debre Libanos with the name of the Prophet Habakkuk ('Inbaqom' in Ge'ez).
The baptism of Abba Inbaqom took place not long before the great war between the Muslim Sultanate of Adal and the Ethiopian Empire that saw the occupation of most of Ethiopia by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, more popularly known as Ahmed Gragn. Wherever he went Ahmed Gragn burned monasteries and churches and sought to force the Orthodox to convert to Islam. Although most of the clergy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church were not equipped to engage in polemics with the sheikhs from Adal, Abba Inbaqom was naturally well versed in both the teachings of Islam and the Orthodox Faith and traveled from place to place during the war strengthening the faith of the beleaguered Orthodox by his preaching.
Abba Inbaqom was eventually made Ichige of Debre Libanos, thus serving not only as the Monastery's abbot, but also as the highest ranking clergyman of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church under the Egyptian-appointed metropolitan. He served as ichige for nearly 40 years, during this time writing the Menbere Haimanot ('Gate of Faith') and translating into Ge'ez St. John Chrysostom's commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews and the life of Ss. Barlaam and Josaphat.
Some have compared Abba Inbaqom with Shaikh Zekaryas, a Muslim Amhara born in the 19th century who led thousands of other Ethiopian Muslims to the Orthodox Faith.
- Enbaqom (Dictionary of African Christian Biography) | <urn:uuid:2a2f8900-ace9-4576-bce9-3f7fe50ba283> | {
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Cervical Blood Vessels
There are a number of major blood vessels in the cervical spinal region including: the brachiocephalic vein; the internal jugular vein; the subclavian vein; the external jugular vein; and the right common carotid artery. As the cervical spine is a complex region with many tightly packed structures, it is not uncommon for these blood vessels to occasionally be impinged upon. Problems with circulation through the neck to the brain are connected to disease conditions such as multiple sclerosis, as well as stroke and vascular dementia.
Blood travelling up to the head originates from the aortic arch’s upper systemic loop and travels through the brachiocephalic artery, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic artery branches into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery and provides blood not just for the head but for the right upper chest, right arm, and neck, through the right vertebral artery. The left subclavian artery provides the left upper chest and left arm with blood. Together the left and right subclavian arteries form the internal thoracic artery which supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts.
The thyrocervical trunk is also a branch of the subclavian artery which originates between the subclavian artery’s root and the inner edge of the anterior scalenus muscle. This cervical blood vessel is thick and short and soon branches into the inferior thyroid artery, the suprascapular artery, and the transverse cervical artery. The costocervical trunk also arises from the subclavian artery towards the upper back region of the vessel. This trunk is behind the anterior scalenus muscle too, on the right hand side, and splits to form the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery. The supreme intercostal artery is the uppermost intercostal artery which lies behind the pleura covering the front of the first and second ribs. The costocervical trunk can also branch off as it enters the first intercostal space, although sometimes this branch is not present and the area is supplied with blood from an intercostal branch of the aorta. When conducting surgery on the chest surgeons will usually establish the location of this branch in the right side, taking care not to assume its presence or absence.
The right and left vertebral arteries feed into the basilar artery and then the posterior cerebral artery which supplies the brain with most of its oxygenated blood. The internal carotid artery also provides the brain with blood, while the external carotid artery supplies blood to the neck and face. These two arteries are divisions of the left common carotid artery. Blood leaving the head to return to the heart is drained by the subclavian vein and jugular vein. The right and left jugular veins drain the blood from the parotid glands, facial muscles, and scalp, leading into the subclavian veins. The right and left vertebral veins drain the vertebrae and muscles in the neck into the right subclavian vein and the superior vena cava which lead into the right atrium of the heart.
Problems of Blood Supply in the Neck
Certain conditions of the cervical spine can compromise the function of these major cervical blood vessels, preventing proper circulation and causing ischaemia and neck pain. In extreme circumstances and injury to the neck can cut or sever one of these blood vessels which may affect circulation to the brain and cause a loss of consciousness. The presence of cervical ribs can lead to compression of the blood vessels in the neck, such as the subclavian artery, or to nerves in the brachial plexus. Muscle pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness are all symptoms that may be attributed to blood vessel compression, as well as nerve compression in the cervical spine. If the hands feel peculiarly cold, particularly if there is a marked difference in temperature in one hand over the other then there may be a problem with compression of the brachial plexus and the potential for thoracic outlet syndrome. Patients are advised to check their symptoms with their doctor.
Sometimes an acute injury, such as whiplash can cause problems with the blood vessels. In this case it is usually due to inflammation in the neck muscles which then decreases blood circulating through smaller blood vessels. As blood supply to the muscles decreases the muscle tissue can deteriorate, which may lead to further inflammatory responses and more compression on the blood vessels. If this happens then simple activities such as dressing oneself can become difficult.
There is also some cause for concern regarding the cervical blood vessels in the neck as the cervical spine is unique in that it has blood vessels directly exiting through the vertebrae. Each cervical vertebra has special openings through which the arteries supplying blood to the brain can pass. These holes are called foramen and occur in the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae where the lamina joins the pedicle. Osteophyte growth, fracture, or degeneration in the cervical vertebrae can put pressure on these blood vessels and the nerves which also pass through gaps in the spinal column. | <urn:uuid:8d036ec5-541b-47fc-afe5-90bb9d5e879b> | {
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Why should a family learn how to use an Expected Family Contribution or EFC Calculator? Beginning October 1st, the FAFSA form or Free Application for Federal Student Aid will be available for the school year 2020-2021. The Expected Family Contribution or EFC is the amount a college will use in estimating a student’s financial need. Families will get their Expected Family Contribution number after completing the FAFSA form and this number will be sent to the colleges the student has specified.
How is the EFC Calculated?
Most people believe the EFC to be one number, but it is the sum of four significant calculations. PayForED breaks down the Expected Family Contribution so that parents and students can understand what details are involved in this calculation and their financial aid positioning. The actual calculation is four separate numbers that are summed together: parents’ income, parents’ assets, student’s income, and student’s assets. Each of these components has separate rules and allowances. To read more about each of these components click here to read our blog article titled, “EFC Calculation”.
Using the PayForED’s EFC Calculator
One of the functions built into the PayForED’s College Cost Analyzer is the EFC calculator. Families can get an advance preview of how much financial aid they might receive for all the schools on a college list. The EFC Calculator in the College Cost Analyzer was developed using the same formula as the federal government and has been updated for the FAFSA year 2020-2021 academic year.
You might wonder how the College Cost Analyzer software is helpful? With this software, families only need to input their financial information once and then the information will be generated for all of their schools on their list. This fast and easy comparison will show families by school what they are expected to pay. If the calculation shows that they are eligible for less aid than was expected, it helps engage the family and allows them to review the colleges on their child’s list. Questions on how much merit aid or outside scholarships should also be discussed during this time, along with the EFC number.
This approach is done twice in the PayForED methodology. The first is at the pre-application process and then again once the acceptance letter is received. By using this method it improves the college application list and then helps a family make an informed decision by allowing you to compare colleges side by side easily.
How Accurate are EFC Calculators?
Most college websites have net price calculators which will give a family an estimate of what the college will expect to pay. The question you will need to determine is how accurate are these calculators and do you want to go spend your time going to every college site to complete this process. If you go this route, always check to see if the cost of attendance data is reflecting the more current cost. Based on a recent University of Penn Study many college net price calculators are not updated.
Families also need to review the financial information that they enter. The accuracy of the EFC number is dependent on the accuracy of your information. When you do the FAFSA, we recommend that you enter the information and then wait a day to go back and check your information. If you use the College Cost Analyzer, the EFC number calculated should give you a good estimate for your FAFSA or Federal EFC number. This software solution will also provide additional transparency to your net cost and debt at graduation for each college.
Consulting a Financial Advisor
After using the PayForED EFC calculator, you may need more extensive help finding financial strategies to help lower your EFC and cost of college. Most people underestimate the paying for college complexity. If you want to consult an expert, a list of College Funding and Student Loan Advisors (CFSLA) are listed on the PayForED website.
Remember, your EFC number is just one part of the paying for college puzzle. Other college costs saving ideas include educational tax credits, college saving plans and selecting the best financing options. | <urn:uuid:d73352d3-5c1e-4913-8ea0-1e87333752a6> | {
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Scientists identify calcium 'accelerator' to keep cell power supply going
A team of scientists from Temple University School of Medicine and the University of Pennsylvania has moved another step closer to solving a decades-long mystery of how the all-important flow of calcium into the cell's power source, the mitochondria, is controlled.
By painstakingly shutting down the activity of 50 genes, one at a time, they have identified a protein, MCUR1, which hugs the inside of the mitochondrial membrane and is part of an elaborate mitochondrial channel pore system. MCUR1 acts as an accelerator to help regulate calcium coming into the mitochondria from the cell's large reservoir.
The results, appearing November 25, 2012 in an advance online issue of the journal Nature Cell Biology, may also point to new treatment opportunities. Understanding how to manipulate MCUR1 may help in the development of treatments for disease conditions involving excessive calcium in the cell, such as cardiovascular disease and stroke.
"Calcium is a key to regulate many fundamental processes in cells," said co-senior author Muniswamy Madesh, PhD, Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at Temple University School of Medicine and a member of Temple's Center for Translational Medicine. "Excessive calcium in the cell's mitochondria could lead to heart and neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. This pathway could be contributing to disease conditions during ischemia/reperfusion injury and stroke, and this discovery opens up possible therapeutic interventions."
Maintaining calcium at an appropriate level is crucial for cells to work properly, and especially important in the mitochondria. Cells rely on mitochondria to generate usable energy in the form of the chemical ATP, which is necessary to carry out normal cellular and metabolic activities. ATP production in turn depends on calcium – more specifically, charged calcium ions – that can enter into the mitochondria from the cell's vast supply in the cytoplasm. Dr. Madesh, co-senior author Kevin Foskett, PhD, at the University of Pennsylvania, and their co-investigators recently described the role of a gatekeeper protein in maintaining a calcium "set point" under normal resting conditions in the mitochondria. But a long unanswered question remained: the details of how calcium entry into the mitochondria is controlled.
How MCUR1 Dictates Calcium Load
In the current study, Drs. Madesh and Foskett and their co-workers may have come closer to solving this puzzle. Dr. Madesh and his group sought to identify the genes involved in the flow of calcium into the mitochondria. They developed a way to use a technology called targeted RNA interference (RNAi) to screen 50 mitochondrial proteins, systematically testing whether eliminating the function of each of these genes individually altered the movement of calcium into the mitochondria. They found a mitochondrial inner membrane protein – MCUR1 – that regulates a calcium channel pore during active calcium uptake.
MCUR1 is part of a calcium channel pore called the uniporter, the existence of which has been known for some five decades. Recent studies identified two important pieces of the pore – a subunit protein, MCU, and the gatekeeper protein, MICU1, to maintain calcium levels at a resting, set point. The researchers found that MCUR1 interacts with MCU to accelerate the movement of calcium into mitochondria when the cell's calcium level rapidly rises.
"MCUR1 is an essential third component of the uniporter complex," Dr. Madesh said. "In the absence of MCUR1, mitochondrial calcium uptake is markedly reduced, with adverse cellular consequences, including compromised cellular bioenergetics."
Without this accelerator, the mitochondria channel pore alone cannot take up calcium. When MCUR1 is physically attached to the pore, it is functional, and when it is not attached, it is much less active. "The regulator is always on, and its activity level increases when the extra-mitochondrial calcium levels increase. When there is a high calcium level, say during a disease state, the MCUR1 senses this and facilitates the channel activity, dumping calcium inside," Dr. Madesh explained.
Calcium Control as a Targeted Therapeutic
Dr. Madesh explained that in some disease conditions – such as ischemic reperfusion injury (tissue damage that occurs when blood returns to tissue after a period without oxygen), stroke involving brain injury from ischemia, and myocardial infarction – calcium floods into the mitochondria. "The mitochondria have a massive membrane potential and grab external calcium. The mitochondria then are overloaded and rupture, leading to cell death and possible organ injury."
Because some diseases are characterized by an overabundance of calcium in the mitochondria, a possible therapy could involve slowing down the amount of calcium coming into the mitochondria. "We want to control the calcium entering the mitochondria," he said.
"Further studies already underway should reveal the precise molecular mechanisms by which MCUR1 accelerates the channel pore MCU, providing insights into mitochondrial bioenergetics," said first author Karthik Mallilankaraman, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Biochemistry and the Center for Translational Medicine at Temple University School of Medicine. | <urn:uuid:b049a446-90fe-403f-bc3b-1d8215b8a219> | {
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Brazil recovers ancient human fossil fragments from burnt Rio museum
Brazilian officials said Friday they have recovered pieces of a 12,000-year-old fossil of a neolithic woman that was among the prized artifacts in Rio de Janeiro's burnt down National Museum.
"We found almost all of the skull and 80 percent of its fragments have been identified," museum director Alexander Kellner said, adding that fragments of a femur were also uncovered from the ashes.
The fossil, nicknamed "Luzia," was discovered in 1970 in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais by a French-led expedition.
A Manchester University team later did a digital face reconstruction based on the skull, which was used to model a sculpture of the ancient woman.
That sculpture went up in flames on September 2 along with most of the museum's 20 million artifacts. But the original skull fragments, kept in a metal urn in a closet, were found a few days ago.
"They've suffered alterations, damage. But we're very optimistic at the find and all it represents," said Claudia Rodrigues, a professor at the museum who has been picking through the debris.
The 200-year-old institution was considered the main natural history museum in Latin America, and was known for its paleontology department and its 26,000 fossils.
The cause of the fire is under investigation.
© 2018 AFP | <urn:uuid:a58c6ed9-6dac-4a6a-b11c-a97a8398e2ea> | {
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The hay fields in summer were lush and green, and heavy rains had broken the beaver dams on David Trew’s farm. When I called to get directions, he tried to convince me not to come. “Not sure if you’d still be interested,” he said. But of course I was; change was the whole point. Trew’s hundred acres lay along the Mora River, about an hour’s drive over the mountains from Taos, New Mexico, in an isolated valley settled by Spanish colonial farmers before the U.S. public land survey. The long, thin parcels are stacked perpendicular to the river, oblivious to the national grid. Mora was a pocket of resistance in the Mexican-American War and, a century and a half later, the first U.S. county to ban oil and gas operations, starting a nationwide movement. 1 They do things differently here.
I was beginning a road trip through the Mountain West, studying the return of the North American beaver, which has lately gained something of a cult reputation as an environmental engineer. 2 I had heard stories about humans and beavers working together to restore wetlands and river systems, and I wanted to see for myself. That might sound weird — working together — but as a landscape designer you have to be open to unusual collaborations. 3 If farmers and ranchers were turning into “beaver believers,” I could respect that.
When beavers returned to the Mora Valley, David Trew harnessed their activity to bring more water to his farm.
I drove past a small Catholic church, down a dirt road, across the river shrouded by coyote willows, to reach the farm that Trew manages. A thin irrigation ditch had overflowed, inundating the hay fields. Agriculture is complicated in Mora. The valley gets about 22 annual inches of rain and snow, more than twice the state average, but it falls unevenly. Between the spring snowmelt and the late-summer monsoons, there are dry spells, and farmers draw water from the river through community-managed acequias, an intricate network of historic canals.
Growing up in the parched Texas Panhandle, Trew had helped his family experiment with water harvesting techniques that produced eight new live springs on their ranch. 4 So when beavers moved to his part of Mora Valley, he decided he would leave their dams undisturbed and observe the impact on the land. In that first season, the river held more water late into the summer and fall, and groundwater levels rose. High pressure drew water upslope to seeps and springs that had been dry for years. That gave Trew the idea of harnessing the beavers’ activity to bring more water to the farm. To keep the dams from getting out of hand and flooding his fields, he installed a pond leveling system known as the “beaver deceiver.” Invented by wildlife conservationist Skip Lisle, it involves a caged pipe placed upstream of the beaver dam, so that water rising above a certain level flows into the pipe to be released downstream. 5
Left alone, beavers modify the environment more extensively than pretty much any other animal — except humans — and they fit their designs to the site context. Sometimes they build a single dam and maintain it for years. Elsewhere they create dozens of structures, shaping a watery world of ponds, shallow wetlands, and meadows. They eat the leaves, buds, and inner bark of trees, preferring soft woods — aspen, poplar, cottonwood, willow, alder, birch, maple, cherry — though they are highly adaptable and will use other species, too. And, of course, they fell trees and bring the logs and cuttings back to their home pond to build dams and lodges, using rocks to stabilize the bottom and sediment to strengthen the walls. Beaver dams can be as large as ten feet tall and 1,500 feet long, but in the small tributary streams where I did my field research, they were typically ten to 30 feet long. I saw deep, well-established ponds up to an acre in size, usually with a lodge in the middle.
Ahead of my trip to the Mora Valley, a monsoon had caused flooding that breached the two main dams on Trew’s farm. But while the failure of a beaver dam is violent and destructive, it is part of a cycle that makes hydrologic systems more resilient. The sudden rush of water produces wider, braided streambeds and meanders, and it renews the meadows with sediment and nutrients. After checking out the broken dams, Trew and I walked a half mile upstream to see the beavers’ reconstruction project, where they were building a series of weirs to slow the current so they could build a new main dam. We counted about ten of these smaller structures, at intervals of 50 to 100 feet along the river, and we saw young willow shoots growing in the hay field, twenty feet from the bank, indicating that the groundwater had expanded to effectively double the river’s width.
While the failure of a beaver dam is violent and destructive, it is part of a cycle that makes river systems more resilient.
Later, on the walk back to my car, we passed one of the 17th-century acequias, and Trew explained the complexity of settlement in the valley. If the beavers are new here — or new again — so are many of the farmers. Mora County has some of the state’s least expensive irrigated cropland, and when Trew arrived in 2007 it was rapidly being developed; the number of farms and ranches had grown by 44 percent in five years. 6 The gravity-fed acequias create a shallow wetland network across the valley — a novel ecosystem in its own right — but the open ditches are less efficient than pipes and culverts, and in the current climate there is not enough water to go around. 7
Trew wondered whether the destruction of the dams on his farm might have been helped along by a vandal with a crowbar.
With the river at their front door, Trew has encouraged his neighbors to lessen their reliance on the acequias by using natural surface and groundwater flows. He sells organic hay at a premium as specialty feed, and he talks up the economic benefits of managing the land holistically. But not everyone has come around to his point of view. Some of his neighbors see the beavers as pests and say the ponds invite mosquitos and floods. Trew wondered whether the destruction of the dams on his farm might have been helped along by a vandal with a crowbar.
As I left the farm, I thought about the how the hard lines of the acequias and the braided, shifting stream channels offered a contrast between two ways of thinking about a landscape over time. Destruction, abandonment, and renewal are so important to the beavers’ cycle, and to the way they build and inhabit space, which is contrary to human values like linearity and constancy. Adaptations like Lisle’s pond leveler have helped the two species live side by side, but if people and beavers are truly going to work together to restore water systems in the Mountain West, there will need to be a greater reconciliation.
Once hunted nearly to extinction, North American beavers have recovered to a population of about 10 to 15 million. That sounds impressive, until you realize that they were once ten times as numerous. Before the colonial fur trade, beavers outnumbered humans and played nearly as big a role in shaping the environment. 8 Still: imagine how many millions of beaver dams are out there right now, occupied or abandoned, on the back acreage of untended fields or in steep, hidden valleys. Subversive animals are rewriting the landscape, changing its topography, without hardly anybody registering the change.
Subversive animals are rewriting the landscape, changing its topography, without hardly anybody registering the change.
There is no map of beaver habitat. Many people I talked to on my tour across the dry Colorado Plateau were surprised to learn there were any wetlands around at all. I called ecologists and state land managers to identify potential beaver building sites, and I pored over aerial images looking for clues. Heading north on Highway 84, through a national forest named after the fur trapper Kit Carson, I pulled over to check out a beaver lodge I had spotted on Google Earth along Canjilon Creek. It was a bust. The lodge had collapsed, probably months ago, and the pond was a puzzle of cracked mud and sand.
I camped that night among the magnificent mesas at Georgia O’Keefe’s Ghost Ranch, listening to a thunderstorm and thinking about flash floods. 9 Collectively, beavers may have a large impact on the land, but individually their efforts are easily erased. Before we compare their works to those of landscape designers or engineers, we have to acknowledge the differences in scale. Starting around the turn of the 20th century, the hydrology of the American West was dramatically altered by the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers. How did O’Keefe feel when the Army Corps diverted a river and flooded 5,000 acres to create the Abiquiu dam and reservoir near her ranch? Built in 1959, for hydroelectricity, water supply storage, and flood control, the reservoir was the result of a flawed technocratic imagination; it has never been fuller than 30 percent capacity, and lately that figure has been closer to five. 10
Before we compare beavers’ works to those of landscape designers or engineers, we have to acknowledge the differences in scale.
More recently, designers have proposed (and sometimes built) site-specific landscape infrastructures, adopting a “living systems” approach that embraces nature’s dynamic fluctuations, incorporates living materials, and even employs other species as agents of change. 11 Meanwhile, land managers coping with drought and climate change have sought ways to retain local water efficiently and cheaply. Here beavers make their star appearance. Across North America and Europe, public agencies and private actors have reintroduced beavers through “re-wilding” initiatives. In California and Oregon, beavers are enhancing wetlands that are critical breeding habitat for salmonids, amphibians, and waterfowl. In Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico, environmental groups have partnered with ranchers and farmers to encourage beaver activity on small streams. Watershed advocates in California are leading a campaign to have beavers removed from the state’s non-native species list, so that they can be managed as a keystone species rather than a nuisance. And federal policy is shifting, too. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service sees beavers as “partners in restoration,” and the Forest Service has supported efforts like the Methow Beaver Project, which mitigates water shortages in North Central Washington. Since 2017, the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service has funded beaver initiatives through its Aquatic Restoration Program. 12
Ecologist Glynnis Hood, at the University of Alberta, set the stage for much of this work in her 2011 cri de coeur, The Beaver Manifesto. “We drain a landscape; beavers build a dam and bring the water back,” she wrote. “There is something in that persistent drive to sustain water on the landscape that is a clue for our own survival as a species.” 13 In a way, beavers are the perfect companions for a D.I.Y. generation of design-build enthusiasts. “No other species do what beavers do, except humans,” Hood told me. “They are extremely adaptive.” When I mentioned that I was surprised to see beavers making sagebrush dams in Utah, she noted they have been known to use PVC pipes, rocks, and even beaver skulls. They are an urban species, too, taking up residence not just in pastoral suburbs but in cities like Vancouver, Calgary, Pittsburgh, and New York City. In Berlin, officials built a floating river platform to provide a “rest stop” for beavers swimming through an area where the embankments are completely hardscaped. 14
How are water rights affected by a beaver dam? How is risk managed? These are social and political questions.
Hood helped me see that restoring beaver habitat is not just an ecological challenge but a social one. When beavers modify the environment through their constructions, the effects are felt downstream, outside wetlands and other conservation areas. 15 How are water rights affected by a beaver dam? How is risk managed? These are social and political questions. In fact, when the Scottish government started a beaver reintroduction program, it hired sociologists to work alongside ecologists. 16 People complain that beavers are destructive, they’re unpredictable, they cause flooding. These things are all true. Living with such a willful species requires careful negotiation. Humans have to recognize the ecological benefits beavers bring, and be willing to give up some control.
Continuing my field research, I met Dr. Rory Cowie, a hydrologist who once held the position of “Town Beaver Monitor” in Telluride, Colorado. The community was so proud of its beaver pond (and yet so eager to build housing) that they hired Cowie to install flow devices so they could keep the pond from flooding million-dollar real estate along the San Miguel River. Cowie is now a research director at the Mountain Studies Institute, and he works with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to remediate highly polluted mining sites in Southwestern Colorado. He took me to see contaminated wetlands along the Animas River, where human access has been restricted since the last mine closed in 1991. Left alone for three decades, beavers have created extraordinary pond systems, filling entire valleys with water from side to side. Cowie believes those wetlands could help remediate heavy metals and other mining waste without fuel-intensive processing plants, and he’s trying to convince the EPA to back a study. As we watched a moose wade across the saturated valley floor, Cowie noted that beavers rarely get credit for creating the habitat that has made Colorado’s public lands a magnet for tourism. Everyone sees the moose, he said, but no one sees the pond, or thinks about how it got there.
Our cultural ideal of the stream as a thin blue line is so different from the streams where beavers live: wide and sinuous, with irregular emergent zones.
Beavers live where they are allowed: at ecological restoration sites, behind game fences that keep out grazers like cattle and elk, or on inaccessible land with low value to humans. Visiting these places, I began to understand our collective image of a stream — that thin blue line on maps — as a cultural construction that emerged after the fur-trade era. It is so different from the streams where beavers live: wide and sinuous, with irregular emergent zones. As European settlers moved west in the 18oos, the beavers were already mostly gone, their swampy mazes dried up. Homesteading pioneers found narrow, fast-moving streams without ponding or marshes, and they went on to build irrigation ditches, dams, reservoirs, farms, cities, and open grazing lands, which have completely transformed riparian systems. But it was the removal of beavers that turned those streams into lines in the first place.
A week later, I was bumping along a washboard road through Utah’s semi-arid canyonlands toward the Moonshine Wash research site on the San Rafael River. From a distance the river seemed a lush oasis, a green ribbon fringed by willow and cottonwood, winding between brown and red dunes. But up close the view was bleak, dominated by dead tamarisk bushes killed by beetles the state had released to limit the spread of the invasive plant. With the tamarisk under control, the state uses this stretch of river to test watershed restoration practices, in partnership with the federal Bureau of Land Management and Utah State University.
At Moonshine Wash, researchers have built ‘beaver dam analogs’ to test the effect on stream meandering and vegetation.
One of the researchers on that project is Wally Macfarlane, an associate in Dr. Joe Wheaton’s Ecogeomorphology and Topographic Analysis Laboratory at Utah State. They’ve taken a literal approach to the prospect of animal collaboration, building “beaver dam analogs,” or BDAs — post-and-wicker-weave dams that mimic the function of natural beaver dams — in order to test the effect on stream meandering and vegetation. In some cases, they’ve managed to attract local beavers to adopt these BDAs, or to build natural dams nearby. In other cases, they’ve relocated beavers from elsewhere to repopulate a watershed. Macfarlane said the goal is to design restoration projects that are process-oriented and self-sustaining, and ultimately maintained by the beavers themselves. He claims their methods could be used to revive degraded wetlands and streams at a tenth the expense of conventional restoration, which costs an average of $130,000 per mile. 17
Macfarlane said that when he leads restoration workshops for landowners, he asks them first to draw a river. They draw the same straight blue line, and they are surprised when he shows them photos of a more complex, multichannel system. Beavers drag logs through streams and ponds, creating complex textures in the land surface. The water pressure behind dams causes micro-scale erosion, generating channels and ridges of different depths. All that mixing of materials and variability in environmental conditions creates niches for various animals and plants to get established, which enhances biodiversity and makes the system resilient to seasonal or climatic shifts. The channeled floors also improve groundwater recharge and retain sediment that would otherwise wash away. Over months and years, beavers intentionally manipulate the topography in ways that produce a richer food supply and source of building materials. In this sense, they are not just architects or engineers, but also farmers.
Over time, beaver activity produces a richer food supply and source of building materials. In this sense, they are not just architects or engineers, but farmers.
Macfarlane and I had talked by phone, and I thought I’d be alone at Moonshine Wash. But as I was standing at the rim, trying to figure out how to get down to the stream 40 feet below, I met a team of research ecologists out for the day to conduct plant surveys. I introduced myself to Justin Dolling of the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, who pointed out the eight locations where beaver dam analogs were installed along the river. At each spot, 20 to 30 wooden posts were set in an arc from bank to bank, and branches were woven between them. Beavers on the San Rafael don’t typically build dams, Dolling said, because of the “flashy” nature of the landscape —its susceptibility to flash floods — and because of the ease of burrowing into the sandy banks. But researchers believe the BDAs could play a valuable role in stream restoration. The idea is that as sticks and dead grass build up along the posts during high water or flash floods, the water is forced around the side, eroding the steep and incised channel edge, and producing more varied channels of different depths for the water to flow through. This, in turn, enhances plant biodiversity and habitat for fish, insects, amphibians, and birds. 18
Once a successful wetland is established in the shallow, slow-moving water, it can expand up or down stream. Researchers can track those expansions and modify their dam-building techniques, as they observe and learn from beavers. Macfarlane said his team was recently inspired by beavers to start building dams without posts, by weaving wood with mud and clay. This works especially well in smaller streams with a lower gradient. They found that juniper is one of the best plants to use for this type of construction. It’s flexible, and the needles create a textured web for holding mud, and it can stay green for months in the water without rotting. It turns out that beavers are teachers, too.
Surprisingly, Macfarlane’s team does most of its restoration work with private landowners. While almost half the land in the 11 western states is federally owned and managed, about 70 percent of riparian land is privately held. Farmers and ranchers along designated waterways can get federal grants for stream restoration projects, and the 2018 U.S. Farm Bill added funding for low-tech methods like BDAs. Jeremy Maestas, an ecologist with the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, said that since the bill passed, his office has seen more inquiries from ranchers eager to find low-cost ways to keep their pastures green. Grants offset 50 to 75 percent of the capital cost of building these systems, and the agency also provides a design manual and technical assistance. 19
Beavers can also play a role in managing wildfire risk, according to Macfarlane. When Idaho’s Baugh Creek watershed burned in 2018, Wheaton’s lab joined a group of state, federal, and private partners to expand a previously planned restoration project. Surveying the area with drones, they found that the fire spared parts of the creek where beavers were active. Now they hope to recruit more beavers to accelerate the land’s recovery. In one week last fall, they installed 139 BDAs and “Post Assisted Log Structures” over 5.5 miles of stream, to stay ahead of snowfall and spring runoff. The BDAs should help retain water and sediment and minimize the loss of nutrient-rich material. 20
On a tip from MacFarlane, I ended my road trip at a Walmart parking lot in Logan, Utah, where a family of beavers lives between curbs and culverts, in the heart of the Cache Valley, named after the fur caches of 18th-century trappers. When Walmart built the store in 2006, it agreed to maintain existing wetlands without realizing they were ideal beaver habitat. At first the company tried to remove the beavers, but the animals kept returning, and with all the media coverage the company decided to accommodate them. Just past the edge of the parking lot, obscured by a dense stand of cattails, willows, and cottonwoods, the beavers and Utah State researchers have collaborated to build a rich infrastructure, including a lodge and pond, as well as culverts and a flow device to keep the water level stable. Perhaps this is the ultimate sign of the beaver revival, that they’ve adapted to living at the center of corporate America. 21
And we’re all adapting with them. Brett Milligan has framed climate change as “landscape migration,” or the “accelerated reshuffling of just about everything.” Environmental conditions are changing faster than any of us can comprehend. As Milligan observes, “This is the landscape medium in which we will design.” 22 Beavers can help us make sense of that reality. They design for change, in the most practical sense, and they try to slow things down, quite literally. (“Beavers go crazy at the sound of running water,” Cowie told me. Their instincts drive them to stop it any way they can.) As beavers are “reintroduced” to more areas, we should remember that we cannot restore historic conditions. We must conceptualize a messier future for landscape architecture, accepting new ecological relationships between plants, animals, humans, and infrastructure. 23
Could the beaver’s low-tech, idiosyncratic building techniques make a comeback in an era dominated by parametric algorithms and modular design systems?
Beavers have specialized knowledge, not only about water and its storage, but also about how to adapt and thrive in degraded environments, and how to nurture habitat for fellow species. Could the beaver’s low-tech, idiosyncratic building techniques make a comeback in an era dominated by parametric algorithms and modular design systems? 24 The landscape journal LA+ recently invited speculative design proposals reimagining a post-apocalyptic Central Park. Honorable mention went to OPSYS/Landscape Infrastructure Lab, which proposed to “decolonize Manahatta” by giving the park over to beavers. The animals’ work is “anti-parametric,” the designers wrote, “and more than anything exhibits the impact of time as a repetitive cycle on landscapes.” 25
After spending some time at remote restoration sites, it’s not hard to imagine that such proposals will eventually move from the pages of design magazines to the realm of built projects — or anti-projects. Can we imagine tearing down walls and fences to live more collaboratively with other species, to let them be active landscape agents? Can we accept their measures of success, which differ from ours? Will we be able to predict and anticipate their activities, or be comfortable not doing so? How will we deal with uncertainty and destruction? Would I allow beavers to live in my own backyard?
In my field research, I shifted constantly between scales and technologies. I used Google Maps to pin beaver sites to road networks, mountain ranges, and drainages; and I hiked with a sketchbook, camera, and aerial drone. I recalled the words of Swiss landscape architect Gunther Vogt: “The focus that alternates between far and near, that positions the details of the life cycle of the autumn crocus in a larger context, also discerns patterns in a landscape that remain hidden from the superficial gaze conditioned by personal and cultural habits of seeing and thinking.” 25
Standing in the Lawn & Garden section of the Walmart lot, near stacks of fertilizer and gallon jugs of Roundup, I brought my drone back to Earth and packed it away. I had covered 1,800 miles in 16 days, and I’d seen beaver designs that were as inventive and ingenious as great works of landscape architecture. From the dry mountains of New Mexico, to the western slope of the Colorado Rockies, to the red sandstone and sagebrush hills of Utah, I’d witnessed dramatic landscape changes in real time. Soon I would return to my normal life, family. On the drive to the airport, I thought about how the emergence of animal agency could invert the story of the American West. We need to create a new legend of interspecies cooperation, and end the pattern of dominance and subjugation. | <urn:uuid:e2d3fe35-9460-433e-bf75-0678a564a9e8> | {
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Less than 50% of students from an inner-city high school in a southeastern US state who took the GATEWAY mathematics exam (2001-2007) earned a passing score on the first attempt, prompting teachers at the school to begin a summer intervention program based on Bandura’s Self Efficacy Theory, to help them succeed on a subsequent reexamination. The program featured (a) extended learning time, (b) mastery learning, (c) direct instruction, (d) single-sex grouping, and (e) teacher collaboration. A survey of recent scholarly literature indicated that these 5 characteristics positively impact student learning and performance. The goal was to increase student understanding of fundamental mathematics concepts and by doing so increase their confidence in their ability to do well on standardized assessments. To test the efficacy of this intervention, this study used a quasi-experimental pre-post comparison group design to compare five academic indicators—GATEWAY exam scores, grade point averages, attendance, failed classes, and final averages in future mathematics courses—for students who participated in summer intervention programs (treatment group) with outcome data from students who did not participate (control group). A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to determine whether there was a significant difference in outcomes between students in the treatment and control groups. Findings revealed an overall significant effect of the summer intervention program on the five academic indicators (F = 5.024, p < 0.001). Univariate F tests indicated that only student GATEWAY scores were affected by participation in the summer intervention program. This study contributes to social change by providing evidence that short-term intervention programs may help struggling students pass high stakes tests such as the GATEWAY examination.
|School Location:||United States -- Minnesota|
|Source:||DAI-A 72/02, Dissertation Abstracts International|
|Subjects:||Mathematics education, Educational tests & measurements, Secondary education|
|Keywords:||Achievement, Gateway Exam, Intervention, Mathematics, Mathematics achievement, Remediation, Self-efficacy|
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Depending on the size of the file(s) you are downloading, the system may take some time to download them. Please be | <urn:uuid:a587d0d5-7f6a-4f4b-8f34-acf3792fa181> | {
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Katy O’Neill | South Malling CE Primary and Nursery
I chose to focus on developing the quality and quantity of talk in a guided reading group of five Year 3 students. I selected this focus in response to observations I had made of the characteristics of group talk generated in guided reading sessions prior to embarking on the project, outlined in my explanation of the baseline data below. I chose to focus on a group of secure readers, who were able decoders of texts, but reluctant to share their ideas in group discussions and would rarely contribute unless invited to do so by an adult. Through teaching specific oracy strategies, my aim was to equip the members of the group with discussion skills which would develop their independence, active-listening, reasoning and self-confidence in discussions.
My evaluative research question was: To what extent does the explicit teaching of talk roles improve the quality and quantity of child-led discussions in a guided reading group of secure readers who lack confidence when participating in group discussions?
I observed that the structure of the talk in guided reading sessions, and the dynamic between teacher and students, encouraged passivity in the students. The students lacked the necessary skills to sustain a discussion without adult intervention and needed constant support and encouragement to respond to one another’s ideas. They did not build on or challenge one another’s ideas and frequently needed to be prompted to elaborate on, or to provide justification for, their responses.
The talk I observed was cumulative rather than exploratory, with questions posed solely by the teacher. Furthermore, the responses from the students were directed to the teacher rather than to the group as a whole. The group relied on the teacher to lead and manage the whole discussion, with students only speaking when invited to do so by the adult.
My aim was to move away from a structure which bounced the talk back and forth from teacher to individual students to ‘‘dialogic talk’ in which both teachers and pupils make substantial and significant contributions and through which pupils’ thinking on a given idea or theme is helped to move forward’ (Mercer, 2003).
Intervention & intended impact
I ran the intervention during a set of thirty-minute guided reading sessions once a week over a six-week period. I video-recorded each session in order to watch back and codify the talk.
Harkness Models / Coded Interactions
I recorded each session using the Harkness model to illustrate the distribution and nature of the interactions across the group.
I also developed and implemented my own coding system, based on T-SEDA (2018), for identifying and recording the type of verbal interactions. I included my own contributions as teacher in the data collection as I hoped to see a reduction in the amount of teacher talk and to evidence a shift in my role; moving away from managing the contributions of the students to probing, clarifying and addressing misconceptions within the dialogue.
Talk Roles / Talk Counters
Talk counters were used to evidence the quantity and nature of each participants’ contributions. The counters were placed on a talk roles sheet which I created (Fig 1.). This resource was developed over the course of each session, as I identified additional talk roles which were beneficial to evidencing the impact of this strategy.
Initially, I introduced the roles of Instigator, Builder, Challenger, Clarifier, Prober and Summariser. Before each session, the group rehearsed the sentence stems for each talk role and discussed at what point in the discussion they could be used. After the first two sessions, I added the roles of Inviter: to encourage students to actively invite one another to speak; Encourager: to praise use of roles and other talk strategies; and the role of Discussion Guide: to map teacher interactions which steered the talk. I hoped the use of the sentence stems would encourage a more rigorous and robust dialogue around the text.
I introduced the talk protocol of ‘thumbs in’ for students to be able indicate a desire to share an idea and to avoid students talking over one another, or interrupting. I hoped this would encourage the less confident students to participate more frequently in the discussions.
In the second session, I decided to introduce the role of a chairperson. My hope was that this strategy would develop the children’s skills to initiate, sustain and independently manage their discussion.
The students were familiar with discussion guidelines from whole-class oracy lessons. My aim in this intervention was for the students to apply these guidelines to their talk in guided reading sessions. We reviewed our discussion guidelines before the start of the intervention and discussed how this would look and sound in a guided reading context. The children were accustomed to the physical strand skills of making eye contact with and facing the person talking. They also had experience of building on and challenging ideas, changing their minds and reaching a group consensus, from explicit oracy sessions. I hoped they would be able to transfer these skills to small group guided reading discussions.
The Harkness models (Fig. 2) illustrates the redistribution of the interactions over the intervention period. The Harkness diagram from the baseline data shows a back and forth interaction between the teacher and individual students. As the weeks progressed, the Harkness model shows a fairer distribution of interactions across members of the group, a reduction in teacher-talk and an increase in student-to-student interactions.
Summaries of Codified Contributions
As the weeks progressed, the coding shows an improvement in the quality and quantity of student-led talk evidenced by:
• an overall decrease in the number of adult-prompted verbal contributions.
|Week||Adult-prompted student contributions (i.e. not independent)|
• an increase in the number of questions, in particular clarifying questions, asked by the students:
|Week||Number of questions asked by the students|
• an increase in the number of reasons the students give for their answers without adult prompt.
|Week||Number of times students gave reason to support point without teacher prompt|
• an increase in the number of times the students invited one another to speak.
|Week||Number of times students invited one another to speak|
Talk Roles / Talk Counters Results
In first sessions, the teacher talk was focused on managing the discussion and posing instigating questions. As the intervention progressed, the role of the teacher adapted to focus around clarifying, probing and encouraging use of the talk roles. With the chair managing the discussion it became more democratic and, as a teacher, I was able to focus on addressing misconceptions, asking for clarification and probing for deeper understanding (Fig 3.).
I also noticed an improvement in the students metacognitive understanding of discussion, recognising when they, or other members of the group, were talking in a particular role. There was evidence of students changing their minds as a result of the discussion, students building on one another’s ideas, challenging one another and inviting one another to talk.
The strategy of having a chairperson, allowed the students to develop and experience ownership over their discussion and to manage their own interactions, independently of the adult in the group. Each week, we discussed the role of the chairperson and formulated a ‘chairperson toolkit’ (Fig 4.); a set of guidelines for the chairperson to follow, in order to facilitate a purposeful and fair discussion.
The final session took place the first week back after the Easter holidays and the data evidences a slight fall-back in the talk-skills the students had developed before the break. This underscores the importance of making oracy education a regular feature of classroom practice, rather than a one-off intervention.
I have learned a great deal about how to carry out action research and my findings have reinforced my belief in the positive impact of oracy pedagogy. Next time, I would consider how to run the intervention in a more manageable way and simplify the data collection process. For example, if I was to use video again, I would think carefully about how much footage I was realistically able to monitor, I would also implement the coding system from the start of the intervention and carefully define the parameters I set to quantify the nature of the verbal contributions. In future projects, I would like to include a control group to provide a comparative set of data.
My next steps are to share the Impact Project with my school colleagues and advocate for an oracy-based approach to guided reading sessions across the school. In my classroom, I intend to introduce the talk roles to the whole class and, in my role as a leader, I plan to support others to carry out their own action research projects.
Mercer, N. (2003), The educational value of ‘dialogic talk’ in ‘whole-class dialogue, Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.
Vrikki, M., Kershner, R., Calcagni, E., Hennessy, S., Lee, L., Estrada, N., Hernández, F., Ahmed, F. (2018) The Teacher Scheme for Educational Dialogue Analysis (T-SEDA): Developing a research-based observation tool for supporting teacher inquiry into pupils’ participation in classroom dialogue, International Journal of Research and Methods in Education. | <urn:uuid:94eae24f-d8a8-499b-9acb-34da1c7d6668> | {
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When a lot of people think of learning to play the guitar, their first thought is not to go to the bass. The instrument that fades to the back of the band is also the one that fades to the back of the mind when you are considering playing an instrument. So why would you choose to play the bass? Are bass players just guitar players who could not cut it? That is a joke because it is not even close to the case. If you were to look at one of the great bass players, such as Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, you would realize that playing the bass is part of the core of the band. Without the bass, you would not be able to hold down the groove. A talented bass player can fade into the background or jump into the spotlight and make themselves known with the bass. If you want to learn to be a talented player of the bass, private bass guitar tutors are the best way to improve your skills.
So is the bass easier or harder to learn than the guitar? I would compare it to skiing vs. snowboarding. They say that skiing is easy to learn and hard to master, but snowboarding is hard to learn and easy to master. That might be true of bass and guitar. The guitar is simple to learn and hard to master in the complex areas, but the bass is much harder for beginners and easier to master because there are less strings and chords. The roles of the players in the bands are also drastically different when it comes to the bass vs. the guitar. With a guitar, you are likely to play the rhythm parts and riffs, as well as solos. You do not often hear a bass solo in a song. However, any good live band gives a chance for each member of the band to shine during a show, so you will probably still get your chance to shine as the bass player. The guitar plays a lot more chords than a bass. But the bass player is going to lay down the backing groove that, along with the beat of the drummer, keeps the song going. It is part of the heart, sharing halves of the beat with the drum. In rock, the bass also supports the guitar riff with a complementary sound.
In simple physical terms, the bass is larger and heavier than regular old guitars. The strings are also thicker, typically. There are also fewer strings than the guitar. There are only four strings on the standard bass, but six on a guitar. That said, a double neck bass ups you to eight, so take that guitar! With two instruments that are so similarly designed, will the skills you learn with your guitar tutor transfer over to your bass and the skills learned with a bass tutor transfer back to the guitar? The answer, simple and complex, is yes. They are the exact same thing, just tuned differently and with different strings. The same concepts apply. You just probably play different notes. Bass requires a different strum technique than guitar often and you have to learn to continually walk with your fingers, where you might pick more often with a guitar.
When learning the bass guitar, you are going to learn how to keep the band grooving. You are a big part of the band and while you will not get as many groupies as the lead, you will still get your fair share. If you are interested in learning to play the bass, search bass guitar tutors near me and get signed up with Premier Tutoring.
Someone who plays the bass knows how to be a role player. This is something that not everyone possesses the ability to do. In baseball, there are a lot of players that complain that they can only perform well when they get consistent playing time. The team says that they will get consistent playing time when they perform well. That paradox either pushes them to the bench or out of the league. A player must show that they can succeed off of the bench to prove that they are worthy of more playing time. And when you are on the bench, you have to realize that your role is to be ready at any moment’s notice. Just because you are not the star and getting star playing time does not mean you can slack off. That is much the same as the concept of playing the bass because you might not get the glory of the guitar, but you can never let your groove slip because you are responsible for carrying your weight in the performance. Much the same, private bass guitar tutoring should about the tutors knowing their role in the process of teaching. It is a role player for a role player.
One of the skills that a bass teacher can teach you is to walk. You might already know how to walk with your feet, but walking on the bass requires you to keep two fingers going over and over to keep the groove going and not have choppy notes. A smooth bass riff has the middle finger and pointer finger working in succession to keep things moving and grooving. Transition notes connect the dots as you make changes to different root notes. These skills take practice and a good bass tutor can teach you the right practice techniques to get it all down. They might do it through a song you like or a game that they have used before.
Learning to play the bass can be a lot of fun when you find the right bass guitar tutoring near me. We find people that make you excited about your role in the band. You will want to go out and find bands to play in so you can show off all of the skill that you build with your tutor.
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We hold a highly competitive rate to work with the most qualified tutors. All payment information is stored in a secure file which is PCI compliant, along with no additional fees or added costs! | <urn:uuid:3d73a837-2a83-44af-b7b6-c2877a947f9b> | {
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Have you ever wondered why kids seem so much better at video games than adults? A University of Michigan study suggests that, as we age, our brain connections break down, slowing up our physical response times.
According to the study, older adults seem to have excessive ‘cross-talk’ between the two hemispheres of the brain. This cross-communication occurs through a brain structure called the corpus callosum, which can act as either a bridge or a dam between brain hemispheres.
The bridge action is very important during two-sided motor skills and certain cognitive functions. However, during one-sided motor skills requiring strong focus from only one side, the corpus callosum switches roles and serves as a sort of dam between hemispheres.
As we age, breakdowns in the corpus callosum occur, breaking down the dam effect, and causing more cross-talk to occur between hemispheres, even when it’s not particularly useful.
The study is the first known to show that this cross-talk happens even while older adults are at rest, says Rachael Seidler, lead study author and associate professor in the University of Michigan School of Kinesiology and department of psychology.
This resting cross-talk suggests that it is not helpful or compensatory for the two halves of the brain to communicate during one-sided motor movements because the opposite side of the brain controls the part of the body that is moving. So, when both sides of the brain talk simultaneously while one side of the body tries to move, confusion and slower responses result, Seidler says.
Previous studies have shown that cross-talk in the brain during certain motor tasks increases with age but it wasn’t clear if that cross-talk helped or hindered brain function, says Seidler.
“Cross-talk is not a function of task difficulty, because we see these changes in the brain when people are not moving,” adds Seidler.
In some diseases where the corpus callosum is very deteriorated, such as in multiple sclerosis, a person will have “mirror movements” during one sided-motor tasks, in which both sides of the body move in concert because there is too much communication between the two hemispheres of the brain, Seidler says. These mirror movements can also be seen in very young children before the corpus callosum is fully developed.
During the study, scientists gave joysticks to adults between the ages of 65 and 75 and measured and compared their response times against a group approximately 20 to 25 years old.
Researchers then used a functional MRI to image the blood-oxygen levels in different parts of the brain, a measurement of brain activity.
“The more they recruited the other side of the brain, the slower they responded,” Seidler says.
Researchers believe there is hope, however, and just because we all get older, it doesn’t have to be our fate to react slowly. Seidler and her colleagues are developing and piloting motor training studies that might rebuild or maintain the corpus callosum to limit overflow between hemispheres, she said.
A previous study done by another group showed that doing aerobic training for three months helped to rebuild the corpus callosum, she said, which suggests that physical activity can help to counteract the effects of the age-related degeneration.
Seidler’s group also has a study in review that uses the same brain imaging techniques to examine disease-related brain changes in Parkinson’s patients.
The study appeared in the journal Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. | <urn:uuid:f8d0cf20-b399-4f81-af88-e22b3b418f20> | {
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The 4th Industrial Revolution, otherwise called Industry 4.0, cannot become a reality without the chemical industry considering that the sophisticated gadgets that carry the binary codes in the Digital Age all rely on this industry one way or another.
The parts and casings required for manufacturing robots, computers, smartphones, fibre cables, and virtually every other tech-component needed to take the Digital Age from wishes and plans into the real world all come from one form of chemical process or another.
In effect, the chemical industry is a major player in the 4IR.
Some of the advanced materials developed from chemical molecules and processes form the bulk of raw materials needed for drones, wearable devices, and electric vehicles. These materials are now, on their own, a billion-dollar industry.
For instance, the flexible display market (comprising TV, Virtual Reality, and wearable devices) made from barrier films, transparent conductors, and other related materials, is projected to be worth as much as $18 billion.
Similarly, the drone market which relies on high-grade plastics, composites and battery technology for its manufacture, is projected to be worth $14.9 billion in 2020.
The story is the same with integrated circuits and boards, smartphones and tablets, as well as 5G technology, among others.
These sub-industries all require various – and enormous volumes of – chemical products like substrate, yield enhancers, dielectrics, photoresists, ultra-pure glasses colloidal silica, and more complex chemical products in the manufacturing process.
The market is vast, and the opportunities are endless!
What does the future of the chemical industry hold for South Africa?
South Africa is, unquestionably, the largest producer of chemical products on the African continent and has a large share of the market – barring competition from China, a cheaper source of chemical products.
In any case, the rapid changes occasioned by the 4th Industrial Revolution has exposed the underbelly of the South African chemical industry, a significant threat that can be turned into opportunities if appropriately harnessed.
It has become evident, then, that unless the industry strategically positions itself and innovate accordingly, the rapid digital transformation unfolding at the moment will result in an immense shift in the chemical market that will see South Africa struggling at the losing end.
It is no coincidence that among the top 12 countries producing and exporting the most quantities of chemical products to the rest of the world, nine belong to the G-20 group of nations and six of these nine possess nuclear capabilities.
The verdict is clear; to be a top chemical producer and exporter, South Africa must invest more in science and technology, ramp up its industrial development initiatives, and push more capital into the local chemical industry.
Furthermore, the prohibitive cost of accessing and benefiting from the full value the internet offers is a notable setback in South Africa.
Advanced digital technologies such as machine learning, big data analytics, virtual reality-enabled automation and robotics, as well as the Industrial Internet of Things all depend on super-fast and affordable internet access – conditions that are not yet in place.
Another big challenge is the departure of skilled hands from the country.
This massive emigration has led to brain-drain, a situation where the country’s best and brightest chemical engineers (as well as related skilled talents) emigrate to seek greener pastures.
This mass-exodus of highly skilled people can easily be traced to unfavourable labour laws, high cost of utilities, job insecurity, and high taxation – all of which the government can quickly solve if/when they decide to intervene actively.
The government can also intervene to restrict chemical products importation by tightening some laws and regulations. It will not be a bad idea if the government reduces the tax burden of chemical-producing companies considering the impact their survival has on the economy – and jobs.
Ultimately, the rot and corruption in (the tender and contract procedures in) South Africa’s chemical industry must be eliminated quickly too.
It’s not all doom and gloom, though; with the arrival of the 4th Industrial Revolution comes many opportunities for players in South Africa’s chemical industry.
First and foremost, this is the time to upskill every worker in the sector – from the laboratory to management, sales, and supply chain, among others.
Whether she holds a PhD in Chemical Engineering, or he is a trainee in the procurement department, workers in the industry need to start changing their understanding and responses to changes in the workplace.
The chemical industry now requires people that can adapt and flow with the impending changes the 4IR unleashes on the world, people that think holistically – even if they are specialists in micro-fields.
This need to adjust becomes more critical, given the fact that the Digital Age will (mostly) reward people with flexible and adaptable skills as against those seeking permanent employment.
The second most significant opportunity in view is the possibilities a divestment into biotech can provide synthetic or molecular chemical-producing companies.
Just as conservationists acknowledge the mighty Congo rainforest as one of the most extensive forests in the world, so are many other places in Africa – South Africa inclusive – revered as hotspots for biodiversity.
This uniqueness gives the continent a cardinal advantage in the area of creating biochemicals to satiate the needs of local and international businesses.
Tapping into this waiting opportunity then becomes even more critical considering the continuously expanding list of banned chemicals in South Africa – and elsewhere in the world.
It may look expensive to put in place at the beginning, but having a thriving biotech industry gives the country an edge.
With such a comparative advantage, manufacturing companies in different sectors can begin to imprint binary codes into biochemical molecules that will combine electronic, mechanical, and human inputs in the production of robotics or mechatronics.
- Customer Experience in the 4th Industrial Revolution: Adding EQ ‘into’ AI
- Customer Service in the new Digital Age: The critical factor for business success, going forward
Conclusion – the way forward for the chemical industry
Since leading conservation scientists all over the world have concluded, and rightly so, that biodegradability is a crucial and far-reaching issue that will determine how sustainable the Earth will be, producing molecular chemicals and their by-products are becoming more unfriendly.
The solution lies in biotechnology!*
To enhance national/regional security, boost trade advantage, and to secure an increased share of global chemical sales, Africa must tap into its comparative advantage – biotech!
African nations must begin to invest more in research and development into all areas of biotechnology, and, at the same time, train the next generation of chemical scientists accordingly.
This way, South Africa (and Africa in general) can avoid the insecurity and civil strife that follow the extraction of molecules from naturally-occurring minerals which miners extract from the Earth’s belly.
Choosing to produce biochemicals instead of synthetic molecules means leaving fewer (or no) harmful chemical footprints in the sourcing and manufacturing processes of these much-needed industrial inputs.
The time is now for chemical producing companies to, among other things, prepare for the 4IR in terms of skills-impact, training of lab scientists, C-suite executives, and employees at the factory floor.
This moment in time is also ideal to begin educating and engaging with trade and labour unions, policymakers, and academic institutions to close the skills gap and, in turn, produce more Digital Age-compliant workers for the chemical industry and the society in general.
*Being outcome of a panel discussion on The Future of the Chemical Industry in the 4th Industrial Revolution held at Regenesys Business School, Sandton Johannesburg on the 15th of August 2019.
The Panel comprised of Industry Subject-Matter Experts, Executives from the Chemical Industry, the Academia, and the Public.
The Panelists included:
- Clive Govender, MD, Rolfes Chemicals
- Hugo Basson, Managing Director, CHEM SYSTEMS
- Jomein Stemmet, Business Relationship Manager, HYCHEM
- Burt Rodrigues, CEO, BIODX
- Sharmila Govind, HR Head Market Area Africa, BASF
- Llewellyn Hunter, HR Manager, Emerging Africa, AFROX
- Samantha Hughes, Managing Director, CRODA Africa
- Kedibone Moroane, Executive Manager: Research and Skills Planning, Chemical Industries Education and Training Authority (CHIETA) | <urn:uuid:982e766d-e66f-4106-b414-65e17873cf59> | {
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Risikoberamings vir ingenieurstudente
Pretorius, Anna Maria Cornelia
MetadataShow full item record
Education and training are being transformed and reorganised in South Africa. The National Plan has compelled tertiary institutions to think innovatively about the way in which prospective students are selected and channeled for studying at tertiary institutions. Grade 12 results (m-score) still constitute by far the most widely used admission criterion at tertiary institutions. The introduction of an outcomes-based assessment system necessitates the design of alternative selection mechanisms at tertiary institutions since it will no longer be possible to convert grade 12 learners' results into numerical values such as m scores, as symbols will no longer be allocated in the same way as currently known. Current selection mechanisms will have to be replaced by alternative, effective and fair selection and channeling mechanisms. The aim of this study is to develop an alternative mechanism for predicting success among engineering students at the RAU and, possibly, at other tertiary institutions as well. In search of such a model, the following inventories were used: The Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics (SOM). The SOM comprises six fields containing 92 statements that relate to how individuals feel or act regarding aspects of their achievement in mathematics. The Senior Aptitude Test Advanced (SAT L) the SAT L comprises the following ten subtests: Vocabulary, Verbal Reasoning, Non-Verbal Reasoning (Figures), Calculations, Reading Comprehension, Comparison, Price Controlling, Spatial Visualisation 3-D, Mechanical Insight and Memory (Paragraph). For three consecutive years, first-year engineering students completed both questionnaires (SAT L and SOM) at the beginning of the year, before beginning to attend lectures. Based on first semester marks as well as senior year marks in the follow-up study, students were divided into two groups: successful students and those whose achievements were below par. This study explored the difference in achievement between the two groups. It also investigates the predictive value of the Senior Aptitude Test Advanced (SAT L) and the Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics (SOM) for first-year and senior students. A risk profile for students as well as for the faculty was created. Results of this study conclude that the SOM, certain sub fields of the SAT L and aptitude in mathematics and science can be used for predicting success of engineering students. It can therefore be used as an alternative mechanism for selection of engineering students.
- Humanities | <urn:uuid:2798d264-38b5-416e-9c78-ddaf39e32bb4> | {
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They say behind every successful man is…. a surprised mother-in-law (or something like that….). And the mother-in-law of the sixteenth century church reformer Martin Luther would have been quite surprised by the marriage to her daughter Katharina. The reason for Katharina’s mother’s surprise was that her new son-in-law Martin was a monk who had taken a vow of chastity early in his career… and her daughter Katharina was a nun!
Martin and Katharina first met when Martin helped Katharina and eleven of her fellow nuns escape their monastery in barrels normally used for transporting fish. Two years later (presumably enough time for the smell from the barrels to disappear from Katharina!) they were married in the German town of Wittenberg. The Luthers went on to raise six of their own children, adopt four others, and enjoy over twenty years of a contented home.
In the lead up to their marriage in 1525 some of Martin’s colleagues thought their wedding was a terrible idea. It’s not that they thought Martin and Katharina were ill-suited, but that the marriage might distract from the Reformation. The reforming of the christian church in Europe had gained significant traction during the eight years since Martin had first knocked a document of his theological discussion points into the local church door. Despite the church’s traditional prohibition of clerical marriage having almost no biblical foundation some within the Reformation movement felt the proposed marriage would be a scandalous diversion.
But marry they did – and it may well be one of Martin Luther’s most successful personal decisions. “Katy” (as Martin would call her) immediately began to manage the family’s affairs. She farmed, bred and sold cattle, ran a boarding home for students, and operated a hospital. Mrs. Luther’s business initiatives provided significant income for the family during those turbulent times of the early Reformation. Katharina was an organised, resourceful, and godly woman whose contribution to the Reformation was not simply in supporting her husband but also to the wider community.
They say that behind every successful man is… a successful woman. And Martin Luther’s prayerful decision to marry a nun who escaped her monastery in a fish-barrel was indeed a blessed success.
Want to read more inspirational stories of faith? Click here to read the incredible story of how a rural monk unexpectedly closed down the violence of the Roman coloseum.
About this blog: Pastor David Riley is a Christian minister residing on the Gold Coast in Australia. This article is from his “Reverential Ramblings” series – which you can subscribe to by clicking “follow” on this website. | <urn:uuid:b1540f98-af09-4a73-a015-9cb7b9073961> | {
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Logic is synonymous with reason, judgment, sense, wisdom, and sanity. Being logical is the ability to create concise and reasoned arguments—arguments that build from given premises, using evidence, to a genuine conclusion. But mastering logical thinking also requires studying and understanding illogical thinking, both to sharpen one’s own skills and to protect against incoherent, or deliberately misleading, reasoning.
About the Book
Disclosure of Material Connection: Some of the links in the page above are "affiliate links." This means if you click on the link and purchase the item, I will receive an affiliate commission. I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission's 16 CFR, Part 255: "Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising." | <urn:uuid:9f8f9fac-f65f-41a1-8640-619a95b2f196> | {
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Carnation in myths and reality, the first mention of carnation is found in the ancient Greek myth of Artemis - she met a shepherd in her hunting ground, who, by playing the flute, scared away the game in her hunting ground. At first, the goddess killed him from a bow, but then, regretting this act, she appealed to her father - the god of thunder Zeus, who turned the body into a flower, so since then the name of the carnation has been associated with the name of Zeus the Thunderer. In Christianity, this flower symbolized the suffering of Christ, crucified on the cross. In ancient Rome, it was a symbol of victory, so the legionnaires returning with victory from distant lands, the girls were met with bouquets of carnations. They could also weave them in their hair. There are 350 flower species that grow on all continents except Australia. In the East, according to legend, a carpet embroidered with carnations brings happiness to its owner, so this is a common theme in the Caucasus and the Middle East. Currently, carnation is a budget option for thrifty people. In our online store to buy cloves and in addition it is included in the bouquets together with alstroemeria, lily and other flowers. You can pay for delivery by credit card or in person upon arrival at the office. | <urn:uuid:0efed653-8fc5-4a1c-b2d4-53bb8d531bec> | {
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Mark Twain is reputed to have said on investment choices "Buy land – they’re not making it anymore". There’s got to be a good deal of truth in that – it’s hard to see that there will be a decreasing demand for land on a global scale in the next century (though there are perhaps some local areas where that might happen).
But there’s something else that’s not being made anymore that is in great demand, and that might prove to be a pretty good investment too. Bandwidth. By bandwidth, I’m referring to the electromagnetic spectrum, and specifically to our insatiable demand for devices that use electromagnetic waves – radio, television, mobile phones, radar, remote garage door openers and the like.
Electromagnetic waves (e.g. radio waves) obey of course the basic laws of electromagnetism, that are encompassed in Maxwell’s equations. (Much loved or hated by students, depending on your opinion.) Maxwell’s equations are actually really easy to work with, because they have the fantastic property of being linear. Mathematically, there’s a tedious definition of what linear actually means, but the outworking of it is this – if you have two things that obey Maxwell’s equations, you can add them together and the result will also obey the equations. In practical terms this means that if you have, say, a radio wave at 100 MHz and a mobile phone wave at 1000 MHz they can happily coexist in the same region of space (e.g. your living room) without stuffing each other up. You can send numerous signals all at once, so long as they use different-enough frequencies, and one won’t affect the other.
As we develop more and more technology that puts out electromagnetic waves, we are more and more restricted on what frequencies are available for their use. (That said, technology also helps us to be able to cram more signals into the same range of frequencies – i.e. narrowing the bandwidth required by each signal). The licensing of frequencies (e.g. permits to use that frequency) tend to be controlled by individual governments, and they are valuable commodities. It’s hard to see that bandwidth (meaning a range of frequencies across a ‘band’) will become less valuable in general in the near future. | <urn:uuid:d74af448-a55c-4175-9fe5-fe93debc1fe4> | {
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The Importance of Maintaining and Monitoring Isolation Glove Boxes
The Importance of Maintaining and Monitoring Isolation Glove Boxes. One of the most precious lab equipment is the isolation glove box which is used for conducting several experiments in a lab inside a controlled environment. This device protects not only the lab sample and the environment of the experiment, but also saves the lab worker from contamination and infection. These are extremely expensive devices and hence, it is essential that you should maintain and look after them properly. In this small article, you will learn about how you should maintain and monitor your isolation glove boxes so that you can use them for long periods of time.
- Clean up: The first thing that a lab owner needs to ensure is that all the lab devices are properly cleaned after they are used. You should check that there are no chemical or toxic residues left over inside the chamber of the isolation glove box after a lab worker conducts an experiment. There must not be any form of residues left as they can lead to contamination within the isolation glove box and can compromise future experiments. In addition to this, check that there are no dust particles and moisture inside the glove box. This can facilitate the growth of microbes and bacteria which will affect other experiments. So, you should indulge in a thorough clean up of the isolation glove box at least once every month. A clean device is a safe device.
- Check for leaks: You must always check for leaks and seepages in the isolation glove box. You should see if there are any cracks where air from the outside can enter the glove box chamber. This is vital because if outside air manages to get in then it will contaminate the controlled environment of the glove box. So, you must always check for leaks on the walls of the glove box system.
- Check the power supply source: Remember that the power supply source should provide the specified voltage and current to your isolation glove box. In case, your workers have used the power supply source for any other device which requires a different setting then remember to set it back to the original setting so that it does not affect the isolation glove box. In case, this is not done then you will risk blowing the fuse of your isolation glove box which will ruin your device completely.
- Regular maintenance from professionals: Your supplier will provide regular maintenance of your isolation glove box and other lab devices from professional engineers. So, ensure that they check everything and give you the certification that everything is alright with your isolation glove box. In case, you face any issues with your glove box then you must immediately contact customer care services to resolve it.
These are the basic ways by which you must monitor and maintain your isolation glove box systems. Regular maintenance will help you to ensure that your lab device will serve you for a long time without having any issues. | <urn:uuid:b3c8d1a8-5628-474d-b293-3ad3d6b50826> | {
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The Cretaceous is traditionally divided into Lower Cretaceous (early), and Upper Cretaceous (late), because of the different rocks. The rocks reflect the conditions in which they were formed. From lowest to highest, it is subdivided into the Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian, Campanian, and Maastrichtian ages.
The Upper Cretaceous is the chalk. It is composed of countless millions of calcareous (CaCO3) plates called coccoliths. They are so small they can only just be seen with a light microscope; details require an electron microscope. The plates are formed by single-celled planktonic algae called coccolithophores, and were laid down in the off-shore seas.
The Cretaceous was the last period when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals. Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor lived at this time. The huge Mosasaurus was the dominant marine predator. In the Cretaceous period, birds became more diverse. Flowering plants developed more, and became the dominant plants on land. The Upper Cretaceous ended with the K/T extinction event. | <urn:uuid:cfc6b133-66c0-4c71-8650-745ee5b3adcb> | {
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The Segarra-Garrigues Irrigation System entails a significant change for agriculture in the province of Lleida, Spain, transforming some 70,000 hectares from rainfed to irrigated agriculture.
It is an irrigation infrastructure that stores and transports water under pressure to each of the land parcels of 16,000 new users. The main elements of the Segarra-Garrigues system are upstream and downstream reservoirs, the main canal, pumping stations, irrigation ponds, power lines, as well as a large network of pipelines and complementary elements that make up the irrigation system.
The works in the system's backbone, that is, the upstream Rialb reservoir, the downstream Albagés reservoir, as well as the main canal, are built and operated by the public company Acuaes.
The company Aigües del Segarra-Garrigues (ASG) is in charge of the design, construction and operation of the rest of the irrigation system — comprising 41 irrigation ponds, 33 pumping stations and a 4,500 km pipeline network — for the next 30 years. ASG was awarded the project by the Regional Government of Catalonia, through the Department of Agriculture and Infrastructure.
Thanks to SIGOPRAM, ASG offers calculation and optimisation services for irrigation networks to irrigation associations, consulting firms, etc.
Hence, ASG is responsible for the entire irrigation project cycle, from the conceptual design, to the construction project design, construction works, and operation. It is, no doubt, a complex and ambitious undertaking, worth more than 1 billion euros, which includes a large number of construction projects of irrigation networks, which, in addition, are subject to important changes both concerning construction and operation. How can such a large number of connected irrigation networks and constant changes be managed?
There is a one-word answer: innovation. ASG has custom designed the technology it needed creating SIGOPRAM, a GIS application formulated for irrigation networks' project design, construction and operation. With SIGOPRAM we can design, calculate the dimensions, and simulate pressure water networks; it allows the design of complex irrigation networks swiftly, with significant time savings.
What did the implementation of SIGOPRAM mean for ASG?
- Organised information sharing with engineering and construction firms
ASG has worked with some 30 companies providing project and technical assistance, each one with its own working methods, and, initially, in the year 2004, with limited GIS knowledge. Thanks to SIGOPRAM, we have introduced GIS as a working tool for engineering and construction firms, streamlining and standardising information sharing, and enabling independence when it came to project adjustments and amendments.
- Improved capacity and response time
ASG needed a tool to manage constant changes in the irrigation networks, given the changing land-based circumstances during the life cycle of the project construction and later, during operation. Thanks to SIGOPRAM, we can give a prompt response, technically validated, to any required changes in the project construction or operation, and study alternate technical solutions with no need to depend on those responsible for project design. We do complex network calculations in record time. Afterwards, we test the networks designed by simulating their operation. The networks are subject to thousands of different working situations, and we assess the extent to which the design can be adapted to the different scenarios.
- Information accessible to all departments
SIGOPRAM can work with personal or corporate databases, making the application a data storage that can be integrated with the rest of the departmental information systems. This has enabled ASG, for instance, to streamline billing processes by the finance department, or identify areas with greater pressure risk to support the preparation of irrigation agreements by the land department.
- SIGOPRAM has become a benchmark programme for the sector
SIGOPRAM is now being used not only by ASG, but by engineering and design firms and entities in Spain, Portugal, and several Latin American countries.
Also thanks to SIGOPRAM, ASG offers calculation and optimisation services for irrigation networks to irrigation associations, and to construction, consulting and engineering firms, etc.
With all these modules, SIGOPRAM offers a global solution to manage the implementation of any irrigation network
SIGOPRAM has 6 main modules
- Design and user interface module
It comprises the keys, tools and windows that allow, swiftly and conveniently, the input and output of graphical and alphanumeric data. It takes advantage of all the possibilities GIS offer, with automated capture of the geometrical characteristics of the network.
- Distribution network module
It is responsible for the calculation of design flows and the less costly pipeline diameters that will suit the required pressures and flows.
- Calculation of the dimensions of irrigation networks that operate on demand, with rotating turns, or with design flows in pipelines assigned by the user.
- Full automated calculation of the dimensions of irrigation networks with surge tanks and valves to reduce pressure.
- Analysis of network operation through hydraulic simulation. Simulation of complex networks.
- Predefined and user-friendly themes and graphical output.
- Parcel irrigation network module
- Calculation of the dimensions of parcel-level irrigation networks using sprinklers or drip irrigation.
- Automated positioning of sprinklers/drip irrigation grids in parcels, using a square pattern or staggered row layout.
- Maps of irrigation evenness while using sprinklers.
- Energy model
- Optimisation of irrigation rotation with direct pumping.
- Calculation of optimum pumping height.
- Calculation of setting curves for the network.
- Regulation of pumping stations.
- Construction module
- Calculation of the dimensions of hydrant elements.
- Calculation of the dimensions of special parts and anchoring elements.
- Longitudinal profiles with automated height set-up of the pipeline, with the position of air/vacuum relief valves and drains.
- Remote control module (beta version being developed)
- Construction of radio link profiles
- Radio link map between remote units (IRU) and concentrating units (IMU).
With all these modules, SIGOPRAM offers a global solution to manage the implementation of any irrigation network, and, ultimately, to manage the daily operation of networks by irrigation associations, technicians or entities. | <urn:uuid:d30a5d50-2616-4f23-8df1-e5f8d23d9b27> | {
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A UNESCO World Heritage site in the South Okanagan-Similkameen?
“Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations”
– UNESCO World Heritage Center, 2014
Creating a national park in the South Okanagan-Similkameen will bring greater local economic prosperity and legal protection to many threatened species. It will also provide a stepping- stone towards the exciting possibility of being nominated for a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Criteria for a UNESCO World Heritage Site
A UNESCO World Heritage Site must be of national and international importance and of “outstanding universal value”. When selecting a prospective Site, a group of representatives from 22 countries considers whether the area exhibits important interchanges of human and environmental values over time – a place that will be a lasting legacy for future generations. A significant amount of weight is placed on whether an area is “under sound protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties” (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2014).
World Heritage Sites in BC
There are three other UNESCO World Heritage Sites already established in BC, all of which are located in National Park Reserves: (1) “SGang”, within the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage site; (2) Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek; and (3) the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, within the Yoho National Park and Kootenay National Park.BC’s other UNESCO World Heritage Sites earned this status, not only because of their environmental and cultural significance, but because they enjoy the highest level of protection offered in Canada. While the South Okanagan-Similkameen also has unique anthropologic and environmental features, it does not enjoy a similar level of environmental protection. In order to be considered for World Heritage status, a site must be fully protected, in perpetuity. With rapid environmental degradation taking place in the region, the opportunity to protect this rare natural habitats and biodiversity is vanishing.
Why not a provincial park instead?
A national park designation provides the highest level of protection in Canada, which would ensure the legal protection of the 57 species at risk in the Okanagan-Similkameen. A national park also brings in significantly higher amounts of funding and resources from the federal government, providing better community services, for example fire protection and water conservation.
For more information on the differences between a provincial and national park designation, visit this page.
Canada will be nominating sites for consideration by UNESCO in two years’ time. If the South Okanagan- Similkameen is to be considered as a candidate, we must act now to establish a national park, and we urge you to support this process as a first step towards obtaining a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This high level of protection will demonstrate the region’s significance to the Committee, while upholding the UNESCO World Heritage requirement to be under sound protection and management for future generations. | <urn:uuid:68ac346a-6116-48b7-8b7f-b80e67bab4d3> | {
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