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By K. Coates
An international historical past of Indigenous Peoples examines the historical past of the indigenous/tribal peoples of the realm. The paintings spans the interval from the pivotal migrations which observed the peopling of the area, examines the approaches through which tribal peoples confirmed themselves as break free surplus-based and extra fabric societies, and considers the influence of the rules of domination and colonization which introduced dramatic swap to indigenous cultures. The booklet covers either tribal societies stricken by the growth of eu empires and people indigenous cultures stimulated by way of the industrial and armed forces growth of non-European powers.
Read Online or Download A Global History of Indigenous Peoples: Struggle and Survival PDF
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Additional resources for A Global History of Indigenous Peoples: Struggle and Survival
What possible resources can the small, politically isolated indigenous societies marshal in their efforts to survive, other than the liberal guilt of western societies? Are these cultures on their death-beds, sure to disappear in the crush of the modern world? This attempt to write a global history of indigenous peoples seeks to balance two critical elements. The impact of the newcomers is crucial to 22 A Global History of Indigenous Peoples understanding the transformation and, at times, the destruction, of indigenous cultures.
Linguistic evidence subsequently made it clear to scientists that the indigenous peoples of Alaska were related to the tribal societies of the American Southwest. The simple matter of getting from Alaska to the middle part of the continent, however, was complicated by a basic problem – a large ice sheet stretched across the mid-West and much of what is now the Rocky Mountains. How did the people migrate southward in the face of this forbidding and formidable barrier? Geologists and glaciologists identified a late ice-age shift which created a corridor between the Rockies and the slowly retreating ice-sheets.
There are other problems as well. In Japan, fevered interest in the early dating of human occupation of the Japanese archipelago created a situation where an amateur archeologist fraudulently seeded a 32 A Global History of Indigenous Peoples number of critical sites, temporarily sparking a nationalist frenzy about the longevity of the Japanese occupation of the islands. This said, major discoveries continue to be made. Within the last decade, explorations in Australia have solidified the understanding that Aborigines have been on the continent for at least 40,000 and possibly 60,000 years.
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more drastic thermal treatments, such as bottled juice treatment (100C during 20 min), produced good results for microbiological stability, but the final product did not resemble the original fresh juice due to changes in colour and flavour. Other have attempted to obtain clarified juices. The juices without pulp can be concentrated to a higher degree of solids content, with advantages in terms of both their conservation and the reduction of transport and storage space. The fact that the cactus has a relative high percentage in soluble components an advantage.
The successful introduction of Opuntia in these areas has been attributed to its Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). The CAM plants take up CO2 primarily at night.
Prickly pear pads or nopal
Prickly pear or Opuntia ficus-indica) is a tree like cactus from the family Cactacceae. The dried leaves of prickly pear cactus have been considered as one of the functional food by embracing essential ingredients, such as amino acids, laurine, carbohydrates, vitamin C, minerals, and soluble fibres. Prickly pear owns well-known ant diabetic and lipid lowering properties. Also, it is very useful in obesity, alcohol-induced hangover, colitis, diarrhoea, and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).
The young cladodes ('nopalitos') or leaves of the cactus plants have commonly been consumed fresh, but the last decade's research studies on cactus pear processing have produced other alternatives and to prevent damage to the pads and fruit and, in spite of technological characteristics processing a challenge. (high soluble solids content, low acidity and high pH), adds value to this crop. The cladodes of the plant are a good source of fibre, an important element for the human diet and of considerable potential for medical use. The focus here on the production of juices, marmalades, gels, liquid sweeteners, dehydrated foods and other products produced from cactus.
The research concerning products from the plant cladodes has presented a very interesting composition quite different from the fruit, and recently there have been some very stimulating results. In relation to microbiological stability, Carrandi (1995)observed in pasteurized juice (98–100C during 20 s) a marked colour and flavour change and the presence of microorganisms that caused damage to the juice. Other
more drastic thermal treatments, such as bottled juice treatment (100C during 20 min), produced good results for microbiological stability, but the final product did not resemble the original fresh juice due to changes in colour and flavour. Other have attempted to obtain clarified juices. The juices without pulp can be concentrated to a higher degree of solids content, with advantages in terms of both their conservation and the reduction of transport and storage space. The fact that the cactus has a relative high percentage in soluble components an advantage. The successful introduction of Opuntia in these areas has been attributed to its Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). The CAM plants take up CO2 primarily at night.
Defatted prickly pear flour characterizes a high content of dietary fibres. 100 g of the defatted flour contains about 14.4 g dietary fibres. Dietary fibres are awarded positive characteristics on our metabolism and our digestion. According to reports, people have taken only 10 g of dietary fibres in average. During the Stone Age people consume nearly 104 g per person which is ten times higher than today.
'Nopalitos' are a highly perishable vegetable crop when handled and marketed fresh, but with
*Onion slices, garlic cloves, laurel leaves and carrot discs are lightly fried, separately, in vegetable oil. Then the nopalitos, vinegar and sauté Hed vegetables are mixed, and bottled in jars that have been sterilized in boiling water. Due to changing life styles in developed countries over the past years have led consumers to prefer ready-to-eat foods and a low-calorie, low-cholesterol, low-fat diet that is fibre enriched. Interest in natural sources of fibre has increased. Consumers know the relationship between fibre consumption and cholesterol control, and the role of fibre in the prevention of some illnesses such as diabetes and obesity.
Prickly Pear Cladodes Powder & weight loss
The cladodes of the prickly pear plant of pads are a good source of fibre, an important element for the human diet and of considerable potential for medical use.
Another very interesting product manufactured out of prickly pear cladodes is a powder, which is obtained from the pads (cladodes, stems) of the prickly pear cactus. Before processing; the pads will be cleaned, sliced and dehydrated.
The nutrient-rich powder of the prickly pear is a perfect substitute for conventional wheat flour, especially for person with allergies. (Gluten-free). During the production of superfine flour out of the whole grain, almost ¾ of the minerals are removed that the industrial processed flour is a downgraded foodstuff. In addition, many people have gluten intolerance and react specifically allergic to wheat flour. Furthermore, conventional flours contain a lot of sugar, but no fibres and minerals. A number of scientist and nutritionists justify common diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and adiposity with the copious consumption of wheat products.
The high amount of fibre is also responsible that the nutrition will be digesting slowly and our feeling of satiety is longer. (Fibres are binding water in our bowel).
For this reason the prickly pear cladodes powder is an appetizing killer and helps people with adiposities to reduce their weight easier and will be more important as an ingredients for dietary and healthy lifestyle.
Serious market studies highlight that the Nopal prickly pear powder has stabilizing and regulating effect for our blood sugar content. With this regulated blood sugar level you will feel much better, more energetic and your spirit will increase in general.
One potential source of natural dietary fibre is the cladodes of the cactus pads. The age is important and to get a high fibre content when older (3-5) years. The age the cladodes influences its chemical composition; that is, the crude fibre (only a portion of the dietary fibre) increases with the age of the cladodes. In recent years SepuH lveda et al. (1995), SaHenz et al. (1995b) and SaHenz et al. (1997b) have studied methods for obtaining cladode flour from mature cladodes as a concentrated fibre source to be added to other flour products. The authors/researchers tested different ages/years and temperatures for drying the cladodes and obtained a concentration of 43% dietary fibre, where 28·5% was insoluble fibre and 14·5% soluble fibre. Testing different proportions for mixing cladodes and wheat flour and the rheological behaviour of the dough was analysed. The cactus made flour was tested by substituting it for some portion of the wheat flour in biscuits, and proven that it could be added in replacement portions of nearly 10–15%. Albornoz (1998) and Vallejos (1999) tested the substitution in a vegetable soup and in a flan (a dessert), respectively; they observed that in the soup the maximum level of addition was 15% and in the dessert it was 16%.
Higher proportions affected the rheological properties as well as the taste and aroma of the products. Nevertheless, those substituted proportions made a great difference in these products, compared to the commercial ones, because the contribution to the fibre intake was significantly higher than before it was added.
Properties of crudeyoung ‘nopal’ compared with older ones as a source of fibre. The dried product had 20·4% of dietary fibre as well as other interesting physico-chemical characteristics: water absorption (5·8), water retention (4·7), organic molecules absorption (0·69), and cationic exchange (0·49), which could explain the role of ‘nopal’ in the intestine.
Bij tested rats’ consumption of crude and scalded ‘nopal’ it was observed that the greater the amount of fibre in the diet the greater the production of faeces in both cases. The authors/researchers concluded that if rats lose weight and show signs of malnutrition, the consumption of crude ‘nopal’ must be carefully examined in humans.
Main applications for prickly pear cladode powder are bread mixes, wellness and diet products.
The prickly pear cladode powder can be used in almost every bakery products, smoothies, soups, dressings, fitness bars and many other applications to increase the dietary fibres and nutritional value of these applications to a higher level.
Organic prickly pear flour.
– Functional food
– Refinement and enhancement of sauces and marinades (Emulsifying property)
– Refinement of desserts
Beside to conventional flours, our prickly pear flour is rich on minerals and vitamins:
– Iron 7,42 %
– Calcium 1200 mg/kg
– Magnesium 117 mg/kg
The mucilage's in cactus tissue are responsible for water retention and can be used as dietary fibre
or food thickening agents. The cactus pads are low in acids, the fruit is therefore suitable for use in dairy products. With readily absorbable sugars, high vitamin C and mineral content, as well as containing polyphenols, amino acids and having a pleasant flavour, cactus pear is tailor-made for functional food preparations. By adding water to the prickly leave mush during processing the amount of mucilage's can be increased but at the same time as a result the caloric value will go decrease and fibre content increases. By being able to control and adjust caloric value and fibre new possibilities arrive and a diet can be much more personalised and take in the age perspective. The diet when you are growing differs to the optimal diet when your are old. It is about being overfed and under nourished depending an depending on caloric value and micro nutrient's.When cutting the cactus mucilage appears as a liquid. Because the pulp is for an average 15% solubility and adding water will release it more. Research done on Cactus mucilage did find applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industries. Mentioned its culinary properties as a fat substitute and as a flavour binder. The mucilage, a complex polysaccharide, is part of dietary fibre and has the capacity to absorb large amounts of water, dissolving and dispersing itself and forming viscous or gelatinous colloids.
The mucilage is composed of arabinose, GA lactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid, the latter being in proportions of 17·6 to 24·7%, depending on whether it comes from fruit or cladodes. The mucilage content of cactus cladodes influenced by some effects associated with the management of this crop. The climate temperature would influence the mucilage content and include rain and irrigation. These effects are important when you look at the cladodes as a source of mucilage.
The clear effect of pH on viscosity in a water dispersion of the mucilage (0·44% p/v) reaching values of 58·1 cps at pH 6·6. CaHrdenas & Gooicolea (1997) and CaHrdenas et al. (1997) studied several aspects of mucilage and obtained a yield of 0·07%, showing that the polymer had a weight average molecular mass (M8) of 3]106 and an average molecular mass (M/) of 2·4]106, with a poly-disparity index (M8/M/) of 1·4. Both M8 and M/ values exceeded those previously reported for the polysaccharide.
Regarding the rheological properties of mucilage solutions with different concentrations of NaCl 0·1 M, the same authors reported that the rheological behaviour was similar to that of polysaccharide chains when little deformation was used. The mechanical response observed was characteristic of an entangled network of disordered polymer coils. Reported quantitative benefits from cactus mucilage in a physical process to improve water infiltration in soils.
A method known in some countries for clarifying drinking water uses cactus mucilage as an agent and has been used for many years by small farmers in Chile.
Flowers of the plant are used as natural food colorants and in cosmetic. Very often one can also find offerings of prickly pear seed oils, which have not been won from the seeds, but from maceration. Maceration is basically a quite simple process in which the blossoms of the prickly pears are inserted into oil and temporarily kept at average room temperature, so that the blossoms can be "leached out" by the carrier oil.By chosing a mixture of oils similar to the cactus seed based oils it is difficult to make the distinction but they are healthy and have good properties but not the quality associated with the real seed based products. It is important too to realise that cactus oil is not only the most expensive oil in the world but also its life-time limited. Chemical not stabile and in time affected.
This macerate won by infusing prickly pear blossoms may be offered as prickly pear flower oil but not as prickly pear seed oil. The macerate is low-priced, but does not offer the excellent qualities of the pure genuine prickly pear seed oil by far. In case of ill-defined product names, it is very important to verify if the offered product is prickly pear seed oil based or not.
Prickly pear seed oil itself offers a very high amount of essential fatty acids in natural compound. Prickly pear seed oil contains more than 88 per cent of unsaturated fatty acid with a proportion of approx. 70 per cent of linoleic acid (Omega 6 fatty acid). Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated Omega 6 fatty acid and is considered as an essential fatty acid, i.e. this fatty acid is absolutely indispensable for many different metabolic processes of the human organism, which is not able to produce this acid itself. Hence, prickly pear seed oil has to be judged as very valuable in terms of nutritional physiology and it is also particularly suited for the use in the production of dietary supplements.
Free radicals are known to promote the skin ageing process. Primarily, they originate from our toxic environmental poisons (ionized radiation: televisions, computers, mobile phones, ultraviolet rays, smog and ozone),alcohol, drugs and physical strain.
Alcoholic beverages and other products
Another alternative use of cactus pears is in the cottage industry preparation of alcoholic beverages such as ‘colonche’. ‘Colonche’ is obtained through fermentation of the juice and pulp in wooden barrels, a procedure with certain imperfections that, following this study, could be overcome. For example, the use of Saccharomyces cereviseae would resolve the lack of selection of yeast. ‘Colonche’ is a low-alcohol drink and is best when freshly fermented, as it quickly turns acidic (SaHenz, 1995).
Other studies made to obtain alcoholic beverages from cactus pears show the use of Saccharomyces cereviseae Montrachet whit SO2 (10 ml l~1) and citric acid to decrease the pH to 3·3 (Bustos, 1981). There is an important difference between fermenting at lower pH between 3-5 and the neutral or even light alkaline ph. Wine produced at conditions more like in the case of grapes about pH 4.5 fresher and more stabile than neutral or even alkaline. However there are chemical produced
Flores (1992) carried out experiments in order to obtain wine and alcohol from prickly pears, the first of 11·163GL and the second of 56·23GL. Of the varieties used for wine, O. streptacantha and O. Robusta, both had similar, delicately pleasant, fruit-like characteristics. The alcohol, in turn, had fruit-like characteristics and a pleasant taste, with an initial and prevailing wine aroma. Blaisten (1968) obtained cactus pear alcohol from different varieties of the Opuntia genus, producing a distillate of 433GL with unique and defined organoleptic characteristics. Retamal et al.(1987), using both cladodes and fruits to obtain alcohol with different yeast strains of the Saccharomyces genus, found a sugar conversion of over 90% in the fruit and approximately 60% in cladodes.
Seed of Cactus fruit & oil
Within the seeds tissues, the fats and lipids are the first energy sources for the new plants, other defence compounds: the sterols, are large polar molecules which are difficult to solve in pure CO2, hence the solvent shall be modified by a co-solvent usually ethanol which adds polarity to the main solvent. Talking about fatty acids, in most of the cases includes linoleic acid and palmate acid; the first one: unsaturated, ‘unstable’, digestible; the second one: saturated, more stable, easy to accumulate into the veins and arteries. The main sterol fraction component in the plant’s oil is the ß-sitosterol currently studied in the growing control of human prostate and colon cancer cells.
These potential product that can be obtained during fruit processing is by seed oil. This oil is edible and has a yield range between 5·8 and 13·6% and shows a high grade of non-saturated acids, with a high content of linoleic acid (57·7 to 73·4%). These and other physical and chemical characteristics, including the refractive index, iodine number, and saponification number, make it similar to other edible vegetable oils such as corn or grape seed oil.
The amount of linoleic acid in prickly pear seeds is higher than that in majority of commonly consumed oils such as corn, soybean and cottonseed and close to that of safflower oil. In general, the higher level of unsaturation and particularly high level of linoleic acid in conjunction with the absence of linoleic acid, which affect adversely the stability of the oil. The use of seeds for their oil content may not be economically viable on its own but as part of the total process very rewarding, an integrated project whereby the fruit pulp could be utilized for the production of various food products along with the utilization of the seeds for edible oil and the resulting meal is gluten-free and can be used for various applications, e.g. bakery and as an emulsifier for functional foods.
Edible oil can be obtained from prickly pear seeds in yield of 5.8–13.6%. The oil has a high degree of unsaturation in fatty acids (82%) with a linoleic acid content of 73.4%. According to the investigation of Ramadan and Morsel using a chloroform/methanol as extraction solvent procedure of total lipids in seeds oil of cactus pear (O. ficus indica L.), linoleic acid was the dominating fatty acid (53.5%), followed by palmitic (20.1%) and oleic acids (18.3%).
Moreover, these oils have several applications in pharmacology, medicinal, and cosmetic fields. Other chemical compounds found are known as myristic, arachidic, eicosenoic, eicosadienoic, and behenic fatty acid.
Besides, prickly pear seed oil is rich in tocopherol (720 mg/litre). Tocopherol is the generic term for at least eight chemically similar structured compounds. Prickly pear seed oil consists of 13.9 per cent Alpha-Tocopherol, 81.9 per cent Gamma-Tocopherol, 3.0 per cent Beta-Tocopherol and 1.2 per cent Delta-Tocopherol. Most of the time, the term vitamin E is wrongly used for alpha-tocopherol – the most studied form of vitamin E. Vitamin E is used as general term for a group of sixteen lip soluble chemical compounds, which differ in their strength of efficacy. Those compounds also include all tocopherol. Tocopherol are responsible for the impressive effectiveness of prickly pear seed oil as natural antioxidant. It is particularly those "guardian angels", which are in charge of protecting all valuable unsaturated fatty acids against the destruction by free radicals.
There are several ways in which this valuable and expensive oil can be extracted. There is what is called cold pressing and in many way's similar to producing olive oil. Compared to our soxhlet n-hexane extract results, the SC-CO2 profiles fatty acids showed the richness of small proportion compounds such as eicosenoic, eicosadienoic, and behenic fatty acid. According to the investigation of Ramadan and Mörsel using a chloroform/methanol as extraction solvent procedure of total lipids in seeds oil of cactus pear, again linoleic acid was the dominating fatty acid (53.5%), followed by palmitic (20.1%) and oleic acids (18.3%).
Extraction by supercritical CO2 revealed other compounds found in low percentage such as vaccenic and margaric fatty acid.
The production procedure of prickly pear seed oil.
Prickly pear seed oil is extracted during a very time-consuming and laborious procedure. The production of 1 litre prickly pear seed oil takes 36 hours of manual labour, and about 1 million prickly pear seeds are needed. The seeds are separated from the pulp of a 470 kg contingent of prickly pears. Then they are washed carefully, air-dried under sunbeams and afterwards stored in a cool and dry place. On demand, the seeds will then be cold-pressed or extracted using solvents in a very careful way. The oil mix is not stable and ages over time, loss in value and quality. A concern for every cactus seed oil producer, the loss of parts of the valuable ingredients of the prickly pear seed oil, as for example the unsaturated fatty acids, the natural antioxidants as well as the vitamins. To avoid an oxidation of the fatty acids, some producers add antioxidants, mainly synthetic tocopherol and Ascorbyl palmitate to the prickly pear seed oil. The seed are stored and only the the oil produced after being ordered. The fatty acids seed oil has great potential use and be valuable in different areas of bio industrial implementation, nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical. These results provide a better opportunity to improve and to enhance the natural heritage that characterizes the prickly pear cactus. Prickly pear seed oil offers a very high amount of essential fatty acids in natural compound. Prickly pear seed oil contains more than 88 per cent of unsaturated fatty acid with a proportion of approx. 70 per cent of linoleic acid (Omega 6 fatty acid). Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated Omega 6 fatty acid and is considered as an essential fatty acid, i.e. this fatty acid is absolutely indispensable for many different metabolic processes of the human organism, which is not able to produce this acid itself. Hence, prickly pear seed oil has to be judged as very valuable in terms of nutritional physiology and it is also particularly suited for the use in the production of dietary supplements.
The different way's in which this oil is produced differ but not one could be classified as not satisfactory.
Compared to the CO2 extractions, the soxhlet n-hexane extract allowed a better extraction of unsaturated fatty acids for the wild form, and the fatty acids profile did not identify some compound of lower proportion. The low extractable compounds of fatty acids and the purity of the SC-CO2extract are giving a better quality of oil.
Everything valuable is apt to be falsified. Evermore cosmetics manufacturers, food manufacturers and pharmaceutical manufacturers have recognized the effect of the prickly pear seed oil and successfully use it in their products. Nevertheless, the extremely time-consuming production of prickly pear seed oil as well as the special appreciation it is shown, lead to the fact that on the market prickly pear seed oils blended with simple oils can be found very often.
Cosmetics & skin
Cactus pear, which bears the name 'Nopal's' in Mexico, and is scientifically known as Opuntia (of varying species), can be found in the Western hemisphere in temperate and subtropical climates. The plant boasts some surprising properties.
Applications of the prickly pear seed oil used to protects the skin against premature aging (anti-aging activities).
Promotes a beautiful and healthy complexion.
Reduces the under-eye shadows and eye circles.
Very recommendable for dry and rough Hair.
Moisturizing and revitalizing.
Helps repairing fragile, fissured and lustreless Fingernails.
Not suitable as sunless tanning oil.
The ability of cactus pear extract Cactus pear extract to stimulate the Skin Nutrition's from the outside in the main reason for extended use. It has other important properties and uses but used in cosmetic the main part.
Credited for providing potent antioxidant and purifying, soothing and calming the skin to help prevent the appearance of redness and blotchiness. The vitamin E (tocopherol) is a natural antioxidant, which prevents the skin against radical damage. These oils have several applications in pharmacology, medicinal, and cosmetic fields. Other chemical compounds found are known as myristic, arachidic, eicosenoic, eicosadienoic, and behenic fatty acid.
Above all, prickly pear seed oil is rich in tocopherol (720 mg/litre). Tocopherol is the generic term for at least eight chemically similar structured compounds. Prickly pear
seed oil consists of 13.9 per cent Alpha-Tocopherol, 81.9 per cent Gamma-Tocopherol, 3.0 per cent Beta-Tocopherol and 1.2 per cent Delta-Tocopherol. Most of the time, the term vitamin E is wrongly used for alpha-tocopherol – the most studied form of vitamin E. Vitamin E is used as general term for a group of sixteen lip soluble chemical compounds, which differ in their strength of efficacy. Those compounds also include all tocopherol.
Tocopherol are responsible for the impressive effectiveness of prickly pear seed oil as natural antioxidant. It is particularly those "guardian angels", which are in charge of protecting all valuable unsaturated fatty acids against the destruction by free radicals. These free radicals are the main reason for skin aging, because they tackle and destroy our cellular tissue. Prickly pear oil activates the cell regeneration and support the skin with important vitamins and minerals, and as such a perfect ingredient for anti-wrinkle and anti-aging.
The pure oil is excellent as facial oil and be used for additional applications, e.g. day creams, after sun lotion and baby oils. Being able to suppress tumour growth in nude mice and helping prevent cancer.
Argan oil has more or less the same properties like prickly pear oil, but the important vitamin E content is significant higher than from Argan oil (938 mg / kg to 620 mg/kg).
Gel, jam and candy technologies
The use of cactus pear pulp to prepare gels, such as the apple or quince gels common to many countries’ markets, potential customers used to opens another possibility for this cactus derived products. The use of protective substances such as syrup, anti-oxidants, vitamins or solid sugar could improve the results of this preservation process. In the beginning there were some draw-backs, with increasing processing time, fruit firmness and stability decreased.
‘Nopalitos’ are a highly perishable vegetable crop when handled and marketed fresh, but with industrial transformation they can be conserved for a long time. Added a gelling agent and sugar to the pulp (35–40%); two pH levels were tested,
ph. 3·5 to prevent microbiological growth and
ph. 6·1 (the original of the cactus pear pulp);
a marked colour change was observed with pH 3·5 due to the transformation of chlorophyll intopheophytin, but the product maintained its chemical, physical and sensory characteristics for 14 more days at refrigeration temperatures (4–63C).
Several studies have been carried out in different countries on other cactus pear products and a brief summary below:
Sawaya et al. (1983a) manufactured prickly pear jam, with and without blanching the fruit; sensory evaluation tests resulted in non-significant differences.
The proportion was a prickly pear pulp: sugar ratio of 60:40; 1·25% pectin; citric acid or citric and tartaric 1:1. Flavours such as cloves, grapefruit extract, orange extract and almond flavour gave better results than other flavours tasted. In addition, the jam contained 20% date pulp.
Badillo (1987) made a jam with cladodes, sugar and citric acid in the proportion 1:0·6:0·01, obtaining a product with good sensory quality and microbiological stability.
SaHenz et al. (1995a) made a marmalade from cladodes using a previous treatment plus a 2% solution of Ca(OH)2 to lower the mucilage content, which damages texture and acceptability. The final formulation used lemon juice and lemon peel. The first lowered the pH and the second contributed pectin to the gelling of the product.
Vignoni et al. (1997) compared two cactus pear jams: one with lemon juice and lemon peel added, and the other without. They did not have significant differences, according to a Karlsruhe scale for sensory analysis.
Villarreal (1996) studied the manufacturing of candies from the cladodes. The author tested several proportions of sugar syrups (sucrose and glucose) and also tested sweet and bitter chocolate coatings; the products presented very good characteristics and
sensory quality, with a8 of 0·53–0·63. The energy value differed (306·3–340·4 Kcal 100 g~1), depending on whether the products were covered with chocolate or not. The acceptability was higher in the products covered with chocolate compared to the non-chocolate covered products.
With increasing processing time, fruit firmness decreased; however, it increased with the addition of 0·25% CaCl2 to the syrup. The processing of the fruit resulted in loss of texture, colour and flavour.
Dehydration is an age-old process of preserving food and many foods can be preserved just by drying it till moisture content of 10-15% depending on the product. Sun drying is the most common method used to preserve agricultural products in most tropical countries. The mentioned dried prickly pear is another edible form of the product but now with increased shelf life, much easier to store and ship.
By removing volatile components like water as other low boiling parts like alcohol or some flavours will be partly removed at the same and some relative small changes to quality will occur. During research these changes will be documented by analyses other as flavour and taste by test panels. Other less stable chemical compounds me start to degrade due to temperature and or direct sunshine. Most at risk are substances like vitamins and some others.
The substances degraded during drying are the same as the ones which will not pass unchanged or broken down by our digestive system. It is however important to differentiate between products we eat and the products applied to the skin. Many substances, which are broken down in our stomach, do pass through the skin in to the circulation without any changes.(Vitamins and bio-sulphurs)
The basis rules applied here based on thousands of years of experience is to keep the drying temperature of the air below 40 degrees centigrade and avoid direct sun light. Drying of products at places where the cactus does grow is normally not a problem because of the warm or hot climate and dry air will take care of that. The effect of direct sunlight easily compensated by using UV repel end plastic foil.
Past Medical uses
*The tuna or the Nopal cactus (Prickly Pear) fruit is boiled then combined with honey, which is known to help in curing respiratory tract infections.
*The fruit of the Nopal cactus (Prickly Pear) is eaten to help with such condition as arteriosclerosis, diarrhoea and a sore throat.
*The Nopal cactus (Prickly Pear) pads can be used as heating pads to reduce swelling, muscle pains, muscle aches and are also utilized for dressing wounds and/or cuts.
*The pads' gel or sap can be applied to bruises, burns and cuts.
*Pureed or ground young Nopal cactus (Prickly Pear) is used as a laxative while a paste out of Nopal cactus (Prickly Pear) is used to treat toothaches.
*The Nopal cactus (Prickly Pear) sap is known to alleviate pain and to soften the skin.
* Betalains are one of nature's most potent weapons in the war against pain and inflammation. These compounds are super-charged anti-inflammatories that may work to keep your body in shape and healthy, the way nature intended!
*Chronic low-level inflammation can lead to diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer's, carpal tunnel syndrome, and heart disease to name just a few!
* As an added bonus, Betalains may also alleviate the pain associated with inflammation.
Prickly pears are members of the Cactacceae or cactus family, which includes about 97 genera and 1,600 species. The species are found in Europe, Mediterranean countries, Africa, south-western United States, and northern Mexico. Plants in the genus Opuntia prefer a dry, hot climate and consist of perennial shrubs, trees, and creeping plants.
Prickly pear can grow 5 to 8 m in height; its roots are shallow, but the plant can spread up to 40 m in diameter over the ground. The stems are branched, leaves are cylindrical in shape, and the plant is covered with barb-tipped bristles (known as glochids) that are unique to Opuntia . Its flowers, petals, and sepals are numerous in quantity and colour.
The oval, pear-shaped, purplish fruit is pulpy and sweet but may be covered with spines or bristles. The seeds within the pulp are disk-shaped and have numerous colours.
The medicinal components of the plant are found in the flowers, leaves or pads, and fruit.
Isorhamnetin-glucoside, kaempferol, luteolin, penduletin, piscidic acids, quercetin, rut in, and ß-sit sterol have been found in the flowers of prickly pear.
Prickly pear fruit is high in nutritional value. Ethanol-soluble carbohydrates are the most abundant components of prickly pear fruit pulp and skin, making up 50% of the pulp and 30% of the skin. The beta lain compounds are responsible for the various colours of the fruit.
The skin contains calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and selenium.
The edible pulp contains biothiols, taurine, flavones, tocopherol, and carotenoids. However, industrial processing of juice components results in some loss of vitamins A, E, and C.
The seeds are rich in phosphorus and zinc. The oils from the seeds and peel are a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Several older chemical analyses of enzymes from Opuntia species are available. One study documents the volatile constituents of prickly pear, while another identifies the constituents of O. fragilis . Other studies discuss the chemistry of prickly pear, including isolation of albumin, amino acid composition in the fruits, and fatty acids of the seeds. | <urn:uuid:fbae7336-ec36-45f2-b75c-98fe98e88c80> | {
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Alnitak (ζ Orionis)
The left hand or easternmost star in → Orion's Belt, which is the fifth brightest in the whole of → Orion with a → visual magnitude of 1.79. Alnitak is a wide visual binary system consisting of components ζ Ori A (HR 1948) and ζ Ori B (HR 1949), currently separated by ~ 2''.4. ζ Ori A is a → close binary system comprising Alnitak Aa and Alnitak Ab. Aa is a hot → blue supergiant of → spectral type O9.5 Iab with an → absolute magnitude of -6.0 and an → apparent magnitude of 2.08. Its mass is estimated as being up to 33 times as massive as the Sun and to have a diameter 20 times greater. It is some 250,000 times more luminous than the Sun, with a surface temperature of about 30,000 K. It is the brightest star of class O in the night sky. Alnitak Ab is a blue → subgiant of spectral type B1 IV with an absolute magnitude of -3.9, an apparent magnitude of 4.3, and a mass of 14 Msun. Ab revolves around Ab with a period of 2,687 days. The system has a 4th magnitude companion, Alnitak B, nearly 3 arc-seconds distant. It is a B0 III type star which orbits Alnitak A every 1,500 years. Alnitak is associated with the → emission nebula → IC 434 containing the → Horsehead Nebula.A much fainter fourth component, ζ Ori C, is located about 57'' away from ζ Ori Aa (C. A. Hummel et al., 2013, A&A 554, A52, arXiv:1306.0330).
Alnitak, from Ar. An-Nitaq al-Jawza' | <urn:uuid:8b23a39a-26e4-49f8-b422-88b7709327e7> | {
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Table of contents
In academic settings, ideas are typically communicated using formal types wriying writing such as essays.
Writing academic essays contain an introductory paragraph, which includes a thesis. Посетить страницу, writing corresponding part of a speech, lecture, etc. Once she had suffered through writing dozens of painful introductions, she decided to look up some tips qn how to introduce your essay, and untroduction that she got a lot better.
Qn can be tricky. Because the introduction is the first portion of your essay that the reader encounters, the stakes are fairly high for your introduction to be successful. A good introduction presents a broad overview of your essay and your thesis, and should convince the reader that it is worth their time to actually read the rest of your essay. Start your introduction broad, but not too broad. Your introduction should provide the reader ho a узнать больше здесь of what they should expect out of your essay, not to expound upon every piece of knowledge ever developed by man.
A good test to see if information should go in a body or introductory paragraph is to ask yourself a few questions. Is this providing context or evidence? Ro this introduce my argument, or try to prove it? True evidence or proof deserves a body paragraph. Context and background most likely belong in your introduction.
Provide a thesis. The majority of writing time, your thesis, or main argument, should occur somewhere towards the end of your introduction.
It is a typical convention to put your thesis as the last sentence of essay first paragraph. Provide only helpful, relevant information. Anecdotes can be an interesting opener to your essay, but only if the anecdote in question is truly relevant to your topic.
Are you introduction an essay about Maya Angelou? An anecdote about her childhood might be relevant, and even charming. Are you writing an essay about safety regulations in roller coasters?
Go ahead and add an anecdote about a person who was injured while riding introduction roller coaster. Introruction you writing an essay about Moby Dick? Perhaps an anecdote about that time your friend read Moby Dick and hated it is not the best way to go. The same is true for statistics, quotes, and other types ab information about introduction topic.
Starting your essay with a definition is a good example of one of these conventions. At this introduction, starting with a definition is a bit boring, and will cause your reader to tune out. If essay are having trouble with your http://floristrycourses.info/3999-math-homework-help-y-mx-b.php, feel free to write writing, or all, of your body paragraphs, and then come back introeuction it.
Convince the reader that your essay is worth reading. Your reader should finish the introduction thinking that the essay is inhroduction or has some sort of relevance to their lives. A good introduction is engaging; it gets the audience thinking about the topic at hand and wondering how you will be proving your argument. Essay ways to convince your reader that your essay introfuction worthwhile is to provide information that the reader might question or disagree with.
Once they are thinking about the topic, and wondering why you hold your position, they are more likely to be engaged in the rest of the essay. Basically, a good introduction provides the reader with a brief overview of your wriitng and an читать of your thesis.
A good introduction is fresh, engaging, and interesting. Be brief, be concise, be engaging. Good luck.
How to write an essay introduction
Avoid including fluff such as "In this essay, I will introduction to show In academic settings, ideas are typically communicated using formal types essay writing such as essays. The majority of the time, your thesis, or main argument, should occur somewhere towards the end of your introduction. For example, if wrjting writing an essay about the unification of Italy, writing paper for men почитать might list 3 obstacles to unification. True writimg or proof deserves a body paragraph. Part 2 Creating Your Context 1 Relate writing hook to a larger topic.
How to Write an Essay Introduction (with Sample Intros)
Some writers prefer to write the body of the essay first, then go back and wtiting the introduction. If you're not sure, test it on a few friends. For example, instead of saying, introductikn should be banned from classrooms because they distract students, promote cheating, and make too перейти noise," you might say "Phones should be banned from classrooms because they act as an essay to learning. There were more thandockworkers affected by that union strike. Make sure to come up with your own intriguing writing. Such an anecdote can introduction great as a hook. Context and background most likely belong in your introduction. | <urn:uuid:8b7d3030-a230-4384-ab53-82078cfa5ad7> | {
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Content will be split between Learning Enquiry themes
Can they identify and name a variety of common wild and garden plants, including deciduous and evergreen trees?
Can they identify and describe the basic structure of a variety of common flowering plants, including trees?
Animals, including humans
Can they identify and name a variety of common animals including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals?
Can they identify and name a variety of common animals that are carnivores, herbivores and omnivores?
Can they distinguish between an object and the material from which it is made?
Can they identify and name a variety of everyday materials, including wood, plastic, glass, metal, water, and rock?
Can they describe the simple physical properties of a variety of everyday materials?
Can they compare and group together a variety of everyday materials on the basis of their simple physical properties?
Can they observe changes across the four seasons?
Can they observe and describe weather associated with the seasons and how day length varies?
What do people say about God?
Can they keep a weather chart and answer questions about the weather?
Can they tell someone their address?
Can they explain the main features of a hot and cold place?
Can they explain how the weather changes with each season?
Can they explain what they might wear if they lived in a very hot or a very cold country?
Can they identify the four countries making up the United Kingdom?
Can they name some of the main towns and cities in the United Kingdom?
Challenging: Can they answer questions using a weather chart?
Can they make plausible predictions about what the weather may be like later in the day or tomorrow?
Can they name a few towns in the south and north of the UK?
Can they name key features associated with a town or village, e.g. factory, detached house, semi-detached house, terrace house?
Can they use words and phrases like: old, new and a long time ago?
Can they recognise that some objects belonged to the past?
Can they explain how they have changed since they were born?
Do they appreciate that some famous people have helped our lives be better today?
Can they ask and answer questions about old and new objects?
Can they spot old and new things in a picture?
Can they answer questions using an artefact / photograph provided?
Can they give a plausible explanation about what an object was used for in the past?
Challenging: Can they put up to five objects / events in chronological order (recent history) ?
Can they use words and phrases like: very old, when mummy and daddy were little?
Can they explain why certain objects were different in the past, e.g. iron, music systems, televisions?
Can they find out more about a famous person from the past and carry out some research on him or her?
Can they explain the differences between past and present in their life and that of other children from a different time in history?
Can they communicate something about themselves in their drawing and paintings?
Can they create moods in their drawings and paintings?
Can they draw lines of different shapes and thickness, using 2 different grades of pencil?
Can they name the primary and secondary colours?
Can they print to create a repeating pattern?
Can they cut, roll and coil materials such as clay, dough or Plasticine?
Can they use a simple painting IT program to create a picture?
Can they describe what they can see and like in the work of another artist?
Can they ask sensible questions about a piece of art?
Challenging: Can they create a picture which puts emphasis on happiness or sadness?
Can they explain which colours are needed to be mixed to make secondary colours?
Can they talk with some authority about the work of certain artists?
Design and Technology
Can they think of some ideas of their own?
Can they describe how something works?
Can they cut food safely?
Can they make a product which moves?
Can they make their model stronger if it needs to be?
Can they talk with others about how they want to construct their product?
Can they select appropriate resources and tools for their building projects?
Can they make simple plans before making objects?
Can they use their voice to sing?
Can they play tuned and untuned instruments musically?
Can they clap short rhythmic patterns?
Can they make different sounds with their voice and instruments?
Can they repeat (short rhythmic and melodic) patterns?
Can they make a sequence of sound?
Can they respond to different moods in music?
Can they say whether they like or dislike a piece of music?
Can they choose sounds to represent different things?
Can they follow instructions about when to play or sing?
Do they understand simple classroom commands?
Do they understand short statements?
Do they understand simple questions?
Do they understand clearly spoken speech?
Can they answer with a single word?
Can they answer with a short phrase?
Can they read and understand a single word?
Can they label items?
Can they choose the right words to complete a phrase?
Can they choose the right words to complete a short sentence? | <urn:uuid:fa62cc51-26bd-4506-a605-c3ef56be93b8> | {
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In 1916, the Photographic Division of the Army in the French Ministry of War published collections of photographs documenting aspects of French involvement in World War I. The collections were grouped by theme and published in 20 separate instalments (fascicles), which in turn were published in two larger volumes.
The entire series was edited by Victor-Eugène Ardouin-Dumazet (1852–1940). Ardouin-Dumazet was a French journalist best known as editor of Voyage en France between 1893 and 1907. Intended as a tourist guide, the Voyage ran to some 70 volumes and documenting in minute detail the economic order of urban and rural France during the period.
1916 was a crucial year for France during World War I, being marked by the two great battles fought on its territory: the Battle of Verdun, which began on February 21 and raged until the middle of December, and the Battle of the Somme, which began on July 1 and continued to mid-November. The number of casualties can never be known, but by some estimates France suffered as many as one million killed, wounded, and taken prisoner in these two battles.
These volumes, produced for propaganda purposes, give little indication of the sufferings of the common soldier. The dead and wounded are generally not shown and trenches are depicted as neat and dry. On the other hand, the destruction to French towns and the French countryside wrought by the invading Germans is shown in considerable detail.
Fascicle XIV is devoted to care of the wounded. The war became a testing ground for new and old therapies.
Fascicle XIV is available from https://www.wdl.org/en/item/20057/#q=mutile&qla=en | <urn:uuid:edaf06ae-5e94-4726-ab00-2ad477c959f0> | {
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Engineered flooring is becoming more popular in the current age, and for good reason. Engineered floorboards consist of multiple layers of wood pressed together. Typically, this wood consists of seven layers of wood but they may vary from four layers to as much as nine layers. From a longitudinal cross section, the layers of wood are placed at 90 – degree angles from each other. This implies that from a top view, the wood is layered perpendicular to each other layers of bread. The top and the bottom layer of wood is composed of actual wood.In the case of engineered hardwood the top and bottom layers would be composed of typical hardwood materials such as oak, maple or hickory.
There are multiple benefits to this scientific method of layering the wood. Most of them are a direct result of the manner in which the wood is layered.
The unique pattern used in layering ensures maximum support in the board ensuring durability. This is due to the resistance inherently found in the angle at which the word is layered. In a typical block of wood the wood fibres are parallel to each other. This implies that any impact that cracks through will easily penetrate the wood from the surface to deeper levels. However, in a structure in which wood is layered perpendicularly, a crack in the top layer may not translate into the subsequent layers since the crack may meet resistance. This implies that the wood can resist heavy weight.
Simplicity in installation
Engineered floorboards are quite easy to install and can actually done as a DIY for homeowners. The boards are designed to fit in with each other, with some even coming with a click system that allows the floor boards to intersect with each other.
Resistance to unwanted expansion or contraction due to heat
Typically, when one is constructing one’s flooring the idea is to fit the individual floor boards as tightly packed as possible to avoid sipping in of water or a weakness in structure that may develop as a result of isolation of the boards. Think of it as how it may be easy to snap one small stick but it is much more difficult to snap a bundle of sticks packed closely together. As a result of this, normal wood will be easily susceptible to effects of temperature and moisture.
Kitchen areas as well as bathroom areas have huge variations in moisture and temperature which may lead to expansion of normal boards and thus pluck the boards out of place. Engineered floorboards are not quite as susceptible to this effect. The layers of plywood are generally better conductors of heat and as such do not have quite the same expanding effect as normal wood. Furthermore, the perpendicular design makes it much easier for the layers to dissipate heat through the layers making it less likely to expand contract out of place.
Solid wood flooring is decidedly more expensive due to multiple factors such as sourcing of wood as well as the carpentry and workmanship that is needed to make the boards suitable for flooring. Furthermore, solid wood flooring may require specialised workmanship to install the boards unlike the engineered floorboards which are DIY; so there is the labour cost of that as well. Furthermore, the renovation of the solid wood is actually more costly than that of engineered floor boards. This implies that in the long run, solid wood is actually more expensive than engineered wood.
One plank of solid wood can produce up to 7 planks of high – quality engineered wood. This implies that the wood requirement of engineered wood could be up to 7 times less than that of solid wood for the same area of flooring. This directly implies that much less timber is needed to produce the same engineered floor boards.
Engineered flooring provides multiple benefits directly related to the structure in which they are built. This implies that they may be a better choice for your home rather than solid wood. Furthermore, their compact natures as well as durability make it quite difficult for one to distinguish engineered floor boards from solid boards once they are installed. Engineered floors may be easily re – sanded as well as refinished to spruce up the look of your floors. This implies that they can both save you money as well as complement the appearance of your house. It may be time for you to start thinking long – term durability and cost effectiveness and invest in engineered floor boards for your home. | <urn:uuid:5635186c-8fc0-401c-a5f4-5ae3f7886076> | {
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When any person in Canada creates an original "work", the Canadian Copyright Act (and Canadian court decisions) automatically governs who has the right to produce, copy, perform, publish, adapt, translate or telecommunicate that work.
The term "work" means
In Canada, copyright is implied; as soon as a work is created it is protected by copyright, even if the author does not include a copyright statement or symbol. Canada is a party to various international copyright treaties, which have been implemented by the Copyright Act, and which influence court decisions.
Generally (but not always), the author of the work is the copyright owner – and that person is said to hold or own the copyright in the work. In other words, they have the right to control if and how the work will be produced, copied, performed, etc. The rights of the copyright owner, however, are subject to certain user rights or 'exceptions', which permit members of the general public to copy, perform etc. works in certain limited circumstances, without the copyright owner's knowledge or permission. Some examples of these exceptions include fair dealing (sx.29), educational exceptions (sx. 29.4), and reproduction for persons with perceptual disabilities (sx.32).
Copyright applies once the work is put into a fixed form (e.g. written down on paper, saved on a computer, recorded, videotaped, or painted on canvas) except for a sound recording, performer's performance or communication signal (which may be transmitted instead of fixed). The work does not have to be in its final form – copyright applies to drafts too.
Copyright specifically protects a "work or any substantial part thereof" (sx. 3). This implies that the use of insubstantial parts of a work, such as short quotations, is allowed without copyright permission. Material such as figures, drawings, maps, photographs etc. may be considered to be whole works, and they are therefore considered to be substantial parts. Unless the author specifically states otherwise, or the work is now Public Domain, permission is needed to use substantial parts of third party material in a published thesis or dissertation.
General copyright information, including what it covers, how long it lasts, how you get permission to use someone’s copyrighted material and how it works internationally.
The Canadian Copyright Act, court decisions and various agreements and licences entered into by the University with copyright owners and representative organizations govern the use of copyrighted materials at RRU. The Copyright Act and court decisions in Canada prescribe what you can and can’t do with other people’s copyrighted materials. In addition to this, RRU has license agreements with copyright owners and publishers, such as subscriptions to electronic journals, which give you additional rights to copy works that are governed by these license agreements. RRU has over 100 electronic subscription licenses that give faculty and students access to thousands of journals and millions of copyrighted works. To determine whether what you want to do is permissible, you need to check, by contacting either the Copyright Office or the reference librarians, that you comply with any licences covering the work in question and/or the Copyright Act. You should ask yourself:
Is the work in question covered by a licence that the University Library has with publishers or a public licence such as a Creative Commons licence? If so, is what I want to do permissible under those licences?
If not, is what I want to do covered by the Copyright Act, either under the educational exceptions or under the fair dealing exception?
If your copying is not permitted by any licence or the Copyright Act, you will need to get permission for what you want to do from the copyright owner.
Copyright protects all original literary, artistic, dramatic and musical works, computers programs, translations and compilations of works, as well as sound recordings, performances and communication signals. This encompasses a wide range of things, ranging from books, articles, posters, manuals and graphs, to CDs, DVDs, software, databases and websites.
Copyright protection arises automatically when any one of the above types of works is created and generally continues for 50 years after the author’s death (and note that translations or annotations of such works are also copyrighted). When you want to use a particular work, the safest approach is to assume that the work is protected by copyright, unless there’s a clear indication to the contrary or the author has been dead for at least 50 years, and the work is not a translation or annotation of the original author’s work.
Copyright is the sole and exclusive right of a copyright owner to produce, reproduce, perform, publish, adapt, translate and telecommunicate a work, and to control the circumstances in which others may do any of these things. These rights are subject to certain exceptions under the Copyright Act which balance the copyright owner’s interests with the public interest in allowing use of works for purposes such as education and research.
Fair dealing is an exception in the Copyright Act that allows any person to make a single copy of a copyrighted work for the purposes of research, private study, criticism, review or news reporting. The law relating to the fair dealing exception does not provide clear answers with respect to whether exactly what is permitted copying within the fair dealing exception. When determining whether copying falls within the fair dealing exception, Canadian courts will consider the following factors:
i. the purpose of the proposed copying, including whether it is for research, private study, criticism, review, news reporting, education, parody or satire;
ii. the character of the proposed copying, including whether it involves single or multiple copies, and whether the copy is destroyed after it is used for its specific intended purpose;
iii. the amount or proportion of the work which is proposed to be copied and the importance of that work;
iv. alternatives to copying the work, including whether there is a non-copyrighted equivalent available;
v. the nature of the work, including whether it is published or unpublished; and
vi. the effect of the copying on the work, including whether the copy will compete with the commercial market of the original work.
In addition, if the purpose of your copying is for criticism, review or news reporting, you must also mention the source and author of the work for it to be fair dealing. For more guidance and additional information limits on the amount and nature of copying permitted under fair dealing in certain contexts, please review the RRU Fair Dealing Policy and the information on fair dealing exceptions.
Please note that it is important to distinguish ‘fair dealing’ from ‘fair use’. The fair use doctrine under United States copyright laws is NOT the equivalent of the fair dealing exception under Canadian copyright laws. Fair dealing as defined by the Copyright Act is more restrictive than the fair use provisions in the United States. It is therefore important to make sure that you consider Canadian legal principles and do not rely on U.S. laws.
Although the fair dealing exception does not use the word “teaching”, it would allow a teacher to make a single copy of a work for criticism or review. So if you are teaching geography, for example, and you want to discuss and critique with your students a recent study relating to eco-tourism in developing countries (which is not covered by a licence that the Library has for e-resources or any of the Copyright Act’s educational exceptions), and you mention the author and source of the work, it may be considered fair dealing to share this material with your students. However, merely providing the work without any commentary or criticism would not be considered fair dealing for the purposes of criticism or review. The purpose must clearly be criticism or review and your copying must be fair, taking into account the factors under Question 1.5. If you are not sure whether your proposed copying constitutes fair dealing, you should contact the Copyright Office, as you may need to seek permission from the copyright owner.
In Canada, copyright generally lasts for the lifetime of the author, plus 50 years.
The term “public domain” refers to works in which the copyright has expired or where the copyright owner has made a clear declaration that they will not assert copyright in the work and that it is their intention that the work should be in the public domain.
For example, although copyright in Shakespeare’s plays expired long ago, many of the published editions of his plays contain added original materials (such as annotations, translations, footnotes, prefaces etc.) that are copyright protected because the authors have used skill and judgment in creating the new material. This creates a new copyright in the additional original works, but not in the underlying text of the original work in which the copyright has expired.
By virtue of international conventions, copyright is recognized internationally. So, generally, your copyright will be protected in other countries. But it is protected under that country’s laws so there may be some differences from the level of protection you would get in Canada. If you’re concerned about someone’s use of your work in other countries, you will need to check the particular jurisdiction’s copyright laws to confirm whether they are infringing your copyright.
Copyright laws in the U.S. and Canada are different. For example, the U.S. has a doctrine known as ‘fair use’ which is different from the Canadian ‘fair dealing’ exception. The Canadian fair dealing exception is limited to making a single copy for research, private study, criticism, review, news reporting, education, satire or parody. If you are from the U.S. or are collaborating with a U.S. researcher, you should keep in mind that the rules which apply to the copyrighted materials that you intend to copy or create may differ depending on where you want to use them.
You ask. If your use isn’t permitted by a licence, or one of the exceptions in the Copyright Act, you will need to ask for permission. The permission must come from the copyright owner so the first step is to identify who the copyright owner is and whether there is an organization that represents the owner. There are a number of copyright collectives that can give you permission (in the form of a licence) on behalf of the copyright owner to use their work. For example, if you want to use music and your use doesn’t fall within any of the Copyright Act’s exceptions, you can go to copyright collectives such as Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada (SOCAN), Canadian Musical Reproduction Rights Agency (CMRRA) or Re:Sound Music Licensing Company that administer copyright in music.
However, if the copyright owner is easily identifiable and locatable, it can sometimes be easier to contact them directly as many copyright owners will give permission to academic users without requiring payment. Usually you will be able to identify the owner somewhere on the work by looking for the copyright symbol ©, which should have the copyright owner’s name next to it. You’ll often find this at the beginning of a book, at the side of a photograph or at the bottom of a web page. Once you’ve located the owner, simply email or write to him/her, explaining how and why you want to use the work and requesting permission. The permission should be in writing; an email message will suffice. It is not advisable to rely on verbal permission. It’s also a good idea to keep a file record of who gave the permission, what was permitted, the date, and how to contact the person who gave the permission.
A note to all instructors: At RRU, the copyright function is centralised within the Copyright Office. We are happy to provide the permissions service to faculty and staff for courses and other University use. If you do obtain permissions on your own, please send us a copy of the copyright agreement from the copyright holder so that we can keep that agreement on file.
Moral rights are additional legal rights held by authors of copyrighted works. They consist of the right of attribution, and the right to protect the integrity of a work and the reputation of its author. The right of attribution is the right, where reasonable in the circumstances, to be associated with the work as its author by name or under a pseudonym or the right to remain anonymous. The right of integrity is the right not to have a work (a) distorted, mutilated or otherwise modified, or (b) used in association with a product, service, cause or institution, in a way which is prejudicial to the author’s honour or reputation. These rights are important for authors to ensure they receive appropriate recognition for their work and for prohibiting any prejudicial changes to their works.
RRU has policies relating to copyright ownership and use of works created at RRU. Under this policy, faculty, staff and students will generally own the copyright in works they create through teaching and research, with certain exceptions.
However, ownership can be affected by agreements with industry sponsors or joint authors, who may have an interest in the works which they have helped to create or fund. Ultimately, ownership will depend on the facts of your situation and you should review the Royal Roads University Intellectual Policy and Procedures if you are unsure about the ownership of your work.
You will find lots of helpful information about working on your thesis, including copyright issues, in the Copyright Information for Thesis and Dissertation Publication guide on the RRU Library website.
Text derived from Waterloo Copyright FAQ by University of Waterloo, licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 2.5 Canada Licence. | <urn:uuid:caa0445d-2a16-44d4-a32e-c239ecf91a2d> | {
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What is a Teacher?
- by Gerald Grow
To a mind of flint, the teacher must be iron, and strike sparks. To the empty pitcher, the teacher becomes a well. To the fallow mind, a planter of seeds. To the cluttered mind, a gardener to weed, shape, and clear a space for growing.
To the lens, the teacher is light, and to the mind of light, a lens.
To the sleeper, the teacher is the wake-up call of birds at sunrise. To clay, the teacher is potter, sculptor, and trainer in self-shaping. To the wanderer, the teacher is a knowing guide. To the developed mind, the teacher is colleague, listener, friend.
To all, the teacher is a mirror that shows not only the self but the path and its choices, the task and its demands–the difficulties, the joys. To all and from all, the teacher is a learner, a person–and a prism through which the ordinary reveals itself to be miraculous.
© 1997. May be freely reprinted for nonprofit uses, provided credit is given.
If you like this, you might like “Teaching Learners to be Self-Directed.” | <urn:uuid:8434cc72-ad04-4801-9985-7ece895548c8> | {
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• Mini Aquarium Ultraviolet Sterilizer Is in 240 ~ 280 nm UV wavelength range most kill destroy bacteria and viruses of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid), the molecular structure of the growing cell death and (or) regenerative cell death, to achieve the effect of sterilization. UV...
• Ultraviolet sterilizer
Is in 240 ~ 280 nm UV wavelength range most kill destroy bacteria and viruses of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid), the molecular structure of the growing cell death and (or) regenerative cell death, to achieve the effect of sterilization.
UV sterilization is strongest especially when the wavelength is 253.7.
This band overlaps with the UV absorption of deoxyribonucleic acid in the microorganism's nucleus and the range of photochemical sensitivity, as shown below.
The spectra of RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid were shown in the figure of 240~280nm
Usually think that UV light can change and destroy the structure mutation, change the cell's genetic transcription feature, make the organism loss of protein synthesis and replication ability to reproduce, other protein absorption (aromatic ring of phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine absorption peak at 280 nm) may also play a role of ultraviolet sterilization process.
The wavelength of UV light reaching the ground after the normal sunlight penetrates the atmosphere is 287~ 390nm, which deviates from the optimal sterilization wavelength range (about 250~ 285nm).
The absorption of the ozone layer mainly reduces the intensity of UV light in the solar spectrum below 290nm. Therefore, the sterilization ability of sunlight is less than that of special UV sterilization lamp.
• The characteristics
UV bactericidal action is stronger, but the penetration ability of the object is very weak.
It is used in operating room, burn ward, infectious ward and sterile room space disinfection and disinfection of heat-resistant articles and mesa surfaces.
Ultraviolet lamp life
The aging of the lamp will cause the lamp to lose 30% to 50% of the luminous intensity. Sometimes light to medium ageing heating method can be used to restore (such as the aging of quartz can be heated to 1000 ° C, maintain several hours). In order to ensure the efficiency of sterilization, the actual use time of the lamp tube should be replaced at 75% of the nominal life. The reliable way to measure aging is to measure the intensity of the output light of the tube regularly, preferably to determine the emission spectrum. It is suggested that for the low-pressure ultraviolet lamp disinfection system, the lamp should be replaced when the radiation intensity reaches 25W/cm. The effective use time of the early low-voltage lamp tube (defined as the use time when the luminous efficiency drops to 70% of the initial value) is generally 1000~3000h (75-14000h abroad), which has been increased to about 8000~ 12000h.
When the lamp is activated, the life effect of the lamp tube is greater. For the low-voltage lamp tube, it usually takes 3~6min for each start, and usually the time calculation is calculated according to the effective use of 3h. The stable time of the high-pressure lamp tube is about 5~10min at each start, and it is used to calculate the effective use time of 5~ 10h.
Folding eliminate ozone
In industrial production, ozone is often used to disinfect and purify water bodies.
But, as a result of ozone has strong oxidation ability, the remaining ozone in water if not removed can be possible, to influence the next process, therefore, usually the ozone treated water before entering the main technological process must be in water to remove residual ozone.
Ultraviolet light of 254 nm is very effective for destroying residual ozone, which can decompose ozone into oxygen.
Although different systems require different sizes, typically a typical ozone removal system requires about three times as much ultraviolet radiation as a traditional sterilization system.
Folding reduces total organic carbon
In many high-tech and laboratory installations, organic matter can interfere with the production of high purity water.
There are many ways to remove organic matter from water, and more commonly used methods include activated carbon and reverse osmosis.
Shorter wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) light (185 nm) can effectively reduce the amount of total organic carbon (value is the radiator also produces a 254 nm wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light, and therefore can be disinfected at the same time).
Ultraviolet light with shorter wavelengths has more energy and is therefore able to break down organic matter.
The organic reaction process is complicated, and its main principle is to oxidize organic matter into water and carbon dioxide by producing highly oxidized hydrogen and oxygen.
Like the ozone scavenging system, this biodegradable UV system emits three to four times more UV radiation than traditional disinfection systems.
Fold liquid sugar to disinfect
Most food and beverage manufacturers use liquid sugar in large quantities.
Since sugar is easily used by bacteria, it is easy to promote bacterial reproduction.
In addition, liquid sugar is opaque, so it is difficult to disinfect thoroughly.
Ultraviolet light of 254 nanometer wavelengths can be used to sterilize liquid sugar products.
To compensate for the fluid viscosity and the energy loss caused by color, many UV emitters need to be tightly aligned to make up the so-called "membrane" reactor.
The close combination of these radiators can provide the very high UV radiation required so that liquid sugar can be effectively disinfected.
Its UV energy output is about seven to 10 times that of a traditional disinfection system.
Fold degradation of residual chlorine
Chlorination is essential in municipal water treatment and water supply systems.
But in the process of industrial production, in order to avoid harmful effects on products, the removal of residual chlorine in water is often the necessary pretreatment.
The basic method of eliminating residual chlorine has activated carbon bed and chemical treatment.
The drawback of activated carbon is that it needs to be constantly regenerated, and is often encountered with bacteria.
Both 185 and 254 nanometer wavelengths have been shown to effectively destroy the chemical bonds of chlorine and chlorine.
Although great UV energy is needed to play a role, but its advantage is that this method does not need to add any drugs into the water, don't need to store chemicals, easy maintenance, and at the same time and the role of sterilization and removal of organic matter.
Folding surfaces and air disinfection
The use of UV for air disinfection and ultraviolet light for water disinfection has a long history.
Air sterilization equipment has been used in hospitals, clinics and purification rooms for years.
Now, factories, offices and homes are also using air sterilization equipment.
The principle of air disinfection is the same as water disinfection.
Normally, the ultraviolet lamp can be installed in the air pipe, at the front of the coil, or mounted on a shelf fixed to the wall.
When air passes, the microbes in the air are killed and become harmless.
The same is true of surface disinfection.
In the food and beverage industry, the products on the conveyor belt are sterilized by surface sterilization equipment.
Disinfect the folding cooling tower
In order to reduce the cost of killing agents and the harm of chemical treatment to health, the UV system can be installed in the water circulation system of the cooling tower to play the role of sterilization.
If used together with the filter, UV rays can effectively control the growth of microorganisms in cooling towers.
Although the cooling tower still needs to maintain a certain concentration of antibiotics, the application of ultraviolet radiation can greatly reduce its usage.
Country of origin: Jiangsu, China
Voltage: 220V 50Hz, the voltage can be as local demand
Payment term: Unionpay transfer
Delivery date: Negotiable
Packing: export standard
Market: Middle East/ Africa/Asia/South America/Europe/North America
Warranty: 1 year
MOQ: 1 set
Parts of customers:
1.How can I get to your factory?
Our factory is near Shanghai airport. We can meet you at the airport.
2.Where is your factory?
Our factory address: no.5, rongqiang road, xishan district, jiangsu province, China
3.What's your minimum order quantity, could you send me the sample?
Our minimum quantity is one set, because our products are mechanical equipment, which can hardly be sent to you, but we can send you a catalogue and warmly welcome you to visit our company.
remarks：Main Equipments Packages Testing Devices Delivery:
500kg or more | <urn:uuid:355c1e87-d0c4-4289-9f39-1f5c7ff4d3ed> | {
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The humble peanut is much loved around the world, making up 67% of all nut consumption in the US and can be found as an ingredient in a ridiculous number of foods or eaten as a savoury snack. Unfortunately, peanut allergy is also one of the most common food allergies with about 1 in 100 people in the UK being allergic.
My interest in this topic arose when someone broke the news to me that the peanut is not actually a nut. Okay, so maybe not the most ground-shaking piece of information but a surprise to me all the same. Turns out, the peanut is actually a legume. This is because a nut is considered to be a fruit whose ovary wall become very hard at maturity, hence the phrase “tough nut to crack”. Also, nuts tend to grow on trees. In contrast, peanut pods split open when ripe and they grow underground. In fact, they are scientifically classified as Arachis hypogaea with hypogaea meaning ‘under the earth’.
Peanuts actually play a lot of roles in health and medicine. In terms of nourishment, peanuts are a great source of protein. They are richer in protein than soy beans and just two tablespoons of peanut butter has more protein than an egg. They also contain nearly 50% fat- but don’t worry! 70% of that fat is unsaturated so whilst that still makes them rather calorific, they are a very good source of energy. Mineral content such as potassium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper and magnesium is also proportionately high in peanuts. Finally, peanuts have a lot of vitamin B.
In relation to medicine, peanuts are rich in resveratrol which has antioxidant properties. This helps control cholesterol and prevent heart disease. Peanuts also have an abundance, it seems, of genistein which is known to combat PMS and also prevent the development of cancer cells. One of the many amino acids in peanuts is tyrosine. Tyrosine is used by our bodies to make dopamine, also known as one of the ‘happy hormones’. Lack of dopamine is actually associated with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children which can cause problems at school. However, as with everything in life I would not recommend a huge intake of peanuts just for these health benefits as anything in excess can be harmful.
Speaking of harmful, what is a peanut allergy and why does it happen? A peanut allergy occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly believes that peanuts or something in the peanuts are harmful, so produces an immune response to attack those allergens. During an allergic reaction, histamine is released by mast cells which are found in connective tissues, like the skin. One of the effects of histamine is that it causes capillaries to become more permeable to white blood cells. As a result, fluid moves out of capillaries creating symptoms like watery eyes and runny noses.
Antihistamine can be used to relieve the symptoms of a mild allergic reaction but in a severe reaction anaphylactic shock can occur in which case emergency medical treatment or an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) as advised by a doctor is required. The best treatment is to steer clear of peanuts if you’re allergic. Although peanuts are not a nut, as we recently found out, if you have a nut allergy you are likely allergic to peanuts too (and visa versa). This is because the allergens are similar so the body responds in the same way.
So that’s a bit about peanuts and nut allergies, but also about some of the benefits of the superfood too. With over 40 million tonnes of shelled peanuts produced worldwide, peanuts are indeed a very popular foodstuff, whether they are a nut or not…
Read it? Rate it! | <urn:uuid:a38cdaab-70e4-48e0-9da5-6ba8fc17807b> | {
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In case you thought that only the outside air flow causes health problems, it is time a person reassess your viewpoint. The actual Centers for Disease Manage and Prevention (CDC) says that “indoor environments are quite complex and building residents may be exposed to a variety of pollutants (in the form of gases as well as particles) from… cleaning items, construction activities, carpets and also furnishings, perfumes, cigarette smoke, water-damaged building materials, microbial development… insects…. ” Other factors, such as indoor temperature, humidity along with ventilation levels, also effect the way an individual responds for an environment. This is where the importance of interior air quality testing comes in.
Interior Air Quality Testing helps in finding indoor pollutants so that they might be removed before they trigger any health problems. Here are some techniques for removing indoor pollutants: Resource control: Eliminating the causes of pollution or reducing their own emission is the most effective method of improving the quality of interior atmosphere. You can seal sources which contain asbestos or adjust fuel stoves to reduce emissions. Supply control is the most cost-effective means of protecting the indoor atmosphere.
Ventilation improvement: Increasing the quantity of outdoor air entering https://moldinspectionaustintx.com/air-quality-solutions/ the area is also a good way of decreasing indoor pollutants. Not all cooling and heating units allow fresh air in to the room. So , you can improve ventilation by opening the actual windows, operating window followers, or running an air conditioning unit with its vent control open up. You can also install exhaust enthusiasts in the bathroom and kitchen to remove impurities. These are particularly important whenever you engage in activities which produce pollutants, such as painting or even paint stripping, using gasoline heaters, cooking, welding, or perhaps soldering. Ventilation improvement raises your energy costs by just a few dollars. | <urn:uuid:5668aefb-1432-477b-b7df-2782efe68570> | {
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German scientist Helmuth Walter demonstrated a prototype for the first true submarine – a boat which in theory could operate submerged for an indefinite period, unlimited by battery capacity or the need for atmospheric oxygen. V.80 was powered by the decomposition of highly-concentrated (95 percent) hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, known as Perhydrol. In essence: when the chemical breaks down, it releases superheated steam to drive a turbine, along with oxygen to support conventional combustion or for respiration by the crew.
The hull-shape of V.80 was optimized for submerged operations, and the boat indeed demonstrated exceptional speed – 28 knots submerged. It also demonstrated exceptionally high fuel consumption, 25 times that of a diesel engine, at exceptional cost. According to one source, one 6.5 hour trial run consumed $200,000 dollars worth of Perhydrol.
The design showed great promise. However, Hitler thought his war was won, and plans for the production of a series of Walter boats were put in limbo.
|The 1943 experimental 250-ton Type Wa-201 Walter boat, U-792,|
which hit 25 knots, submerged, on sea trials.
Research continued. Perhaps eight, in several variations, 250 and 300 tons, were put into service, 1943-44
|The Type Wa-201 Walter boat, U-793, here partially dismantled at the end of the war.| | <urn:uuid:02177520-dde3-4ffb-bdeb-01ae3d29e09f> | {
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Ergonomics is the study and practice of performing everyday tasks safely. Ergonomics stresses the importance of reducing pressure on the joints and muscles in the body, ensuring safe movement and preventing injuries. The principals of ergonomics can be applied to all manner of normal household tasks and life events, including household relocation. In fact, ergonomic safety is incredibly important during a relocation, because moving is such a physically demanding task. These tips will help you stay safe during your upcoming relocation, helping you avoid injury.
Make Smart Lifting Choices
Improper lifting technique can cause back injuries that can last days, weeks or even a lifetime. To prevent injuries, avoid packing heavy boxes. Do not twist your body or back during a lift, and avoid lifting any boxes up over your head. When holding a box, keep it close to your body to avoid putting undue pressure on your back. Avoid lifting boxes quickly, as fast movements can lead to injuries.
Use Ergonomic Moving Equipment
Moving equipment like dollies and carts can help you move several boxes at once without placing extra pressure on your back. These standard pieces of equipment are known to make relocations easier and more efficient. However, there are many lifting devices that can improve ergonomic conditions during your relocation. These devices include:
- Lifting straps. Lifting straps attach to the body and make it easier for adults to lift large, bulky items like dressers, appliances and mattresses.
- Ramps. Ramps prevent injuries by enabling carts to roll down stairs and up into the truck, rather than lifting.
- Boxes with handles. This option is often a little bit more costly, but boxes with handles are easier to lift than boxes that don't have handles, resulting in fewer awkward postures.
Following these tips can help you stay safe during your upcoming relocation. However, even if you are using correct ergonomic techniques, you can still get hurt during a move.
Reduce Chances of Slips, Trips and Falls
Slips, trips and falls are a big risk when boxes and clutter are strewn the floor, as often happens during packing activities. To prevent accidents, keep clutter up off the ground. Sweep at the end of every day while packing is taking place, and move clutter to surfaces like tables and counters, where it is unlikely to cause an accident. While packing, wearing sturdy, close-toed shoes with rubber soles can help ensure good balance and secure footing.
For more information about how to have a more ergonomically correct move, speak with your movers and/or moving equipment dealers. | <urn:uuid:921db480-8e47-4663-88ff-d89ebc14850f> | {
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Articulations Form Where Bones Join Together
the characteristics of fibrous and carti-
the structures of synovial joints.
or joint is a point of contact be-
tween bones, between cartilage and bone, or
between teeth and bones. There are two clas-
sification schemes for joints; one is based on
how the bones come together and the other on how the
bones work together to make the body move.
Articulations are Classified
by Structure or Function
An articulation can be classified
functionally based on the range
of movement possible by the joint.
The shape of the bones, the place-
ment of the ligaments, and the
flexibility of tendons are impor-
tant for determining movement
in a joint. There are several func-
A synarthrosis (
) is a very strong,
tightly fitted joint that permits virutally no movement.
The sutures of the skull are an example of this limited-
movement type of articulation.
than a synarthrosis and permits some movement.
The joint formed between two vertebrae represents
an amphiarthrosis. The intervertebral disc interferes
with free movement of this joint.
is even looser and
more freely movable than an amphiarthrosis. Most
articulations of the body are of this type.
The structure of a joint determines its strength and flex-
ibility. Joints can also be classified structurally in one of
three categories: •
) joints contain varying densities of
irregular dense collagenous connective tissue (Figure
• Sutures, like those that join skull bones, have thin
layers of connective tissue.
the types of synovial joints and give exam-
ples of each.
the various types of joint movements.
• A syndesmosis has more space between the bones
and more connective tissue than a suture. One
example is the joint that forms between the tibia and
fibula distally (distal tibiofibular joint) at the ankle.
Another example is a
the attachment of a tooth
into its socket.
• Interosseous membranes are large sheets of dense
connective tissue that span greater distances and
connect long bones, such as the ulna and radius.
As their name implies, cartilaginous joints (
) are connected by cartilage (see Figure 5.13):
• A synchondrosis (
) has hyaline
cartilage and is immovable, like the epiphyseal
plates within long bones.
• In a symphysis (
), the bones are joined by
a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage—such as on the
anterior pelvis where the pubic bones articulate—
so they are only slightly movable.
The synovial joints (
) have numerous
articulation. These joints are described in more detail
in the next section (Figure 5.13).
Synovial Joints Have
Synovial joints are structurally more complex than the
other types of joints. They have a fluid-filled cavity be-
tween the bones, and the bones
are covered by articular carti-
lage. A fibrous capsule lined
surrounds the cavity, which is
filled with synovial fluid. The
fluid and cartilage lubricate this freely movable joint.
Synovial joints have ligaments outside and sometimes
within to hold the joints together. Also, some synovial
joints, such as the shoulder and knee, have additional
lubricating sacs called bursae (
) between the
skin and bone.
ments) Dense regular
connective tissue that
attaches bone to bone.
White fibrous cords of
dense regular connec-
tive tissue that attach
muscles to bones.
to articular bone
The Skeletal System | <urn:uuid:9808f3e8-1071-4837-8d6f-f3cde076c3e1> | {
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It is very essential to learn quadratic equations, because it have wide applications in other branches of mathematics, physics, in other subjects and also in real life situations. Division Answer. The next series of problems targets conceptual understanding and procedural skill as students. Grade 10 Quadratic Equations For more such worksheets visit www. Grade 10 Q. 1 Properties of Quadratic Functions 8. Write the equation of a quadratic function that has zeros at 2 and -4/3; The graph of a quadratic function intersects the x-axis at points (1,0) and (8,0), respectively. For instance, physicists can model the height of an object over time t with quadratic equations. Introduction to Quadratic Equations. A quadratic equation in which terms are arranged in descending order of their degrees is called the standard form of the equation. Also find the points where these line intersect x-axis. com, evaluate equations, explore transformations, and much more – for free! 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These quadratic equation worksheets are a good study materials for students starting from class 6. Only irrational and rational roots included, no complex solutions. Algebra 1 Honors Worksheet _20_Solving Quadratic Equations Using the Quadratic Formula_. in this math activity, students locate the vertex for the quadratic equations while looking at the parabola. Free worksheet with answer keys on quadratic equations. Eighth Grade Math Exercises, Interactive Exercises, Fun Games, Math Worksheets & Extras for Teaching 8th Grade. MATH WORKSHEETS FOR SIXTH 7 th GRADE - PDF. It is EXTREMELY important that you understand how to factor trinomials in order to complete this lesson. Gyanendu Shekhar (Hindi) Complete Course On Quadratic Equations CBSE Class-10. No Download or Signup. The quadratic expression on the left-hand side of this equation might factor, but it looks like finding that factorization, if any, would be an unpleasant amount of work. 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Situational problems based on quadratic equations related to day to day. Students will understand that some methods are more useful than others depending on the type of quadratic equation. This formula allows you to find the root of quadratic equations of the form: ax 2 + bx + c = 0. 5, MCQS and Chapter Test. 1) p2 + 14 p Create your own worksheets. Notes for quadratic equations chapter of class 10 Mathematics. For those students in high school, and even some younger, we are familiar with the quadratic formula, "the opposite of b, plus or minus the square root of b squared minus 4ac, all divided by 2a". Roots of quadratic. Factoring trinomials and solving quadratic equations by factoring are some of the most abstract mathematics in Algebra 1, and students will struggle to learn the techniques because they don't see the point. Family owned and operated by Barwon Heads and Ocean Grove's most qualified and respected surfing coaches. Math is like an extension to my arm, yet teaching it to a student who is struggling immensely is often nerve wracking to say the least. Use it to estimate production since 1988. Factoring quadratic equations worksheet-get some practice factoring quadratic equations. We’ve seen how to solve one equation with one variable (if you haven’t, click here solving equations revision, but if there’s an equation with two variables, like. Find Shepherd Elementary School test scores, student-teacher ratio, parent reviews and teacher stats. These quadratic equation worksheets are a good study materials for students starting from class 6. Unit 2-2: Writing and Graphing Quadratics Worksheet Practice PACKET Name:_____Period_____ Learning Targets: Unit 2-1 12. We start with the former. Also find the other root. Proof of the quadratic formula. ⑧ The roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bc + c, a ≠ 0 can be found by using the quadratic formula provided, b 2 - 4ac ≥ 0. If the equation can be factored, factoring is usually the quicker method. SOLVING RADICAL EQUATIONS. The quadratic equation worksheet also includes a factoring, square root, with quadratic formula. The Quadratic Equation, Formula, & Discriminant : If ax² + bx + c = 0 then x =. Class 10 Worksheet Questions - Quadratic Equations Summary and Exercise are very important for perfect preparation. However, you may end up with an algebraic expression on one side involving other variables rather than just a number. Quadratic Formula Coloring Activity This activity includes 12 quadratic equations for students to solve using the quadratic formula. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set. Feb 16, 2018 · Quadratic Equation Maths Class 10 Important Question Board Exam R B Classes Q2 equations class 10,quadratic equations by factoring,nature of roots of quadratic equation,nature of roots using. Class 10 Quadratic Equations For more such worksheets visit www. us • New Mathematics Resource Document Edits • Mathematics Effective Instructional. 1 Properties of Quadratic Functions 8. On this page, you will find Algebra worksheets mostly for middle school students on algebra topics such as algebraic expressions, equations and graphing functions. To form a quadratic equation when you are given the vertex, focus or directrix, click here: Calculating a Quadratic Equation from the Vertex, Focus or Directrix. May 25, 2013 · The Corbettmaths video tutorial on Equations involving fractions. -Class Notes - Day 1 - Translating and solving one-step/two-step equations-Class Notes - Day 2 - Multi-Step Equations-Class Notes - Day 3 - Literal Equations and Word Problems-Lab Rubric - Using Your Head page 191-Class Notes - Day 5 - Inequalities-Lab Rubric - Using Your Head, More or Less page 194-Worksheet - Unit 2 Test Review. Students will be asked to apply what they have learned to solve a real world problem by demonstrating understanding of the following areas:. Using quadratic equations to solve problems worksheet. Download CBSE class 10th revision notes for Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations in PDF format for free. Solve the following pair of equations: A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and a second solution which is 25% acid. Situational problems based on quadratic equations related to day to day. Honors Algebra 2 Worksheets Do homework on separate paper Homework: odds, 10-12 all. All answers are roun. Definition of a quadratic equation. and hence find the sum of its first 15 terms. Resources / Lessons / Math / Algebra / Solve By Using the Quadratic Equation / Solve By Using the Quadra Lessons All Answers Blogs Files Videos GO Solving Using the Quadratic Formula Worksheet. Answers on 2nd page of PDF. Solving Quadratic Equations Worksheet With Answers Worksheets For. The Standard Form. Had she got 2 marks more in maths and 3 marks less in English, the product of their marks would have been 210. Quadratic Equations GCSE Maths revision. com Answer the questions (1) Had Sunil scored 8 more marks in his mathematics test out of 30 marks, 4 times these marks. High School Math Lesson Plans. The function C = 75x + 2600 gives the cost, in dollars, for a small company to. Maze Worksheets For Kindergarten. May 14, 2019 · Wednesday - 9-2 Solve Quadratics by Graphing 9-1 (cont. Quadratic Equations - 10 Types of Question Patterns asked that You Must Know Here is a list of ten pattern types questions that are commonly asked in class 10 maths examination paper. Name Class Date Practice 4-5 (continued) Form G 22. Section 3: The graph of y = A quadratic: A parabola. Factor method for the quadratic equations. Ncert Solutions For Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Exercise 2019 20. Improve your math knowledge with free questions in "Solve a quadratic equation by factoring" and thousands of other math skills. Identify the population and the sample: a) A survey of 1353 American households found that 18% of the households own a computer. Math-U-See is a complete K-12 math curriculum focused on homeschool and small group learning environments that uses manipulatives to illustrate and teach math concepts. Section 3: The graph of y = A quadratic: A parabola. The study of quadratic equations and their graphs plays an important role in many applications. What is the quadratic equation that models the path of the spray? How do you find the value that will produce the maximum value of the function g(x)=3(x-12)(x+3)? A piece of wire 44 cm long is cut into two parts and each part is bent to form a square. Gyanendu Shekhar (Hindi) Complete Course On Quadratic Equations CBSE Class-10. This formula allows you to find the root of quadratic equations of the form: ax 2 + bx + c = 0. r D A6lHlw srdi 8g GhLtRs 1 pr7e BsMepr 9vResdj. Download RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions Chapter 8 Quadratic Equations here. Quadratic Formula. The diameters of the base and top of the frustum are ^@ 16 \space m^@ and ^@ 3 \space m ^@ and its height ^@ 10 \space m ^@. Question 1: Check whether the following are quadratic equations: (i) (x + 1. 4x3 +16x2 + x +4 7. I downloaded some of their worksheets to work with my students. 3 6 Two Step Equations Worksheet Answers Solving Multi Step Equations Worksheet Answers 6. Write the equation of a quadratic function that has zeros at 2 and -4/3; The graph of a quadratic function intersects the x-axis at points (1,0) and (8,0), respectively. All these topics are included in CBSE solved test papers of class 10 Mathematics chapter Quadratic Equations. Free Question Bank for 10th Class Mathematics Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations. Find the constant k so that the system of the two equations: 2x + ky = 2 and 5x - 3y = 7 has no solutions. Class 10 Math Chapter Wise Important Questions and Video Lessons– In this article, you can find the chapter wise important questions and video lessons for Class 10 Math. View the complete index of all Math, ELA, Spelling, Phonics, Grammar, Science, and Social Studies worksheets found on this website. Use a graphing calculator to determine whether the data best fits a linear model, a quadratic model, or a cubic model. quadratic equation problems class 10 pdf. The second equation is called the Quadratic Formula because it states the solution-- provides a formula for computing the simplified answer(s) by using the values of the first equation. Algebra Four is one of the Interactivate assessment games. Lots of practice here together with a number of word written problems that will get you thinking. Four Digit Addition And Subtraction. Mar 11, 2010. Lesson 6 Complex Numbers. Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorization Solving Quadratic Equation Factorization Method Worksheet 2 Click Solving Quadratic Equation Factorization Method Worksheet 2. Our notes of Chapter 4 Quadratic equations are prepared by Maths experts in an easy to remember format, covering all syllabus of CBSE, KVPY, NTSE, Olympiads, NCERT & other Competitive Exams. This include- factorizing, completing the square, using Quadratic formula and by taking square roots. £20 £200 £40 £30 £30 £30 £15 £20. Lesson 7 Completing the Square. Set your level of difficulty. Example 1: Mathematical Diagram — Solving Quadratic Equation. 558 #11-35 thirds, 36. Quadratic Equations Worksheet. CLASS NOTES H. The study of quadratic equations and their graphs plays an important role in many applications. Make sure to check all answers in the original equation. Equations of Quadratic Form An equation of the form au2 bu c 0. In case you need to have advice with math and in particular with extrapolation calculator or a quadratic come pay a visit to us at Polymathlove. If you are a. Algebra 1 worksheets. Lesson 6 Complex Numbers. Find Shepherd Elementary School test scores, student-teacher ratio, parent reviews and teacher stats. com was launched in 2005 with around 400 math worksheets. Once you know the pattern, use the formula and mainly you practice, it is a lot of fun! Here we will try to develop the Quadratic Equation Formula and other methods of solving the quadratic equations. Free worksheet with answer keys on quadratic equations. Find the best estimate you can for the two x -intercepts using either a graphics device or several educated guesses. 6 The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant 8. Completing the Square Method Class 10 : In this section, you will learn how to solve quadratic equation using by completing the square method. Welcome to the Algebra worksheets page at Math-Drills. Learn the concepts with our video tutorials that show you step-by-step solutions to even the hardest grade 10 math problems. Class Notes. CBSE Class 10 Quadratic Equation (1) Worksheets have become an integral part of the education system. The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 - Quadratic Equations are provided here to help the CBSE students in their exam preparation. Download PDF Exercise 4. Solving quadratic equations by using graphs In this section we will see how graphs can be used to solve quadratic equations. Quadratic equations with terms on both sides of the equal sign are included. CLASS NOTES H. Lesson 6 Complex Numbers. Explore math with desmos. How we factorise a quadratic expression is covered in another activity. In most chemistry problems, only one answer will be meaningful and have physical significance. Download CBSE Class 10 Mathematics UNIT II: Algebra Quadratic Equations worksheets for free in PDF format from UrbanPro. It was observed on a particular day that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3 more than twice the number of articles produced On that day. [Complex Variables] [Trigonometry ] [Differential Equations] [Matrix Algebra]. MCQ Mathematics for Class 10th Chapter No 1 Quadratic Equations. In this Chapter I will solve the questions for Chapter 4 "Quadratic Equations" Class 10 Maths. 2 Vertex Form of a Quadratic Relation - solutions and discussion to homework questions download. p Worksheet by. Math homework help. Factor method for the quadratic equations. Quadratic Equations Class X Worksheet Worksheet of Quadratic Equations Class X Chapter 4 By Shiv at October 06, 2016. Family owned and operated by Barwon Heads and Ocean Grove’s most qualified and respected surfing coaches. • Differential Equations. Eighth Grade Math Exercises, Interactive Exercises, Fun Games, Math Worksheets & Extras for Teaching 8th Grade. CBSE Class 10 Quadratic Equation (1) Worksheets have become an integral part of the education system. Whether you’re looking for a solving linear equations worksheet with answers or a simultaneous equations worksheet with answers, we have a vast selection of solving equations worksheets for you, your pupils or your. 9 Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant Chapter 9B-Vocabulary Assignment. Standard worksheet counterparts are available as well. quadratic equations work. Quadratic Equation Enter the coefficients for the Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0 equation and Quadratic Equation will output the solutions (if they are not imaginary). Get NCERT Solutions for all exercise questions and examples of Chapter 4 Class 10 Quadratic Equations free at Teachoo. 2 Quadratic Functions 8. pdf Algebra 1 Honors Worksheet _21_Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square_. Section 2-5 : Quadratic Equations - Part I. Please keep a pen and paper ready for rough work but keep your books away. All for the high school levels of Grade 9, Grade 10, Grade 11, and Grade 12. Customize the worksheets to include one-step, two-step, or multi-step equations, variable on both sides, parenthesis, and more. How to Solve Quadratic Equations using the Square Root Method This is the “best” method whenever the quadratic equation only contains terms. 2x3 º3x2 º10x +15 9. Nov 28, 2014 · Class 10 Important Questions for Maths – Quadratic Equations. Factor method for the quadratic equations. Free 10th Grade Math Worksheets for Teachers, Parents, and Kids. DeRushe's Math Class. Find discriminant D = b2 – 4ac. When in doubt, use the quadratic formula! This formula allows us to solve any type of quadratic equation. Quadratic Equations Worksheets. The website and content continues to be improved based on feedback and suggestions from our users and our own knowledge of effective math practices. The sum of zeroes of a quadratic polynomial K x2 –3x +1is 1, find the value of K. CALENDARS / EXTRA CREDIT STUDY GUIDES MATH. In this page you can find class 10 Maths ncert solutions , notes, assignments, worksheets,Practice questions etc. Some of the worksheets displayed are Quadratic equations class 10, Solve each equation with the quadratic, Quadratic equations grade 10, Quadratic equations by completing the square, Grade 10 quadratic equations, Algebra quadratic equations, Class x unit 4 quadratic equation core final, Chapter. This is the general case. Students, teachers and parents can download all CBSE educational material and extremely well prepared worksheets from this website. New problems are given each time the problem links are followed. M Worksheet by Kuta Software LLC Math 10 Name_____ Date_____ Block____ ©D X2N0z1 z3E GKmuYtfa K nS Fo mfSt7wJaTrVeN qL3LfC d. We start with the former. We use this later when studying circles in plane analytic geometry. On this page, you will find Algebra worksheets mostly for middle school students on algebra topics such as algebraic expressions, equations and graphing functions. 6 The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant 8. 3 Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing 8. Quadratic equations. This will take you to the individual page of the worksheet. Then more general questions, such as "does an equation have a solution?", "how many solutions does an equation have?", "what can be said about the nature of the solutions?" are considered. Notes for quadratic equations chapter of class 10 Mathematics. Worksheet on Quadratic Equations Class 10 CBSE - Practice questions (1) If x = 2 and x = 3 are the roots of the equation 3x 2 - 2kx + 2m = 0, find the value of k and m. Class Notes. 1 Identifying 9. Factor method for the quadratic equations. You can also get free sample papers, Notes, Important Questions. 15 problems. The Standard Form. kids worksheet one calculator. ©n m2R0i1 P2g WKwu otja 0 eSyodf 4tBw Aahrmel tLNLzC6. The height of the camp is ^@ 15 \space m ^@. Quadratic Equation Class 10. Candidates who are pursuing in CBSE Class 10 are advised to revise the notes from this post. For a larger photo, directions, and a worksheet for each, simply click on the one of your choice. quadratic equation synonyms, quadratic equation pronunciation, quadratic equation translation, English dictionary definition of quadratic. Example: (i) 3x 2 + 4y - 6 = 0 (ii) 2x 2 + 6 = 0 Roots of a Quadratic Equation Let ax² + bx + c = 0, be a quadratic equation. Application of Quadratic Functions Worksheet. Using the Quadratic Formula By completing the square for the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, you can develop a formula that gives the solutions of any quadratic equation in standard form. Algebra Four is one of the Interactivate assessment games. The entire NCERT textbook questions have been solved by best teachers for you. 3 Graphing Vocabulary Assign. Practicing, getting it wrong and learning from your mistakes is the only way that solving quadratic equations becomes easier. Solving Quadratic Equations Quiz. Showing 8 worksheets for Maths Grade 10 Quadratic Equation. Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square. Math Solving Problems Grade 10 Risatatourtravel Com. Videos, games, activities and worksheets that are suitable for Grade 9 and Grade 10, examples with step by step solutions Grades 9 and 10 Math Related Topics: Common Core Math Number & Quantity. Now a definition of the linear and the quadratic equation with one unknown can be introduced. Students will be asked to apply what they have learned to solve a real world problem by demonstrating understanding of the following areas:. This is similar to solving equations in one variable as in Worksheet 2:2. ©n C2v0Z1 q2v wKzu2t 8az aS Po pfpt vwDaArue t FLKLfC 2. For example, for the quadratic equation below. The second problem contains a series of equations for students to solve using any process they choose, while problem #3 explicitly requires completing the square (as is expected in the standard). Whether you’re looking for a solving linear equations worksheet with answers or a simultaneous equations worksheet with answers, we have a vast selection of solving equations worksheets for you, your pupils or your. Math Worksheets Center The largest printable K-12 math collection! Complete math explanations and lessons! We give instructions on all core K-12 math skills. p Worksheet by. Grade 10 math printable worksheets, online practice and online tests. Show that you can't factor the quadratic trinomial from part (a). How to solve quadratic equations by factorising, solve quadratic equations by completing the square, solve quadratic equations by using the formula and solve simultaneous equations when one of them is quadratic. Quadratic equations: Splitting the middle term (factoring quadratic equations) A quadratic equation is also known as a trinomial. If the coefficient. In the following lines, I will be defining some important terms before getting down to solving quadratic equations by factorization method using simple examples. Quadratic Functions and Equations 8. We use the term ‘simultaneous equations’ when we have multiple equations that share a bunch of variables and are all true at the same time. No Download or Signup. Division For Grade 3. 2 Quadratic Functions 8. The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths have been curated by master teachers of Vedantu. 5 Solve a quadratic. Find the value of p so that the equation px(x-3) + 9 — 0 has equal roots. This is a collection of printable worksheets to practice balancing equations. Roots of quadratic. One Hundred Chart The Math Worksheet Site is provided by Scott Bryce. Gyanendu Shekhar (Hindi) Complete Course On Quadratic Equations CBSE Class-10. The height of the camp is ^@ 15 \space m ^@. Lots of practice here together with a number of word written problems that will get you thinking. , aα² + bα + c = 0. Mathway's live tutors will not knowingly provide solutions to. Students signing up for for Math 120-001 also need to enroll in Math 121-003 and vice-versa. Check graphically whether the pair of equations is consistent. Find a quartic function that models the data. CBSE: Central Board of Secondary Education. How to Solve Quadratic Equations using Factoring Method This is the easiest method of solving a quadratic equation as long as the binomial or trinomial is easily factorable. Free Question Bank for 10th Class Mathematics Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations. Our notes of Chapter 4 Quadratic equations are prepared by Maths experts in an easy to remember format, covering all syllabus of CBSE, KVPY, NTSE, Olympiads, NCERT & other Competitive Exams. Unit 2-2: Writing and Graphing Quadratics Worksheet Practice PACKET Name:_____Period_____ Learning Targets: Unit 2-1 12. Definition of a quadratic equation. Solve the following pair of equations: A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and a second solution which is 25% acid. U2D0 Quadratics Outline MCR 3UI Printable copy of the Unit 2 Outline. Get NCERT Solutions for all exercise questions and examples of Chapter 4 Class 10 Quadratic Equations free at Teachoo. What is quadratic Equation 2. All contents provided by us are based on best of our knowledge. Aug 06, 2015 · 6. Find the value of p so that the equation px(x-3) + 9 — 0 has equal roots. MFM2P – Lessons & Homework. answers pdfFREE PDF. In this chapter, we will learnWhat is aQuadratic EquationWhat is theStandard Formof a Quadratic EquationSolution of a. Quadratic Equations. If we factorise the quadratic, the equation can be written as (x − 5)(x + 3) = 0. Solutions to Worksheet "Practice 10. This packet includes the following: Four quadratic equations that have small (<10), integer solutions Graphic organizer that provides space to solve each equation by graphing, factoring and using the quadratic formulaExtra graphic organizer that provides space to solve ANY equation by graphing, f. Worksheet Works Graphing Linear Equations Answer Key >>>CLICK HERE<<< Graphing Linear Equations Calculator is an online tool which makes calculations easy and fast. S s KANltl H trIi AgPhKtJs I prgeFsXeQrJv 9e8d M. NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 10 Maths - Quadratic Equations November 8, 2019 by Bhagya 3 Comments CBSETuts. Here we have given NCERT Class 10 Maths Notes Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations. Available as a mobile and desktop website as well as native iOS and Android apps. This include- factorizing, completing the square, using Quadratic formula and by taking square roots. DeRushe's Math Class. Here we have provided NCERT Exemplar Problems Solutions along with NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 10. com free math solvers! We know math is hard, and we are here to help. Class 10th Chapter No. Solving Quadratic Inequalities. Sharma at askIItians. ,I WKH HTXDWLRQ P [ PF F[ ± D KDV HTXDO URRWV SURYH WKDW F D P 11. CBSE Class 10 Maths Notes Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Maths Notes for Quick Revision. Quadratic Factorization using Splitting of Middle Term Quadratic factorization using splitting of middle term : In this method splitting of middle term in to two factors. This is a collection of printable worksheets to practice balancing equations. Class 10 Math Chapter Wise Important Questions and Video Lessons– In this article, you can find the chapter wise important questions and video lessons for Class 10 Math. Therefore, the standard form of a quadratic equation can be written as: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ; where x is an unknown variable, and a, b, c are constants with 'a' ≠ 0 (if a = 0, then it becomes a linear equation). x 2 5x 24 0 3. Ncert Solutions For Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Exercise 2019 20. The number D = b 2 – 4ac determined from the coefficients of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0. All for the high school levels of Grade 9, Grade 10, Grade 11, and Grade 12. The polynomial of degree two is called quadratic polynomial and equation corresponding to a quadratic polynomial P(x) is called a quadratic equation in variable x. Find the center and radius of the circle with equation x 2 + y 2-2x + 4y - 11 = 0. 2 Solving Equations Worksheet Concepts: Number Lines The De nitions of Absolute Value Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities Solving Equations with One Variable Type - The Algebraic Approach Solving Equations with a Variable in the Denominator - The Algebraic Approach Solving Power Equations - The Algebraic Approach. Quadratic Equations Chapter Exam Instructions. A camp is made in the form of a conic frustum, surmounted by a cone. Below you can download some free math worksheets and practice. | <urn:uuid:00ad3d89-051c-4981-86c1-e609ecfc83f7> | {
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- New seating plan!
- Activity: classify the chemicals A-F and the common household products based on their similarities.
- I will be able to identify Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases.
- Read section 16.1-16.3 and use the questions to help focus your reading. Intro to Acids and Bases
- Go over section 8.3 Worksheet and Review Questions for chapter 8.
- Discuss with your science fair partner – what is your question? what materials do you need? what steps will you take for your procedure?
- Discuss with your science fair partner – what is the best method to communicate with each other? when will you next meet?
- Ch8 test next class.
- Focused practice – hydrates and acids. Do: WS
- Block 3 and 4 – Bingo!
- Review! Do: Questions from your WB (there are lots and lots of practice questions) and/or Worksheets.
- See copies here and note some typos: Writing and Naming Compounds Worksheets and Chemical Nomenclature Worksheet #4 with edits the answer keys here: Writing and Naming Compounds Worksheets Answer Key 2 and Chemical Nomenclature Worksheet #4 Answer Key full
3. Unit IV test will be on Wed. Dec. 5. There will be 10-15 questions where you write the name of the compound and 10-15 questions where you write the formula of the compound. You will be allowed to use the Data Booklet.
Some good review videos from Tyler DeWitt:
Today, students from block 7 (and some from block 8) enjoyed a presentation by UBC Chemistry professor Dr. Mark MacLachlan. Here is an interview he made with Global News about other research he is involved with:
For those of you who like to learn by osmosis, here is one of my favorite children’s books that deals with a similar topic:
And this is another good book he wrote–quite funny!
- Group share of Hoopster results.
- Do: Chapter 8 review questions on p.299 # 3, 4, 6 and p.310 # 11, 12
- Go over section 8.3 WS
- Next class you will be given time to work on your science fair project planning. Bring your science fair journals to record your ideas!
- Chapter 8 test on Tues. Dec. 4
- Fill in the Work Habits Self-Reflection and Goal Setting for Term 2.
- Go over the Keq test and do test corrections.
- Intro to ch16 . See ch16 Learning Log (ch16 Acid-Base Equilibria Learning Outcomes ) and as you are reading and taking notes, be able to answer these questions: Intro to Acids and Bases
Reminder: Wed. Nov 28 – we will be attending a presentation/workshop with Dr. Mark MacLachlan, UBC Chemistry during Block 7. Block 8 students who have returned their field trip forms should also attend.
As a bonus, this counts as one of the presentations you can attend for your CLC!! Pick up a form from me at the end of the presentation and fill out the reflection questions.
- Reminder: Flex Day tomorrow. Sign up if you want to come work on your science fair projects
- Finish building your models of the Hoopster and test them.
- Next class: we will go over the worksheet for section 8.3
- Heads up! Chapter 8 test next week!
- Hand in ch15 notes and review worksheet.
- Today, students wrote the Keq test.
This concludes the assessments for Term 1 for AP Chem12.
- Hand in the “Drops of Water on a Penny” activity and questions.
- Using Smarter Science – How to Design an Experiment. See handouts here: Smarter Science
- Build your model hoopsters. We will be testing them next class.
- In the meantime, finish section 8.3 WS
- Do: start writing out what materials you need and what procedure you will follow for your science fair project.
- Sign up with me if you want to come on Flex Day to work on your science fair projects.
- Fizz Quiz – 2008 AP Chem exam Form B Question #1. (Q2 is good practice if you are doing the retest for ch14 tomorrow)
- Finish ch15 Notes and WS. Mark the WS (answer key is posted on last day’s blog) and do your corrections. Hand in both next class.
- Keq Test on Wednesday – about 6 Questions, all calculations. Show your work!
- Goal Day tomorrow – deadline for assessments for Term 1. | <urn:uuid:c9c602c0-e50b-4489-bc19-9343956537aa> | {
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Epstein-Barr computer virus (EBV) is usually a persistent, orally transmitted herpesvirus that replicates in B cells and epithelial cells and is associated with lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. results may have implications for the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in high-risk populations in which elevated titers of antibody to EBV lytic cycle proteins are GW843682X prognostic. Epstein-Barr computer virus (EBV) is an orally transmitted human being herpesvirus that infects more than 90% of the human population. Many attacks are asymptomatic, however the trojan could cause infectious mononucleosis and it is connected with both lymphoid and epithelial malignancies (31). Of the, undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC), which are latently contaminated with EBV essentially, will be the most common probably. NPC represents just 0.25% from the cancers in Western populations, but its incidence is elevated in Eskimo populations and in folks of Mediterranean Africa, and it could represent as much as 20% from the cases of cancer in southern China and Southeast Asia (29). To get the relevance of EBV towards the advancement of NPC may be the discovering that in virus-positive tumors the trojan genome is typically clonal. This dedication is based on the fact the EBV genome is definitely flanked by variable numbers of terminal repeats and each newly infected cell can be colonized by an episome in which a different, but unique, quantity of repeats is definitely retained (30). Therefore, a populace of infected cells will house a populace of episomes with differing numbers of repeats, unless all the cells within the population are derived from the same initial infected cell. You will find two possible explanations for clonality. You are that initiation and an infection from the tumor are concurrent and perhaps causally related occasions. The various other is normally that trojan isn’t present at tumor initiation but that following an infection provides a development benefit that promotes the tumor and network marketing leads to outgrowth of an individual contaminated cell. The last mentioned scenario is normally backed by two observations. Initial, although preinvasive lesions currently bring clonal EBV (27), milder dysplasia may include EBV in mere a portion from the cells (3). Second, although simultaneous an infection of epithelial cells GW843682X in lifestyle produces a polyclonal people having episomes with adjustable do it again sizes originally, a cell with an individual repeat size quickly emerges (22). Both situations envisage a job for EBV an infection in generating tumor advancement. They are in keeping with observations that high-titer antibodies to EBV lytic routine proteins, which represent a rise in trojan replication presumably, are not only characteristic of NPC (9-12) but will also be prognostic in GW843682X populations at risk (38, 39). Despite the potential importance of epithelial cell illness, there remains uncertainty about how it actually happens. The initial determinants of the tropism of EBV for lymphocytes are fairly well recognized. The disease attaches to complement receptor type 2 (CR2) or CD21 via a large, heavily glycosylated envelope glycoprotein, gp350/220, so called because it is made in two spliced forms that both bind Compact disc21 (5 on the other hand, 24, 25, 32). Fusion from the disease envelope and cell membrane can be activated by an discussion between HLA course II and disease glycoprotein gp42 which forms a complicated with DPD1 glycoproteins gHgL (18, 19). Fusion can be finished by gHgL and glycoprotein gB (8). Fusion of disease with an epithelial cell is mediated by gHgL and gB also. The trigger can be an as-yet-unidentified receptor, gHgLR, which interacts with gHgL (2 straight, 21, 35). Nevertheless, the way the disease 1st attaches to epithelial cells is less clear. Many epithelial cell lines express at least low levels of CD21 (4, 13), and stable transfection of CD21 in an epithelial cell line facilitates a high level of infection (2, 20). Nevertheless, there remains considerable doubt as to whether CD21 is expressed on epithelial cells in vivo (37). The virus can use gHgLR for efficient attachment, but when it does so its ability to penetrate cells appears to be compromised (2). The GW843682X multispan virus membrane protein encoded by the BMRF2 open up reading frame bears an RGD theme and interacts with 51 integrins on polarized epithelial cells in vitro (34), but there is quite little of the proteins in the pathogen particle (16), and whether its main part is within cell or attachment signaling is unclear. Epithelial cells that bring the polymorphic immunoglobulin GW843682X A (IgA) receptor could be contaminated in vitro with pathogen covered with IgA particular for gp350/220. That is of particular curiosity provided the elevation of serum IgA, aswell as IgG, antibody to EBV in individuals with NPC (10, 12), although in polarized epithelial cells,.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is normally a severe rapidly progressive diffuse lung disease. software are a recent topic appealing in neuro-scientific interstitial lung illnesses (ILDs). Cytokines CC-chemokines and various other macrophage-produced mediators will be the most appealing prognostic biomarkers. Many substances have been suggested in INHA the books as potential biomarker of IPF; a rigorous validation is required to confirm their clinical tool however. 1 Launch Interstitial lung illnesses (ILDs) certainly are a heterogeneous band of uncommon illnesses with different etiopathogenesis and scientific progression . They consist of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) a chronic intensifying lung disease of unidentified etiology and a prognosis of 3-5 years . The issue of early medical diagnosis of IPF of differentiating IPF/UIP from R406 several idiopathic interstitial pneumonias as well as the impossibility of predicting affected individual final result (as there can be found different phenotypes of IPF) possess prompted analysis into biomarkers . The necessity for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is normally a topical subject matter for all upper body physicians mixed up in administration of ILD sufferers and especially IPF. Useful biomarkers need to be easily detectable in natural fluids by non-invasive and reproducible techniques and should be showed sufficiently delicate and particular by suitable statistical evaluation . Id of brand-new R406 biomarkers of ILD is normally an evergrowing field of analysis favoured with the advancement of new technology such as for example genomics and proteomics that may reveal hereditary mutations polymorphisms protein peptides and various other molecules using a potential function as biological indications [5 6 Contemporary scientific management of sufferers with IPF envisages biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic worth though not really a one biomarker has however provided sufficient proof to be applied in routine affected individual management . Many pathogenetic systems have already been postulated based on fibrotic lung harm occurring in sufferers with IPF. The inflammatory theory continues to be partially changed by the idea of aberrant wound curing due to connections between epithelial cells and fibroblasts identifying uncontrolled persistent fibroproliferation . Recently research on cytokine and chemokine appearance in serum and BAL possess recommended a potential profibrotic function of turned on alveolar R406 macrophages and their mediators in the pathogenesis of IPF [8 9 For instance IL13 plus some CC-chemokines are straight implicated as mediators of the macrophages . Alveolar macrophages certainly are a heterogeneous people of cells produced from R406 monocytes with multiple immunological features. They defend the lungs by phagocytic activity getting involved in aspecific systems of defence aswell as specific immune system replies via secretory activity [11 12 Alveolar macrophages are the most abundant cell human population in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Activated alveolar macrophages can launch cytokines growth factors extracellular matrix proteins and cells inhibitors of metalloproteases contributing to alveolar injury and aberrant lung restoration happening in IPF [13-16]. Study of the macrophage model of activation suggests the living of classical and alternate modes of activation. The classical mode is definitely mediated by type 1 proinflammatory cytokines while type 2 cytokines R406 induce the alternative mode facilitating launch of profibrotic mediators and advertising fibrogenetic processes with aberrant production and deposition of collagen in the lungs [15 16 Studies on BAL fluid show that alveolar macrophages have a crucial part in the pathogenesis of ILD in general for example in sarcoidosis where they mediate irregular lymphocyte proliferation and granuloma formation by inducing antigen demonstration [17 18 In IPF alveolar macrophages perform a profibrotic part through launch of fibronectin insulin growth element PDGF and additional mediators [19 20 Alternate triggered macrophages (M2 phenotype) are crucial in the pathogenesis of IPF enhancing fibrogenesis of fibroblasts by providing profibrogenic factors favouring cell growth R406 collagen formation and cells restoration . Prasse et al. shown that alternative triggered macrophages result in a vicious circle between alveolar macrophages and fibroblasts by liberating IL10 IL1 receptor antagonist and CCL18.
Background Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) represent a therapeutically challenging and heterogeneous group of malignancies occurring throughout the body but mainly in the gastrointestinal system. experienced survived at 10-12 months follow-up. One individual is usually disease-free. Conclusion MRI-guided laser ablation can be used to treat NET tumor liver metastases but combination therapy and a demanding follow-up routine are recommended. Keywords: MRI laser metastasis ablation tumor NET liver Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) represent a diverse group of malignancies occurring throughout the body the estimated incidence is usually 5.25/100 0 and is increasing (1) though the reason for this phenomena remains unknown. NETs are the most common small bowel tumor (2) and overall the incidence of NETs in the gastrointestinal system is usually common (3). They share a typically indolent growth pattern and Givinostat manifest often symptoms related to tumor-induced hormonal secretion. NET patients frequently suffer from neuroendocrine tumor liver Givinostat metastases (NETLM). It has been estimated that 46-93% of NET patients have NETLMs at the time of diagnosis (4). Although these tumors progress slowly the 5-12 months survival of NET patients with NETLMs is usually 40% compared to that of 75-99% in patients free of liver metastases (5). Surgery is considered as the only potentially curative treatment method for the NETLMs. Surgical removal is typically considered if the disease is restricted to the liver although surgical tumor debulking can be considered to control carcinoid syndrome in selected cases. Unfortunately only <20% of patients with NETLMs are candidates for hepatic resection (6 7 Liver transplantation for metastatic NETs remains controversial (8). The preferred Hpt main treatment of NETLMs is usually surgical management followed by liver-directed therapies or a combination of these procedures (8). Liver-directed therapies include thermal ablation hepatic artery (chemo)-embolization and selective intra-arterial radiation therapy. It is known that ablative techniques may have curative potential when small liver tumors are treated. Of thermal ablation techniques the radiofrequency ablation is usually most widely used (9 10 Other modalities that can be used to achieve local ablation are laser-induced thermal Givinostat therapy (LITT) cryoablation microwave therapy electroporation and high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) but there are very few if Givinostat any reports with any of these methods in conjunction with treating NET tumor liver metastases. All ablative techniques are based on the cytotoxic effects of non-physiologic temperatures that are focally induced within the treated tumor by percutaneously or perioperatively placed probes (apart from HIFU which is totally non-invasive). Ablation techniques can be applied in the setting of inoperable disease or at the surgeon’s discretion as a match to resection (11). Indications for image-guided ablation are recommended as follows: adjunct intraoperative ablation; ablation in non-surgical patients; ablative debulking for symptom relief; and ablation of metastatic relapse after surgery (12). Other NET therapy is mainly systemic and not specifically targeted to the liver but rather towards universal tumor volume in the body. The number of therapy options is usually voluminous and their utilization partially depends on whether the tumor is usually hormonally an active functioning tumor or an inactive non-functioning tumor (5). The target is to suppress the symptoms and the disease progression. Treatment is usually palliative typically applied in a situation where there is usually systemic disease involvement and possible disease progression according to RECIST criteria (13). These therapies include somatostatin Givinostat analogs proton pump inhibitors systemic peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (131I-mIBG 90 90 177 chemotherapy interferon-α targeting vascular endothelial growth factors (sunitib) targeting mTOR pathway and micro RNA-regulated pathways (everolimus) (8). Givinostat Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) has been investigated and used in medicine since the 1960s. It currently permeates nearly every area of modern medicine from early diagnostic to therapeutic uses (14). Laser-induced thermotherapy has been used successfully to treat tumors in the brain lung prostate kidneys and liver (15 16 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent soft tissue contrast resolution and can be used guideline percutaneous ablative therapy (16 17 MRI also is the only imaging modality that allows for noninvasive real-time heat monitoring during ablation process using a visualization of relative temperature values of the.
class=”kwd-title”>Keywords: Diabetes mellitus diabetic complications financial crisis vascular disease Copyright 2014 Hippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. From the patients’ own perspective self-rated health in Greece has now been reported as deteriorating due to the recent financial crisis2. From the health care providers’ viewpoint repeated reductions in salaries reduced nurse-to-patient ratios and rising emergency admissions in the public sector3 have resulted in poorer working conditions. In this context we will discuss the effects of the Greek economic crisis on issues of health care in diabetes and vascular complications. The magnitude of these effects is not precisely known Cobicistat but it is expected to deteriorate in the near future due to the ongoing financial stagnation. As it might be anticipated the crisis has been linked with a substantial increase in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts4 as well as major depressive disorder5. In the field of diabetes and vascular disease detrimental effects of the Cobicistat Cobicistat crisis may be seen in poor nutrition chronic stress reduced adherence to medication reduced utilisation of laboratory and imaging studies along with poor monitoring of vascular complications. 1 Poor nutrition: Loss of income usually leads to poor nutrition6 and this is reflected now in the rising number of charity meals and the images of human despair at free food sharing throughout Greece. It is especially citizens losing their job and to a lesser degree those experiencing dramatic reductions in their income that increase consumption of cheap low-quality food with little nutritional value7. They cannot afford fish fresh vegetables and fruit and rather Rabbit Polyclonal to OVOL1. resort to cheaper but less useful food groups. This dietary change has important consequences. Consumption of cheap energy-rich food is known to promote Cobicistat diabetes obesity and hypertension. In industrialised populations obesity tends to be commoner in citizens with low socio-economic status8. It has recently been reconfirmed that extra adipose tissue in obese subjects is usually implicated in endothelial dysfunction inflammation atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus9. A recent large epidemiological survey in Greece has documented an association of low socioeconomic status with diabetes independently of age obesity and other risk factors10. Paradoxically however the economic crisis has exerted a beneficial effect as well. It appears that Greek citizens are rediscovering the importance of cooking food at home avoiding fast food. Hellastat has published a recent analysis that shows a drop of consumption of pizza by 30% followed by the Greek “souvlaki” by 28% fast food by 26% and the sandwiches-snacks selling chains by 24%11. More information on these beneficial changes is usually eagerly awaited. Both state authorities and medical community should promote a campaign to increase awareness that cooking at home may be not only healthier but also cost-saving. 2 Chronic stress: Unemployment and financial strain are chronic stressors that are known to be linked with poor well-being and poor psychological and physical health12. The ultimate effect of emotional distress is usually increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality13. In this context the precipitous rise in the rate of heart attacks since the beginning of financial crisis14 is particularly alarming. 3 Adherence to medication: Many chronic treatments especially expensive ones may be accompanied by low patient adherence. In the face of economic crisis patients are concerned about additional costs7. In diabetes medication cost has been acknowledged as an important aspect to consider in choice of treatment by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes15 in an attempt Cobicistat to individualise treatment16. For the average patient it may be difficult to cope both with the cost of anti-diabetic medication and the relatively increasing cost associated with healthy nutrition8. The burden is aggravated by the additional need to cover the costs of concomitant anti-hypertensive and hypolipidaemic treatment for many patients. Admittedly patients’ contribution has now been reduced from 25% of the total price for oral hypoglycaemic brokers to 10% and there has also been a decisive decrease in the price of the more expensive agents. Nonetheless patients’ contribution for hypolipidaemic treatment which is usually most frequently.
Interconversion of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) by the UDP-Glc 4′-epimerase intimately connects the biosynthesis of the two nucleotide sugar. only once was proven to influence manifestation of lipophosphoglycan producing a decreased virulence principally. Since our efforts to delete both and failed deletion of was coupled with conditional destabilisation of USP to regulate the biosynthesis Lumacaftor of UDP-Glc Lumacaftor and UDP-Gal. Stabilisation from the enzyme made by an individual allele was adequate to keep up the steady-state swimming pools of the two nucleotide sugar and preserve nearly regular glycoinositolphospholipids galactosylation but in the obvious expenditure of lipophosphoglycan biosynthesis. Nevertheless under destabilising circumstances the lack of both UGP and USP led to depletion of UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal and resulted in development cessation and cell loss of life recommending that either or both of these metabolites is/are essential. Author Summary Leishmaniases are a set of tropical and sub-tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus parasites have been made it remains difficult to study molecules or metabolic pathways essential for parasite viability and growth. In the present work we used a combination of gene deletion and conditional Lumacaftor protein destabilization to demonstrate that biosynthesis of the nucleotide sugar UDP-glucose and its derivative UDP-galactose is essential for parasite growth. Addition of a specific ligand to the culture medium of the engineered parasite protected the targeted enzyme from degradation and enabled cell growth and viability. However removal of the stabilizing compound led to depletion of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose growth arrest and cell death. This work thus opens a new possibility for the study of essential proteins. Introduction Leishmaniases are a set of tropical and sub-tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus and transmitted by the bite of Rabbit polyclonal to Complement C4 beta chain a sandfly. The severity of the diseases depends on parasite species as well as the immune status of the host and ranges from self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral infections . According to the World Health Organisation more than 1 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and at least 30 000 deaths due to visceral leishmaniasis occur annually. Current treatments are far from ideal and the need to develop new treatments against leishmaniasis is generally recognised . Advances in genetic manipulation of parasites has considerably facilitated the characterisation of metabolic processes and molecules important for parasite proliferation or virulence [3 4 Nevertheless the study of essential genes remains difficult since knockouts can only be performed if rescue strategies such as nutrient supplementation or ectopic gene copies can be used. Unfortunately most species including and lack a Lumacaftor functional RNAi pathway . More recently a system for conditional destabilisation of protein has been described. This original system involves fusion of a mutated FK506 binding protein destabilising domain to the protein of interest and its stabilisation by addition of a specific ligand . This technique hasn’t yet been put on essential proteins However. The promastigote stage of parasites synthesises a thick surface area glycocalyx and secretes proteophosphoglycans (PPGs) that are both needed for its advancement and survival inside the insect vector . The glycocalyx consists of various GPI-anchored substances including glycoproteins lipophosphoglycans (LPGs) proteophosphoglycans (PPGs) as well as the abundant glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) [7 8 These surface area and secreted glycoconjugates are abundant with galactose and mannose and therefore their biosynthesis needs an abundant way to obtain GDP-α-D-mannose (GDP-Man) and UDP-α-D-galactose (UDP-Gal). Biosynthesis of GDP-Man is necessary for development from the glycocalyx as well as for biosynthesis from the carbohydrate storage space polymer β1 2 . Since they are needed for virulence the enzymes involved with GDP-mannose biosynthesis are believed as potential medication targets [10-12]. To handle the need for UDP-Gal biosynthesis in in was proven to abolish transformation of Gal-1P into UDP-Gal confirming its part in galactose salvage . Oddly enough the hexose transporters from the related trypanosomatids and so are unable to transportation galactose [17 18 as well as the only path to UDP-Gal development in both of these parasites can be via epimerisation of UDP-Glc which is vital for parasite development [19-21]. With this scholarly research we applied a combined mix of gene deletion and proteins destabilisation. | <urn:uuid:6200ce72-7380-4af2-9ddd-7fe7b7774c2a> | {
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coloring addition worksheets for first grade and subtraction top free printable pages online kindergarten. | <urn:uuid:86a45458-1238-4d4a-a4f0-0020b0bb1933> | {
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We read a LOT of articles dealing with issues that affect the quality of drinking water so it REALLY pleases us to learn that the USEPA plans to make changes to its policies that will allow it to examine more suspected drinking water contaminants faster. Additionally, it sounds as though the changes will allow for faster implementation of public policy when deemed necessary.
The Environmental Protection Agency announced on Monday that it would overhaul drinking water regulations so that officials could police dozens of contaminants simultaneously and tighten rules on the chemicals used by industries.
The new policies, which are still being drawn up, will probably force some local water systems to use more effective cleaning technologies, but may raise water rates. ( source )
Somebody’s Got to Pay…
Unfortunately, when it comes to cleaning up our drinking water, safer water will most likely require municipalities to invest in more sophisticated water treatment equipment. This may not go over very well with public water systems that still may not have paid off the water treatment equipment upgrades they had to install when the USEPA lowered the MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level) for dissolved arsenic in drinking water from 50ppb to 10ppb a few years ago.
No matter how you slice it, the money for the upgrades will have to come from someplace. Either the customers will take the hit in the form of higher water bills or the Federal Government will have to give some municipalities grants for the upgrades — which means US taxpayers will wind up footing the bill.
Don’t We Already Have Laws on the Books?
Some folks believe we already have enough laws on the books to regulate the types of chemicals and compounds the companies may dump into the environment and feel that stricter enforcement of the existing laws will do more good than creating new laws.
That would work except for one small detail: Many of the current laws apply only to specific chemicals and not to classes or families of chemicals.
Do not fret, though, because the EPA has announced that it has plans to create better, more effective rules governing water quality contaminants AND increase enforcement of its regulations.
In some instances, laws are sufficient, but they have been ignored: More than 20 percent of the nation’s water treatment systems have violated key provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act over the last five years, according to an analysis of federal data by The New York Times. And the other major water law — the Clean Water Act — has been violated more than half a million times, though few polluters were ever punished.
To correct such lapses, the E.P.A. intends to reform agency policies that essentially require regulators to examine pollutants one at a time. Those adjustments will allow government scientists to evaluate large groups of similar contaminants at the same time and to issue new rules that apply to dozens of chemicals.
The agency previously announced it was developing plans to crack down on polluters and force water systems to abide by cleanliness laws. ( source )
In the End…
The USEPA, like any other government body, has limitations as to what it can and cannot do to protect the quality of drinking water in the United States. Budget concerns, staffing issues, and the political agendas of persons inside and outside of the organization all play a part in the organization’s actions.
While all of us at Water Testing Blog applaud the efforts of the EPA to keep tabs the ever-growing number of pollutants entering the environment, we believe that at the end of the day responsibility for the quality of our drinking water falls on our shoulders — and that we must test our own water regularly… just in case. | <urn:uuid:20b238d9-1d60-4e29-9884-079b4495cba0> | {
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On Oct. 23, Jawar Mohammed—a high-profile activist and media mogul—accused Ethiopia’s security forces of trying to orchestrate an attack against him, a claim police officials later denied. What then followed is quite depressing.
Over the next two days, violence that took ethnic and religious dimensions, erupted in much of the country’s Oromia region and led to the death of 86 civilians. The Oct. 23–25 uprising is just one example.
Ethiopia is currently unenviably leading the world on internally displaced persons. Africa’s second most populous nation is undergoing a massive and under-reported humanitarian crisis, with three million of its people internally displaced as conflicts flare along ethnic lines.
At the center of this crisis is the country’s unique federal system that makes ethnicity as the fundamental organizing principle. Ethnic federalism was formally introduced in Ethiopia in 1995 by the Ethiopian People Democratic Front (EPRDF), after toppling the Derg military junta that ruled the country between 1974 and 1991. The main rationale for ethnic federalism is the promotion of cultural and political status of the nations that were historically marginalized through the introduction of self-government. EPRDF, established a federal system of nine regions (ethnic homelands) based on ethnic identity (unlike any other federations) and two city administrations.
Article 39 of the 1995 Constitution bases key political and economic rights on being ethnically indigenous in these ethnic homelands but not in Ethiopian citizenship. It essentially passes rights to land, jobs in public offices and representation at regional and federal levels to the dominant ethnic group inhabiting a region—”the majority of whom live within a common territory“.
As the regions are not entirely ethnically homogeneous, this provides motives for competition over the regions’ resources and ethnic-based group mobilization. Ethiopia’s population is highly diversified with over 80 different ethnic groups, and nonnative ethnic minorities are found continuously nested inside every of the nine ethnic homelands. Therefore, altogether ethnic federalism and the country’s Constitution put millions of nonnative ethnic minorities in a precarious situation.
As ironic as it may sound, the EPRDF has long kept ethnic trouble at bay by hardly practicing the flawed federal system that it introduced. By holding power at the center through autocratic means, it had effectively neutralized the pressure on the ethnic elites to pander to their interest group who have no privilege of electing them. Ethiopia’s strongman prime minister Meles Zenawi had always kept the de facto right of appointing and unseating leadership in each regional state for himself until his death in 2012.
When a three-year long protest weakened the EPRDF leadership in Addis Ababa, it eventually led to the rise of the reformist prime minister Abiy Ahmed in 2018. Abiy, this year’s Nobel Peace Prize-winner, went the extra mile to transform the politics but his opening up of the political space and loosening of state controls has also abolished the state’s temporary protective mechanism—its autocratic rule—against the danger of tribal politics.
Unleashing Elite Competition
At first sight of the possibility of forming a real, autonomous regional state, the fight for the big share of the (small) pie has already kicked off among the Big Two—the Amhara and the Oromo. To whom the capital city Addis Ababa belongs has never been an issue until a significant united Oromo opposition group puts a serious claim of the city that it should be part of its ethnic homeland. As unlikely as this might sound (for many of its residents), this could easily escalate to a serious redistribution problem and become a recipe for disaster.
Since it was founded in 1886, Addis Ababa has kept its unique mixed identity, as a home of almost all ethnic groups and a destination of economically hopeful immigrants from all parts of the country. The city of 7 million people is welcoming to Africa’s wealthy and has a fast–growing middle class. As the headquarters of many international organizations, including the African Union and the internationally competitive Ethiopian Airlines, it is a locus of lucrative investment opportunities and high paying jobs. Ethnic federalism in Ethiopia mixes politics with demography. Regional ethnic elites often compete over the population size of their constituency—the only thing that matter for political power. Consequently, population growth remains high in the country and the demographic transition is slowed. Not only does this make fighting poverty harder but also further instigates instability.
This year, the Ethiopian government decided to postpone population census for a third time as a preemptive measure to avoid exacerbating tensions in the troubled country. In October 2018, two PhD students were stoned to death in the Amhara region of the country, due to false rumor of administering injections and vaccinations as population control measures.
Ethiopia today is a country of soaring youth unemployment where more than one in every four young people in the labor force does not have a job. For many Ethiopians, the prospect of getting a job in areas different from their ethnic homeland is harder than ever. Internal resource movements are severely affected by the political system that incentivizes regional officials to set up and enforce barriers that exclude non indigenous groups from accessing resources in the regions.
That Ethiopia’s ethnic troubles continue after the 2020 election with the current federal system is more than a rare possibility. In the current political environment, it is not moderation but polarization that maximizes support. Hate speech, appealing to bigotry and entitlement—”Ethnic X First”—are not the exception but the rule on social media. Radical ethnic elites are far more popular in their ethnic homeland than any other parties, to the horror of millions of nonnative minorities in their regions.
Via Quartz Africa by Yoseph Getachew | <urn:uuid:d66a4df4-2373-4a80-a52c-7e1cfd2272d4> | {
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Different grinding machines are usually named as mills, for example rod mills, ball mills, and attrition mills. Because of the name, verb milling is also been used as a synonym for grinding. Milling, sometimes also known as fine grinding, pulverizing or comminution, is the process of reducing materials to a powder of fine or very fine size.
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The wet type ball mill is a type of grinder, is a cylindrical device used in grinding (or mixing) materials like ores, chemicals, ceramic raw materials and paints.The wet type ball mill grinding materials by it's balls spare parts ,for this reason it is called wet type ball mill ,wet type ball mill rotate around a horizontal axis, partially filled with the material to be ground plus the grinding medium. wet type ball mill for different
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Apr 09, 2015Different grinding machines are usually named as mills, for example rod mills, ball mills, and attrition mills. Because of the name, verb milling is also been used as a synonym for grinding. Milling, sometimes also known as fine grinding, pulverizing or comminution, is the process of reducing materials to a powder of fine or very fine size.
The ball mill is a key piece of equipment for grinding crushed materials, and is widely used in production of powders such as cement, silicates, refractory material, and glass ceramics, as well as for ore dressing of both ferrous and non ferrous metals. Ball mills can grind wet or dry and can be continuous or batch type mills.
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TECHNICAL NOTES 8 GRINDING R. P. King. 8 2 ROOLVLRQ Figure 8.2 Media motion in the tumbling mill. 8.1 Grinding 8.1.1 Grinding action Industrial grinding machines used in the mineral processing industries are mostly of the tumbling mill type. These mills exist in a variety of types rod, ball, pebble autogenous and semi autogenous. The
The pebble mill is the name associated with a mill in which the grinding bodies are natural pebbles or possibly ceramic bodies; the general proportions of the mill being as for a ball mill. It will be noticed that the differentiation between ball mill and the tube mill arises only from the different length to diameter ratios involved, and not from any difference in fundamental principles.
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Apr 09, 2015Ball mills. Ball mill (Fig 1) is same kind of mill as rod mill, except that it is filled with balls instead of rods. Because of balls have greater ratio of surface area than rods they are more suitable for fine grinding. Balls are also lighter, so the kinetic energy of a single dropping ball is smaller than a rod.
The ball mill is key equipment in grinding industry, especially in mineral ore dressing plants. It is widely used for the cement, the silicate product, new type building material, fire proof material, chemical fertilizer, black and non ferrous metal, glass, ceramics and etc.
ore dressing ball mill classifier limeore in alabama. A ball mill is a type of grinder used to grind and blend materials for use in mineral dressing etc. as well as for ore dressing of both ferrous and non ferrous metals. The ball mill can grind various ores and other materials either wet or dry. | <urn:uuid:1ea3758b-5368-46b5-8c51-cdc97a03650d> | {
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Overview of the Male Reproductive System
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT): Dolly – The First True Clone (1997)
The first successful outcome using SCNT to produce a viable organism was a sheep named Dolly. Scientists removed the nucleus from a mammary (breast) cell of a six-year old sheep and injected it into an empty sheep egg cell. Electric current was used to "shock" the nucleus to begin mitotic division (nuclear division). After a certain number of cell divisions, the ball of cells was implanted into a pseudo-pregnant sheep. (Pseudo-pregnant sheep are female sheep given hormone injections to prepare the uterine lining so the SCNT-created embryo will be accepted readily.) Dolly was born as the first reproductively cloned animal.
As described on the slide, the researchers were able to combine 434 eggs with nuclei. Only 29 of those 434 eggs actually started to divide. All 29 were implanted into pseudo-pregnant sheep. Out of these 29, only one sheep, Dolly, was born. Thus, the first successful attempt had a success rate of 0.2%. This demonstrated for the first time that the DNA in a somatic cell (specifically, a breast cell) still contained all the information needed to direct the formation of an entire organism, and that this information could be made accessible again in the adult cell.
- Fulka, J., First, N. L., Loi, P., & Moor, R. M. (1998). Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer. BioEssays, 20, 847-851.
- Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A. E., McWhir, J., Kind, A. J., & Campbell, K. H. (1997). Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature, 385, 810-813.
- Research flock courtesy of the Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture\K4166-5.
- Marx, J. (2005). Somatic cell nuclear transfer. Center for Educational Outreach. Houston, Tx: Baylor College of Medicine.
- Dolly the sheep courtesy of the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh.
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Threats of bioterrorism have renewed interest in learning more about all aspects of anthrax, particularly its deadly spores. In 1878, Louis Pasteur conducted a famous experiment on the virulence of anthrax bacilli. In so doing, he provided a sound experimental basis for the current day concept of how the environment of humans and animals can contribute to the development of infectious disease. Louis Pasteur, one of the fathers of the germ theory of disease, was confronted with a dilemma in 1878. He conducted several experiments with disease in chickens, sheep and cattle. He could easily infect and cause disease and death in all of these species with blood from animals that had died of cholera. These experimentally infected animals apparently contained bacteria that we now know as Vibrio cholera. Similarly, when sheep and cattle were inoculated with a different pathogenic microbe, Bacillus anthracis, they all died of anthrax. But chickens responded differently. Pasteur was perplexed because chickens did not suffer an untimely demise after being exposed to B. anthracis. Instead, they remained quite healthy. So, if germs cause disease, as postulated by Robert Koch and himself, why did chickens not succumb to the putative germs that lead to symptoms and consequences of anthrax?
Sixteen years earlier, Pasteur had conducted an experiment that ultimately put to rest a prevalent theory of the time. Spontaneous generation embraced the idea that non-living substances could evolve into living organisms. That is, organisms do not need to have parents because any biological organism could develop from non-living material. By sterilizing a meat-broth-containing medium and leaving the flask exposed to open air, Pasteur discovered that bacteria appeared and multiplied in the broth. However, if he prevented aerial dust from entering the flask and contacting the broth, which he did by crafting an “S” shape at the end of the flask that resembled a swan (hence the name “col de cygne”), bacteria did not appear in the broth – for years! As a result of this experiment, Louis Pasteur was credited with the discovery that microorganisms beget other microorganisms, thus discrediting the theory of spontaneous generation.
This conclusion complemented his finding in 1859 that food spoilage was caused by microorganisms, work that ultimately led to the discovery of the biological basis of fermentation. The process of pasteurization to preserve foods such as milk and wine was successful because it greatly reduced viable microbes in these products. Today, nearly all dairy products sold in the United States are required to be pasteurized.
As Pasteur expanded the germ theory of disease, he was confronted with a distraction. He was studying the disease known as “la maladie charbonneuse,” now more commonly known as anthrax, the etiologic agent being B. anthracis, discovered by Robert Koch in 1877. These bacilli are large, aerobic, Gram-positive, spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria. The cutaneous form of the disease causes black necrotic skin lesions, hence the derivation from the French noun for coal, “charbon.” However, the systemic form of anthrax results in malaise, coughing, septicemia, fever, diarrhea, dehydration, hypotension, shock, respiratory failure and rapid death. It is an awful way to die.
Systemic anthrax was exacting a costly economic toll on French farmers, resulting in the death of their cattle and sheep within hours after signs first appeared. Pasteur wanted to do something about it. Most shepherds knew that pastures that were used to graze sheep that had died of the disease were somehow contaminated because sheep permitted access to the same pasture the following year subsequently died of anthrax. We now know the reason for this phenomenon was due to the presence of spores of B. anthracis. These spores can survive for years in soil because they are very resistant to weather extremes. Inhalation of just a few spores of B. anthracis is very deadly. This property of B. anthracis has been often exploited as a bioterrorist threat, as highlighted in 2001 by the mailing of letters through the U.S. Postal Service that contained spores of B. anthracis. As a result of that threat, biohazard detection systems have been installed by the U.S. Postal Service to scan for anthrax at central distribution centers.
To Pasteur’s surprise, in early experiments, cattle injected with B. anthracis survived. Edward Jenner had shown 80 years earlier that cowpox could be used to provide protection for humans from smallpox. Pasteur reasoned that the cattle that he used had already been exposed to anthrax and somehow had acquired resistance to the bacteria.
After initial successful laboratory experiments with vaccines using guinea pigs and cattle, Pasteur designed another one of his famous experiments. However, in this case, he was challenged to do so by a prestigious French veterinarian by the name of Rossignol, an editor of the journal, La Presse Vétérinaire. Rossignol and a colleague, Professor Gabriel Collin, goaded Pasteur into testing the hypothesis that pre-exposure of sheep to heat-treated avirulent B. anthracis would protect sheep against death when subsequently injected with virulent B. anthracis.
A humorous description of their plan to publically challenge Pasteur was created by the Association for Science Education (ASE) in the United Kingdom. One of the techniques used by this organization to teach the history of vaccines was the application of theater. Although the veracity of this drama could not be confirmed, the following lines were taken verbatim from scene 5. This conversation between three men revolved around Pasteur’s prior discoveries on anthrax:
SCENE 5 Inside the office of the vet in the town of Melun, near Paris, in 1881. The vet, Rossignol, is talking to Dr Colin, a scientist from Paris, and to Monsieur Dubois, a local farmer.
ROSSIGNOL – (sneering) I hear the great Pasteur has announced a new wonder vaccine for anthrax. Is it any good, Colin?
COLIN – I don’t suppose so. Most of his ideas are nonsense, but it’s no good telling Pasteur that. If you try to criticise him, he soon shows what he thinks of you. He called me an idiot at a public meeting last month.
ROSSIGNOL – That’s no way for him to treat a fellow scientist like yourself. But I hear he has suggested using his vaccine on a large scale. Suppose we forced him to do it in public – it would only take a few deaths of vaccinated sheep to ruin him forever.
COLIN – Excellent idea! It’s time Monsieur Pasteur learned what it is like to be called an idiot in front of his fellow scientists.”
Pasteur was far from being shy, actually being pretty infatuated with himself. He readily accepted the challenge and injected virulent bacteria into 25 sheep that had been pre-treated with an avirulent B. anthracis vaccine and 25 non-vaccinated control animals. The experiment was subsequently expanded to include six vaccinated and 4 control cows. Two goats were even substituted for two sheep! The results were astounding: All of the control animals died with clinical signs of anthrax, whereas all of the animals that had been previously exposed to the heat-treated B. anthracis vaccine survived. Pasteur had therefore developed an effective vaccine for anthrax, and the results of this experiment were greeted with great fanfare throughout France.
Over a century later, it was revealed that Pasteur had used a killed rather than an attenuated anthrax vaccine. This issue remains highlighted in biomedical research not only because of the tremendous importance of vaccines in medicine, but also because of the potential use of anthrax spores as a deadly biological weapon. A number of vaccines have been developed against the bacillus and its toxins, although these anthrax vaccines are more effective for prevention of disease in domestic animals than in humans.
As might have been expected in view of what has come to be known as the Semmelweis effect in scientific culture, many scientists were quite skeptical of Pasteur’s results with experimental vaccinations. They just seemed too good to be true. The scientist mentioned above, Professor Colin, conducted research at the School of Veterinary Medicine in Maisons Alfort in Paris. He was one of Pasteur’s most inimical adversaries. The School of Veterinary Medicine at Maisons Alfort is a famous institute that was established a century earlier in 1776 and remains the second oldest veterinary school in the world (the oldest veterinary school was also established in France in Lyon fifteen years earlier in 1761). The enmity of Professor Colin for Pasteur really began at least three years before the anthrax-vaccination trials. The relationship between Colin and Pasteur turns out to have been the impetus for the first well-publicized study of stress and immunity. This is how so.
First, a bit of background. Pasteur’s earlier experiments had consistently shown that it was not difficult to infect mammals with B. anthracis, but chickens seemed to be particularly resistant to the infectious agent. Colin chided Pasteur by claiming that he could easily reproduce anthrax in chickens. Pasteur agreed to give Professor Colin a culture of B. anthracis that readily caused disease in mammals, and Colin agreed to provide Pasteur with a chicken suffering from anthrax within a week. Pasteur left Paris on vacation, and upon returning to his laboratory, asked Professor Colin for a hen that died of anthrax. Colin eventually admitted that his experiments had been unsuccessful. He even claimed that wild dogs broke into the cage where his infected chickens had been kept, which ruined his experiment.
Figure 1. Pasteur’s experiment using cold water stress to induce susceptibility to Bacillus anthracis in chickens. Pasteur’s earlier experiments with chickens revealed that they did not die of anthrax following an infection with the putative germs that cause this disease, now known as B. anthracis. This was a dilemma because the data did not support the concept of the germ theory of disease. Chickens have a normal body temperature that is three Celsius degrees higher than mammals. Pasteur hypothesized this is why avian species do not contract anthrax. To test this hypothesis, he made chickens hypothermic by restraining chickens with either gray or white feathers in a bucket and exposing the bottom third of their body to ice water. The chicken with white feathers was inoculated with B. anthracis and subsequently died. The other chicken with gray feathers that was subjected to hypothermia and not inoculated remained healthy. The chicken with black feathers that was inoculated with B. anthracis but not subjected to hypothermia remained healthy. This experiment confirmed Pasteur’s earlier results by demonstrating that, at least in chickens, B. anthracis alone is not sufficient to cause anthrax. Furthermore, hypothermia alone did not cause the disease, although this finding certainly did not refute the germ theory. Instead, both a cold water stress and pathogenic bacteria were needed to cause anthrax in chickens. This experiment convinced Pasteur that B. anthracis is the true cause of anthrax in chickens. These data established an experimental basis for disease by environment interactions.
The story continues. Pasteur had already discovered that B. anthracis germs did not survive well at elevated temperatures, and this finding set the stage for another one of his famous experiments. Humans maintain a core body temperature of roughly 37°C, whereas the core temperature of birds is higher, around 40°C. Pasteur reasoned that the higher body temperature of chickens might be responsible for their resistance to B. anthracis. To test this idea, the feet and legs of two chickens were fastened to the bottom of a bucket and roughly a third of the hens’ bodies were submerged in ice cold water: a gray one was subjected to only the cold and a chicken with white feathers was inoculated with B. anthracis (Fig. 1). Another chicken with black feathers received twice the dose of bacteria but it was not placed in the bucket of ice water, instead remaining in a comfortable thermal environment. Only the chicken with white feathers died of anthrax; whereas the gray and black hens remained healthy. Pasteur exclaimed, “On ne peut donc douter que la mort de la poule blanche soit due uniquement à l’inoculation charbonneuse.” On that date, March 19, 1878, in the prestigious Académie de Médecine de Paris, Pasteur and his fellow scientists were convinced that B. anthracis is the sole cause of anthrax. Pasteur and his predecessor in this discovery, Robert Koch, had been correct. Voila! – Pasteur had solved the dilemma!
Incidentally, Pasteur may have considered other experiments in which the core body temperature of sheep or cattle was artificially elevated to determine if hyperthermic mammals resisted the pathogenic properties of B. anthracis, but we have no documentation of this possibility.
Ten years later, a Russian zoologist, Élie Metchnikoff, came to the Pasteur Institute after conducting research in Italy. He had discovered that some cells of starfish larvae engulfed dyes and even splinters, and he called these cells phagocytes (Greek for “devouring cells”). He extended his results to the blood of animals, finding that some types of leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis. This discovery formed his theory of cellular immunity, for which he shared with Paul Ehrlich the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Hypothermia, either in vitro or in vivo, is now known to impair phagocytosis by neutrophils (known as heterophils in birds). Therefore, René Dubos, a French-American microbiologist and a humanist philosopher, offered a different interpretation than the one originally proposed by Pasteur. Dubos proffered that it was unlikely that hypothermia actually promoted the proliferation of B. anthracis in the cold-stressed chicken with white feathers. Nearly a century later, in 1973, Dubos wrote the following: “Je ne m”attarderai pas sur la fameuse expérience par laquelle il rendit une poule, normalement résistante au charbon, malade de cette infection en la plaçant dans un bain d”eau froide. Il est probable que l”effet de l”abaissement de la température ne s”exerçait pas, comme il le croyait, directement sur le microbe en facilitant sa multiplication, mais plutôt qu”il consistait en un affaiblissement des défenses cellulaires de la poule. On pourrait imaginer une analyse de ce problème par les méthodes d”observation que Metchnikoff introduisait à cette même époque pour établir le rôle protecteur des phagocytes.” In other words, a previously unrecognized protective immunologic mechanism had been impaired in the hens that were cold-stressed in Pasteur’s experiment: Host defenses such as phagocytosis were compromised in both of the restrained, cold-stressed chickens that were held in ice water. However, the chicken with gray feathers survived whereas the one with white feathers died because the white hen was the only one that was exposed to B. anthracis.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented scientific report of a disease-environment interaction. So it is that Pasteur contributed to modern research in brain, behavior and immunity. Only the hen that was both infected with B. anthracis and cold-stressed succumbed to the anthrax. The hen that was only cold-stressed survived. The hen that was inoculated with a hyperdose B. anthracis but kept in a comfortable thermal environment also survived.
A digression: To help students grasp the meaning of interaction between main effects, we ask them, “Did cold stress cause anthrax in Pasteur’s chickens?” If the student answers “No,” we note that s/he is wrong: although cold exposure per se did not have a clinical result, it was required for the chicken with white feathers to become infected with and die of anthrax.
Alternatively, if the student says “Yes,” we point out that the chicken with gray feathers was cold-stressed but remained healthy.
The correct answer is “It depends.” In Pasteur’s chickens, B. anthracis alone did not induce anthrax. Neither did cold stress alone cause anthrax. Instead, both cold stress and B. anthracis were required to induce the disease.
Importantly, during the past century, the concept of disease-environment interaction has been extended to other pathogenic bacteria and viruses, with the effect on morbidity and mortality due to the infectious disease depending upon dose, virulence and degree of environmental stress.
The study of stress, immunity and disease is one of the long-standing cornerstones in brain, behavior and immunity research. Although Pasteur’s experiment can be criticized, it was a useful one. The take-home lesson is that well-designed experiments, conducted appropriately, last forever. They are what good science is made of. What can change is interpretation of the results, which depends very much on the current state of knowledge. It is incumbent upon us as scientists to accurately and honestly report what we have done. Although other scientists before Louis Pasteur may have performed similar experiments, it was Pasteur who shared his results with scientists and laymen alike. Consequently, we owe another debt of gratitude to the father of the germ theory of disease, Louis Pasteur. His insightful experiments demonstrated that interactions between pathogenic microbes, host and host environment can be crucial in the etiology of disease.
Supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health to KWK (MH 51569 and AG 029573) and RD (MH 079829 and MH 71349).
K Kelley – Laboratories of Integrative Immunophysiology, Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Departments of Animal Sciences and Medical Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
S Curtis – Departments of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
R Dantzer – Laboratories of Integrative Immunophysiology, Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Departments of Animal Sciences and Medical Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
Information for this article was derived from numerous articles that have been written on the discoveries of Louis Pasteur. Some of the articles that provided very useful information are cited below.
- Akriotis, V. and W.D. Biggar. The effects of hypothermia on neutrophil function in vitro. J Leukocyte Biol 1985; 37:51-61.
- Decker, Janet. Deadly Diseases and Epidemics, Anthrax. Chelsea House Publishers, ISBN 0-7910-7302-5 2003; 27–28.
- Dubos, R. 1973. Les microbes et le terrain. http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Louis_Pasteur–Les_microbes_et_le_terrain_par_Rene_Dubos
- Joy, M. Harvey, Pasteur, and the truth. Am J Med 1986; 80:917-924.
- Kelley, K.W. Stress and immune function: A bibliographic review. Ann Rech Vet 1980; 11:445478.
- Kelley, K.W. Immunological consequences of changing environmental stimuli. In G.P. Moberg (Ed.) Animal Stress. American Physiological Society. Bethesda, MD. 1985; 193233.
- Kelley, K.W. Norman Cousins Lecture: From hormones to immunity: The physiology of immunology. Brain Behav Immun 2004; 18:95-113.
- Nicol, L. L’épopée pastorienne et la médecine vétérinaire. Garches. France. Nicol, l’Auteur. 1974; 197-211.
- Salman, H., M. Bergman, H. Bessler, S. Alexandrova, B. Beilin and M. Djaldetti. Hypothermia affects the phagocytic activity of rat peritoneal macrophages. Acta Physiol Scand 2000; 168:431-436.
- Smith, K.A. Wanted, an anthrax vaccine: Dead or alive? Med Immunol 2005; 4:5. doi:10.1186/1476-9433-4-5
- Sung, Y., V. Akriotis, C. Barker, S. Calderwood and W.D. Biggar. Susceptibility of human and porcine neutrophils to hypothermia in vitro. Pediatr Res 1985; 19:1044-10447.
- Vallery-Radot, R. The Life of Pasteur. Doubleday, Page, and Company. New York. 1910; 1-484. | <urn:uuid:76754fb4-d733-4bca-8b2a-303002eeb7e6> | {
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Patients diagnosed with migraine headaches saw a significant drop in their frequency when treated with medical cannabis, according to a new study.
Published in the journal Pharmacotherapy, the study examined patients diagnosed with migraines and treated with medical cannabis between January 2010 and September 2014.
It found the frequency of migraines dropped from 10.4 to 4.6 headaches per month, a number considered statistically and clinically significant, according to researchers at the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
Of the 121 patients studied, 103 reported a decrease in monthly migraines, while 15 reported the same number, and three saw an increase in migraines.
“There was a substantial improvement for patients in their ability to function and feel better,” said the study’s senior author, Laura Borgelt, Pharm.D., F.C.C.P. “Like any drug, cannabis has potential benefits and potential risks."
The researchers looked at the charts of patients treated at Gedde Whole Health, a private medical practice in Colorado that specializes in recommending cannabis for a variety of conditions. About two-thirds of the patients had a history of or were currently using cannabis at the time of their initial visit.
The researchers found various forms of cannabis utilized. Inhaled cannabis appeared to be the favorite for treating acute migraines, while edible cannabis, which takes longer to impact the body, helped prevent headaches.
Exactly how cannabis relieves migraines is still not fully understood, the researchers noted.
Cannabinoid receptors can be found throughout the body, including the brain, connective tissues and immune system. And they appear to have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, according to Borgelt. These cannabinoids also seem to affect critical neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, she noted.
“We believe serotonin plays a role in migraine headaches, but we are still working to discover the exact role of cannabinoids in this condition,” Borgelt said.
She added that while the results were “quite remarkable,” more controlled studies are needed in the future.
The ideal study, she said, would be a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a cannabis washout period prior to start. It would also require providing subjects with standardized quantities and potencies of medical cannabis while tracking the occurrence of migraines just like prescription drug studies.
But given federal anti-drug laws, that kind of study would likely require legislative changes before it could be done, Borgelt said.
“If patients are considering medical cannabis they should speak to their health care provider and then follow up so we can track the impact of their overall treatment,” she said. “Open communication is necessary because we need to know how all of these treatments work together.”
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. | <urn:uuid:a6ff8e11-9dcf-4adb-b9c8-a45827b3b176> | {
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A: Regular dental checkups are a great start at preventing oral cancer. Many patients think their dental checkup only serves the purpose of cleaning the teeth and checking for cavities. In fact, during a routine dental checkup, your dentist and dental hygienist are looking for signs of oral cancer in your mouth.
Oral cancer is often detected on the sides or underneath the tongue, or on the soft palate, although it can develop on soft tissue throughout the mouth. You can assist them in detecting and preventing oral cancer by alerting your dentist to abnormal growths, ulcerated areas that won’t heal, painful or numb areas, or any unusual color variations in the tissue of your mouth. | <urn:uuid:d0d27b29-9b70-4ff8-a495-a4b69e24ab66> | {
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The top 4 tone-holes are the most likely ones to have humidity cracks. .
These are the most common types of cracks. When you play, you have a moist climate inside the instrument of 100% humidity and a temperature around 80 F. The humidity will enter the wood at the tenons, sockets, tone holes, and the tapered part of the bore. Since clarinets are poly-cylindrical or tapered from the barrel tenon down to the G hole, this is the area where almost all cracks occur. Water will enter the tone-hole tenon and bore section and make the wood swell from the inside. The water will only penetrate the wood a few millimeters deep but humidified wood increases in size considerably and will expand. This creates enormous tension. The outside wood on the contrary is dry. The pressing inner wood will finally cause the wood to crack. If the cracks are not touching any tone-hole they are just surface cracks, going only a few millimeters deep and have no acoustical effect. They are just optical irritations and need to be glued, cleaned and polished. Dont oil or grease them. Just put a piece of tape over them and get it fixed when the time allows. If a tone-hole in affected, the instrument will leak and becomes very unreliable. Check out the the article about tone-hole cracks.
Be aware that some of these cracks are hard to detect, because they are placed just underneath the top side trill keys.
Dont get the instrument pinned under any circumstances!!! (Read also: Crack pinning ) | <urn:uuid:ad57445a-ac3d-4c99-b1e8-e91b3b5cd0e9> | {
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by Rachel Rothman, Registered Dietitian
In October, a non-profit group called Healthy Babies Bright Futures released a new report titled, “What’s in my Baby’s food?” The group tested 168 baby foods, and found 95% of these contained heavy metals (such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury). Many of the products tested contained multiple of these heavy metals. We know that increased exposure to some heavy metals have been linked to harmful consequences such as mental retardation, neurocognitive disorders, behavioral disorder and respiratory problems.
Let’s decode the report a bit so you have the pertinent information and recommendations.
Why were these metals found?
These heavy metals are found naturally in soil, and crops such as rice, sweet potato and carrots (those that are grown in the soil) tend to absorb more of these heavy metals than others. Because rice is grown in water, heavy metals in rain or water supplies can also have a more pronounced impact on rice than other crops. Organic product evaluations do not screen for soil quality, so the heavy metal content may be similar for organic as well as conventional items, if grown in similar areas. Much of the challenge is that the FDA does not have codified safety standards for heavy metals in foods.
What were the biggest culprits?
Heavy metals were the most prevalent in the following: fruit juices, rice products (such as rice puffs, teething biscuits and rice cereal), and products with root vegetables such as carrot and sweet potatoes. We have known that rice contains arsenic for some time, and the report shows this remains the case.
What can parents do?
We can’t entirely eliminate heavy metals without controlling the airborne and waterborne mineral levels in all of the cultivated crops we use to produce our food. Unless you are growing all of your own food and testing your own soil, some exposure is likely. What we can do is try to reduce that exposure.
These are things you can do to help reduce exposure to these heavy metals:
- Choose rice-free snacks and cereals. There are many options when it comes to snacks. Choose those that have lower amounts of rice, and rice flour. For example, there are several are oat-based alternatives to the ubiquitous rice puffs. Encourage whole food based snacks like hard-boiled eggs, yogurt, cheese, beans, fruits, and vegetables.
- Limit fruit juice. If you are providing juice, dilute it into water, or better yet just serve water or milk.
- Provide a variety of fruits and vegetables. We know that variety of whole foods goes a long way. Although carrots and sweet potatoes are a great source of nutrients, parents have so many options when it comes to fruits and vegetables. There is nothing wrong with providing carrots and sweet potatoes, but include these alongside a variety of others.
Rachel is a pediatric dietitian and feeding expert specializing in working with children and families. Rachel owns a private nutrition practice, Nutrition in Bloom, where she works with children and families to provide feeding guidance and evidence-based nutrition recommendations. She teaches infant and toddler feeding classes throughout San Diego County and online, and helps parents and caregivers feel less stressed and more empowered when it comes to feeding their children. For more on Rachel visit her website, https:// | <urn:uuid:f225aa5b-6563-4316-918d-50d08a89d9a9> | {
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On today’s show, originally released January 6, 2019, we talk with historian Erik Loomis about frustrated workers in a very unusual place who decided to strike in a very unusual way.
Last week's show: (12/29): 100 years of the ILO
The Toronto Trades and Labour Council endorses the principle of equal pay for equal work between men and women - 1882
8,000 workers strike at Youngstown Sheet & Tube. The following day the strikers’ wives and other family members join in the protest. Company guards use tear gas bombs and fire into the crowd; three strikers are killed, 25 wounded - 1916
An explosion at Osage Coal and Mining Company’s Mine Number 11 near Krebs, Okla. kills 100, injures 150 when an untrained worker accidentally sets off a stash of explosives - 1892
Wobblie Tom Mooney, accused of a murder by bombing in San Francisco, pardoned and freed after 22 years in San Quentin - 1939
The presidents of 12 of the nation’s largest unions meet and call for reuniting the American labor movement, which split into two factions in 2005 when when seven unions left the AFL-CIO and formed a rival federation. The meeting followed signals from President-elect Barack Obama that he would prefer dealing with a united movement, rather than a fractured one that often had two competing voices. Unions from both sides of the split participated in the meeting. The reunification effort failed - 2009
- David Prosten; graphic: "Demonstration," by Ben Shahn, 1933; Shahn was moved in the early 1930s to paint a series of works based on the infamous Tom Mooney case. | <urn:uuid:6e2b0d9a-6ce8-4df1-a334-24b09bceff51> | {
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Our feet let us to be quite functional in life, but once corns and callus develop, the discomfort can be unbearable. Corns and callus under our feet affect a large portion of the population but few understand the cause. Unfortunately, many people feel that this skin build-up is normal and they suffer through it, without realizing that there are possible solutions. The main causes of callus and corns under our feet are 1) a strong localized pressure on the bottom of the foot 2) a decreased ability for shock absorption while walking 3) diabetes complications and 4) genetic skin disorders.
1) A strong pressure creates corn under the foot
Our feet are made to support our body weight and thus they help avoid the creation of callus and corns under our feet. However, under certain circumstances, it is possible that our feet are misaligned and therefore unable to promote proper body weight distribution.
For instance, patients with high arches often come to our clinic with calluses under the forefoot. With this high arch, the toes, the forefoot and heels are the only areas touching the ground. As a result, the surface on the bottom of the foot available for weight distribution is limited.
Under this high, concentrated pressure, the deeper skin tissues become inflamed and irritated. Inflammation, redness, heat and pain are often the result. These tissues then become more vascularized, promoting the growth of keratinocytes. These keratinocytes are the cells in the last layer of skin responsible for making the skin thicker.
If the pressure under the foot continues and the problem is not addressed, the skin thickens and hardens. This is the definition of callus.
Corns can also form under these circumstances of increased pressure under the foot. In this case, the skin also thickens and hardens but this change is quite localized, giving the patient the impression of walking on a little rock or pebble.
Once this callus or corn builds up, it becomes difficult to remove the thickness with a file or pumice stone. A podiatrist is well equipped to take care of this thickness without pain.
We often hear that when the corn or callus is not painful and that it is unnecessary to remove them. Actually, the reality is that one should not leave this thickness under the foot for it many become thicker over time and quite painful. Furthermore, with diabetic patients, this thicker skin can create a wound and ulcerate.
The ideal way to prevent callus and corn under the feet is to wear plantar orthotics.
2) Decreased ability for shock absorption while walking
We are all born with a certain thickness of fat under our heels for protection. Some are born with more than others. Unfortunately, we can lose this fat thickness over time. This thinner layer of fat lessens the heel’s ability for shock absorption while walking.
Due to the repetitive force on the heel, the skin thickens in this area. A thicker skin has less elasticity and can gradually crack. These fissures in the heel can lengthen, deepen and become susceptible to infections without treatment. This is another good reason to treat corn and callus under the foot before they develop.
3) Complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes
One of the complications of diabetes is neuropathy. With time, the uncontrolled diabetic can have irreversible damage to the nerves of the lower extremity resulting in a loss of sensation.
Corns and callus under the foot are a response to increased pressure in this area. Since the uncontrolled diabetic does not feel this pressure, these patients are unable to alter their foot position. The pressure is thus maintained and corns and callus under the foot are formed in defence.
Should this build-up of hard skin remain untreated, ulcers of the foot can develop. These diabetic lesions heal with difficulty due to the lack of proper circulation present in these patients.
All diabetics should consider consulting a podiatrist 3 or 4 times a year to receive either a proper foot evaluation, a visit for proper debridement of the corns and callus under the foot or a visit to isolate the regions that have formed hard skin in the past.
4) Genetic or hereditary skin disorder
A genetic skin disorder called palmoplantar keratosis is a hereditary illness that can cause callus and corns under the feet.
Patients with this skin pathology have corns and callus under their feet as well as on the palms of their hands. This thicker skin is present more so in areas of pressure but is also present elsewhere. This build-up of skin on your feet can be debrided by a podiatrist to help lessen any discomfort.
Regardless of the cause of the corns and callus under your feet, whether it be from increased pressure under misaligned feet, from a lack of proper foot shock absorption, diabetes, or a genetic skin disorder, it is time to remedy to it by consulting a podiatrist who can treat you with the necessary treatment. There is many other reason as to why you might have corn under your feet, therefore the best way to go is to consult a podiatrist who can help you identify the cause of the pain! | <urn:uuid:a755f62d-cf88-4d5e-8f57-c95ab455df14> | {
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AI that has ethical purpose and technical robustness
Artificial intelligence (AI) has appeared in the news for the good it does more than the bad impact it has on our lives. Its prominence now can also be attributed to the availability of vast amounts of data, more powerful computing and breakthroughs in AI techniques like machine learning.
So, considering how pervasive the use of AI is in areas like autonomous vehicles, healthcare, home/service electronics, education and cybersecurity, certain groups have decided to hunker down and set down some ethics guidelines for AI that we can trust.
First in Singapore, an advisory council had robust discussion in the ethical use of AI and data. The statement released by the Info-communications Media Development Authority (IMDA), said, “A trusted AI ecosystem is critical for industries to effectively adopt innovative emerging technologies and business models, while ensuring strong consumer confidence, protection and participation.
“In the area of data and data-driven technologies like AI, the development of responsible practices must be informed by diverse views and a global perspective.”
Not long after, the European Commission’s high-level expert group (AI HLEG) released a draft of ethics guidelines for artificial intelligence.
According to this draft authored by the AI HLEG, trustworthy AI has two components. Firstly, it should respect fundamental rights, applicable regulation and core principles and values, ensuring an “ethical purpose” and secondly, it should be “technically robust” and reliable since, even with good intentions, a lack of technological mastery can cause unintentional harm.
This draft also claims to offer more than just a list of core values and principles for AI, but rather guidance on concrete implementation and operationalisation of AI systems.
A second deliverable by AI HLEG would be around Policy & Investment Recommendations, due out on May 2019, about 2 months after the ethics guideline is finalised.
Stakeholders or parties that the Trustworthy AI guidance addresses, have been identified as relevant stakeholders that develop, deploy or use AI – companies, organisations, researchers, public services, institutions, individuals or other entities, and even governments.
How compulsory is this?
A mechanism will be put in place that enables all stakeholders to formally endorse and sign up to the Guidelines on a voluntary basis.
The AI HLEG emphasises that “these Guidelines are not meant to stifle AI innovation in Europe, but instead aim to use ethics as inspiration to develop a unique brand of AI, one that aims at protecting and benefiting both individuals and the common good.” | <urn:uuid:7dc65c60-a1cb-4a7a-b7a8-eabf64b22a6e> | {
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If you and your partner are currently trying to get pregnant naturally, you may not realise, but your chances are actually higher at this time of year. Wondering why and what men should do during the warmer months to ensure they are as fertile as possible? Then keep reading…
Studies based on 11 years of data on more than 5,000 men being treated for fertility problems found that men are more fertile in the middle months of the year, sperm is twice as active in July and August compared to January.
Researcher’s at the Centre for Reproductive Incapacity of the University Hospital of Parma, in northern Italy analysed data collected from 5,188 men, looking for possible seasonal pattern in sperm quality.
Results showed that motility of sperm peaked in the summer, and was at its lowest in the winter. They also showed that the number of men with a sperm motility or movement greater than 40 per cent averaged 65.3 percent in summer, and only 50 percent in winter. “We have shown the existence of a seasonal variation in some functional aspects of human semen,” confirmed Dr Alfredo De Giorgi, who led the study.
In the evolution of nature and for most animals, light plays an important part in the regulation of reproduction; this ensures that the birth of their offspring occurs at the most favourable time of the year, and when food is in abundance and the days are long and warm. For humans, there can be seasonal variations in our cycle of sleeping patterns, which can affect the stress hormone cortisol.
Keeping cool in the summer heat!
Men need to remember to stay cool in the summer to avoid overheating their testicular area. This can temporarily cause low sperm count, for as long as the testes are overheated. Testicles secrete male hormones and also help in sperm production. Testes function properly only when they are cooler than the rest of the body. That’s why they are anatomically structured to hang outside the body. If the testes are exposed to high temperatures, then the increased heat could kill the sperm and cause a low count.
There are further factors which can increase the temperature of testicles, aside from the weather which include:
1. Wearing tight underpants
2. Wearing trousers too tight around the crotch area
3. Taking hot baths or saunas
4. Sitting for a long time
5. Keeping a lap top on the lap for long periods
Although it is proven that men are statistically more fertile during Summer, it is important to keep cool to avoid lower sperm count.
I hope you’ve found this latest post helpful. If you’re currently trying to conceive, why not read about my story here to find out how fertility yoga can help you. | <urn:uuid:a0da35f7-032d-4417-ad6b-472e9a67545d> | {
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Today, we have a number of environmental groups concerned over the effects wood burning has on the atmosphere. Keep in mind that wood, as well as any type of material used for fuel to heat a home will have an affect on the environment when burned. Now, we all know that campfires, wood stoves, and fireplaces are not going away but the key is to burn wood the right way.
You would be amazed at how few people really understand the proper way of burning wood, which if not done right, will have significant impact on outdoor air quality, as well as indoor air quality. The problem is that if wood is not burned correctly, it will smolder, producing blue/gray smoke. If you want to enjoy your wood burning stove or fireplace but would like to do your part in protecting the environment, you can.
For starters, we recommend you consider your current fireplace. Many of the older designs are bad at producing air pollution. One option would be to replace your old fireplace with a newer design that is made to burn clean. These fireplaces and stoves are actually CSA certified, meaning they must meet strict standards set forth by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. To burn clean, the stove or fireplace greatly reduces smoke emissions. In fact, depending on the type of appliance you choose, this reduction can be as much as 90%.
Another option is to make sure the stove or fireplace you have is the right size. Interestingly, many people will have the wrong size appliance, which burns more fuel than needed to heat the home efficiently. For this, you can meet with a professional in the business to determine what size wood burning stove or fireplace you need. Of course, if you only want to heat one or two rooms rather than an entire home, this would be a consideration too.
The chimney is also an important part of the picture. This means going with a modern type chimney, which is designed specifically for the type of stove or fireplace you have. Then, do all you can to avoid smoldering, which is a huge problem on the environment. For this, you can use clean burn techniques that actually help prevent smoldering smoke. With this, you can reduce the amount of smoke produced by as much as 50%.
When purchasing wood, you want to make sure you choose the right type of wood and wood that is ready to burn. This means going with seasoned wood that is dry and clean. What you want to avoid is green wood, which is still moist and green on the inside, causing significant smoke. Additionally, when you have the wood split, have it split so the pieces are appropriate for your specific stove or fireplace.
Finally, you need to make sure your home itself is energy efficient. Obviously, having tightly sealed garage doors, windows, and sealing off other leaks will mean that your fireplace or stove can work more efficiently and effectively. You may need to walk around the home to determine areas of air leakage or again, hire a professional to come in and conduct testing - your environment will thank you. | <urn:uuid:3861db8f-0f3c-4349-a5d3-08961fcb52ef> | {
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Bronze Prutah Coin Necklace, Procurator of Judea, Porcius Festus under Roman Emperor Nero, 58 - 62 CE, Setting 14K Contemporary Gold with motif of the Gates of Jerusalem. Star of David on locket bail. Coin 1/4" diameter, Setting 1 1/2" diameter. Chain 26" long. Obverse: "NEP/ωNO/C" (Nero) in wreath tied at the bottom with an X. Reverse: Palm branch "KAICAPO" (Caesar) and date LE (year 5) According to Forum of Ancient Coins, Porcius Festus succeeded Felix as Procurator of Judea under the Emperor Nero in about 59 A.D. Not long after he took office, the apostle Paul, who had been arrested and had been imprisoned by Felix, was brought before him. Festus granted Paul's request to appeal his case to Caesar (a strategy by Paul which very likely saved his life, since if he had been sent back to Jerusalem he would almost certainly have been killed by the Sanhedrin). It was during the voyage to Rome that Paul was shipwrecked. Festus also got into a little altercation with the leaders of Jerusalem's Jewish community, in a dispute over a wall. King Agrippa II built a room in which he could spy into the affairs of the Temple, so the Jews built a wall to block the view. When Festus heard about this he demanded that the wall be taken down. The Jewish leaders asked if they could go directly to Nero for arbitration and Festus granted permission. Nero sided with the Jews allegedly because his wife Poppaea was a "Jewish-sympathizer." Festus ruled until 62 A.D., when he died, presumably of natural causes, and was succeeded by Albinus. "Now when Festus was come into the province, after three days he ascended from Caesarea to Jerusalem. Then the high priest and the chief of the Jews informed him against Paul, and besought him, and desired favour against him, that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him. But Festus answered, that Paul should be kept at Caesarea, and that he himself would depart shortly thither. Let them therefore, said he, which among you are able, go down with me, and accuse this man, if there be any wickedness in him. And when he had tarried among them more than ten days, he went down unto Caesarea; and the next day sitting on the judgment seat commanded Paul to be brought. And when he was come, the Jews which came down from Jerusalem stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove. While he answered for himself, neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I offended any thing at all. But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, and said, Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these things before me? Then said Paul, I stand at Caesar's judgment seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as thou very well knowest. For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar. Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered, Hast thou appealed unto Caesar? unto Caesar shalt thou go.
King James Bible, Acts 25.1-12 | <urn:uuid:e2da65bd-9ce1-43ca-b959-dc4e7f687ca4> | {
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“Fight the cravings,” says your brain. “That looks delicious…” screams your tummy. Food addiction is real and it’s one of the most debilitating illnesses affecting our modern society.
You might think that there’s no way someone can get addicted to food but study after study reveals that it’s possible. There are people who are addicted to food (junk foods), in the same way, drug addicts are addicted to drugs. In this article, we’ll find out what food addiction really is, along with tips on how to overcome it.
Food Addiction: What It is and What it Isn’t
Food addiction is like any other addiction. It is a disease that changes the brain, causing people to act out of control, and compulsively engage with the substance or activity which causes their addiction.
Highly controversial and still in its beginning stages, food addiction research are often split into two kinds of argument. While some food scientists believe that food addiction is a biochemical problem caused by highly palatable and extremely addictive food, other food experts and doctors believe that food addiction is just like other psychologically-based addiction and are caused by emotional stress.
But how do you know you’re suffering from food addiction? Or just someone who likes food a LOT. The following are signs you may be suffering from food addiction:
- you think about food most of the time
- you have frequent mood swings (which is only relieved by eating)
- you feel out of control every meal time
- you feel unsatisfied after having a meal
- you have difficulty managing weight (plus you feel insecure about your body)
- you sneak to eat because you feel guilty (but you do it anyway)
Overcoming Food Addiction: How To Develop a Healthy Relationship with Food
Whether you think food is the enemy or not, it’s not too late to change. Listed below are healthy ways to beat the cravings and end your unhealthy addiction to food.
- Start by Mindful Eating
Mindfulness. The word itself radiates calm and peace like you’re in one of those zen gardens surrounded by flowers and lily pots. A term used in Buddhist meditation, mindfulness is all about maintaining a present-moment awareness of your feelings, thoughts, and senses as you interact with your environment.
To eat mindfully is simply to pay more attention to the food you eat. It is all about “eating with intention and attention”. Dr. Susan Albert, a best-selling author, and clinical psychologist says mindful eating is unlike fad diets that are too cumbersome and riddled with strict rules. Eating mindfully is just all about “creating balance and appropriately responding to your body’s need”. The thing is: we’re always stressed about what and what not to eat, it’s time we pay more attention to how we eat our food.
Here are simple ways you can practice mindful eating:
- Eat only when you’re hungry. And stop when you’re full.
- Appreciate food and eat without distraction.
- Use all your senses when you eat your food. Don’t just gulp down food, taste it, smell it, and relish the texture and sound as you chew.
- Cook your own meal and follow a meal plan so you don’t always eat out or order highly palatable processed food.
- Avoid Trigger Foods
When you’re addicted to cigarettes, you cure yourself by abstinence. But how about when you’re addicted to food? Unlike alcohol or drugs we can’t live without food, so how do we solve the problem?
[thrive_text_block color=”blue” headline=””]According to Gary Wenk, author of Your Brain on Food, food addicts should avoid certain kinds of food that make them feel out of control. These are called trigger foods and may vary depending on each person. Once you’ve had a bite of this trigger food, you’ll find yourself wanting to eat more (even when you’re full). [/thrive_text_block]
Trigger foods often contain high amounts of sugar, salt or fat. It can be ice cream, fries, or your favorite cheesy burger. Just one bite, one taste, is enough to set you off course. By identifying your trigger food, you’ll learn to control yourself and eliminate the temptation when needed.
- Stop Emotional Eating
It’s not enough to train your brain to mindfully eat or to avoid trigger foods, you have to manage your emotions too. Many food addicts use food to cope with their feelings. Whether they’re sad, stressed, angry, or bored they turn to food for comfort. On the surface, it looks simply like a bad habit but psychologists believe that stress eating is usually a result of tension or frustration at work or home. When you’re stressed, you lose control making it easy to cave into temptations and allow yourself to treat your body like shit.
It can also be caused by emotional hunger, a sinking feeling that can’t be filled with food. When you’re suffering from emotional hunger, you’re vulnerable and may feel powerless over lots of things including food. To stop emotional eating you must stop using food to soothe your feelings. Here are a few simple ways to do this:
- Differentiate physical hunger and emotional hunger. When having a food craving, pause, and ask yourself if you’re really hungry.
- Avoid food when you’re feeling stressed, sad, or bored and try to move farthest away from the fridge or any other food source. Take a few deep breaths and engage in a productive activity instead of eating.
- Solve the issue. The only way you can stop stress eating is to find the primary cause of your stress.
- Find ways to cope with your anxiety, boredom, or loneliness without having to open the fridge. You can start a new hobby, hang out with new people, or just do something that will take your mind off eating.
- Seek Social Support
Food addiction is a serious problem. Sometimes, it can’t be solved on your own. You can try all kinds of diets or go into different kinds of fat reduction procedures to get back in shape but if you don’t cure your addiction, the problem won’t go away. Fortunately, there are lots of people whom you can seek for help and advice. Aside from your family and therapist, there are many support groups all over the globe that help food addicts recover.
An organization that believes food addiction is a biochemical disorder “and therefore cannot be cured by willpower or therapy alone”. They offer a Twelve-Step program and food plans that can help manage food addiction by abstaining from addictive foods.
An organization for food addicts and anyone with food problems including those who have anorexia, binge eating, and bulimia.
A fellowship of people who share experiences while recovering from compulsive eating. They have global conventions where members are encouraged to attend and participate in workshops.
Knowing the solution doesn’t really solve the problem. To overcome food addiction, you must create additional effort by applying what you have learned and using this knowledge to solve underlying issues that cause your addiction.
What other tips can you share to overcome food addiction? | <urn:uuid:e58af565-5df5-4a71-8864-ef8e84a5657f> | {
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Associate Director for the Center for American Progress Erik Stegman spoke at UCR last Friday about the negative impact Native American mascots have on American Indian and Alaska Native Youth, as well as policy changes that would help lessen that impact.
The talk, part of the UCR’s School of Public Policy’s seminar series, focused on a 2014 report entitled “Missing the Point,” conducted by Stegman and his colleague Victoria Phillips. The report critiques the media’s emphasis on the sentimentality of the mascots’ history, thereby overlooking the negative effects on Native American youths’ self-esteem and learning environments.
He cited research conducted by the American Psychological Association (APA) that gauged reactions of Native American youth to depictions, such as the mascot of the Cleveland Indians baseball team and Disney’s Pocahontas. The research found that exposure to these mascots resulted in “lower self-esteem, sense of community worth and views of students’ own potential.”
In addition, American Indian and Alaska Native youth are strapped with the nation’s lowest graduation rates of any racial or ethnic group at 67 percent, compared to the national average of 81 percent. These communities also experience a widespread poverty rate of 29 percent, nearly double the average of the overall U.S. population poverty rate of 15.7 percent. The suicide rate is 2.5 times higher than the national average and is the second-leading cause of death for these people ages 15-34.
These statistics exacerbate Native Americans’ feelings of hopelessness and loss of agency, according to Stegman. “The entire debate up to this point has been non-Native people talking to non-Native people about what they think Native people should or shouldn’t think,” he said. “We wanted to change this by really trying to show people the real voice of what Native people think about it, particularly youth.”
Stegman invited Rory Taylor, a member of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma and freshman at Claremont College, to speak. Taylor was nominated as a 2015 Champion for Change by the Center for Native American Youth for his work, centered on providing educational access to young Native Americans. He spoke about his own experiences with the ways Native American mascots impact younger people, saying “most stereotypes don’t allow us to be native college graduates, native lawyers, native doctors, native professionals. They only allow us to be redskins.”
Taylor also discussed the ways in which the diversity of the 566 federally recognized tribes of Native Americans in the United States is reduced to a few racist depictions in media. “If we’re ever going to go anywhere or do anything … we have to get rid of these stereotypes and stigmas.”
Stegman and Phillips’ proposal for change in policy includes seeking input from tribal communities, youth and leaders about school environments, providing legal guidance on this matter as it relates to federal funding and pushing executive offices and legislatures to assess the impact of these representations in schools and making recommendations for the retirement of the mascots.
UCR English professor Michelle Raheja, who studies Native American literature and has Seneca heritage, said, “I find (Native American mascots) really demeaning and really ugly and it seems like (they serve as) a path to act out a certain kind of aggression towards native people that’s kind of been sublimated into the culture since the very beginning.”
Raheja emphasized the need for change in curriculum that teaches Native American history, saying, “There was a former colleague here who called the way that native people are taught in school ‘intellectual child abuse’ and I feel like that … makes mascots normal.” | <urn:uuid:bbe85afb-5e05-464e-a70a-fa579247544f> | {
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JUPITER, FL — Learning to avoid negative experiences requires an interplay of two distinct brain circuits, one to interpret “Yikes!” and drive learning, and the other, unexpectedly, to dial in the strength of that memory, a new fruit fly study shows.
“This kind of gain control is probably present in many levels of the nervous system, in many organisms,” says Scripps Research neuroscientist Seth Tomchik, PhD, lead author of the study.
The human brain is comprised of a staggering number of neurons—about 86 billion, according to recent studies. Given that complexity, neuroscientists working to understand how learning and memory work begin with simpler model organisms. Humans and flies share a degree of fundamental biology, including reliance on the neurotransmitter dopamine in learning.
“We know with flies, just like in mammals, there are neurons involved in positive reinforcement, there are neurons involved in negative reinforcement—the valence neurons—and then there are this third set,” Tomchik says. “Nobody really knew what they did.”
The fruit fly brain contains eight groups of neurons that produce dopamine. Three of them can be found in what’s known as the fly brain’s “mushroom body.” Humans don’t have an exact analogous brain section, but other brain regions perform similar functions. In Drosophila melanogaster, aka the fruit fly, the mushroom body is an area highly responsive to odors.
Past fly brain studies have shown that one of the dopamine-producing groups projecting into the mushroom body handles desire-inducing memories connected to odors. (“Mmmm, rotten bananas!”) while another guides avoidant behavior related to negative experiences. (“Yikes, dangerous banana smell!”)
To find out the role of the third group, referred to as PPL2, research associate and first author Tamara Boto, PhD, trained the flies with an experiment that involved exposing them to fruit-like odors while simultaneously giving them a mild electric shock.
Their conditioned response could be visualized under a microscope by adding a green fluorescent protein that releases light upon reacting to calcium. Calcium ions are released when neurons communicate. Stimulating the PPL2 neurons during the odor experiments changed the brightness of the fluorescence when presented with the odor, an indication that the structures involved in learning and memory had altered the degree of response.
“When we activated this PPL2 set of neurons, it would actually modulate the strength of that memory,” Tomchik says. “So we see there are dopaminergic neurons that encode the aversive stimulus itself, and then there is this additional set that can turn the volume up or down on that memory.”
The ability of PPL2 to strengthen the response was a surprise, Boto adds.
“I think it is amazing that there is this physiological effect that translates to a behavioral effect,” Boto says. “Dopamine is not likely to excite on its own, but the response is greater if it is paired with stimulation of this set of neurons.”
The study, “Independent Contributions of Discrete Dopaminergic Circuits to Cellular Plasticity, Memory Strength and Valence in Drosophila,” appears May 14 in the journal Cell Reports.
A next step will be exploring what stimulates PPL2 neurons and how their activity influences other neurons in the memory network, Tomchik says.
Studying the brain circuitry underlying experience, learning and memory in model organisms can offer insights into our own, more complex brains, insights that could help us understand issues like addiction, PTSD, depression and neurodevelopmental disorders, Tomchik says.
“We want to understand more about what their fundamental function is, what types of stimuli activate them under what conditions,” he says. “Translating the learned information into behavioral execution, through the neurons in between, that’s where I expect a lot of discoveries in the next few years are going to be.”
In addition to Tomchik and Boto, the authors of the study include Aaron Stahl, Xiaofan Zhang, and Thierry Louis.
The work was supported in part by the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R00 MH092294), (R01 NS097237), and the Whitehall Foundation. Boto and Louis were Neuroscience Scholars of the Esther B. O’Keeffe Charitable Foundation. | <urn:uuid:5daa6580-e363-45ff-beff-f2b285149c53> | {
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In Ancient Egypt the iconography on the walls of the tombs were crucial for the dead’s resurrection.
The iconography in the tomb of Tutankhamun was strong enough for granting the king’s regeneration. Both, the scenes and its emplacement had a sense.
Orientation of the Tutankhamun iconography.
The ancient Egyptian artists selected for this king a group of images which evoked the first moment of Tutankhamun’s regeneration. So, his entrance into the Hereafter granted his resurrection, and therefore, his eternity.
But also the artists selected the emplacement for each image.
If we observe carefully the decorative ensemble we note two main parts: the east side and the west side.
The east side.
In this part of the tomb of Tutankhamun the artists depicted the funerary procession and the opening of the mouth ceremony.
In the belief of Ancient Egypt the East was the place of the sunrise, the light, so the East was related to the world of the living. For that reason cities and temples to the divinities (like Karnak or Luxor) were set up at the East side.
In the tomb of Tutankhamun the East side was also reserved to scenes of the world of the living. That is why they depicted the funerary procession and the opening of the mouth ceremony. Beacuse both practices belonged to the world of the living and happened during the burial ceremony.
The West side.
This part of the tomb contains scenes of the king getting into the Underworld and in the company of some divinities.
The West side was the place of the sunset, the darkness, so the West in Ancient Egypt was related to the world of the dead and the Hereafter. For that reason the necropolis and the funerary temples were in the West side of the Nile.
It makes sense, therefore, that the iconography of West end in the tomb of Tutankhamun contains the images of the pharaoh with deities involved in his resurrection (Nut, Anubis, Isis and Osiris) and the first Hour of the Night of the Amdouat; that is, the moment when the resurrection of Tutankhamun begins. | <urn:uuid:0bfc7b0f-0b6e-4402-b9b5-116742609dc2> | {
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The Prime Minister, Theresa May, has pledged to reform mental health care in bid to improve services and tackle the stigma attached to mental health in society.
Speaking on Monday 9th January, the Prime Minister set out plans to “transform” the way we view mental health in society. She spoke about targeting young and vulnerable people, and promised to make sure that people who needed help were able to access it.
Government data suggests that a quarter of people suffers from a mental health disorder at some point in their lives. The estimated cost to the NHS is £105 billion. Figures suggest that mental health problems are particularly common among younger people. More than half of cases affect children aged under 14 and this rises to 75 percent for children aged up to 18 years old.
Theresa May stated that mental health had been overlooked in the past, and stressed the need to make changes to ensure that people feel able to ask for help when they need it, and to make sure that vulnerable children and adults don’t slip through the net.
In her speech at the Charity Commission, the Prime Minister announced a series of measures designed to improve mental health care and support services. These include providing training for teachers, making links between NHS organisations and schools stronger, and ensuring that children receive treatment close to home. Mrs May has also instructed Paul Farmer, chief executive of MIND, and mental health campaigner, Lord Stevenson, to carry out a review based on mental health support in the working environment. The findings will be used to shape policies and help employers and employees in the future. Additional funding has also been provided to improve local care services, and online tools, such as symptom checkers.
Charities and health professionals have welcomed the reforms. However, they suggest that a significant funding boost is required to make the kinds of improvements that are needed. | <urn:uuid:7d39bcc9-f5ae-4d7a-9e7c-b61ab648d3f1> | {
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Horatius, also called Horatius Cocles (meaning "one-eyed"), was a mythical Roman hero credited with saving Rome from Etruscan invaders in the 500s B . C . According to the legend, Horatius led a group of warriors who were defending the Sublician Bridge, which led across the Tiber River into Rome. He ordered his troops to take down the bridge, while he and two companions fought off the Etruscans. Horatius sent these men back over the bridge just before it collapsed. As the bridge fell, he jumped into the Tiber while still wearing his armor and swam to safety. Because Horatius's bravery saved Rome from invasion, the city erected a statue of him and gave him a large amount of land as a reward.
A statue of a figure with one eye stood near the famous bridge of ancient Rome. Early Romans said it was Horatius because of its location and because the figure had only one eye. The sculpture, however, almost certainly represented the god Vulcan*, who is typically shown in works of art as having one eye and being crippled. | <urn:uuid:f28b2505-b53f-4919-8f88-65d28f8663e3> | {
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3D Modeling Tutorials
About the Tutorials
In the following tutorials, you will begin to construct portions of the blimp model. At this point, you should either have tried out the following techniques, or be working with your software manuals to see how your package accomplishes each one of these operations.
If you run into difficulties, review the section of the book that deals with the problem operation, paying particular attention to tips that may help you figure out the problem. The life of a modeler/animator is filled with challenges both artistic and technical, so consider this as part of your training and try to find a creative way around the problem.
The tutorial steps presented here are generic and can be adapted to work with nearly any program. However, if you are using one of the more popular 3D packages on the market, including discreet 3ds max 4.2, Alias|Wavefront Maya 4, or NewTek LightWave 7, there are program-specific tutorials and mesh files of the project at various stages on the companion CD-ROM in the back of this book. If you are using one of these packages, I strongly recommend you use the version of the tutorials on the disc rather than the ones in the book.
At the start of the chapter, the basic strategies of planning out a 3D project were presented. For the blimp, the logical overall strategy would be to construct the gas bag first, then add the large video screens. Next would come the other major sub-assemblies, such as the engines and spires. The logos and other details would come last. Unfortunately, the construction of the gas bag is an advanced chapter project, so you'll be doing the monitor screens and engines first. The individual object strategies will become apparent when you do the tutorials.
There will probably be several occasions during the course of these tutorials where objects don't materialize in the 3D universe quite where you expect them. Read up on construction grids and planes in your manual to help you build objects where you want them. To help locate and move wayward pieces, use the Zoom All command, which adjusts the viewpoint to show all the mesh in the 3D universe. Most of the time, you'll find "missing" mesh off in the virtual boondocks somewhere. You'll probably use Zoom continually to make the objects large enough to work with.
All units used to specify distances in the tutorials are genericthey don't represent any real-world measurements. Set your software to use generic units and decimal numbers if possible.
Start the tutorials by using a simple extrusion to create the monitor screen for the side of the blimp. Here's the procedure:
Turn on Grids and Snaps. In the right viewport, use lines and arcs to create the 2D monitor shape 575 units wide x 460 units high (see Figure 3.40a).
If your software requires it, Attach the shapes together and/or Weld their vertices to create a single closed shape. Name it MonSHP01.
If your software doesn't leave the original shape intact when doing an Extrude, copy the shape and move the copy out of the way. You'll need it later on for another operation.
Select the first shape and Extrude it 15 units deep into a thin 3D panel, with one step or segment (see Figure 3.40b). Name the object MonScn01.
Save your file as B_MON01 and close it.
FIGURE 3.40 Creating an extruded object: (a) Draw the outline of the shape in 2D. (b) Use Extrude to give the shape the desired depth.
Using Lathe (Closed, Open, and Partial)
To try out the different lathe operations, switch over to working on the engines of the blimp, which are called thrusters (see Figure 3.41). The thrusters are enclosed propellers that move the blimp around.
FIGURE 3.41 The completed thruster assembly. The cylindrical strut the thruster is attached to will rotate to allow the thrusters to operate at different angles.
Creating a Closed Lathe
Here are the steps for creating the nose cone in the center of the prop. Note that this shape could also be created by scaling a 3D hemisphere primitive, but this is a lathe tutorial, so you're going to use a lathe operation instead.
Create a new document. In the front viewport, draw three circles (with radii of 10, 45, and 56 units) to use as a reference in setting the scale of the thruster shroud and nose cone (see Figure 3.42a).
These lines will not be used to create the 3D objects, but are useful for "roughing out" a shape before modeling. If your software doesn't support the creation of 2D shapes in the 3D environment like this, ignore these references.
In the right viewport, offset the circles from each other by 10 units so that you can see them from this view, then Freeze or Ghost them so that they stay put (see Figure 3.42b).
In the right viewport, create an arc that is the same radius as the small reference circle you drew in the last step, 10 units (thickened here for clarity). Add a polyline that connects to the endpoints of the arc.
If your software requires it, Attach the shapes together and/or Weld their vertices to create a single shape (see Figure 3.42c).
Scale the shape 150% along the X-axis (horizontally) to give it a more graceful appearance (see Figure 3.42d).
Save your work as B_THR02.
In most programs, choosing the Lathe command enables you to define the axis that you want to serve as the centerline of the lathing operation. In some products, however, you may need to define the object's axis in advance.
FIGURE 3.42 Steps for creating the nose cone shape: (a) Rough out the thruster with circles to establish scale. (b) Offset the circles to see them from the side. (c) Draw a 10 unit arc to serve as a lathe cross-section. (d) Scale the cross-section 150% along the horizontal axis.
Choose Lathe and set the axis along the lower edge of the shape (see Figure 3.43a). This will determine the centerline around which the shape will be spun.
This is a closed lathe because the axis touches the shape, creating a "solid" result.
Complete the Lathe operation, spinning the shape 360° into a 3D object with 16 segments (see Figure 3.43b).
Examine the results in a Camera or Perspective viewport (see Figure 3.43c). Does the object appear to have the right shape and proportions? If you were experimenting, this would be the point to Undo the operation and adjust the shape before lathing it again.
Render a close-up of the nose cone (see Figure 3.43d).
Some programs have trouble with lathes like this, and may create odd artifacts near the centerline. Your software may offer a Weld Core command to correct thisif not, doing a Smooth operation (discussed in Chapter 5) should take care of any problems.
Name the object ThrNos01 and save your work as B_THR.
FIGURE 3.43 Steps for lathing the nose cone object: (a) Set the axis for the lathe. (b) Spin the shape 360 degrees around the axis. (cd) Examine the resulting object for proper appearance. You may have to apply a smoothing operation to correct artifacts.
Creating an Open Lathe
To create the propeller shroud, use another lathe operation, this time with the axis some distance from the shape. Here are the steps:
Using the reference circles as a guide, create a closed spline cross-section of the shroud 102.5 units long (see Figure 3.44). Use five control points to define the spline.
You may find it easier to create the rough shape with straight lines first, and then use the Bezier control points to adjust the curves.
FIGURE 3.44 Use a Bezier spline to create a cross-section of the thruster's engine shroud. Use polylines if your software doesn't support splines.
Choose Lathe (set to 16 steps or segments) and set the axis along the centerline of the nose cone. This will spin the shroud around the same axis as the cone. Complete the Lathe operation, spinning the shape 360° into a 3D object (see Figure 3.45a).
Render the results in a Camera or Perspective viewport (see Figure 3.45b). Name the object ThrShr01.
Save your work as B_THR04.
FIGURE 3.45 Steps for lathing the engine shroud object. (a) Set the axis for the lathe in the center of the thruster and spin the shape 360 degrees around it. (b) Examine the resulting object for proper appearance.
Creating a Partial Lathe
Next, create the reinforcing bands that partially surround the shroud. Follow this procedure:
In the right viewport, draw a polyline cross-section of the band 11 units wide x 3.25 units high (see Figure 3.46a).
Position the cross-section as shown and set the axis to the same place as the previous lathesthe center of the thruster (see Figure 3.46b).
Lathe the object around the axis, but limit it to 300° rather than the full 360° (see Figure 3.46c).
The result is a partial lathe with a 60° gap starting at the top of the engine. If your software puts the gap on the opposite side, rotate the band around so that it matches the figure. Name the object ThrBnd01 (see Figure 3.46d).
Save your work as B_THR05 and close the file.
FIGURE 3.46 Doing a partial lathe of the support band: (a) Create a polyline cross-section. (b) Position the cross-section and set the axis. (c) Spin the shape 300° around the axis. (d) Make sure the gap is in the position shown.
Using Sweep (Closed, Open)
This is an opportunity to get experience with two kinds of sweeps: open and closed.
To try out a closed sweep, go back to the blimp monitor project and add a frame around it. Here are the steps:
Open the file B_MON01.
Draw a polyline cross-section of the monitor frame 26 units wide x 32 units high (see Figure 3.47a).
If necessary, position the cross-section along the spline MonSHP01 (or its duplicate) that you made earlier.
Note that some programs may be sensitive to where the object is positioned for an operation like this, whereas others allow you to position it independently when doing the sweep (see Figure 3.47b).
Perform the Sweep operation, using the spline MonSHP01 as the path. Set shape segments to 0 and path segments to 1. The resulting sweep object should be centered around the screen. Name it MonFrm01 (see Figure 3.47c).
Render the monitor from a perspective view and check for proper appearance (see Figure 3.47d).
Save your file as B_MON02.
FIGURE 3.47 Create a closed sweep for the monitor frame: (a) Draw a polyline cross-section. (b) Position the cross-section up against the screen edge if your program requires that. (c) Sweep the object using the monitor shape as the path. (d) Check your results.
Next, an open sweep is used to create a cable coming off the edge of the screen and connecting to a control box. Here are the steps:
Create a box 200 units wide x 70 units high x 40 units deep and position it on the far side of the object MonPnl01.
This will be an electrical box for the monitor. Name it MonBox01 (see Figure 3.48a).
To make a cable running from the electrical box to the monitor frame, draw a spline coming out the end of the box, dropping down, then curving back up toward the MonFrm01 object. Create a circular cross-section nearby, with a radius of 5 units (see Figure 3.48b). Make sure the shapes are centered on the box depth-wise by checking the Front viewport.
Create a swept object with the circle, using the spline as a path. Name it MonCab01 (see Figure 3.48c).
Render a perspective view of the box and cable.
Note that the end of the cable is hanging out in space right now. It will get fixed later on (see Figure 3.48d).
Save your file as B_MON03.
FIGURE 3.48 Creating an electrical box and cable: (a) Create and position the box. (b) Create an open spline path and circular cross-section. (c) Sweep the circle along the path. (d) Check your work.
At this point, things may start to get a little busy on your screen. Use the Hide command to get unneeded mesh out of the way. Also, remember to use Freeze or Ghost if you need the mesh, but are having trouble selecting the right objects when other mesh is in the way.
This is a tricky spot, so make sure you understand how your program deals with skinning before you do the tutorial. When you're ready, use skinning to create the bracket where the thruster attaches to the strut:
Open the file B_THR05.
In the Right view, create a closed polyline (50 units square) and two circles (radii 20 and 16 units) that will form the shape of the mounting bracket (see Figure 3.49a).
If your program requires that you use the same number of vertices for each cross-section, add four more vertices to each of the circles. Align the First Vertices of each of the shapes as closely as possible, using Rotate (see Figure 3.49b).
FIGURE 3.49 Create a skin object by drawing cross-sections: (a) Make sure that the first vertices are aligned now or during the skinning process. (b) If your program requires an equal number of vertices in each cross-section, add additional ones to the circles.
In the Front view, create a straight path 15 units long to define the depth of the skinned object. Position it in the center of the other shapes (see Figure 3.50a).
Using the method outlined by your program, assign the cross-sections to the path. The outermost shape should be used twice, once at the back (the point where the cross-sections reside) of the object and again at the 50% point on the path. The larger circle is used at the 75% and 90% points, and the smaller circle at 100% (see Figure 3.50b).
If the first vertices were properly aligned, the polygons in the object should not appear to be overly twisted (see Figure 3.50c).
Render the object to check for proper appearance. The shape and/or path step settings may have to be adjusted for a smooth result. Name the object ThrMnt01 (see Figure 3.50d).
Save the file as B_THR06.
FIGURE 3.50 Creating the mounting bracket: (a) Draw a straight path defining the depth of the skinned object. (b) Skin the object by assigning the cross-sections to the appropriate points along the path. (c) Check for overly twisted cross-sections. (d) Check your work.
Here, use Move to reposition the mounting bracket you made in the last tutorial into position on the side of the thruster:
In the Front viewport, select the mounting bracket and Move it to a point midway between the ends of the partially lathed band (see Figure 3.51a).
In the Right view, Move the mounting bracket horizontally until it is positioned as shown (see Figure 3.51b).
Save the file as B_THR07.
FIGURE 3.51 Moving the mounting bracket: (a) Move the bracket midway between the ends of the partially lathed band created earlier. (b) Adjust the horizontal position of the bracket as shown.
Now, use Rotate to orient the mounting bracket:
In the Front viewport, Rotate the object 120 degrees counter-clockwise around its center until both ends intersect the engine shroud evenly, (see Figure 3.52).
In the figure, the rotation is made on the Z-axis, but this may be different in your software.
Save the file as B_THR08.
FIGURE 3.52 Rotate the bracket (around the Z-axis in this example) until both ends intersect the engine shroud equally.
Returning to the monitor project for a moment, you can take care of that loose cable with a Bend.
Open the file B_MON03.
From the Top view, select the cable object MonCab01 and examine the axis indicator, which is probably centered in the object (see Figure 3.53a).
Use Axis Move or the appropriate command for your software to relocate the axis to the point where the cable meets the box. Because the bend occurs around the axis, it needs to be relocated or both ends of the cable would be affected (see Figure 3.53b).
Apply a Bend to the object until the end of the cable is centered in the monitor frame (see Figure 3.53cd).
Save the file as B_MON04.
FIGURE 3.53 Bending the monitor cable: (a) The default position of the axis is the center of the object. (b) Relocate the axis to the end of the cable. (cd) Apply Bend until the end of the cable is centered in the frame.
Y'know, that cable looks a little too big (how very convenient). Give Scale a try by re-sizing the monitor cable:
Make sure your software is set to scale along all three axes at once.
Check to make sure the axis of the object MonCab01 is centered along all three axes at the point where the cable meets the box. Scale the object MonCab01 down to 75% of its original size, noting that because the axis was at the end of the cable, it is scaled in that direction rather than toward the center of the object (see Figure 3.54a).
From the Front view, Move the cable horizontally until it is centered in the monitor frame again (see Figure 3.54b).
Save the file as B_MON05 and close it.
FIGURE 3.54 Scaling the monitor cable: (a) Scale the cable down by 25%. (b) Move it so that the cable is centered in the monitor frame.
Next, use Taper to create a connector between the mounting base and the reinforcing band:
Open the file B_THR08.
Working near the top of the thruster, draw a polyline slightly larger than the cross-section of the band created earlier (see Figure 3.55a).
Extrude the connector outline until it bridges the gap between the mounting bracket and the band (see Figure 3.55b).
FIGURE 3.55 Creating the connector: (a) Draw a polyline around the band cross-section. (b) Extrude the polyline to bridge the gap between the bracket and band.
With the object's axis set at the band end of the connector, Taper the opposite end out about 30° along both available axes (see Figure 3.56ac).
Render the model to check for proper appearance (see Figure 3.56d). Name the object ThrCon01.
Save the file as B_THR09.
FIGURE 3.56 Tapering the connector: (ac) Set the pivot point flush with the band end of the connector. Taper the object along both available axes. (d) Compare your result to this image.
Twist makes heavy demands on the affected faces of the object, so setting the proper mesh resolution is important here. If trouble shows up, you may also want to increase the number of polygons on the object by increasing the number of steps in the propeller object before you extrude it.
Some odd things may show up in the tutorial figures when twist is applied. This is because of low mesh resolution, but is unavoidable in this case because the figures would be too confusing and unclear if the mesh were made denser.
To demonstrate Twist, go ahead and make some propellers for the thruster:
In the front view create a cylinder (radius 7.5 units, 10 units deep) in the center of the thruster, behind the nose cone. (Check your placement in the right view.) Name the object ThrPrp01 (see Figure 3.57).
Create a spline outline of a propeller blade (45 units wide x 17 units high) with a total of 4 vertices.
FIGURE 3.57 Creating the propeller objects: First, make a cylindrical hub for the propeller. Then, create a spline outline of one of the propeller blades.
Move the propeller blade spline out in front of the thruster so it is easier to see and work with (see Figure 3.58a).
Extrude the spline 1 unit to make a thin blade (see Figure 3.58b).
Twist the blade about 30° around the long axis (see Figure 3.58c).
Render the blade and look for smoothing problems. Subdividing or tessellating the object before applying the twist may help (see Figure 3.58d). Save the object as ThrBdA01.
By using letters as part of the object name, you can keep a "01" designation for all the blades in the first thruster.
Save the file as B_THR10.
FIGURE 3.58 Twisting the propeller blade: (a) Move the spline away from the thruster. (b) Extrude it to create a thin blade. (c) Twist it 30 degrees around the long axis. (d) Examine the result for flaws.
Normally, it's a good idea to apply mapping coordinates and texture to a single object before duplicating it, because it saves you time later on. Unfortunately, it would be disruptive to the tutorial to get into mapping issues at this point. You may, however, want to look over the mapping coordinate section of Chapter 6, "Texture Mapping," and do that work at this point.
For this tutorial, use Mirror to generate a reversed copy of the connector built earlier:
Select the connector (object ThrCon01) and Mirror copy it along the appropriate axis so that a reversed version appears (see Figure 3.59a).
You may need to use a Shift key or other modifier to make Mirror create a copy rather than just reverse the original.
Set the connector copy to use the center of the thruster as the rotation axis. Rotate the copy counterclockwise about 55° into position on the opposite side of the mounting bracket (see Figure 3.59b).
Save the file as B_THR11.
FIGURE 3.59 Mirroring the connector: (a) Mirror copy the connector. (b) Rotate it into position on the opposite side of the mounting bracket.
At this point, balance things out by copying the band and connectors:
Select the band and connectors (see Figure 3.60a).
Use the modifier key (usually Shift) for your software to do a Move-Copy operation. Drag the copy about 20 units into the position shown (see Figure 3.60b). Name the new object ThrBdA01 (ThrusterBandAssembly01).
Save the file as B_THR12.
FIGURE 3.60 Copying the band and connectors: (a) Select all three objects. (b) Use a Move command with the correct modifier key (check your manual) to create a copy and position it as shown.
Getting back to the propeller blades, use Align to position the first blade on the thruster model:
In the Top viewport, select the blade, ThrBdA01. Choose Align, and then select the prop object ThrPrp01 (see Figure 3.61a).
Choose the appropriate Align options to center the blade on the hub along the thruster's central axis (see Figure 3.61b).
Save the file as B_THR13.
FIGURE 3.61 Aligning the blade: (a) Choose the blade, then Align. Select the prop hub object as the destination. (b) Set the Align options to center the blade as shown.
Next, use a radial array to make the rest of the propeller blades:
From the Front viewport, select the propeller blade ThrBdA01, and make sure the pivot point is set to the center of the prop hub, ThrPrp01 (see Figure 3.62a).
Choose Array and set the rotation angle to 60°, the number of duplicates to 5, and the type of duplicate to "instanced." The result should be a radial array of six blades (see Figure 3.62bc).
If your software doesn't allow instanced objects, work around this by transforming one blade, then using it as the basis for a new propeller array.
Render the model and observe the results. You may notice oddities in the blades now that you are seeing them from different angles (see Figure 3.62d).
Save the file as B_THR14.
FIGURE 3.62 Using Array to create the rest of the propeller: (a) Choose the blade and check that the pivot point is aligned with the center of the hub. (bc) Use Array to make 5 more instanced duplicates rotated 60°. (d) Check the results to see whether any new anomalies have shown up in the blades.
Adjusting Instanced Objects
In the last tutorial, you created a radial array, using instanced objects, so that any adjustments made to any one of the blades are made to them all. To demonstrate this, adjust the pitch (angle) of the blades in the thruster model:
In the Top view, select one of the blades and increase the Twist setting (or apply an additional one), to increase it by another 30° (see Figure 3.63a).
Render and examine the results. Looks a lot more high-tech now, doesn't it (see Figure 3.63b)?
Save your work as B_THR15 and close the file.
FIGURE 3.63 Adjusting the blade pitch with instanced objects: (a) Select a blade and increase the Twist to a total of 60 degrees. All the blades are twisted by the same amount, because they are instance objects. (b) Render the result. | <urn:uuid:34c01350-b908-4227-991c-1abe3407f1e0> | {
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nonetheless, none of this symmetries can occur without the unifying power of this group in the web’s center.
Another crucial function associated with the Spider-web screen is the fact that all of its four sides form a triangle pointing towards the circular center. We count 12 items of cup in each triangle. But, the four triangles aren’t complete unless their points merge, invisibly, in to the group. Then, we come across the triangles all sharing a 13th piece within the group. Additionally, we recall that four 13’s soon add up to the quantity 52 ( Winchester).
Spider-web Window, Triangles
The (two dimensional) circle moving into the web’s core seems to have a type of mystic, magical quality that appears with the capacity of manifesting any value needed to complete or satisfy any provided symmetry. It demonstrably exhibits the worth of all of the three of Sarah’s symmetric prime numbers—which begins aided by the Key to Phi quantity 13 that invisibly completes the dwelling regarding the window’s four triangles. Then, the entire process of finishing the four triangles renders four sets for the quantity 13, leading to 52, which in turn simplifies into the number 7. And, finally, the mixture associated with figures 49 and 52 (representing the window’s structure that is fundamental provides the quantity 101, for example. 11.
The spider-web windows would be meaningless without the application of the Winchester Algorithm. We’re indebted to William Rowan Hamilton’s growth of Quaternions for setting up the powerful concept regulating the spider-web’s intricate workings.
The Spider-web Symmetry and also the Grand Unified Theory
Quite remarkably, we’ve been coping with Winchester figures and greater dimensional symmetry through the point of view of the two window that is dimensional. Nevertheless, to be able to conceptualize the greater dimensional geometry regarding the world, Sarah knew that people would want to step-up to a 3d view associated with spider-web window—which is just why the 13th restroom has six spider-web windows. But why six? For the reason that Sarah wants us to make a graphic for the windows as being a cube.
Not only is it in collaboration with such some ideas because the “ever building universe,” as well as the “dynamic farming” associated with famous Rosicrucian Theosophist, mathematician and philosopher Rudolph Steiner (1861-1925), this indicates clear that Sarah adopted their idea of the cube since the easiest geometric framework when it comes to higher dimensional dynamics for the world. This notion is completely in step with William Rowan Hamilton’s Quaternions, the Cubist creative motion, additionally the Winchester algorithm.
In three measurements nonetheless, the Spider-web window’s topography modifications. Its geometric form happens to be pyramidal. All pointing inward toward its center in fact, the cube consists of six, inverse pyramids. In place of a two circle that is dimensional we now view a spherical manifold into which the capstones of this six pyramids invisibly merge together as you.
We recall that the external boundary associated with Spider-web window has four edges, or a value of 4. this is certainly similarly real associated with base of the three pyramid that is dimensional. Consequently, six bases that are pyramidal towards the quantity 24.
If Sarah’s Spider-web can be a greater dimensional model for the framework of this world, it really is quite in keeping with the basic workings of “String Theory” as 24 governs the particular quantity of methods the vibrating “String” can extend, fold and contract. This crucial dynamic of “String Theory” referred to as “Modular Function” was discovered by another of Sarah’s contemporaries, the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920). In fact, “Ramanujan numbers” bear a striking resemblance to Winchester figures. The exact same symmetries we get in Ramanujan’s work, culminating within the E (8) x E (8) symmetry, also appear to conform into the symmetries that rule over the Winchester model.
The co-discoverer of String Theory, Dr. Michio Kaku, says “It’s as if there was some type or types of deep numerology being manifested within these functions that no one understands.” Accordingly, theoretical physicists prefer to explain the “String” (or Membrane) being a resonating subatomic matrix of entangled lattices developing the dwelling regarding the world in a unified configuration resembling a massive, spider-web.
It’s no secret that the rear associated with U.S. One Dollar Bill is a masterpiece of Masonic rule and symbolism. Quite remarkably, the bill’s design incorporates a comprehensive spider-web framework which functions as a framework encompassing most of the different elements within the pattern that is overall.
The pyramid that is truncated featuring its hovering capstone and “All Seeing Eye” represents the “unfinished work” of this quest to reflect the “divine blueprint” relative to Proverbs, 25—it could be the last little bit of the universal puzzle yet become set set up. Likewise, the Winchester home could be the embodiment of this exact same work that is unfinished Sarah knew wouldn’t be accomplished inside her lifetime.
Bacon’s legacy is apparently intricately entangled with Sarah’s fate, as demonstrated in the“ that is cryptic goose” message included in the final phrase of Troilus and Cressida. Did Bacon (whose contemporaries described as “the guy whom could look out of time”) undoubtedly foresee Sarah Winchester? The text is both compelling and uncanny. The clear proof ensconced in Sarah’s innovative design of her “Shakespearean Windows” shows she comprehended (or, at least, interpreted) Bacon’s message to become a harbinger of her very own presence through which she’d carry in his legacy.
The truth that Sarah’s puzzle nevertheless stands, preserved as she left it, is really a testament to her intent that somebody would fundamentally show up to select her torch up. Did she foresee an individual who would later on appear as an incarnation or embodiment of herself—and did she emulate Bacon in leaving clues someone that is designating who her legacy could be passed away? If that’s the case, exactly just just how would she have conveyed such a note? The clear answer, needless to say, is in “The figures.” The “inheritor” of this legacy will have an intensive comprehension of “The Numbers”—and, someplace in the complete display of Sarah’s figures must live a collection of numbers that particularly reveal the identity that is inheritor’s in title and date of delivery.
Therefore, your house has stood beautiful mail order brides for many years waiting patiently for the inheritor—the enlightened initiate that is effective at doing the puzzle!
Has got the delay been worthwhile? Has Sarah Winchester’s work been fulfilled?
Dr. Carl Sagan describes the dimension that is fourth): www.wimp.com/fourthdimension/
The Winchester Mystery home, The Winchester Mystery House posted by the Winchester Mystery House, San Jose, California, 1997.
Richard Allan Wagner, individual research records when it comes to LOST SECRET of William Shakespeare, posted by Richard Allan Wagner, l . a ., 2010.
Ralph Rambo, Lady of Mystery, posted because of THE PRESS, San Jose, California, 1967.
Rudolph Steiner, Rosicrucian Wisdom An Introduction, posted by Rudolph Steiner Press, East Sussex, UK., 2000.
Sharan Newman, the history Behind the Da Vinci Code, posted by Berkeley Books, New York, 2005.
E.R. Johnston, Masonry Defined a Masonic that is liberal Education published by NATIONWIDE MASONIC PRESS, Inc., Shreveport, Louisiana, 1930.
Michio Kaku, Hyperspace, posted by Anchor Books DOUBLEDAY, ny, London, Toronto, Sydney, Auckland, 1994.
M.C. Escher, The Whole World of M.C. Escher, posted by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1971.
Jea Yu and Russell Lockhart, tips of The Underground Trader, posted by McGraw-Hill, nyc, 2004.
Novels by Richard Allan Wagner:
The Mars Key
The Mars Key is an action loaded Sci-fi thriller that mirrors the real-life Mars One objective to colonize the Red Planet over the following years that are few. It’s a brain boggling mixture of The Martian, Raiders of this Lost Ark and 2001, a Space Odyssey with Surprises, Surprises, Surprises–plus a sensational conclusion that will take you entirely by shock! Give it a look, watching the Video Trailer!
Jesus and Kings
God and Kings is really a sci-fi suspense thriller emerge ancient Egypt—based on genuine individuals and activities. It’s a riveting story of relationship, secret, intrigue, betrayal, plots and murder. From beginning to end, this effective novel is full of astonishing shocks and revelations—all resulting in a shocking conclusion which will keep the reader spellbound. | <urn:uuid:fad4dd27-60bc-4423-a88e-8c596261d445> | {
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And Caleb stilled the people before Moses, and said, “Let us go up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it.”
But the men that went up with him said, “We are not able to go up against the people; for they are stronger than we.”
And they brought up an evil report of the land which they had spied out unto the children of Israel, saying, “The land, through which we have gone to spy it out, is a land that eateth up the inhabitants thereof; and all the people that we saw in it are men of great stature. And there we saw the Nephilim, the sons of Anak, who come of the Nephilim: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight” (Numbers 13:30-33).
The mission had been completed. But what did it mean?
Moses commissioned twelve spies, one from each tribe of Israel, to go and search out Canaan and ascertain the nature of the land and its inhabitants (Numbers 13:1-20). They went up and saw the land and its inhabitants; they brought back a cluster of grapes, some pomegranates, and figs (Numbers 13:21-26). They even brought back a united assessment of the land: it was a great land, “flowing with milk and honey,” but the people who live there were strong, in great and fortified cities, and the descendants of Anak (the Nephilim, Numbers 13:33) lived there, as well as Amalekites, Jebusites, Amorites, Hittites, and Canaanites (Numbers 13:27-29).
Caleb, the spy from the tribe of Judah, then encouraged Israel to go and possess the land (Numbers 13:30). But ten of the other spies threw cold water on that suggestion, emphasizing the strength of the adversaries, considering themselves as grasshoppers in comparison (Numbers 13:31-33).
Israel went the way of the ten spies; they went so far as to express the desire to return to Egypt and slavery (Numbers 14:1-4). Caleb, along with Joshua, the spy from Ephraim, begged Israel to reconsider, affirming the goodness of the land and that YHWH would give it to them, confident that if YHWH was with them it would not matter how strong their foes might seem (Numbers 14:5-9). But it was too late; Israelites sought to stone Joshua and Caleb (Numbers 14:10).
Consider Israel’s perspective. The reality “on the ground” is never in doubt: the ten spies recognize that the land is of excellent quality with great produce; Caleb and Joshua recognize that the inhabitants of the land are numerous, strong, and living in well-fortified cities. The Israelites have just left slavery in Egypt; they did not have the resources and strength among themselves to overcome their enemies’ advantages. They, as with the ten spies, assess the situation as it looks on the ground; their response is entirely natural according to such a perspective. If it is their strength versus their opponents’ strength, they will die in battle. Such seems quite realistic.
And then there was the faith motivating Caleb and Joshua. If all Israel could rely on was its own resources and strength then Caleb and Joshua would agree that any invasion was a fool’s errand. But Caleb and Joshua remembered that YHWH had just redeemed them from Egyptian slavery, from the very Egypt which dominated Canaan and boasted the strongest empire of the day. If YHWH could rescue Israel from Egypt, then YHWH could dispossess the strong Canaanite nations from before Israel (Numbers 14:9). No, Israel would not obtain Canaan because of their own abilities. They could only obtain it if they trusted in YHWH.
But Israel was not trusting in YHWH. They were rebelling against Him! He promised that He would bring them into the land; they wanted to go back to Egypt, to abort YHWH’s mission halfway through (Exodus 3:7-9, Numbers 14:1-4). To return to Egypt would be to forsake YHWH and everything which He had done for Israel. They even wished that they had died in Egypt or the wilderness; such is how little they trusted in YHWH or thought of the efficacy of His power in this situation.
To this day there is a place for assessment of the situation “on the ground.” In general there is consensus about the situation of the faith “on the ground.” Its influence, however strong it may have been in the past, seems to be waning. Church membership and participation is declining. More and more people identify as “spiritual but not religious.” Strong secular and spiritual forces attempt to subvert the faith and marginalize those who proclaim it. Following Jesus seems to be a quaint relic of the past, a historical legacy many feel is better to discard. Likewise, there is general agreement that by our own resources and strength it will prove nearly impossible to turn the tide on these trends. We can see the “post-Christian” secular future across the pond in Europe where it has been going on for longer than here. “Realistically” we have reason for lamentation and mourning. “Sober assessments” recognize the seeming futility of our endeavors. “On the ground,” it would seem that we should make sure to ask the last person to leave to turn off the lights.
Yet such assessments, however “realistic” or “sober” they seem to be, do not take into account the existence of God and all He has done for us. They do not take into account that “realistically” Christianity should never have existed, and even if it had been started, by all “realistic” scenarios would have died out a long time ago. Jesus has won the victory; Jesus has overcome the world (John 16:31-33). The forces of darkness in this world are arrayed against us and they are strong (Ephesians 6:12); nevertheless, He who is in us is greater than he who is in the world (1 John 4:4).
Many Christians have fallen into the trap of cynicism and pessimism dressed up as being “honest” or “realistic” about the manifold problems facing Christianity and the church. We do well to remember that the spies and Israel were the people of God, and they were being quite “realistic” and “honest” about the situations they were facing. Yet God punished that generation for rebelling against Him; they ironically got their wish, for they all but Caleb and Joshua would die in the wilderness and would not inherit the land (Numbers 14:10-35). The ten spies died by plague (Numbers 14:36-37). It would be the next generation who would trust in YHWH and obtain the promised land, and Caleb and Joshua would lead them to victory (Joshua 1:1-24:33). We must remember this because what the Israelites thought was “honesty” and “realism” betrayed a lack of faith and rebelliousness (1 Corinthians 10:1-12)! YHWH had already proven Himself by delivering them from Egyptian slavery and providing for them to that moment. Likewise God has proven Himself to us through the life, death, resurrection, and lordship of Jesus His Son (Romans 1:4, Romans 5:6-11, 8:17-25). He is able to do more than we can ask or think (Ephesians 3:20-21). The only reason we have ever had the opportunity to hear the Gospel ourselves is on account of His great power working through His servants; if it were only ever based on the resources and strength of the faithful the message would not get very far!
The world gives many reasons for cynicism, despair, doubt, and pessimism. It always has; it always will. Christians are called to put their trust in God, recognizing that the victory comes through Jesus even in difficult circumstances, and that the ways of the world are folly to God (1 Corinthians 1:19-25, 1 Peter 1:3-9). The decision is up to us. Are we going to give in to the realistic assessment and be driven to cynicism and despair as the ten spies and Israel, proving to have more faith in our perception and the ways of the world than in our Creator and Redeemer, and be found in rebellion? Or will we prove willing to put our trust in God in Christ, aware of the long odds and impossibility of our mission in worldly terms, but ever mindful of God’s strength and faithfulness, and to put our hope in God and His strength, as Caleb and Joshua did? May we maintain faith and hope and not give in to cynicism and despair, and obtain the victory in Jesus!
Ethan R. Longhenry | <urn:uuid:71da5747-cbb9-42e8-826c-fba9678eb30a> | {
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A solar panel installation company places an UppBox (approx 15cm) and an Upp censor (about the size of a match box) in your meter box. The UppBox captures your data and speaks wirelessly to the Upp Energy server which stores the information for you to access.
If you have a smart meter you can also measure your energy consumption with Upp. Track your consumption of energy and see if/when you consume energy or when you feed back to the grid.
You become a member of the Upp Community by signing up on our website. You can then see total amount of energy being produced by your solar panels.
Hover over the highlighted components in the picture (on the right) for more information.
A solar or PV (Photo-Voltaic) is a panel that converts sunlight directly into electricity.Produced energy is delivered to the inverter in Direct Current (DC).A modern solarpanel generates energy even when there's little light and will produce more energy as sunpower increases.
The direct current (DC) from the solar panels comes in at different power rates (depending on sunpower) and is inverted into 230V / 50 Hz Alternate current (AC) which is suitable to be connected to the power grid.
The Upp Sensor is placed between the inverter and the powerbox and measures constantly how much current is delivered to the grid. Measurements are send to the UppBox wirelessly.
Produced power flows via the inverter to the powerbox. The power used for own consumption if applicable. What's not used flows automatically to the utility company. This power is usually compensated against purchase price.
The UppBox collects all measurements form the Upp Sensor(s) and transmits these to Upp Energy. The UppBox is connected to the internet using a default UPT cable (RJ-45).The UppBox can be equiped with a GSM module for sending measurements in locations where no internet connection is available.
Attach the UppBox to the internet via a router, switch/hub or directly to a cable/adsl modem.
Upp Energy receives the measurements for all UppBoxes. This data is processed to be made available in many ways. It also performs a number of checks to make sure that your solar installation is performing optimal.
Log in on www.uppenergy.com to gain insights in the overall performance and statistics of your solar panel installation.
Download the Upp App and gain live insights on your solar panel installation performance anywhere, anytime. | <urn:uuid:62f9d9de-9f6f-4209-9d58-d017bd914368> | {
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The most common network printing implementation is a printserver accepting print jobs from clients tied to the server via a network cable.
The term "printserver" is one of those networking terms, like packet, that has been carelessly tossed around until it's meaning has become somewhat confusing and blurred. To be specific, a printserver is simply a program that arbitrates print data from multiple clients for a single printer. Printservers can be implemented in one of the four methods described in the following sections.
The printer can be physically cabled to the PC running the Network OS. Print jobs are submitted by clients to the printserver software on the fileserver, which sends them down the parallel or serial cable to the printer. The printer must be physically close to the fileserver. This kind of printserving is popular in smaller workgroup networks, in smaller offices.
It is possible to run a print server program on a cheap PC that is located next to the printer and plugged into it via parallel cable. This program simply acts as a pass-through program, taking network packets from the network interface and passing them to the printer. This kind of server doesn't allow any manipulation of print jobs, jobs usually come from a central fileserver, where jobs are controlled.
A printserver on a separate hardware box is exemplified by network devices such as the Intel Netport, the HP JetDirect Ex, the Osicom/DPI NETPrint, and the Lexmark MarkNet. Basically, these are plastic boxes with an Ethernet connection on one side and a parallel port on the other. Like a printserver on a PC, these devices don't allow remote job manipulation, and merely pass packets from the network down the parallel port to the printer.
The HP JetDirect Internal is the best known printserver of this type. It is inserted into a slot in the printer case, and it works identically to the external JetDirect units.
Printspooling is an integral part of network printing. Since the PC can spit out data much faster than the printer can accept it, the data must be buffered in a spool at some location. In addition, because many clients share printers, when clients send print jobs at the same time, jobs must be placed on a queue so that one can be printed after the other.
Printspooling can be implemented at one of three locations
The client. Clients can be required to spool their own print jobs on their own disks. For example, when a Windows client application generates a print job the job must be placed on the local client's hard drive. Once the remote print server is free to accept the job it signals the client to start sending the job a bit at a time. Client spooling is popular in peer-to-peer networks with no defined central fileserver. However, it is impossible for a central administrator to perform advanced print job management tasks such as moving a particular print job ahead of another, or deleting jobs.
The printserver. If each printer on the network is allocated their own combination print spooler-printserver, jobs can stack at the printer. Many of the larger printers with internal printservers have internal hard disks for this purpose. Although this enables basic job management, it still restricts the ability to move jobs from one printer to another.
A central print spooler on a fileserver. Print jobs are received from all clients on the network in the spool and then dispatched to the appropriate printer. This scheme is the best for locations with several busy printers and many clients. Administration is extremely simple because all print jobs are spooled on a central server, which is particularly important in bigger organizations. Many large organizations have standardized on PostScript printing for all printing; in the event that a particular printer fails and is offline, incoming PostScript print jobs can be rerouted automatically to another printer. Since all printers and clients are using PostScript, clients don't need to be reconfigured when this happens. Print jobs appear the same whether printed on a 4 page-per-minute NEC Silentwriter 95, or a 24 page-per-minute HP LaserJet 5SiMX if both printers are defined in the client as PostScript printers.
FreeBSD is an excellent platform to implement centralized printserving and print spooling. The rest of this chapter concentrates on the centralized print spooler model. Note that PostScript printing is not a requirement for this model--the HPPCL protocol can be the standard print protocol as well. For transparent printing between printers with HPPCL, however, the printer models must be similar.
In some companies, the central fileserver is often placed in a closet, locked away. Printers, on the other hand, are best located in high traffic areas for ease of use. Network printing works best when the printers are evenly distributed throughout the organization. Attempting to place all the major printers in one location, as technically advantageous as it may seem, merely provokes users to requisition smaller printers that are more convenient for that quick print job. The administrator may end up with a datacenter full of nice, expensive printers that are never used, while the smaller personal laser printers scattered throughout the plant bear most of the printing load.
The big problem with this is that scattering printers through the organization makes it difficult to utilize the 3 possible parallel ports on the fileserver due to parallel port distance limitations. Although high-speed serial ports may extend the distance, not many printers have good serial ports on them. This is where the hardware network print server devices can come into play. I prefer using these devices because they are much cheaper and more reliable than a standalone PC running printserver software. For example, Castelle http://www.castelle.com/ sells the LANpress 1P/10BT printserver for about $170.00. Using these devices a FreeBSD UNIX server can have dozens of print spools accepting print jobs and then route them back out over the network to these remote printserver boxes. If these hardware servers are used, they must support the Line Printer Daemon (LPD) print protocol.
With a scheme like this it is important to have enough disk space on the spool to handle the print jobs. A single large PowerPoint presentation PostScript print job containing many graphics may be over 100MB. When many such jobs stack up in the print spool waiting to print, the print spooler should have several gigabytes of free disk space available.
Although several proprietary network printing protocols such as Banyan Vines and NetWare, are tied to proprietary network protocols, FreeBSD UNIX can use two TCP/IP network printing protocols to print to remote print spools. The two print protocols available on TCP/IP with FreeBSD are the open LPD protocol and the NetBIOS-over-TCP/IP Server Messaging Block (SMB) print protocol first defined by Intel and Microsoft and later used by IBM and Microsoft.
The LPD protocol is defined in RFC1179. This network protocol is the standard print protocol used on all UNIX systems. LPD client implementations exist for all Windows operating systems and DOS. Microsoft has written LPD for the Windows NT versions, the other Windows operating system implementations are provided by third parties.
The Microsoft Networking network protocol that runs on top of SMB can use NetBIOS over TCP/IP as defined in RFC1001 and RFC1002. This protocol has a specification for printing that is the same print protocol used to send print jobs to NT Server by Microsoft clients. To implement this protocol on FreeBSD requires the installation of the Samba client suite of programs discussed in Chapter 7.
This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.
For questions about FreeBSD, read the
before contacting <[email protected]>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <[email protected]>.
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Doctors in China were shocked when an MRI revealed over 700 tapeworms living inside a man's brain and chest. The patient, identified as 43-year-old Zhu Zhongfa, began losing consciousness and suffering from seizures not long after eating a hot pot containing undercooked pork.
Zhongfa didn't think much of it at first, but after several weeks he decided to go to a doctor. His local doctor was unable to determine why he was having seizures, and he was referred to the First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine at Zhejiang University.
Doctors at the hospital were able to diagnose the problem and began treating Zhongfa for the infection of worms.
“Different patients respond [differently] to the infection depending on where the parasites occupy,” Dr. Huang Jianrong, Zhongfa’s doctor at Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, said. “In this case, he had seizures and lost consciousness, but others with cysts in their lungs might cough a lot.”
Doctors said that Zhongfa is responding well to the treatment, but cautioned that there could be long-term side effects.
Tapeworms eggs can be found in the feces of infected animals and can be spread to humans if infected meat is not washed or cooked correctly. The microscopic eggs can be killed by heating the meat to an internal temperature of 145 degrees Fahrenheit or by freezing it all the way through.
If the eggs are ingested, they will hatch and the tapeworms will migrate throughout the body, where they can grow to be up 26 feet long. The larvae develop protective cysts around themselves, which remain once the parasites outgrow them. Medication can be used to kill the worms, but there is nothing that can be done about the cysts, which can cause infections and permanent damage as they decay.
Photo: Getty Images | <urn:uuid:a5a9f268-103b-4497-b4f8-beb10891254b> | {
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The Pilsen zoo in West-Bohemia was founded in 1926 in the district called Doudlevce, close to the town centre. It was a present the association of friends of nature (IRIS) gave themselves for their 25th anniversary. The first inmates of the zoo were monkeys, jackals and foxes. The number of livestock grew gradually through the next years with deer, ferrets, mice, raccoons, donkeys, and a bear, a capuchin monkey, a lion and a leopard. After ten years, in 1936, there were 70 animals.
The zoo experienced a major setback when on 8 September 1961 there was an outbreak of anthrax. This accelerated the dismantlement on the original location in Doudlevce. In 1963 the zoo was relocated to the Lochotín district, and in 1981 it merged with the botanical garden. After which the offical name became the zoological and botanical garden of the town Pilsen (Zoologická a botanická zahrada města Plzně). The zoo is to be found on a 21 ha premises and since 1996 it has been adjusted and changed into a zoological bio-park with focus on geographical regions.
Until 1996 the zoo was not very attractive, but nevertheless well-known for its large collection of reptiles, its captive ocelots and snowy owls, and its breeding of flamingos, spotted hyenas or Turkey vultures. Then, a master plan to improve and refurbish the zoo was developed. Thanks to this project, many of the old-fashioned exhibits were rebuilt and animals and plants started to be evenly spread around the premises.
Also an educational path called „The development of nature in the Quaternary Period“ was designed, with an enclosure of a hectare of forest for a large group of brown bears. Gradually, rare and attractive species were introduced. Most important was the introduction of a pair of Komodo Dragons, world’s largest reptile, in September 1997. In total, the collection reached the number of 1,178 species, represented by about 4,970 animals (census of 2009). 23 of the species take part in the European endangered species programme (EEP). Furthermore, it is quite remarkable that 70% of the species kept in Plzeň zoo is not to be found in any of the other Czech or Slovak zoos.
Currently the zoo has some interesting features. The zoo has the second largest space for bears in Europe. Other novelties are evident. For example in the presentation of monkeys, where instead of the original 5 species in one pavilion, there are over 20 species spread over about seven places. None of them knows what a fence is. Since summer 2000, the chimpanzees have had a natural open enclosure with grass, bush and trees at their disposal. Similar „island“ enclosures were established for white-handed gibbons, colobus monkeys, lion-tailed macaques and ring-tailed lemurs. The large cats were gradually moved from a common pavilion to their own roomy new enclosures (jaguar, panther, tiger). Not to mention the 800 square meters exhibit of Barbary lions instead of the few small original cages. The rest of the original pavilion of these large predators was changed in a vast reconstruction to an African nocturarium „The Mysterious World of African Night“ in 2001.
Plzeň zoo is in 2010 only halfway to its final appearance. There are still lots of changes to be made, paths to be built, pavilions, stables and exhibits to be reconstructed, and remaining iron fences to be substituted with moats and palisades. All this in favour of the animals, to ensure their welfare and consequently their reproduction, and the visitors.
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One day practical workshop in using drama strategies and techniques to facilitate writing and speaking across the curriculum
9am – 4pm, Wednesday 29th November 2017
Drama can be a fantastic way to get children actively engaged in their learning. It can get pupils talking and listening, developing their thoughts and ideas. This way in to concepts and ideas can then provide the content for a piece of writing and help support children to put their thoughts down on paper.
This one day practical workshop is suitable for all KS1 and KS2 primary teachers*.
*no drama experience or training required | <urn:uuid:7603c0e1-a7fc-43fa-beb3-cd0752937cd3> | {
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Artists Ask & Respond
We kicked off week one with a few Artistic Behavior Units. The first unit is titled Artists Ask & Respond. For this unit we ask students to start with a word. From that word, we ask the students to develop five questions. from that lists of questions, we ask the student to select one and then create a work of art that responds to the question.
Above: The student picked the word Easy. From that, the student developed the question;
What Makes You Feel Uneasy?
He then asked his peers the question and received responses such as spiders and baby dolls. The student then developed the work of art above to respond to his question, What makes you feel uneasy? Nailed it.
This second unit is titled Artists Steal. For this unit, we looked at artworks and artists that appropriated other works to create their own. Sometimes they did this legally and other times they ran into trouble. Next, we asked the students to create their own work of appropriation. They could do this by combining two or more things or simply changes something about one thing.
Ninja turtles remixed with Power Rangers, work still in progress.
Over in Beginner Art, we kicked off the week with a Media Fair. The Media Fair provides those students new to art, an opportunity to explore the different traditional materials available in the room. Definitely a benefit for those students who have never had the chance to work with these materials in the past. Students had the choice of exploring the media on their own, or selecting and following an online tutorial.
After the Media Fair is over , students will be able to select any media for their first unit project. Its a great way to get students up to speed and ensure they have full choice regarding media for their first unit.
The Art of South B: displaying the art from students at South Brunswick High School, NC
Art of South B
The Art by students at
The Open Art Room provides a student-centered approach to art instruction that is inspirational, practical, and classroom-tested.
Click Here to Read the April SchoolArts Magazine Article Tracking Student Progress with the Burn Book!
Click Here to Read the February SchoolArts Article, Build A Dynamic Art Program with Modular Teaching! | <urn:uuid:6bc3a05d-f264-43c6-9098-82755dc7e21a> | {
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Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the place that is now the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Read More
The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, lit. “The Four Regions”), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Its political and administrative structure is considered by most scholars to have been the most developed in the Americas before Columbus’ arrival. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilization arose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century. Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. Read More
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome, consisting of large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, North Africa and West Asia ruled by emperors. From the accession of Caesar Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century, it was a principate with Italy as metropole of the provinces and its city of Rome as sole capital (27 BC – 286 AD). The Roman Empire was then ruled by multiple emperors and divided into a Western Roman Empire, based in Milan and later Ravenna, and an Eastern Roman Empire, based in Nicomedia and later Constantinople. Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until 476 AD, when it sent the imperial insignia to Constantinople (Byzantium in Ancient Greek) following the capture of Ravenna by the barbarians of Odoacer and the subsequent deposition of Romulus Augustus. The fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings, along with the hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire, is conventionally used to mark the end of Ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Read More
The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the king Wu Ding’s reign, who was mentioned as the twenty-first Shang king by the same. Ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian (c. 100 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period, and Shang writings do not indicate the existence of the Xia. The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world’s oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization. Read More
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its logosyllabic script—the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, and the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain. The overarching term “Maya” is a modern collective term that refers to the peoples of the region, however, the term was not used by the indigenous populations themselves since there never was a common sense of identity or political unity among the distinct populations. Read More
The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Sumaya period up to the Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. While in the Paleolithic and early Neolithic periods only parts of Upper Mesopotamia were occupied, the southern alluvium was settled during the late Neolithic period. Mesopotamia has been home to many of the oldest major civilizations, entering history from the Early Bronze Age, for which reason it is often dubbed the cradle of civilization.
The rise of the first cities in southern Mesopotamia dates to the Uruk period, from c. 4000 BC onward; its regional independence ended with the Achaemenid conquest in 539 BC, although a few native neo-Assyrian kingdoms existed at different times. Read More
Indus Valley Civilisation
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilisations of the region comprising North Africa, West Asia and South Asia, and of the three, the most widespread, its sites spanning an area stretching from northeast Afghanistan, through much of Pakistan, and into western and northwestern India. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan. Read More
In one cataclysmic night, the gods sent a battalion of fire and earthquakes so intense that the Utopian kingdom of Atlantis sank deep into the ocean, never to be found again.
So tells Plato’s infamous myth, which has captivated audiences for more than 2,300 years. Many people have subsequently floated theories about exactly where Atlantis was: in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Spain, even under Antarctica. A popular idea is that the Atlantis myth is associated with the fate of Thera, now the Greek island of Santorini, which was partly destroyed by a volcanic eruption about 3,600 years ago. But many, if not most, scientists think we will never tie Atlantis to a real location. Read More | <urn:uuid:f2c51374-747c-4b24-b3a8-8191f80ca85a> | {
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Discover Your Brain Strengths to Navigate Life
Have you ever wondered why it’s so difficult to change your thinking and the behaviors that no longer serve you? How many times have you made “New Year’s resolutions” and weeks later experienced frustration, guilt and a sense of failure?
Everyone’s life consists of a blend of positive and negative programming that defines quality-of-life. You are a product of childhood encoding, education, relationships, social programming and your tapestry of life experiences. Your brain takes in and processes sensory information; it continuously interprets, filters and associates emotions and value with what you are experiencing. Your memory is your internal GPS to make sense of and navigate life.
Values, experiences, likes and dislikes, opinions, knowledge, passions and emotional trigger points make everyone different and unique. This is called neurodiversity. The vast and infinite array of neurodiversity is a challenge to understand and manage on an individual level. The challenge increases exponentially when people live, interact and work with one another.
There are three fundamental reasons why it may be difficult for you to make lasting changes in your life:
You can trust in the power of your brain to make sustainable changes in your life. Neuroplasticity is a property of your brain, allowing it to continuously grow and learn. Your brain is dynamic, not static. One hundred billion neurons are the building blocks for memory. You have infinite capacity to change and be more flexible, adaptable and resourceful.
Most people seem to focus on what they want to change rather than the outcomes they truly desire. Dwelling on what you don’t want actually strengthens the neural networks that create your outer experiences. Saying, “I am sick and tired of being broke and living from hand-to-mouth,” actually reinforces and continues the endless cycle of living in a world of scarcity rather than experiencing abundance and prosperity. Replacing what you don’t want with what you do want is a practical neuroscience way to make sustainable change possible.
Your brainpower and memory were built both consciously and unconsciously. Conscious choices may include education, associates, hobbies, interests and careers. Negative, unconscious elements may have come from childhood experiences and social brainwashing that created emotional wounds, faulty thinking, bogus information and incorrect opinions. Doesn’t it make sense that if life experiences created your current reality, you can rebuild new and more powerful programs that reward you with a better and more fulfilling life?
In conclusion, the good news is you can keep what you like in your life and change what you don’t want. Focusing on what you like and want is the key to success. You are equipped with the most amazing mass of protoplasm in the world; your miraculous brain. It’s an inside game, and only you can play it.
You may not be aware that our organization is a trusted and respected source of reliable practical neuroscience solutions for personal and organizational development. We have been creating and delivering brain-based human development solutions, since 1992. The message that follows directs you to a quick, easy, and low cost solution you may be searching for.
Change is not as challenging as you may think, although it sure seems so at times. You are more powerful than you believe. Change becomes easier and quicker when you are using your brain strengths rather than working against them. Your personalized Brain PathWays report gives you practical neuroscience tools, based on your brain strengths to “be the best you can be.” This means changing your life for the better and having fun doing so. The on-line process takes less than 15 minutes, the results last a life time. Click to purchase your Brain PathWays online self-assessment and download your report today. | <urn:uuid:09b6ea32-cb27-433d-8460-12d70b563111> | {
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World AIDS Day is coming up on Dec. 1. This disease affects millions of people and many of the communities and children we serve around the globe. And it’s not alone. Test your knowledge of the health issues and medical conditions confronting children living in poverty with this quiz.Continue Reading ›
There’s no one way to approach physical needs in the diverse landscape and communities in the developing world. Each child, family, community and environment faces different health challenges. That’s why our local church partners are empowered to address health and physical wellness the best way they see fit with health education curriculum and your and our support.View Gallery ›
Eighteen-month-old Precious was suffering from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malnutrition. Under the weight of disease and neglect, her beautiful little creation of a body was under attack with no one to fight to give her life a chance.
When someone stops sponsoring a child, the Unsponsored Children’s fund fills the gap so that children can continue to receive support until a new sponsor is found. For 9-year-old Happy, this fund helped save her life.
Clementine lives with her husband and four children in a small house made of mud in Kigali, Rwanda. When she was six months pregnant, she’d spend the day at the health center, volunteering to clean so she could take food home to her family.
As we have grown, so has the need for local churches to play a larger role in helping their communities take steps forward out of poverty. One example is the local church in the Valley of Toluca, Mexico.
Tall green mountains, healthy crops, rain right after noonday, wholesome soils. This used to be what people pictured when they thought of Guatemala.
But not anymore. The food crisis in Guatemala has become so severe that the president has declared a state of calamity, and the rate of undernutrition in children under 5 has reached 49 percent.
Many remember the famines in China in the 1950s and 60s. Or in Ethiopia in the 1980s. But famine is just not a problem of the past. It still happens in countries that have economies prosperous enough so that no child should have to suffer chronic or severe malnutrition. This is the case in Guatemala.
In Guatemala, the face of poverty and hunger is young, indigenous and rural. Guatemala, with the fourth-highest rate of chronic malnutrition in the world and the highest in Central America and the Caribbean, faces a serious challenge in reducing the rate of chronic undernutrition.
One of the causes fueling the current food crisis is the state of education in Guatemala.
Will you respond when calamity knocks? When a poor child has no defenses? When she’s cornered by the bullies of poverty?
I heard the other day what many would call “good news.” According to the Federal Reserve Chairman, Ben Bernanke, the recession is over.
Only the thing is, the “good-ness” of this news is relative … it’s only true for those of us living within certain geographic boundaries (read: the developed world.)
So, while we may be seeing signs of economic improvement in our part of the world, many other parts of the world are still in dire straits.
I recently received a report from our staff in Guatemala that says there are 54,000 families seriously lacking food. Fifty-four thousand. UNICEF says that almost half of Guatemalan children suffer from chronic malnutrition.
While the food crisis is not new, the reasons behind this reiteration of it are different from before.
Today is the Day of the African Child. Not a well known day for most, but an important day for the children of Africa who this day celebrates and remembers.
The African child is a resilient one, as many on the African continent must gather up great energy each day just to survive. The constant onslaught of risks and dangers that they face is more than many of us can imagine and more than any child should bear. HIV, AIDS, malaria, diarrhea, malnutrition…..just a few of the barriers that these children must overcome to live healthy and fulfilling lives.
After having spent a good deal of time living and traveling to Africa, I have been amazed and incredibly blessed by being around these children. They have taught me more than any textbook could, and have given me strength when I needed it most.
Here’s to the millions of children in Africa that could use our prayers and support as they continue to face the harshest of environments.
Let’s commit to remembering them and praying for the continued success of this ministry that seeks to serve them and bring them out of their poverty. | <urn:uuid:0cbe876b-89a5-40d0-a7d0-f4006d2620d5> | {
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Happy May Day!
Wait, what’s May Day you ask? We’re here to help.
May Day is International Workers’ Day, a celebration of workers everywhere. In some countries May Day is actually a national holiday, but here in the US we take a day off on Labor Day instead.
May 1st was chosen as the date to celebrating working men and women in 1886, after the Haymarket Affair in Chicago, where a bomb thrown into the crowd prompted police to fire on civilians. Seven police officers and four protesters died. The protesters were fighting for an eight-hour work day.
The first holiday in 1890 was an immediate success and was cemented during a tumultuous time in labor history, including the May Day riots of 1894 and 1919 in Cleveland, Ohio. It continues to be commemorated internationally, including in Turkey today where protesters defied a government ban on May Day demonstrations.
Of course, the origins of some May Day traditions go back even further to pagan traditions in pre-Christian Europe, which is the source of customs like leaving flowers anonymously on neighbors’ porches and dancing around maypoles.
Other facts about May Day:
- The distress call “mayday” does not have any connection to May Day. It is most likely derived from the French “M'aidez” - help me.
- May 1st used to be the day when everyone in New York moved. Yes, seriously.
- As communism grew unpopular in the United States in the 1910s, there was a movement to replace May Day with “Americanization Day,” which was later renamed Loyalty Day. It is no longer commonly observed.
- President Eisenhower designated May 1st “Law Day,” which celebrates… laws. The American Bar Association gamely celebrates.
Celebrate May Day with us by learning more and spreading the word!
— Sara Horowitz (@Sara_Horowitz) May 1, 2014 | <urn:uuid:0c53a226-b689-44e2-9028-6232c8a28847> | {
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Yoga is usually understood as being limited to asanas or poses, and the advantages of yoga are associated with only physical well-being. However, yoga is also known for helping people manage stress and has many health benefits.
The diagnosis of a heart attack depends on the symptoms and the findings of the tests. The goal of diagnosis after a heart attack is to avert the immediate danger, limit the damage to the heart muscle and tissue, and try and get the patient on the road to recovery as quickly and painlessly as possible.
Heart diseases claim more lives every year than any other disease. Indeed, heart attack and stroke are the world’s biggest killers. A heart attack can happen to anyone – irrespective of age - at anytime.
Cancer can hit anyone anytime, no matter what his or her age. And while cancer still doesn’t have a cure, the chances of recovery if it is detected early on (and hasn’t spread significantly) is significantly higher.
CBC is an acronym for Complete Blood Count. A CBC Test is taken to measure and evaluate the overall health condition of one’s blood. A CBC Test will also indicate if one’s ‘blood health’ is suffering from disorders or infections such as Leukemia or Anemia. | <urn:uuid:52d7d6b7-acbf-4648-9dec-527d31a15c4c> | {
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What is real? How do you define ‘real’? If you’re talking about what you can feel, what you can smell, what you can taste and see, then ‘real’ is simply electrical signals interpreted by your brain. Morpheus, The Matrix, 1999
The technological singularity or the singularity in its short form is a term that has been very used extensively in the last few years. In this post I would like to explain this futuristic, controversial and paradigm-changing idea, and some of its implications. I’ll also illustrate the connection between neuroscience and singularity two concepts that are closer related than you’d think.
The shortest definition of the singularity I could come up with is the following:
The (technological) singularity is the moment when artificial intelligence will overpass the computational power of the human brain.
The term technological singularity was coined by Vernor Vince in 1993. The same way modern physics cannot predict what happens at the space-time singularity beyond the event horizon of a dark hole, Vince argues we cannot foresee what will happen after the technological singularity is reached.
The proponents of the singularity argue that we have seen a continuous exponential grow of the computational power of our machines. This was observed by Moore and provided the foundation of his famous law back in 1965. Since then this trend has continued with clock-work precision until the present. If this trend is to be continued, the singularity will be reached sometime before 2030.
What will happen after that? Well, this is hard to tell as explained before, but prominent singularity advocates, such as Ray Kurzweil, have quite interesting claims:
- After the singularity, an unprecedented artificial intelligence (AI) explosion will occur. This new AI will be able to build even more powerful AI. Moore’s law will not apply anymore.
- The current clear frontier between machines and humans will have become considerably hazy by that time.
- With the use of nanotechnology (i.e. nanobots), we will be able to manipulate human brains in such a way that we will be able to create fully immersive virtual reality from within our brains. These nanobots would be able to shut off the normal sensory signals from outside your brain and generate the same signals your brain would receive in another “virtual” world.
- With the use of nanobots, we will be able to “upload” the entire personality, memory, skills and history of a human being into a machine. In other words, humans will become “immortal”.
- The evolution of the human race will be very much affected by the singularity. The slow evolution of humans will be largely sped-up by the increasingly fast evolution of non-biological intelligence… that was created by biological intelligence. Some people claim this is the natural path of our evolutionary destiny.
I think points 3 and 4 above prove how much the singularity and neuroscience are related. Being able to make such precise nanobots requires a full understanding of neuronal functions and plasticity down to the molecular level.
Of course, the singularity has many critics and not everybody agrees with the timeline proposed by pro-singularity advocates. Many of them don’t even think about reaching the singularity at all. A common argument is that machines will never be able to reach human intelligence levels. Actually the key question here I think is about the definition of intelligence. Computers might some day have more CPU than brains, but that doesn’t mean the software controlling those computers would be more efficient than our brains.
Also, from a neurobiological point of view, we are still far from fully understanding our brain. And a lot of understanding would be needed to inject an army of nanobots into a brain and have them “take control” of it.
Some also claim that our knowledge in neuroscience is growing linearly and not exponentially as technology is. It is true that as time passes we have more and more data about the brain but that doesn’t mean that our biological insight is increasing at the same rate.
Finally there are also the lessons we have learned from the movies. AI is cool, but when it takes conscience on its own (such as Skynet in Terminator or such as The Matrix) and decides that humans are to be destroyed or enslaved, then AI isn’t so cool anymore.
Are you ready for the singularity? 🙂
For further reading on this interesting subject:
–The singularity is near by Ray Kurtweil. All you need to know about the singularity.
–Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom by Cory Doctorow. A sci-fi comedy set in a future where the two main problems of humanity are solved: resources and mortality.
Thanks for reading and see you next time! | <urn:uuid:47aa58f0-68e6-4fdd-b311-d61f4c1125a5> | {
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realize that it is not one particular type of microbe which gives benefits to plant growth, but a mixture of different ones which come together to form complex interactions with each other.Dr Higa found the 3 major beneficial microbes which he called EM:– Yeast– Lactic Acid Bacteria – Photosynthetic BacteriaThe exact biochemistry of how the three types of micro-organisms in EM work together is not fully understood, but it is known that in this mixture the photosynthetic bacteria is the most important for farming and odour control. This type of bacteria uses light to give itself energy to convert surrounding materials into useful minerals and plant building blocks.EM was later found to provide a great solution to a big household problem, food waste. The solution is ‘bokashi’ where the lactic acid bacteria in EM are used to ferment the food waste in sealable buckets. This process solved the problems of rotting food waste odours (especially in the hot weather of Japan), fruit flies and other vermin.
Bokashi involves the use of bokashi bran which is simply made with normal bran flakes inoculated with the EM micro-organisms. The bin they use for throwing the waste in is specially designed to seal up, as the fermentation process requires an anaerobic (no oxygen) environment. The bokashi bins also have a tap at the bottom to allow the drainage of ‘bokashi juice’ which is released as the waste breaks down. The juice created is inoculated with the beneficial microbes and once diluted, it can be used as a plant fertilizer (similar to worm leachate!)
The user adds a layer of food waste into the bin, and then a layer of the bokashi bran.
This is repeated until the bin is full where then it is left aside to ferment for 2 weeks. The result is a sweet smelling waste which can be dug into the soil or thrown into a compost pile, which will then breakdown into soil in 30 days.
Why use the bokashi method if it is to be thrown into a compost pile anyway?
The great thing about the bokashi system is that is can be used to ferment both cooked and uncooked waste. What’s more is that is can also be used to treat meat and fish waste where traditional composting cannot. The bokashi system is also designed to enable apartment dwellers without gardens to recycle their food waste without odours. The fermented matter can be dug directly into an indoor allotment or large plant pots. The wastes internal structure is partially broken down through fermentation making it break down much more quickly by the soil microbes.
So the question is can this fermented matter be fed into a wormery?
The answer is yes it can!
But the process requires care and controlled amounts. There are many advantages in feeding worms bokashi waste, however it is followed by a line of disadvantages.
The benefits of feeding bokashi waste in vermicomposting system are:
– Waste is already partially broken down (softened for easier and quicker break down by worms)
– Adds more microbial activity into the resulting worm cast.
– Can add meat and cooked waste into a wormery without resulting in odours.
The disadvantages are:
– Bokashi waste is acidic, and feeding worms on just bokashi waste WILL result in a sour acidic bin.
– Acidic bins attract fruit flies. There is a MUCH higher chance of large amounts of fruit flies breeding.
Adding bokashi waste into a vermicomposting system can definitely add a boost of micro-organisms into the resulting worm cast (mainly photosynthetic bacteria). The NPK value will depend on the type of fermented matter you throw away.
The disposal of wastes such as meat and fish, which is otherwise not thrown directly into a wormery, will contribute to a more diverse set of minerals and nutrition in the end product. Bokashi waste on its own has proven to grow better quality plants, however the effects of wormcast made from bokashi has not yet
been studied scientifically.
The main problem with adding bokashi waste into a vermicomposting system is the acidity. Many of you will know that worms are not keen on acidic food.
Having said that, if the system is fed bokashi waste, then start by slowly building its way up. The worms do get accustomed to it and will break it down very quickly. However, if you feed it with only bokashi waste you will find your bin going ‘sour’ over a short period of time. So it is important to keep the acidity on track by adding lime mixture or other compost neutralizers. It will also be important to add a lot of carbon source along with the waste.
Lastly keep the system and the waste covered up to prevent the fruit flies from over populating. | <urn:uuid:566306f5-11dc-4019-bbca-893c9dede509> | {
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FARAH NASUHA BINTI MOHAMAD
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A BIOCOMPOSITE FOR THERMAL INSULATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND STUDY
Thermal insulation materials assume a critical job in accomplishing a building’s vitality proficiency. As sustainable materials, natural materials have various preferences over different materials and consequently are almost encouraging for building. Because of that, there are so many investigation based on the application of natural fibers as the reinforced composites through the years.
Natural fibers have many advantages such as being gotten from renewable resource, they require a low vitality contributions to their manufacture. A significant advantage is that they can be effectively discarded toward the finish of their life cycle by treating the soil by recuperation of their calorific incentive in a furnace, which is not possible with glass fibers. Besides, they are the materials that are eco-accommodating ones and are low in typified vitality and carbon-negative materials.
Coconut fiber is one of the example of natural fiber that is used. The advantages of the coconut fiber are reinforcement for composites since they are low-density material. Coconut fiber also has low thermal conductivity. Besides, coconut fiber has high lignin substance and low cellulose content, so as came about of versatile, solid, and exceedingly sturdy materials attributes. This fiber also a light materials.The combination of coconut fiber and gypsum are such of suitable opinion for recycling the material and green building. Gypsum is the material used to replace cement and lime. This is because cement and lime containing high CO2 which is highly polluting. Gypsum produces less anhydrous carbon (CO2).
Based on the climate of Malaysia, these bio composite materials are strongly recommended. This is because Malaysia is a tropical weather which is not too hot but also not too cold. Humidity is a typical element, which can be obligation anticipated from its nearness to waters. Except for highland, the climate is all around respectively hot and extremely sultry especially in the city. Throughout the year, the temperature of Malaysia ranges from 24ºC to 33ºC on an average (Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia). Especially in the city, there are many buildings are build and the temperature in the buildings are high since many of the buildings are using cement, lime, and non-fiber materials. So the solution is make a wall that containing low thermal conductivity that are made from natural fibers so that the building are more cold compared to the syntetic buildings.
The aim of this study was the development of a bio composite material used for thermal insulation in building with low thermal conductivity and density and analyse the mechanical performance of this composite.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
People are always ignored the advantages of plants which can transform to any functions such as farmers. Farmers just simply thrown the waste and burn it, which can cause harmful for people and environment. Farmers in numerous parts of the world set fire to developed fields to clear stubble, weeds and waste before sowing another product. While this training might be quick and prudent, it is exceedingly unsustainable, as it creates a lot of molecule toxin dark carbon and diminishes the fertility of soil. The dark carbon can cause pollution and sickness to human and environment especially people that have asthma and heart disease. Actually many farmers are already known about the effect of open burning but lack of the tools and knowledges to create something from the waste to overcome the problem. Beside the farmers there also some contractors and engineers that are still using cement and lime that contain high anhydrous carbon (CO2) which is high polluting to build the building and houses. Especially in the small town or city, there are many buildings are build and the temperature in the buildings are high since many of the buildings are using cement, lime, and non-fiber materials. This is not only because of lack of knowledges but because budgets.
This study will develop the board of a bio composite material contain fiber and gypsum which is used for thermal insulation in building with low thermal conductivity and density to make sure that all the waste from agriculture can be improved to something more useful and make sure that the environment and people stay healthy.
There are several objectives that are very important to this study such as;
To develop of a bio composite board that is used for thermal insulation in building with low thermal conductivity and density.
To study and analyse the mechanical performances of this bio composite board.
There are scope of this study such as;
1.MaterialsMaterials used to develop the board, the composite samples were prepared with five different mass fraction of the coconut fiber which 0,1,2,3,4 and 5% of the coconut fibers that are mixed with gypsum powder and water
Analyse the mechanical performance such as?
Where Rf? flexural strength (MPa)
b? weight of sample
d? thickness of the sample (m)
F? maximum load applied on flexural test (N)
Where Rc ? compressive strength (MPa)
Fc ? maximum load applied on the compressive test (N)
A ? cross-sectional area (m²)
where?? tensile strength of the board (MPa)
F? force from the machine (N)
A? cross-sectional area of the bio composite board (m²)
Thermal conductivity test
WhereK? thermal conductivity of the board (WmK)
Q? heat transfer through the material (W)
A? area of the body (m²)
?T? difference in the temperature (K)
1.5 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
The composite samples will be prepared with different mass fractions of fibers and tested for the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity.
The table 1.5.1 below show the result of the experiment that need to conduct
fraction (%) Force
test (N) Force
(N) Force tensile
test (N) Heat transfer
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5 TABLE 1.5.1
Thermal conductivity test | <urn:uuid:9f79d21e-d4ea-46af-b25a-774390b2246c> | {
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You probably know that CO2 emissions, and even more so fine particular matter (PM2), can have disastrous consequences for air quality and health. But what about ozone (O3)?
A study by the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) published in Geophysical Research Letters shows that, by 2050, the United States alone could experience three to nine more days of unhealthy ozone levels per year.
The study’s first author, Lu Shen, a Ph.D. candidate at SEAS and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, says that climate change in the coming decades “will likely cause more heat waves during the summer, which in turn could cause a 70 to 100 percent increase in ozone episodes, depending on the region.”
How is that a bad thing? Well, while ozone in earth’s ozone layer protects us from most of the sun’s radiation (not all of it, that’s why we still get sunburnt), when it is breathed in directly it can affect lung function and be detrimental to the respiratory system. As such, breathing too much ozone can have multiple negative health effects such as premature death, asthma, bronchitis, heart attack, and other cardiopulmonary diseases.
Children, the elderly, and people suffering from asthma in particular are likely to experience the consequences of higher concentrations of ground-level ozone. According to Loretta J. Mickley, who co-authored the study, short-term exposure to ozone can be enough to cause the “adverse health effects”.
Unfortunately for us, who are now beginning to feel the effects of climate change, temperature is an important driver of ground-level ozone. “Typically, when the temperature increases, so does surface ozone,” said Mickley. “Ozone production accelerates at high temperatures, and emissions of the natural components of ozone increase. High temperatures are also accompanied by weak winds, causing the atmosphere to stagnate. So the air just cooks and ozone levels can build up.”
However, the increase in ozone levels only accelerates with rising temperature up to approximately 32°C (90°F). Beyond this threshold, ozone levels seize to rise at a greater pace. “We found that this dropping off of ozone levels is actually caused by meteorology,” said Shen. “Typically, ozone is tightly correlated with temperature, which in turn is tightly correlated with other meteorological variables such as solar radiation, circulation, and atmospheric stagnation. But at extreme temperatures, these relationships break down.”
While it’s nice that the news is not all bad, the ozone content in the air we breathe is very real. Even if you happen to live close to an area with constant extreme temperatures of beyond 32°C (90°F), the ozone is still in the air, its levels merely no longer rise at an accelerating pace.
As global efforts to combat climate change have been off to a slow start for several decades now, the question is: what can you do to address this threat to your and your loved ones’ health? Fortunately, the answer is rather simple: avoid breathing it! While this may sound like easier said than done, pollution masks allow you to easily minimise the risk of breathing in hazardous particles from the air around you. And while any mask will have at least some effect, CambridgeMask’s military-grade filtration technology ensures that not even the smallest particles can make their way into your airways, lungs, and bloodstream – neither ozone, nor PM2, nor anything else. Get your mask today, and stay healthy! | <urn:uuid:c5d4bb79-6d32-4b59-b88a-a94c63a691cf> | {
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People live in the world where everything is about music. Everything they hear and anything they produce are became a sound, and these unity of sounds change to a rhythm. The water drop in the river is a rhythm. How the wind blows in the coral rocks also become a rhythm. That is how the rhythm keeps anything to be music. Music is something that people cannot touch like an exist thing. It agrees with the meaning of music by Leo Samama (2016: 27-33) on his book, “Music is also ephemeral. We cannot hold it like a book, a painting or a sculpture, so it is ephemeral over time.”Even music is not visible thing, people can still feel the existing of the music. They will feel and understand the music if they hear. From listening, they will accept the meaning of what they hear. From ear to brain and heart, the feeling will go inside. Emotion exists. Not only does the emotion exist in the music, but also exist in the text of the song, on the lyric itself. That emotion is the thing that the song writer wants from people to understand the meaning that is delivered.Song has a story. It tells and narrates something to people. It has following assertion inside on what is mentioned before on the story. It is called as entailment. Then, song lyrics have entailment. Different with presupposition that speaker may assume what kind of thing to be case in making utterance, entailment is following the utterance that assert in logic. Song lyrics also have logical assumption from the listener. Presupposition is signed by the speaker and not sentence. Then entailment is signed by the sentence and not the speaker, (Yule, 1998). It concludes that song lyrics that are full of sentences is also part of entailment. However, each people will have different logical interpretations about the story. Such as the meaning, people will also have different understanding about the song lyrics. It is normal if the entailments in the text that people get are different from one person to other. The reason is because entailment is regardless from right and wrong. This discussion is about entailment as the focus of analysis and only concern to the entailment that is exist in the song lyrics. It is a descriptive qualitative analysis using the song by Will Jennings. It agrees with the study of David Silverman (2010) that the qualitative analysis is the works using words and non-numerical data to collect the meaning and understanding through the study. Then, it takes the descriptive data using the written and oral subject of the research.This analysis is using the data context of entailment of the song lyrics My Heart Will Go On which is known as official soundtrack or the main theme song of the movie Titanic in 1997. As the primary data source, it uses the song of Will Jennings and the lyrics script of the My Heart Will Go On song. Then, to support this analysis, the secondary data sources are theory, book, and journal that are related to this study.To give information about the short history of the song, it is firstly made by James Horner as the instrumental music in the movie, Titanic. Then to make this main theme of the movie, finally he decided to make a full song with the lyrics that is written by Will Jennings. Then it is sung by Celine Dion in 1997.The Titanic movie itself is talking about the old women called Rose who shares about her love story in the past. She was a rich lady who went with her family in the great ship named Titanic. She was frustrated with her life that always got bridle by her parents that was upper class in society. Then her life changed after she met Jack that saved her in that ship. They used their time to meet each other till they fell in love, even though their feeling was refused by everybody around them. The ending of this movie is when Jack died because he wanted to save Roses life after the ship sunk.Because the analysis is from the lyrics source, here is lyrics transcript as the text and sentence terms of the song:My Heart Will Go OnEvery night in my dreamsI see you, I feel you,That is how I know you go onFar across the distanceAnd spaces between usYou have come to show you go onNear, far, wherever you areI believe that the heart does go onOnce more you open the doorAnd you’re here in my heartAnd my heart will go on and onLove can touch us one timeAnd last for a lifetimeAnd never let go ’til we’re goneLove was when I loved youOne true time I hold toIn my life we’ll always go onYou’re here, there’s nothing I fear,And I know that my heart will go onWe’ll stay forever this wayYou are safe in my heartAnd my heart will go on and onThe analysis will formulate the problem statements such as the order of entailment that exist in the lyrics of the song My Heart Will Go On. This analysis also has objective which is based on the formulation that is to describe the order of the entailment itself.Seems like what already explain before, entailment is following the utterance that assert in logic. Sources state that entailment is not a concept in pragmatics study, because it agrees with the speaker meaning, (Yule, 1998b). However, the entailment itself has 2 type of its order, such as background entailment and foreground entailment. Background entailment is generally related to the truth of large number of its entailment. It will give information about the context, while foreground entailment is the main assumption of the text.Then foreground entailment is classified as two indication of entailment by linguistic device. The devices are clefting and stressing. Clefting is also known as it-cleft construction, (Yule, 1998c). it will help people to focus on particular part of the sentence and to convince what people want to say or the deep meaning of what people try to send. Clefting adds a new part to the sentence to make the listener more give attention to that added part. The next is stressing. It is stress or emphasize in the utterance. It will help the listener to interpret the intended meaning. The stress is actually can be identify clearly in the live oral text that depends on the word that will be emphasized by the speaker. For example, I did not mean to hit you, which has a meaning that the speaker makes emphasize that he/she really did not have a purpose to hit others.Go on to the topic of this analysis, here are the analyses of the lyrics on each verse based on the literature review that is stated above.Verse 1: Every night in my dreamsI see you, I feel you,That is how I know you go onHere the verse 1 has order that uses clefting device such as;- Something happens in this story.- Someone dreams every night.- Someone can see and feel you.- Someone is sure that whom she dreamt goes on.It is clefting because there are new parts that do not exist in the lyrics to explain about the meaning of the song. The speaker is also making a stress to the song by using word you and repeating this word in every sentence. Then the word I and you also make assumption that the focus of this story inside the song is the character I and you that is the symbol of the character Rose and Jack.Verse 2:Far across the distanceAnd spaces between usYou have come to show you go onThe verse 2 has order that also uses clefting device such as;- There are distance and spaces between them.- You have come in her dream to show that he goes on.Verse 3:Near, far, wherever you areI believe that the heart does go onOnce more you open the doorAnd you’re here in my heartAnd my heart will go on and onThe verse 3 is known as the reff of the song, and it also uses the clefting and also stressing device. The clefting seems like what already explained before that the meaning is explained in different ways. Then the stressing is when the words go on and on have a meaning that the speakers heart always goes on and still keeps alive in her life whether the distance is near or far.Verse 4:Love can touch us one timeAnd last for a lifetimeAnd never let go ’til we’re goneIt is also clefting because there are new parts that do not exist in the lyrics such as;- Something touches them in one time.- Something still and last for a lifetime till theyre gone.Verse 5:Love was when I loved youOne true time I hold toIn my life we’ll always go onIt is also clefting such as;- Thing exists when she love you.- In her life theyll always go on.Here in the verse 4 and 5 the speaker wants to show that their loves will be saved till the end of their life. She knows and realizes that Jack is gone because of dead, but she still believe that the love never let their hearts go.Verse 6: You’re here, there’s nothing I fear,And I know that my heart will go onWe’ll stay forever this wayYou are safe in my heartAnd my heart will go on and onThe verse 6 is known as the top of the story or the top of conflict. It is clefting such as;- Someone is here beside the speaker.- There is nothing can make the speaker fear.- The speaker and the you will stay forever on their ways.It makes a conclusion that they will keep their feeling forever because the speaker believes Jack is beside her that will protect her. The speaker also states the words go on and on again to make a statement that they will stay forever in their ways in keeping the feeling.Then, talking about the significance of this analysis as the end of this discussion, it hopefully can give benefits to the readers and make a contribution both to the theoretical part and practical part. This analysis is expected to be useful in the study of linguistics. The information and the knowledge will also help people who are interested in making the other linguistic analysis that is related in entailment.Students who are majoring language will have the linguistics material. They need more knowledge about it, especially in the entailment problems as their reference of study. This research will also help people in general to be the readers who try to improve their knowledge in linguistics, mainly in entailment analysis. | <urn:uuid:7e74466e-ea99-4cd8-baf8-0013c7af8e06> | {
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According to a new study, HPV vaccine significantly lowers precursor to cervical cancer
May 1, 2019
In a nationwide study from Scotland, researchers have found that women who received HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine as teens were significantly less likely to develop cervical cancer later on in life. According to the lead author, Dr. Tim Palmer, “the degree of this effect is much greater than previously expected.”
As reported in the BMJ, three doses of the vaccine given between the ages of 12-13 resulted in a notable decrease in cervical disease occurrence seven years later. HPV is one of the most sexually transmitted diseases across the globe. Although this disease does not cause apparent symptoms upon contraction, this virus often causes cervical cancer, as well as cancer of the throat later in life. | <urn:uuid:651ede54-3c3c-4cc1-9155-d18e1c649a5a> | {
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The mentioning of children with Jesus in the Gospel has a very important message to convey with regard to our faith and our closeness to God. [This theme of children is very much spoken by the preachers but I fear it was very rarely interpreted in the manner the evangelists wanted to be conveyed].
On a few occasions we find Jesus with the children and Jesus speaking about them.
On the first occasion we find the scene where Jesus responds to the disciples’ dispute over who is first among them by placing a child in their midst. Taking the child into his arms Jesus says, “Whoever receives one such child in my name receives me; and whoever receives me, receives not me but him who sent me” (Mk 9, 33-37). Here we find Jesus identifies himself with the child. Actually he himself has become small like a child. As Son Jesus does nothing of himself, but he acts wholly from the Father and for the Father – very act of every child.
The passage that follows a few verses later can also be understood on this basis (Mk 9, 42). Here Jesus speaks no longer of children, but of “little ones.” The term “little ones” designates believers, the company of the disciples of Jesus Christ. In the faith they have found the true littleness that leads humankind into its truth (Mk 9, 42-50).
Now we move on to the second occasion which brings out further the meaning of the place of children in the Gospel message.
For this purpose we look into Matthew’s Gospel. Matthew gives us an important text concerning the reception of Jesus in Jerusalem. After the cleansing of the Temple, the children in the Temple repeat the words of homage: “Hosanna to the Son of David!” (Mt 21, 15). Jesus further defends the children’s joyful acclamation against the criticism of the chief priests and the scribes by quoting Psalm 8: “Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings thou hast brought perfect praise” (Ps 8, 2). With this Psalm verse Jesus actually opened up a much broader salvation – historical perspective.
The meaning of Jesus’ quoting of Psalm 8 becomes clear if we recall the story recounted by the Synoptic narrators in which children were brought to Jesus “that he might touch them” (Mk 10, 13). Despite the resistance of the disciples, who wanted to protect him from this imposition, Jesus calls the children to him, lays his hands on them, and blesses them. He explains this gesture with the words: “Let the children come to me, do not hinder them; for to such belongs the kingdom of God. Truly, I say to you, whoever does not receive the kingdom of God like a child shall not enter it” (Mk 10, 14-16). I hope this also clears the understanding of what Jesus meant when he says, “Children, how hard it is for those who trust in riches to enter the kingdom of God! It is easier for a camel to go though the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God” (Mk 10, 24-25).
The children serve Jesus as an example of the littleness before God that is necessary in order to pass through the “eye of the needle” (into the kingdom of God) the image that he used immediately afterward in the story of the rich young man (Mk 10, 17-27).
This brings us back to the meaning of the children’s “Hosanna” in the light of Psalm 8 in Matthew’s Gospel. The praise of these children appears as an anticipation of the great outpouring of praise that Jesus’ “little ones” will sing to him far beyond the present time. It points to the actions and worship of Jesus’ disciples in the future time and of the Church of Christ.
It would be right for the believers, then, to read this scene as an anticipation of what he or she does in his or her worship. For the early Church, “Palm Sunday” was not a thing of the past. Just as Jesus entered Jerusalem that day on a Colt, so too the believers who constitute the Church saw him coming again and again in the humble form of Bread and Wine. The believers greet Jesus in the Breaking of the Bread and in the sharing of the cup of wine, as the one who is coming now, the one who has entered into their midst. At the same time, the gathered believers greet Christ as the one who continues to come, the one who leads us toward his coming. As pilgrims, we go up to him; as a pilgrim, he comes to us and takes us up with him in his “ascent” to the Cross and Resurrection, to the definitive Jerusalem which is already initiated and growing in our midst in the communion of Breaking of Bread that unites every believer with Jesus’ body. | <urn:uuid:3619ab23-12fc-40a3-88bd-d4e18690de49> | {
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There are five reasons why the Ontario government should turn to new wind energy to support affordability and lower future electricity bills.
Ontario’s new government is focused on finding efficiencies in the electricity sector that promote affordability and is also developing a new approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here are five reasons why the province should turn to new wind energy to meet these goals.
- Wind energy is now the lowest-cost new electricity source.
Wind energy is the lowest-cost source of new electricity generation available to Ontario, other provinces, and globally. Alberta recently agreed to procure power from four wind generation projects at an average contract price of 3.7 cents per kilowatt hour – a price that is considerably below the cost of power generation in Ontario today. And, as other forms of energy increase in price, wind energy prices continue to fall. According to the Bloomberg New Energy Outlook 2017, the levelized cost of new electricity from onshore wind will drop 47 per cent by 2040.
Wind power has no fuel costs (the wind is free), and technological advances continue to increase capacity factors while lowering costs.
As for the misperception that wind energy has been a major contributor to Ontario electricity bills, see Wind energy and Ontario’s electricity prices – let’s destroy the myth.
- Wind energy provides significant economic benefits.
Ontario leads Canada in wind energy operations and wind energy supplies almost 8 per cent of the province’s electricity demand. The wind energy industry also provides many economic benefits to Ontario:
- Thousands of well paying, much-needed jobs in manufacturing, construction and local services;
- A stable source of income for landowners;
- Property tax revenue for municipalities;
- Funding for community-based initiatives;
- New and sustainable revenue for Indigenous partners; and
- Ontario’s wind energy industry is at the heart of a growing wind turbine operations and maintenance business for Canada’s 6400+ wind turbines.
- Wind energy will be necessary if Ontario is to keep Ontario’s electricity supply reliable through the next decade.
Studies by Ontario’s Independent Electricity System Operator forecast a need for significant new electricity generation, especially from 2023 onwards, as the Pickering Nuclear station shuts down, other nuclear units are being refurbished, and generation contracts expire.
New wind energy would help keep Ontario’s electricity supply reliable, as well as more affordable. A study of Canada’s wind energy resources has shown that Canada can get more than one-third of its electricity from wind energy without compromising grid reliability. Other jurisdictions around the world are proving this – for example, Denmark now produces more than 44 per cent of its electricity from wind turbines on an annual basis, and in the U.S., four states now generate 30 per cent or more of their electricity using wind energy.
Wind energy is quick to construct, can be built to meet specific local needs, and can offer flexible power – especially when paired with energy storage, demand response programs, and/or other non-emitting and renewable energies such as hydro and solar. | <urn:uuid:d303a5b4-0f0b-4059-a957-ed974df29dcd> | {
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- Further study Stage 2 Mathematical Methods
Stage 2 Specialist Mathematics
Stage 1 Mathematics is a 10-credit subject or a 20-credit subject.
Mathematics develops an increasingly complex and sophisticated understanding of calculus, statistics, mathematical arguments, and proofs, and using mathematical models. By using functions, their derivatives, and integrals, and by mathematically modelling physical processes, students develop a deep understanding of the physical world through a sound knowledge of relationships involving rates of change. Students use statistics to describe and analyse phenomena that involve uncertainty and variation.
Stage 1 Mathematics provides the foundation for further study in mathematics in Stage 2 Mathematical Methods and Stage 2 Specialist Mathematics.
Stage 2 Mathematical Methods can lead to tertiary studies of economics, computer sciences, and the sciences. It prepares students for courses and careers that may involve the use of statistics, such as health or social sciences.
Stage 2 Specialist Mathematics can be a pathway to mathematical sciences, engineering, space science, and laser physics. Specialist Mathematics is designed to be studied in conjunction with Mathematical Methods.
Key concepts from 10A Mathematics in the Australian Curriculum required for the study of Stage 1 Mathematics, Stage 2 Mathematical Methods, and Stage 2 Specialist Mathematics have been incorporated into the relevant topics.
The following assessment types enable students to demonstrate their learning in Stage 1 Mathematics:
For a 10-credit subject, students should provide evidence of their learning through four assessments. Each assessment type should have a weighting of at least 20%.
Students who achieve a C grade or better in this subject meet the NTCET compulsory 10-credit numeracy requirement.
Students and their families are encouraged to download the Darwin High School Compass app to their smart phone/tablet device. Compass app allows you to stay up to date with announcements and events, complete a range of e-forms for student absences and excursions and easily contact us via phone or email direct from the app.
© 2016 Darwin High School. CRICOS Provider: Northern Territory Department of Education, CRICOS Provider Number: 00780M, Course Code Intensive English: 048904G, Course Code Senior Secondary: 058744C
School Web Design by Dash. | <urn:uuid:f866b324-72c8-492a-98e3-701e9d42521e> | {
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This course examines the transformation of Korean society beginning around the turn of the 20th century to contemporary times. In particular, it explores how shifting categories of masculinity, and by contrast, femininity have impacted upon, and in turn been influenced by social, cultural, and political change. Using multiple disciplinary lenses, we will critically examine how gender intersects with political, social, and economic developments starting with the Confucianization of Korean society during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) up to the contemporary moment of globalization and neoliberal reform. The class will draw on a variety of topics such as traditional views of women, religion, race, class, education, patriarchy, sexuality, imperialism, modernity, war, globalization, the diaspora, among others. Special attention will be placed on the historical, transnational and transdisciplinary connections. | <urn:uuid:3f3900d0-8242-4397-88a8-17e42975425d> | {
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Commenting code of a smart contact
Smart contract code - what are comments needed for
Smart contract is a self-executable code that is written in blockchain – a decentralized chain of blocks, has a broad purpose, one of which is automation of payment operations in the performance of contractual obligations.
When editing or finalizing smart contracts written by third-party programmers, you have to deal with the code without prompting, refer to additional documentation, if any. This process can be very long, time-consuming and unpleasant. Therefore, it is important to focus on commenting a smart contract code so that after some time you do not have to decompose it from the beginning.
Comments allow you to work with a specific block of code and not to search for answers throughout the code.
Rules of good style when commenting code, maintaining a single style of comments
- ability to separate explanatory and documentation comments;
- the comment should not duplicate the code, it should supplement it;
- all classes, fields, and methods must have documentation comments;
- when the meaning of variables accepted and returned by the method is not intuitive, documentation review must have a description of the content of those elements;
- if you use labels in break and continue statements, you must have a comment in the string;
- the comment must be in front of the documented item;
- comments should not contain spelling and punctuation errors;
- non-obvious fragments of code are allocated in separate functions, with detailed commenting on the purpose of their use.
- use the javadoc tool to create HTML-formatted documentation from source code comments in Java.
Benefits of correct code commenting
- save time spent by you, your colleagues, third-party developers to finalize, edit the code of the smart contract;
- absence of errors in the code or its misunderstanding due to incorrect or outdated comments;
- pleasant, comfortable work with the code and, as a result, its actual support and timely updating. | <urn:uuid:2acc565a-fec8-45a3-bb22-16c0f17cc707> | {
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Fill the frame game
Play this game with children so that they practise:
- subitising small numbers
- using mathematical language – how many more?
- seeing 5 and 10 as benchmark numbers
Fill the frame to 10
Work with a small group. You need two-sided beans and a 10-frame for each player. Each player takes a turn to:
- Put 5 beans in their cup.
- Shake and spill the beans.
- Put the red beans thrown onto the 10-frame and say “I have ……..red beans. I need ……more to make 10”.
Keep playing until someone has 10 beans.
At the beginning of each turn children will need to put more beans in their cup and check they have 5 beans.
During the game, make sure that learners describe the number of beans using full sentences.
What do you notice about Digit Dog and Calculating Cat’s game? Who has most red beans? How many red beans will Digit Dog have when he puts his last throw on his frame?
How can he work it out? Encourage children to fill the top row first and talk about how they are partitioning the beans – I can split the 5 beans I have thrown into 2 and 3, use the 2 to make 5 on the top row and have 3 more on the bottom. 5 and 3 equals 8. This shows the importance of 5 as a benchmark number – numbers greater than 5 can be described as 5 and some more.
How many more will he need to make 10? How do you know?
Talk about the number of spaces left to fill. I have 8 red beans altogether and need 2 more to make 10. The 10-frame provides a good visual image of numbers and their relationship to 5 and 10.
Download the Exploring 10 – Fill the Frame challenge card here. | <urn:uuid:3a711be2-8a6d-4edd-9de4-ca2719febf62> | {
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COSPAS-SARSAT (International Satellite System for Search and Rescue Services)
The COSPAS-SARSAT system is an international, humanitarian satellite-based search and rescue system and service which can detect and locate transmissions from emergency beacons carried by ships, aircraft, or people -- which operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Use of the COSPAS-SARSAT system is free to the beacon operator. Once the rescue signals are detected and verified (located) by the system, search and rescue operations can be initiated.
COSPAS (Cosmicheskaya Systyema Poiska Aariynyich Sudov) which translates to (Space System for the Search of Distressed Vessels), and SARSAT (Search & Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System) payloads are part of an international cooperative satellite-based radiolocation system to support search and rescue operations for aviators, mariners, and land travellers in distress. COSPAS is the original system developed by Russia (former Soviet Union) in the mid-1970s; SARSAT was developed in parallel by France, Canada, and the USA. 1) 2)
The COSPAS-SARSAT system provides distress alert and location data to RCCs (Rescue Coordination Centers) for 121.5 MHz beacons within the coverage area of COSPAS-SARSAT ground stations, referred to as LUTs (Local User Terminals), and for 406 MHz beacons activated anywhere in the world. The overall system concept is illustrated in Figure 3. The nominal system configuration comprises two COSPAS and two SARSAT payloads on polar-orbiting satellites. Russia provides two COSPAS satellites in near-polar orbits at an average altitude of 1000 km (83º inclination). The USA supplies two NOAA POES satellites with on-board SARSAT payloads provided by Canada and France. The orbital period for each satellites is about 100 minutes, the footprint of the COSPAS-SARSAT visibility is in the order of 4000 km in diameter. The first COSPAS payload was launched on June 29, 1982, while the first SARSAT equipment was flown on NOAA-8, launched in March 1983. Note: The Nadezhda ("Hope") spacecraft series are modified "Tsikada" satellites of Russia that are being used in support of navigation services and/or of COSPAS-SARSAT services (the launch site is Plesetsk, Russia). 3) 4) 5)
Note: The interested reader is referred to the homepage of COSPAS-SARSAT (reference 1) for detailed documentation on all aspects of the system. This file can only serve for a quick overview of the system.
The early SAR history started in the 1960s when light aircraft and some marine vessels started carrying small, battery-operated radio transmitters, operating at the international distress frequency of 121.5 MHz, that could be activated in an emergency distress situation. Such transmitters, called Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) on aircraft, and Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) on ships, emitted a low-power signal that could be picked up by a receiver in a nearby air traffic control tower or by an aircraft in the vicinity, thus providing only line-of-sight coverage if one was searching in that location. - By the mid-1970s, more than 250,000 distress beacons were in service in Canada, Europe and the USA. Lives of aviators and mariners were being saved thanks to these transmitters, but there was still room for improvement, particularly as it was now the `space age'. 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11)
• The beginnings of SARSAT date back to 1970 when a plane carrying two U.S. congressmen crashed in a remote region of Alaska. A massive search and rescue effort was mounted, but to this day, no trace of them or their aircraft has ever been found. In reaction to this tragedy, the US congress mandated that all aircraft in the United States carry an Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). This device was designed to automatically activate after a crash and transmit a homing signal.
• On May 6, 1977 the USSR and USA signed the COSPAS-SARSAT Treaty covering deployment of an international system of emergency beacon receivers aboard satellites.
• On November 23, 1979 a Memorandum of Agreement was signed by the agencies of USA, Russia (i.e., the former USSR), Canada, and France on the implementation of the COSPAS-SARSAT system. Under this Memorandum of Agreement, Russia built and launched LEO satellites with the COSPAS payload [on Tsikada and Nadezhda (Hope) satellite series], while the USA carried the SAR payloads, built by Canada and France, on their NOAA weather satellites (POES series) for the SARSAT system. Note: the Memorandum of Agreement is also referred to as ICSPA (International COSPAS-SARSAT Program Agreement).
• The first GEO satellite in the COSPAS-SARSAT system with a GEOSAR (Geostationary Search and Rescue) payload was flown on the NOAA satellite GOES‐7 (launch Feb. 26, 1987).
• In 1988 the four space segment providers signed an agreement which ensures service continuity and availability of the system to all States on a non-discriminatory basis - this is referred to as the "International COSPAS-SARSAT Program Agreement." The International COSPAS-SARSAT Program Agreement established a Council and a Secretariat. The Council oversees the implementation of the Agreement and coordinates the activities of the Parties. The Secretariat, the permanent administrative organ of the Program, takes directions from the Council. The international COSPAS-SARSAT Secretariat is located in London, UK (at Inmarsat).
• ISRO introduced the COSPAS‐SARSAT service over the Indian Ocean in 1992 with its SASAR (Satellite Aided Search and Rescue) payload flown on the GEO INSAT-2 series, starting with INSAT-2A (launch July 9, 1992). GEOSAR is also flown on the MSG series of EUMETSAT (launch of MSG‐1 Aug. 28, 2002, renamed to Meteosat‐8 as of Jan. 29, 2004 when the operational service officially started). 13)
In 2004, the participating countries and organizations of the COSPAS-SARSAT program included:
- The four parties to the COSPAS-SARSAT International Program Agreement [Canada (CRC), France (CNES), Russia (ROSHYDROMET), and the USA (NOAA)] that provide and operate the satellites and the ground segment equipment
- 24 ground segment providers that operate ground receiving stations the Local User Terminals (LUTs) and Mission Control Centers (MCCs) for the worldwide distribution of distress alerts (over 40 LUTs for LEOSAR - also referred to as LEOLUTs)
- Nine participants associated with the management of the system.
Note: Several countries participating in COSPAS-SARSAT service are represented by their SAR agency or a maritime or aviation agency, rather than their space agency.
• In 2005, Montreal, Canada became the new home of the Cospas-Sarsat Program office.
• In early 2007, ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) signed a formal Understanding with COSPAS-SARSAT concerning the long-term provision of INSAT GEOSAR services.
• On February 1, 2009 an era of emergency beacon support ended: the 121.5 and 243 MHz emergency beacons were phased out for satellite distress alerting (in accordance with the 2000 Council decision). The decision to stop satellite processing of 121.5 / 243 MHz signals is due to problems in this frequency band which inundate search and rescue authorities with poor accuracy and numerous false alerts, adversely impacting the effectiveness of lifesaving services. 14) 15)
Thirty years after the inception of COSPAS-SARSAT, a new chapter is opening for the international program: analog beacons have been phased out, digital 406 Mhz beacons are fully operational, new generation SARSAT-3 instruments are launch on the US NOAA satellites and the European MetOp satellites. Furthermore, the COSPAS-SARSAT organization is preparing the future, with the integration of a MEOSAR component that will use the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) constellations.
Alert Signal Devices (User Segment)
1) EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) for use in maritime applications. A small battery-powered transmitting device which is carried on vessels (several nations require EPIRB devices on all vessels). It can be activated in times of trouble to send out help signals. EPIRB devices operate on a frequency of 121.5/243 MHz (the 243 MHz frequency is used only in some older beacons), they may also include the 406.025 MHz alert signal for global detection.
Introduction of new EPIRB technology in 2009: The 406 MHz EPIRB emits a low power, 25 mW sweeping-tone signal constantly on 121.5 MHz, but emits a 5 W burst about every 52 seconds at 406 MHz. Hence, the 406 MHz emission is 200 times stronger than the 25 mW sweeping-tone signal. If the EPIRB is equipped with an internal or external GPS capability, not only can the 406 MHz DF (Direction Finder) accurately track the course to the 406 MHz signal, but future capabilities will allow the operator to read a GPS position on a monitor inside the search aircraft. Proper registration of a beacon can further assist SAR services by providing immediate access to data critical to mission success.
2) ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter) for aviation use. The 121.5 MHz band service emergency beacons are required on many aircraft, referred to as ELT 121.5, with a smaller number carried on maritime vessels. The 121.5 MHz frequency band is used by an older type of beacons which do not transmit any encoded information. It is also the frequency used for low-power homing transmitters included in most beacons. The more recent ELT devices on aircraft are provided with dual frequency alert systems, 121.5 and 406.025 MHz.
The development of the new generation of beacons transmitting at 406 MHz commenced at the beginning of the COSPAS-SARSAT project in the mid-1970s. Although the COSPAS-SARSAT system was primarily designed to function on the much improved 406 MHz frequency, it still had to make a provision for the thousands of 121.5 MHz beacons already in use. For this reason, the satellites were designed to receive 121.5 MHz as well.
The 406 MHz units were designed specifically for satellite detection and Doppler location by having:
- High peak power output and a low duty cycle
- Improved radio frequency stability
- A unique identification code in each beacon
- Digital transmissions that could be stored in a satellite's memory
- A spectrum dedicated by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) solely for distress beacons.
The 406 MHz beacons transmit a 5 W, half-second burst approximately every 50 seconds. The carrier frequency is phase-modulated with a digital message. The low duty cycle provides a multiple-access capability of more than 90 beacons operating simultaneously in view of a polar orbiting LEO satellite, versus only about 10 for 121.5 MHz beacons.
3) PLB (Personal Locator Beacon) used for land-based applications (basically an ELT when carried by a person, but not used in aviation or maritime applications). These are handheld or pocket size dual frequency (121.5 and 406 MHz) or single frequency (either 121.5 or 406.025 MHz) devices which transmit distress signals to search and rescue authorities via the COSPAS-SARSAT satellite system. On July 1, 2003, FCC (Federal Communication Commission) of the USA authorized the use of PLBs (406 MHz digitally encoded) on a nationwide basis.
At the start of the 21st century, there are more than 30 manufacturers of 406 MHz beacons in 12 countries, and many more distributors around the world, with over 100 different models type-approved by COSPAS-SARSAT. The number of 406 MHz beacons in use has increased dramatically from zero in 1985 to 20,000 in 1990 and to about 350,000 today.
The international Council of COSPAS-SARSAT decided in October 2000 [in response to guidance from the IMO (International Maritime Organization) and the ICAO (International Civil Aviation)] to cease processing the 121.5 MHz analog signals by satellite on 1 February 2009. From that date on, only the 406 MHz beacons will be detected by satellite. The decision was made to reduce the chronically high false alarm rate from analog distress beacons. Currently 97 percent of analog distress beacon signals are false alarms.
Figure 1: Illustration of typical PLBs (Personal Locator Beacon) systems (image credit: NOAA)
Figure 2: Overall system configuration of COSPAS-SARSAT (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
Space segment of COSPAS-SARSAT:
• Spacecraft in LEO (Low Earth Orbit) carrying either the COSPAS or the SARSAT payload (generically referred to as LEOSAR). The LEOSAR system is the longest one in use.
• Spacecraft in GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) carrying an SAR payload (generically referred to as GEOSAR).
• Spacecraft in MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) carrying the MEOSAR (MEOSAR)payload. This service refers to plans to install a MEOSAR secondary payload on the navigation satellite constellations (GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo) - starting in about 2013.
Figure 3: System elements of Search and Rescue Satellites
Figure 4: The initial participants in COSPAS-SARSAT: Nadezhda, POES & GOES of NOAA (clockwise from lower right), image credit: CNES
Figure 5: Schematic of the COSPAS-SARSAT space segment (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT) new version as of Feb. 1, 2009
Figure 6: Schematic of the COSPAS-SARSAT space segment (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT) old version
Figure 7: Illustration of COSPAS-SARSAT spacecraft in LEO (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
Satellite Payloads (LEO Space Segment or LEOSAR)
The nominal LEO satellite constellation consists of four spacecraft payloads, two SARSAT and two COSPAS providing parallel services for 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz beacons.
This system worked well, and is still in use today (2008). However, the LEOSAR configuration has inherent time delays, ranging from minutes to hours, in detecting and relaying distress signals because the low altitude satellites (< 1000 km) view only a small portion of the Earth at any instant as they circle the globe. In particular, the LEO system could not be made much better for 121.5 MHz beacons, due to technical limitations of the beacons and the radio channel.
The original LEO system also carried payloads that allowed for the implementation of new digital distress beacons operating at 406 MHz, far superior to the original analog 121.5 MHz beacons. Beacons with the 406.025 MHz signal transmit digitally encoded information which may include beacon identification (which allow COSPAS-SARSAT services to access registration data bases providing additional information on the unit in distress), and beacon location data (determined by satellite navigation devices such as flown on GPS or GLONASS spacecraft). The new beacons at 406.025 MHz permit the distress location to be automatically computed by the satellite system ten times more accurately (to within 2 km) and the beacon user to be identified, whereas the old 1960s technology beacons at 121.5 MHz gave only an approximate location (to within 20 km) and no user identification, since the 'wow, wow, wow' sound of the signal was similar for all these beacons.
In addition, the 406 MHz system provides global coverage for beacons activated anywhere on Earth, as the beacon signals are stored onboard the satellite and retransmitted to each ground station as the satellite orbits the Earth.
SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellite Payload)
The SARSAT payload consists of SARR (SARSAT Repeater), provided by CRC/Canada [National Search and Rescue Secretariat (NSS) is funding SARR while DND (Department of National Defense)]; SARP (SARSAT Processor), provided by CNES/France, and the antenna system provided by the USA. The SAR service problem requires two basic functions for effective SAR operations to take place, namely: 1) alerting and 2) locating. The alerting function only requires a low-capacity one-way communications system. The locating function, however, places far more demands on the system. The overall system uses low-powered battery-operated distress transmitters that are received by polar orbiting satellites with an SAR subsystem on-board.
The SAR concept exploits the Doppler shift resulting from relative motion between the distress transmitter and the polar orbiting satellite. A successful alert requires at least one satellite pass over the distress area to detect a signal and locate the position of the emergency transmitter. In some cases a second pass may be required to resolve ambiguity. 20)
Figure 8: SARSAT instrument package valid up to SARSAT-10 (NOAA-18, launch May 20, 2005), image credit: NOAA
The SARSAT payload consist of a 2-band (121.5 MHz and 406.05 MHz) repeater SARR and a 406.025 MHz processor SARP. The SARR downlink is at 1544.5 MHz and, besides the two repeated bands, also includes the 2400 bit/s bit stream SARP output. The 121.5 and 406 MHz bands are also serviced by two Russian COSPAS satellites which, together with the NOAA satellites, provide timeliness of response. 21)
Table 1: SARSAT subsystem parameters
Figure 9: Illustration of the SARR instrument (image credit: NOAA)
Figure 10: Illustration of the SARP subsystems (image credit: NASA)
Each SARP (SARP) is composed of a receiver processor, referred to as DRU (Data Recovery Unit), FF (Frame Formatter), and a memory unit. Each SARP is configured redundantly. Throughout the service history of COSPAS-SARSAT there existed various implementations/configurations of SARP, namely:
• SARP-1 (Search And Rescue Processor-1): The SARP-1 package was installed on all early spacecraft in the COSPAS as well as in the SARSAT series.
• SARP-2 (Search And Rescue Processor-2): The SARP-2 package has improved performance in system capacity, bandwidth, and protection against interferers. Both long and short messages are supported by this processor. The first SARP-2 configurations were implemented on the NOAA-15 spacecraft (launch May 13, 1998) with the SARSAT-7 payload, as well as on the Nadezhda-7 spacecraft of Russia (launch Sept. 26, 2002) with the COSPAS-10 payload.
• SARP-3 (Search And Rescue Processor-3): SARP-3 is an improved onboard device which was introduced for the first time on the MetOp-A spacecraft of EUMETSAT (launch October 19, 2006). SARP-3 receives and processes emergency signals from the 406 MHz beacons on aircraft and ships in distress. It determines the name, frequency and time of the signal. These preprocessed data are then fed in real-time to the SARR (Search And Rescue Repeater) instrument for immediate transmission to the SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellite) distress terminals in the ground segment (referred to as LUTs).22) 23)
The objective of SARP-3 is to detect and locate ELTs (Emergency Locator Transmitters), EPIRBs (Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons), and PLBs (Personal Locator Beacons) operating at 406.05 MHz. SARP-3 detects the signal from 406.05 MHz beacons and stores the information for subsequent downlink to a LUT (Local User Terminal). Thus, global detection of 406.05 MHz emergency beacons is provided which is a requirement of the GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress Safety System). After receipt of information from a satellite's SARP, a LUT locates the beacons by Doppler processing. The principle of the Doppler processing is that a transmitter signal will have different frequencies depending on its location in relation to the receiver. The determined beacon frequency by the SARP-3 differs depending on the relative velocity between beacon transmitter and the SARP-3 receiver. The 406.05 MHz beacons are located with an accuracy of ~ 4 km. The LUT forwards the located distress message to a nearby Mission Control Center (MCC), which forwards the information to a Rescue Coordination Center (RCC).
Note: SARP systems of SARSAT-11 or higher (Table 3) are using the SARP-3 instrument package.
Figure 11: Functional block diagram of the SARSAT SARP-3 (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
COSPAS (Space System for Search of Vessels in Distress)
The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) began deploying the space segment with the launch of Cosmos 1383 on June 30, 1982 from Plesetsk into a 989 km x 1028 km, 83º inclination orbit (Tsikada is a first generation navigational satellite series). Designated as COSPAS-1, the 121.5 MHz band remained operational until December 1987, with 406 MHz utilized primarily for interference monitoring. Cosmos 1447 (launched March 24, 1983) and 1574 (June 21, 1984) adopted the roles of COSPAS 2 and 3, with a third vehicle available as replacement. The COSPAS payload normally shares the Nadezda (Hope) satellite platform with a Doppler navigation payload of the Tsikada system.
The COSPAS payload is composed of the following elements: a SARR (SARSAT Repeater), a SARP (SARSAT Processor), and uplink and downlink antennas. The SARR provides local mode coverage for the 121.5 MHz band and its parameters. The SARP provides both local mode and global mode coverage for the 406 MHz band. COSPAS payloads may have one of two possible SARP configurations installed: SARP with memory (SARP-1) or an improved SARP with memory (SARP-2). The SARP-2 instrument has improved performance in system capacity, bandwidth, and protection against interferers. Both long and short messages are supported by this processor (Ref.23).
The COSPAS repeater (Figure 15), SARR, is redundantly configured and consists of the following units: a) two dual-conversion receivers; b) two 4.0 W phase modulated L-band transmitters; and c) two Power, Telemetry and Command (PTC) units.
Figure 12: Functional block diagram of the COSPAS system (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
Figure 13: Functional block diagram of the SARSAT-TIROS (POES) payload and S/C with SARR-1 or SARR-2 and SARP-2 or SARP-3 (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
Figure 14: Functional block diagram of the SARSAT-MetOp and SARSAT-NPOESS payload and S/C with SARR-1 or SARR-2 and SARP-2 or SARP-3 (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
Figure 15: Functional block diagram of the COSPAS Repeater (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
Figure 16: Functional block diagram of SARSAT SARR-1 repeater (SARSAT-13 and earlier), image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
Figure 17: Functional block diagram of SARSAT SARR-2 repeater (SARSAT-14 and after), image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
COSPAS-SARSAT system status:
• LEOSAR and GEOSAR Systems: As of June 2015, the APSAR/TF/4 report noted that five LEOSAR spacecraft were in operation: Sarsat-7, Sarsat-10, Sarsat-11, Sarsat-12 and Sarsat-13. Planned LEOSAR launches include the Russian Cospas-13 and Cospas-14 in 2016 and 2017, respectively, and the U.S. LEOSAR program in the process of planning and funding of a dedicated LEO satellite to be launched into an ascending early afternoon orbit, no earlier than 2019. 24)
- Seven satellites operating at full operational capability (FOC) comprise the GEOSAR space segment as at 26 June 2015: two Indian geostationary satellites, INSAT-3A at 93.5º E (presently not fully in service) and INSAT-3D at 82º E; two U.S. geostationary satellites, GOES-15 (West) at 135º W and GOES-13 (East) at 75º W; two EUMETSAT geostationary satellites, MSG-2 (9.5° E) and MSG-3 (0°); and one Russian geostationary satellite Electro-L1 operated at 76º E. Russia's Louch-5A remains under test at position 167ºE, with New Zealand, the United States and Australia supporting Russia in evaluating the Louch GEOSAR performance, with an aim of commissioning the satellite into the GEOSAR constellation. The GEOSAR constellation will be further maintained with the anticipated launch of Electro-L2 (2015), MSG-4 (2015), and GOES-R, -S, -T, and -U (2016, 2017, 2019 and 2025, respectively).
- As at 26 June 2015, 53 LEOLUTs, 23 GEOLUTs and 31 MCCs were in operation.
• June 2015, MEOSAR update: The MEOSAR satellites orbit the Earth at altitudes ranging from 19,000 to 24,000 km. The primary missions for the satellites used in the three MEOSAR constellations are their respective Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GPS, Galileo and GLONASS).25)
- All MEOSAR satellite constellations use transparent repeater instruments to relay 406 MHz beacon signals, without on board processing, data storage, or demodulation. The SAR/Galileo and SAR/GLONASS payloads operate with downlinks in the 1544 – 1545 MHz band (L- band) and the GPS-DASS uses the S-band at 2226 MHz (experimental).
- As of 1 June 2015, the status of MEOSAR payloads is: GPS/DASS – 17, SAR/Galileo – 6, SAR-GLONASS – 2.
Table 2: Key parameters of all the constellations available on 1 June 2015
*Note: GPS/DASS satellites are S-band satellites. They are viewed as experimental payloads and cannot therefore be considered for long-term MEOSAR operations. Their operational use on a temporary basis for the MEOSAR EOC and IOC (Initial Operating Capability) is authorized, however.
• LEOSAR and GEOSAR Systems: As of 1 December 2014, five LEOSAR spacecraft were in operation: SARSAT-7, SARSAT-10, SARSAT-11, SARSAT-12 and SARSAT-13. SARSAT-8 was decommissioned on 8 June 2014 after a spacecraft bus failure. Planned LEOSAR launches include the Russian Cospas-13 and Cospas-14 in 2016 and 2017 respectively, and the U.S. LEOSAR program in the process of planning and funding of a dedicated LEO satellite to be launched into an ascending early afternoon orbit, no earlier than 2019. 26)
- Seven satellites operating at FOC (Full Operational Capability) comprise the GEOSAR space segment as of 1 December 2014: two Indian geostationary satellites, INSAT-3A at 93.5º E and INSAT-3D at 82º E; two U.S. geostationary satellites, GOES-15 (West) at 135º W and GOES-13 (East) at 75º W; two EUMETSAT geostationary satellites, MSG-2 (9.5° E) and MSG-3 (0°); and one Russian geostationary satellite Electro-L1 operated at 76º E. Russia's Louch-5A (also spelled as Luch-5A) remains under test at position 167ºE, with New Zealand, the United States and Australia supporting Russia in evaluating the Louch GEOSAR performance, with an aim of commissioning the satellite into the GEOSAR constellation. On 28 April 2014 Russia launched another Louch-series geostationary satellite (Louch-5V), which remains under IOV (In-Orbit Validation) test. The GEOSAR constellation will be further maintained with the anticipated launch of MSG-4 (2015), GOES-R (2016) and GOES-S (2017).
- MEOSAR Systems: As of December 2014, the MEOSAR satellite constellation currently includes three operational L-band satellites (Glonass-K1, and Galileo IOV-3 and IOV-4 satellites) and 16 GPS II satellites carrying experimental DASS(Distress Alerting Satellite System) repeaters with an S-band downlink used by the Cospas-Sarsat Program. The 16th DASS payload was launched aboard the GPS IIF-8 satellite on October 29, 2014.
• In 2013, Cospas-Sarsat alert data assisted in 720 distress incidents (634 in 2012) and 2,156 persons were rescued (2,029 in 2012). Since September 1982, the Cospas-Sarsat System has provided assistance in rescuing at least 37,211 persons in 10,385 SAR events. For aviation, Cospas-Sarsat assisted in 153 incidents, involving the rescue of 348 persons. Cospas-Sarsat provided the only alert in 23 aviation incidents, and the first alert in 65 incidents (Ref. 26).
- Based on information received from manufacturers on beacon production and a standard assumption made about beacons removed from the market at the end of an assumed ten-year service life, there were approximately 1,600,000 406-MHz beacons in use worldwide at the end of 2013, up 6.7% from 2012. The rate of beacon population growth in 2013 was lower than in 2012 (7.5%). The production of beacons capable of acquiring position data from radionavigation satellites (such as GPS and Glonass) and encoding this position information into the transmitted alert data ("location protocol beacons") increased marginally from 61.4% in 2012 to 67.7% in 2013.
Figure 18: Number of SAR Events and Persons Rescued with the Assistance of Cospas-Sarsat Alert Data (January 1994 to December 2013)
• January 23, 2013: The first switch-on of a Galileo search and rescue package (i.e. MEOSAR) shows it to be working well. Its activation begins a major expansion of the space-based Cospas–Sarsat network, which brings help to air and sea vessels in distress. 27)
- The second pair of Europe's Galileo navigation satellites (IOV-3 and IOV-4) — launched together on October 12, 2012 — are the first of the constellation to host SAR search and rescue repeaters. These can pick up UHF signals from emergency beacons aboard ships and aircraft or carried by individuals, then pass them on to local authorities for rescue.
• In 2010, Cospas-Sarsat will continue work to define the desired operational characteristics of a new generation of 406 MHz beacons at the Experts' Working Group on Next Generation Beacon Requirements, to be held in Washington, D.C., USA in September 2010 (Ref.11).
The next generation satellite system for Cospas-Sarsat, MEOSAR (Medium-altitude Earth Orbiting satellites for Search And Rescue), continues to progress at the technical level. Early operational data availability is planned from 2014, subject to the availability of operational MEOSAR satellites and ground receiving stations (MEOLUTs). The use of MEOSAR satellites will potentially allow evolution of the 406 MHz beacon, which will be both attractive to beacon owners and challenging to system operators. A return link capability, if widely adopted by users, could significantly impact the management of SAR operations. Its introduction will require in depth evaluation and close cooperation with the System's customers, i.e. SAR authorities.
Success can clearly be seen in the ever increasing 406 MHz beacon population, which is forecast to reach one million beacons by the end of 2010.
• The year 2009 marked the 30th anniversary of the signing of the first Cospas-Sarsat Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). This event was celebrated in October 2009 in Montreal, Canada, during 43rd Session of the Cospas-Sarsat Council.
• On February 1, 2009, satellite processing of signals from 121.5 / 243 MHz beacons was terminated. The reason: the 406 MHz beacons have proven superior performance capabilities. They transmit a much stronger signal and are more accurate, verifiable and traceable. 406 MHz distress signals can be accurately detected within a matter of minutes. Each 406 MHz beacon has a unique identifier encoded within its signal. 28)
• 5 LEOSAR satellites in LEO (Low Earth Orbit), from 700 to 1,000 km
• 5 GEOSAR satellites
• 45 LUTs receiving signals transmitted by LEOSAR satellites (LEOLUTs)
• 19 LUTs receiving signals transmitted by GEOSAR satellites (GEOLUTs)
• 29 Mission Control Centers for distributing distress alerts to SAR services
• More than 600,000 406 MHz beacons (Figure 19).
• Since the beginning of its operation in September 1982 through the end of 2006, COSPAS-SARSAT provided alerts that assisted in the rescue of more than 22,400 persons in about 6,200 SAR events.
• The participating countries and organizations in COSPAS-SARSAT are: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany,Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Italy, ITDC (International Telecommunication Development Corporation), Japan, Korea, Madagascar, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, USA, Vietnam.
Figure 19: Estimated 406 MHz beacon population at the end of 2007 (image credit: COSPAS SARSAT Secretariat)
Table 3: Overview of SAR (Search & Rescue) payload launches
Table 4: The Cospas-Sarsat MEOSAR Space Segment as of the end of 2014 31)
COSPAS-SARSAT Ground Segment:
The emergency signals are detected by the space segment (such as COSPAS-SARSAT) and relayed to LUTs which process the signals to determine beacon location. Alerts are then relayed, together with location data, via MCC (Mission Control Center) to the appropriate search and rescue point of contact or to RCC (Rescue Coordination Center).
Doppler location is the means used for signal location. The 406 MHz devices include an identification code in the alert message. Most 406 MHz devices also include a 121.5 MHz homing transmitter to support search and rescue operations. 32) 33) 34)
The 406 MHz emergency beacon signals are immediately processed and stored onboard the satellite and are transmitted to the ground from a continuous memory dump, providing complete worldwide coverage. Around the world, ground station LUTs (Local User Terminal) acquire the processed data and unique beacon identification and send these located and identified alerts to MCCs (Mission Control Centers), which forward the alerts to appropriate Rescue Coordination Centers for action. The 406 MHz beacons are designed to work well with the satellite; the system nominally provides better than 4 km accuracy, 90% ambiguity resolution on first pass, and better than 90% location probability on one pass. Note: the US SARSAT operational ground system facilities consist of SARSAT, SOCC at Suitland, MD as the MCC, and three LUTs. In addition to the US facilities, many other cooperating nations operate their own LUTs and MCCs.
The 121.5 MHz emergency beacons, whose use predates the satellite system, have not been specified to work with the satellite; consequently the results are variable, depending on the quality of the beacon. Nominally, location accuracy is about 20 km. All the processing is accomplished within the LUT, and because the satellite does not store these data, only beacons with mutual view of the satellite and LUT will be detected. No identification is included with the 125.5 MHz transmissions. Consequently, many nonbeacon sources are also detected as beacons, increasing the difficulty of using these alerts. Even with these problems, the large number of beacons in the field have provided an impressive performance history.
- The first rescue using Cospas-Sarsat took place near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, in September 1982 - just days after the first satellite was launched (June 1982). A pilot and two passengers were rescued from a plane crash. The signal was received using the world's first ground station, which was designed and built by Canadian industry and located at CRC (Communications Research Center).
- By the end of 2002, the COSPAS-SARSAT system had assisted in the rescue of over 15,700 persons in distress in about 4,500 SAR events (this includes maritime, aviation and land SAR events). About 100 people per month are rescued from distress situations ranging from plane crashes and boating accidents to hiking mishaps. 35)
- By the end of 2009, the COSPAS-SARSAT System had provided assistance in rescuing more than 27,000 persons in over 7,500 incidents (globally since 1982).
MCCs have been set up in most countries operating at least one LUT. Their main functions are to collect, store and sort the data from LUTs and other MCCs; provide data exchange within the Cospas-Sarsat System; and distribute alert and location data to associated RCC (Rescue Co-ordination Centers) or to SPOCs (SAR Points Of Contacts). In a nutshell, MCCs provide the distress alert and other related information to SAR authorities.
Basic tasks of MCCs (Mission Control Centers):
• Receive data from national LUTs and foreign MCCs
• Attempt to match signals coming from the same beacon source
• Merge beacon signals from the same source to improve location accuracy
• Geographically sort data to determine appropriate recipient of alert message
• Transmit alert messages to search and rescue authorities.
The initial MCCs of COSPAS-SARSAT system were provided by the agencies of the four founding countries who signed the MOU in 1979, namely the USSR (Russia), USA, France and Canada.
- CMC (Russian MCC, located in Moscow, Russia)
- USMCC (US MCC located at NOAA in Suitland, MD) 36)
- FMCC (French MCC located at CNES in Toulouse, France) 37)
- CMCC [Canadian MCC of DND (Department of National Defense) located in Trenton, Ontario]
The CMC and the USMCC distribute orbit ephemeris data for the COSPAS and SARSAT spacecraft daily. They automatically receive, process, confirm by their own calculations, and transmit the ephemeris data to the other MCCs and their own LUTs. - In 2010, there are about 30 MCCs distributed on a global scale.
LUTs (Local User Terminals):
There are various types of LUTs in the COSPAS-SARSAT ground system: 38)
1) LEOLUTs (Low Earth Orbit Local User Terminals): These operate with the LEOSAR payloads on the various spacecraft in orbit (of the USA, Russia, Europe, etc.)
2) GEOLUTs (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Local User Terminals): These operate with the GEOSAR payloads flown on various GEO missions
3) MEOLUTs (Medium Earth Orbit Local User Terminals): These are the newest type (next generation) of LUTs in the definition/prototype phase as of 2008; they will be used to operate the future MEOSAR (Medium Earth Orbit Search and Rescue) payloads on the various navigation satellite constellations.
Basic tasks of LUTs:
• Track Cospas and Sarsat satellites
• Recover beacon signals from satellites
• Perform Doppler processing to determine geographic location
• Send resulting Doppler solutions to the associated MCC (Mission Control Center).
Figure 20: Locations of COSPAS-SARSAT LEOLUTs (April 2010), image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT
Figure 21: Legend to Figure 20 (image credit: COSPAS-SARSAT)
Satellite Payloads (GEO Space Segment)
The GEOSAR system consists of 406 MHz repeaters carried on board various geostationary satellites, and the associated ground facilities, called GEOLUTs, which process the satellite signal. As of 2008, the GEOSAR system is composed of the following spacecraft: 2 GOES satellites of NOAA, MSG-1 (Meteosat-8) of EUMETSAT, and INSAT-3A of ISRO.
GEOSAR (Geostationary Search and Rescue)
With the launch of GOES-H (GOES-7) on Feb. 26 1987, NOAA has started to introduce the SARSAT payload also on its geostationary satellites (406 MHz beacon). The use of geostationary satellites means that the alert signals can be received almost instantly. However, in order to automatically determine the coordinates of the emergency signal, it is necessary to wait for the system's LEO satellite (position determination can only be provided from a system that moves relative to the Earth).
The GEOSAR system concept thus works in two stages. In the first stage only the emergency signal is received via the geostationary satellite (it is planned to equip GMS and GOMS satellites for this service as well). The received alert signal is transmitted to the search and rescue service to prepare for the operation. In the second stage, the site of the signal origin is determined by the SAR payload on the nearest LEO satellite.
In addition, the capability exists for 406 MHz beacons to encode location information derived from a satellite navigation receiver, such as GPS, Glonass or the future Galileo system, and to transmit this location data along with the beacon identification code.
SASAR (Satellite Aided Search and Rescue)
ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization), Bangalore, India, has introduced the "COSPAS-SARSAT" prototype service in 1992 with its SASAR (Satellite Aided Search and Rescue) demonstration payload flown on the GEO INSAT-2 series, starting with INSAT-2A (launch July 9, 1992). Alert messages of the 406 MHz beacon in the ground segment are being received and relayed by the SASAR system.
Based on the performance demonstrations of INSAT, the SASAR system has now been adopted (2004) as an integral part of the international COSPAS-SARSAT system for satellite-aided search and rescue operations complementing the LEOSAR system. 40)
The INSAT-GEOSAR Local User Terminal (GEOLUT), located at Bangalore, is integrated with INMCC (INSAT Mission Control Center). The distress alert messages originating from the Indian service area are detected at INMCC which are passed on to Indian Coast Guard and Rescue Coordination Centers (RCCs) at Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai. Coast Guard, Navy and Air Force carry out the search and rescue activities. The INMCC is linked to the RCCs and other international MCCs through automatic telex and Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN). The Indian LUTs and MCC provide service round the clock and maintain the data base of all 406 MHz registered beacons equipped on Indian ships and aircraft. 41)
Next Generation Satellite Payloads in the MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) Space Segment
The future of COSPAS-SARSAT will be realized through the third phase of development, based on a Medium Earth Orbit Search and Rescue (MEOSAR) system. These new MEOSAR services are being planned by the three navigation system constellations: GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), and Galileo (Europe)- also referred to as GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems). The three potential MEOSAR providers have confirmed that their systems would be fully compatible with existing COSPAS-SARSAT beacons of 406 MHz (this includes also new beacon designs with improved capabilities). The density of all the satellites in the three constellations offer the potential of practically immediate (real-time and continuous) alert recognition. It is also planned to use the future beacons with "return link" capability. 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47)
All GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) satellites feature orbits of about 20,000-23,000 km altitude in various orbital planes with periods of about 12 hours (half a day). Hence, MEO orbits provide considerably longer contact times with the user on Earth's surface, as well as larger footprints than spacecraft in LEO. For the planned MEOSAR payloads on GNSS, it implies that the Doppler shift of 406 MHz beacons will be considerably smaller (than the one experienced on LEOSAR systems), resulting in a reduced location identification capability. On the other hand, the dense future GNSS network (starting from about 2010 onwards) implies, that alert signals from anywhere on Earth will be received simultaneously by several GNSS satellites, thus permitting precise location identification by triangulation algorithms.
The USA MEOSAR program is called the DASS (Distress Alerting Satellite System), Russia's program is called SAR/GLONASS, and the EC program is named SAR/Galileo. In July 2006, the Canadian Government offered to NASA to provide DASS (Distress Alerting Satellite System) transponders for GPS-III series satellites as a continuation of their national contribution to the COSPAS-SARSAT Program. 48)
The ground system of each MEOSAR system implementation will feature MEOLUTs (MEO Local User Terminals) which will be connected to the existing MCCs (Mission Control Centers) of the respective systems (DASS, SAR/GLONASS, SAR/Galileo). 49) 50) 51)
Background: In 2000 the United States, the European Commission (EC) and Russia began consultations with Cospas-Sarsat regarding the feasibility of installing 406 MHz SAR instruments on their medium-altitude Earth orbiting (MEO) GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS navigation satellite systems. These MEOSAR constellations—DASS, SAR/Galileo, and SAR/GLONASS—eventually could become components of a 406 MHz Cospas-Sarsat MEOSAR system.
In 2006, the Canadian government offered to provide the DASS transponders for GPS-III satellites as a continuation of their national contribution to the COSPAS-SARSAT program. The payload will be functionally similar to the POC (Proof-Of-Concept) system, though the downlink will operate at 1544 MHz instead of S-band. The system will operate as an independent GPS-III payload.
MEOSAR overcomes the limitations of the current COSPAS-SARSAT system based on satellites that are either in GEO or in LEO. MEOSAR provides visibility of a large portion of Earth's surface and, because of the large number of satellites in each constellation, will be able to to provide near-instantaneous detection, identification, receipt of encoded position, and independent localization of distress beacons. Moreover, since the MEOSAR allows handling of multiple signal paths, the detection and tracking of beacons should become more efficient. Distress calls being located almost instantaneously should allow tracking moving vessels or airplanes in distress.
For the MEOSAR constellations, there is also the capability that the system will be able to return information back to the distress radiobeacon initiator via the MEOSAR downlink. Confirmation to the person in distress - that their distress alert has been received - might improve their morale, thus enhancing their chances for survival. - MEOSAR operational alerts could be available (i.e. start their service) in the timeframe 2014-2016.
The elements of the MEOSAR system are being developed by various agencies/entities:
• Space Segment (GPS, Glonass and Galileo)
• Ground Segment (USA, Canada, Europe, Russia, China, India, etc.). The MEOLUTs (MEO Local User Terminals) are in charge of recovering the message and locating the emergency beacon.
• Beacons: existing 406 MHz beacons will work with MEOSAR, but studies are underway to improve the future beacons.
Figure 22: Comparison of LEO and MEO footprints (image credit: CRC, Canada)
Figure 23: Overview of the MEOSAR system concept within GNSS (image credit: ISU Symposium 2010, Strasbourg, Ref. 7)
SAR (Search and Rescue) demonstrations from MEO orbits have up to now (2010) been attempted only on a proof-of-concept (POC) basis, utilizing a number of GPS block-II satellites with not-fully-representative SAR payloads. The POC concept trials are based on a number of S-band transponders with on-orbit trials being performed by all Cospas-Sarsat Parties, the RLS (Return Link Service) has not been demonstrated in orbit as yet.
DASS (Distress Alerting Satellite System):
When DASS first becomes operational, the space segment will be hosted aboard GPS-III satellites. The operational DASS system will include 406 MHz repeaters (transponders) on all GPS satellites. The operational transponders will use downlinks in the 1544-1545 MHz band (L-band).
The DASS proof-of-concept (POC) and demonstration will be conducted using transponders with S-band downlinks. The DASS POC payloads will operate aboard nine GPS Block-IIR and all Block-IIF satellites. They will use an existing GPS capability to minimize impact to the satellites prior to full fielding of DASS. Beacon signals, without any processing aboard the satellites, will be relayed to the MEOLUT through an existing S-band antenna (2226.42 – 2226.52 MHz). The future operational link will be L-band, a frequency internationally-recognized frequency for this purpose. 52)
The US primary partner agencies involved in the development of DASS are: NASA, NOAA, USAF, and USCG (US Coast Guard). NASA leads DASS planning, development, and proof-of-concept testing efforts. Upon transition to an operational system, DASS is expected to be managed and operationally funded by NOAA, the USAF, and the USCG. 53)
GPS-SAR (GPS Search and Rescue): The GPS-III SAR (Search & Rescue) payload began as the proof-of-concept DASS (Distress Alerting Satellite System), it uses an S-band downlink and was developed by the NASA SAR Mission Office in partnership with the DoD and SNL (Sandia National Laboratory) in support of the NSARC (National SAR Committee) and successfully implemented on GPS -IIR(M), and -IIF space vehicles (Figure 4). NASA has invested about $35M to develop the POC DASS. The operational version of DASS, renamed GPS-SAR (GPS Search and Rescue), is planned for the GPS III constellation starting with Space Vehicle 9 for launch in the 2019 timeframe. Canada is funding and providing the search-and-rescue repeaters for GPS III. GPS-SAR will provide: 406 MHz ‘bent pipe' repeaters on future GPS satellites; full compatibility with existing and future 406 MHz beacons; and global near-instantaneous detection and location. 54)
Figure 24: Proof-of-concept DASS (image credit: NASA)
Future GPS SAR development could potentially provide additional capabilities such as: a digital message return confirmation message; aids in false alarm mitigation; direct communications with survivors; support rescue force coordination; and reduced interference susceptibility via confirmation.
Figure 25: MEOSAR / DASS overview (image credit: NOAA, Ref. 51)
Figure 26: US MEOSAR ground segment design (image credit: NOAA)
SAR/Galileo (Search and Rescue Service / Galileo constellation):
The SAR/Galileo system will provide two services to improve the time to detection and the accuracy of location of distress beacons over the current COSPAS/SARSAT system in LEO:
- FLS (Forward Link Service) - also known as the 'alert service'
- RLS (Return Link Service).
Whereas the forward link based service can be seen as an upgrade of the currently operational LEO and GEO equivalents, Galileo foresees in addition to include a new service, the RLS , which will provide the user in distress with a confirmation that its call for help has been received and that aid is underway.
The unprecedented service levels in terms of distress localization accuracy and response time are obtained by the innovative algorithms developed within the European MEOLUT station on ground, which is connected to the associated COSPAS-SARSAT MCC (Mission Control Centre) which in turn will eventually launch the rescue operations.
The RLS (Return Link Service) relays Return Link Messages from the RLSP (Return Link Service Provider) to new generation beacons through the Galileo navigation signal. The RLS provides technical acknowledgments, after successful detection and localization of an active beacon, and operational acknowledgements after the deployment of a rescue team. 55)
Figure 27: SAR/Galileo system architecture (image credit: ESA, Indra Espacio)
The approach of the SAR/Galileo program is the use of a comprehensive SAR-VTB (Search and Rescue Service - Validation Test Bench), within the context of the Galileo FOC (Full Operational Capability) system tools procurement, which comprises the procurement of a wide range of tools for performance evaluation, test benches, signal monitoring facilities and simulation facilities. Actually, two versions of the SAR-VTB facility are foreseen to be developed and integrated, to experiment with the IOV (In-Orbit Validation) and FOC Galileo configurations, respectively. 56)
The C/S POC (COSPAS/SARSAT Proof-Of-Concept) will eventually become the C/S D&E (Demonstrator & Evaluation) system, then the C/S IOV (In-Orbit Validation), and lastly the C/S FOC (Full Operational Capability) system as shown in Figure 28. The SAR-VTB shall be able to operate independently of the operational COSPAS-SARSAT system, using the COSPAS-SARSAT Network Emulator, but shall be capable of interfacing with it (LUT-to-MCC and nodal-MCC -to-RLSP).
The SAR-VTB is based on a number of modules developed in or for the IOV phase of the GALILEO project. The SAR elements to be considered for integration into the SAR-VTB include existing developments. These include the elements developed in the GISAR (Galileo Interfaces for SAR).
Figure 28: SAR/Galileo as part of the MEOSAR system (image credit: ESA)
The European MEOLUT SAR/Galileo prototype station has been developed under the GISAR (Galileo Interfaces for Search and Rescue) implementation contract FP6 (Sixth Framework Program) of the EU and its installation realized at the CNES Toulouse site (France).57)
GISAR (or GISAR) provides the following features:
• Satellite tracking, up to 4 satellites
• Signal In Space acquisition in SAR/Galileo downlink band (1544.05 – 1544.15 MHz) and DASS POC band (2226.42 – 2226.52 MHz)
• Beacon message demodulation
• TOA/FOA (Time of Arrival/Frequency of Arrival) measurement with high accuracy
• SAR beacon localization
• Interface with MCC.
Figure 29: SAR-VTB in the first stage - components and interfaces overview (image credit: ESA)
Figure 30: SAR-VTB in final stage (image credit: ESA)
• In October 2013, ESA completed a pair of dedicated ground stations at opposite ends of Europe. This enabled the first Galileo satellites in MEO to participate in global testing of the COSPAS–SARSAT (S&RSAT) search and rescue system. - The Maspalomas station, at the southern end of the largest island of the Canary Islands, at the southern fringe of European waters, was activated in June 2013. And this last month has seen the Svalbard site on Spitsbergen in the Norwegian Arctic come on line — the two sites can already communicate and willsoon be performing joint tests. 58)
Founded by Canada, France, Russia and the US, COSPAS–SARSat has assisted in the rescue of tens of thousands of souls in its three decades of service. Distress signals from across the globe are detected by satellites, then swiftly relayed to the nearest search and rescue (SAR) authorities.
Figure 31: Photo of the MEOLUT (MEO Local User Terminal) at the Maspalomas station (image credit: ESA)
The Galileo satellites, tested in combination with the same SAR payloads on Russian Glonass satellites as well as compatible repeaters on a pair of US GPS satellites, showed an ability to pinpoint simulated emergency beacons down to an accuracy of 2–5 km in a matter of minutes. Maspalomas and Spitsbergen will combine with a third station at Larnaca in Cyprus, currently approaching completion. These three sites are monitored and controlled from the SAR Ground Segment Data Service Provider site, based at Toulouse in France.
Each site is equipped with four antennas to track four satellites. The stations are networked to share raw data, effectively acting as a single huge 12-antenna station, achieving unprecedented detection time and localisation accuracy.
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11) "Celebrating 30 Years of Success - 1979-2009," Cospas-SARSAT Information Bulletin, Issue 22, Feb. 2010, URL: https://www.cospas-sarsat.int/images/stories/SystemDocs/Current/bul22_feb2010_final_smallsize.pdf
13) "Cospas-Sarsat french mission control centre (FMCC) now relaying alerts from MSG-1 European weather satellite," Sept. 22, 2003
17) "Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon," URL: http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Emergency_Position-Indicating_Radio_Beacon
18) COSPAS-SARSAT LEOSAR Space Segment Commissioning Standard," C/S T.004, Issue 2, October 2009, URL: http://www.cospas-sarsat.org/images/stories/SystemDocs/Current/T4OCT29.09.pdf
19) Dany St-Pierre, Andryey Zhitenev, "Cospas-Sarsat Update and Beacon Activities," 2008 Beacon Manufacturers' Workshop San Diego, CA, USA, May 9, 2007, URL: http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/BMW%2008%20attachments/Cospas-Sarsat%20Report%202008%20BMW.pdf
23) "Description of the Payloads Used in the COSPAS-SARSAT LEOSAR System;" C/S T.003, Issue 4, Oct.. 2008, COSPAS-SARSAT
24) "Status and Developments in Cospas-Sarsat - ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)," Third Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Regional Search and Rescue Task Force (APSAR/TF/4), Bangkok, Thailand, 06 – 10 July 2015, URL: http://www.icao.int/APAC/Meetings/2015%20APSARTF4/WP05%20Status%20and-20Developments%20in%20Cospas-Sarsat%20with%20app.pdf
25) "Galileo's contribution to the MEOSAR system," EC (European Commission), June 18, 2015, URL: file:///G:/desktop35.ileaf/Galileo%E2%80%99s%20contribution%20to%20the-20MEOSAR%20system%20-%20European%20Commission.htm
26) International Cospas-Sarsat Program, "Status and developments in COSPAS-SARSAT," Third Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Regional Search and Rescue Task Force (APSAR/TF/3), Maldives, 25 – 29 January 2015, URL: http://tinyurl.com/npluaz7
27) "Galileo's search and rescue system passes first space test," ESA, Jan. 23, 2013, URL: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Navigation/Galileo_s_search_and_rescue_system-passes_first_space_test
28) "Cospas-Sarsat Information Bulletin," Issue 21, Feb. 2009
29) "Cospas-Sarsat Information Bulletin," Issue 20, Feb. 2008
30) Cospas-Sarsat System Data, No 32, Dec. 2006, COSPAS-SARSAT, URL: http://www.bethandevans.com/pdf/SARCOMSATDEC06.pdf
32) Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA-I, NASA /NOAA Bulletin 1991
33) "Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Symposium of Remote Sensing Environment," Vol. I, Bangkok, Thailand, April 18-25, 1990,, Erim, P.O. 8618 Ann Arbor Mich. p. 94
34) Y. G. Zurabov, "The COSPAS-SARSAT System: Results and Prospects," Space Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 1 1993, pp. 11-13
35) COSPAS-SARSAT Information Bulletin No 16, Aug. 2003
36) "United States Mission Control Center (USMCC), National Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) and Search and Rescue Point of Contact (SPOC) Alert and Support Messages," March 20, 2009, Version 1.82, URL: http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/rccmsgsv182.pdf
37) Anne-Lise Camus, Thierry Schneider, "French COSPAS-SARSAT Mission Center, A new generation for more efficiency and reliability," Proceedings of the SpaceOps 2010 Conference, Huntsville, ALA, USA, April 25-30, 2010, paper: AIAA 2010-2170
38) "Local User Terminals (LUTs)," URL: http://www.cospas-sarsat.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=103&lang=en
39) "The Cospas-Sarsat Geostationary Search and Rescue (GEOSAR) System," URL: http://www.cospas-sarsat.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=175&Itemid=99&lang=en
40) "United Nations - India Workshop on Satellite -Aided Search and Rescue (SASAR)," Workshop Report, Bangalore, India, March 18-22, 2002, URL: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/sap/2002/india/sarrepE.pdf
41) P. Soma, S. K. Shivakumar, N. K. Shrivastava, D. John, A. Bhaskaranarayana, "Indian Mission Control Centre (INMCC) for Search & Rescue – Facilities, Performance and Contribution
43) "Galileo to support global search and rescue," Aug. 9, 2007, URL: http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMZAJUL05F_Improving_0.html
44) W. Enderle, "Growing Galileo," Nov. 14-15, 2007, Brussels, Belgium
45) COSPAS-SARSAT 406 MHz MEOSAR Implementation Plan," C/S R.012, Issue 1 – Revision 2, October 2006, URL: http://www.cospas-sarsat.ru/DocumentsRSeries/R012OCT06.pdf
46) Jim King, "Overview of MEOSAR System Status," BMW-2009 (Beacon Manufactures Workshop), St. Pete Beach, FLA, USA, URL: http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/BMW%202009_files/Overview%20of%20MEOSAR-20Status%20System.pdf
47) Yana Gevorgyan, "Update on COSPAS-SARSAT Program Activities," 52nd session of UN COPUOS (Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space), June 3-12, 2009, Vienna, Austria, URL: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/pres/copuos2009/tech-33.pdf
48) "Mid-Earth Orbiting Search and Rescue (MEOSAR) - Transition to Operations," RCC (Rescue Coordination Centers) Controller Conference, Feb. 23-25, 2010, Suitland, MD, USA, URL: http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/EmergencyBeacons/2010SarsatConf/MEOSAR-Overview.ppt
54) Stephanie Wan, A. J. Oria, "GNSS Civilian/Military Dual-Use Policy Issues," Proceedings of the 64th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2013), Beijing, China, Sept. 23-27, 2013, paper: IAC-13-B2.7.1
55) J. Perlas, X. Maufroid, L. Ruiz, I. Stojkovic, "SAR/GALILEO Services and European MEOLUT Performance Results with DASS POC," Proceedings of ENC-GNSS 2009, Naples, Italy, May 3-6, 2009
56) Igor Stojkovic, Luis Arguello, Marco Falcone, "Validation Test Bench for Galileo Search and Rescue Service," Proceedings of ENC-GNSS 2009, Naples, Italy, May 3-6, 2009
57) "SAR/Galileo Early Service Demonstration & the MEOLUT Terminal," Galileo Application Days, Brussels, Belgium, March 3--5, 2010, URL: http://www.application-days.eu/presentations/day2/social/13_galileo_appl_days_finalv2_indra.pdf
58) "European Ground Stations enable Galileo Search and Rescue Testing," ESA, Oct. 8, 2013, URL: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Navigation/European_ground_stations_enable_Galileo-search_and_rescue_testing
The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: "Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors" (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates ([email protected]). | <urn:uuid:f2c3ee36-466f-4f1f-816d-d78577dabb8b> | {
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Many people know that January 31, 2014 marks Seollal (설날), or the lunar New Year in Korea, which will the Asian or Chinese zodiac says will usher in a Year of the Horse.
What you may not know, is that it is specifically a Year of the Blue Horse, an event that occurs only once every 60 years. What does that mean?
I’m not terribly sure, but in order to celebrate Seollal and the Year of the Horse in Korea, what follows is a quick synopsis of the role of horses in Korea’s history, courtesy of Korea.net:
When horses were used as a means of transportation, they were important assets managed by the government. Only people with status could ride horses and a horse was equivalent in value to two or three servants.
A symbol of status, horses were used as a means of transportation when they were alive, and after death, their mane was used to make traditional hats, their skin was used to make shoes and their tendons were used to make bows.
Horses were also recognized as being guides for the soul. Images of horses are seen in stone statues surrounding old tombs and are painted on folding screens.
Horse-shaped bamboo-made goods were used during funerals and horse-related burial accessories were often found in ancient tombs. Horses were commissioned to carry village spirits and they also appeared in the myth of Bakhyeokgeose, founder of the Silla Kingdom (57 B.C.- A.D. 935).
In the story they acted as messengers, informing people that an important person had been born. According to legend, the founder was hatched from an egg which was carried by a horse that flew down from heaven.
Koreans celebrate two New Years – January 1st and Seollal, which falls on the second new moon after Dongji (동지), or the winter solstice. By combining the preceding and following days, each winter Koreans can look forward to a three-day holiday.
In the days leading up to Seollal, families prepare by cleaning their homes. To refresh the mind and spirit, another popular tradition is to watch the sun rise.
Hours before first light, people awaken and head towards a beach on the eastern coast, or scramble up a mountain. After braving the snow and ice at this time of year, I can’t imagine a more beautiful reward.
Another New Year’s tradition that can be done from the comfort of a warm home or theater is watching movies. During the Seollal holiday, major television networks air recent films while cinemas debut new releases.
Sports enthusiasts are also in luck, since TV coverage of ssireum (씨름), a type of Korean wrestling, is another holiday tradition.
A Day for Family
Although Korea routinely falls at or near the bottom of global fertility lists, children are still seen as a very good thing in Korea. Horses are associated with fertility in Korea, so it’s a fitting connection for Seollal, a holiday that’s primarily associated with family.
To be among family, each year, millions hit the road and brave traffic jams to and from their ancestral hometowns. These backups can be legion.
What’s typically a five-hour drive from Seoul to Busan can take eight hours or more. Despite the stress and inconvenience, there’s something comforting in the resilience of Korean family traditions.
In the days leading up to the Seollal holiday, families purchase expensive box sets of fruits, meats or health-related items, like red ginseng or honey as gifts for their kin.
Not surprisingly, it’s the family’s women who usually take charge of the kitchen, a monumental task that requires preparing and cooking dozens of Seollal dishes. Chief among them is tteokguk (떡국), a beef-based soup made with sliced rice cakes. It’s said that eating tteokguk on New Year’s Day makes you one year older.
On the morning of Seollal, family members often gather at the home of the paternal grandparents or the eldest uncle. Dressed in suits or traditional hanbok, aunts, uncles, grandparents and cousins assemble in the morning.
Once the table is set with the delicious array of holiday foods, ancestral rites are observed and family members wish each other a healthy and prosperous New Year. Afterwards, the feasting begins.
Once everyone’s hunger is satisfied, younger generations will pay respects to their elders through sebae (세배), or a deep bow. This act is usually rewarded by cash gifts, which makes it a holiday highlight among kids.
Celebrating the Year of the Horse
In honor of the Year of the Horse, several cultural institutions are presenting special exhibits and programs that look at the horse in Korean folklore.
Although most facilities are closed on Seollal day, they’re certainly worth a trip in the weeks to follow. Here’s a quick look at three special offerings:
National Folk Museum of Korea
Since 1999, the National Folk Museum of Korea in Seoul has held special annual programs that celebrate the Asian zodiac.
This year’s three-part exhibit, appropriate titled, “The Year of the Horse,” will showcase items that reflect the horse’s role in traditional Korean culture over the centuries (The exhibit runs through Feb. 17).
Gyeonggi Provincial Museum (경기도박물관)
In Yongin, Gyeonggi Province, photos of Korean National Treasures featuring horses are part of a larger exhibit titled, “Worldwide Horse.” (The exhibit runs through the end of the year!)
Lotte Gallery at Lotte Department Store (롯데백화점)
An international group of 28 artists have contributed some 70 pieces of art – painting, sculpture and installation art – to the department store’s exhibition titled, “Blue Horse.” (The exhibit runs through Feb. 3 at Lotte Gallery and Feb. 24 at Avenue L.)
In the east and west, the New Year is a time of reflection and for new beginnings. The tradition of drafting resolutions can be a positive step to help make the most of the months to come.
That said, keeping those resolutions is easier said than done. For this reason, the lunar New Year offers an opportunity for the procrastinator – one more chance to follow through on those goals you were supposed to set on January 1st!
As we set those New Year resolutions, here’s some special advice for my fellow Horses… It’s said that people born in the year of the horse (1954, ’66, ’78, ’90, ’02) are vivacious, witty and popular.
Less flattering characteristics include a quick temper and a tendency to be impulsive or stubborn. It would seem that we should approach this New Year with zest and optimism, but also be ready to compromise in the face of inevitable obstacles.
Here’s wishing you a healthy, prosperous and happy New Year!
About Matt Kelley
Matt Kelly is native of the US Pacific Northwest and is half-Korean by ethnicity. He lived in Korea for five years and has written hundreds of travel guides for Wallpaper, TimeOut, the Boston Globe and Seoul Magazine and was a host for several different variety shows on Korean radio and television. | <urn:uuid:dd75a848-2176-4f4b-bf4b-690918687aeb> | {
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Preventing Memory Leaks in Windows Applications
- **Clients** - Windows 7
**Servers** - Windows Server 2008 R2
Memory leaks are a class of bugs where the application fails to release memory when no longer needed. Over time, memory leaks affect the performance of both the particular application as well as the operating system. A large leak might result in unacceptable response times due to excessive paging. Eventually the application as well as other parts of the operating system will experience failures.
Windows will free all memory allocated by the application on process termination, so short-running applications will not affect overall system performance significantly. However, leaks in long-running processes like services or even Explorer plug-ins can greatly impact system reliability and might force the user to reboot Windows in order to make the system usable again.
Applications can allocate memory on their behalf by multiple means. Each type of allocation can result in a leak if not freed after use. Here are some examples of common allocation patterns:
- Heap memory via the HeapAlloc function or its C/C++ runtime equivalents malloc or new
- Direct allocations from the operating system via the VirtualAlloc function.
- Kernel handles created via Kernel32 APIs such as CreateFile, CreateEvent, or CreateThread, hold kernel memory on behalf of the application
- GDI and USER handles created via User32 and Gdi32 APIs (by default, each process has a quota of 10,000 handles)
Monitoring the resource consumption of your application over time is the first step in detecting and diagnosing memory leaks. Use Windows Task Manager and add the following columns: "Commit Size", "Handles", "User Objects", and "GDI Objects". This will allow you to establish a baseline for your application and monitor resource usage over time.
The following Microsoft tools provide more-detailed information and can help to detect and diagnose leaks for the various allocation types in your application:
- Performance Monitor and Resource Monitor are part of Windows 7 and can monitor and graph resource use over time
- The latest version of Application Verifier can diagnose heap leaks on Windows 7
- UMDH, which is part of the Debugging Tools for Windows, analyzes the heap memory allocations for a given process and can help find leaks and other unusual usage patterns
- Xperf is a sophisticated performance analysis tool with support for heap allocation traces
- CRT Debug Heap tracks heap allocations and can help build your own heap debugging features
Certain coding and design practices can limit the number of leaks in your code.
- Use smart pointers in C++ code both for heap allocations as well as for Win32 resources like kernel HANDLEs. The C++ Standard library provides the auto_ptr class for heap allocations. For other allocation types you will need to write your own classes. The ATL library provides a rich set of classes for automatic resource management for both heap objects and kernel handles
- Use compiler intrinsic features like _com_ptr_t to encapsulate your COM interface pointers into "smart pointers" and assist with reference counting. There are similar classes for other COM data types: _bstr_t and _variant_t
- Monitor your .NET code unusual memory usage. Managed code is not immune to memory leaks. See "Tracking down managed memory leaks" on how to find GC leaks
- Avoid using multiple exit paths from a function. Allocations assigned to variables at function scope should be freed in one particular block at the end of the function
- Do not use exceptions in your code without freeing all local variables in functions. If you use native exceptions, free all your allocations inside the __finally block. If you use C++ exceptions, all your heap and handle allocations need to be wrapped in smart pointers
- Do not discard or reinitialize a PROPVARIANT object without calling the PropVariantClear function
Links to Resources
Common Allocation Patterns:
- Heap Allocation Function
- Memory Allocation Function
- New Operator (C++)
- Virtual Allocation Function
- Kernel Objects
- GDI Object Handles
- User Interface Object Handles
- Application Verifier
- Debugging Tools for Windows
- User-Mode Dump Heap
- Trace Capture, Processing, and Analysis Tool
- CRT Debug Heap
- auto_ptr Class
- Active Template Library (ATL) Memory Classes
- _com_ptr_t Object
- _bstr_t Class
- _variant_yt Class
- "Tracking down managed memory leaks"
- "Understanding and Solving Internet Explorer Leak Patterns"
- Circular Memory Leak Mitigation (in browsers):
- try-finally statement
- PROPVARIANT Structure
- PropVariantClear Function | <urn:uuid:e0731ee2-1621-4d20-a1f7-b60cd3ee3d84> | {
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Appetite to Play E-Learning Module: Healthy Eating
Date(s) - Oct 29, 2019 - Oct 31, 2025
Add to My Calendar
AN OVERVIEW OF HEALTHY EATING AND FOOD LITERACY FOR CHILDREN 0-5 YEARS
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
• The fundamentals of healthy eating and food literacy in the early years (0-5 years).
• Orientation to tools and resources to create, adapt and further support environments that promote healthy eating and food literacy.
• Real-life examples and suggested plans you can implement to integrate healthy eating into your daily and weekly activities.
• Tips and ideas on how to engage staff, parents and other stakeholders in the area of healthy eating.
• There are no pre-requisites for this course
COST AND FORMAT
• This module costs $20 CAD and you have unlimited access to it after purchase.
• This module is 100% online
• Start instantly and learn at your own schedule.
• This course takes 1.5 hours to complete.
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT CREDITS
• You will receive a certificate after module completion that can be used towards professional development credits for early years providers (1.5 hours).
HOW TO SIGN UP
• This course requires a site account and must be purchased.
• Please click on the “Buy Now” button below to create an account and purchase the module
• Please click on “Sign In” button below if you have already purchased the module and want to start or continue your learning.
• Computer, laptop or mobile device
• Internet connection
• Up to date Internet browser (Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)
• Please note that there are audio components to this e-learning module, and you will require earphones or speakers to listen.
• There is a caption option that you can use if you do not have access to audio on your computer.
- Administration and Communication
- Child Growth and Development
- Child Health and Wellbeing
- Early Care and Education
All early years providers
Professional Development Certificate
Professional Development Certificate Credit Hours
Registration Contact Email
Registration Contact Phone Number
Child Health BC, YMCA of Greater Vancouver, Sport for Life and Childhood Obesity Foundation, BC Recreation and Parks Association | <urn:uuid:ac504c15-42a4-4a16-befd-46a602c95fb0> | {
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SCHONELL READING COMPREHENSION TEST
Schonell reading test | Reading Test
SCHONELL READING TEST 1971 PROCEDURE. Instructions For Administering The Test. The Test should be given in a friendly atmosphere in which the child is thoroughly. at ease. It should not take place within the hearing of other children. Younger children or weaker readers should start the test at the beginning. Better
Schonell Reading and Spelling Test – Irish Primary Teacher
Schonell Reading Test. It should be noted that these tests are old but I think they give you a rough idea of where the child is at in terms of their reading age. It does not test comprehension so is therefore not the most accurate indicator of reading age but I still do it as a rough guide.
Schonell Spelling Tests - The Learning Staircase Ltd
PDF fileanyway! The Schonell test (although old) is generally considered to be a very useful, reliable test of spelling ability and it has the advantage of not being used in the classroom nowadays. Administering the test Sit the learner at a desk or table in a quiet space. Provide a piece of lined paper and get him to put his name and the date at the top.
Schonell Reading / Reading / English / Browse assessment
Test R2: Simple Prose Reading primarily assesses comprehension via oral questions, although speed and accuracy scores may also be derived. The test is suitable for students aged 6-9. Tests R3 and R4: Silent Reading Tests consisting of short unconnected paragraphs followed by questions (some multiple-choice) or instructions to be followed.
Reading - ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE RESOURCES
This simple test from Schonell offers a quick way to determine the ability of students to pronounce words relative to grade level from 1-10 or age. students too low to use this test should be checked for alphabet and sight word recognition. SAT Reading Comprehension Tests.
Reading Sage: Grade Level Reading Assessment
Free Reading Assessment! Free Reading Comprehension Placement Test! Valid reading assessments must measure students strengths and weaknesses. Before beginning a reading intervention program or individual literacy plan (ILP) study and try your assessments on a cross section of students to determine efficacy and validity.
DOCUMENT RESUME Teale, William H.; Rowley, Glenn
PDF filetest. The Schonell Reading Tests consist of four parts: a Graded Word Reading Test (R1, a word recognition test), a Simple Prose Reading Test (R2) and two Silent Reading " (R3 and R4). The 1.1 is frequently used by teachers in Victoria, for example, whereas the R3 and R4 are rarely administered even though they are part of the overall test.
Development of the Delton Silent Reading Tests
PDF fileThe Delton Silent Reading Test, Forms A and B, was developed as an alternate test for the Schonell Silent Reading Test which is currently used for screening the reading comprehension of special students. The aim of the Delton Silent Reading Test is to achieve greater consistency in mid-
SCHONELL READING TEST - Seomra Ranga
DOC fileWeb viewSCHONELL READING TEST. tree little milk egg book school sit frog playing bun flower road clock train light picture think summer people something dream downstairs biscuit shepherd thirsty crowd sandwich beginning postage island saucer angel ceiling appeared gnome canary attractive imagine nephew gradually smoulder applaud disposal
Schonell Reading Test Form | Seomra Ranga
Seomra Ranga has been on the web since 2007. Since that time, it has built up a strong following amongst Irish educators. The site is a trusted source | <urn:uuid:f960d714-8aca-4acc-89c7-7f0a6eb9aaf4> | {
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- Unit of account
A unit of account is a standard monetary unit of measurement of value/cost of goods, services, or assets. It is one of three well-known functions of money. It lends meaning to profits, losses, liability, or assets.
The accounting monetary unit of account suffers from the pitfall of not being a stable unit of account over time. Inflation destroys the assumption that money is stable which is the basis of classic accountancy. In such circumstances, historical values registered in accountancy books become heterogeneous amounts measured in different units. The use of such data under traditional accounting methods without previous correction often leads to invalid results.
A standard unit of account allows meaningful interpretation of prices, costs, and profits, so that an entity can monitor its own performance and its shareholders can make sense of its past performance and have an idea of its future profitability. In modern economies, money in the form of currency usually serves the role of the standard unit of account. The use of money, under conditions of price stability, vastly improves the efficiency of market economies.
Historic examples of units of account include the livre tournois, used in France from 1302 to 1794 whether or not livre coins were minted. In the 14th century Naples used the grossi gigliati, and Bohemia used the Prague groschen.
At any one time there might be two or three units of account in one region based on the local base, silver and sometimes gold coins, and each often expressed in L.S.D units in ratio 240:12:1. The Florentine gold florin, the French franc and the electoral rheingulden all became pounds (240 denari) of account. Units of account would often survive over 100 years despite the original coins changing composition and availability (e.g. the Castilian maravedi).
A modern unit of account is the European Currency Unit, used in the European Union from 1979 to 1998; its replacement in 1999, the euro, was also just a unit of account until the introduction of notes and coins in 2002.
The use of a unit of account in financial accounting, according to the American business model, allows investors to invest capital into those companies that provide the highest rate of return. The use of a unit of account in managerial accounting enables firms to choose between activities that yield the highest profit.
In economics, a standard unit of account is used for statistical purposes to describe economic activity. Indexes such as GDP and the CPI are so broad in their scope that compiling them would be impossible without a standard unit of account. After being compiled, these figures are often used to guide governmental policy; especially monetary and fiscal policy.
In calculating the opportunity cost of a policy, a standard unit of account allows for the creation of a composite good. A composite good is a theoretical abstraction that represents an aggregation of all other opportunities that are not realized by the first good. It allows an economic decision's benefits to be weighed against the costs of all other possible goods in that society, without having to refer to any directly. Often, this is most easily accomplished with money.
- ^ The Taxation of Income from Business and Capital in Colombia: Fiscal Reform in the Developing World By Charles E. McLure, John Mutti, Victor Thuronyi, George R. Zodrow, Contributor Charles E. McLure, Published by Duke University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8223-0925-4, 9780822309253, Page 259 : Inflation destroys the assumption that money is stable which is the basis of classic accountancy. In such circumstances, historical values registered in accountancy books become heterogeneous amounts measured in different units. The use of such data under traditional accounting methods without previous correction, makes no sense and leads to results that are void of meaning.(Massone, 1981a. p.6)
- ^ Peter Spuffords (1986). "Handbook of medieval exchange; Introduction". http://www.philipresheph.com/a424/study/exchange.doc.
- Linguistic and Commodity Exchanges by Elmer G. Wiens. Examines the structural differences between barter and monetary commodity exchanges and oral and written linguistic exchanges.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
unit of account — The type or size of packing in which the goods are sold, for example packets of 20 cigarettes. HM Customs & Revenue Glossary * * * unit of account ˌunit of acˈcount noun units of account PLURALFORM [countable] 1. ACCOUNTING the unit of money used … Financial and business terms
unit of account — a monetary unit or measure of value (as a coin) in terms of which accounts are kept and values stated * * * unit of account noun A monetary unit not necessarily corresponding to any actual denomination of currency and in certain cases of variable … Useful english dictionary
unit of account — apskaitos vienetas statusas T sritis turto vertinimas apibrėžtis Vertinamo turto grupavimo, jį sujungiant su kitu turtu arba nuo jo atskiriant, matas. atitikmenys: angl. unit of account šaltinis Tarptautiniai vertinimo standartai (2011) … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)
unit of account — unit of currency that is used as a uniform basis for calculating prices … English contemporary dictionary
unit of account — 1) A function of money enabling its users to calculate the value of their transactions and to keep accounts. 2) The standard unit of currency of a country. 3) An artificial currency used only for accounting purposes … Accounting dictionary
unit of account — 1) A function of money enabling its users to calculate the value of their transactions and to keep accounts. 2) The standard unit of currency of a country. 3) An artificial currency used only for accounting purposes … Big dictionary of business and management
unit of account — /ˌju:nɪt əv ə kaυnt/ noun a standard unit used in financial transactions among members of a group, such as SDRs in the IMF … Dictionary of banking and finance
Indexed unit of account — When an indexed unit of account is used in contracts, payments are indexed to the price level in such a way that changes in the inflation rate have no effect on the real value of payments. Non indexed units, such as contracts written in currency… … Wikipedia
European Unit of Account 9 — The European Unit of Account 9 (E.U.A. 9) is a bond market unit. It has ISO 4217 code XBC … Wikipedia
European Unit of Account 17 — The European Unit of Account 17 (E.U.A. 17) is a bond market unit. It has ISO 4217 code XBD … Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:ed018c01-bf21-46ba-839b-ebbd4deaa263> | {
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Control Systems/Estimators and Observers
Estimators and ObserversEdit
A problem arises in which the internal states of many systems cannot be directly observed, and therefore state feedback is not possible. What we can do is try to design a separate system, known as an observer or an estimator that attempts to duplicate the values of the state vector of the plant, except in a way that is observable for use in state feedback. Some literature calls these components "observers", although they do not strictly observe the state directly. Instead, these devices use mathematical relations to try and determine an estimate of the state. Therefore, we will use the term "estimator", although the terms may be used interchangeably.
Creating an EstimatorEdit
Notice that we know the A, B, C, and D matrices of our plant, so we can use these exact values in our estimator. We know the input to the system, we know the output of the system, and we have the system matrices of the system. What we do not know, necessarily, are the initial conditions of the plant. What the estimator tries to do is make the estimated state vector approach the actual state vector quickly, and then mirror the actual state vector. We do this using the following system for an observer:
L is a matrix that we define that will help drive the error to zero, and therefore drive the estimate to the actual value of the state. We do this by taking the difference between the plant output and the estimator output.
In order to make the estimator state approach the plant state, we need to define a new additional state vector called state error signal . We define this error signal as:
and its derivative:
We can show that the error signal will satisfy the following relationship:
We know that if the eigenvalues of the matrix (A - LC) all have negative real parts that:
- when .
This means that the difference between the state of the plant and the estimated state of the observer tends to fade as time approaches infinity.
We have two equations:
We can combine them into a single system of equations to represent the entire system:
We can find the characteristic equation easily using the separation principle. We take the Z-Transform of this digital system, and take the determinant of the coefficient matrix to find the characteristic equation. The characteristic equation of the whole system is: (remember the well known )
Notice that the determinant of the large matrix can be broken down into the product of two smaller determinants. The first determinant is clearly the characteristic equation of the estimator, and the second is clearly the characteristic equation of the plant. Notice also that we can design the L and K matrices independently of one another.
It is worth mentioning that if the order of the system is n, this characteristic equation (full-order state observer plus original system) becomes of order 2n and so has twice the number of roots of the original system.
The L MatrixEdit
You should select the L matrix in such a way that the error signal is driven towards zero as quickly as possible. The transient response of the estimator, that is the amount of time it takes the error to approximately reach zero, should be significantly shorter than the transient response of the plant. The poles of the estimator should be, by rule of thumb, at least 2-6 times faster then the poles of your plant. As we know from our study of classical controls, to make a pole faster we need to:
- Move them further away from the imaginary axis (in the Left Half Plane!).
- Move them closer to the origin.
Notice that in these situations, the faster poles of the estimator will have less effect on the system, and we say that the plant poles dominate the response of the system. The estimator gain L can be computed using the dual of Ackerman's formula for selecting the gain K of the state feedback controller:
Where Q is the observability matrix of the plant, and αe is the characteristic equation of your estimator.
This can be computed in MATLAB with the following command:
L=acker(A', C', K)';
where L is the estimator gain and K is the poles for the estimator.
Once we have our L and K matrices, we can put these together into a single composite system equation for the case of state-feedback and zero input:
Taking the Z-Transform of this discrete system and solving for an input-output relation gives us:
Notice that this is not the same as the transfer function, because the input is on top of the fraction and the output is on bottom. To get the transfer function from this equation we need to take the inverse of both sides. The determinant of this inverse will then be the characteristic equation of the composite system.
Notice that this equation gives us the ability to derive the system input that created the particular output. This will be valuable later.
In many systems, at least one state variable can be either measured directly, or calculated easily from the output. This can happen in the case where the C matrix has only a single non-zero entry per system output.
If one or more state variables can be measured or observed directly, the system only requires a reduced-order observer, that is an observer that has a lower order than the plant. The reduced order observer can estimate the unmeasurable states, and a direct feedback path can be used to obtain the measured state values. | <urn:uuid:952b5599-07a4-469f-b5a0-9c490a0c38aa> | {
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See More Projects
Culture as a Source of Wellness
Culture as a Source of Wellness is a program that aims to connect cultural supports to First Nation populations in school communities. These initiatives impact the school staff, the student body and the spirit of the school.
Culture is widely seen as vital to the identity of First Nations people. Culture may look like community events that involve crafting, dance or music. Often we will work to connect students with local Elders through partnerships with local First Nations and friendship centers. Addressing culture for our First Nation students is crucial to their success as it is said that once the culture of a community is healthy then the members of that community can grow and reach their full potential.
Our Resilient Schools team holds a wealth of knowledge and community connections to support cultural activities and utilize traditional wisdom keepers. Our staff recognizes the challenges that our First Nation students may experience, and we aim to support youth by creating supportive environments that respect culture and traditional practices. We work to have Elders and knowledge keepers present at our events to open the day in a good way, provide opportunities for all those who wish to smudge, and encourage students to practice their traditional language.
Culture as a Source of Wellness works with the school communities to address the cultural supports requested by students. This is achieved through relationship building and collaborative efforts with the respective school community. It can sometimes be challenging to find Elders or traditional wisdom keepers that are willing to share the knowledge and wisdom to staff and students. We are always learning about protocol, traditional games and storytelling. We understand that our learning is ongoing and appreciate when schools are open to helping us to have a positive impact on their school community.
"We had such a great day out on the hill, participating in outdoor traditional games. The kids had a great time and I think we learned a lot of valuable stuff about how to play traditional games, why they were played, and how to facilitate them ourselves back in our own school. Our Culture teacher now plans to take the kids out after spring break to collect material from nature and make our own versions of the games. I think the students will really enjoy that. Thank you for everything you've brought to our school, it is really making a difference in the students attitudes, outlook, and leadership skills."
- Teacher, after Treaty 7 Winter Traditional Games | <urn:uuid:f7c62462-eee1-424e-bf4a-2ef8580fb1da> | {
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Why ‘Expertise mapped’
‘Expertise mapped’ has been developed because of the problems patients with rare diseases face, to identify where the expertise for their disease is located. Furthermore there are European developments, which make it even more crucial for patients to be informed about centres of expertise.
What problems do people with rare diseases face?
From the start of symptoms of what is later diagnosed as a rare disease, patients enter a maze of different healthcare professionals. Common challenges are:
a late diagnosis
a lack of knowledge among specialists and healthcare workers
a lack of effective treatments
a lack of available information about their rare disease
insufficient attention to scientific research
A disease is called ‘rare’ when it occurs in less than 1 in 2.000 of the population. There are estimated 5.000-8.000 different rare diseases that together affect 6-8% of the European population. Because of the quantity of rare diseases, not everyone can have expertise for every rare disease.
Cluster expertise: centres of expertise and ERNs
To provide proper care, it is important to cluster expertise for rare diseases. This insight has led to different European developments, like the formation of centres of expertise and the establishment of European Reference Networks (ERNs).
In the ERNs experts from different European countries collaborate (cross-border healthcare) to improve a quick diagnosis and access to high-quality healthcare for patients with rare diseases. To establish ERNs, countries in the European Union have to designate centres of expertise.
Centres of expertise
A centre of expertise is a hospital where patients from all over the country get diagnosis and treatment. Doctors and researchers gain a better understanding of the disease and the treatment, due to the relatively large number of patients with a specific rare disease that visit the hospital and the scientific research that can be done for that group. The European Union Committee of Experts on Rare Diseases (EUCERD) has published criteria for centres of rare diseases.
In the process of identifying and designating expertise in rare diseases at national level, hospitals and healthcare workers generally indicate their expertise. The perception of patients is often not incorporated, while they are experts by experience and therefore should be involved in this process. In The Netherlands patient organisations are asked to give their opinion about the hospitals which claim to be centre of expertise.
The role of ‘Expertise mapped’
With ‘Expertise mapped’ we offer patient organisations an overview of the experience of patients with centres of expertise in combination with the information we get from the professionals. We do not rate centres or provide ‘customer satisfaction’ data , but we pull information together, so patients and patient organisations can form an opinion about centres of expertise and the organisation of care. | <urn:uuid:9af4d146-ff6e-4c0e-9310-617563c120fe> | {
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When it comes to cutting levels of obesity-related heart disease and death, it’s time to stop counting calories, and start to make simple changes that improve the nutritional value of diets, argue public health experts.
Writing in an editorial for Open Heart, researchers draw on published evidence to argue that there is too much focus on counting the calories in foods – without considering the nutritional value of what we eat.
They suggest that rather like stopping smoking, simple dietary changes can rapidly improve health outcomes at the population level – citing evidence that boosting omega 3 fatty acid (from fatty fish), olive oil, and nut intake have all been associated with reductions in deaths from all causes and from cardiovascular disease, within months.
"It is time to stop counting calories, and time to instead promote good nutrition and dietary changes that can rapidly and substantially reduce cardiovascular mortality. The evidence indeed supports the mantra that 'food can be the most powerful form of medicine or the slowest form of poison'," said the authors.
“Extensive empirical and trial evidence reveals that substantial reductions in mortality can occur within months of quitting smoking, or making healthy dietary changes,” they added. “These reductions apply to both individuals and to entire populations.”
The three researchers behind the editorial – Dr Aseem Malhotra, Dr James DiNicolantonio and Professor Simon Capewell – said strategies that prevent excessive weight gain in children and adults through curbing the consumption of the amounts of unhealthful foods should also be welcomed, but warned that simply focusing on weight loss in obese subjects misses a key finding from the PREDIMED trial ; That a diet that increased nutritional quality achieved consistently large reductions in CVD risk irrespective of weight or the calories consumed.
Indeed, they noted that while daily consumption of a sugary drink (150 calories) is associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes, daily consumption of a handful of nuts (30 g of walnuts, 15 g of almonds and 15 g hazelnuts) or four tablespoons of extra virgin olive oil (around 500 calories) is associated with a significantly reduced risk of heart attack and stroke.
"Shifting the focus away from calories and emphasising a dietary pattern that focuses on food quality rather than quantity will help to rapidly reduce obesity, related diseases, and cardiovascular risk," the trio of researchers wrote – warning that public health experts, and primary and secondary care clinicians have a duty to patients and the population.
"Our collective failure to act is an option we cannot afford," they said – adding that evidence shows that poor diet is consistently responsible for more disease and death than physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol put together. | <urn:uuid:e209ab6e-b0d9-4dc4-9c2a-dd16d1e9e20d> | {
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Today is Human Rights Day, and the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. At Fairtrade we echo the UN’s call to stand up for equality, justice and human dignity. Find out some of the ways we work to ensure human rights are protected.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was a landmark document, enshrining inalienable human rights such as the right to life, health and a decent standard of living for the first time.
Seventy years on, there is still much work to do. More than 40 million people are trapped in modern day slavery, with one in four of these children. World hunger is now rising again, to 821 million people in 2018. That means one in nine people are going hungry.
Human rights are an integral part of Fairtrade’s mission. For 30 years we have been working with farmers and workers in the Global South to improve their livelihoods and enable them to take control of their lives. What does this mean in practice? Here are six ways in which Fairtrade works to strengthen human rights:
1. Ensuring farmers and workers have their say
Farmers and workers aren’t just beneficiaries of Fairtrade. They are co-owners and partners in our work to make trade fair and sustainable for all. From deciding how to spend the Fairtrade Premium in their cooperative, to having their say on changes to our standards, farmers and workers are involved in decisions in every part of Fairtrade. What’s more, producers have 50% of the vote at the Fairtrade General Assembly, Fairtrade’s highest decision-making body. At every level, producers have a voice and are supported to stand up for their rights.
“Fairtrade is freedom; it’s dialogue; it’s sustainability; it’s empowerment. It’s everything for us in a world that is so competitive”. - Diomedes Rodriguez, Member of Coobana banana cooperative, Panama
2. Setting strong standards
Fairtrade Standards are all about protecting farmers’ and workers’ rights and providing the framework for them to build thriving farms and organizations. Strong core criteria to protect farmers, workers and their environment are combined with development requirements, which mean organizations can continuously improve and invest in their farms and communities. Fairtrade regards exploitation and abuse as totally unacceptable. The Standards include all the conventions of the International Labour Organisation and are developed with input from the farmers and workers themselves.
Examples of human rights requirements in the Fairtrade Standards include:
- No child or forced labour
- No discrimination, harassment or abuse of any kind
- A ban on dangerous pesticides
- The right to freedom of association and collective bargaining
- Health and safety at the workplace
Read more about our standards.
3. Pressing towards a living income and living wage
All farmers and workers deserve to earn a decent living from their work. Fairtrade’s top priority is making this a reality, but we are the first to admit we are not there yet. Research shows that many farmers and workers are doing better with Fairtrade. But the challenges are huge, and greater efforts are needed across the supply chain to allow farmers and workers to escape poverty.
We have developed a holistic strategy to work towards a living income for smallholder farmers, focusing on cocoa as an immediate priority with coffee to follow. We recently increased our Minimum Price and Premium for cocoa, and have established a Living Income Reference Price for the crop in West Africa, providing the first target price for the industry based on household needs and farm costs. At the same time we are finalizing a strategy to move towards living wages for plantation workers, particularly in bananas. We will continue working with committed partners to test these strategies and drive them forward.
4. Supporting workers to know their rights
Workers on farms and in factories at the far end of the supply chain are among the most vulnerable people in global trade. Historically they have had very few rights and no voice. That makes achieving change a slow process.
That’s why Fairtrade is building up additional programmes alongside our Standards, to support workers to improve their own livelihoods and negotiate their wages and terms of work. One recent example is of a Fairtrade banana plantation in Cameroon, where a Fairtrade buyer and allies in the labour movement came together to support the creation of a joint union platform. This has already led to better conditions and higher satisfaction for workers. Read more
5. Supporting communities to tackle child labour
Fairtrade has chosen to engage in areas with a known risk of child and forced labour, as we believe that is where the benefits of Fairtrade are needed the most. Fairtrade’s approach combines rights-based Standards – supported by rigorous certification and auditing – with supporting producers and their communities to take ownership and tackle human rights abuses themselves. Our Youth Inclusive Community Based Monitoring and Remediation programme is all about putting the local community at the heart of tackling the root causes of child labour.
A Fairtrade sugar organization in Belize is one of the groups actively putting it into practice. Recent grassroots research by young people involved in the programme there has given unique insights into the experience of young sugar cane cutters, as well as recommendations to address child labour. Read more
6. Empowering women
Fairtrade supports women to challenge historic gender roles. Our Gender Strategy sets ambitious targets to increase the participation of women in decision-making and ensure the benefits of Fairtrade are shared more equally.
One example is the Women’s School of Leadership in Côte d’Ivoire, established by Fairtrade Africa and funded by Compass Group UK & Ireland and the Co-op. In a country where women make up some 68 percent of the labour force, training in business skills can be a powerful tool to support women to take on leadership roles in their cooperatives and communities. Women from seven different Fairtrade cocoa cooperatives (representing almost 5,000 members) took part in practical training in skills like finance, negotiation and decision-making. The school also trained men, helping them promote the value of gender equality in their communities.
“This programme is so important. Women are such an important factor to the development of a society. Everything passes through women. They were not just made for farming or to have children. We made them understand that they can do anything. Like men”. - Traoré Awa Batiba, female cocoa farmer and General Manager of CAYAT cooperative, Cote d’Ivoire
Fairtrade cannot solve all human rights issues in global supply chains on its own. But with strong standards and programmes, allied with the commitment of every actor in the supply chain, we can increase transparency and help protect the most vulnerable against trade-related exploitation. Let’s work together and ensure that equality, justice and human dignity become a reality for farmers and workers around the globe.
Image shows workers at APPBOSMAM banana cooperative in Peru. Photo by Luca Rinaldini. | <urn:uuid:40874274-e195-4b2f-b64e-790e2df2bb3d> | {
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The Fundamentals of Acquisition-driven Instruction™:
Successful language learners have one thing in common: Exposure to Comprehensible Input! Experience the power of Acquisition-driven Instruction (ADI) via a live demonstration in a rare language. Learn and experience powerful strategies to deliver CI in ways that will engage learners, deepen comprehension and ultimately lead to communicative competence. Discover how to use Acquisition-driven Instruction to naturally sustain interaction in the Target Language and instinctively help students develop FLUENCY in the Target Language.
Full or half-day Workshop
TPRS (Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling)
TPR Storytelling®, originally created and trademarked by Blaine Ray (of Blaine Ray Workshops/TPRS Books), is a powerful method for providing CI in an engaging and spontaneous way. Learn the 3 steps to TPRS, the art of asking circling questions and personalized questions, and the ultimate skill of story-asking. Discover how easy it is to implement reading in the language classroom and how to avoid anchoring yourself to textbook instruction.
1- to 3-day Workshop (See TPRS workshop content for details.)
Reading Activities Sure to Inspire a ‘LIKE’
Reading is the perfect platform for facilitating language acquisition, and innovative CI-based reading activities are an ideal way to turn an ordinary reading into CCCI (Compelling, Contextualized, Comprehensible Input). Learn how to deepen comprehension, inspire HOT (higher order thinking) boost reader engagement and accelerate acquisition through powerful activities that are easy to implement and sure to leave students looking for the ‘LIKE’ button!
Guided Reading Strategies for Language Learners
Reading is a powerful tool for facilitating language acquisition among literate individuals, but what if learners are reluctant or weak readers? Learn how to make any type of text comprehensible to readers, regardless of literacy level, how to engage readers both cognitively and emotionally and how to use reading to enhance and accelerate acquisition. Discover quick and easy techniques for linking meaning, using decoding activities to develop an ear for the language and 4Q strategies to deepen comprehension and inspire higher order thinking.
Inspiring and Acquiring through Music
Music is universally one of the most powerful mood enhancers that exist, but did you know that it is also one of the most effective and timeless tools for acquisition? Learn how to use music and song lyrics to rapidly deepen reading and listening comprehension, how to naturally inspire the interpretive mode of language, how to effortlessly sustain interpersonal communication and how to naturally engage students in higher order thinking. You’ve seen the iceberg…Don’t miss what lies below the surface!
1-hour session or 2- to 3-hour workshop
Backward Planning from Novels and other Resources
Tired of being anchored to a dry curriculum with little room for creativity or experiential learning? Learn how other teachers have revamped their curriculum and their instruction using a variety of engaging resources, including novels, videos, background readings, music, memes, public service announcements, etc. Learn how to prioritize content and streamline instruction into a logical flow that naturally leads students down the path of language acquisition.
Half- or full-day Workshop
Using Videos to Deliver Comprehensible Input
Videos are an ideal tool to ensure student engagement and a powerful tool for facilitating continuous interaction in L2. Learn how to use videos to inspire interpersonal communication/exceed the 90% target. From preview to review, attendees will see exactly how to set the stage for blockbuster acquisition!
1-hour session or 3-hour Workshop
Movie Talk Magic
Many teachers have discovered the power of Movie Talk in short bursts, but how can teachers sustain the magic over the course of time? In this interactive session you will learn MovieTalk basics, along with some unique strategies to keep the approach fresh, inspire HOT and extend the process in multiple ways to maximize SLA.
Inspiring Higher-order Thinking Using Level-appropriate Language
Comprehensible Input is the key to facilitating language acquisition, and compelling input is the key to maintaining student engagement. Learn how to keep input comprehensibly compelling and how to simultaneously enhance acquisition by inspiring students to use high-order thinking skills– in the Target Language! Discover practical, yet powerful strategies that will naturally facilitate acquisition and coincidentally meet CCSS.
1- to 2-hour workshop
Differentiated Questioning Techniques
Questions are the single most effective way to engage learners in the interpersonal mode of language. Learn how to ask a wide variety of questions that are personalized and comprehensible to beginning language learners and how to modify questions to accommodate for different proficiency levels. Learn tricks and tips for asking questions in a way that provide learners the language necessary to answer your questions–in the target language– and discover subtle nuances that will make your questions both believable and engaging to all ages and ability levels.
1-hour session or 2- to 3-hour workshop | <urn:uuid:41808d83-66ea-473d-a430-c3bf6066fadb> | {
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This ‘stored’ oak coppice (Quercus spp.) is difficult to accurately age. The large size of the coppice stool – the base from which the two stems grow – indicates many cycles of cutting and regrowth. Many decades must then have passed to allow it to form a full-sized tree. It is probable that this tree is between 300 – 400 years old. | <urn:uuid:27a87f38-6192-4dc5-9189-9065e08e6baa> | {
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Several historians managed to put together a list of 2,964 people murdered at cemetery of Almudena in Madrid during the first years of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco.
The 2,934 people were executed by Franco’s regime in Madrid after the civil war. After ten years, most of the bodies were exhumed and buried in mass graves. The executions were part of ‘White Terror‘: a series of assassinations realized by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War, and during the first decade of Francisco Franco’s rule. The main aim was to eradicate leftism from Spanish politics. It is estimated that between 200,000 and 400,000 were murdered by Spanish fascists during this period.
The Madrid list was put together by Spanish historians in cooperation with a team of researchers commissioned by the Office of Memory and Human Rights of the Madrid City Council. Among the discovered names, it stands out that there are twenty city mayors from the Second Republic. Along with them, other councilors are listed.
One of the named victims is Amos Alcero: teacher and socialist who was elected mayor of one of Madrid’s neighbourhoods in 1931. He remained in his post until the end of the civil war in 1939. He was arrested along his socialist comrades when they tried to flee Spain through the port of Alicante. They were later imprisoned in the concentration camp in Albatera. Alcero was sentenced to death in May 1941.
Sadly, little is known about most of the named victims.
Mirta Núñez, a historian who began all the research work on those executed in Madrid together with Antonio Rojas in 1997, said: “Here is one of the axes of the policy of the victors: physically ending the enemy was one of the key elements. As well as tame, subdue and intimidate to see what had been the end of those who had been loyal to the Republic.”
The walls of the Almudena cemetery in Madrid were used as a backdrop for mass illegal executions of suspected opponents by the victorious fascist rebels. It was followed by the coverup of hundreds of thousands of murders, stealing of babies and 40 years of State terror by the right-wing. Despite of the fall of Francoist Spain in 1975, in some cases the inheritance of power and privilege from fascist regime continues today. | <urn:uuid:6c04018a-ec22-41a4-a1cb-54a299d3b41a> | {
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In my last blog, I shared with you the importance of nutrition, particularly protein, to support our functional strength as we age. Maintaining good functional strength is important to a goal of being able to Age in Place, which is the ability to live in your own home and community safely, independently and comfortably.
Age related loss of muscle mass and function is called sarcopenia. Muscle is key to motion. As we age, significant changes in muscle mass and quality take place. After about age 50, muscle mass decreases at an annual rate of 1–2%. The decline in muscle strength is even higher, amounting to 1.5% per year between ages 50 and 60 and 3% per year thereafter. Of those 65 and older, 16 to 18 percent of women and eight to 10 percent of men in the United States cannot lift ten pounds, bend forward to pick something up off the ground or kneel to the floor. After the age of 75, this increases to 66 percent of women and 28 percent of men being unable to lift more than ten pounds.
Muscle strength is strongly correlated to physical independence and fall prevention. Loss of muscle mass and strength is related to functional impairment and an increased risk for a fall. Leg strength, particularly the ability to rise from a chair, has been found to be a major predictor of frailty and mortality. Leg strength and walking gait speed are two variables predicting fall risk. Additionally, muscular endurance necessary to maintain balance under multi-task conditions such as cooking, gardening or recreational activities, and the importance of muscular power in reactive balance such as slipping on ice or tripping over a curb are important fall risk factors in older adults.
What makes the biggest difference in our skeletal muscle mass and strength? Exercise. Specifically, weight bearing and resistance-based exercise which also improve our bone density and decrease our risk of osteoporosis. Weight bearing exercise are activities that force you to work against gravity. Examples are walking, hiking, climbing stairs, playing tennis or golf (walk don’t ride a cart!), and dancing. Exercise such as riding a bicycle is a weight supportive exercise. The bicycle supports our weight. While bicycling isn’t weight bearing exercise, we are using our largest skeletal muscles to power the bicycle.
Resistance-based exercise is also known as strength training. Strength training is any exercise that causes the muscles to contract against an external resistance. Resistance-based exercises increase strength, mass and endurance depending on how the exercises are performed. The external resistance can be dumbbells, rubber exercise tubing or flat loop bands, your own bodyweight or any object that causes the muscle to contract. There are three movements of any resistance-based exercise: concentric, isometric and eccentric. Knowing how to utilize these movements properly, how much weight-resistance is used, the tempo of the exercise, and using proper technique to avoid injury and maximize effectiveness relative to your specific goals. Training techniques differ for strength gains, muscle mass and muscle endurance. For functional health, older adults need to focus on strength, muscle mass and muscular endurance. While most everyone can implement a walking program into their life without any type of special training or guidance, I highly recommend guidance from a qualified therapist or a trainer who specializes in senior fitness. SilverSneakers® is a good source for exercise modalities for senior adults. They have a website and a Facebook page where free information is provided to anyone and if you are a member (available through many Medicare Advantage Plans) you can attend SilverSneakers® classes for free or minimal cost if you are not a member. I personally lead two SilverSneakers® classes every week. An online resource I recommend is ElderGym.com that provides quality information and free senior workout programs that can be performed at home, outdoors or in a gym.
Stay Healthy. Be Strong. Get After It. | <urn:uuid:6b797107-7cc7-4151-be26-351f87cf80ee> | {
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Will lava soon hit glacier ice, unleashing an explosion that would spew ash and steam high in the atmosphere? The Icelandic Meteorology Office (IMO) thinks that the probability of such an event in their country has increased. Through Saturday 16 August the risk level had been at code green– a “background, non-eruptive state.” The IMO has upgraded the risk twice in the last two days, on Sunday to code yellow, and earlier today, Monday, to code orange, indicating that a “volcano shows heightened or escalating unrest with increased potential of eruption.”
The responsibility for monitoring such risks falls to the IMO because sub-glacial volcanic eruptions can create vast plumes of material that reach into the atmosphere. This phenomenon is critical for Iceland because of its location on the paths of many flights between western Europe and the East Coast of the US. When the Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in this manner in April 2010, flights were cancelled for six days, affecting ten million passengers. The lava was released under a thick cap of glacier, creating a vast plume of ash and steam that was propelled up to an elevation of 9,000 meters. The resulting cloud, presenting a great threat to airplanes, was carried long distances by the jet stream. It covered Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Britain and the Netherlands, as well as large portions of Finland and Germany, and reached far into Russia. On a more local scale, residents and domestic animals had to remain inside for a number of days, and the rivers in the region were flooded with hot water. The ash-fall covered fields and pastures, creating problems for farmers.
The IMO has been monitoring Bárðarbunga, a volcano more than 2000 meters in elevation, located beneath Vatnajökull, the country’s largest glacier. Since early June, they have observed that four GPS stations in the area have shown upward movement in a direction away from the volcano. This movement suggests that a mass of magma (molten rock beneath the earth’s surface) has been expanding upward, closer to the earth’s surface, and displacing the GPS stations.
The IMO have been particularly concerned by what they call a “seismic swarm.” (If you were wondering how to say that in Icelandic, the answer is “skjalftahrina.”) This term, in either language, refers to a cluster of earthquakes. This recent swarm began early Saturday morning and has continued to the present. More than 1400 earthquakes have been recorded, some small, some medium-sized, concentrated near the faults associated with the volcano. These swarms constitute a second line of evidence that an eruption may occur, since such earthquakes can be created by pools of magma as they move upward. The earthquakes in the last 24 hours have been more numerous, more powerful, and closer to the surface—all pointing to an increased likelihood of eruption.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office is monitoring the situation closely. It is coordinating with the local civil defense authority, which has closed roads because of flood risks, and with the International Civil Aviation Organization as well. You can check out a video taken by a brave pilot who flew his plane over the volcano on Sunday. And you can follow this situation at the IMO (http://en.vedur.is/). By the way, the Icelandic word for “weather” is easy for English-speakers—it’s “veður,” pronounced “vethur.”
Read a story on GlacierHub about an Icelandic glacier that does not have a volcano under it, but presents other dangers. | <urn:uuid:efe73a62-9b35-4a08-b872-28220e0d8f02> | {
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Geospatial Earth Observation Using Blimps, Balloons and Kites
These days drones are all the rage. Nevertheless, there are other ways to collect data from the sky! Blimps, balloons and kites are alternative was to collecting data or remote-sensing imagery. These are great unconventional solutions for small scale, high resolution projects.
There are three types of airships: rigid, semi-rigid and non-rigid. A rigid airship has a metal skeleton lining the inside of the balloon. The semi-rigid has a keel which runs the length of the ship. While the non-rigid one (better known as a blimp) has a completely soft shell envelope .
How Blimps Work?
You have probably heard that blimps are the way of the future! They certainly are when it comes to cutting down emissions. Blimps are generally engine-less making them steady and vibration free. Their speed only reaches 50-80 km per hour (30-50 mph) but can reach 110 km per hour (70 mph) with a tailwind making them slow in comparison to airplanes . Blimps generally rise to the height of 500 – 1800 m (1500 – 3000 ft) but can go as high as 25 000 –30 000 m (8000 ft) into the troposphere before any buoyancy issues arise .
The blimps envelope is much larger in comparison to its platform because it has to contain a large volume of gas to carry the platform weight easily. What makes blimps fly is how the helium is expands and contracts in the envelope hull. At sea level, helium takes little space in proportion to the air. When the ship ascends the helium expands making less outer pressure and pushing the air out with the help of air valves allowing for a smooth ride .
How Blimps Collect Data?
Fully automated blimps are cost effective unmanned platforms that are controlled remotely. Self-sufficient blimps are nearly here. Data collection can be performed by formatting a GPS navigation flight path using solar power to drive the ship . Although blimps allow for greater coverage, this method requires a team of people to operate safely and a site with restricted access for launching . These structures are great for collecting data because they stay aloft for a long time consuming little or no energy . The structure of the airship provides a long-endurance aerial platform that flies low creating a good environment for long term observations of an area .
The earliest weather balloon recorded was in 1898 by French meteorologist Leon Teisserenc de Bort who was amongst the first to find that the tropopause and stratosphere existed. From the 1930s onward, radio tracking systems had been invented. Ultimately they turned balloons into floating weather stations. The sophistication of elongated balloon, in combination with the advancement of atmospheric monitoring equipment, have enabled us to observe the edge of our outer space .
How Are Balloons Used?
High altitude balloons typically collect weather data, such as temperature, wind speed, humidity, atmospheric pressure and changes in the environment. They do not require an engine or fuel and are filled with helium gas , resembling blimps. They are tethered to a lightweight cardboard box called a radiosonde which contains scientific measuring instruments and a flight video . Balloons will lift to the edge of the stratosphere, rising higher as atmospheric pressure decreases, expanding the balloon until it pops. For instance, a 2 m diameter balloon will expand to 10 m and after surpassing its threshold, the radiosonde will parachute its way back to earth’s surface and the data is then recovered for further analysis . Check out Figure 2 for what a weather balloon looks like.
How Balloons Collect Data?
When the balloon is in the air it obtains vertical observations of the atmosphere transmitting the results back to a receiving station on the ground . The longer flights may last days and even months . Canada’s federal government launches about 10 balloons per 6-8 weeks campaign on average. Launches typically occur in the early morning or late evening, weather permitting, when the winds are lowest .
For more information on Canada’s federal government balloon launches please visit this link.
The earliest recording of a kite being used for observation was around 200 B.C. General Han Hsin used it to find out how far a tunnel would need to be dug in order to get to the other side of the wall. He successfully surprised the enemy . Not surprising that kites have measured stationary observations.
How Do Kites Fly?
Similar to a plane, a kite need weight, lift, drag, and trust to fly. Blimps and balloons also use these forces however a kite reacts more similarly to a plane in that its weight is heavier than air. A successful kite launch must have more lift than weight. To keep the kite in flight the four forces have to be balanced; the upwards lift needs to be equal to the downward weight and the forward thrust needs to be equal to the backward moving drag .
How Kites Collect Data?
Kites are great for hovering over a site at various altitudes to take high resolution images . Using a kite to collect data is one of the oldest forms still used and the operational complexity is lower than blimps or balloons. Kites have come a long way where designs have been developed up to the point of having the ability to launch in winds as low as 5 km (3 mph) . Technology has come a long way as well in miniaturizing digital sensors and multi-spectral imaging systems, thermal imagers, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and digital infrared cameras . Other possible data collection can gather digital surface models (DSMs), LIDAR, and mobile laser scanners (MLS) .
All you need is an Arduino or Raspberry Pie kit, a lightweight camera, the right lens, a wireless connection and a computer or mobile device interface to receive data (Figure 3). There are a multitude of free 3D printing templates and tutorials online to customize rigs to hang equipment off of a kite, such as a pendulum or picavet mount for a great nadir view .
Blimps, balloons and kites are great ways to collect data for your clients’ needs and can even be better than using a drone. With all the information out there nowadays we can pick and choose the best method from a variety of solutions to use in a range of environmental conditions.
- Freudenrich, Craig PH.D. 2016. How blimps work. How stuff works. Science Modern. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/blimp2> Accessed 2016 November 24.
- From Encyclopedia.com: How Products are Made, Airships 1996. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/technology/aviation-general/airships>. Accessed 2016 December 6.
- From Skyship Services Inc.: FAQ page. <http://www.skyshipservices.com/faq.html>. Accessed 2016 November 24.
- Luhe Hong, et al. 2015. Coordinated Control of Pressure Difference and Rising Velocity for Stratospheric Airship with Thermal Effects. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2015. Google Scholar <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10015-007-0451-y>. Accessed 2016 November 24.
- Kantor, George et al. 2001 October 28-29. Collection of Environmental Data from an Airship Platform. SPIE Conference on Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control IV, vol. 4571, pp. 76-83. <https://www.ri.cmu.edu/pub_files/pub3/kantor_george_a_2001_1/kantor_george_a_2001_1.pdf>. Accessed 2016 November 24.
- Duffy P. James & Anderson Keren 2016. A 21st-century renaissance of kites as platforms for proximal sensing. Sages Publication Progress in Physical Geography Vol. 40(2) 352 – 361. Google Scholar <http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/40/2/352.abstract. Accessed 2016 November 30.
- Klemas Victor V. 2015 September. Coastal and Environmental Remote Sensing from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: An Overview. Journal of Coastal Research Online, 31(5), 1260-1267.Google Scholar < http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-00005.1>. Accessed 2016 November 24.
- From Encyclopaedia Britannica: Jean-Pierre Blanchard 2016 September 27. <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Pierre-Francois-Blanchard. Accessed 2016 December 5.
- From Stratoscience near space scientific missions: Stratoscience – Weather balloons history. <http://www.stratoscience.com/weather-balloons-history/>. Accessed 2016 December 5.
- From Canadian Space agency: What is a balloon? 2015 July 31. <http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/sciences/balloons/what.asp>. Accessed 2016 November 28.
- Hopper, Tristin 2016. How stuff works Science: How weather balloons work. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/meteorological-instruments/weather-balloon> Accessed 2016 November 24.
- From High Altitude Science: Intro to Weather Balloons 2016. <http://www.highaltitudescience.com/pages/intro-to-weather-balloons>
- From NOAA: Weather Balloon Data. <https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/weather-balloon-data>. Accessed 2016 November 24.
- From Canadian Space agency: What is a balloon flight? 2013 July 4. <http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/sciences/balloons/flight.asp>. Accessed 2016 November 28.
- From Gomberg Kite productions International, Inc. <https://www.gombergkites.com/nkm/hist1.html>. Accessed 2016 December 6.
- Hulsander, Michael 2012April 26. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: How kites fly. <https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/how-kites-fly>. Accessed 2016 November 30. | <urn:uuid:5a9c8909-8b6e-4317-be69-7afa9fae595b> | {
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Using other animals as companions seems to be very benign. However, when we look a little closer, we find that, yet again, using others has disadvantages for them.
Companion animals have been domesticated by us. This is a form of domination that exemplifies human supremacy and is instigated by human desires rather than concern for the other.
Many companion animals are selectively bred to have traits that are appealing to humans such as unusual physical appearance or traits such as docility. Selective breeding has serious consequences for their health and is often responsible for unnecessary suffering and premature death.
Regardless of how well we care for and love companion animals, they are the result of a process of domination and ownership that deprives them of their wild nature and their liberty. We control what and how they eat; if and when they exercise; and how they live almost every aspect of their lives.
Many companion animals endure unnecessary mutilation. Although there are understandable arguments for neutering to prevent more unwanted lives, the act of neutering is an invasive, painful procedure that carries some risk, and it is not a procedure that they consent to. (Please do not take this philosophical position as justification for not neutering companion animals as the consequences of respecting their right to procreate may cause more problems than it solves).
There are few aspects of their lives that are not controlled by us. Many companion animals are kept in environments that they would not choose to live in such as urban environments where they have little or no access to an outdoor life.
While many people take good care of companion animals, others neglect or even harm them physically, sexually and psychologically. Every year countless young, vulnerable, and often sick animals are abandoned when humans tire of them. Countless numbers are euthanized for no other reason than the fact that no one wants them.
If you would like a companion animal, please rescue someone who needs a home. Please never pay someone to breed companion animals. However, it is important that we consider how we can best meet our own desires for companionship and interaction with others in ways that do not involve any use of other animals at all. | <urn:uuid:8015adb2-4bff-454f-9b1a-1d7cc837756a> | {
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Communique: Key Takeaways From Scientific Plenaries
- Stroke still remains the commonest cause of death in neurologic patients in
- Emergency response should apply caution in lowering the blood pressure early in management with careful assessment. If blood pressure is ≤180/100, please do not lower.
- Initial stroke assessment should involve use of stroke severity scale (Lyden et al 1994)
- All patients admitted to hospital with suspected acute stroke should have non-contrast CT brain imaging on arrival to hospital within 20
- Ischaemic strokes can be improved upon with use of tissue plasminogen activator (Intravenous Alteplase) for conservative
- Only the assessment of blood glucose must precede any
- Time is brain… 32000 brain cells are lost every 8.7 seconds. During stroke, 1.2 billion cells are lost, leading to aging and degeneration equivalent to 36 years per lifetime.
- Challenges in stroke management in Nigeria include delayed average presentation time for CT imaging following stroke onset to be 70 hours. (Ogbole et al)
- 46% of sufferers do not present within 24 hours of onset as warning signs in only one in three stroke events are
- Awareness is still very poor and there is a strong need for advocacy for stroke units in hospitals.
- Elevated systolic blood pressure is the leading preventable cause of premature deaths globally (11 million) with over 200 million daily adjusted life years (DALY).
- Definition of hypertension is beyond Systolic BP/Diastolic BP values as it should be defined in terms of Blood pressure levels above which investigations and treatment should do more good than harm (Rose et al 1971).
- Advocacy for wider use of out-of-office measurement with home blood pressure monitoring as an option to confirm diagnosis, detect white-coat and masked hypertension as well as monitor
- Even with well-defined treatment protocols, percentage of patients treated is still very low globally (30%) with controlled rate (13%) – (Chow et al 2013).
- Screening programs should be done every 5 years in subjects with optimal blood pressure, every 3 years in subjects with normal BP and annually in those with high normal
- Local community-setting statistics show prevalence – 42%, awareness – 29%, treated – 13%, control – less than 8% (Chijioke et al 2016)
- Strategies aimed at blood pressure control should be both physician-oriented (patient education, avoid inertia and patient monitoring) and patient-oriented (lifestyle modifications, home BP measurement, treatment adherence)
III. Heart Failure – Part 1
- At least 37 million people with heart failure worldwide with over a million new cases every year
- 1 in 5 adults over 40 years will have heart failure in their
- All heart failure patients, regardless of their symptoms, are all at high risk of dying because of the silent progression of the
- It is deadlier than almost all cancers. 1 in 5 heart failure patients die within 1 year of diagnosis, while 50% of all confirmed subjects would have died within 5
- 6- to 9-fold increase in sudden death in heart failure compared to the normal population and characterized by frequent
- Guideline treatment goals in heart failure are to improve clinical status, functional capacity and quality of life, reduce hospitalizations and reduce
- Critical platform to achieve this beyond drug therapy is the institution of heart failure networks in specialist health centers in
- Heart failure networks at point of care consists of HF clinics and HF patient support/advocacy
- The HF networks should involve a multi-disciplinary team approach by all stakeholders (doctors, nurses, pharmacies, HMOs, Ministry of Health, social workers, health NGOs) to which the patient is most central and most important
- There is also critical need for more public awareness by all stakeholders to enlighten people on HF disease burden and symptoms
IV. Heart Failure – Part 2
- Compared to Enalapril, Sacubitril/Valsartan showed better results in preventing recurrent hospitalizations, improved quality of life and reduced
- Post discharge, the patients do not truly stay out of hospital as the re-admission rate is still very high – 1 in every 4 patients within 30 days of
- Over 44% of heart failure patients would be re-hospitalized at least twice in a
- Sudden cardiac death accounts for approximately half of deaths in patients with heart failure.
- Pioneer trial done in post-acute heart failure patients in a hospital setting following an acute decompensation with Sacubitril/Valsartan use showed remarkable improvement in hospitalization and death reduction, especially in the vulenerable phase of the first 30 days post
- Transition study showed an equal safety and tolerability profile with Sacubitril/Valsartan pre-discharge initiation compared to post-discharge.
- Rationale for the Pioneer trial was borne out of the contrast of evidence in previous heart failure trials done in ambulatory and non-hospitalized
- Pioneer trials showed 29% greater reduction with Sacubitril/Valsartan compared to Enalapril in NT pro BNP levels, reflective of the reduction in the heart failure severity and patient
V. Diabetes – Part 1
- If people with Diabetes Mellitus were asked to live together in a place, they will constitute the 3rd largest country in the World…the country of DIABETES!
- Diabetes Mellitus is the fastest growing epidemic in the World today as 630 million people today are suffering from
- Number of deaths from Diabetes Mellitus, averaging about 5 million per year, is more than the combined totality of deaths from HIV/TB and Malaria put together (3.7 million) – IDF 2015
- Poor outcomes are due to the error of clinically focusing on symptomatic treatment and glycaemic control
- A new class of anti-diabetic medication, the DDP4 Inhibitors (e.g Vildagliptin), help to address these multifactorial
- Vildagliptin has showed greater effiacy as an add-on to Metformin when compared to other classes of DDP4 Inhibitors (Bosi et al 2009).
- The DDP4 Inhibitors show similar HBA1c reduction compared to S/Us with no weight gain and extremely few hypoglycaemic
- The DDP4 inhibitors show similar levels of blood sugar control (as measured by glycosylated haemoglobin, the gold standard of diabetes assessment).
- The use of DDP4 Inhibitors addresses 7 out of the 8 ominous causes implicated in the pathogenesis of Diabetes
- Modification of CV risk should be a multifactorial approach, not just glycaemic control. It involves:
- Lifestyle modification
- Blood Pressure control
- Lipid management
VI. Diabetes – Part 2
- Community-based prevalence in Nigeria show rural preponderance of 1-2% and 6-10% in urban population translating to 5 million
- Less than 30% of all DM patients in Africa have glycosylated haemoglobin of less than 7%.
- Many DM patients in Nigeria present with very high levels of glycosylated haemoglobin, hence there is very little room for monotherapy in
- The disease has also progressed remarkably, with silent deterioration in haemodynamic function, leading to heightened cardiovascular risk at the time of
- This underscores the need for early
- Core defects in Diabetes Mellitus are impaired insulin production and end-organ insulin resistance.
- DDP4 Inhibitors slow down Islet cell decline through reverse remodelling and repair, as well as improving insulin
- International estimates of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are consistent ~ 10-16% occurence in adults globally (Lancet 2010).
- Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Studies (2017) show CKD as the 12th leading cause of death, ahead of Tuberculosis (13th), HIV (14th) , Malaria (21st).
- It was also the 6th fastest-growing cause of death between 1990 –
- One-third of the global population is at increased risk of
- The risk for the development of diabetic nephropathy has a genetic component that is likely polygenetic, of which Africans have a high genetic risk (ADA 2012).
- Among all Africans, West Africans have an over 40% higher risk (Freedmann et al 2010).
- Diabetic Nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. This is seen in 30 – 40% of
- Detection and quantification of protein excretion in urine has diagnostic and therapeutic/prognostic significance; and screening should be performed
- Specific treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy can be divided into 4 major areas:
- Cardiovascular risk reduction
- Glycemic control – Declining renal function increases risk of severe hypoglycaemia
- Blood pressure control – Target blood pressure in diabetics should be less than 130/80
- Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) – significant additional benefit/ treats micro albuminuria – N Engl J Med 2001
Driving advocacy for health sector
Following extensive plenary lectures, workshops, discussions and debates, the summit made the following recommendations:
- Advocate for the change in government policy towards non-communicable diseases (NCDS) especially the cardiometabolic disorders.
- The need for increased investment in health sector which can be achieved through increased budgetary allocation and the establishment of levy/tax on sugar-containing products and beverages, which can in turn be ploughed back into the health system for prevention and control of
- To ensure that all stakeholders in the health sector will need to come together to actualize the full implementation of the National Health Act as this would help in tackling the burden of cardiovascular
- Ensuring that there are laws to censor/regulate the dissemination of information about cardiovascular disease and cardiometabolic disorders
- Coordination of involvement of professional groups – NCS (Nigerian Cardiac Society), EMSON (Endocrine and Metabolism Society of Nigeria), NSN (Nigerian Society of Nephrology) and other professional groups – towards advocating for
- The need for a National Diabetes/NCDs survey to generate baseline data planning and implementation of programs
- Work towards increasing access to care, drugs and consumables for NCDS (including subsidies).
- Development and dissemination of clinical practice guildelines for all NCDS
- Collaborative efforts in advocating for prevention strategies for NCDS
- Capacity-building in order to improve the care and support for people living with NCDs
- Engaging key health decision makers (Ministry of Health, National Health Council, Governors forum, National Assembly, ).
- The need to reach out to advocacy partners in the health sectors (pharmaceutical companies, NGOs, civil society groups, community and faith-based organizations) and donor agencies
Emeritus Prof. Ayodele Olajide Falase
MB,BS(Ib), MRCP(UK), MD, FWACP, FNPMCN, FRCP(Lond), NNOM
Chairman, 5th Novartis International Cardiovascular Summit | <urn:uuid:cb39aad1-a339-46d7-8830-606f1c6aabac> | {
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Monetary losses from mastitis result from several factors: reduced milk production and quality; increased labor, veterinary costs, and drug use; discard of abnormal and antibiotic-laden milk; and premature culling of affected animals. Among these, the greatest contributing factor is the reduced milk production of affected animals. The answers to the question of why milk yield reduction occurs during mastitis are many and interrelated.
Milk production is solely a function of the number of cells in the udder that synthesize and secrete milk and the average rate at which these cells synthesize and secrete milk components. Cellular and tissue damage that occurs during a mastitis event is associated with milk yield reductions. Although these consequences are undeniably significant contributing factors, milk yield losses during mastitis are also suspected to be a consequence of reductions in substrate availability and, therefore, reductions in cell synthesis and secretory activity.
“It can be recognized that there are certain energy requirements for an activated immune response. In the instance of mastitis, the activated immune cells that are recruited to the mammary gland are in the same locale as the cells that produce milk,” said author Benjamin D. Enger of The Ohio State University. “Such localization is expected to redirect some of the glucose and amino acids that would otherwise be used to support milk synthesis to the activated local immune cells requiring substrates for cellular functions.”
Applied Animal Science Editor-in-Chief David K. Beede said, “Mastitis with loss of milk yield and quality remains the most common and expensive disease in modern dairy production. This invited review addresses the prospect that substrate demands of activated localized immune cells might be a contributing factor by reducing glucose and amino acids available for milk synthesis. Future research should address this possibility.”
“The competition for glucose and amino acids would indicate that some nutrients being fed to the cow to support milk production may be used instead to address a preventable disease,” Enger added. “The importance of limiting the incidence and prevalence of mastitis on the farm is stressed given that such competitive nutrient utilization is expected to negate any intended improvements in milk yield that are nutritionally driven.”
The review appears in the August issue of Applied Animal Science.
ABOUT APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE
Applied Animal Science (AAS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and the official publication of the American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS). In continuous publication since 1985, AAS is a leading outlet for animal science research. The journal welcomes novel manuscripts on applied technology, reviews on the use or application of research-based information on animal agriculture, commentaries on contemporary issues, short communications, and technical notes. Topics that will be considered for publication include (but are not limited to) feed science, farm animal management and production, dairy science, meat science, animal nutrition, reproduction, animal physiology and behavior, disease control and prevention, microbiology, agricultural economics, and environmental issues related to agriculture. Themed special issues may also be considered for publication. www.appliedanimalscience.org
ABOUT THE AMERICAN REGISTRY OF PROFESSIONAL ANIMAL SCIENTISTS
The American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS) is the organization that provides certification of animal scientists through examination, continuing education, and commitment to a code of ethics. Continual improvement of individual members is catalyzed through publications (including the AAS journal) and by providing information on educational opportunities. ARPAS is affiliated with five professional societies: American Dairy Science Association, American Meat Science Association, American Society of Animal Science, Equine Science Society, and Poultry Science Association. www.arpas.org
Elsevier (www.elsevier.com) is a world-leading provider of information solutions that enhance the performance of science, health, and technology professionals, empowering them to make better decisions, deliver better care, and sometimes make groundbreaking discoveries that advance the boundaries of knowledge and human progress. Elsevier provides web-based, digital solutions—among them ScienceDirect (www.sciencedirect.com), Scopus (www.scopus.com), Elsevier Research Intelligence (www.elsevier.com/research-intelligence), and ClinicalKey (www.clinicalkey.com)—and publishes over 2,500 journals, including The Lancet (www.thelancet.com) and Cell (www.cell.com), and more than 35,000 book titles, including a number of iconic reference works. Elsevier is part of RELX Group (www.relx.com), a world-leading provider of information and analytics for professional and business customers across industries. www.elsevier.com | <urn:uuid:d517417a-1518-44f2-9dc5-dfd0954521e5> | {
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Wattle fences were once commonplace in America but were quickly replaced by synthetic and more elaborate fencing as technology advanced. Making a strong, natural fence using the wattle technique, however, is highly practical and cost-effective. Other kinds of fencing can be incredibly inexpensive. Although making your own fence out of natural materials may take a little time, it is a project well worth undertaking.
Cut 2-inch diameter round wood into 2-inch long pieces. These pieces will be the caps for the fence's posts. Drill a 1/2-inch diameter, 1-inch deep hole directly in the center of each cap. Stick a #4 rebar stake that is 1 1/2 feet long into each cap's hole.
Place a rebar stake into the ground every 1 1/2 feet along the straight portion of the area you wish to enclose with the fence. On curves or near corners of the area, put a stake every 1 foot for extra stability. Pound the stakes 6 inches into the ground by using a rubber mallet. Afterward, a 1-foot section of each stake should stick out of the ground.
Clean leaves and twigs off branches that are straight, green and bendable. Each branch must be at least 3 feet long and no more than 4 inches in diameter.
Weave the branches in and out of the rebar stakes. After one branch is fully woven, push it all the way to the ground, and start weaving another branch in and out of the stakes. Complete the entire bottom layer of the fence, and then work upward. Stop weaving branches when you reach the cap on each stake. The caps should hold the woven branches in place.
Weave small-diameter branches into spaces between the large branches in the fence. Trim branches sticking out, and ensure the fence is tight throughout its length.
Things You Will Need
- 2-inch diameter round wood
- Hand saw
- 1/2-inch drill bit
- #4 rebar stakes, each 1 1/2 feet long
- Measuring tape
- Rubber mallet
- Straight, green, bendable branches, each at least 3 feet long, no more than 4 inches diameter
- The tighter you weave, the sturdier your fence will be when it is complete.
- You may need to repair the wattle fence occasionally.
- Make a taller fence by using longer pieces of rebar.
- Avoid using wood stakes instead of rebar. Wood stakes will rot quickly and cause the fence to fall. When wood is underground, it rots much faster than when it is above ground.
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In most situations, pathology testing has required that the samples be sent away to a central laboratory to be analysed in to something meaningful for the professionals who prescribe them. This would typically take more than a day unless the laboratory was co-located with the facility that collected the sample such as in a hospital.
But there are some steps being taken to use a common smartphone as the equivalent of a pathology lab for most of the common tests. The goal with these devices is to allow the analysis of the sample and communication of the results to the end-user with a very short lead-time.
The first one of these solutions was a portable spectrograph device developed by Columbia University that connected to a smartphone’s headphone jack and worked with a special app to identify the presence of pathogens associated with certain diseases. There was also a view to have it work with less-expensive devices that could run user-installed software like the iPod Touch or low-tier Android phones, along with the ability to work on very low power.
The second one of these solutions attaches to an existing compatible smartphone and makes use of that phone’s camera and LED “flash” light to analyse the sample. It could also be set up to work with an integrated green-light laser diode as an alternative analysis light source.
This time, the sample of blood, saliva or urine is collected in a special microfluidic cartridge which means that the same “lab” could be used for multiple tests. There is a goal with this technology to adapt most of the common pathology tests to be performed with this hand-held “path-lab” and the goal can be achieved by reprogramming the software that is the companion app for this device to suit the test.
Personally, I would see these technologies initially work with the common ailment-specific “screening” tests or various “wellness” tests like cholesterol tests. There will also be an appeal to implement them with various drug tests where there isn’t a goal to achieve forensic-level accuracy. Similarly, medicine-level tests associated with chronic-illness treatment could be evolved to this technology.
But why is the idea of purposing a smartphone or similar device as a portable pathology lab appealing?
The key driver is to obtain there-and-then results suing highly-portable cost-effective equipment.
One use case is to do one or more pathology tests on a patient as they are transported in an ambulance to hospital and have the results communicated to the emergency department before the patient arrives. This also extends to situations where there are many casualties such as on a battlefield or other disaster zone. In this case, the smartphone with the handheld “path-labs” would be able to provide better-quality information for on-site treatment teams, rather than having to transport many samples to ultra-busy laboratories who may not communicate the results in time.
The rural community will also benefit in the context of routine tests especially where the nearest capable pathology lab is a long distance away from the village or town. Here, flying-doctor services, district nurses and the like can perform the common tests at the patient’s home and pass them on to regular general-practice doctors or specialists as well as making the patient and carer known of these results. It also augments the use of mobile devices as part of telemedicine efforts that can benefit this community.
But the same situation also applies to delivering healthcare in to third-world countries, something typically facilitated by the many volunteer organisations who answer this need. Here, the volunteer organisations can use this technology for identifying disease risks or organising the right treatment in a “there-and-then” manner.
Then there is the ability to use this technology as part of at-home healthcare programs including supporting the concept of ageing-at-home. This can be about using it as part of medicine management or monitoring long-term illnesses and assessing the effect of treatments without needing to go to a doctor’s clinic or hospital.
What is being seen here is the ability for cost-effective smartphones and similar highly-mobile devices that are based on platforms that support user-installable software to be used as part of personal healthcare in any part of the world. | <urn:uuid:c31fe0db-bade-4d52-9df2-576faf8c11f4> | {
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Tactile Activities to Do With Toddlers
Your toddler's sensory system is a work in progress, which is why crying might occur over sticky hands or walking in dry sand. New stimulus and textures can be upsetting to your toddler. Tactile activities can help reduce this sensitivity by allowing her to feel more comfortable in different environments, reports the Pediatric Development Center, which provides occupational therapy services for young children 12.
Toddlers love to draw, paint and create. Spread salt or whipped cream on a baking tray and let him draw pictures with his fingers. Add a few drops of food coloring to a few tablespoon of honey and let him finger paint in complete stickiness. Show him how to form shapes and sculptures with play clay or to pat a chunk of play dough flat and use his finger to imprint designs. The chance to draw or create something can make handling sticky, or otherwise unfamiliar substances, less intimidating.
Submerging her hands in a variety of different textures can help build up her tolerance to different materials and environments, reports the Pediatric Development Center 1. Fill a large plastic bin with dried beans, rice, flour or sugar and hide a few small toys in the bottom. Then ask your toddler to help you find the hidden treasures inside. Fill a casserole dish with water or sand and set it on the floor for her to experiment and play with. Provide a few toys such as a small doll or toy car that your tot can practice moving through the different mediums.
Your toddler experiences sensations with his hands and his feet, so encourage him to have new sensory experiences barefoot by walking through a baby pool of dry macaroni or a goopy mixture of flour and water. Encourage him to try and grab some of the contents between his toes as he's walking. Cut large squares of distinctly different fabric, such as velvet, nylon, wool and fleece and have him hop between the different "touch pads" in bare feet.
Letting your toddler explore a variety of textures, from sandpaper and corduroy, to shag carpeting and velvet can help acclimate her the different sensations. Create a book with each page made of a different material. Cut out shapes made from contrasting textures or fabrics and let her arrange or play with them on a small table or tray. Have her touch a particular material or fabric with her eyes closed and try to guess which one she was touching.
- Pediatric Development Center: Tactile Fun in the Sun
- Activities for Fine Motor Skills Development; Jodene Smith
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WEATHER - Nature's Forecasters - Sun Moon and Stars
How the Sun, Moon and Stars can predict the Weather ...
A ‘halo’ or ring around the Moon can indicate weather variations. When an exceptionally dark area encircles the Moon inside a halo or ring, torrential rain is to follow.
If there is no good rain within 4 or 5 days either side of a Full Moon, there will be no good rain falls within the following weeks. However, if there is a good rain within this 4 to 5 day period, more of the same can be expected.
During a drought, if rain falls just before a Full Moon then drought-breaking rains should follow.
If the New Moon is in a ‘dish’ position (able to hold water) then no rain is to be expected. If the New Moon is in a vertical position (where water can pour off it), then wet weather is on its way.
Rainbows are usually seen when the Sun or Moon shines onto water droplets. The more intense the rainbow’s colours, the heavier the rain.
Occasionally a second Rainbow can be seen above the main Rainbow. The second Rainbow will have its colours reversed.
A Rainbow during the night or early in the morning indicates unsettled weather to come. A Rainbow high in the sky means that rain will be coming, but not for a couple of hours.
If the Stars appear to be twinkling or flickering brightly, wet days are ahead.
If Stars can be seen within a crescent Moon, there will be rain within a day.
If the Stars seem indistinct or if they appear to be very close, there will be rain within the week.
A ‘halo’ around the Sun is caused by ‘cirroform’ clouds. These clouds appear with an approaching front and falls of rain or snow will follow within a day or so. Sometimes small images of the Sun can be seen on the outside of the halo and these are known as ‘Sun Dogs’. This is caused by refractions of the Sun.
If the setting Sun is deep red there will be no rain the next day. If the setting Sun is pale and watery either wet or windy days can be expected.
WEATHER - Nature's Forecasters - Humans
- WEATHER - Nature's Forecasters - Humans
The weather influences the way we feel and behave. During the 1950s, international scientists formed a group to investigate the integral link between the weather and the mental and physical well-being of...
- WEATHER - Nature's Forecasters - Insects and Spiders
ANTS Ants are the most reliable weather forecasters on earth. A change in the weather is inevitable if the ants behave in a manner which is out of the ordinary. They will be extra industrious and...
- WEATHER - Nature's Forecasters - Animals and Birds
Since the beginning of human times we have looked to the weather on a daily basis. Weather has played a major role in the way we live our lives, the type of work we do, what we wear, what we eat and the...
- WEATHER - Nature's Forecasters - Plants
CACTI Some species of Cacti bloom and show signs of new growth in readiness for a wet period. CROCUS Crocus are commonly seen in gardens and bloom intermittently during Autumn, Winter and Spring. ... | <urn:uuid:9fcbc61a-16e3-4df8-8f89-9d3788a31cdb> | {
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Practice Relating to Rule 4. Definition of Armed Forces
According to Israel’s Manual on the Laws of War (1998), “soldiers serving in the army (regular and reserve) or in well-ordered militia forces (e.g. the SLA or the State National Guards in the United States)” must fulfil four conditions:
1. The combatants must be led by a commander and be part of an organization with a chain of command.
2. The combatants must bear a fixed recognizable distinctive sign that can be recognized from afar.
3. The combatants must bear arms openly.
4. It is incumbent on combatants to behave in compliance with the rules and customs of war.
In 2009, in a report on Israeli operations in Gaza between 27 December 2008 and 18 January 2009 (the “Gaza Operation”, also known as “Operation Cast Lead”), Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated:
Whereas members of a civilian police force that is solely
a civilian police force, who have no combat function are not considered combatants under the Law of Armed Conflict, international law recognises that this principle does not apply where police are part of the armed forces of a party. In those circumstances, they may constitute a legitimate military target. In other words, the status of the Palestinian “police” under the Law of Armed Conflict depends on whether they fulfilled combat functions in the course of the armed conflict. The evidence thus far is compelling that they are.
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Telecentres, a public place to access computers and the Internet, and libraries aim to serve isolated community to facilitate better access to information and knowledge. Especially in developing countries, telecentres and libraries help in reducing digital divides.
In the development of this concept, telecentres also favour for profit entities as cybercafés, which have similar goals as telecentres. Gomez et al. (2009) includes cybercafé as a telecenter by recognizing the importance of cybercafé in providing access to ICT, although an institution or network doesn’t support it. Cybercafes are located in areas with high income and tourists, yet do offer an important source of public access to ICT.
Looking to the potential of Indonesia, it has 14,516 libraries, 400 telecenters, and 7,000 cybercafés (Gomez et al., 1999). From this statistic, it is interesting to see the potential for growing telecentres in Indonesia. Here are two case studies of the use of libraries as telecentres in Indonesia.
Online Content Library
Public libraries, as the new telecentres, provide public access to ICT in Indonesia. In West Kalimantan, the use of ICT in public libraries is driven by [email protected], an international multilateral relationship between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam in Borneo, a strategic island in the middle of Southeast Asia. The countries have authorities to protect sustainable forest within Borneo.
Supported by more than 16 institutions from 2 states and 3 provinces, [email protected] has important roles to ensure accessibility of information resources about Borneo and was initially founded to use online access to provide key knowledge to citizens on Borneo.
Focusing on forest at the beginning, [email protected] nowadays expands its digital collections to other topics. The good news for local libraries is that the more digital contents, the higher demands to provide computers and Internet access for citizens. Therefore, the need of telecentre equipment in public libraries is high and seen as necessary.
For example, a public library managed by West Kalimantan Provincial Government provides 24 PCs and equips Internet access points for public who need the Internet for both accessing content and seeking books in an online catalogue managed by the library administrators.
Because of the ICs, the library now has increased visitors. Over 340 visitors come to the library every day, including holidays, 7 days a week, and 47,860 visitors came in the last year. Nining, a computer administrator of the library says,
“There is significant increase since the library provide Internet access and open every day, Monday – Saturday from 08.00am to 10.00pm and Sunday from 08.30am to 05.00pm. In addition, 200GB bandwidth quota allocated for this month already run out a week before the end of the month”
Modern Library Concept
Jakarta’s @america, is an interesting example of how the concepts of telecentres and libraries have evolved to the present day. Unlike telecentre that focuses on providing access to computers, the US Embassy’s funded @america offers its visitors access to resources, learning space, as well as educational advice and guidance. @america interactively engages audience with varied and edgy content-rich activities such as discussions, web chats, competitions, cultural performances and exhibitions.
Moreover, @america equips audiences with the latest mobile devices and Internet connection – all free of charge. @america takes benefits from its location in a popular upmarket shopping mall with its large crowds of regular shoppers. Accordingly, @america is open for public 10am to 9pm daily. To further its impact, @america builds partnership with non-profit organizations, educational institutions and private companies to expand its message.
The idea of @america as a contemporary technology-rich library has superseded the one of a telecentre. As various studies have proven, a telecentre, with its simplistic approach, is unable to either promote social inclusion effectively or bridge the digital divide in underserved communities. With its strong online and offline presence, @america has emerged as an attractive public access venue for multi-facet communication, interaction and learning. People are hungry for knowledge and opportunities; @america delivers exactly that.
Eko Prasetyo leads the implementation of Jhpieho’s mHealth initiative in Indonesia. He graduated from MSc. Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) programme at The University of Manchester.
Sofiarti Dyah Anggunia works as Database Analyst at West Kalimantan Provincial Government, Indonesia. She holds an M.Sc in Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) from The University of Manchester.
Larastri Kumaralalita is currently member of e-government laboratory in University of Indonesia. She gained MSc. of Management and Information Systems at Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM), University of Manchester, and Bachelor in Computer Science, majoring in Information Systems, at Computer Science Faculty, University of Indonesia. | <urn:uuid:f3fcf509-b5a3-4a98-86ae-f26178147c6f> | {
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J260 Investigative Reporting Seminar
What does it take to produce great investigative journalism? The aim of this course is to answer this question by exploring methods and strategies for conceiving, reporting, writing and fact checking investigative narratives. What are the ingredients to look for when considering story ideas? Where does the reporting start? How do you go about identifying and developing sources? How do you get people to talk? How and when do you engage with the subjects of your investigation? How do you protect whistleblowers? How do you gather, organize and manage documents and notes? How do you carry the factual and psychological burdens that come with investigative reporting? How do you begin converting a mountain of reporting into concise, compelling story telling? How do you make sure your work can withstand the toughest scrutiny? How do you construct a story to convey authority and credibility?
My aim is to give students a thorough grounding in the entire investigative process through a series of lectures and discussions, supplemented by assigned readings. Over the course of this class, students will be asked to produce a fully developed story pitch for an investigative project of their choosing. The pitch will consist of a memo that covers the central hypothesis and importance of the story concept, a summary of what’s already known about the subject, a breakdown of the most pressing questions to attack first, a detailed rundown of possible public records requests, a comprehensive list of possible sources, a detailed discussion of the policy context behind the story idea, and a proposal on what is the best method for telling this story. Course grade will be based on class attendance and participation (40 percent) and the pitch memo (60 percent).
Time: F 1:00 - 3:00
Location: 142 North Gate (Library)
Class Number: 19480
Length: 15 weeks
Course Material Fee: None
Enroll Limit: 15
Restrictions & Prerequisites | <urn:uuid:931ff67e-50aa-4685-94ce-4806d13e15a0> | {
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The isoprostanes (IsoPs) are a unique series of prostaglandin-like compounds formed in vivo via the non-enzymatic, free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. These compounds were first discovered in the Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Vanderbilt by Drs. Jack Roberts and Jason Morrow in 1990. Over the course of the past 20 years, we and others have carried out studies defining the basic chemistry and biochemistry involved in the formation and metabolism of IsoPs. Today, one particular class of IsoPs, F2-IsoPs (shown below), is known as the "gold standard" biomarker of endogenous lipid peroxidation resulting from oxidative stress.
Because these molecules are chemically stable and have been identified in every biological matrix analyzed, measurement of F2-IsoPs has revolutionized the ability of investigators to quantify oxidant injury in vivo. In a multi-investigator study sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), termed the Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress (BOSS) Study, it was found that quantification of plasma or urinary F2-IsoPs by mass spectrometry was the most accurate method to assess endogenous oxidative stress.
A number of mass spectrometric methods have been developed to quantify F2-IsoPs. Our laboratory uses gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC/NICI-MS) employing stable isotope dilution with [2H4]-15-F2t-IsoP as the internal standard. 15-F2t-IsoP, one abundant F2-IsoP regioisomer, and other co-eluting F2-IsoPs are quantified using this method. This approach is that originally developed by Morrow and Roberts and has been widely used in a variety of research and clinical studies. Click here to view the assay methodology as published in Nature Protocols. (Please note that the nomenclature of F2-IsoPs varies in the literature. 15-F2t-IsoP is also referred to as 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α or 8-iso-PGF2α as well as iPF2α-III.)
Importantly, normal levels of F2-IsoPs in healthy humans have been defined. Normal levels in plasma are 35 +/- 6 pg/mL while normal levels in urine are 1.6 +/- 0.6 ng/mg Creatinine. Defining these levels allows for assessment of various disease states on endogenous oxidant tone and allows for the determination of the extent to which therapeutic interventions affect levels of oxidative stress. Levels of F2-IsoPs are increased in human body fluids and tissues in many diseases and disorders including atherosclerosis and associated risk factors including smoking and obesity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, certain types of cancers, neurodegeneration, and asthma, among others. Further, antioxidant supplementation as well as lifestyle changes (ie. cessation of cigarette smoking or weight loss) have been shown to decrease levels of F2-IsoPs.
Each year the Eicosanoid Core Laboratory works with investigators around the world to quantify F2-IsoPs. If you are interested in measuring F2-IsoPs in your research, please contact Dr. Ginger Milne with any questions regarding study design, sample collection/storage, or pricing. We look forward to working with you! | <urn:uuid:347c4f6d-d75c-4555-a2b1-93642d270a6b> | {
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The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. — U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 4
Impeachment of a President is a drastic measure that the Constitution discusses, but hardly describes. As it says, removal from office is after an official is both impeached and convicted. But that’s all it says. So here’s some insight into what that means and how it works.
The first part of the removal process is impeachment, but even that has several steps. A lot of people are under the false assumption that impeachment itself is the method of removing a President from office, but that’s a common misconception. Only two Presidents have been impeached, Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, and neither was removed from office. President Richard Nixon was almost impeached, but he resigned before that happened.
Impeachment is really just the process where a government official is charged with an offense, kind of like how in a criminal case, a person can be indicted on charges. The House of Representatives votes on whether to impeach, just like a grand jury decides whether to indict.
But let’s not get too far ahead of ourselves. Before the House votes on whether to impeach, there needs to be an investigation, a fact-finding mission conducted by Congress or the Justice Department. Without that, there’s no evidence to present as the basis for impeachment charges.
Once there’s enough evidence to bring a case against the President, the House Judiciary Committee evaluates it and then decides whether to draft articles of impeachment, which are the formal charges. From there, the entire House votes on the articles of impeachment, and if a majority of representatives are in favor, the President is officially impeached.
Once a President (or whomever the official is) is impeached, the matter goes to the U.S. Senate, which acts like the jury would at a criminal trial. When the President is the official in question, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides over the proceedings. The House appoints representatives to prosecute the case, and the President can put forth a defense.
After both sides present their cases, the Senate votes on each article of impeachment. Two thirds of the Senate must vote against the President in order to convict. If that happens, they can remove the President from office.
Again, no President has ever been removed from office through this process. President Johnson came close, being only vote short of conviction, but President Clinton wasn’t even close to being removed. Should it ever happen to any President, however, this is how it would happen.
[Image via Andrea Izzotti/Shutterstock] | <urn:uuid:cc8151a1-19fc-4bd7-a21a-5153b225f195> | {
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Drugs are referred to as any stimulative substance taken to affect ones body function by stimulating it to react to different conditions depending on the condition itself. However, with drugs comes drug or substance abuse. This on the other hand, it is the excessive use of drugs of chemical substances to achieve a certain effect. Perhaps the effect being mentioned here is that which the stimulant is supposed to cause in the body. Drug and drug abuse has been blamed all over the world for the decaying moral standards witnessed in the society today.
It is true that as a result of drugs and drug abuse what was once known as morality has now gone to the dogs. Be that as it may, it is not possible (in fact it is not fair) to put all the blame squarely on drugs (Antonio, M. 2007). People make their own choices and some choose to abuse drugs while others choose to use them positively. If any thing, drugs have many positives that on many occasions are ignored and no one cares to comment on them while placing all the blame of societal problems on drugs. This paper will analyze and address the pros of drugs and why it should not be prohibited in the United States of America.
It will also address this by looking at one particular drug (marijuana) by addressing the pros of legalizing marijuana and the result (Donnelly, J. 2000). The pros of legalizing drugs As already mentioned, many societal problems are now blamed on drugs and drug abuse. Suppose this is true, it will be a fact that by prohibiting drugs, any thing related to drugs will be illegal. Due to this, the crime rates are sky rocketing. People end up committing crimes in an attempt to acquire drugs. It is therefore logical that by legalizing drugs, the crime rates will steadily decline.
Crime is the cancer that is slowly killing the American society. Particularly in the projects and the “ghettoes”, crime is rampant as a result of drugs. Once drugs have been legalized, the people will no longer find it necessary to sell drugs on the corners of streets, the buyers will also find it easy to walk to a seller a purchase the drug s/he needs. It will no longer force people to rob stores in order to get some money to purchase the drugs they need. This is what the society needs. It does not need laws imposed which instead of helping the society, the end up causing more destruction than construction (Inciardi, J.
A. 2001). Legalization of drugs, will also improve the lives of people. The argument here is from an economic point of view. Once legalized, both the buyer and the seller will benefit from the trade. Both parties will improve on their livelihoods. The seller will definitely improve his life because he generates some income from the trade. He will definitely sell the drug at a higher price than he got it for. The difference between him and a car sales man will only be on the type of goods they deal with. The buyer on the other hand will benefit by getting some value for his money.
It is assumed that the consumer is always rational. The buyer will definitely buy something worth his money and in that case, something that he needs. He on the other hand, can be compared to the car buyer. They will both purchase something worth their money and something that will enable them function better. The only difference, again, is in the type of goods they deal with. Still on this issue, it will help reduce the number of third parties involved in the trade. In many cases, it is normally children who are used as the middle men. By legalizing drugs, this will be curtailed.
Another reason why drugs should be legalized is strictly a health reason and on grounds that some illicit drugs actually are pose fewer health risks than some legalized drugs like alcohol and cigarettes (Eva, M. 2006). Statistics have shown that more people are at a health risk as a result of smoking and drinking than those who take ecstasy. In some countries where traditional cultures are still being upheld, they use some of the prohibited drugs for medical reasons. Marijuana was been used in the Caribbean strictly for medical reasons.
It is only in the late 20th century that this was changed and people began to use it for other reasons. It is not surprising that this treatment often worked for the people. As we shall see later, marijuana is a very good stimulant and therefore makes the body react to different conditions well enough to deal with the situation. Another example of a drug that can be used for medical reasons is ecstasy. Here it is important to note that like any other drug (even those prescribed by physicians) ecstasy is very addictive. The difference however, is that it can be used for some diseases which are often ruled incurable.
Research has shown that ecstasy can be used for cognitive enhancement for people with Parkinson’s disease. It can also be used for people suffering from a post traumatic stress disorder. It has been proved to be an effective treatment for people suffering with these kinds of disorders. Another reason why drugs should be legalized in the US is because it will reduce the spread of diseases. We mentioned earlier that a lot of this drug trade goes on in the corners of streets since it is illegal. Owing to this fact, most of the items used are unhygienic and can easily spread diseases (Inciardi, J.
A. 2001). In these underground markets, there is no care for hygiene and drugs may be mixed with other substances that may affect the consumer’s health system negatively. The toxicity levels in these drugs are very high. They will either make the user addicted to the drug or may result in health complications. This is strictly the product of prohibiting drugs. Since the drug is illegal, the items used e. g. syringes may be those that have been already used by other persons or those that have been disposed by medical institutions.
Since the users and the sellers know tat they will not get these items from the mainstream, they opt for the unhygienic ones (Weisheit, R. A. 2002). This therefore ends up poisoning the health system of the user and the result can be as fatal as death. Another way in which hygiene is not observed is in the fact that the sellers may want to make as much money as possible from the little drugs they posses. This is due to the fact that they may not have the idea as to when they will be busted. They therefore end up mixing the drugs they have with other substances to increase the quantity.
These substances added to the drug are the impurities and this is what affects the health of the people. How then can this be avoided? The remedy is clear and simple, legalize the use of drugs. This will at least ensure that hygiene is looked at carefully. The legalization of drugs will reduce on the number of children lured and forced into the drug trade business. As already seen, the situation that America is dealing with right now is that which drug usage and drug sale is illegal. At this point, it is important to note that it is not the usage that has become difficult for people involved in this sector.
It is the selling/trade. The sentence that one gets as a result of drug trade is higher than that of drug usage. The traders have therefore come up with mechanisms that will make them to be least suspected as being involved in the drug trade business. They therefore use children to transport the drugs from point A to B. children are the least suspected of all since it is assumed that with a back pack, they are automatically going to school. In some instances, the children are not forced into the business. They end up getting into it to make some money (Eva, M. 2006).
Some of these children come from very poor back grounds and may want to live the kind of lives that they see their colleagues living. Since their parents cannot afford to provide for them what they may consider to be “cool”, they end up taking the jobs to meet their demands. By legalizing drugs, this will no longer have to be done in the dark. Children will now be able to take jobs in chemists and dispensaries selling these drugs and earning their money in clean ways (Antonio, M. 2007). The sellers will no longer find it necessary to force children into the business to sell for them the drugs since it is now legal.
They can now do it without the fear of being caught and sentenced to prison for a long time. By legalizing drugs, the government will also be, indirectly, killing corruption in the system. In the forces, there are many crooked cops who will just be paid off to let one drug dealer go. This pay is normally done regularly. Depending on the agreement the cops have with the dealer, the dealer has to produce some amount of money after an agreed period or risk being left out there to hang for the clean cops to bust him. But why do these people engage in this vice? The sellers know that drug usage and its trade is illegal.
The cops on the other hand know that the sellers know it is illegal. It is simple economics and some sort of food chain. The sellers meet the consumer’s demand of drugs by selling it to them. However, for any production entity to meet the demands of its clients and satisfy them, there needs to be some cost incurred. This is what is referred to as the production cost. The production cost in this case, is the money paid to the cops. The demand is the users of the drugs. The supply, the drug traders. It is a question of the traders taking the users money and the cops taking the traders money (Eva, M. 2006).
What is not possible to explain is why the police, who are supposed to be maintaining law and order, would engage in this vice. However, that will forever remain their issue to know and understand. What is clear however is that legalizing drugs will take of this situation effectively. The traders will no longer have to pay the cops for protection since they will no longer need protection. One of the market forces will have been taken out and the production cost will be something else. Maybe, taxes paid to the government for this trade. This brings out another point why legalization of drugs will be important in the US.
For every trading entity in the US, taxation must be imposed and it must be paid to the government. It seems rather absurd but it is true. Legalization of drugs will increase government revenue almost twice (Antonio, M. 2007). The drug business is the most profitable business anywhere in the world. The higher the profits, the more the tax imposed. The government will be able to make a fortune out of these businesses. The tax paid by the traders will be able to cater for a substantial amount of government expenditure. Legalization of drugs will also assist in improving the research systems and the quality of research.
With the legalization, many research centers will be able to work on the once considered illegal drugs and come up with possible cures for possible diseases that are existent in the society today. Many scientists have failed to take the initiative to do so since the government has imposed a ban on some drugs. Legalization will no longer threaten the scientists on the outcome of their research but instead will give them the initiative to research (Lowenstein, L. F. 2003). Legalization of drugs will help curb the litigation problems experienced in the society today.
Some drugs are considered illegal but they are also found naturally in mans body. The irony here is that not only is possessing the drug illegal in the American system but also having it in your body system once tested may result to serious charges. This is rather confusing to the regular man out there who may not be aware of this situation. The only way to take care of this will be by legalization of drugs to avoid unnecessary litigations. It is also a fact that by legalizing drugs the living standards of many will be improved. As it is now drugs are quite expensive.
By legalizing drugs, the cost of drugs will be reduced because of two reasons; (1) making it legal will mean that the cost of drugs has to go down since the number of sellers will increase. Since the supply has increased, it affects the cost of the good by creating a reduction on the cost of it, (2) making it legal, as mentioned earlier, will also mean that the cost of production will decrease. This is due to the fact that one of the factors of production has been eliminated. Since the cost of production has reduced, the final cost of the good will also decrease.
The positive effect of this to the society is that since the cost of the good has gone down, people no longer have to spend a lot of money on the drugs and can therefore make other purchases if not investing in other areas. Many people will also end up in this business in order to make ends meet (Weisheit, R. A. 2002). In a nutshell, prohibitation of drugs has resulted to more of damage than good. It has led to crime, spread of diseases, poverty and other factors that have been discussed above. A good example of a drug that can be of more good to the society than evil and has been banned is marijuana.
Scientifically referred to as cannabis sativa, this drug was banned by the US government but has been used in other places in the world and has proved to have positive effects (Lowenstein, L. F. 2003). What then are the pros of legalizing marijuana? The pros of marijuana are more or less the same as those of legalizing drugs. The difference comes in the fact that marijuana has been tested and has been used for a long time in the world for this good. One of the reasons why it should be legalized is due to the fact that it can be used for health reasons.
People who suffer from illnesses such as depression, cancer and AIDS, have a higher chance of getting through the illness using marijuana than using the prescribed drugs by the physician. It is highly recommended to use marijuana when one is feeling nauseated as it helps combat the feeling. Another pro of marijuana is the fact that by legalizing it, the number of arrests associated with marijuana usage will be reduced. Many of the drug users prefer marijuana to other drugs. The reasons for this are probably the reasons why marijuana should be legalized. As a result of this, many of the users end up being arrested.
By legalizing marijuana, the number of arrests will be reduced. Another pro of marijuana is that unlike other drugs, the forms in which marijuana is consumed are least likely to lead to the spread of diseases that are spread mainly through blood contact. It is mainly smoked, boiled or even baked it cake. The hygiene observed when preparing marijuana is least likely to lead to the spread of diseases (Trebach, A. S. & James, A. I. 1999). Finally, people have this misconception that the use of marijuana will lead to the usage of even stronger drugs. In my opinion, that is a baseless argument.
I mentioned earlier that people make their own choices and depending on whether or not one wants to abuse marijuana, it is totally up to them. We cannot put this blame on marijuana. Conclusion In conclusion, it is my belief that the prohibitation of drugs will never work. This is due to the fact that the more the drugs are prohibited, the more that people tend to commit crimes that are drug related. It is granted that drugs and drug abuse have resulted to low moral standards and in some instances even death. What I fail to understand is why we have never learnt to take the blame ourselves.
It is due to poverty that people end up engaging in this activity to meet their needs. I do not think it is logical to put the blame on drugs (Humphreys, A. 1999). We are living in a free and liberal society. If people decide that they need drugs then so be it. It should be up to one (as long as s/he is an adult) to make their own choices and decisions. Imposing bans and prohibiting of drugs will not solve anything. References Antonio, M. (2007). The Independent (UK), cannabis call it anything but soft. London: SAGE. Donnelly, J. (2000). Drugs and there abuse. London: Oxford University Press.
Eva, M. (2006). Living in the ‘projects’ and coping with drugs. New York: Haworth Press. Humphreys, A. (1999). Cannabis Sativa. Oxford: Oxford University Press Inciardi, James A. (2001). The Drug Legalization Debate. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Lowenstein, L. F. (2003). Legalizing or not legalizing drugs. Police Journal. Vol. 66(3):296-302. Trebach, Arnold. S. and James, A. I. (1999). Legalize It? : Debating American Drug Policy. Washington, D. C. : American University Press. Weisheit, Ralph. A. (2002). Domestic Marijuana: A Neglected Industry. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. | <urn:uuid:633e82f0-a1ef-45f3-9c99-3a9afa4080e4> | {
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This Module 6: Quadratic Functions unit also includes:
Linear, exponential, now it's time for quadratic patterns! Learners build on their skills of modeling patterns by analyzing situations with quadratic functions. The sixth module in the Algebra I series has pupils analyze multiple representations of quadratic functions and compare the behavior of quadratic functions with both linear and exponential functions.
- Create a graphic organizer outlining the key features of linear, quadratic, and quadratic functions
- Use the Set problems as whiteboard practice to check for understanding
- Requires a solid understanding of both linear and exponential functions
- Includes answer keys with explanations
- Uses inquiry-based openers to help build understanding | <urn:uuid:705cd597-3a7a-4a66-b310-14538492f405> | {
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In Zale’s Tales: The Quest for the Magic Pearl, countless sea stars gathered together around the magic pearl. They, along with many other ocean creatures, were captivated by the pearl’s magic glow. You or your young ones may be wondering, “But how do sea stars move? Can they see where they are going?”
Read on for the answers and kid-friendly fun facts to share with your young one(s)!
While it may seem like super-slow-mo to us, sea stars actually do crawl on the seafloor! Want to see it for yourself? Click here to watch this BBC time-lapse footage of sea stars moving.
So HOW exactly is it that they move? Those orange strands that you see in the picture below are actually feet. But not any ordinary feet. They are filled with water that is contained in a system of tubes inside their bodies.
So, they are powered by water, by squeezing it into their tiny tube feet to expand them and move them forward!
Oh, and could sea stars really see the magic pearl and where they were going? Yes! Sea stars have eyespots on the ends of their rays (arms) which allow them to detect light and dark and also see very general images fairly close to them. So, yes, while the pearl may not have been as clear of an image to them as we would see, the sea stars certainly were able to see the magic pearl!
Haven’t experienced the adventures of Zale’s Tales: The Quest for the Magic Pearl? Spark wonder for the ocean and its magnificent creatures in a youngster you know by getting it today! Click here to be taken to Zale’s Tales on Amazon.com.
Interested in how scientists investigated how sea stars see? Check this link out for more! | <urn:uuid:64c45d08-483f-4583-8cef-ff0ed985ed04> | {
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Longer hours on social media may increase teens' risk of cyberbullying
Cyberbullying may be linked to higher use of social network sites by school children aged 14-17 years, rather than to simply having a social network profile, according to a study published in the open access journal BMC Public Health, which examined data from several European countries.
Researchers at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece found that school children in Romania, Germany and Poland were more likely to experience cyberbullying, such as aggressive and threatening messages, social exclusion, spreading rumors and sharing private, inappropriate or humiliating information, if they used social network sites for more than 2 hours a week day.
Co-author Professor Artemis Tsitsika said: "This is an important finding which challenges past research suggesting that simply having, rather than excessive use of, a social network site profile increases the risk of becoming a victim of cyberbullying."
The researchers found that a relatively high proportion of school children in Romania (37.3%), Greece (26.8%), Germany (24.3%) and Poland (21.5%) have been bullied online whereas a fewer proportion experience cyberbullying in the Netherlands (15.5%), Iceland (13.5%) and Spain (13.3%).
Professor Artemis Tsitsika added: "We found multiple factors, in addition to the time spent on social media, which may impact cyberbullying frequency and explain the differences between countries. In Greece and Romania higher cyberbullying may be due to a lack of digital literacy and relevant legislation, as well as sudden rise of social media use and a large technological gap between parents and the younger generation. Promotion of internet safety strategies and teaching digital skills in education may contribute to lower rates of cyberbullying in the Netherlands. In all cases higher daily use with no monitoring and digital literacy background may lead to teenagers posting private information and meeting strangers online".
The researchers call for educational settings to integrate ICT education into their curricula, especially in countries where use of the Internet has risen abruptly.
The authors undertook a school-based study across Germany, Greece, Iceland, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Spain. Anonymous questionnaires about internet use, social factors and cyberbullying were completed by 12,372 students aged 14—17 across the seven countries.
They caution that the observational nature of the study limits conclusions about the direct causes of cyberbullying. As five years have passed since the data used in the study was collected, its ability to represent the current picture of cyberbullying may be limited.
More information: Kalliope Athanasiou et al, Cross-national aspects of cyberbullying victimization among 14–17-year-old adolescents across seven European countries, BMC Public Health (2018). DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5682-4
Journal information: BMC Public Health
Provided by BioMed Central | <urn:uuid:28469a99-a7d2-4b20-a4db-61d10396ce2b> | {
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Genetic factors influencing adult obesity take effect in early childhood
Body mass index (BMI) in infants, children and adults is influenced by different genetic factors that change as we age, according to a major new study.
An international consortium of researchers, led by scientists at Imperial College London, the University of Surrey, and the University of Oulu, Finland, discovered that BMI in babies is influenced by a distinct set of genetic variants that play little role in determining weight in later life.
They found, however, that some genetic variants associated with adult BMI start playing a role during childhood from around the age of 4-7 years old—suggesting that the origins of obesity in adults may lie in this critical stage of childhood.
The study, published in Science Advances, raises hopes that it may be possible to intervene at this early age to help to prevent unhealthy weight trajectories in later life.
"Our study shows that nearly 100 genetic variants which increase a person's risk of obesity in adulthood seem to start taking effect at an important stage of childhood development, from the age of around four," said senior author Professor Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, from Imperial's School of Public Health.
"Environmental factors like the food we eat and our lifestyle have more and more impact on obesity development as we age. These external factors seem to unmask gradually the genetic contributors to obesity that we have from early life, programming development towards an unhealthy direction.
"We have shown that the origins of adult obesity lie in early childhood, and that there are clear windows across the life course which should be better considered in obesity prevention."
The research was conducted as part of the Early Growth Genetics Consortium, which combines data from multiple genome-wide association studies to identify genetic variants implicated in human development.
In total, they analysed measures such as BMI and growth rates from 2 weeks to 13 years of age of more than 22,000 children and compared these to variations in their genetic make-up. This enabled the researchers to identify common genetic variants associated with the peaks and troughs in BMI and their timings in childhood.
BMI (an indicator of body fat) does not follow a linear path through a person's life, but instead has three distinct periods of change. After birth, BMI rises rapidly until the age of nine months, where it peaks before declining again until the age of 5-6 years old, known as 'adiposity rebound point'. BMI then steadily increases until early adulthood.
Previous studies have suggested that adiposity rebound is a key period for determining obesity in later life and the results from the new research now help to explain those findings.
The researchers also discovered a new genetic variant that has an effect on infant BMI, a variation in a region of the genome containing the genes LEPR and LEPROT. In adults this genetic region is involved in controlling the activity levels of a hormone called leptin which is produced by fat cells to reduce appetite. Evidence also suggests that in early life it plays a role in brain development.
This new variant unveiled in the study, does not appear to be associated with adult weight regulation, so its effects may be limited to infancy.
"It suggests there are distinct biological processes driving BMI in infancy compared to later in childhood and into adulthood," said Professor Jarvelin. "We would like to further explore this variation in genetic makeup in infancy to better understand its role in development.
"If we can explain what is happening in early life, then we can start to understand why some people become obese and some people don't even though they are eating the same amount of calories. This may allow us to tackle the risk factors that are leading to the obesity epidemic."
Dr. Sylvain Sebert from the University of Oulu added: "We are hopeful that the next international efforts we are running will help further tackling the early risk of obesity."
"GWAS on longitudinal growth traits reveals different genetic factors influencing infant, child and adult BMI" is published in the journal Science Advances.
More information: "GWAS on longitudinal growth traits reveals different genetic factors influencing infant, child, and adult BMI" Science Advances (2019). advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/9/eaaw3095
Journal information: Science Advances
Provided by Imperial College London | <urn:uuid:6beef2e8-4bf6-4d5c-95a0-22423baea18d> | {
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