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Charles has already explained that there was no fixed location for coronations before Edward the Confessor, his taking place at Winchester in 1043. I think the simplest explanation for this is that the Court moved around the country and the Rite was held wherever the new king happened to be.
By the middle of the 11th century, the kingdom that would be England was undoubtedly coming together and the Confessor decided to build to reflect a more centralised system of government. The royal enclosure was at Westminster and Edward founded his great Benedictine Abbey (where there was already a religious settlement) next to it. It was consecrated on 28 December 1065 and Edward died at Westminster on 5 January 1066, Harold electing to be crowned in the new Abbey the next day, the Epiphany.
The tradition immediately established itself of the Abbey being the church of coronation and this was firmly cemented in the 13th century when Henry III rebuilt it (the building we have today) both as Shrine to the Confessor and as venue for coronations. Kings would be consecrated next to the Saint-King and the architectural peculiarity of Henry's design, which copied Rheims with Quire west of Crossing, provided the essential space deliberately for this ceremony.
Charles has mentioned the additional coronations that have taken place but, in answer to your question, Nellie, there has been no attempt to challenge the Abbey.
Every crowned Sovereign since Harold II went on 6 January 1066 has gone to Westminster for his coronation.
Responses are not allowed!
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The Battle of Dybbøl was the key battle of the Second Schleswig War and occurred on the morning of 18 April 1864 following a siege starting on 7 April.
On the morning of 18 April 1864 at Dybbøl, the Prussians moved into their positions at 2.00. At 10.00 the Prussian artillery bombardment stopped and the Prussians charged through shelling from the Rolf Krake which did not prove enough to halt them. Thirteen minutes after the charge, the Prussian infantry had already seized control of the first line of defence of the redoubts.
A total massacre of the retreating troops was avoided and the Prussian advance halted by a counter-attack by the 8th Brigade, until a Prussian attack threw them back; that attack advanced about 1 km and reached Dybbøl Mill. In that counter-attack the 8th Brigade lost about half their men, dead or wounded or captured. This let the remnants of 1st and 3rd Brigades escape to the pier opposite Sønderborg. At 13.30 the last resistance collapsed at the bridgehead in front of Sønderborg. After that there was an artillery duel across the Alssund.
During the battle around 3,600 Danes and 1,200 Prussians were either killed, wounded or disappeared. A Danish official army casualty list at the time said: 671 dead; 987 wounded, of whom 473 were captured; 3,131 unwounded captured and/or deserters; total casualties 4,789. The 2nd and 22nd Regiments lost the most. Also, the crew of the Danish naval ship Rolf Krake suffered one dead, 10 wounded.
The Battle of Dybbøl was the first battle monitored by delegates of the Red Cross: Louis Appia and Charles van de Velde. Following the battle, the Prussians used the fort area as a starting point to attack Als in June 1864.
While the battle of Dybbøl was a defeat for the Danes the activities of the Rolf Krake along with other Danish naval actions during the conflict served to highlight the naval weakness of Prussia. In an attempt to remedy this the Austro-Prussians dispatched a naval squadron to the Baltic which was intercepted by the Danish Navy at the Battle of Helgoland. A peace treaty was signed on 30 October 1864 that essentially turned the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein into an “Austro-Prussian condominium, under the joint sovereignty of the two states.” The German chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, had taken one of the first steps toward launching the German Empire that would dominate Europe until World War I. | <urn:uuid:0c15d20f-c66c-4413-8d1a-11bc0b122435> | {
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The Civil War was the first major war to bring a continued collection of battlefield images to civilians on the home front through the emerging technology of photography. Innovators like Matthew Brady, Alexander Gardner and Timothy O’Sullivan mastered their craft on the battlefields and in their studios. Their work became widely distributed and the destruction of battlefields were no longer left only to the memories of the participants. You can read about the history of photography in the Civil War in Bob Zeller’s book The Blue and the Gray in Black and White.
Alexander Gardner became famous for his images of Abraham Lincoln but the President and his Generals were not the only subjects caught on glass. Thousands of photographic portraits were created of ordinary soldiers. These images were sent home to sweethearts and families. The images also made war heroes suddenly recognizable to the whole country. Monroe’s own boy general, George Armstrong Custer, known for his gallant cavalry charges, also become known as the most photographed man of the nineteenth century.
Richard S. Lowry details the effects photography had on politics during the Civil War in his book The Photographer and the President: Abraham Lincoln, Alexander Gardner, and the Images that made a Presidency. Dr. Lawrence Frost details the history of the people who photographed General George Custer in his book General Custer’s Photographers and D. Mark Katz provides a photographic biography in Custer in Photographs. More images of Monroe soldiers are available in the Monroe Evening News book In the Rockets’ Red Glare, which provides images of Monroe soldiers through the Gulf War.
With the Sesquicentennial of the Civil War coming to a close not only have new books revisited military strategy but old images have been digitized and enhanced. John C. Guntzelman’s book The Civil War in Color: A Photographic Reenactment of the War Between the States uses computer technology to add color and detail to historic images, giving a brand new view to widely known images.
The Monroe County Library System offers even more books about Civil War photography, check them out..
|Lens of War: Exploring Iconic Photographs of the Civil War|
|Capturing the Light: The birth of Photography, a True Story of Genius and Rivalry|
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- The Persians: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Iran
Homa Katouzian’s The Persians is a comprehensive, analytic, critical, interpretive, and dense account that combines the cultural and literary history of Persians with their political history. It begins with legendary history according to the Shahnameh. [End Page 484] The earlier chapters summarize the premodern history of Iran and contain select bibliographies. Footnotes start with chapter seven on reform and modernization under Naser al-Din Shah. Fully one-half of this book is about Iran in the 20th century. For the modern period, Katouzian provides the details of political intrigue and maneuvering up to mid-2009. He makes effective use of documents, memoirs, letters, speeches, and even the Internet to record the range of views and differences of opinion among Iranians with regard to most issues. There is a good account of the tug-of-war among conservative, reformist, and radical Islamist factions during the most recent two decades of the Islamic Republic.
As useful as this information is, the real importance of this book lies in Katouzian’s arguments about the nature of Iranian society and its history. There is no long-term continuity in Iranian history but rather a series of consecutive short-term successes. This is partly due to insecurity but mostly due to the lack of independent, continuous, long-standing classes and institutions in Persian history (p. 9). Iranian society is both short-term and arbitrary. For Katouzian, the “state” is an actor, and the arbitrary nature of power leads to confrontations between the state and society (for the pre-modern period one might prefer to speak of confrontations between rulers and subjects). What binds Iranian history together from beginning to end is the repeating pattern of arbitrary rule (estabdad) alternating with chaos (harj-o-marj). This is a view that represents Iranian history as homeostatic and abounds with teleology.
Katouzian makes a point of distinguishing arbitrary from absolutist government, the latter having some kind of legitimizing theory, while the former is only given ad hoc legitimacy by success and by rendering justice. Justice has been associated with Iranian monarchy since at least the time of Cyrus and Darius, but for Katouzian, in an Iranian context, the “just ruler” is an arbitrary ruler who, nevertheless, provides stability, peace, prosperity, and security, and does not allow his officials to act unjustly by exceeding the power and authority he gave them. This list should have included equity and the appointment of fair and efficient subordinates.
There are some odd mistakes and inaccuracies. The use of “orthodox” is inappropriate in an Islamic context. “Muluk al- Tawa’if” is translated as “Kings of Tribes” (p. 42), when “kings of the factions” would be more accurate. A couple of the maps are inaccurate as well. The map of the Parthian Empire (p. 45) includes eastern Arabia while the map of the Sasanian Empire (p. 46) does not. It was the other way around. Dinars are called silver coins, and drachmas (dirhams) are called gold coins (p. 103); that was the other way around, too. Barack Obama’s election as US President is given as November, 2009 (p. 391), not November, 2008.
Katouzian’s explanations of the nature of Iranian history are likely to prove controversial. It is questionable how useful the arbitrary exercise of power and the alternation of order and chaos are as explanations or how unique these are to Iran (e.g. Iraq under and after Saddam Husayn). | <urn:uuid:011a43d5-d519-4a6b-8697-e58943dce192> | {
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Virginia Thornley, M.D., Neurologist, Epileptologist
September 19, 2018
Multiple sclerosis has no cure at this current moment. It is unclear what is the exact etiology otherwise there would be a cure. Based on research, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Based on MRI observations, there are inflammatory and degenerative components to the pathogenesis.
What is the ketogenic diet and how does it pertain the brain
The ketogenic diet was initially found to be effective in treatment of medically refractory seizures. But the underlying concept might be applied to other diseases as well.
Instead glucose as the energy substrate, ketones are utilized, If the supply of glucose is reduced, the energy source is shifted towards the beta-oxidation of fatty acids into ketone bodies. These ketones become the new source of energy and allows increased ATP formation which is the source of energy in the mitochondria, which is the powerhouse of the cell where energy is formed.
Different lines of thinking regarding pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
There are lines of thought that Multiple sclerosis can be inflammatory versus neurodegenerative. Because of this many agents are directed towards the autoimmune component of the disease process. It is commonly thought that the autoimmune process results in the neurodegeneration seen on MRI.
As evidenced by the “black holes” seen on MRI after acute attacks, there is evidence there is a neurodegenerative aspect. This other line of thinking suggests that it is a degenerative process that triggers the inflammatory response.
It’s been found that degenerating axons have abnormal mitochondria.
Ketogenic diet and inflammation
In one animal study, it was found that the ketogenic diet reduced inflammatory cytokines after 14 days in animals (2).
Ketogenic diet and increased ATP
In one animal model with a control group and a group on ketogenic diet, after 3 weeks it was found that those on the ketogenic diet had a higher ATP/ADP ratio which is speculated to contribute towards neuronal stability.
How can the ketogenic diet help with Multiple Sclerosis?
The ketogenic diet reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species. It preserves ATP production when the mitochondria fails. The thought is that the axons start to degenerate once the mitochondria are dysfunctional (1).
There are no human clinical studies on ketogenic diet and the improvement of multiple sclerosis. Based on pre-clinical studies, there is indication that ketogenic diet may help improve the ATP stores when the mitochondria becomes dysfunctional which may potentially slow neurodegeneration of axons.
The ketogenic diet might reduce inflammation which is thought to be triggered by a neurodegenerative process in Multiple Sclerosis. However, more studies are needed especially human clinical trials. Currently there is not enough evidence to support this based on the available studies as pre-clinical studies do not always correlate in human trials. More studies are needed.
If you’re burned out reading this article check out Medicine, The Musical brought to you by colleague Writer, Lyricist, Composer – Michael Ehrenreich, M.D.
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- Storoni, M., Plant, G. The therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet in treating progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. Int. 2015. doi 10.1155/2015/681289
- Dupuis, N., Curatolo, N., Benoist, J.F., Auvin, S., Ketogenic diet exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Epilepsia, 2015. 56(7):e95-98
- DeVivo, D.C., Leckie, M.P., Ferrendell, J.S., McDougal, D.B., Jr. Chronic ketosis and cerebral metabolism. Ann Neurol. 1978, Apr. 394):331-337 | <urn:uuid:f57839e3-9fd7-49af-a792-1c02a3400615> | {
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Many miners in the Cripple Creek district had been farmers back east and didn’t even know what they were looking for in their quest for gold. They didn’t know how to pitch a tent or build a fire, but they had caught gold fever. In the 1840s, gold seekers crowded the trails across the Great Plains on their way to California, where gold had been found. In 1859, a second onslaught of miners headed west.
“Pikes Peak or Bust” was their slogan, crudely painted on their wagon tops and carts. Pikes Peak was the first mountain they saw in their journey, so they went there to find their fortunes. The gold there wasn’t just lying in the streams or spilling from the rocky cliffs. Pikes Peak wouldn’t give up its gold until nearly 50 years later, when a second wave of miners began digging deep underground.
You can learn more about Colorado’s gold rush and more about Cripple Creek’s past in Marshall Sprague’s book Money Mountain. | <urn:uuid:6ea14ff4-3760-4d66-834b-bf52b2088dbe> | {
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The Mount Independence-Hubbardton Military Road was built after the September 7, 1776, order of Gen. Horatio Gates to connect the Revolutionary War fortification being constructed at Mount Independence on Lake Champlain to Hubbardton, Rutland, and Fort No. 4 in New Hampshire.
Gates considered the road “so Essential to the Interest of the United States” and “the safety and protection of the inhabitants of all the Middle States of this Union.” Soldiers, ammunition, and stores used the road to reach the Mount. On the night of July 5 and 6, 1777, as the British invaded the lake, American forces withdrew from Mount Independence and Fort Ticonderoga along the road, engaging the British at the Battle of Hubbardton on July 7.
A guided driving tour along part of the 1776-77 Mount Independence-Hubbardton Military Road has been set for Saturday, August 24th, starting at 10 am. The tour leaves from the Hubbardton Battlefield State Historic Site in Hubbardton, VT. Jim Rowe, president of the Crown Point Road Association, will be the guide.
Attendees will meet at the Hubbardton Battlefield museum in Hubbardton for orientation. Attendees will drive their own vehicle. The tour will end on the Otter Creek in Center Rutland, VT. This is the eighth annual tour of auto exploration of segments of the road.
The tour is $3 for adults and free for children under 15, and includes admission to the Hubbardton Battlefield State Historic Site.
Rowe has a lifelong interest in this Revolutionary War military road and is known for his engaging storytelling.
The Hubbardton Battlefield is located at 5696 Monument Hill Road in Hubbardton. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places, it is the site of the only Revolutionary War battle fought in Vermont. Call (802) 273-2282 for more information.
More information on Vermont State-Owned Historic Sites is available online.
Photo of Mount Independence State Historic Site provided. | <urn:uuid:7bc3911b-7f71-459a-af62-a7980aa15fbe> | {
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Hornby Island of British Columbia, Canada, is a Northern Gulf Island parallel with Vancouver Island’s Comox Valley.
A small community of 1074 residents (as of the 2006 census) is distributed across the island. The island is culturally distinctive as it was the site of a large immigration of American draft dodgers during the Vietnam War, and many of these people still live on the island. In recent years the island has become a major tourist destination and its population easily quadruples in size during the summer months. Though tourism is a primary source of income for Hornby, it has led to some water supply shortages. Most people reach the island by taking a BC Ferry to Denman Island from Buckley Bay on Vancouver Island, and then a 30-car ferry to Hornby.
The primary destinations on Hornby are Tribune Bay Provincial Park, Helliwell Provincial Park, and Whaling Station Bay. The island is also a popular mountain biking destination, with a variety of designated trails in Mount Geoffrey Escarpment Provincial Park. The total land area is 29.92 km² (11.55 sq mi)
The island is geographically distinctive as it was formed by post-glacial rebound with the retreat of the last ice age. Before the arrival of European settlers, the island was inhabited by the Pentlatch, a Coast Salish First Nations band. The island was found and named Isla de Lerena during the 1791 voyage of the Spanish ship Santa Saturnina, under Juan Carrasco and José MarÃa Narváez. The name honors the Spanish Finance Minister, Don Pedro López de Lerena, who supported the settlement. In 1850 the British renamed it after Rear Admiral Phipps Hornby, then Commander of the Pacific Station. | <urn:uuid:f60ff902-3a44-4e98-a132-51ebb27524ba> | {
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June 13, 2019 report
New nanosheet coating could replace nonrecyclable metalized films in food packaging
A team of researchers at the University of Oxford, in the U.K., has developed a new type of nanosheet coating for food packaging that could replace the metalized films currently in use. In their paper published in the journal Nature Communications, the group describes their process and hopes that their product might make a whole class of food packing more recyclable.
The shiny silver coating often used to keep packaged foods fresh is most often seen on the insides of bags of potato chips and candy bars. What many people may not realize is that the familiar silver coating makes such packaging very difficult to recycle because the metal film must be removed from the plastic, which means most of it winds up in a landfill. In this new effort, the researchers have come up with a replacement for the metalized films that are fully and easily recyclable.
The new film was made using an inexpensive process that produces thin films made from water and amino acids. More specifically, they were made by first creating a nanosheet of non-toxic synthetic clays. The nanosheet was then stabilized using amino acids. The resultant films are transparent, and most importantly, do not allow gases or water vapor to pass through. In practice, the films would be applied to a plastic, such as those already used in packaging, such as polyethylene terephthalate—the same kind of plastic also used in water bottles. The researchers have already tested the film by exposing it to several gases currently in use in food packing and found it to be approximately 50 percent less permeable. They also put it through physical abuse tests to make sure it could stand up to the processes that packaged foods must endure. They report that it withstood such abuse as well as the metalized films currently in use.
The researchers note that because the films are synthetic, their final makeup is in the control of companies that use it as a packing replacement. But they also acknowledge much more testing will need to be done with the films before companies would be willing to switch over to using it instead of the more familiar metalized films.
© 2019 Science X Network | <urn:uuid:0cd19c81-d98a-4338-a20f-2827c0966d4a> | {
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Experimental Aim: To make a light map of temperature in a paddling pool using the Thermal Fishing bob
We used the thermal fishing bob prototypes developed at the barnraising and discussed here: http://publiclab.org/wiki/thermal-fishing-bob-barnraising. We tested taking long exposure pictures with the Thermal Fishing Bob using Glow Doodle .
To float the bobs we made donuts from pipe insulation, they worked as very effective floaties and stabilizers:
Here is a picture of the paddling pool and computer set up to capture the light streak with glow doodle:
We moved the floating fishing bob around the pool with plastic ribbon:
Method and Results
We first filled the paddling pool with cool water. And moved the thermal fishing bob around which painted the pool with green light. The first two pictures show the results of that test.
We then added one bucket of water at temperature of 97.6. The fishing bob changed to a light yellow color. See picture below.
To create a stronger effect we added two more buckets of 97.6 degree water changing the fishing bob bright red. As the next three pictures show:
- Making a circuit board for the Thermal Fishing bob circuit
- Finding and waterproofing longer thermistors
- Making more stable housing
- Testing outside in a body of water | <urn:uuid:46193b78-b21d-4d9d-88ae-29a890c2bdeb> | {
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There is a lot of nutrition information out there, both fact and fiction! And it can be frustrating trying to sift through all the information. But, your Registered Dietitians have looked at the research and have debunked these misconceptions. Some of the nutritional information we hear can be confusing or even conflicting which leaves us wondering…what can we believe as we try to best nourish our bodies? Below are some 5 common nutrition myths debunked that we have heard for years, but aren’t necessarily true.
1. Eggs are unhealthy because they are full of cholesterol.
Yes, eggs do contain cholesterol. But they also have lots of other valuable nutrients such as high quality protein and vitamins A and E. Studies have suggested that dietary cholesterol doesn’t impact blood cholesterol in the same ways that inactivity or a diet high in saturated fat will. Plus – eggs will keep you feeling fuller longer and are a tasty way to start our day!
2. Organic food is always better.
Organic is good – no question about that! 100% organic means that our foods are free from antibiotics, pesticides, hormones, and many other additives we could do without. But keep in mind that just because something is organically grown, that doesn’t automatically make it better than its non-organic counterpart. An organic cheese puff will not provide any more nutrients than an old-fashioned one will.
3. Foods that are brown are made of whole grains.
This is an example of when being a good label-reader pays off! Always make sure that the ingredient list specifically says “whole grain.” Certain dyes can create that brown color you see. We certainly want the benefits of including whole grains in our diet – such as reducing our risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.
4. Carbohydrates will cause weight gain.
Carbs have gotten a bad rap lately. While a diet containing a lot of carbohydrates from sources such as bread, pasta, and rice will add more calories per serving, this doesn’t mean that they will increase your pant size. Simply control your portion sizes instead of avoiding them altogether. Also, not all carbs are created equal. Fruits and veggies are also in the carbohydrate family and can do amazing things for our health and energy levels.
5. Fats should be avoided for optimum heart health.
Just like carbohydrates come in different forms, so do fats. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats such as omega-3 fatty acids found in salmon and walnuts are very beneficial to heart health. The fat we want to make sure we avoid is trans fat. Fortunately, less food manufacturers are including these fats, but check labels to make sure. Additionally, limit the amount of saturated fats that you include in your diet from dairy and meat products.
If you’d like to hear more about nutrition or have any questions about your current diet, call and schedule an appointment with one of our amazing dietitians. They will be able to help you dispel more myths as well as help to create a diet that’s in YOUR best interest. You can also subscribe to our mailing list to keep you informed, educated, empowered and enthusiastic about your nutrition.
Whether you are a novice in the kitchen, or a seasoned chef, Dietitian Klara will work with you to help you reach your nutrition goals. Co-author of Nourished: 10 Ingredients to Happy, Healthy Eating, Cooking with Diabetes and Cooking with Food Sensitivities Guide. | <urn:uuid:9c4c8f0f-9868-42ca-aa92-db6d0d793624> | {
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Subject and Keywords:
The distinct Silesian social structure, especially its unique ruling group of dukes, territorial rulers as well as heterogeneous groups of higher Silesian nobility, incompatible with the ruling lords of the Bohemian and Moravian lands constituted estate asymmetry when compared to the other lands of the Bohemian Crown. It became a factor detrimental to the formation of social relations at a level higher than regional. Other reasons for the growth of Silesian regionalism in the social context were political by nature, in the 16th and beginnings of the 17th centuries and were the consequences of the centralising policies of the Habsburg monarchy. These were realised in the approval for the Bohemian political agenda, in granting the highest legal and social status in the monarchy and choosing only its members for offices in the central institutions of the monarchy. This marginalised the socio-political importance of Silesian upper classes and their confinement within the region. The Silesian dukes’ countered this socio-political alienation in the Bohemian Crown by extending their prestige through marrying abroad, with the houses of the Holy Roman Empire. That became an additional factor disruptive to the social structure of the monarchy. Although groups of higher Silesian nobility had the potential for tendencies for integration, opposition from the Bohemian nobles meant that their approach until the year 1619 was a combination of pro-monarchic and pro-regional approach, while simultaneously including the tendency to individually include themselves in the group of the Bohemian-Moravian rulers. For the population of the Silesian land, including the lower gentry and the townsfolk, who were only in a small extent affected by the common legal solutions, the state division was merely a framework within which heterogeneous communities with individual social and legal rules still functioned. | <urn:uuid:a740b1cf-c97c-4e47-8eea-de999e2a2c5d> | {
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In Hemlata Singh v. Collector [MANU/UC/0315/2008], Hon’ble Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia [High Court of Uttarakhand] notes, “Chutzpah is a remarkable expression in Hebrew. Chutzpah is said to happen when a man kills his mother and father and then asks for clemency on the ground that he is now an orphan.” Hon’ble Justice Dhulia is the brother of Tigmanshu Dhulia, an acclaimed Movie Director. Originally, it was Tigmanshu Dhulia who was supposed to adapt Hamlet for the Indian Screen. It was eventually Tigmanshu’s college friend Vishal Bharadwaj who directed Haider, released in 2014. The word Chutzpah is central to the movie.
Do see, how the protagonist explains the word: https://bit.ly/2ALu12j | <urn:uuid:0df18347-0141-4fce-a8de-4456115e9144> | {
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Donna Hall Donna HallLibrary Media / Technology SpecialistRidgecrest ElementaryLargo, Florida How one school’s makerspace is bringing the student body together Donna Hall is the media and technology specialist at Ridgecrest Elementary school in Florida. She also supervises the makerspace encouraging students to use the space for collaboration and special projects. For Donna, the makerspace at Ridgecrest helps students amplify what they have learned in other lessons and allows them to demonstrate their learnings. Donna enjoys playing with her students and helping them find inspiration when they need it. She explains that SAM Labs has provided the perfect way to engage students, especially those who struggle to focus in their usual lessons: “I had a student in the other day who didn’t want to read or write in the class as he just wasn’t inspired by Charlotte’s Web. Instead, I brought him to the library and I had him read the tutorial and then later on we went through how to build the SAM Labs car. I made him write all the directions so somebody else could follow those directions. He was very proud of his little journal. He walked around and talked to everybody about his car and how he can help them rebuild it using his directions. In the end, he had actually done the writing that the teacher wanted him to do and he also had done the reading that the teacher wanted for him to do, but he did it with electronics.” Donna’s student has been inspired to build other vehicles for his teachers using SAM Labs all because of his makerspace experience. “People tell him that he can’t focus but he could focus the entire time he was here because of something that was engaging to him.” Donna hopes to inspire many more students in this way. “When I get the chance to do something that inspires the kids, that they aren’t intrigued by in the classroom, that’s really special, because you get to do something that might make them want to come back tomorrow.” Donna started out as a kindergarten teacher. When a grant opportunity came up to train teachers on technology, Donna jumped at the chance and this put her on her path to technology. “I wanted to support teachers in their growth using technology and resources. The library seemed to be the best place for me to go.” Donna has been a library information specialist for 18 years and in that time, has seen many changes. “The library used to be a place where the kids would come in and check out books. You’d be very quiet and wait until everyone got their books and then the class would go back. Now, in our school, the library is the hub of the school.” Donna is always trying to find different ways to engage her students and she focuses on making her makerspace a creative and interesting place. “My focus for the makerspace has been to find different ways that kids can come in and demonstrate their understanding and have a fun time doing it too, so they get the chance to create as part of their learning day.” It’s not just her students she’s assisting. Donna aims to help teachers feel more comfortable teaching STEAM subjects. “In kindergarten they have a writing prompt, which is: how would you make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich? They have to figure out all the steps it would take to make one, and then they have to realize that there is a logical sequence. The teachers don’t realise that that’s coding. I talk to them and say, you know you just wrote an algorithm to make your peanut butter and jelly sandwich. It’s all about the connections. Every day we encounter algorithms.” Donna is a firm believer in teaching students to understand technology because it shapes their everyday lives and they are using it all the time: “They don’t have to become programmers, they don’t have to become engineers, they don’t have to create devices, but they have to understand that the little computer they’re using is not magic - there is a way that it works - it feels like magic, but it’s not.” “I’d like to feel like that all of my kids have as many opportunities available to them as possible and hopefully some of them will make the changes in the world that I’d like to see happen.” With Donna guiding them, we’re sure her students are getting a head start. | <urn:uuid:c5578f60-b05b-4a34-af65-b5d5816a144f> | {
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Spot the difference. Can you recognize a perfectly healthy dog from one that is about to get sick or one that is already sick? Dog owners make sure that the pet is protected from common and not so common canine health concerns. Dog owners provide the pet with the right amount of nutritious foods. Knowing that vaccinations are the dog’s first line of defense against disease, an owner would make sure that the pet’s shots are current. Diseases though cannot be totally prevented.
When you look into the eyes of the pet, you can see the intelligence. Unfortunately, dogs cannot tell the owners that they are under the weather. Dogs cannot vocalize what they feel. Apart from this fact, dogs are very adept at hiding their illnesses. As with any health concerns, prompt treatment spells speedy recovery. It is therefore the responsibility of the owner to notice the slightest change in appearance. An odd behavior can be an indication that all is not well with the pet. A sick dog would be lethargic. Dogs are voracious eaters but one that is sick would turn away from food. The once energetic dog would have no inclination to do its usual activities. Diarrhea and vomiting are other signs that all is not well with the health of the pet.
Some dogs would not show signs of being sick. The temperature of the nose is believed to be an indication of the health of the dog. Anyone wanting to get a puppy is advised to take note of the temperature of the nose. A puppy with wet and cold nose will be chosen over another that has dry and warm nose. Warm nose is believed to be an indication that the dog is sick. Of course this belief has no scientific basis and considered simply as an old wives’ tale. The wetness and the temperature of the nose is not a sign of illness. A dry and warm nose does not mean that the pet is running a temperature.
It is perfectly normal for a dog’s nose to change from being wet and cold one moment to being warm and not so dry in another. These changes actually happen several times a day. We know that dogs do not have a very efficient cooling system given that sweat glands are mainly found on the pads of the feet. Hot temperatures will make the dog lick the nose. The moisture evaporating from the wet nose will cool down the dog. In this condition, the dog’s nose will be moist and cold. But if the dog is inside a temperature controlled home, it is highly probable that the nose will be dry and warm as licking the nose to help lower the body temperature will not be necessary. A dog that has been sleeping in front of the fire will have a dry warm nose as well. A dry and warm nose though can be due to some health concerns. Dehydration can cause the dog to have warm dry nose. One that has recovered from distemper would have the same nose temperature as well. A hot dry nose especially if the nose has a discharge can be an indication of infection.
Wet and moist or dry and warm, the temperature of the nose is not a reliable indication that the dog is sick or that it is healthy. In minutes the temperature of the nose can change with the temperature of the environment thus an owner has make use of other means to gauge the true condition of the pet. | <urn:uuid:47ec9423-45d2-45d8-a57d-665a3b051599> | {
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bluebay2014 - Fotolia
What is the software-defined perimeter? At first blush, the name seems to carry the definition. It's a perimeter that's defined in software, right?
Not quite. The software-defined perimeter (SDP) is an emerging security model that has a set of specific characteristics defined by the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA).
The two most important of these SDP characteristics are the following:
- The two ends of the connection must be authorized before any traffic can pass between them.
- SDPs essentially hide devices and traffic from the public internet, even while using it as a transport mechanism.
How SDP works
Within an SDP architecture, before establishing a connection, devices at either end of a connection must authenticate with one another using single-packet authentication, a lightweight security protocol that validates a device or user's identity before permitting a connection to be established.
Specifically, the information for a connection request, including the requester's IP address, is encrypted and authenticated in a single network packet. It is essentially caller ID for network packets: "Hello, this is Alice calling Bob. Will you accept a call from me?"
But how is Bob to know that Alice is who she claims to be? Enter authorization.
The senders' and receivers' identities can be authorized via a range of standard authorization mechanisms, including public key infrastructure services, device attestation, geolocation, SAML, OpenID, OAuth, LDAP, Kerberos, multifactor authentication, identity federation and other similar services. To continue the example, with software-defined perimeter, Alice and Bob must both be authenticated before the connection is established.
This authenticate-then-connect approach is the exact opposite of native TCP/IP, which follows a connect-then-authenticate model. By forcing a sender and receiver to authenticate before passing traffic between them, a software-defined perimeter can avoid a host of difficulties, including man-in-the-middle attacks, distributed denial-of-service attacks and other forms of identity hijacking.
Once the two ends of the connection are authorized, traffic can flow between them. An SDP architecture encrypts traffic using mutual Transport Layer Security, which keeps traffic private across the internet.
In essence, with software-defined perimeter, devices only connect to authorized systems, and SDP-protected traffic is always encrypted. Devices and traffic are, therefore, invisible to the rest of the internet.
Software-defined perimeter configurations
- client to gateway;
- client to server;
- server to server;
- client to server to client;
- client to gateway to client; and
- gateway to gateway.
The client is typically the end-user device -- laptop, tablet, smartphone or IoT device -- running the SDP software. A gateway is a system that provides authorized users and devices with access to protected processes and services. The gateway can also enact monitoring, logging and reporting on these connections.
Typically, the gateway serves as a front end to systems that aren't natively running SDP software. The server is a system that delivers the desired services to the client, but is running SDP gateway software. Basically, the difference between a gateway and a server is the gateway provides stand-alone SDP functionality, while the server includes the SDP software within the server itself.
The client-to-gateway scenario is essentially a virtualized, software-based instance of the concept of a remote-access server. Enterprise users would most commonly deploy this scenario in providing access to legacy resources that are protected behind the gateway.
The client-to-server scenario is essentially today's mobile-to-cloud paradigm, in which the remote device gets access to the cloud-based services protected by SDP.
Users would be most likely to deploy the server-to-server scenario when protecting multiple virtual machines or containers within a public or private cloud.
The client-to-server-to-client scenario would most commonly be deployed in an enterprise-to-enterprise connection, for example, if Bob and Alice were at different companies and wished to connect.
The client-to-gateway-to-client scenario is a variation of client-to-server-to-client that supports peer-to-peer network protocols that require clients to connect directly to one another while enforcing SDP access policies.
Finally, the gateway-to-gateway scenario is still under development by the CSA, which envisions it will likely be used for scenarios in which the client software can't be deployed for some reason -- for example, in certain IoT scenarios where the sensors or actuators lack the storage or computational horsepower to run the SDP agent.
What's next for SDP specs?
The CSA is actively working on expanding the specifications for SDP, and several vendors are pursuing SDP integration in their products. That said, according to information issued by the CSA, most end-user organizations don't yet fully understand software-defined perimeter. Of those that do, the primary use cases are as a replacement for network access control and VPNs. One hurdle, according to the CSA, is the lack of technical details for SDP implementation.
If SDP sounds interesting, it's worth contacting the CSA and reading up on the technology. SDP can serve as a building block toward zero-trust security, another game-changing cybersecurity paradigm. | <urn:uuid:ec1e5d6a-0e22-44d1-9c48-177d82314b20> | {
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While the war against drink was waged well before 1914, World War One definitely gave the already strong temperance movement added credibility and influence. The introduction of 6 o’clock closing was held up as the singular achievement of the period.
Prior to the War, the Licenses (Licensing) Reduction Board had overseen a significant reduction in the number of hotels in Victoria. Figures cited by Public Record Office Victoria show that between 1907 and 1916, 1,054 hotels had been closed. Additionally, the same legislation, with its provision for future local option polls, held out the promise that, from 1917, localities could vote to reduce the number of licences. It even offered localities the possibility that they could vote to have no hotels. Many temperance advocates believed that, even before the War, the movement was on the verge of ridding the nation of drink. Driven by women’s movements determined to reduce poverty, child neglect, family hardship and domestic violence, and intimately tied to the issue of female suffrage, the temperance movement had achieved a great deal.
The impact that the War had on the existing push for temperance was both significant and complex. The claim that the war against Germany and the war against drink were intimately connected – to the extent that the former required the latter – was a constant message reflected in the newspapers, particularly in the first few years of the War. Further, the success of state-level referenda over 1915-16 on the introduction of earlier closing hours did indicate that there was popular support for the view that drink did constitute a threat – however defined or quantified – to the war effort.
Specifically in terms of the Shire of Alberton, there was a strong history of temperance being actively promoted by the local Protestant churches. There was also a local ‘tent’ of the Independent Order of Rechabites (IOR) which was actively supported by the same churches. The Gippsland Standard and Alberton Shire Representative on 23/12/14, under heading War Against Alcohol, presented a detailed account of a meeting organised by the local IOR. The other local paper, the South Gippsland Chronicle reported the meeting under the headline No-Licence Campaign, on the same day. The meeting was addressed by Rev Archer Harris, representing the Victorian Alliance. He spoke about the worldwide fight against alcohol and focused on the experience in New Zealand, where prohibition (no licenses) in the area of Port Chalmers (near Dunedin) had reduced drunkenness and crime. He also cited the success of the prohibition movement in the USA. As well as delivering his public address in the evening, he had also spoken at Presbyterian and Methodist services earlier that day. The vote of thanks was given by Rev W T Johns (Methodist) and Rev Geo Cox (Church of England). At the time, Reverends Johns and Cox were, respectively, the Chief Ruler and Secretary of the local IOR. The meeting declared that drink was ‘the great national foe’ and, at the urging of Rev Tamagno (Presbyterian), decided to form a Yarram branch of the No-License League.
Drink had typically been described in terms of a national threat for many years but the War itself was employed to give this claim additional credibility. The perceived – or constructed – threat that drink posed to the national war effort was highlighted at a public meeting on temperance held in Yarram on 20/4/15. This meeting was again organised by the local IOR tent. It was written up in the Gippsland Standard and Alberton Shire Representative on 23/4/15. The audience was estimated to be about 70.
The meeting called for people to take inspiration from, and follow the example set by, the pledge – to not drink – taken by the British Royal Family. Accordingly, the first resolution passed by the Yarram meeting was,
That this meeting expresses its profound admiration of His Majesty the King in banishing intoxicating liquors from the Royal household, and we strongly recommend all loyal subjects to follow His Majesty’s example by individually abstaining from the use of alcohol during the currency of the war.
The person who put the resolution was Ben Percival Johnson. Johnson was the most outspoken supporter of the war effort in the community. He was also the driving force behind both recruiting and the Yes vote in the conscription referendum. Importantly, Johnson acknowledged that he had never belonged to any temperance group. At the same time, he was prepared to move and support the resolution because of the leadership the King had shown. Moreover, as Johnson pointed out, it was not just the King who was opposed to drink. He cited the claims made by Lord Kitchener, the Czar of Russia and British politicians like Asquith and Lloyd George. The latter, he reminded the audience, had told the British people that … they were fighting Germany, Austria and drink and that the greatest of the three was drink.
Johnson spoke of the thousands of hours lost in the munitions industry because of the drinking problems of the workers. He also spoke of the harm drink did to the soldiers. However, principally, for Johnson at least, the most pressing reason for supporting the pledge was that it was a test of moral strength. If loyal subjects across the Empire could follow the King’s example then this universal act would represent the moral greatness and superiority of the Empire. As he saw it, only the weak and selfish would not commit to the cause. As has already been pointed out – see Post 26. Soldiers of Christ – for Imperial patriots, the War offered the chance for people to re-commit to their religious beliefs and strengthen and prove their moral character. Moreover, for such people, the War was as much a test of moral fibre as it was a battle of military might.
The second resolution passed at the meeting – also unanimously – was more focused in its intention. It called for 6 o’clock closing, in line with other eastern states:
That in view of the appalling physical and mental deterioration, the grave moral depravity, and serious economic wastage, directly and indirectly traceable to the use of alcohol, this meeting respectfully urges the Government to come into line with the State of South Australia by providing for a referendum concerning the earlier closing of hotel bars and wine saloons.
Again, speakers for the resolution laboured the evils of drink. Drink was spoken of as the curse of the working class – It was pitiable to think the working classes could not do without drink – and again there was the extraordinary claim … that the effect of strong drink upon a country is more disastrous and more far-reaching than a German invasion.
The meeting was, of course, one for the converted and committed, but there was a noticeable confidence to the views of those there that prohibition was within reach. The War itself would finally open people’s eyes to the full horror of drink. Moreover, the legislation was already in place to enable far greater checks to drinking. At the meeting, Rev Johns declared that, Prohibition was coming in 1917, and the public had had 10 years notice to quit. He was referring to the vote – under the Licensing Act 1906 – which promised localities the opportunity to reduce licences even further or, in fact, vote for no licences. In terms of the legislation, 1917 was the year this vote was to occur. However, it was delayed until after the War, in 1920. When the votes did eventually occur, 2 metropolitan districts in Melbourne – Nunawading and Boroondara – did indeed vote for no hotels.
The war against drink was, unsurprisingly, a favourite subject for sermons. As an example, the Gippsland Standard and Alberton Shire Representative (26/7/16) featured a sermon on temperance delivered by Rev Tamagno (Presbyterian). It was headed, Temperance Question. Tamagno spoke about his own experience, over many years, in tackling the consequences of drink and had no hesitation in declaring that it was … the cause of more wrong in our Empire than any other. … I have no hesitation in saying that the traffic in strong drink is hellish in its results. It is to my mind a traffic in the blood, brain, body and soul of thousands in our fair land. There’s no wrong like it.
Tamagno praised the efforts of the Licensing Reduction Board and he was also looking forward to 1917 and the promised chance to vote out drink. He praised South Australia and the success of its referendum on 6 o’clock closing. He urged moderate drinkers to give up drink entirely as a sacrifice, on behalf of their ‘weaker brother’ who ‘feels in his blood and bones and brain, he must have it’. There were the customary claims about how drink was weakening the war effort across the Empire. Significantly, Tamagno was not just for curbing excessive drink but rather, as he kept putting it, he wanted to ‘drive drink from the land’. He imagined a future Australia freed from the grip of drink, one of a higher moral and spiritual order –
Think of the boundless moral and spiritual benefit that would come to our fair land by gradually weakening the liquor traffic, and ultimately leaving it no legs to stand on.
and he believed that with God’s help the backers of temperance would eventually triumph:
I know that vast problems are wrapped up in the iniquitous thing; but in the evolution of time God help us to drive it out of our land.
A pastoral letter from the Church of England was published in the Gippsland Standard and Alberton Shire Representative on 2/6/16. The church also acknowledged the world-wide efforts to curb drinking and praised the work done by the Licensing Reduction Board. It threw its support behind 6 o’clock closing, not as just a temporary ban for the duration of the War but as a permanent check on the evil of drink.
For the local Protestant churches, the War brought an increased commitment to temperance, with a specific focus on the introduction of 6 o’clock closing. There was also a general understanding that very soon local communities were to have the power to reduce the number of licensed premises and even to vote drink entirely from their midst.
While the temperance cause was driven by heightened religious fervour, and stirring examples of Imperial sacrifice and duty, the actual behaviour of the members of the AIF was another powerful driver behind efforts to curb drink. The metropolitan and local papers were full of stories of drunken and disorderly soldiers. At a number of levels, the picture of the drunken, aggressive and dangerous digger was a very troubling image.
The Argus, under the headline Soldiers and Drink, reported (15/3/16) on a Rechabite conference held at Bendigo where the Chief Ruler claimed,
… there had never been a time in the history of Australia when alcohol had been used to worse effect than during the past 18 months, since the troops had been in training for active service.
and on the face of it, there was plenty of evidence to support this view.
The dangers of life in the large training camps had been identified right from the start, and religious bodies had been quick to try to establish a presence in the camps to counter the evils that young men would face. For example, Rev Tamagno had a letter-to-the-editor in the Gippsland Standard and Alberton Shire Representative on 26/3/15, appealing for donations to help establish a (Presbyterian) “Soldiers’ Institute” at Broadmeadows. He claimed the facility was needed urgently … in the interests of the spiritual and social welfare of our church’s young troops . He saw the young men at risk … far from home and amid the perils of camp life near to the great city. The ‘great city’ was even more of a temptation because there were no wet canteens in the camps.
The most infamous drink-related episode occurred in the training camps at Liverpool and Casula on Monday 14 February 1916. Events that day, particularly in Liverpool and then Sydney, amounted to a major breakdown of military order and discipline. One soldier was shot and killed and there were many injuries. In the aftermath 1,000 men were discharged from the AIF and over 100 prosecuted on a range of charges.
The newspaper accounts of the day were incandescent in their fury and outrage. The riotous behaviour was presented as nothing less than a national disgrace. And drink was said to behind the excesses of what happened. The Age (16/2/16), in unrestrained commentary, declared the men involved to be traitors to the nation and despoilers of the Anzac spirit:
On Monday night, through a trifling grievance about hours of drill, several hundreds of New South Wales troops rebelled against discipline, broke camp, looted hotels, destroyed private property, and entered upon an orgy of violence. For a few hours they attacked the country, the people and the laws they are sworn to defend. These are not the men of Anzac; yet they wear the same uniform and have the same legal right to call themselves Australian soldiers. The honor of the grand young Australian army is as much in their keeping as it was in the charge of the men who fell, while advancing on the Peninsula. It is idle to discuss the merits or demerits of the complaint which led to the riot. There can be no excuses for a citizen who turns traitor to his country, and there can be none for the soldier who revolts against its authority, and temporarily takes up the cause of the foreign enemy… Assuredly men of British blood seldom covered themselves with so much ignominy.
And the paper highlighted the evil power of drink:
Throughout the riots bottles, liquor, beer and hotels were consistent features. Whenever intoxicants were introduced to the scene the riotous soldiers became more unrestrained and the mischief the greater. Had all the hotels in the neighbourhood been closed before the riot, as they were closed shortly afterwards, the story would have been stripped of most of its sensationalism. Wherever the seeds of disorder may lie, strong liquors stimulate them into a foul and deadly growth. And not only does excessive drinking arouse latent lawlessness, it may debase soldiers of the finest manhood, and lead them in their madness to join the worst elements at the head of the mob. Discipline, therefore, depends to a fair extent upon restricting the opportunities for drinking.
While the Liverpool strike/mutiny/riot was the worst incident, there were many others at the time. For example, just 10 days earlier there had been trouble involving several hundred soldiers near Central Railway Station in Sydney. The Age (4/2/16) reported that the trouble had started over claims that a returned, wounded soldier had been manhandled by staff at a nearby ‘oyster bar’. The Age also reported on riots involving soldiers at St Kilda Beach in January 1916. At the end of February (28/2/16) it featured a story of a drunken riot at Warrnambool involving soldiers from the local camp. The police magistrate who dealt with the aftermath was quoted as declaring that … it appeared that when some men got liquor they went mad, and it was a great pity they got supplies at all. The same edition of the paper featured an account of how a 45 yo soldier – John Heath – had been killed in Melbourne, at the corner of King and Little Collins Street. Apparently, he had been involved in argument with a much younger soldier. In what for us is a depressingly contemporary story, Heath had been trying to talk his mate down when the younger soldier lashed out, unprovoked, and hit him. Heath fell to the pavement, fractured his skull and died instantly. The young assailant managed to disappear.
Post 26. Soldiers of Christ, looked at the earlier riots involving soldiers in Melbourne in 1914. Drink was a common feature of such riots, both in Australia and Egypt at the time.
Faced with ongoing accounts of soldiers behaving badly it is not surprising that there there was popular support for the introduction of 6 o’clock closing. In jurisdictions where the issue did go to a referendum – South Australia and New South wales – there was strong support. Clearly, the threat of soldiers on leave, descending on the city for heavy drinking sessions and causing havoc did play on the minds of civilians. Many saw it as outrageous behaviour and wanted the culprits made an example of. For example, after the Liverpool trouble the local Gippsland Standard and Alberton Shire Representative (23/2/16) fulminated in its editorial,
Over 1000 men have been discharged from Liverpool and Casula camps for misconduct, drunkenness and absence without leave, and 116 men are held in custody for trial by court-martial. Rather should the men be made to fight, and placed in the front trenches, as the Germans do with this class of soldier.
At the same time, there were some who saw the problem as one caused, ironically, by temperance advocates. They argued that Senator Pearce had bowed to the pressure of temperance advocates and not allowed wet canteens in the camps. This ensured that when men went on leave, they were were bound to make the most of their limited chance to drink. As the writer of the Melbourne Letter – published in the Gippsland Standard and Alberton Shire Representative (22/10/15) – had put it back at the end of 1915:
The soldier, who is a civilian, has been accustomed to drinking at any odd time that he feels so disposed, will not drink any less when in town because he is made to imbibe only “soft stuff” in the camp. Rather is he prone to make certain that he uses the opportunity, while it offers, to get a fill of his favourite beverage, before he returns to another week or a fortnight of “raspberry and lemonade”.
Similarly, after Liverpool, many called for wet canteens in camps where soldiers’ drinking could be better controlled. Some also wanted tighter curfews and regulations that prohibited the sale of drink in licensed premises to any man in military uniform. Even temperance advocates could see the need for wet canteens. For example, Archdeacon Martin who worked in the Sydney camps with the Home Mission Society was quoted – The Age 22/2/16 – as advocating a wet canteen ‘under strict military discipline’,
These men become irritated when they are deprived of what they have been accustomed to, and when they get the chance they overdo it, and take more than they would if a wet canteen existed in the camp.
Six o’clock closing was first introduced in South Australia in March 1916. This followed a referendum held in 1915 (27/3/15). In the referendum only one-third of voters favoured keeping the present arrangement (11.00 o’clock) and 56% opted specifically for 6 o’clock. In New South Wales a referendum was held a few months after the Liverpool riot and the press campaign in particular drove the result. There was virtually no support for retaining the current hours, and 60% voted specifically for 6 o’clock. Accordingly, 6 o’clock closing was formally introduced in July 1916. In Victoria, 6 o’clock closing was finally introduced in October 1916. Initially it had been proposed to hold a referendum but in the end the decision was taken by the parliament. The Government judged that there was clear popular support for the action.
Some people acknowledged that drink could harm the War effort in a number of ways and they were prepared to support early closing on the basis of war-time necessity. Similarly, others recognised that drink and the AIF represented a dangerous mix, particularly if the effects played out in the streets of the cities, and they were prepared to limit drinking hours. At the same time, the fact that what many saw as an appropriate, temporary, war-time restriction was to remain in place well after 1918 – in some instances for up to 50 years – highlights the way temperance advocates at the time viewed 6 o’clock closing. For them, it was another major, non-reversible step on the way to a truly drink-free Australia.
Specifically in terms of the Protestant churches, the temperance push in WW1 was another example of the way the War itself was seen as a call by God for people to recommit to their religious beliefs and lead a more moral, socially responsible and decent life. Protestantism was committed to both a moral and military war; and it was seen as perfectly natural that, as was evident in the case of the Shire of Alberton, the local Protestant clergy called for recruits and support for the Yes vote in the conscription referendum at the very same time they were calling for temperance and 6 o’clock closing.
The issues surrounding the push for temperance in the local community will be taken up again in a future post, where the focus will be the attempt by temperance advocates to remove the liquor licence from the local Co-Operative Store in Yarram.
Gippsland Standard and Alberton Shire Representative
South Gippsland Chronicle
For 1916 NSW referendum results see NSW Electoral Commmission.
For 1915 SA referendum results see SA Electoral Commission. | <urn:uuid:d12b6574-2129-4bea-a092-18c04ae021ba> | {
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Groundwater (or ground water) is water located below the ground surface. Groundwater starts as rain (or other precipitation), and flows under ground for long periods of time through aquifers. Groundwater flow returns to the surface again through springs and rivers. Groundwater is an important part of the water cycle.
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A joint-stock company is a business owned by people called shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion to the number of their shares (certificates of ownership). Some shareholders may own a larger proportion of a company's share than others. Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects on the continued existence of the company.
Incorporation, a legal process, gives a company a legal personality separate from shareholders, and limited liability. This means the shareholders are only liable for the company's debts to the value of the money they invested in the company. So, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies.
History[change | change source]
Finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. Around 1250 in France at Toulouse, 96 shares of the Société des Moulins du Bazacle (Bazacle Milling Company) were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the Society's mills. This was probably the first company of its kind in history.
The much more famous, wealthy and powerful English (later British) East India Company was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600. The Royal Charter gave the newly created Honourable East India Company a 15-year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which ruled India.
In 1602, the Dutch East India Company issued shares that were made tradable on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. This invention helped joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors as they could now easily trade their shares. In 1612 it became the first 'corporation' in intercontinental trade with 'locked in' capital and limited liability.
Closely held vs publicly traded corporations[change | change source]
The type of company most often referred to by the word "corporation" is a publicly traded corporation. In this type of company the shares are traded on a public stock exchange. For example, shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq in the United States. This is where shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations. However, the majority of corporations are said to be closely held, privately held or close corporations. This means that no ready market exists for the trading of shares. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies. They can also be as vast as the largest public corporations.
Closely held corporations have some advantages over publicly traded corporations. A small, closely held company can often make decisions much more rapidly than a publicly traded company, because there will generally be fewer voting shareholders or the shareholders would have common interests. A publicly traded company is also at the mercy of the market. It can have capital flow in and out based on what the company is doing and also what the competitors are doing. Publicly traded companies also have advantages over their closely held counterparts. Publicly traded companies often have more working capital. They can also delegate debt throughout all shareholders. This means shareholders of publicly traded company will each take a much smaller hit to their returns as opposed to those involved with a closely held corporation. Publicly traded companies though suffer from this exact advantage. A closely held corporation can often stand a hit to profit with little or no long-term effect. A publicly traded company though often comes under extreme scrutiny if profit and growth are not evident to stock holders. If profits go down stock holders may sell, further damaging the company. Often this blow is enough to make a small public company fail.
References[change | change source]
- Courtney, Thomas B. The law of private companies, 2nd ed. p. 26. ISBN 1-85475-265-0.
- "Joint Stock Company". West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- History of Paris stock exchanges
- Shareholder lawsuit
- Irwin, Douglas A. (1991). "Mercantilism as strategic trade policy: the Anglo-Dutch rivalry for the East India Trade". The Journal of Political Economy (The University of Chicago Press) 99 (6): 1296–1314. doi:10.1086/261801. at 1299. | <urn:uuid:aec46613-0a0a-4827-9a55-2b296404d237> | {
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Cygnus OA-4 Cargo Overview
Cygnus OA-4 is the fourth operational Cygnus flight and the return to flight for the spacecraft after the Antares launch failure of October 2014 in which the Orb-3 resupply craft and most of its contents were lost. The OA-4 mission is an interim mission launching on an Atlas V 401 rocket to bridge a gap in Antares launches needed for upgrades of the rocket that will return to flight in 2016 with new engines.
Taking advantage of the performance of Atlas V, Cygnus OA-4 – the first to use the enhanced Cygnus spacecraft with a larger cargo module – will be able to deliver a record-setting payload to the International Space Station. Cygnus is loaded with 3,513 Kilograms of cargo, making up for lost upmass and allowing ISS to continue re-stocking its shelves as the effects of the losses of Dragon SpX-7 and Progress M-27M earlier in 2015 are still being felt.
The Cygnus spacecraft is loaded with supplies for the crew comprised of food and other consumables such as hygiene articles, systems hardware and replacement parts for the various onboard systems on the U.S. Segment of ISS, spacewalking equipment and computer resources. Also, Cygnus is delivering science equipment for several dozen experiments in progress during ISS Expeditions 45 and 46.
Over the course of its mission, cargo delivered by Cygnus will be removed from the spacecraft and replaced with 1,500kg of trash and no-longer-needed hardware that will be disposed via destructive re-entry.
Total Cargo: 3,349kg (With packaging: 3,513.1kg)
Science Hardware: 847kg Crew Supplies: 1,181kg Vehicle Hardware: 1,007kg EVA Equipment: 227kg Computer Resources: 87kg
Kaber & HiSat
Kaber is a deployment system for small satellites, developed by NanoRacks to open up opportunities for microsatellites, not necessarily conforming with the CubeSat factor, to be released from the International Space Station. Deploying satellites from ISS has a number of benefits. Launching the vehicles aboard the logistics carrier of ISS visiting vehicles reduces the vibration and loads they have to encounter during launch. In addition, they can be packed in protective materials so that the probability of damage during launch is reduced significantly. Also, once arriving at the Space Station, the satellites can be checked pre-deployment, making sure any damage is detected before committing them to flight.
Kaber uses the established deployment infrastructure already in place aboard ISS, at its heart being the airlock of the Japanese Experiment Module that allows satellites to be transferred to the outside for the deployment. Part of Kaber is a JEM Slide Table Interface, a Motorized Lightband Separation System or a NanoRacks Separation System. The JEM Slide Table Interface uses previous heritage of Camera, Light Pan & Tilt Assemblies already in use aboard ISS. Kaber’s separation system makes use of a three-point ultra low-shock separator with a variable number of springs actuated by a single frangibolt. The separation systems can handle payloads with a mass of up to 100 Kilograms.
NanoRacks-MicroSat-SIMPL (Satlet Initial Mission Proofs and Lessons) also known as HISat, Hyper Integrated Satellite, is a demonstration satellite developed by NovaWurks in collaboration with the Microsat branch of NanoRacks. The goal of the mission is to demonstrate a satellite platform that can provide complete satellite functionality in a nanosatellite scale with the ability of modular payload integration and support. The demo satellite hosts a communications payload operated by the US Naval Academy Satellite Lab comprised of APRS packet radio communication transponders to act as relay for remote telemetry, sensor and user data from deployed terminals back to amateur radio operators as part of a network of internet-linked ground stations. The satellite hosts a propulsion system to maintain or raise its orbit and thus extend its mission life.
Packed Bed Reactor Experiment (PBRE)
The Packed Bed Reactor Experiment (PBRE) studies the behavior of gaseous and liquid media when flowing simultaneously through a column filled with a porous substance. This porous media, the packing of the column, can be of different shapes and materials depending on its purpose which generally is to enhance the contact between the two immiscible fluid phases that are flowing through the column. On Earth packed columns are used in a wide variety of applications such as reactors, scrubbers, strippers and many more.
There are no design methodologies for two-phase flow in packed columns in microgravity meaning that two-phase flow equipment can not be optimally designed for in-space applications which means current hardware likely is of excess weight, consumes unnecessary energy and has a reduced efficiency and operational life time. Therefore, experimentation is needed to understand the two-phase dynamics occurring in different packings in the space environment to learn lessons for the design of future systems that need to be more efficient.
Current in-space systems where two-phase flows occur include life support systems, thermal control systems, fuel cells, in-situ resources, heat pipes, materials processing, production of pharmaceutical-grade water and the transport of nutrients within soils. Fixed Packed Bed Reactors are currently in use in a number of systems aboard the International Space Station including operational and science facilities. NASA is also designing similar systems for application on future spacecraft, but all without a complete knowledge of flow dynamics in microgravity.
The expected return from PBRE will be a set of tools and guidelines to be used by engineers to develop reliable reactors for microgravity as well as the reduced gravity environments of Moon and Mars. Initial testing on microgravity flights showed that the liquid hold-up within packed columns is significantly influenced by gravity, however, typical column systems require several minutes to fully develop which is well beyond the duration of a microgravity flight – requiring a test architecture to be established on the space-based platform for an empirical investigation of column flow dynamics in microgravity. The PBRE study will focus on transitions between flow regimes and associated pressure gradients in the different packing material types.
The PBRE experiment rig is mostly operated from the ground and includes the various fluid reservoirs, the column, pumping equipment and instrumentation. Delivered as part of the data stream from the instrument are the gas and liquid flow rates, test section temperature and pressure and an NTSC video feed to document the progress of the experiment. PBRE is operated within the Microgravity Science Glovebox.
BASS-M stands for Burning and Suppression of Solids – Milliken and is part of a series of BASS experiments that investigate how solid materials burn without the presence of gravity which is of use in physics but also in spacecraft engineering and fire protection. The BASS-M experiment looks at flame-retardant cotton fabrics to determine how well they resist burning in microgravity. This can be used in the development of flame-retardant textiles for use on Earth and in space.
The BASS-M experiment will put the hypothesis that materials in microgravity burn as well (if not better) than in normal gravity to the test given identical environmental parameters (pressure, oxygen concentration, temperature).
Also, different air flow rates will be employed to resemble forced convection in microgravity or free fall conditions on Earth. A total of ten differently treated textiles will be tested and each textile’s ability to self-extinguish will be compared against tests conducted on the ground. BASS uses an upward burning test which mimics the worst-case geometry for flammability on Earth which also allows for a comparison of upward burning on Earth and in space.
BASS-M delivers to ISS 44 textile samples already integrated with igniter wires – four samples of 11 different sample types, one being an untreated control. Each sample consists of a small portion of untreated textile that interfaces with the igniter to provide a start-point for the burning process so that the flames of the untreated sample directly impinge on the treated portion of the textile.
A high speed camera will capture the burning process and sensors will be used to keep track of the burning process, flame shape, flow speed, flame spread rate and flame dynamics such as oscillations and pulsations. The critical observations for the extinction are flame dynamics just prior to extinction for incorporation in models.
BASS-M uses BASS and SPICE (Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment) hardware set up in the Microgravity Science Glovebox. Hosted within the assembly is a fan and an anemometer to measure the flow rate which can be adjusted between 5 and 50 centimeters per second. A radiometer quantitatively measures the flame output. Each test is expected to take around one minute from ignition to full extinction.
Space Automated Bioproduct Lab (SABL)
SABL is a new space life science facility to be deployed on the International Space Station for a wide variety of research ranging from fundamental, applied and commercial space life sciences research to education-based investigations. The Space Automated Bioproduct Lab is an incubator facility to host cell culture and other biological experiments, supporting bacteria, yeast, algae, fungi, viruses, animal cells and tissues and small plant and animal organisms.
SABL provides an experiment volume of 22.8 liters suitable for 18 Group Activation Packs. The system measures 41.9 by 27.9 by 19.4 centimeters in size and it can support temperatures of –5°C to +43°C, offering a number of accommodations that make the facility easy to use for Astronauts onboard ISS such as a front door that can be opened without removing any connectors for a simple exchange of payloads or payload trays. Thermal control is provided by a water cooling loop and electrical heaters.
The facility is controlled via a high-resolution color touchscreen, the first of its kind deployed on ISS. Data is delivered to and from the facility using USB 2.0, Ethernet and A/D In-Out interfaces. Within the sample chamber, experiments can be documented using high-definition imagery and scanning, high-resolution imaging.
Part of the OA-4 cargo is a set of Microsoft HoloLens devices to contribute to the Sidekick project that aims to use commercial technology to assist crew members in orbit.
In use on ISS, the Sidekick hardware can be operated in Remote Expert Mode in which Skype is used to allow a ground engineer to see that the crew member sees which could ease real-time guidance when completing complex tasks including those for which no prior training on the ground was conducted. Also, ground team members could draw annotations into the crew member’s environment to help complete a task. In Procedure Mode, animated holographic illustrations can be displaced on top of objects a crew member is handling in order to lessen the amount of training future crews will require. This type of application could be of tremendous use in missions to more distant targets when communication delays complicate real-time ground support.
Sidekick was evaluated as part of zero gravity flights and underwater during the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 20 expedition.
Cygnus is delivering Nitrogen/Oxygen Recharge System (NORS) Recharge Tank Assemblies (RTA) to the Space Station marking the second flight of this new generation of gas resupply missions aboard Commercial Cargo Vehicles. In previous years, breathable air for ISS repressurizations was delivered by the European ATV and the Russian Progress. With ATV flying its final mission in 2014/15, future ISS repressurizations rely on Progress and NORS alone.
The NORS RTAs are designed to re-fill the station’s existing air supply network that used to be replenished by the US Space Shuttle. Pressurized gas from that system is used in the repressurization of the ambient atmosphere of ISS, to deliver Oxygen to the astronauts when the Station’s primary systems fail, operate the Quest airlock and pressurize the Station’s cooling systems.
Each of the NORS RTAs is about 90 centimeters long, 53cm in diameter and weighs 109 Kilograms, either carrying pressurized oxygen or nitrogen. Each tank is pressurized to over 400 bar, more than twice the pressure of previous tanks.
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Artificial salt caves have been becoming more popular in recent years.
photo: Jana Liptáková
Speleotherapy, a natural way of treating bronchitis, persistent coughs, hay fever and asthma, is common in Central Europe and other regions that have many karst caves.
"Speleotherapy as a modern method of using cave aerosol and other properties found in an underground environment was first used in Slovakia in the 1950's in Gombasecká cave," said Svetozár Dluholucký, a pediatrician from Banská Bystrica Roosevelt hospital and president of the Speleotherapy Commission of the International Union of Speleology (UIS).
After Germany, Slovakia was the second country to use this therapy and was the first to use caves to treat children. The Bystrianska cave started offering speleotherapy for children in 1972 in cooperation with children's department of the Banská Bystrica hospital, Dluholucký said.
Speleotherapy is currently only practiced in the Bystrianska cave, as part of the treatment for children at the Štós spa in the Jasovská cave, and in the Belianska cave used by sanatoriums in the High Tatras.
The Roman Empire also knew about the beneficial influence of the cave environment, says the Bystrianska cave's website. In the Middle Ages, written records of doctors describe the healing of "the short breath" of miners.
Karst caves offer opportunities for exploration as well as healing therapies.
Speleotherapy also has beneficial effects on smokers after they quit, sportsmen in training, ice-skaters who practice on artificial ice (ammonia from the artificial surface can have corrosive and irritating effects on the sinuses), professional burn-out and more, says the Bystrianska cave's website.
"The treatment has the best effect on children, for whom the development of asthma can be stopped or even fully cured," said Dluholucký. Treatment for adults has also had good results and has allowed them to rely less on medication, he said.
The treatments run by the Svejan Speleo Bystrá, the company that offers therapies in the Bystrianska cave, last 14 days with two to three hours spent in the cave every day. The treatments can be shortened or extended based on the client's needs and resources, said Dluholucký. However, the treatment should not last less than 14 days.
The Bystrianska cave offers treatments from May to October. Two hundred to 500 patients undergo the treatment every year. The cave has had more than 2,600 patients since 1972.
"We have had patients from all over the world," pediatrician Viera Rajčanová from Banská Bystrica's Roosevelt hospital told The Slovak Spectator.
Patients came from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia, Germany, Austria, the United States and Australia. "We had many patients that used to come from the former Soviet Union and now their grandchildren also come from time to time," she said.
Svejan normally only offers out-patient treatment but if there is interest from foreigners it can arrange a full programme, including a tour around Slovakia.
"Such a stay consists of a 14-day treatment and a four to seven day tour around Slovakia," said Dluholucký.
Artificial salt caves have started becoming increasingly popular in Slovakia, which raises the question of whether these can serve as an alternative to natural cave treatment.
Artificial salt caves follow the model used in sanatoriums in Poland, Ukraine and Russia, but research from the '80s has not confirmed their effectiveness, said Dluholucký.
The study found that highly pathogenic microbes can attach themselves to the salt, making these chambers potentially hazardous to health, said Dluholucký.
"Artificial salt caves are only wellness activities and cannot serve as an alternative to [speleotherapy]," said Dluholucký.
However, operators of artificial salt caves claim that they are also beneficial, but in other ways.
According to Tatiana Buzinkaiová, who runs the Solitera salt cave in Bratislava, artificial salt caves offer a treatment known as halotherapy, which is based on the inhalation of micro particles of natural salt.
This treatment helps people with breathing difficulties and worsening skin quality, Buzinkaiová said.
"There is a number of articles in specialist magazines that confirm the positive effect of halotherapy on human health," said Buzinkaiová.
30. Apr 2007 at 0:00 | Robert Valjent | <urn:uuid:9a71479b-278b-4270-8917-647f8007a37a> | {
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It’s the new year, and perhaps you’ve already started reading your through-the-Bible-in-a-year program. The number one bane of reading through the Bible comes early: Leviticus. Why is it even in the Bible? Just to make Christians thank God we don’t have those laws?
L. Michael Morales, professor of biblical studies at Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary in Taylors, SC, has written the latest volume in the NSBT series. The foundation for this volume can be seen here: Ps 15.1 and 24.3 ask the prime question, “Who may ascend the mountain of the Lord?” The psalmists write about dwelling in God’s house forever (23.6), drinking from the river of his pleasures (36.8-9), and longing to see his face (16.9-11; 26.8). Yet only the High Priest could enter the Holy of Holies. How could dwelling with God be a corporate ideal? Morales says that the dominating concern of Leviticus and of the entire Bible is how humanity will dwell in the house of God. For more on this, read here.
There are eight chapter in all, four of which are specifically about Leviticus.
Chapter One sees Leviticus as the center of the Pentateuch, and the Day of Atonement (Lev 16), as the center of Leviticus.
Chapters Two and Three give the background narrative to Leviticus by looking at the overall story of the exile from and the entrance to God as seen throughout Genesis and Exodus. Moses was a Levite, and with Leviticus forming the center of the Five Books of Moses, we should expect Levitical language and concepts in the other four books. A crisis ends Exodus: God’s presence fills the tent of meeting, but now Moses cannot enter.
In Chapter Four Morales shows how the sacrificial cultus in Leviticus 1-10 was the divinely revealed way for Israel to meet with God, an ascent into his Presence. A crisis ends chapter 10: God’s glorious Presence fills the tabernacle, but Aaron’s two sons are killed in their disobedience.
Chapter Five brings the next section, Leviticus 11-16. Here Morales draws connections between Nadab and Abihu’s death and the Day of Atonement (e.g., both happen on the same day). The intervening cleansing laws (Lev 11-15) sprout from Lev 10.10 — Aaron is to teach Israel to distinguish between the holy and the common, between the unclean and the clean. Cleanliness and holiness pervade not only Leviticus, but both Testaments. The Day of Atonement was when the “new Adam entered Eden,” the place where God was, and made atonement for God’s people. The chapter ends with an interesting excursus on Adam’s fall and how he should have reacted.
Chapter Six covers Israel’s call to holiness (17-22) and the priests’ call (23-25). Israel was to pursue YHWH, their only source of holiness. The goal of holiness was communion and fellowship with God – something those in Genesis and Exodus could not do on a regular basis. Morales makes a good argument that Lev 24.1-9 is a symbolic picture of the Sabbath (cf. Num 6.22-27).
Chapter Seven looks at how Zion is the mountain of God and it is Israel’s inheritance. It is the city of David, it has the purpose of the nations coming to it to meet God, and it will be the “Eden” in Israel’s end days (Isa 2.1-4).
Chapter Eight moves from the earthly to the heavenly Mount Zion. Morales brings out the theology of Leviticus in Hebrews and, primarily, in John’s Gospel. In John, the place to meet God (the Temple) is found in the person of God (Jesus). Jesus is the Temple. In his ascension he went to the Father, and the Spirit descended to make all Christians part of God’s household, that we may be able to ascend the mountain of YHWH.
The Spoiled Milk
My one complaint is when Morales doesn’t give Scriptural references to the connections he makes (though not extremely common). For example, when covering the sacrifices in Leviticus 1-8, Morales changes the names of some of the sacrifices (the burnt offering becomes the ascension offering) to better represent their function. But when he names a few of these newly-named sacrifices together without the references to the Levitical chapter/verse, I don’t know where I’m meant to be looking. However with all that this book does, this is easily overlooked.
Leviticus isn’t a book that Christians should read and say, “Thank God we don’t have to keep those laws anymore.” Leviticus is central to the Pentateuch, and it has atonement at its the center (not to mention at the center of Christian theology too). The theology of Leviticus pervades the OT. The less we understand Leviticus, the less we understand the Bible. Not only does Morales do an incredible job of broadly overviewing Leviticus and connecting the dots between the Testaments, but Morales’ book helps me to want to read the Bible even more. And if a book can help fuel that desire, then it’s worth reading.
This work is in line with both Dempster’s and Beale’s first-rate works in the NSBT series. Both seek to put the entire Scripture together, both shift a few paradigms, and Morales no less accomplishes this feat. I second Carson’s statement that this “will spawn some excellent sermon series on Leviticus!” (8). There are a number of good volumes in the NSBT series, and this is one of the best.
Who should read this? College level and up. Admittedly some parts will be challenging, but the gains are much greater than the losses.
- Series: New Studies in Biblical Theology
- Author: L. Michael Morales
- Paperback: 320 pages
- Publisher: IVP Academic (December 10, 2015)
Buy it on Amazon
Disclosure: I received this book free from IVP Academic. The opinions I have expressed are my own, and I was not required to write a positive review. I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255 http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_03/16cfr255_03.html.
Amazon Affiliate Disclosure: I receive a percentage of revenue if you buy from Amazon on my blog. | <urn:uuid:07ee0ac8-f8b3-4698-8a21-a63dd7f774c0> | {
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Wow, it has been quite a hot minute since I have published a post! Lately I have been crazily busy with school, finding a new job, and planning out my future post-graduation despite just being a third-year (still, I should have a solid route even though applications aren’t due until a year from now). Anyways, I thought I’d kick off the end of the year with another food science-related post because I genuinely love creating these informative breakdowns that pertain to my major. Research has never been more thrilling to me!
Since it is January and everyone wants to make healthier choices, fruit is a wonderful topic to tackle. It’s praised yet controversial for all the most intriguing reasons. Buy only organic fruit. Well, in reality, you don’t have to. Fruit is healthy for you. Except for the fact that it’s loaded with sugar which is horrible for you in every form. Zucchinis are the best vegetable ever. What if I told you it’s actually a fruit? UGH. The media can never be trusted.
Based on all my lectures from my university and the links I have found below, I’ve attempted to dissect almost everything and anything most individuals would like to know about fruit, including the botannical origins, types, how to detect ripeness, why some fruits turn brown, whether fruit is healthy or not, and many, many more. Please let me know below if you have any more suggestions for other posts!
So…what exactly are fruits?
- Fruits can be defined as the fully developed ovarian structure of a plant that also encompasses the seeds and its surrounding components. Essentially, what blossoms from the flower’s reproductive parts becomes part of the fruit. Everything that does not pertain to floral reproduction is part of a vegetable. Therefore, the types of plants that do have seeds are technically considered fruits.
How many types of fruit are there?
- Countless–it would take me an eternity to number them all. To gain an extremely broad overview of what type of fruits there are, here’s a list of the six families of fruits: the squash family, the berry family, the grape family, the citrus family, the rose fruit family (includes pomes and stone fruits), and the tropical fruits family.
Why do some fruits ripen after harvesting and some do not?
- All fruits emit ethylene gas, a natural plant hormone that specializes in the regulation of plant maturity, such as when a flower blooms, a branch sheds its leaves, and when a fruit ripens. However, some fruits emit more ethylene gas than others, enabling them to continue maturing itself beyond harvesting. Any fruit that releases a significant amount of this natural gas after being picked off from its stem are known as climacteric fruits. Some examples include avocados, bananas, tomatoes, peaches, mangoes, and apples. Fruits that distribute little to no ethylene beyond harvesting are non-climacteric fruits, such as berries, grapes, melons, pineapple, pomegranates, and citrus fruits.
If a fruit is supposed to have seeds, why aren’t tomatoes, zucchinis, eggplants, and bell peppers classified as vegetables?
- Botanically speaking, there are more “vegetables” that are actually fruits, such as eggplants, tomatoes, zucchini and bell peppers. However, there are legal and culinary parameters of a plant-based ingredient that determine whether this particular ingredient is a fruit, vegetable, nut, seed, and/or legume. What differentiates a fruit from a vegetable in terms of these legal and culinary standards distinguish taste and flavor yield as well as cooking use. Anything possessing savory and salty flavors are termed vegetables, whereas ingredients that are sweeter are defined as fruits by chefs. This is why most people believe the tomato is a fruit. In 1893, a Supreme Court ruling termed Nix v. Hedden justified that imported tomatoes should be taxed as vegetables, which are differently taxed from fruits based on culinary factors.
Why do some fruits brown after I cut them (i.e. avocados)?
- For browning to occur, fruits and vegetables must be exposed to oxygen. This is because the oxygen will react with polyphenol oxidase, a naturally occuring enzyme in the fruit, which oxidizes the amino acid tyrosine, producing quinones (brown, black, or red color molecules) that are further polymerized, thus exposing a browned effect. Not all fruits brown because not all fruits contain tyrosine, which is the specific amino acid that is reduced in the reaction. To combat this reaction, seal an opened fruit in a de-aired bag as soon as possible, squeeze lemon juice over the apples, and soak the apples in water with a little bit of salt, lemon juice, apple cider, or plain carbonated water. For avocados, store the open fruit next to an onion within the container.
How can I pick out the perfectly ripe fruit (i.e. watermelon, mango)?
- There are several sensory cues that will determine the ripeness of the fruit:
- Color: anything faded or around the green side of hue will be under-ripe, such as a dimly colored nectarine, fully green banana peel, a slightly green strawberry, or a mostly green mango. On the other hand, the more vibrant a fruit–specifically yellow, red, orange, or purple when it comes to grapes, cherries, blueberries, and apples (though some varieties of apples are naturally green).
- Hardness and texture: people mostly utilize this cue when selecting watermelon, avocados, kiwis, or papayas. The softer the fruit, the riper it has developed. Most of the time, a somewhat “fleshy” texture is ideal because the ripeness quality falls somewhere in a happy medium. Anything too hard is unripe whereas an extremely squishy fruit is over-ripe, unless you want any of these types of ripening stages.
- Smell: scent is absolutely critical–the stronger the sweetness or pungency of a smell, the riper the fruit is. Ideally, you want fruits that have a modest sweet smell given that the components of the flesh are not . This is a reason why overripe bananas have this extremely overbearing aroma–the sugars are completely fermented, thus bearing a bitter aroma that attract fruit flies (ew).
- Hollowness: mainly when selecting melons and squash, the heaviness or lightness of a fruit can determine how ripe or unripe the fruit is. With the exception of melons, fruit should not be hollow inside. A hollow fruit suggests that the plant has been improperly pollinated, meaning that the plant may have not received enough pollen (thanks very highly in part to unsustainable agriculture practices), extreme climates, inconsistent moisture levels (too wet or too dry) , excessive fertilizer usage, and/or a lack of boron (a trace mineral that aids in solidifying cell walls and is found in the soil–can be alleviated by using just the right amount of fertilizer or an element mix with boron).
- Note that you do not always want to pick out completely ripe fruit unless you will consume it right away. Slightly underripe fruits will mature incredibly quickly when brought home to a kitchen. Be sure to store these fruits accordingly to how you aim to optimize the ripening process.
Should I always buy organic fruit?
- Oof, this is always a toughie to pick, given that there are valid arguments on both the pro-GMO side and the pro-organic side. As of lately, scientific consensus showcases limited evidence on the health advantages of organic fruit from non-organic fruit, but there are promising benefits for the environment and for smaller, local farms. In other words, it never hurts to purchase organic whenever you can, but you truly do not have to obsess over it. Having said that, see the dirty dozen, the fruits and vegetables that are ideal to purchase in organic form, versus the clean fifteen, which are the rest you can buy conventionally.
Lastly…is fruit healthy or not?
- Well, let’s put it this way: fruits have antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. They include a vast array of micro-nutrients that are beneficial for growth and development as well as the complexity to metabolize properly in our systems. Having said that, fruit still contains sugar. With a few exceptions, most fruits are relatively high in carbohydrates that some people demonize.
Hope this post makes your day a little juicier! Get it? Juice…sugar…fruit? Okay. I should stop now. | <urn:uuid:eb5e7dcf-1f2e-46bf-8475-ef9af4b37251> | {
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Grade 1-2 learns about Community Helpers
This fall, Grades 1&2 began their study on “Community Helpers.” During the first lesson, they brainstormed all the community helpers that are found in their community. From the web of ideas that the students came up with, they chose some jobs to investigate and discover more about. From the very first lesson, students were engaged and took ownership of their learning because they got to have a hand in choosing what they wanted to learn more about.
The first “Community Helper” studied was the Firefighter. Before embarking on their trip to the fire station, students read some books together, watched some videos, and had some class discussions on the jobs that Firefighters do, and why they are important to the community. Students then each came up with some questions they wanted to ask on their trip. Armed with questions and much excitement, students headed to the Morrisburg Fire Station!
The visit to the Fire Station was amazing! A special thank you to the Firefighters who took time to explain all about their job to the students! Students were able to try on the Firefighters’ Bunker gear, explore all the equipment and trucks, and even got to hear the loud siren and see the lights! What a fun morning of learning!
Our next community helpers was the Police. Before a special visit to our classroom, students again met and came up with many, many questions they wanted answered! They weren’t disappointed! Officer Copeland not only answered every question and more, but he also let the students try on his vest, showed them how his taser works, and also had to make a surprise arrest right in class! Thankfully, the student was freed on good behaviour, and we were able to finish our visit. Students were allowed to explore the police car, sit in the backseat, and also turn on the lights and sirens. What an exciting day!
Next, the Grade 1&2s had a special visit from Mrs. Billett, a Nurse Practitioner. She came armed with masks, gloves, syringes, and many bandages! The students excitedly learned how to properly put on a mask and gloves, and got to practice bandaging their friends and themselves! They also practiced measuring and filling syringes with some fun coloured water. Mrs. Billett taught the students how to find their heartbeat, and patiently answered the many questions that the class had on what different jobs nurses do.
Students have been so excited to learn more about each community helper! It is wonderful to see them engage in their learning. I wonder who will be visiting next? | <urn:uuid:32354363-1cd9-4760-8231-19436b3ccfa3> | {
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“Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for their labor.”
-Ecclesiastes 4:9 NIV
The quote above rings true for so many reasons. As a teacher, we only have students for such as short time and then they move on to the next grade. Parents have a wealth of knowledge and understanding of their children that we could never have on our own. Parents and educators need to be on the same team to help the student’s succeed. Today we will look at ways to strengthen and enhance relationships between the school and home. When we all work together, the reward for our labor will be a child who will be equipped for life outside of school.
What Are Barriers To Communicating with Families?
There are can be multiple barriers when trying to work with families. One barrier that might exist between the parent and the school is availability. For example, the parent/guardian(s) might work at night and need to sleep throughout the day. Making contact or scheduling a meeting could feel a lot like playing phone tag.
Another barrier that teachers might have in communicating with all parents is time. Teachers have a lot of responsibilities such as planning for lessons, grading assignments, meetings, and oh I forgot, they also have to teach all day! Finding time can be difficult and often requires time after school in order to sit down and have a meaningful conversation. By waiting until the end of the school day to make communication with parents also cuts into your family time after school. Somehow we have to find balance and find the right time to communicate effectively with our families.
One way to see what preferences parents/guardians have is a quick survey. This survey could ask what time of day they would like to be contacted and by what method such as email, phone, text, etc. By knowing your families well and their preferences, you are likely to get better and more timely responses from them.
Start With The Positive
The first communication that we as educators should have with families should be positive. At the beginning of the school year, it is a good idea to get in contact with as many families as you can to introduce yourself and say a couple of things you enjoy about their child. Remind them that if they need anything that they can always call, email, etc.
If the students participate in an extra-curricular activity and you are able to attend, try to make it to one or two events this year. This would be especially meaningful to families of students who are struggling in school. Make conversation with the parents at the event. This should not be a mini parent-teacher conference, but just let them know that you enjoy having them in class and that you enjoyed seeing them perform outside of school.
These types of gestures go a long way with families. If they see you are going out of your way to see their child do well, they will want to be more on board with suggestions you have for their child. Establish and keep these lines of communication open throughout the year.
Open Up Lines Of Communication
Even if you have had a rocky start to the school year with some parents, it is never too late to mend those lines of communication. Go back to starting with a positive contact or two to build that rapport back up. If your students are younger, a quick note in their daily planner might be the way to go. Other families might prefer a weekly email. When I get requests for weekly email updates, I typically have the parents reach out to me each week and then I would respond back. I let the parents know up front that with all that is going on at school it is likely that I will forget. Having the parents send in a note, a phone call, or an email will be a good reminder to get back to them.
If you are doing daily or weekly check-ins with families, start with something that went well this week and then move on to concerns. Some families have had a long history of only hearing negative things about their child and so they are more resistant to hearing from the school.
Preparing For Tough Conversations
If you are planning a meeting with a parent that could bring up some tough topics such as academic performance, behaviors, and/or referral for special education, keep some of these ideas in mind to help you and the families prepare for the conversation:
- Discuss the issue ahead of time- Ensure that the family knows about any issues ahead of time. Nothing is worse then having to come in for a meeting that they knew nothing about.
- Bring data to the discussion– Have family friendly reports available and explain and scores in family friendly language. Have a report that the parents can take home.
- Start with Strengths– Every student has something positive to offer and it puts everyone at ease to start with something positive.
- Ask About Parent Concerns- Ask families what they hope to get out of the meeting and let their concerns be heard.
- Help Parents Become Active Participants– Ask parents for their input and help to offer up suggestions to move forward.
- Action Plan and Accountability– All parties should walk away with a plan of what the school will be doing and the family will be doing prior to the next follow up meeting.
- Follow Up– Set a date to come back together to see how everything is going and this keeps everyone accountable for their tasks they have committed to in the action plan.
There will always be some families that will not engage with the school for one reason or another. Most families, however, want to work with the school to help their child reach their full potential. Using the guidelines above will help navigate the waters through crucial conversations with families as you help advocate for students in your building. | <urn:uuid:7a648c0a-c9e6-4122-8ef9-116ce727345b> | {
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Explanation of Tohu
The shape is a stylized version of the tapatoru or triangle – regarded as the most balanced and structurally strongest design created by strength through unity.
It is also symbolic of the kurutao – the “V” shaped military formation that Māori warriors formed when confronting the enemy – again signifying strength through unity.
The kōwhaiwhai design represents the unified base that is Te Arawa whānui.
The eight black triangles represent and acknowledge the individuality of Ngā Waru Pūmanawa o Te Arawa – the eight beating hearts of Te Arawa which in turn represent the main hapū of Te Arawa.
They also depict niho or teeth that can be translated as the “biting edge” leadership for Te Arawa.
The 3 waves signifies the relationship with the lakes.
Also the 3 tupuna rohe that make up the new Lakes Trust structure and not forgetting our “links” with the past.
And finally a jet stream in the wake of Te Arawa progress.
When you combine these elements the tohu represents the Te Arawa people united by the Te Arawa lakes settlement moving forward together with purpose and confidence. | <urn:uuid:d554f30b-cac7-49d6-a1a5-23f7bbbef044> | {
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Smartphones and TVs aside, most of the electronics industry is focused on making everything smaller. From cars to cameras to computers to memory, we want power and convenience to go hand-in-hand. Professor John Rogers at the University of Illinois is ready for the next wave of medical tech with his smart electronic biosensors.
Electronic skin is basically a computer on a patch that attaches to your skin without any adhesive. It can monitor your heart rate and body temperature, scan your brain waves, and detect chemical levels. In essence, they can be like having an around-the-clock doctor at your disposal.
The future holds some pretty amazing ideas for what this technology can do. Scientists are currently working on patches with memory that can record various physiological statistics to report back any complications with treatment or medication. Work is also being done on a nano-sized drug delivery system within a patch, which can intelligently release just the right amount of drug when a certain feedback sensor is triggered.
This technology has the potential to greatly relieve the costs and stress associated with long-term treatment of various ailments, from heart conditions to epilepsy. Imagine, you may soon be able to charge your phone and take a dose of medicine all with razor thin, wearable patches. | <urn:uuid:a4af077c-1b0c-447e-b19b-d3721a0fd55e> | {
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Most of the Android user is using their Android phone just for calls, SMS, browsing and basic apps, But form the development prospective, we should know about Android internal structure. Android uses several partitions (like boot, system, recovery, data, etc) to organize files and folders on the device just like Windows OS. Each of these partitions has its own functionality, But most of us don’t know the significance of each partition and its contents. In this article, we will take you on a tour of Android partitions. So let’s start the android file system tutorial.
There are mainly 6 partitions in Android phones, tablets, and other Android devices. Below is the list of partition for Android File System. Note that there might be some other partitions available, it differs from Model to Model. But logically below 6 partitions can be found in any Android devices.
Also, Below are the for SD Card File System Partitions.
Please Note: Only /sdcard partition can be found in all Android devices and the rest are present only in select devices.
Know Your Android Device Partition Size using adb Command
You can know which partitions are available along with the partition size for all partition in your android device. Go through the below image and run the adb command as shown in that image. For more adb commands, you can read my article Useful adb Commands for Android Development. Also for more details for android architecture, you can read my article Android Architecture.
Note: boot and recovery partition is not displayed in the above image. So after adb shell, you need to run mount command. like cat proc/mounts
This is the boot partition of your Android device, as the name suggests. It includes the android kernel and the ramdisk. The device will not boot without this partition. Wiping this partition from the recovery should only be done if absolutely required and once done, the device must NOT be rebooted before installing a new one, which can be done by installing a ROM that includes a /boot partition.
As the name suggests, this partition contains the entire Android OS, other than the kernel and the ramdisk. This includes the Android GUI and all the system applications that come pre-installed on the device. Wiping this partition will remove Android from the device without rendering it unbootable, and you will still be able to put the phone into recovery or bootloader mode to install a new ROM.
This is specially designed for backup. The recovery partition can be considered as an alternative boot partition, that lets the device boot into a recovery console for performing advanced recovery and maintenance operations on it.
Again as the name suggests, it is called userdata partition. This partition contains the user’s data like your contacts, sms, settings and all android applications that you have installed. While you are doing a factory reset on your device, this partition will wipe out, Then your device will be in the state when you use for the first time, or the way it was after the last official or custom ROM installation.
I hope you have some idea about cache, as you are expert on internet browsing. This is the partition where Android stores frequently accessed data and app components. Wiping the cache doesn’t affect your personal data but simply gets rid of the existing data there, which gets automatically rebuilt as you continue using the device.
This partition contains miscellaneous system settings in form of on/off switches. These settings may include CID (Carrier or Region ID), USB configuration and certain hardware settings, etc. This is an important partition and if it is corrupt or missing, several of the device’s features will not function normally.
This is not a partition on the internal memory of the device but rather the SD card. In terms of usage, this is your storage space to use as you see fit, to store your media, documents, ROMs, etc. on it. Wiping it is perfectly safe as long as you backup all the data you require from it to your computer first. Though several user-installed apps save their data and settings on the SD card and wiping this partition will make you lose all that data.
On devices with both an internal and an external SD card – devices like the Samsung Galaxy S and several tablets – the /sdcard partition is always used to refer to the internal SD card. For the external SD card – if present – an alternative partition is used, which differs from device to device. In the case of Samsung Galaxy S series devices, it is /sdcard/sd while in many other devices, it is /sdcard2. Unlike /sdcard, no system or app data whatsoever is stored automatically on this external SD card and everything present on it has been added there by the user. You can safely wipe it after backing up any data from it that you need to save.
This is not a standard Android partition but has become popular in the custom ROM scene. It is basically an additional partition on your SD card that acts as the /data partition when used with certain ROMs that have special features called APP2SD+ or data2ext enabled. It is especially useful on devices with little internal memory allotted to the /data partition. Thus, users who want to install more programs than the internal memory allows can make this partition and use it with a custom ROM that supports this feature, to get additional storage for installing their apps. Wiping this partition is essentially the same as wiping the /data partition – you lose your contacts, SMS, market apps and settings.
Now when you install a new binary, you can know what you’re going to lose, make sure to backup your data before flash new binary in your android device.
I hope this small tutorial will help you at it’s best. If you have any query or comments, please share with us, we will get back to you asap. | <urn:uuid:41979ef5-344b-4e77-876e-6d3864ab10c3> | {
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Dutch DNA: a threat or an enormous opportunity?
Dutch DNA based education
Dutch national character is trending
You may or may not have noticed it, but nowadays we come across more and more articles about ‘Dutch national characteristics’, which would pre-eminently offer many future opportunities. As I understand it, Ricardo Semler was the first to publicly state that the Dutch qualities were an especially suitable set of characteristics to encounter ‘the complex future’. In his new book: Tot hier en nu verder, Cees van Lotringen searches for the Dutch essence: the DNA of his homeland. He discovered that the Dutch have certain values at their disposal, that enabled them to establish a new Golden Age. Van Lotringen was inspired by the British historian Simon Schama, who also started a search for the DNA of the Netherlands.
We, TEDxAmstedamED are convinced that what we call Dutch DNA, (mainly because of the alliteration), can play an important part. Besides historical clues, we came to this belief based on observations in the education sector. Before we can further examine Dutch DNA in education, we will explore and define Dutch DNA from a historical perspective: development of the Netherlands.
A clear warning beforehand: the behavior of Dutch people through the ages, resulting from that ‘Dutch DNA’ has led to many good things but also to many bad things. When we say in this article that we, like others who have noticed this, are enthusiastic about the Dutch DNA, we mainly mean the possibilities this has for education and the complex problems that arise, and emphatically not all bad things that originated from the same Dutch DNA.
To cut right to the chase, we believe the geographical position of the Netherlands is the source of the prominent Dutch characteristics. A flat landscape that borders the North Sea with many rivers streaming upwards into the country. It really is that simple. All credits to go to our famous historian Johan Huizinga, who for the first time showed a relationship between Dutch characteristics and the geographical position of the Netherlands.
As mansion owning merchants became the Dutch equivalent of castle owning knights, the Dutch never knew nobility, or the corresponding feudal system, like they did in Germany or Britain. Early on, the Dutch developed into a more egalitarian character than the surrounding European powerhouses. For ages, the guilds predominated the cities. Anyone could theoretically become a novice and work his way up to master/expert level. Equal opportunities for everyone!
Common sense for trade and commerce (that goes perfectly together with Calvinism, the ‘dominee en de koopman’ (the ‘pastor and the merchant’) explains why the Dutch wars were rare. The majority of the battles, in the Eighty Years’ war, mainly fought by mercenaries armies, were situated far from the conurbation of western Holland, which was the economical centre of the Netherlands. During World War I, the Dutch remained neutral and they would have liked to have remained neutral in the World War II as well: ‘war is bad for the economy!’ In addition, unlike e.g. Germany, the Netherlands has not experienced traumatic civil wars. All of these phenomena resulted in an optimistic attitude throughout the general public. The imfamous complaining and moping we know today only came about in the last two decennia. The downside of this ‘neutral’ attitude was the absence of romantic literature and music. However, the painting industry did get a chance to bloom because any well-faring merchant wanted to eternalize him/herself on a canvas.
In the everlasting battle against the water, polder-management was the big issue. Land owners had to figure it out together. This difficult ‘polder-management’ enforced the ability to work together and make compromises.
During the golden age (also a result of the geographical position) the Netherlands achieved great levels of entrepreneurship in shipping and trade. Incidentally, that same Dutch DNA has led to enormous abuses such as slavery trade and colonial repression, (cases that to this day, the Netherlands has not apologized for).
In addition to many profits, this entrepreneurship also generated a sense of self-awareness and creativity.
Throughout time, that sense of self-awareness has diminished, but has settled not too deep in our subconsciousness, not in the least because of a ‘striking appeal’ from Prime Minister Balkenende.
The present-day Dutchman
These historical developments had a big influence on the autonomous and outspoken people the Dutch are today. People that are unruly of hierarchical constructions, that can efficiently work together using the ‘polder model’, is creative and is entrepreneurial. In a nutshell, that is what Dutch DNA has become: a set of virtues that has apparently drawn the attention of national and international trendwatchers and visionaries who believe these characteristics are exactly what someone may need in the 21st century to take on the future.
In the Netherlands, everyone is involved in joint decision making. We will talk until a compromise that suits everyone is found. Often, a secretary has the same say in decision making as the director. A trainee, that does not give his unasked opinion, has slim chances of ever becoming a wholesome employee. Take a look at what, according to expats, stands out in terms of the upbringing of Dutch kids. ‘Dutch parents are hardly authoritarian, confer with each other, barely punish their kids, do not hit their kids, stimulate their kids’ autonomy and give their kids a large amount of freedom and little protection’
Long story short, most Dutch children are the embodiment of Dutch DNA. They are outspoken, autonomous mini-citizen, that are used to paving their own way and being deliberate. The individualization process after WWII and the famous sixties increased the forming of an egalitarian society, whereas equality became our wealth. We need even more outspokenness and more autonomy, let’s see what Dutch DNA can do for the Dutch educational system.
Dutch DNA in education
The current educational system and Dutch DNA can barely withstand one another anymore. The educational system, that we inherited from the days of the industrial revolution, is aimed at the efficiency of a uniform 30-children classroom. It cares little for individual needs, differentiation or highly intelligent children. ‘Behave normally, it is crazy enough’, is a typical phrase that comes from the period.
Many aspects of the educational system have already been changed. Many schools and school boards are experimenting with various new forms of education, for which the ministry finally gives room after three decennia of top-down regulation.
We have to ask ourselves whether these changes do not come too late. Even though Dutch children are the happiest kids in the world and the Dutch educational system still holds up in the top 10 of best education, there is talk of alarming developments. In many schools we experience students and teachers struggling with the style of classroom-management: with uniform curricula, hierarchical order and not enough creative outler. I remember what my daughter (HAVO 5), who barely receives classroom lessons anymore, saying: ‘Dad, this teacher cannot keep order. Another teacher can, but he cannot explain well. And the third one smells. We are not going to listen to them!’. In reaction, teachers started saying: ‘please go and work autonomously and tell me when and if you have questions’. My other daughter (also HAVO): ‘Dad, we are not going to wait for that teacher anymore, it is sad, but he cannot do this. We search for a teacher on YouTube, that can explain it far better. We politely and urgently ask the class-nerds (which is not always an insult anymore) to make summaries. We are studying for a test with six girls on skype and we pass the test. That is how we do it nowadays.’ Need I say more? Dutch DNA in optima forma!
Unfortunately, these are frugal exceptions. However, there are more: we know schools, for example the IJburg College, where there are many outspoken and autonomous students. They contribute to their own learning route and curriculum by choosing the learning pace, choosing test-methods, choosing the way they learn, and choosing their own topics. And there are more schools that are well on their way.
At the same time, we believe the system is changing too slowly. In other words, the student of today is desperate for education that is able to change much quicker. Flexibility, differentiation and pluriformity are missing. This has to change before it is too late. Some schools barely have classes/lectures anymore, the decline in students’ level of motivation is worrisome and keeping order becomes harder and harder. The individual potential of the outspoken and autonomous student is for the most part unused.
Still, I agree with the trendwatchers.As stated before, there are huge opportunities for the Dutch educational system if we manage to redesign the system in such a way that the typically Dutch qualities, the Dutch DNA is used at its full potential. When a student, obviously with intensive individual accompaniment of a teacher, gets enough room and freedom to put their drive and creativity to use, then the Dutch could be climbing up the ranking, instead of slowly dropping. They could be an example for modern education, but also for how a country prepares its children/students for the complex future that is in front of us.
Then those trendwatchers will be right after all.
Ton de Langen
Managing Director TEDxAmsterdam Education (together with Ferd van den Eerenbeemt) | <urn:uuid:668627f2-d533-4334-9d44-a077332163f5> | {
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Groundhog Day PowerPoint and Worksheets
Groundhog Day PowerPoint and WorksheetsThis download teaches children about Groundhog Day in one complete lesson. There is a detailed 21 slide PowerPoint on Groundhog Day celebrations, fun Groundhog Day facts, details about how the celebration started and how it is celebrated. There are also differentiated, 5 page, worksheets to allow students to demonstrate their understanding. This pack is great for teaching kids all about this fun event in your classroom.
This download includes:
- Complete 21 slide PowerPoint
- 5 page printable worksheets (x3 differentiated)
- Blank worksheets
- Answer sheets | <urn:uuid:d26fdbba-1f8f-4d61-913e-6ff0d28f0949> | {
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This is an incredible video where Pall Sigurdsson, and others, spent an entire dive (and most of their air supply) saving an octopus who decided to make a home within a plastic cup, which was bound to result in a cruel fate.
Thankfully, their dive wasn’t a waste as they were able to find a suitable and saver living situation for the little octopus!
“We spent a whole dive and most of our air saving this octopus from what was bound to be a cruel fate. The coconut octopus, also known as veined octopus, is born with the instinct to protect itself by creating a mobile home out of coconut or clam shells. This particular individual however has been trapped by their instincts and have made a home out of a plastic cup they found underwater. While a shell is a sturdy protection, a passing eel or flounder would probably swallow the cup with the octopus in it, most likely also killing the predator or weakening it to a point where it will be soon eaten by an even bigger fish. We found this particular octopus at about 20 meters under the water, we tried for a long time to give it shells hoping that it would trade the shell. Coconut octopus is famous for being very picky about which shells they keep so we had to try with many different shells before it found one to be acceptable.” Pall Sigurdsson | <urn:uuid:d87ab098-d7cf-4cf7-b0ec-bbba8688342d> | {
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The Dither Puzzle
The Dither Riddle
In the country of Oopsylvania, the unit of currency is the dither. Originally, there were three denominations of coinage, worth 1 dither, 5 dithers, and 7 dithers. However, it was discovered that the 1 dither coins included a dangerous amount of arsenic, and so one day, an emergency decree was issued and all the 1 dither coins were suddenly withdrawn.
The gum man, whose packages of gum sold for 1 dither, called an emergency meeting that night with other vendors whose business was also affected by the change. “What are we going to do?”, one person cried. “There is no way for me to sell my necklaces, which cost 2 dithers. I will have to try to bundle them together.”
“My brooms cost 3 dithers, and the dust pans are 4 dithers. No one can pay this price now, since the 1 dither coins are gone. What are we to do?”
“I’m not worried,” said the pie man. “All my pies cost 5 dithers, so everyone who wants one can buy. And I may even sell more pies, since some of your goods have prices that are impossible to pay now!”
“Oh what am I to do?” said the onion seller. “My goods cost 6 dithers, but can’t be paid for.”
“At least you would only lose 1 dither if someone gave you a 5. But each of my chairs costs 9 dithers, and there’s no way I can afford to accept a 5 dither coin, or even a 7 dither coin, for them,” cried the caner.
“People, please calm down! Let us try to get a handle on this!” shouted the gum seller. “Until a replacement for the old 1 dither coins is available, we must adjust. But still, some prices can be paid. After all, just using the 5 dither coin, we can pay 5, 10, 15, 20 dithers or any multiple. Similarly, using the 7 dither coin gives us many more prices, 14, 21, 28 and so on. In fact, I see now that there are infinitely many prices that are still manageable.”
A young cross-eyed fellow with unruly hair stood up, and cleared his throat before speaking. “May I have your attention? I think things are really not that bad at all. In fact, not only are there infinitely many prices we can charge, but there are not very many prices we can’t charge. I’ve just worked out a way to make every price from 100 dithers up to 200 dithers.” And with that he began reading a table as follows:
100 = 20 * 5
101 = 16 * 5 + 3 * 7
102 = 19 * 5 + 1 * 7
103 = 15 * 5 + 4 * 7
104 = 18 * 5 + 2 * 7
105 = …
“Stop!” yelled an old woman. There is no need to continue. What you have just told us is enough to show that every price from 100 dithers upward can be formed. Now all we need to do is work downwards and see what prices below 100 dithers are missing.”
1. Are there really only finitely many “missing” prices?
2. If so, what is the highest missing price?
3. Why did the old woman believe that the partial list, from 100 to 104, was enough information?
4. What prices are missing?— | <urn:uuid:be7ee8c4-3090-45f1-bd2e-b0cb57539bac> | {
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There is no doubt that Freidrich Willhelm Murnau’s Nosferatu, Eine Symphonie des Grauens (Symphony of Horror) is a piece of landmark cinema, both for its Expressionist filmmaking and its unique treatment of the vampire as plague. Yet few people saw this monumental film prior to 1960. Though slated for destruction by Bram Stoker’s widow, the film managed to survive, popping up in the most peculiar places.
Nosferatu debuted at the Marble Hall of the Berlin Zoological Gardens in 1922. The movie was the first and last product of a small art collective called Prana Films — the brainchild of artist Albin Grau (later Nosferatu’s production designer). A month later, Florence Stoker caught wind, and she started the legal machines rolling. Her only income at this point was her deceased husband’s book Dracula, and she would not let some German production company steal her meal ticket. During the 1920s, intellectual rights were a bit dodgy, so Florence paid one British pound to join the British Incorporated Society of Authors to help defend her property. Never mind that the society would also pick up the tab for the potentially huge legal bills.
Florence seemed unaware that a second vampire film, this one called Drakula, was produced by a Hungarian company in 1921. Although the title harkens back to Bram Stoker’s novel, the resemblance ends there. This film, now lost save for some stills, was more concerned with eye gouging than straight out vampirism. Nosferatu on the other hand took much of its plot from Stoker’s Dracula, changing only the names.
The film continued to be exhibited in Germany and Budapest up through 1925, though Prana was beleaguered by creditors and harassed by Florence Stoker. They tried to settle with the society, offering a cut of the film’s take in order for them to use the Dracula title in England and America. Florence would not relent.
She not only wanted Prana to halt exhibition of the film, she wanted it torched — all prints and negatives of the film destroyed. And she got her way. In 1925 Florence won her case and the destruction order went through. Nosferatu, Eine Symphonie des Grauens vanished into thin air just as Count Orlock, the vampire in the film, did when exposed to the rays of the morning sun.
Nosferatu did not stay dead. Like any good horror movie, the villain revived himself and carried on the fight. A print of the film resurfaced in 1929, playing to audiences in New York and Detroit. However preeminent Dracula scholar, David J. Skal, writes that the film “was not taken seriously” and that most audiences considered it “a boring picture”. The print was then purchased by Universal to see what had already been done in terms of a vampire movie. The film was studied by all the key creative personnel leading to the Universal production of Dracula in 1931.
The undead film continued to rise from the grave throughout the years. An abridged version was aired on television in the 1960s as part of Silents Please, and subsequently released by Entertainment films under the title Terror of Dracula, and then again by Blackhawk Films under the name Dracula. Blackhawk also released the original version to the collector’s market under the title Nosferatu the Vampire. An unabridged copy of the movie survived Florence Stoker’s death warrant and was restored and screened at Berlin’s Film Festival in 1984.
Despite its influence on the making of the 1931 Dracula, Nosferatu has few film decedents. It’s theme of vampire as a scourging plague has only been seriously taken up by two films: the 1979 remake by Werner Herzog, Nosferatu: The Vampyre, and the 1979 television miniseries of Salem’s Lot, directed by Tobe Hooper. Perhaps if the original Nosferatu, Eine Symphonie des Grauens had been allowed regular release, this would not be the case. It remains to be seen if Nosferatu will vanish again with the daylight or if this rare film will rise again in a new form.
For more information on the making of the original Dracula, check out David Skal’s book Hollywood Gothic: The Tangled Web of Dracula from Novel to Stage to Screen. | <urn:uuid:ccf17718-e304-407a-a412-5d00b9dd4ed3> | {
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From Veritable Hokum. Check them out!
And yes, this Emu War actually happened. Roughly 20,000 emus migrated into the Eastern Wheatbelt area, discovering newly cleared farmland filled with crops and watering points for sheep. They liked this supply of food and water and were ambivalent toward the soldier settler (and other) farmers’ tough run of grain prices and droughts.
Since these were ex-soldiers facing ruin (from drought, grain prices, broken subsidy promises, and emus – blame the killer emus!), they liked the idea of using machine-guns (2 Lewis Guns) against the birds in the same way they’d used them against opposing infantry in WW1. This didn’t go anywhere near as well as expected. Emus are faster, harder to kill outright, and generally not running straight at a machine-gun embankment; so their casualties were low.
Two attempts were made at an emu cull, but ultimately the government decided to offer a bounty on emus instead. Later they went with the tried and trusted move of building a fence to keep the emus out of agricultural areas (along with dingoes, wild dogs, rabbits, kangaroos – although the latter laugh at attempts to build a fence they can’t jump over). | <urn:uuid:0d02effb-ae5e-41f5-a7ed-9979fe657253> | {
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KUALA LUMPUR (Reuters) - Can you make an egg stand on its narrow side during a solar eclipse?
According to a popular scientific theory, an egg will support itself that way when the moon obscures the sun and during the spring equinox, due to increased gravity.
While the theory has been debunked, that did not stop Malaysian and Indonesian social media users from putting it to the test on Thursday, as thousands of skywatchers gathered across parts of Asia to witness a rare annular solar eclipse.
Videos shared online showed dozens of users succeeding in getting eggs to balance on different surfaces including on gravel, a window pane, and a plate during the ‘ring-of-fire’ eclipse.
Hakeem Maarof, a Malaysian father of two, filmed eggs standing on end on a stone pavement and on the road after remembering being told about the theory by a friend.
“It’s more of an experiment for my kids,” Hakeem, who posted the footage of Facebook, told Reuters.
Dr Chong Hon Yew, a retired physicist from the Malaysian Science University, said there was no evidence to back up the theory.
“You can do the same experiment tomorrow, before or after eclipse – it’s easy to do it,” Chong said. “But it’s a fun trick to do (during an eclipse) to get young kids interested in science and astronomy.”
Thursday’s annular eclipse - which occurs when the moon covers the sun’s center but leaves its outer edges visible to form a ring - was also visible in Saudi Arabia, Singapore, India and Sri Lanka.
In most years, two solar eclipses are visible from somewhere on Earth. The maximum number per year is five.
Reporting by Rozanna Latiff; editing by John Stonestreet | <urn:uuid:5bc4e5f8-4ac5-4611-bc59-28e2556a0fe1> | {
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|In the game (also known as Rumis) the players construct an Inca building with their stones. All players receive three-dimensional pieces made of wood, which they will try to position adjacent to their already placed pieces of their own colour. All of their own pieces are of different shape, which is a challenge to the three-dimensional imagination.|
Cubic, wedge-shaped or pyramidal volumes are different building limitations, which are imposed by the various building scenarios. Playing RUMIS you will find that no game is similar to any previous one. Once your mind has mastered the puzzling shapes of the RUMIS pieces, you will explore the depth of tactical and strategic possibilities offered. | <urn:uuid:c250cf08-3e7b-4151-9a6b-b4113278c55f> | {
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The founding of a Universalist Group, if deliberately so named in an attempt to repudiate the symbolic forms which orient this human journey —it will become as sterile as that modern form of so-called humanism which imagines a complete foundation for human living can be established by ethics and reason.
But if the forming of a Universalist group is an effort to make articulate the profound unity of mankind’s spiritual search, in the light of the past as well as of the present—and covering the whole spectrum of human insights—then that is a quite different matter. (69) [emphasis added]
—Lorna M. Marsden [ Note 1 ],
“The Interior Life and the Universal,”
Universalist, January 1984, v.11, 6
(reprinted in Universalism and Religions:
Quaker Universalist Reader Number 2, 2007, 66-75)
In this 1984 article written for her fellow British Quakers, Lorna Marsden expresses two main concerns.
The first concern is couched in the assertion that it is not “possible to separate the experience of the interior life from the experience of the universal” (66). Universalism, for Marsden, is not merely an intellectual or ideological aspiration. It is an inward awareness, not of the mind but of the whole being. “If we possess a truth,” she writes, “we are surely suffused by it, we live it…” (67).
Marsden’s second and perhaps greater concern is expressed as a warning. She is not opposed to humanism per se, yet she mistrusts the sort of secularism which attempts to define the Real solely in terms of what can be contained by human reason. “The mind,” she writes, “works on the prior divinations of the human spirit. Out of these prior divinations the mind produces the working forms of its abstractions” (67). Human consciousness relies upon symbol, image and myth to express knowledge which cannot be framed literally in concepts and propositions.
“This I know experimentally” does not refer to knowledge gained from replicable outer-world demonstration. It refers, rather, to a sure inward conviction, grounded in personal experience, which each person must become open to herself, though it can be pointed to and shared with others through the languages of art and religion.
Marsden warns us of the loss of the “dimension of meaning” when we limit what we believe we can know to the rationality of the ideologically secular.
To reject the basic symbols of Christianity (or any other religion) because of the failures of religious institutions is an act of blindness. It is also to experience a kind of deprivation which I believe to be dangerous to the future of mankind….
Today, the lives of most western people have been extended horizontally beyond anything known to our forebears. Yet at the same time western life as a whole has lost the heights and depths of what might be called the vertical dimension.
It is in the interaction of these two planes that human life acquires meaning and purpose in terms that reach beyond the sensational or the exercise of the analytical reason…. [Here is] what the early Quakers called “the heart.” (69-70)
Lord of the Dance, by Brother Robert Lentz [ Note 2 ]
In what ways does humanism embrace and uplift truths which can be expressed only through art and religion?
How does this differ from the sorts of secularism (such as the so-called “new atheism”) which deny that symbol, image and myth refer to or inform humankind about anything real?
What differing traits are there which might separate humanism at its best from Quaker universalism?
What traits might bring the two sorts of faith and practice into Fox’s “experimental” unity with each other?
Note 1. For a further example of work by Lorna M. Marsden, see “Universality of the Image,” published as an e-Publication by Quaker Universalist Group in 2006. The publisher’s note reads:
Lorna Marsden is a Quaker whose writings are not only well known by Friends but are widely read by those with theological interests in other denominations and other faiths.
The first of these two essays (The Imagery of the Interior Life) is based on a talk given at the QUG Conference in Birmingham in April 1983, and the second (George Fox and the Light Within) is based on a talk given at Leicester in September 1984. They were first published by QUG in 1988 as Pamphlet No. 9 and reprinted in 1990.
Note 2: Br. Robert Lentz, O.F.M. (born 1946), is an American Franciscan friar and religious icon painter. He is particularly known for incorporating contemporary social themes into his icon work. He belongs to the Order of Friars Minor, and is currently stationed in Holy Name Province.
“Lord of the Dance” is an example of a type of iconography by Lentz which was ultimately suppressed by his Church, because it blends both Christian and Pagan mythic imagery into a portrait of Jesus the Christ. The following is from the website of Trinity Stores, which used to sell the icon:
One of the most ancient masculine images of God in Europe is a benign antlered figure. This image predates Celtic civilization, but was embraced by the Celts for its beauty and truth. The Horned God was a protector of all animal life. He was especially linked with the masculine sexuality and spirituality. He was considered Lord of the Otherworld and guided souls to their destination after death. In Celtic art he is usually shown sitting cross-legged and wearing a torque — the Celtic symbol of authority.
Christian missionaries tried to stamp out the image of the horned god when they came to northern lands. Monastic scribes re-told ancient legends with an increasingly sinister twist. In time, the Horned God was pictured in the popular imagination as a demonic figure who rode through the night skies in search of damned souls. There are still places in England, however, where Christian men don stag antlers and dance for ancient feasts.
In Celtic mythology, individuals like Merlin sometimes assume the personality of the Horned God. In this icon, the Horned God is connected with Christ. Christ sits before us in the posture of the Horned God, totally naked, but without shame. His confident nakedness emphasizes that what God has made is good. Behind him are ancient European petroglyphs of the Horned God. He bears the wounds of his crucifixion to signify that he has risen and has taken a more cosmic character than he had during his life in Palestine. He is beating a drum and inviting us to dance; reminiscent of a medieval English carol that describes him as the “Lord of the Dance.” | <urn:uuid:375849d6-fad9-4aff-94f2-9b4adb56f698> | {
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Limiting the size of things in a filesystem is harder than it looks
Suppose, not entirely hypothetically, that you want to artificially limit the size of a filesystem or perhaps something within it, for example the space used by a particular user. These sort of limits usually get called quotas. Although you might innocently think that enforcing quotas is fairly straightforward, it turns out that it can be surprisingly complicated and hard even in very simple filesystems. As filesystems become more complicated, it can rapidly become much more tangled than it looks.
Let's start with a simple filesystem with no holes in files and us only wanting to limit the amount of data that a user has (not filesystem metadata). If the user tries to write 128 Kb to some file, we already need to know where in the file it's going. If the 128 Kb is entirely overwriting existing data, the user uses no extra space, if it's being added to the end of the file, they use 128 Kb more space, and if it partly overlaps with the end of the file, they use less than 128 Kb. Fortunately the current size of a file that's being written to is generally very accessible to the kernel, so we can probably know right away whether the user's write can be accepted or has to be rejected because of quota issues. Well, we can easily know until we throw multiple CPUs into the situation, with different programs on different CPUs all executing writes at once. Once we have several CPUs, we have to worry about synchronizing our information on how much space the user is currently using.
Now, suppose that we want to account for filesystem metadata as well, and that files can have unallocated space in the middle of themselves. Now the kernel doesn't know how much space 128 Kb of file data is going to use until it's looked at the file's current indirect blocks. Writing either after the current end of the file or before it may require allocating new data blocks and perhaps new indirect blocks (in extreme cases, several levels of them). The existing indirect blocks for the file may or may not already be in memory; if they aren't, the kernel doesn't know whether it can accept the write until it reads them off disk, which may take a while. The kernel can optimistically accept the write, start allocating space for all of the necessary data and metadata, and then abort if it runs into a quota limit by the end. But if it does this, it has to have the ability to roll back all of those allocations it may already have done.
(Similar issues come up when you're creating or renaming files and more broadly whenever you're adding entries to a directory. The directory may or may not have a free entry slot already, and adding your new or changed name may cause a cascade of allocation changes, especially in sophisticated directory storage schemes.)
Features like compression and deduplication during writes complicate this picture further, because you don't know how much raw data you're going to need to write until you've gone through processing it. You can even discover that the user will use less space after the write than before, if they replace incompressible unique data with compressible or duplicate data (an extreme case is turning writes of enough zero bytes into holes).
If the filesystem is a modern 'copy on write' one such as ZFS, overwriting existing data may or may not use extra space even without compression and deduplication. Overwriting data allocates a new copy of the data (and metadata pointing to it), but it also normally frees up the old version of the data, hopefully giving you a net zero change in usage. However, if the old data is part of a snapshot or otherwise referenced, you can't free it up and so an 'overwrite' of 128 Kb may consume the same amount of space as appending it to the file as new data.
Filesystems with journals add more issues and questions, especially the question of whether you add operations to the journal before you know whether they'll hit quota limits or only after you've cleared them. The more you check before adding operations to the journal, the longer user processes have to wait, but the less chance you have of hitting a situation where an operation that's been written to the journal will fail or has to be annulled. You can certainly design your journal format and your journal replay code to cope with this, but it makes life more complicated.
At this point you might wonder how filesystems that support quotas ever have decent performance, if checking quota limits involves all of this complexity. One answer is that if you have lots of quota room left, you can cheat. For instance, the kernel can know or estimate the worst case space usage for your 128 Kb write, see that there is tons of room left in your quota even in the face of that, and not delay while it does further detailed checks. One way to deal with the SMP issue is to keep a very broad count of how much outstanding write IO there is (which the kernel often wants anyway) and not bother with synchronizing quota information if the total outstanding writes are significantly less than the quota limit.
(I didn't realize a lot of these lurking issues until I started to actually think about what's involved in checking and limiting quotas.)
Comments on this page:Written on 09 October 2019. | <urn:uuid:533c946b-cf59-4c00-b72c-16751373228f> | {
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Every year in Australia, millions of tonnes of municipal and industrial sludge are dewatered at wastewater treatment plants.
This results in the production of about 1.65 million tonnes of dewatered sludge, most of which is trucked off site for re-use in agriculture, composting or disposal via other means.
Dewatering takes place via a variety of methods with the most commonly used being:
- Centrifuges (39 per cent)
- Belt filter presses (24 per cent)
- Drying beds (23 per cent)
However, screw presses are now taking over when it comes to dewatering, according to James Hall, Director of Sales at Hydroflux
“The use of screw presses is being driven by changes in our economy, and concerns over the environment and sustainability, as well as a need to improve the efficiency and reduce operating costs,” Mr Hall said.
“The new generation of Huber Q Press is able to achieve similar results to centrifuges at a fraction of the operating and maintenance cost. On top of that, it achieves a sludge volume reduction up to 97 per cent in a single step.
“If you add to these changes the challenges of odour generation, either around the dewatering process or in the dewatered sludge, noise and other environmental concerns, then the reason for the move away from belt filter presses and centrifuges, and towards screw presses becomes more obvious.
“This, together with major advances in screw press technology in the last 10 years – which have enabled screw presses to not only successfully dewater waste activated sludge but also more difficult industrial sludges – means that screw presses are here to stay.”
This partner content is brought to you by Hydroflux. For more information, visit http://www.hydrofluxindustrial.com.au/product-item/screw-presses/. | <urn:uuid:fefd138e-3274-444f-9381-741f7b5d8542> | {
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Gestural communication in bonobos and chimpanzees shows turn-taking and clearly distinguishable communication styles. Human communication is one of the most sophisticated signalling systems, being highly cooperative and including fast interactions. The first step into this collective endeavour can already be observed in early infancy, well before the use of first words, when children start to engage in turn-taking interactional practices embodying gestures to communicate with other individuals. One of the predominant theories of language evolution thus suggested that the first fundamental steps towards human communication were gestures alone.
The research team of Marlen Fröhlich and Simone Pika of the Humboldt Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology together with colleagues from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, the Ludwig- Maximilians-University in Munich and the Kyoto University in Japan, conducted the first systematic comparison of communicative interactions in mother-infant dyads of two different bonobo and two different chimpanzee communities in their natural environments.
The bonobos were studied over the duration of two years in the Salonga National Park and Luo Scientific Reserve in the Democratic Rebublic of Congo. The chimpanzees were observed in the Taï National Park, Côte D’Ivoire, and Kibale National Park in Uganda.
The results showed that communicative exchanges in both species resemble cooperative turn-taking sequences in human conversation. However, bonobos and chimpanzees differ in their communication styles. “For bonobos, gaze plays a more important role and they seem to anticipate signals before they have been fully articulated” says Marlen Froehlich, first author of the study.
In contrast, chimpanzees engage in more time-consuming communicative negotiations and use clearly recognizable units such as signal, pause and response. Bonobos may therefore represent the most representative model for understanding the prerequisites of human communication. “Communicative interactions of great apes thus show the hallmarks of human social action during conversation and suggest that cooperative communication arose as a way of coordinating collaborative activities more efficiently,” says Simone Pika, head of the study.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/ Science Daily
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160524144925.htm Original web page at Science Daily | <urn:uuid:a3ba8bdd-a197-4bb4-84bc-778a161ebfc9> | {
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NVIDIA Creates Interactive World with Its Deep Learning-Based AI Model: ‘It Wouldn’t Have Been Possible Before Tensor Cores’
Today's big NVIDIA announcement presented the TITAN RTX GPU. However, there is another interesting press release put out by the company in which they provide the first look at an interactive, AI rendered virtual world based on a deep learning model.
A team of researchers at NVIDIA used a neural network, previously trained on real-world videos, to render synthetic tridimensional environments in real time. The result is a basic driving game, as you can see below; the full demo will be showcased at the NeurIPS conference in Montreal, Canada.
Bryan Catanzaro, vice president of Applied Deep Learning Research at NVIDIA and leader of the research team, said:
NVIDIA has been inventing new ways to generate interactive graphics for 25 years, and this is the first time we can do so with a neural network. Neural networks — specifically generative models — will change how graphics are created. This will enable developers to create new scenes at a fraction of the traditional cost.
One of the main obstacles developers face when creating virtual worlds, whether for game development, telepresence, or other applications is that creating the content is expensive. This method allows artists and developers to create at a much lower cost, by using AI that learns from the real world. Before Tensor Cores, this demo would not have been possible.
Clearly, the potential here is massive. The creation of massive virtual worlds is the basis of modern gaming and it is a highly time and resource consuming process. Being able to speed it up through AI would do wonders for game developers, but NVIDIA also expects applications in fields like virtual reality, automotive, robotics and architecture.
Those of you who aren't afraid to get really technical can dive into the entire research paper, available here. Anyone else can read the summary below, where the researchers have outlined a couple of current limitations of their model and how they could be overcome.
We present a general video-to-video synthesis framework based on conditional GANs. Through carefully-designed generator and discriminator networks as well as a spatiotemporal adversarial objective, we can synthesize high-resolution, photorealistic, and temporally consistent videos. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our results are significantly better than the results by state-of-the-art methods. Its extension to the future video prediction task also compares favorably against the competing approaches.
Limitations and future work
Although our approach outperforms previous methods, our model still fails in a couple of situations. For example, our model struggles in synthesizing turning cars due to insufficient information in label maps. We speculate that this could be potentially addressed by adding additional 3D cues, such as depth maps.
Furthermore, our model still can not guarantee that an object has a consistent appearance across the whole video. Occasionally, a car may change its color gradually. This issue might be alleviated if object tracking information is used to enforce that the same object shares the same appearance throughout the entire video. Finally, when we perform semantic manipulations such as turning trees into buildings, visible artifacts occasionally appear as building and trees have different label shapes. This might be resolved if we train our model with coarser semantic labels, as the trained model would be less sensitive to label shapes. | <urn:uuid:1ebb51b3-dd86-47ac-8687-a0ce03ca0ea1> | {
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Let's say I somehow got transported to medieval times. I have my phone, laptop or other devices with rechargeable batteries, but I forgot to take my solar chargers. Luckily, my every device is powered by standard micro USB cable, which I happen to have with me. I know that USB uses 5V direct current, from 0.5A to 2A.
To create current, I can use magnets and copper wires, which are luckily sold by local merchants (wires) and magicians (magnets). This will, however, give me alternating current. Using some diodes I could convert it, but semiconductors aren't readily available in my local medieval shop.
Next problem is, I need very specific and stable voltage. Definition of ampere won't help me unless I get two wires of infinite length.
So question is: How can I create a stable current source to charge my electronic devices without exploding the batteries?
This is related to question asked in I was thrown into the middle ages, how do I power my time machine? , but answers there don't seem to say much about voltages used. Phone batteries might need pretty specific voltage, and I'm mainly interested how I can either check the voltage of my source or build one having stable 5V (or some other that won't destroy my batteries). | <urn:uuid:649097e8-f9ea-4683-ad08-701f98b51fd7> | {
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BEIJING (AP) — A preliminary investigation into viral pneumonia illnesses sickening dozens of people in and around China has identified the possible cause as a new type of coronavirus, state media said Thursday.
Chinese health authorities did not immediately conform the report from state broadcaster CCTV.
Coronaviruses are spread through coughing or sneezing or by touching an infected person. Some cause the common cold and others can lead to more severe respiratory diseases, such as SARS and MERS.
The novel coronavirus is different from those that have previously been identified, CCTV said.
As of Sunday, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission said 59 people in the central Chinese city were being treated for the respiratory illness. Seven were in critical condition, while the rest were stable.
Laboratory experts as of Wednesday evening had found the novel coronavirus in 15 of those cases, CCTV said, adding that more research must be done before a conclusion is reached.
Possible cases of the same illness have been reported in Hong Kong and South Korea involving recent travelers to Wuhan.
In Hong Kong, 15 patients with symptoms of respiratory illness were being treated as of Sunday. And a Chinese woman who works for a South Korean company was diagnosed Tuesday with pneumonia, the Korea Centers of Disease Control and Prevention said.
SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, first infected people in southern China in late 2002, and the illness spread to more than two dozen countries. More than 8,000 people were sickened and nearly 800 died, but none have been reported since 2004. The new illnesses had raised fears of a SARS recurrence.
Another coronavirus caused MERS, or Middle East respiratory syndrome. That outbreak started in Jordan and Saudi Arabia in 2012 and spread into about two dozen other countries. About 2,500 lab-confirmed cases have been reported, including more than 800 deaths, with cases continuing to be seen in recent years.
On Wednesday, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention put out a health alert advising physicians who treat patients with pneumonia-like illness to consider a possible link to the Chinese outbreak and to wear masks and take other precautions in treating patients who recently traveled to Wuhan.
The CDC this week also advised U.S. travelers going to Wuhan to avoid animals and sick people and wash their hands often.
Copyright 2020 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:d2f8f5fa-0e4f-48e5-954a-d0d862d6fc52> | {
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The beginning of the temperance movement in the U.S. is easy to understand. The American Revolution, urbanization and other changes were associated with social and economic problems. These problems emerged along with increasing alcohol abuse. But many people believed that alcohol consumption caused these societal problems.
This page is part of a series: Alcohol in America
- Alcohol in Colonial America
- Alcohol in Early America: Changing Views
- Beginning of the Temperance Movement in the U.S.
- Temperance Beliefs & Temperance Teachings
- Scientific Temperance Instruction was Evaluated by Educators
- The Noble Experiment of Prohibition in the U.S.
- Temperance Movement Today in US: Neo-Prohibitionism
It was in this environment that people began seeking a solution for drinking problems. One suggestion had come from Dr. Benjamin Rush. He had argued that the excessive use of alcohol was harmful to physical and psychological health. (1) His views stimulated the beginning of the temperance movement.
Apparently influenced by Rush’s belief, about 200 farmers in Connecticut formed a temperance association in 1789. Similar associations were formed later in Virginia (1800) and New York State (1808). Within the next decade other temperance organizations existed in eight states. Some were statewide organizations. (2)
The temperance movement advocated temperance or moderation rather than abstinence. And its future looked bright. But many of the leaders overestimated their strength. They expanded their goals. Took positions on gambling, profaning the Sabbath, and other moral issues. They also became involved in political bickering. Not surprisingly, their movement stalled by the early 1820s. (3)
During the early 1800’s, temperance societies offered two pledge options: moderation in drinking or total abstinence. After those who pledged the preferred total abstinence began writing “T.A.” on their pledge cards, they became known as “teetotalers.” (4) At least that’s one theory.
But some leaders continued pressing their cause. The American Temperance Society began in 1826. So did the American Temperance Union. They both benefitted from a renewed interest in religion and morality. Within 10 years the former claimed more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,500,000 members. (5) By 1839, 15 temperance journals existed. (6) Simultaneously, many Protestant churches began to promote temperance.
From Temperance to Total Abstinence
During the 1830s and 1840s, most temperance organizations began to call for total abstinence from all alcohol. They argued that the only way to prevent drunkenness was to eliminate drinking. Temperance groups tended to become became the abstinence groups. And new abstinence groups formed. They included, among others, Sons of Temperance, the Congressional Temperance Society, the Templars of Honor and Temperance, and the Cadets of Temperance. (7) They would later be joined by many more temperance organizations. One of the most powerful would be the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). With the passage of time, “The temperance societies became more and more extreme in the measures they championed.” (8)
“Root beer” was a temperance product. It was developed to replace beer in popularity… it did not. (9)
The movement now insisted that no one should be permitted to drink any alcohol. And it did so with religious fervor and increasing stridency. (10) Even when compared to the sophisticated use of mass media today, the temperance movement still rivals the best in terms of scope, commitment, and response. (11)
No effort in our era at mass communications about alcohol comes close to matching the outpouring of materials for the mass audience by the temperance movement in the nineteenth century. For decades the American public was flooded with temperance pamphlets, temperance novels, temperance newspapers, temperance sermons, and temperance lectures. It was the longest sustained and perhaps the largest organized effort at mass communication about a social issue that the country has ever seen. (12)
Prohibition was Controversial
The prohibition of alcohol by law became a major issue in every campaign. They ranged from the national and state level down to those for school board members. The issue generated deep bitterness. “It is hard for us today to grasp how profoundly this controversy pervaded every facet of American life for a century. Religious and political party affiliation were so intertwined with the prohibition issue, and feelings ran so high, that it became a rule of polite society not to allow them in conversation.” (13)
Paving the Road to Utopia
A temperance leader asserted that “This [prohibition] is Christ’s work… a holy war, and every true soldier of the Cross will fight in it.” (14) Understandably, ministers were influential and important to the cause. (15) Many mobilized their flocks by preaching that alcohol was
the great anaconda, which wraps its coils around home altars to cripple them, to make room for Bacchus. The vampire which fans sanity to sleep while it sucks away the lifeblood. The vulture, which preys upon the vials [sic] of the nations. It defies God, despises Jesus Christ, sins against the Holy Ghost, which is sinning against light and knowledge. Above all it murders humanly. (16)
In promoting what many prohibitionists saw as their religious duty, they perfected the techniques of pressure politics. (17) Women in the movement even used their children as pawns to march, sing, and otherwise
“Use a little wine….”
Because the temperance movement began to teach that drinking alcohol was sinful, it had to confront the contrary fact that Jesus drank wine. Its solution was to insist that Jesus drank grape juice rather than wine. (18)
The Bible says to “use a little wine for thy stomach’s sake” (1 Timothy 5:23). This admonition caused serious problems for temperance writers. They argued that alcohol was a poison and that drinking it was a sin. So they insisted that the Bible was actually advising people to rub alcohol on their abdomens. (19)
Later, temperance activists hired a scholar to rewrite the Bible by removing all references to alcohol beverage. (20)
exert pressure at polling places. They were often dressed in white and holding tiny American flags near polling places. When signaled, the children would descend upon known “wets” as they neared the voting booth.
The Anti-Saloon League
The Anti-Saloon League stressed its religious character. It was working for God. So anything it did was considered moral and justified. After all, it was working to bring about the Lord’s will.
It didn’t necessarily include the outright purchase of a politician, nor did it preclude such a buy if the situation warranted. In general, however, it consisted in swarming into a contested area and bringing every imaginable sort of pressure to bear upon the candidates and officeholders. Of saturating the country with speakers and literature. In laying down a barrage of abuse, insinuation, innuendo, half-truths, and plain lies against an opponent. And in maintaining an efficient espionage system which could obtain reliable knowledge of the enemy’s plans. Sometimes the required pressure could be applied through a man’s business or professional connections. Again, something might be accomplished through his family and relatives, in which case the local clergyman and the ladies of the W.C.T.U. were very helpful. (21)
Not surprisingly, one League leader would later write that the lies he told in promoting prohibition “would fill a big book.” (22)
Decades later, their propaganda, strong organization, and political tactics would pay off. They helped in passing the 18th Amendment establishing National Prohibition. A leader of the Anti-Saloon League testified that prior to its passage in Congress, he had compiled a list of 13,000 business people who supported prohibition. They received their instructions at the crucial time.
We blocked the telegraph wires in Congress for three days. One of our friends sent seventy- five telegrams, each signed differently with the name of one his subordinates. The campaign was successful. Congress surrendered. The first to bear the white flag was Senator Warren Harding of Ohio. He told us frankly he was opposed to the amendment, but since it was apparent from the telegrams that the business world was demanding it he would submerge his own opinion and vote for submission. (23)
The League was so powerful that even national politicians feared its strength. The 18th Amendment might well not have passed if a secret ballot had made it impossible for the League to have punished the “disobedient” at the next election. (24)
In this Currier and Ives print of 1848, George Washington bids farewell to his officers. He has a toast in his hand and a supply of liquor on the table.
Reflecting the power of the temperance movement, a re-engraved version in 1876 removes all evidence of alcohol. Gone is the glass from Washington’s hand. The liquor supply is replaced with a hat.
Wayne B. Wheeler controlled six congresses, dictated to two presidents of the United States, directed legislation in most of the States of the Union, picked the candidates for the more important elective and federal offices, held the balance of power in both Republican and Democratic parties, distributed more patronage than any dozen other men, supervised a federal bureau from outside without official authority, and was recognized by friend and foe alike as the most masterful and powerful single individual in the United States. (25)
The Civil War interrupted the temperance movement while Americans were preoccupied with that struggle. Then, after the war, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union was founded. Of course, the organization did not promote moderation or temperance but rather prohibition. One of its methods to achieve that goal was education. It believed that if it could “get to the children” it could create a dry sentiment leading to prohibition. (26) The beginning of the temperance movement was well under way.
Establishment of Mandatory Alcohol Education
Calls for alcohol education in the U.S. were heard as early as 1869. In that year a temperance writer, Julia Coleman, addressed the Fulton County (NY) Teachers’ Institute on the subject. (27) Similar appeals were made by others over the next few years. In 1873 the National Temperance Society called for instruction in both public and private schools on the effects of alcohol on the human system. (28)
At about the same time, Mary Hunt, a former school teacher visited her local school board in Massachusetts. She persuaded it to establish temperance instruction in the schools.
Then, together with Julia Coleman, Ms. Hunt extended the campaign to other school districts in the state. They promoted a series of graded lessons on hygiene and physiology prepared by the former teacher. (29) They also promoted a textbook written by Ms. Coleman. (30)
Scientific Temperance Instruction
In 1879 Ms. Hunt accepted an invitation from Frances Willard to speak to the WCTU’s national convention. Her subject was “Scientific Temperance Instruction.” She presented her vision of “thorough text-book study of Scientific Temperance in public schools as a preventive against intemperance.” (31) Ms. Hunt became chair of a new standing committee. The following year (1880) a Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction in Schools and Colleges replaced the committee. Ms. Hunt was its national head. (32)
Mary Hunt used her new position with authority. She called on each WCTU local to visit its school board to demand that Scientific Temperance Instruction be taught. Around the country, locals held mass meetings and petition drives converged on school boards to press their case. This led Ms. Hunt to observe that “It is not too much to say that the school boards of the country … are in a state of siege” at the hands of WCTU members. (33) Reflecting her strong drive, she spoke at 182 meetings in 1880. (34)
But the results were disappointing to the Mary Hunt. School boards were not as pliant as expected and it was difficult to remove recalcitrant board members. While Ms. Hunt was having difficulty promoting her temperance instruction, the prohibition movement was experiencing serious difficulties as well. During the decade, 12 of 20 prohibition referenda were defeated. In addition, states were often failing to enforce those bills that did manage to pass.
This led Ms. Hunt to conclude that voters “must first be convinced that alcohol and kindred narcotics are by nature outlaws, before they will outlaw them.” (35) She decided to use legislation to coerce the moral suasion of students. After all, they would be the next generation of voters. This gave birth to the idea of the compulsory Scientific Temperance Instruction Movement. (36)
Mary Hunt’s Strategy
Mary Hunt’s strategy was for WCTU members to pressure state legislators and promote the nomination and candidacy of pro-temperance candidates.
Ms. Hunt used her strategy first in Vermont. Highly organized members campaigned for temperance candidates. They developed letter writing campaigns. Obtained temperance endorsements from leading citizens. Presented legislators with a deluge of petitions. And then they packed open hearings on a proposed bill.
The strategy worked. The bill passed by a large majority and became law in 1882. (37) Ms. Hunt developed and pioneered the use of tactics used ever since by lobbyists and pressure groups.
But Mary Hunt was not entirely pleased with her first effort. The Vermont law was general and vague. She feared that a few lessons presented to a few students could be interpreted as compliance. Therefore, things were different in the next state campaign. Ms. Hunt worked to ensure that the proposed bill would require that temperance instruction be given to all students in all schools in Michigan. (38) One provision required schools to teach the harmful physical effects of alcohol. Another required teachers to pass an examination on the effects of alcohol. The Michigan law, passed in 1883, became a model for subsequent legislation in other states. (39)
Mary Hunt’s Leadership
Ms. Hunt proved to be a brilliant strategist and leader. State prohibition laws had not been faring well. Temperance could be a political minefield capable of destroying a politician. Prohibition of alcohol was an issue that shook state politics in the 19th century. Even politicians in favor of temperance didn’t want to alienate voters by proscribing drink.
Children, however, were another matter. By the turn of the century every state and territory had laws mandating the teaching of the evils of alcohol. Many of these laws were more specific and binding than legislation on any other branch of the curriculum. (40)
However, many of the compulsory laws were still not strong enough to suit Mary Hunt. Even while she was pressing some states to enact legislation, she was waging campaigns to strengthen existing laws. For example, due to Ms. Hunt’s continued efforts, Vermont’s easily evaded 1882 legislation was amended in 1886. Even the model Michigan act was amended to include the same provisions as the revised Vermont law. (41) From there, Ms. Hunt carried the amendment fight on to other states.
Not surprisingly, many school officials were unsympathetic or resistant to outside interference. An Ohio temperance activist complained that “school examiners, school boards and school superintendents are, many of them, indifferent to the law-ignore it-and are not dismissed.” She observed that “no law will enforce itself.” (42)
Accordingly, Ms. Hunt asserted that “It is our duty not to take the word of some school official, but to visit the schools. and carefully and wisely ascertain for ourselves if the study is faithfully pursued by all pupils.” (43) To this end, she asserted that local WCTU members must visit their local schools. There, theyy should observe the temperance lessons, examinations, recitations, and textbooks. (44) The WCTU had about 150,000 members scattered in communities across the nation in 1892. Thus, it was in an excellent position to monitor compliance.
“When, in an unusual gesture of defiance, teachers in New York State protested a highly prescriptive temperance law, the WCTU mobilized influential local members to make sure that teachers were obeying the statute.” (45) Not surprisingly, both supporters and opponents used military metaphors to describe Hunt’s organization and methods.
By the turn of the century, the Scientific Temperance Instruction movement directed by Ms. Hunt had proved to be highly successful. As a result, virtually every state, the District of Columbia, and all U.S. possessions had strong laws requiring anti-alcohol education. And some textbook authors even prepared different editions of their books to meet the differing legal requirements of various states. (46) Furthermore, legions of determined and vigilant WCTU members throughout the nation closely monitored compliance down to the classroom level. Scientific Temperance Instruction was now mandatory across the country.
But what did it teach? What beliefs did the temperance movement promote? To answer that, we now turn to the amazing story of Temperance Beliefs and Teachings.
- Katcher, B. Benjamin Rush’s educational campaign against hard drinking. Am J Pub Health, 1993, 83, p. 275.
- Asbury, H. The Great Illusion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972, pp. 28-31.
- Asbury, p. 31.
- Mendelson, J. H., and Mello, N. K. Alcohol: Use and Abuse in America. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1983, p. 34.
- Furnas, J. The Life and Times of the Late Demon Rum. NY: Putnam,1965, p. 55.
- Cherrington, E. The Anti-Saloon League Yearbook. Westerville, OH: The League, 1920, pp. 98-123.
- Blocker, J. “Give to the Winds Thy Fear.” Boston: Twayne, 1985, pp. 67-72. Good description of the early beginning of the temperance movement.
- McConnell, D. Temperance Movements. In: Seligman, E, and Johnson, A. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. NY: Macmillan, 1963, p. 569).
- Goshen, C. Drinks, Drugs, and Do-Gooders. NY: Free Press, 1973, p. 14.
- Royce, J. Alcohol Problems and Alcoholism. NY: Free Press, 1981, p. 40.
- Wallack, L. Mass media campaigns. Health Ed Q, 1981, 8, p. 211.
- Room, R. The Prevention of Alcohol Problems. Berkeley, CA: Social Research Group, Working paper F-63, 1977, p. 22.
- Royce, pp. 40-41.
- Furnas, p. 165.
- Schmidt, L. “A battle not man’s but God’s.” J Stud Alco, 1995, 56, 110-121.
- Isaac, P. Prohibition and Politics. Knoxville: U Tennessee Press, 1965, p. 21.
- Odegard, P. Pressure Politics: The Story of the Anti-Saloon League. NY: Columbia U Press,1928.
- Hanson, D. Preventing Alcohol Abuse. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995, ch 3.
- Edwards, G. Alcohol. NY: St. Martin’s, 2000, p. 167.
- The American Mix, 2001, 1(1), 4.
- Asbury, pp. 101-102.
- Asbury, p. 102).
- Pollard, J. The Road to Repeal. NY: Brentano’s, 1932, p. 107.
- Sinclair, A. Prohibition. Boston: Little, Brown, 1962, p. 110.
- Childs, R. Making Repeal Work. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Alco Bev Study, 1947, p. 217.
- Sheehan, N. The WCTU and education. Hist Ed Q, 1981, 9, p. 118.
- Mezvinsky, N. Scientific Temperance Instruction in the Schools. Hist Ed Q, 1961, 1, p. 48).
- Mezvinsky, ibid.
- Ohles, J. The imprimatur of Mary H. H. Hunt. J School Health, 1978, 48, p. 477.
- Bordin, R. Women and Temperance. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers U Press, 1990, p. 135.
- Billings, J, et al. Physiological Aspects of the Liquor Problem. Boston: Hougton, Miffin, 1903, p. 21.
- Billings, p. 22.
- Zimmerman, J. “The Queen of the Lobby”: Mary Hunt, scientific temperance instruction, and democratic education. Hist Ed Q, 1992, 32, p. 2.
- Ohles, p. 477.
- Zimmerman, pp. 5-6.
- Zimmerman, p. 6.
- Mezvinsky, p. 49.
- Mezvinsky, ibid.
- Bordin, pp. 135-136.
- Tyack, D., and James, T. Moral majorities and the school curriculum. Teach Coll Rec, 1985, 86, pp. 515-516.
- Mezvinsky, p. 51.
- Zimmerman, p. 8.
- Zimmerman, p. 9.
- Hunt, M. A History of the First Decade of the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction in Schools and Colleges. Boston: Washington Press, 1892, pp. 53, 58.
- Tyack and James, p. 517. Many teachers resented this intrusion into their professional autonomy. One WCTU “compliance monitor” reported on teacher reaction. “None of [them] have taken very kindly to the new departure of being watched, questioned or advised by their constituents.” (Zimmerman, p. 20)
- Nietz, J. Old Textbooks. Pittsburgh: U Pittsburgh Press, 1961, p. 294.
- Fletcher, H. Gender and the American Temperance Movement of the Nineteenth Century. NY: Routledge, 2008.
- Furnas, J. The Life and Times of the Late Demon Rum. NY: Punam’s Sons, 1965.
- Kobler, J. Ardent Spirits. NY: Putnam’s Sons, 1973. Excellent treatment of the beginning of the temperance movement.
- Krout, J. The Origins of Prohibition. NY: Knopf, 1925.
- Mattingly, C. Well-tempered Women: Nineteenth-century Temperance Rhetoric. Carbondale: Southern Illinois U Press, 1998.
- United Temperance Movement of Wisconsin. Challenge. Madison: The Movement, 1956-1974 (periodical). | <urn:uuid:af49ff03-9d2d-4fa7-88ae-8c1c2ea79351> | {
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Hazing Prevention in High School and College
~ What is the supposed function of hazing?
~ Define hazing
~ Explore the purpose of hazing
~ Identify alternatives to hazing
~ Identify the timeline for hazing prevention
~ Identify the role of administrators, coaches, the Panhellenic council, student-athletes, sorority and fraternity members and presidents, and counseling departments
~ Review the hazing “test”
What is Hazing
~ Any action taken or any situation created intentionally that causes embarrassment, harassment or ridicule and risks emotional and/or physical harm to members of a group or team, whether new or not, regardless of the person’s willingness to participate
~ 79% of NCAA athletes report coming to college with a prior hazing experience from high school or middle school
What is Hazing
~ Types of Hazing
~ Verbal abuse
~ Forced activities for new recruits to ‘prove’ their worth to join
~ Being asked to perform acts that go against personal beliefs such as committing a crime, humiliating someone else
~ Simulating sexual activities
~ Being subjected to a perceived physical danger (including beatings,
~ Requirement to endure hardships such as staying awake, physical labor
~ Coerced alcohol abuse
~ Personal servitude or meaningless tasks
Hazing Facts to Know
~ Any setting in which total respect for everyone’s dignity is not present can lead to a hazing climate/environment.
~ “Severity” is not always measured in observed harm . Some hazing victims report that the mental hazing they endured was worse that being physically abused.
~ Earlier trauma can make what may seem like a prank to some, emotionally distressing to others.
~ Pre-emption and prevention is much more effective than reaction.
~ Hazing is denied by using aliases: Pranks, stunts, antics, traditions, initiations, rites of passage
~ Alcohol reduces inhibitions and the ability to resist or protest.
~ Where there is a power imbalance, there is a risk of coercion.
Difference Between Hazing and Bullying
~ The Intersection of Bullying and Hazing – how are they similar?
~ Motivation for bullying and hazing is often identity-based
~ Imbalance of power exists
~ Left unchecked each can contribute to an environment where the behavior is acceptable
~ Each is a precursor to more destructive, hateful behavior
~ The Intersection of Bullying and Hazing – how are they different?
~ Bullying excludes the target from the group, whereas hazing is a ritual or process imposed on a person who wants to be part of the group
~ Bullies often act alone, but hazing usually involves a group, team or organization
How is Hazing Justified?
~ Moral Justification – Make it socially worthy (e.g., creating bonds, building unity).
~ Euphemistic labeling – Sanitized language of non-responsibility (e.g., “team building”).
~ Advantageous comparison – War analogy – “We’re going to battle.”
~ Diffusion of Responsibility – Normative conformity “Everyone is doing it;” avoidance of personal responsibility.
~ Disregard/distortion of consequences – No evidence anyone was seriously injured.
~ Athlete on a scholarship
~ Sorority member who has paid dues, meal plan, lives in house
~ Team member who dropped out because he “changed his mind.”
How is Hazing Justified?
~ Displacement of responsibility
~ “We’re just carrying on tradition”
~ Intentionally uninformed – “We don’t have a problem with hazing here,” or “I don’t want to know.”
~ Surreptitious sanctioning (wink and nod)
~ Dehumanization – Perception of freshmen as “less than”; use of masks, costumes, etc.
~ Attribution of Blame – Blame the victim – “They agreed to it.”
Impact of Hazing
~ Physical, emotional, and/or mental illness
~ Eating disorders
~ Substance abuse (laxatives, steroids, numbing drink)
~ Lowered self-esteem from rejection
~ Poor grades
~ Withdrawal from activities
~ Sleep disruption from depression, trauma or anxiety
~ Loss of sense of control and empowerment
~ Relationships with friends, significant others, and family suffer
~ Post-traumatic stress
~ Loss of respect for and interest in being part of the organization
~ Hazing helps with team building and bonding
~ Hazing erodes trust within the group members
~ It will instill humility in new members
~ Humiliation is a terribly painful and destructive emotional state
~ Humiliation is an external thing. Other people humiliate us. We feel humiliated by what they say or think of us. I cannot feel humiliated in a deserted island.
~ Humility, on the other hand, is a relief. When individuals are able to gracefully accept that there are limits to their power and importance
~ Humility is an internal thing created when peoples’ heart, soul, and mind are not obsessed with themselves.
~ Associated feelings might be curiosity, engagement, openness and acceptance
~ It establishes a hierarchy for leadership: Fear vs. respect
~ Fear-based leadership turns members’ attention inward instead of outward.
~ Members who are led by fear go into survival mode. They are no longer interested in the group’s outcome, they are concerned with staying in the group and not stepping on toes.
~ Leading with fear breeds anxiety, cynicism, distrust, and intimidation
~ Respect-based leadership creates members who look outside themselves and focus on bettering the group.
Common Reasons Hazing Is NOT Reported
~ The school year is about to start. I know hazing going to happen again, but I don’t know what to do.
~ I don’t know who I can trust to talk to about my concerns.
~ I’m not sure I know how to deal with the fear of becoming an outcast.
~ I’m newer to my organization/team. How could I know who my allies are?
~ If I report hazing, it won’t be handled right.
~ By intervening in the hazing, I could get (emotionally/physically) hurt.
~ I don’t want to rock the boat on tradition.
~ I don’t know how to stop the hazing without tarnishing my team/organization’s reputation.
~ My team/organization doesn’t recognize that what we are doing IS hazing.
~ If I report it, my membership will be revoked.
Common Reasons Hazing Is NOT Reported
~ I tried speaking up before, and nothing changed. I feel helpless.
~ I don’t know how to manage losing friendships and respect of those in charge over this, and I think that will happen.
~ I don’t want to say anything, because I am ashamed of what I did to join my organization/team.
~ I’m the only one who thinks this is a problem.
~ My team/organization is my support system, and I can’t afford to lose that.
~ I’m at school on scholarship. How do I make sure it isn’t compromised?
~ I’m embarrassed to report the hazing to my superiors. I know they will look down on me for having participated in it previously.
~ Understand why hazing happens
~ Provide education on an individual, group, institution and community level (in writing).
~ Ensure participants have full participation and ownership in hazing prevention efforts, including education, implementation and adjudication processes
~ Have clearly defined sanctions for hazing activities developed in with the members
~ Establish a means for reporting, investigating and adjudicating hazing
~ Ensure that policies are followed (Advocacy!)
~ Make caring about each other a high priority for success. Talk about what it means to care!
~ Ensure members know that membership requires strong work ethic; positive attitude; and initiative.
~ Model anti-hazing behaviors
~ Demonstrate an emphatic position about treating everyone with total respect at all times from the first contact, including recruiting.
~ Conduct open discussions to help you understand your team’s views and activities
~ Conduct a leadership workshop and regular meetings for your captains to give them the knowledge and skills necessary for being successful and effective team leaders. Include the athletics department’s and your team’s responsibilities and expectations to fulfill their role as captains
~ Lead with respect
~ Leaders who put their group first earn their trust, and when there’s trust, there’s clear and open communication.
~ Another component of respect is being a team player. Look to others for ideas and feedback, ask for help with your weaknesses, and admit when you’re wrong
~ Explain that passive participation makes one a contributor
~ Hazing can occur regardless of CONSENT or WILLINGNESS to participate. If you chose not to take part but knew what was going on, you are part of the problem!
~ Reinforce the message that what counts most is your members’ work and dedication
~ Ensure members know that you will take reports of hazing seriously and will support them in addressing it
~ Ensure initiations are designed to instruct new members in the principles of an organization, are ceremonial and instructive.
~ Ensure group leaders understand and accept their role as a leader and are proud that they were chosen to lead or be in this group.
~ Support educational programs on the following topics:
~ Understanding Group Dynamics
~ How to Effectively Communicate with the Group
~ Recruiting/Host Policies
~ Intervention Skills
~ Listening Skills
~ Decision-Making Skills
~ Health Issues (Alcohol and other drugs, eating disorders, injury rehabilitation)
~ Conflict Resolution Skills
~ Codes of Ethical Conduct and Acceptable Standards of Behavior
~ Rules and Regulations of the Institution and State laws
~ Teach about hazing and remind them that hazing policies are in effect everywhere, 24 hours, seven days a week
~ At the beginning of every semester
~ Before spring and summer breaks
~ When a new student joins
~ At the end of the year– Exit interviews
Stages of Group Development
~ Forming: A group of people comes together to accomplish a shared purpose. Their initial success will depend on their familiarity with each other's work style, their experience on prior teams, and the clarity of their assigned mission.
~ As a leader, your role is to help the team members get to know each other with team building activities and a listening ear.
~ Storming: Disagreement about mission, vision, and ways to approach the group goals are constant at this stage of development.
~ As a leader, your role is to help the team members get to know each other, help your team leader clarify each of these goals so that the team succeeds.
Stages of Group Development
~ Norming: The group has formed working relationships that are enabling progress on the group’s objectives, have agreed to abide by certain group norms and are becoming functional at working together.
~ As a leader, ask for periodic updates. Regularly check the group’s progress at agreed upon intervals and critical steps on the path to a successful conclusion.
~ Performing: Relationships, team processes, and the team’s effectiveness in working on its objectives are synching to bring about a successfully functioning team.
~ As a leader, ask for periodic updates. Help solve problems and provide input as needed. Make sure that members are communicating with all of the other appropriate parties.
Stages of Group Development
~ Ending: The team has completed its mission or purpose and it is time for team members to pursue other goals or projects.
~ As a sponsor, make sure that the team schedules an ending ceremony. Debrief and discuss the successes and how the team could have been more successful. Mark a clear ending to the team or project.
~ Do members understand the expectations and goals of the group?
~ Do members understand why they are participating in the group (What are their goals?)
~ Can members define their group’s importance to the accomplishment of university, national council’s goals
~ Can members define the importance of other groups to the accomplishment of university, national council’s goals
~ How can the group meet individual as well as organizational needs (belonging, financial, future recruitment…)
~ What makes you feel accepted?
~ Why did you choose to be a part of this group?
~ What do you think will be the most positive outcome of your membership?
~ What do you know about the goals and traditions of the organization/group?
Team Building – Hazing Alternative
~ Promotes respect and dignity
~ Supports and empowers
~ Creates real teamwork
~ Develops pride and integrity
~ Is a shared positive experience
Acceptance | Pride | Dignity | Contributing
~ Design and complete a community service project
~ Reward team work
~ Attend a team-building ropes course to build unity among new and veteran members
~ Encourage members to wear team apparel
~ Send photos of the current captain/president and new members to the local newspaper with a personal story about each
~ Take the group hiking, canoeing, rafting, or on a scavenger hunt.
~ Compete with each other in other team games
~ Encourage mentorship
~ Create a unity board that lists the interests and skills of each person and draws connections between members
~ Encourage team building leadership reading and discuss a chapter each week
~ Is there secrecy around the activity?
~ Is there pressure to participate?
~ Is a specific group or individual singled out?
~ Do members justify it as being a “tradition”?
~ Does this activity promote and conform to the ideals and values of the team/athletic department/university/sister- or brother-hood?
~ Will this activity increase long term feelings of friendship between new and initiated members?
~ Take the perspective of your parents – would they be proud? Your Coach? Athletic Director? The University President? National Council?
~ Would you be willing to defend the merit of this activity in a court of law?
~ Does the activity meet both the spirit and letter of the standards prohibiting hazing?
~ Hazing can be prevented
~ Many times hazing is perpetrated by those who are poorly informed
~ There are many healthy alternatives to hazing
~ Group leaders, administrators, counselors and group members all have a responsibility for hazing prevention
~ Education about life skills, communication skills, goal setting, interpersonal skills and conflict resolution can all be helpful in developing an effective group.
~ NCAA Handbook – Building New Traditions – Hazing Prevention in College Athletics – www.ncaa.org/health-safety
~ A Comprehensive Approach to Hazing- www.hazingprevention.org
~ Stop Hazing – www.stophazing.org
~ The Gordie Foundation
~ Haze The Movie – www.hazethemovie.com
~ Hazing Prevention– www.nhpw.com | <urn:uuid:634a83ac-f70d-43d3-a281-efb919a831aa> | {
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Sponsored by: Archaeological Institute of America
Since 2004, the University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition has conducted excavations at the temple of millions of years of the 19th Dynasty (ca. 1190 BCE) female pharaoh Tausret in Western Thebes (modern Luxor, Egypt). The last ruling descendant of Ramesses the Great, Tausret was a remarkable woman and one of the very few in more than 3,000 years of Egyptian history to hold the throne alone. Indeed, Homer relays that she was king of Egypt when Troy fell. By combining a variety of investigative methods (e.g., excavation, remote sensing) this project has challenged the long held assumption that her primary monument was never completed. Archaeological evidence is presented for a functional and structurally complete temple, if not fully adorned, prior to its thorough destruction in the beginning of the 20th Dynasty by a new ruling family. Important inscriptions have also been found attesting that Tausret reigned for longer than is traditionally assigned. Furthermore, other archaeological evidence regarding temple activities and later uses of the site (through the 7th cy.) are presented.
Short bibliography and/or website on lecture topic:
P.P. Creasman, W.R. Johnson, J.B. McClain, R.H. Wilkinson. “Foundation or Completion? The Status of Pharaoh-Queen Tausret’s temple of Millions of Years” Near Eastern Archaeology 77.4 (2014), 274-283. | <urn:uuid:7f008df8-dbb8-44f9-a6f0-7f68394a056a> | {
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29 November 1314: Death of Philip IV of France
29 November 2014 marks the 700th anniversary of the death of Edward II’s father-in-law (and second cousin) King Philip IV of France. Philip was forty-six when he died, and had been king for twenty-nine years since the death of his father Philip III on 5 October 1285.
Philip was born sometime in 1268 as the second son of Philip of France and Isabel of Aragon. He was born in the reign of his grandfather Louis IX, who died on 25 August 1270, at which point Philip’s father acceded as Philip III, and also during the reign of his maternal grandfather, the Spanish king Jaime I of Aragon, who died in July 1276. Philip IV was the great-grandson of King Andras II of Hungary, and the great-great-great-great-great-
Philip had two younger brothers: Robert, born in 1269, who died as a child, and Charles of Valois, born in March 1270, father of the Valois dynasty which ruled France from 1328 to 1589. Their mother Isabel of Aragon was pregnant with her fifth child when she died in January 1271 following a fall from her horse, just five months after she became queen of France on the death of her father-in-law Louis IX. The poor woman must have been perpetually pregnant: Philip in 1268, Robert in 1269, Charles in March 1270, and pregnant again in January 1271. Queen Isabel’s widower Philip III married his second wife Marie of Brabant in 1274, and she was the mother of Philip IV’s half-siblings Louis, count of Evreux (b. 1276); Edward II’s stepmother Marguerite, queen of England (b. 1278/79); and Blanche, duchess of Austria (b. early 1280s?).
Philip IV had an older brother Louis, born in about 1264. This was something Philip had in common with his father Philip III, who was the second son of Louis IX and Marguerite of Provence and became the king’s heir when his elder brother Louis died in early 1260 when he was fifteen or sixteen. Louis the younger, eldest son of Philip III and Isabel of Aragon, died in 1276, aged about twelve; suspicions were raised that he was poisoned by his stepmother Marie of Brabant, whose son Louis (yet another Louis!) of Evreux was born that year.* This seems highly unlikely given that there were two other surviving brothers of Philip III’s first marriage, Philip IV and Charles of Valois.
* I know this is really confusing, so just to clarify: both Philip III and Philip IV had elder brothers called Louis, heirs to the throne of their fathers, who both died before they became king. Philip III had two sons called Louis, one who died in 1276 and one who was born that year (and died in 1319).
The future Philip IV, aged sixteen or almost, married Queen Joan I of Navarre on 16 August 1284, three days before the death of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile’s third son Alfonso of Bayonne, and they became king and queen of France the following year. They had seven children together, though only four survived childhood and only the date of birth of the eldest son is known: Louis X, born on 4 October 1289. Their other sons who survived childhood were Philip V, born in the early 1290s, and Charles IV, born in about 1293/94. Their only surviving daughter was Isabella, Edward II’s queen, probably born in 1295. Philip IV and Joan I’s three sons fathered at least eight daughters between them, but all their sons died young, and so the French throne passed in 1328 to Philip of Valois, son of Philip IV’s brother Charles of Valois. Philip IV’s only surviving grandson, Edward III (not counting Edward’s younger brother John of Eltham, who died in 1336), claimed the throne of France. Not quite what Philip had had in mind when he arranged the marriage of his daughter to Edward II.
Philip updated his will at Fontainebleau on 28 November 1314, the day before he died (Seymour Phillips, Edward II, p. 223). He left Isabella, carissime filie nostre regine Angliae, ‘our beloved daughter the queen of England’, two rings, one set with a ruby called ‘the cherry’ which she had previously given to him; she had not been bequeathed anything in his previous will of May 1311. Isabella was elsewhere named in the will as carissima Ysabella regina Angliae carissima filia nostra, ‘beloved Isabella, queen of England, our beloved daughter’. Edward II had heard of his father-in-law’s death by 15 December, on which day he ordered the archbishops of Canterbury and York, all the bishops and twenty-eight abbots to “celebrate exequies” for him. (Close Rolls 1313-18, p. 204.) Philip was only forty-six, and had three sons aged between twenty and twenty-five; neither he nor anyone else could have predicted that in less than fourteen years, all his sons would be dead with no male heirs and that the great Capetian dynasty would come to an end. | <urn:uuid:d77d8abe-ac84-4a6b-9c57-7fb54bf5f3b4> | {
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Why are you able to breathe? Although the process seems simple, there are many different answers to this question, each of which is correct in its own perspective.
- An M.D. would explain the intricacies of the autonomic nervous system, the physics of negative air pressure, the structure of the lungs' aveoli, and other technial aspects of the anatomy and physiology involved.
- Someone in the general public might attribute the act of breathing to the soul. (Although Traditional Chinese Medicine does has the concept of soul, it's not exactly related to this question.)
- A Licensed Acupuncturist will tell you that you can breathe because the Lung Qi is sufficient, meaning the Lungs have enough energy to carry out the action of breathing. As a contrasting example, someone with deficient Lung Qi might have shortness of breath.
In the big picture, Qi is what makes up the universe - think of how even the smallest atoms in a solid object like a desk are technically all still moving - but most people use Qi more or less interchangeably with energy because it's easier to understand. In our bodies, Qi constantly circulates through our meridians with our Blood, and just as there are different types of energy - nuclear, solar, potential, kinetic, etc. - there are different types of Qi in our bodies, all of which have their own important part to play in our overall health and wellness.
Our day-to-day Qi comes from the air we breathe and the food we eat, so by practicing breathing exercises like Qi Gong or meditation and eating nutritious foods, we provide our bodies with the energy they need to function. Sometimes, though, the body is so muddled with our unhealthy lifestyle choices, that it forgets how to harness this energy on its own, and that's where acupuncture, herbal medicine, and a more targeted diet approach can make a huge difference!
Kathleen Ellerie is a Licensed Acupuncturist and the owner of Beachside Community Acupuncture. She loves providing affordable acupuncture to the residents of Addison, Dallas, and Farmers Branch, Texas, and educating the general public on how acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine can treat everything from pain to infertility to stress and beyond. Click "Book Now" at the top of this page to book an appointment or feel free to contact her at (214) 417-2260. | <urn:uuid:b50c203d-22b2-42cf-a724-3c6f57cd99b1> | {
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Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD) is produced by refining fats or vegetable oils in a hydrotreating process. It also also known as “green diesel”, and is either used by itself or blended with petroleum diesel.
It uses the same feedstock as biodiesel – however where biodiesel is made up of mono-alkyl esters from long chain fatty acids, HDRD is similar in composition to petroleum diesel, being predominantly composed of saturated straight chain (C12-C18) hydrocarbons.
The prospects of HDRD are promising as research and development continues, as it has several advantages in the biofuel market. One of the key benefits is that it can be produced with the existing refining technology. Its similarity to petroleum diesel also means that there are no compatibility issues with existing infrastructure and vehicles.
Additionally, HDRD has shown higher combustion quality, which can provide an improved performance and longer vehicle life span. It also has environmental advantages to other fuels, including its ultra-low sulfur content and when burned it only releases the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide that was captured by the renewable feedstock used, for example canola.
Biobased content testing determines the biomass-derived fraction of pure or blended HDRD by measuring the Carbon-14 content of the sample. Biomass-derived materials contain a known amount of Carbon-14, whereas petroleum based materials do not contain any. The ASTM D6866 standard specifies the measurement of biobased carbon as a fraction of total carbon content using Carbon-14.
ISO/IEC 17025:2005-accredited Beta Analytic provides biobased content testing for biofuels according the the analytical standard ASTM D6866. The Miami-based laboratory provides results within 5-7 business days. A priority service is available for results required in 4 business days or less. For inquiries, contact Beta Analytic at [email protected] or call a local forwarding office. | <urn:uuid:02a886a2-da7c-4a2c-a80a-046592d7deb5> | {
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Norwegian Culture and History - An Introduction
The purpose of the course is to give the students an insight into Norwegian history, culture and society with an emphasis on politics, economics and culture from 1814 until today. Norwegian culture means culture in a traditional sense, with in-depth studies of selected topics such as literature, music, architecture and visual art. There will also be excursions to Norwegian heritage sites.
The course consists of the following topics:
- The Democratic Capitalism Thesis and the Nordic model
- Norwegian History: 800-1814
- Cultural history: the national projects
- Cultural representations - past and present: Literature. Paintings-visual art. Music. Architecture and design.
- Norwegian History: 1814-2019
- Coastal Norway
- The egalitarian tradition
- Norway's oil economy
- Gender Equality in Norway
This is an excerpt from the complete course description for the course. If you are an active student at BI, you can find the complete course descriptions with information on eg. learning goals, learning process, curriculum and exam at portal.bi.no. We reserve the right to make changes to this description. | <urn:uuid:585956b4-900d-4cfc-a145-a2e1f5c8a47a> | {
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Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Matthew 6:10 NIV
The kingdom of God is a central theme of the Gospels as well as other New Testament books. It is the message that John the Baptist declared in preparation for Jesus (Mt 3:2), the Good News that Jesus preached (Mk 1:14-15), what Jesus taught the disciples in the 40 days between his resurrection and ascension (Ac 1:3), and what Paul is recoded as proclaiming at the conclusion of the book of Acts (Ac 28:31).
A kingdom is a place where someone has rule or governance. The same is true of the kingdom of God. Jesus said in his prayer: “Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven” (Mt 6:10). The kingdom of God is where God’s will is carried out.
The Old Testament theme of Yahweh’s rule and reign is another way of describing the kingdom of God. The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s kingdom as an everlasting realm that endures throughout all generations (Ps 145:13). Isaiah declares that Yahweh will save (Isa 33:22) and speaks of a time when God will be worshiped in all the earth (Isa 2).
During the first century AD, many Jews believed that the Messiah would initiate this reign, which is based on passages like Malachi 3:1-5; Zechariah 9:9-10; Isaiah 9:1-7; and Isaiah 52:13-53:12. They also believed that the kingdom would be established through political or military means (compare Mt 26:51-53; Lk 22:47-53) – but Jesus ushered in the kingdom in a radically unexpected way. He announced that the kingdom had come upon those whom he freed from demons (Mt 12:28); he taught that the kingdom should be received like a child (Mk 10:15) and explained that it belongs to the impoverished (Lk 6:20). Jesus declared the kingdom of God as a present reality that could be experienced by those he taught and to whom he ministered.
Jesus’ teaching also assumed the kingdom was a future reality. While his disciples expected the kingdom to appear immediately, Jesus changed their expectations by telling them a parable about a ruler who had to leave before he could return to his kingdom (Lk 19:11-27). He described what good and faithful servants could do in the meantime. Paul spoke of the kingdom as something that could be inherited (1 Co 6:9-10) and that does not perish (1 Co 15:50). These examples testify to the kingdom of God as a future reality.
To borrow the phrase made popular by George Eldon Ladd, the kingdom of God is “already/not yet.” God’s kingdom has a dual dimension. Jesus initiated the kingdom of earth, and wherever God’s will is carried out, the kingdom is a reality. The kingdom, however, had not been fully manifested in Jesus’ day – nor has it in ours. We do not yet live in a world where God’s will is a complete reality. We feel the tension of experiencing God’s kingdom in our lives and communities before it is fully realized. We still see unbelief, brokenness and sin, telling us God’s will is not yet fully expressed.
Many believers neglect to focus on the kingdom as a present reality. Their concern centers on the future reality of getting to heaven – but this focus can easily sever the relationship between the Christian life and the life here and now. When Jesus prayed, “You kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven” (Mt 6:10), he asked that God would bring the experience of heaven to earth. Through Jesus, God’s reign, rule and power are available to us today, not just in the distant future. The present reality of the kingdom of God should prompt us to examine our lives and ask what areas we have not yet surrendered to God’s rule.
On a larger level, the notion of God’s kingdom should lead us to examine both out neighborhoods and the global community and ask what lies outside of God’s desires. Where are people not being treated with the dignity and honor they deserve as God’s image-bearers?
As we anticipate the time when all things will be made fully new (Rev. 21:4-5), we can actively participate in the kingdom of God now (Mt 4:17). As we surrender to the reign of God, we will begin to experience the kingdom of God now – as God’s will is done on earth as it is in heaven (Mt 6:10).
What questions does the present reality of God’s kingdom prompt you to ask about your community? | <urn:uuid:b1e9c96e-eca7-458a-ac83-04d2f7a351dc> | {
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At the most fundamental level, matter is composed of elementary particles, known as quarks and leptons (the class of elementary particles that includes electrons). Quarks combine into protons and neutrons and, along with electrons, form atoms of the elements of the periodic table, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and iron. Atoms may combine further into molecules such as the water molecule, H2O. Large groups of atoms or molecules in turn form the bulk matter of everyday life.
Depending on temperature and other conditions, matter may appear in any of several states. At ordinary temperatures, for instance, gold is a solid, water is a liquid, and nitrogen is a gas, as defined by certain characteristics: solids hold their shape, liquids take on the shape of the container that holds them, and gases fill an entire container. These states can be further categorized into subgroups. Solids, for example, may be divided into those with crystalline or amorphous structures or into metallic, ionic, covalent, or molecular solids, on the basis of the kinds of bonds that hold together the constituent atoms. Less-clearly defined states of matter include plasmas, which are ionized gases at very high temperatures; foams, which combine aspects of liquids and solids; and clusters, which are assemblies of small numbers of atoms or molecules that display both atomic-level and bulklike properties.
However, all matter of any type shares the fundamental property of inertia, which—as formulated within Isaac Newton’s three laws of motion—prevents a material body from responding instantaneously to attempts to change its state of rest or motion. The mass of a body is a measure of this resistance to change; it is enormously harder to set in motion a massive ocean liner than it is to push a bicycle. Another universal property is gravitational mass, whereby every physical entity in the universe acts so as to attract every other one, as first stated by Newton and later refined into a new conceptual form by Albert Einstein.
Although basic ideas about matter trace back to Newton and even earlier to Aristotle’s natural philosophy, further understanding of matter, along with new puzzles, began emerging in the early 20th century. Einstein’s theory of special relativity (1905) shows that matter (as mass) and energy can be converted into each other according to the famous equation E = mc2, where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light. This transformation occurs, for instance, during nuclear fission, in which the nucleus of a heavy element such as uranium splits into two fragments of smaller total mass, with the mass difference released as energy. Einstein’s theory of gravitation, also known as his theory of general relativity (1916), takes as a central postulate the experimentally observed equivalence of inertial mass and gravitational mass and shows how gravity arises from the distortions that matter introduces into the surrounding space-time continuum.
The concept of matter is further complicated by quantum mechanics, whose roots go back to Max Planck’s explanation in 1900 of the properties of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a hot body. In the quantum view, elementary particles behave both like tiny balls and like waves that spread out in space—a seeming paradox that has yet to be fully resolved. Additional complexity in the meaning of matter comes from astronomical observations that began in the 1930s and that show that a large fraction of the universe consists of “dark matter.” This invisible material does not affect light and can be detected only through its gravitational effects. Its detailed nature has yet to be determined.
On the other hand, through the contemporary search for a unified field theory, which would place three of the four types of interactions between elementary particles (the strong force, the weak force, and the electromagnetic force, excluding only gravity) within a single conceptual framework, physicists may be on the verge of explaining the origin of mass. Although a fully satisfactory grand unified theory (GUT) has yet to be derived, one component, the electroweak theory of Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg (who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physics for this work) predicted that an elementary subatomic particle known as the Higgs boson imparts mass to all known elementary particles. After years of experiments using the most powerful particle accelerators available, scientists finally announced in 2012 the likely discovery of the Higgs boson.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
radiation measurement: Radiation interactions in matterFor the purposes of this discussion, it is convenient to divide the various types of ionizing radiation into two major categories: those that carry an electric charge and those that do not. In the first group are the radiations that are normally viewed as…
chemical bonding: Lithium through neon…cosmic scale, the reason why matter has bulk; that is to say, all electrons cannot occupy the orbitals of lowest energy but are instead located in the many shells that are centred on the nucleus. Also because of the existence of spin, two objects do not simply blend into one…
physical science: Greek physics…conceiving of both space and matter as continuous and as infused with an active, airlike spirit—pneuma—which serves to unify the frame of nature. The inspiration for the Stoic emphasis on pneumatic processes probably arose from earlier experiences with the “spring” (i.e., compressibility and pressure) of the air. Neither the atomic… | <urn:uuid:84a45ae8-99cd-4d5c-b6fa-1f8cfec683b2> | {
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Two pressing issues weighing on leaders at this week’s G-20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany, will be slowing productivity and rising inequality. Together, they produce weaker and less inclusive growth in incomes and living standards, and also contribute to societal woes and political divisiveness. In most major economies, productivity growth has slowed and income inequality has risen over the past one to two decades. These trends have been particularly marked and protracted in advanced economies.
Productivity and inequality trends have long been analyzed in isolation. More recently, however, experts have explored possible linkages between them. Recent work at the OECD and at the Brookings Institution (under an ongoing joint project with the Chumir Foundation) finds that the slowdown in productivity growth and the rise in inequality are interconnected, with important common drivers.
Much of the slowdown in productivity reflects an increased divergence in productivity between firms. Innovation and productivity growth have remained relatively robust in leading firms, but have slowed considerably in the vast majority of other, typically smaller firms. The benefits of the new technologies have been captured for the most part by a small number of firms. Aggregate productivity growth is lower in industries with wider inter-firm divergence in productivity. Barriers to a broader diffusion of the new technologies across firms are producing outcomes that are both inefficient and unequal.
Market concentration has increased and the distribution of profits has become much more unequal in most industries in advanced economies, especially in the United States. Part of this reflects the nature of some of the new technologies that, together with globalized markets, can produce “winner-takes-most” outcomes. Digital technologies in particular have network effects that encourage the rise of superstar firms, such as Facebook and Google. But a broader erosion of competition is also at play. In industries with less competition, productivity gaps between firms are wider and overall productivity growth is slower. Business dynamism, as measured by new firm formations, has declined
Barriers to competition have resulted in increased economic rents and reduced incentives to innovate and make new productivity-enhancing investment. They have also prevented the fruits of technological progress from being shared more broadly. Inefficient and unequal outcomes resulting from decreased competition in product markets were compounded by resource misallocations and rents associated with rapid financialization.
A similar interplay between slowing productivity and rising income inequality is seen in labor markets. Increased inequalities in firm productivity are mirrored by increased inequalities in labor incomes. As productivity and profitability gaps widened between firms, so did wage gaps. Industries experiencing higher market concentration, and earning higher rents, saw larger drops in labor’s share of income.
Digital technologies and automation have shifted demand toward new, higher-level technical and managerial skills. In advanced economies, globalization has exerted pressure in the same direction. The supply of skills, however, has been slow to respond. Education and training have been losing the race with technology.
The shortfall in the supply of skills relative to changing demand hindered the broader adoption of new technologies that require higher-level skills as complements, limiting productivity gains. Skilled workers increasingly were clustered in a small number of dominant firms. The relative scarcity of higher-level skills sharply increased skill premia and wage differentials, contributing to higher inequality. Again, these trends have been especially acute in the United States.
Productivity and equity are often seen in terms of a trade-off in economic debates. Recent research points to important complementarities between the two. Both slowing productivity and rising inequality are cause for major concern. But the good news is that, to the extent both are driven by common factors, there is scope for win-win policies.
One area is reforming technology policies. Policies that promote a broader diffusion of technological innovations and improve the productivity of lagging firms would both boost aggregate productivity growth and reduce inequality in labor incomes and returns to capital. Intellectual property regimes need to be better balanced so that they reward innovation, but also foster wider economic impacts. The patent system should be reviewed. Public investment in research and development has declined in many countries; it must recover.
A second area is boosting competition. In addition to eliminating regulations that restrict competition, this requires promoting competition through rulemaking and regulations where needed. The digital economy and globalization create new challenges in addressing concentration of market power, which will require innovation in competition and antitrust policies and in regulatory and tax frameworks covering cross-border business practices. Regulatory reform also needs to catch up with change in financial markets.
A third area is investing in skills. Education and training programs need to be strengthened and revamped to meet the increased demand for higher-level skills required by the new technologies, retrain workers whose skills are no longer needed, and address persistent inequalities in skill attainment. Again, the changing environment will call for innovation—in education, retraining and apprenticeship programs and in public-private partnerships. Social protection programs will need to adapt to support greater mobility of workers between jobs. Sensible policies on migration can complement national efforts in augmenting needed skills.
Much of recent political discourse has been focused on international trade as the culprit in causing job and earnings losses for less skilled workers and increasing inequality. But research shows that the dominant factor has been the nature of technological change and how it has interacted with policies affecting competition in markets, skill development, and labor mobility.
The political economy of reform is difficult. But, fortunately, the policy options are not limited to a binary choice between productivity and equity. There are policies that can promote both. Call it an agenda for productive equity. Politicians, notably leaders gathering in Hamburg for the G-20 Summit, should pay more attention to it. | <urn:uuid:20c8fef6-7657-4afa-aca5-af7a6f7e8757> | {
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Breakthrough innovations are innovation that leads to major scientific breakthrough. They often establish the platform on which future innovation in an area are developed. They are usually very few. Breakthrough innovations include such ideas as the computer, the air plane and the internet.
Technological innovation are in general not at the same level as scientific discovery, but they create technological advancement in product and market areas. Examples include jet plane, personal computer, voice and text messaging.
This type of innovation occurs most frequently. Ordinary innovation comes from market analysis and they extend a technological innovation into a better product or service or one that has a different, usually a better market appeal. One unique characteristics of ordinary innovation is that the market has a stronger effect on the innovation (market pull) than the technology (technology pull)
Areas of Innovation in Business includes:
Continuous improvements, making the product more:
Process improvement: Make processes:
New business models:
Restructure the nature of how business is done to serve the customer better and
Develop new products and services to:
Socio-organizational: Design new human relationships to:
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Excerpted from our newsletter: Carroll Connection, Winter 2017. In this edition, we highlighted 4 key belief statements that came from our all-staff meeting held prior to the 2016-17 school year. Read the full edition.
BELIEF STATEMENT #4: We believe that our diagnostic, prescriptive, multisensory, student-centered teaching guides our decisions about how to give each child what she or he most needs, including capitalizing on students’ strengths and addressing learning struggles. Read our belief statements.
We like ice cream here at Carroll School. Even more than that, we love metaphors. What better way to illuminate how we approach curriculum and programs than compare it to a favorite treat.
Carroll’s Triple Scoop Approach, according to Steve Wilkins, starts with a scoop of structured language and math, followed by a scoop of cognitive, and topped with a huge helping of dyslexic advantage. Holding our favorite flavors together is the cone which, in our metaphor, represents our student’s social-emotional well-being.
So how exactly do we structure a program that works for 415 students with unique learning profiles and prevents our ice cream from melting into a proverbial mess? Let’s refer back to a few words in our belief statement: diagnostic, prescriptive, student-centered.
Diagnostic and Prescriptive Education
What do these words bring immediately to your mind? An illness or medical condition? Technology perhaps? For many of you, it’s not what you would immediately envision as a way to educate children.
When you put these two things together using the Orton-Gillingham approach, however, the result is individualized objectives and differentiated instruction. Basically, the more teachers know about each individual student’s strengths and weaknesses, the better they are able to teach that child the way he or she learns best.
Carroll School teachers are constantly assessing student’s work and adjusting instruction that inspires learning. The way the school is organized - low student:teacher ratio, flexible schedules, focus areas, etc. - allows for this individualized approach.
When a school claims that their educational approach is student-centered, you may immediately think, “Well, I should hope so.” But what does being student-centered mean in practice? We can’t answer for other schools but we think we have a good handle on this at Carroll.
Our mantra - “give each child what she or he most needs” – is exactly how our educators teach. From math and language to cognitive and the arts, our curriculum is designed to address weaknesses, accentuate strengths, build social and emotional skills, and provide a happy and fulfilling school experience.
That there is the cherry on top of our ice cream - happy, confident learners.
- Give Each Child | <urn:uuid:4351afc3-f8fc-4a43-801d-9b48a4065e8b> | {
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Posted Date: 09/16/2019
COPPERAS COVE, TX (Sept. 20, 2019)—Many of today’s cash registers show in the window how much money is due back to the customer when the cashier is making change for a transaction. The end result is that many of today’s workers have difficulty adding, subtracting and demonstrating simple skills as it relates to money.
Copperas Cove ISD teaches its students financial literacy, how to budget, plan, spend, and save. Clements/Parsons Elementary special education students receive hands-on lessons to apply what they are learning.
“Real world application of classroom-taught skills is a key component to teaching all kids, but especially our students with autism. Students that have a more concrete way of thinking benefit greatly from allowing them to apply their strategies,” teacher Tamara Daugherty said.
During lessons in the financial literacy unit, students will have the opportunity to learn to calculate cost, profit and marketing and sales skills. Daugherty and her team hosted a pilot program at the end of the 2018-2019 school year.
"We want our students to have real life experience with money. We came up with the idea of having them sell snacks to teachers to help with the understanding of how money works,” Daugherty said. “Students had goods to sell and would let the teachers know how much items cost. The students collect the money and make change. Students are able to interact with real money and this makes an impression on their learning."
Through the pilot program, students circulated through the campus selling snacks to staff members on three separate occasions. The students learned to take the orders, retrieve the food, share with the customer the total amount of money due, and then make the correct amount of change. The students raised over $300 from the three sales. As a reward, the teachers spent the money on treats, bubbles, and other games for the students.
“Giving the students opportunities not only to interact with peers, but also adults, is critical in social skills development,” Daugherty said. “Being able to combine multiple lessons into one is what the special education department strives for. Clements/Parsons Elementary staff members have helped create an amazing environment that allows all students to grow in both academic and social situations.”
Principal Katherine Baney said the staff are always working diligently to bring new ideas to the curriculum, one being the snack sale.
“The students are so excited to offer staff members treats while at the same time learning about counting change, exchanging money for goods, and practicing communication skills with peers and adults,” Baney said. “It truly is magical watching how excited both students and staff are when the snack sale comes around campus.” | <urn:uuid:36bfd5e3-8636-47c4-809d-977db3628f51> | {
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Philippine Sea is considered the largest and deepest sea. The deep-sea holds many secrets. Back in 1960, the Trieste bathyscaphe dived to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Scientists have discovered unusual living things.
The fish world of the Philippine Sea is quite rich. Fishing is an important part of the economy of the Philippines. People catch tuna, sardines, sea eels, octopuses, turtles, squids. Almost 50% of corals and much marine fish are located in our country.
The residents of the Philippines are concerned about the ecology of the Philippine Sea for this reason. One of them is Tony Oposa, Jr. He tried to prove to people the importance of this problem using the Minors Oposa versus Factoran, which was written by Hilario Davide, Jr. He described the principle of equality between generations. Tony Oposa managed to impress the Filipinos. An event was organized, where Eduardo Gongona, Jr. delivered a speech on the problems of the Pacific Ocean. | <urn:uuid:294f52eb-266f-40a9-8d3c-2daa7bb9bc7a> | {
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Individual therapy is a process through which clients work one-on-one with a therapist for a variety of reasons, ranging from dealing with depression and/or anxiety, previous trauma, major life challenges, personal growth or greater self-understanding.
Family therapy is a holistic approach to treatment in which therapists focus on strengths and identify patterns of behavior in a family system that perpetuate the problem. Family therapists are extensively trained in working relationally with members of a family to process trauma or loss, domestic violence, divorce, behavioral issues, parental conflict, struggles with emotion regulation, school problems, etc. working to improve communication and resolve conflict.
Whether in an intimate relationship or a co-parenting relationship, couples therapy helps clients to recognize and resolve conflict helping to improve relationships through exploration of family of origin and relational patterns of behavior.
CFAR offers various educational and therapeutic groups. The groups run for ten weeks and clients receive a certificate upon completion. The following groups are offered at the center:
- Anger Management (Men, Women, Children (7 to 12) and Teens.
Utilized for both children and adults, art therapy is used as a means to process and express feelings in a safe environment through the use of art expression.
An art therapist uses art expression as a guide to facilitate empowering children or adults in the often complicated process of self-understanding. It has been discovered that the modality of art as therapy enhances the expression of emotions (often highly charged) that lie underneath the surface of outward behavior. These feelings, which children especially may have difficulty expressing verbally, can (through art) be safely expressed in a protected and accepting environment.
Art activity combined with spontaneous play, storytelling or role playing, has a positive effect, stimulating the imaginations of children. This accounts for the following:
- Improved capacity to think abstractly
- Facilitation of problem-solving skills
- Improvement in impulse control
- Increased attention span
- Decrease in anxiety
- Increase in motivation
- HOPE FOR THE FUTURE
Children as young as three could benefit from utilizing play such as games, role-play and sand-tray work to express and process emotions in a non-threatening way.
Eco-Systemic Structural Family Therapy is an evidence-supported form of family therapy, designed to work with children who struggle with behavior and/or trauma. The focus is to strengthen and support four family focused pillars while helping the family learn how to navigate away from negative patterns of behavior and interactions. | <urn:uuid:bf47cefe-6245-4b8f-998d-640085627d69> | {
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Total 126 ideas
FoodCycle builds communities by combining volunteers, surplus food and spare kitchen spaces to cr
We train uneducated vulnerable Mothers in highly deprived rural villages to run educational Play
Entered in The Re-imagine Learning Network
When buуing a nеw саr it’s likely that the dеаlеr will try to оffеr уоu GAP inѕurаnсе.
Hint: This will be the first introductory text about this project that viewers will see.
Human rights abuses remain unseen every day, with victims in hard-to reach areas left with no mea
James Bevan has developed a global methodology to identify and map flows of illegal weapons into
For over twenty years, Andrea Coleman has focused on solving a seemingly simple, key component of
Mel Young has dedicated over two decades to tackling homelessness in Scotland, in the UK and arou
Across much of Africa, people in prisons are closed away from society and stripped of their basic
Shauneen Lambe is changing the criminal justice system’s treatment of young offenders from one of
Nick Sireau is applying the insights of modern consumer marketing to solve the basic energy needs
In deprived areas of London, increased violence, theft, and drug use have contributed to the rise
In the United Kingdom, there exists a chronic lack of affordable housing to meet existing demand.
Government service programs are failing to address the needs of the increasing number of children
Throughout the United Kingdom, people living in low-income, marginalized communities have limited
The Preparing Global Leaders Institute (PGLI) is a premiere international educational program for
APP’s approach rests on a fundamental premise – the poor and marginalised overwhelmingly represen
UGD has created interactive career coaching and mentoring workshops for graduates and early caree
The objective of the Bangladeshi Garment Employee Gold Standard – Certificate (GEGS), is to set u
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Facts
What is Human Papillomavirus?
Human Papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection affecting both males and females. It causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer, and can cause mouth, throat, anal, and penile cancers and genital warts.
There are nearly 80 million people currently infected with HPV in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control, and nearly 14 million people, including teenagers, become infected with HPV each year. Unfortunately, because HPV often has no signs or symptoms, many people who have the virus don’t even know it. You can be exposed to HPV the first time sexual activity occurs, from only one sexual partner.
What are the symptoms of HPV?
Unfortunately, there are no symptoms for most types of HPV infections. For some types of HPV, the most visible symptoms are genital warts. HPV warts are small, flesh-colored, either flat or bumpy, growths that appear singly or in clusters and can have a cauliflower-like appearance.
How is HPV prevented?
The only way to prevent HPV infection is by getting vaccinated with the HPV vaccine prior to contracting the virus. Condoms do not fully protect against HPV infection.
How is HPV treated?
There currently isn’t a treatment for HPV. However, there is a vaccine to provide protection from certain strains of HPV if given before a person becomes infected with the HPV virus.
For the HPV vaccine to be most effective, it’s best to give it before youth become sexually active.
Most people with HPV never develop symptoms or health problems, and most infections go away by themselves within two years. But, sometimes HPV infections last longer and can cause certain cancers and diseases.
What is the HPV vaccine?
There are currently three brands of HPV vaccine — Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix. All of these vaccines protect against HPV types 16 and 18 — the 2 types that cause 70% of cervical cancer cases. Gardasil also protects you from types 6 and 11, which cause 90% of cases of genital warts. Gardasil 9 protects against another 5 types of HPV (types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) that can also lead to cancer of the cervix, anus, vulva, or vagina.
When should my child receive the HPV vaccination?
It is recommended that all boys and girls ages 11 or 12 years old get vaccinated. Catch-up vaccines are recommended for boys and men through age 21 and for girls and women through age 26, if they did not get vaccinated when they were younger. Men age 22 through 26 may also receive catch up doses if recommended by their doctor.
It is important to talk to your child’s medical provider to determine the correct dosing schedule. The HPV vaccination is given in a series of two or three shots, depending on your child’s age at the first dose, or if your child is immunocompromised.
Why is it recommended that my child receive the vaccination at such a young age if it is a sexually transmitted disease?
The vaccines work best at this age. Research shows that younger people have a better immune response to the vaccine than those in their late teens and early 20s. And, the vaccines will prevent the covered types of HPV only if they are given before exposure to the virus. This is also an age when other vaccinations are given, and when children are likely to still be getting regular medical check-ups. | <urn:uuid:b7dbe0d9-6f2b-4f7a-a06c-e072a271ae23> | {
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this experiment "NEC IR receiver with VerilogHDL" utilize my WireFrame FPGA board which was published earlier Click here to go previous article.
NEC Protocol has been already well documented and explained in the previous post click here to got to previous post
The Decoder Module
decoder module implement the good old state machine to step through the various stages of the NEC protocol.
the module logic define same as the C code in Previous Project .
the State machine get into next state at every edge of the IR input signal , as you can see in the timing diagram blow there are total 67 edges ,so total 67 states.
please read the previous post for detailed description about the NEC IR protocol.
major point in the NEC protocol
T1 leading pulse at 84.115ms
T2 space on 93.28ms
T3 Address starts at 97.580ms
T4 Address ends , address inverse starts 107.670ms
T5 address inverse ends , command starts at 124.486ms
T6 Command ends, command inverse starts 135.696ms
T7 Command inverse ends and last 562.5µs pulse to show end of transmission
|state == 1 we just detected the first edge of the input singal it may also mean(if interrupt is not false) that the 9ms leading pulse started|
|after the first edge THE next pulse is expected to arrive around 9ms so the TIMEOUT is set to 11ms and PREPULSE is set to 8ms|
|state == 2 we just detected the second edge of the input signal and we finished the 9ms leding pulse and now 4.5ms space started|
|after the second edge the next pulse is expected to arrive around 4.5ms so TIMEOUT is set to 5.5ms and PREPULSE is 3ms|
|state == 3 we just detected the third edge of the input singal and we finished 4.5ms space and addres lsb is now started|
|after the third edge the next pulse is expected to arrive around 562.5us so TIMEOUT is set to 2.3ms and PREPULSE is 0.2ms (timeout can be much less at this state but to do this i have to add one more if else statemetnt)|
|(state 4 is not T4 from the diagram )|
|state == 4 we just decected the forth edge and the 562.5 us burt of LSB of address has ended now a little space for '0'562.5us or for '1' 1.6875ms|
|after the forth edge the next pulse is expected to arrive for '0' around 562.5us and for '1' 1.675ms so TIMEOUT is set to 2.3ms and PREPULSE is 0.2ms|
|state ==5 to 66 data pulse keep comming|
|TIMOUT and PREPLUSE remain same as above.|
|state ==67 we just fined the command inverse MSB space not the final 562.5us burst has stated so we fined the receiveing|
|now we will check the address and command for being correct|
as the system gets into next state on every signal edge , the question is how to detect IR signal edge.
Detecting edge of the Input signal,
the always block runs on ever positive clock edge , clock is derived from on board 25Mhz crystal oscillator ,
on ever positive edge of the clock the always block samples the IR signal , and then compare it with captured IR signal's value on the last positive edge of the clock , store it temporary register to be compared with next positive edge of the clock.
hens if the current value and the previous value does not match we got the edge in the signal,
Measuring time between edges
in micro controller implementation we utilized a hardware time to measure time between the signal edge , so that we can always sure of the edge being at the correct time according to the state machine.
to measure time in the FPGA , we also implemented an timer module, which run on the system clock , and ever time we detect a IR signal edge we take out the reading out of the time module and compare with a predefined constant to see if the edge is at the right time and of right length.
we also clear the timer on every read, so that it will be a fresh value on next read.
timer module has over flow flag to detect very long idle time on the IR signal input.
The decode module
module source is little big ~ 200 lines to be published here you can take a look at the code in the git hub repo click here to go to soure.
|IR Code Input(Ch2) an module data_ready output (Ch1)|
Source Code and Design file
all the source code is available in the github repo | <urn:uuid:aa6256da-be42-48f4-b6b4-b528b7fd2a78> | {
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What is Chiropractic?
Chiropractic is a health care discipline based on the scientific premise that the body is a self-regulating, self-healing organism. These important functions are controlled by the brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves of the body. “Chiropractic” comes from the Greek word Chiropraktikos, meaning “done by hand.”
The practice of chiropractic focuses on the relationship between structure (primarily the spine, and pelvis) and function (as coordinated by the nervous system) and how that relationship affects the preservation and restoration of health. The skull protects the delicate tissues of the brain. The moving bones of the spine protect the intricate communication pathways of the spinal cord and nerve roots.
If these nervous system pathways are impaired, malfunction of the tissue and organ function throughout the body can result. Chiropractic also places an emphasis on nutrition and exercise, wellness* and healthy lifestyle modifications.
How does Chiropractic work?
Chiropractic is based upon the understanding that good health depends, in part, upon a normally functioning nervous system.
Chiropractic works by helping to restore your own inborn ability to be healthy. When under the proper control of your nervous system, all the cells, tissue, and organs of your body are designed to function well and resist disease and ill health. The chiropractic approach to better health is to locate and help reduce interferences to your natural state of being healthy.
A common interference to the nervous system is the twenty four moving bones of the spinal column. A loss of normal motion or position of these bones can irritate or impair the function of the nervous system. This can disrupt the transmission of controlling nerve impulses.
Chiropractors aim to improve nervous system function primarily through chiropractic adjustments (with particular attention to the spine, skull and pelvis), to help remove any interference that may be impairing normal health.
What do Chiropractors Do?
Chiropractors are the spinal health experts. Helping to restore proper spinal biomechanics and improved nervous system function begins with a patient’s case history. This gives the chiropractor a background about your health, such as surgeries, accidents, the onset of your condition, and other details affecting your current health.
After reviewing your history and discussing your specific problem, a thorough orthopaedic, neurological, and chiropractic examination is performed. X-rays may be taken to uncover structural and functioning problems associated with the spinal column. These examinations help identify areas of spinal malfunction and resulting nervous system deficit. The findings of these examinations are explained and a plan of chiropractic adjustments may be recommended. Progress is monitored with periodical examinations and follow-up reports.
What type of education do Chiropractors receive?
Chiropractors are required to adhere to strict and extensive educational requirements and standards to become registered health professionals in Australia. Australian chiropractors are five year university trained, and are government registered and government regulated health professionals.
To become a registered chiropractor in Australia you must have studied an accredited 5-year chiropractic program conducted at a University within Australia, or have completed an accredited program overseas that satisfies the requirements set by the Australian Chiropractic Regulating authority.
Currently there are four universities in Australia that have chiropractic degree programs:
RMIT University in Melbourne (VIC) offers a Bachelor of Health Science (Chiropractic)– 3 year undergraduate program, followed by a Master of Clinical Chiropractic – 2 year post-graduate program.
Macquarie University in Sydney (NSW) has a three year Bachelor of Chiropractic Science which provides the basis for entry into a two year Master of Chiropractic.
Murdoch University in Perth (WA) offers a five year Bachelor of Chiropractic.
Central Queensland University (Mackay) which offers a 3 year Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic) and a 2 year Master of Chiropractic Science.
Successful completion of the whole program of study is required for professional registration as a chiropractor. The Chiropractors’ Association of Australia maintains an open line of communication with the three educational institutions running chiropractic degree programs. Members of the profession and the Association’s chief executive attend course advisory committee meetings and regular discussions are held between the universities’ academic staff and the CAA National Board.
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For a phone to pass FCC certification and be sold in the United States, its maximum Specific Absorption Rate, or SAR level must be less than 1.6 watts per kilogram.
Since we started reviewing cell phones more than 10 years ago, CNET has
tracked the SAR of every handset that we
review. Though we're still reformatting our full Cell Phone Radiation
Charts and will bring them back shortly, we have updated our lists of
the 20 phones with the highest SAR levels and the 20 phones with lowest SAR levels.
By publishing these lists we are in no way implying that cell phones are
dangerous. Also, we are not implying that a cell phone with a lower SAR
is inherently safer. Rather, we are giving you the tools to make a
choice based on your own concerns.
Though some researchers argue that the radiofrequency energy that cell
phones emit may lead to a higher risk of cancer, others disagree. Research continues, and we will continue to monitor its results.
The SAR level listed in this gallery represents the highest SAR level measured with the phone next to the ear, as tested by the FCC. It's possible for the SAR level to vary among different transmission bands (the same phone can use multiple bands during a call), and different testing bodies can obtain different results.
Editors' note: Models are listed from higest to lowest SAR rating. | <urn:uuid:8d79b100-d07e-497b-87ee-92d6e950692c> | {
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As the decade comes to a close, the world's top climate scientists warned Tuesday that policymakers' continued failure to curb the warming of the planet could lead to a global temperature increase of 5° Celsius by the end of the century and put the world "nowhere near on track" to avoid the worst impacts of the climate crisis.
2019 is expected to be the second or third warmest year ever recorded, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), while the past five-year and ten-year periods are "almost certain to be the highest on record."
2019 concludes a decade of exceptional global heat, retreating ice and record sea levels. Average temps for 10-year (2010-2019) period set to be highest on record. 2019 is on course to be 2nd or 3rd warmest year on record. #StateofClimate #COP25 #ClimateAction pic.twitter.com/zeFW3ZnyMu
— WMO | OMM (@WMO) December 3, 2019
The organization's report on the State of the Global Climate shows that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere hit record levels in 2018 and then rose again in 2019, with average global temperatures this past year rising to 1.1° Celsius (1.98° Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels.
The WMO repeated urgent calls by thousands of climate experts as well global campaigners for concrete action by world leaders to end the fossil fuel extraction that is contributing to carbon emissions and the warming of the globe.
"If we do not take urgent climate action now, then we are heading for a temperature increase of more than 3°C by the end of the century, with ever more harmful impacts on human wellbeing," said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas.
"We are nowhere near on track to meet the Paris Agreement target" of a 1.5°C rise, Taalas added.
The report was released as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP25) began in Madrid and campaigners staged demonstrations to demand alternatives to market-driven approaches to the climate crisis.
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The European Union declared a climate emergency last week, but world leaders have continued to allow big polluters to extract fossil fuels and contribute to carbon emissions that have led to record ocean temperatures, high ocean acidity, and rapidly melting sea ice in Antarctica and the Arctic.
"If we do not take urgent climate action now, then we are heading for a temperature increase of more than 3°C by the end of the century, with ever more harmful impacts on human wellbeing."
—Petteri Taalas, WMO Secretary-General
"If we wanted to reach a 1.5° increase we would need to bend emissions and at the moment countries haven't been following on their Paris pledges," Taalas told reporters in Madrid on Tuesday.
A 4° temperature rise, according to the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, would lead to the disappearance of many of the world's rainforests and the ice at the North and South Poles, as well as rising sea levels flooding even non-coastal regions.
The WMO report also warned about numerous effects on human health if global temperatures are allowed to rise above 1.5° Celsius, including increased transmission of illnesses like Dengue virus, which about half the world is now at risk for amid warmer weather; more frequent exposure of vulnerable populations to extreme heatwaves; and the continued rise of global hunger, which affected 820 million people in 2018.
"It's shocking how much climate change in 2019 has already lead to lives lost, poor health, food insecurity, and displaced populations," Dr. Joanna House of the Cabot Institute of the Environment at University of Bristol said of the report's findings. "Even as a climate scientist who knows the evidence and the projections, I find this deeply upsetting. What is more shocking is how long very little has been done about this. We have the information, the solutions, what we need now is urgent action."
Climate scientists praised the WMO for conveying the urgency of the crisis.
"These impacts are real and happening now and place huge pressures on communities and countries—put simply, these impacts make for a more unstable world," said Grant Allen, professor of atmospheric physics at the University of Manchester in England.
"It is already well over time to rapidly restructure our economies away from greenhouse gas emitting industries and practices," he added, "and adapt and mitigate for current and future change already locked into the climate system." | <urn:uuid:8a57db6b-2fc5-40e1-a668-5ebf656d9c76> | {
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TEMPLE GRANDIN: When I was a little kid, loud noises like a school bell going off hurt my ears. It was like a dentist drill going down my ear hitting a nerve. It was terrible. Smoke alarms were often a problem. Big, noisy stores, supermarkets and things like this are often a problem. Some children are bothered by fluorescent lights because they can see the 60-cycle flicker. It's like being inside the speaker at the rock concert.
Now animals also have very, very sensitive hearing. I mean dogs can hear way above what we can hear. And I get very concerned in some situations such as animal shelters with noise stress. We need to be working on ways to reduce the noise stress.
Now some animals have a nervous, excitable temperament. Other animals have a calm temperament. There are genetic differences in how easily animals startle. Animals that tend to have a more nervous temperament are more aware of things going on around them. With the Arab horse, very aware, very vigilant.
And an animal is more laid back is less sensitive to what's going on around it. Yelling and screaming at animals is really stressful. They have very sensitive hearing. There have been a number of research studies now that show that screaming at cattle is extremely stressful. People need to just stop doing it.
Another thing you need to look at in your grazing animals, horses and cattle, the ears move independently. One ear can be looking over there, the other ear can be looking like that. Dog and cat ears, they work together, or the predator animal.
But horse and cattle ears, watch your ears. I call that "ear radar," because you can tell what the animal's concerned about. You're out riding a horse and the ears are going around like radar thing at the airport, that's not a good sign. Watch where the ears are pointing, then you can tell if the animal is interested in.
Fear. It's a main emotion both autism and PN animals. Fear is the primal emotion. It motivates animals to get away from predators. Now when I became a teenager, I had horrible problems with nonstop panic attacks. As I got older through my '30s, the panic attacks got worse in my late '20s, and they're now controlled with antidepressant medication.
I want to emphasize there's other people in the autism spectrum that don't need medication. There's a lot of variability. But I can understand how a prey species animal like cattle feel, always vigilant, always looking for predators, always looking for predators. I can really relate to that.
Now a lot of people think, oh, I just grab an animal quickly, do the veterinary thing really quickly, there isn't going to be any stress. Recently I was talking to a lady who worked at a zoo, and she says, well, I just grabbed this otter for 30 seconds and give him a shot, that shouldn't be any stress at all because it's only 30 seconds.
And I to her, what if you walk out in the street and you got mugged on the subway? It's only 30 seconds, but you're going to be really stressed. That is fear. Lots of time scientists don't like to use that little four-letter "fear" word, and the fear award is the biologically correct scientific word. You'll see it in all the neuroscience literature.
And I went through all the animal science literature looking for different cortisol levels. And cortisol is stress hormone. It's secreted when animals get scared. And when cattle are jumping all around and they're mishandled, they're poked with electric prods, their stress hormone levels can be three times higher compared to animals that are handled quietly.
But the thing that's really important when you get an animal to voluntarily cooperate with handling, and we did some work at the Denver Zoo on training animals to voluntarily cooperate for blood tests and injections in return for a treat, you can get the stress level down to the baseline.
In fact, zoos now have trying to most of the animals to completely cooperate with veterinary procedures. When you're forced to do something, they get a lot more scared than when they do something that they voluntarily will do.
Now in the brain, fear and pain work on different brain circuits. Fear is the most prominent, and yes, animals do feel pain. Birds and mammals feel pain, and it's been documented with a type of experiment called a "self-medication experiment." In this experiment, the knee joint was artificially injured and they get two water bottles, one containing an opiate-based painkiller that's very fast-acting but bitter tasting and nasty tasting, one containing plain water.
And with the chickens they used feed bowls. And when the leg is injured, they drink the painkiller and as it heals, they switch over to the plain feed or the plain water. Well, that's absolutely the gold standard to show that, yes, animals really do feel pain.
Animals often get scared when they're alone. You know cattle is a grazing animal. You've got to bring one up for a veterinary treatment, take another animal along with it. You bring your dog into the veterinarian clinic, if you're calming influence, he's less likely to get scared if you're there with it.
It's very important that an animal's first experience with something new is a good first experience. When it's first introduced to new people, new place, new things, it must be good. Because a first experience with let's say the veterinarian's office is bad or a horse's first experience with the horse trailer is flipping over backwards and hitting their head, they may become permanently afraid of that trailer.
Now these memories are stored as pictures, as sounds, sometimes the smells or touches, but more likely to be visual or hearing. Vision often is the dominant sense. The problem you have with these fear memories is there's no way to erase them. What you have to do is train the animal to close the file. There is no delete. You can't erase the file, it's still there. You train his brain to close the file.
Now if you have a real high-strung, nervous animal, the problem is that sometimes these files can flip back open, and that's when the horse starts bucking you off, and this can oftentimes be a problem with very nervous horses.
If you bang your cattle on the head every time you handle them, they're going to remember that and they're not going to want to go back into the chute again. I just can't believe the stupid things sometimes that people do.
Now I'm not a horse that was afraid of black cowboy hats, and he was afraid of black cowboy hats because during a veterinary procedure he was very badly abused, and he was looking at a black cowboy hat. Now these memories are very specific. White cowboy hats had no effect. Ball caps had no effect. A black head on the ground was less scary because that's a different picture. Now the ideal thing for me to do would be to try to eliminate black hats from this horse's life. I can't do that very easily.
Another fear memory I ran into was a horse that was afraid of white naked saddle blankets. If the saddle was on top of the saddle blanket, no problem. But you see saddle on top of the saddle blanket is a different picture than a naked white saddle blanket. Now I can probably just get naked white saddle blankets out of its life.
And the thing is, if the animal has a high-strung temperament, it's more difficult to train the brain to close the file. You can do it. There's ways to desensitize, medication sometimes helps, some people are doing things with pressure on the animal's body to help calm it, and I can really relate to that, because one of the things that helped me to calm my anxiety was a squeezing machine I built that was like a cattle restraining chute that put pressure all of my body and it helped calm down the nervous system. This is very calming in autism. Deep pressure is calming.
A man on a horse and a man on the ground in the mind of the animal is viewed is two different things. You can get situations where if a horse was abused by a rider, he'll be a problem when you ride him, but he'll be fine with groundwork like veterinary work or shoeing. See, man on the back, man on the ground, those are two totally different things.
Now sometimes fear memories can be generalized in a visually specific way. I knew this little red dog, and she became afraid of hot air balloons because one of them flew over the house one time and really scared her. And that fear spread to round, red plastic balls on power lines, and then she got afraid tanker truck rear ends going up over a hill.
And I go, OK, Red's afraid of round things. But there was some round things that she was not afraid of, stoplights and a round light at the pizza parlor. Well, I've kind of in my mind made a table and my mind of things round things Red was afraid of, round things Red didn't have a problem with. And I finally figured out that Red was afraid of round object background against the sky. Round against the sky was scary, round against something else was not scary.
Stop lights in Fort Collins have black metal things behind them, so that was round against black. And the pizza parlor light was round against a wall. It was not against the sky. You see it generalized, but it generalized in a visually very specific way.
Just want to give you some other ideas of how these fear memories can be specific. If a dog gets hit by a car, you'd expect him to be afraid of cars. But oftentimes he gets afraid of the place where he was hit, because he was looking at the road when he got hit, he wasn't looking at the car.
Another thing that can happen with horses, and this is the example of a touch memory, is if he was badly treated with a jointed bit that's jointed, he'll be afraid of that bit, but he may be fine with a straight bit that s a solid, one-piece bit. Now if you were to take those two bits and put them in your hands, they're going to feel different. It's a different feeling picture. I got to get you away from language.
New experiences. New experiences are attractive if an animal can voluntarily approach them, and they're scary if the animal's cornered and you suddenly just shove it in their face. New experiences are both scary and attractive.
You take a high-strung, nervous animal like the Arab horse, and you put some flags out on the pasture, the Arab's going to be the first animal to walk up and approach those flags. But if you shove the flags in that Arab horse's face and stall, it's going to panic.
Why are animals attracted to new things? They're attracted to new things because if you didn't explore somewhat, you wouldn't find new things to eat. I call it the paradox of novelty. It's both scary and attractive. You put a clipboard out in the middle of a pen of cattle, they're all going to come up and sniff it. You put a coat on the fence, they'll come up and sniff it. But if the wind blows that coat and makes it move, then they're going to be afraid of it.
One time I visited Africa and I went to a game park and there was a zebra that decided to come in and live with the horses. And the zebra seemed very calm. Well, he was calm because he was in an environment where he felt really safe and secure.
One time I was driving down the road and I saw a whole herd of Brahma bulls, and they were in amongst all these kind of decorative whirligig things, the things that spun around and stuff like this. Well, that was their home. See, novelty's in the eyes of the beholder. What's new to one animal is old home to another animal. To these bulls, it was just normal home to have all this stuff spinning around. Well, I pulled over and I sat inside the rental car and I watched, but when I opened the door of the rental car, boy, they were gone instantly. That was something new.
I often have people say to me, my horse is fine at home, and then we went to the show and he went completely crazy. Now think about it. There's new things at the show, new scary things-- flags, bikes, and balloons. I call him the big three. Flags are scary because they move rapidly and they have high contrast of light and dark. Bikes are scary because they move rapidly and they sneak up on you.
You need to get your animal used to these things at home, and the best way to introduce your horse to flags and balloons would be to decorate the pasture fence with them and let him voluntarily approach them. I do not like rough methods where you tie a horse up to a stake and throw all the stuff at him. I think that's just terrible. If you do that with a high-strung horse, he's going to stay scared, never, never habituate.
People that tend to favor those kind of nasty methods tend to work with the calmer genetics that will habituate, but that's not the way to train them. It's a lot better to just let the animal's natural curiosity attract him towards the new thing.
One of my big concerns with horses and dogs and many other animals is they're not getting properly socialized growing up. Animals have got to learn how to interact with other animals. Puppies have to learn to fight [INAUDIBLE]. Animals that are reared by themselves oftentimes will fight other animals viciously because they haven't learned the social give and take. I'm concerned that a lot of animals now don't get exposed to enough new things.
Dogs have got to have time off the leash as puppies, as adolescents, to have normal social behavior. This would help prevent a lot of dog fights. It would also help prevent a lot of bites.
When you're training an animal, You've got to figure out is his behavior motivated by fear or is it motivated by aggression? People are always mixing up fear and aggression. if you punish fear, you're going to make it worse. I talk about this at length in my book Animals in Translation. Fear and aggression are two totally different things.
Think about it yourself. When you almost had a car accident you got really scared. You didn't feel aggressive. Let's say you're taking a dog to the vet. Should you be there? If it's fear-based, probably yes. But let's say a police department brings in their guard dogs. Should the placement be there? If a dog's been specifically trained to let the vet touch him when he has a Kong toy, yes.
But if the dog hasn't been trained, he may try to protect the policeman against the vet. Now in that situation, you'd want the police car and the policeman five miles down the road, not out in the lobby of some small vet clinic. Dog's going to know it's there. So you've got to look at how is the animal actually viewing the situation.
Dairy bulls, responsible for half of all fatalities with livestock. One of the things that makes them so dangerous is that they're not properly socialized with their own kind. The way to make bulls a lot safer is to rear it on a nurse cow and rear it in with other cattle so it learns that it's cattle. It's not a tameness issue, it's a mistaken identity issue.
You know the other problem you have with animals reared alone is they'll viciously attack other animals. I bought a 30-acre piece of property, and it had a very nice horse on it that had lived there all his life. But he couldn't get along with other horses. He would try to kick them to death with both back feet. He'd never learned once you become dominant, you don't have to keep kicking. See there's a whole element of social behavior that's learned.
Now the dog is really unique. We can become their leader. They are hyper social and we become part of their society. Cattle we don't really want to be part of their society. We want bulls directing their aggression towards other bulls.
The other thing is animals aren't all that democratic. Sometimes it's best to handle the dominant animal first. They tend not to be a democracy. This is especially important with animals like boars and bulls, because if they smell a subordinate on you, they may tend to attack.
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Join Dr. Temple Grandin as she offers new insights on life with autism and how this unique perspective has helped her to develop award-winning techniques for handling livestock.
This video is part 6 of 8 in the Autism & Animal Behaviors series. | <urn:uuid:8e2a4b17-3ab4-43ff-8844-b28fbaeb4e2c> | {
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There is 'no safe level' of alcohol, global study confirms
Even an occasional glass of wine or beer increases the risk of health problems and dying, according to a major study on drinking in 195 nations that attributes 2.8 million premature deaths worldwide each year to booze.
"There is no safe level of alcohol," said Max Griswold, a researcher at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation in Seattle, Washington and lead author for a consortium of more than 500 experts.
Despite recent research showing that light-to-moderate drinking reduces heart disease, the new study found that alcohol use is more likely than not to do harm.
"The protective effect of alcohol was offset by the risks," Griswold told AFP in summarizing the results, published in the medical journal The Lancet on Friday.
"Overall, the health risks associated with alcohol rose in line with the amount consumed each day."
Compared to abstinence, imbibing one "standard drink" -- 10 grams of alcohol, equivalent to a small beer, glass of wine or shot of spirits -- per day over one year, ups the absolute risks of developing at least one of two dozen health problems by about 0.5 per cent, the researchers reported.
That means 914 of every 100,000 15-95 year olds would develop a condition in one year if they did not drink, but 918 people in 100,000 who drank one alcoholic drink a day would develop an alcohol-related health problem in a year.
Looked at one way, that seems like a small increment.
"But at the global level, that additional risk of 0.5 per cent among (once-a-day) drinkers corresponds to about 100,000 additional deaths each year," said senior author Emmanuela Gakidou, a professor at the University of Washington and a director at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
'Less is better, none is best'
"Those are excess deaths, in other words, that could be avoided," she told AFP.
The risk climbs in a steep "J-curve", the study found.
In people who drank two drinks a day for one year, the risk of developing an alcohol-related illness increased to 7 per cent compared to those who opt for abstinence, so that 977 people in 100,000 who drank two alcoholic drinks a day would develop a health problem compared to 914 among the teetotallers.
The risk of developing an alcohol-related health problems was 37 higher in people who drank five drinks every day for one year compared to those who did not drink at all. That works out to 1,252 people per 100,000.
The "less is better, none is best" finding jibes with the World Health Organization's long-standing position, but is at odds with many national guidelines, especially in the developed world.
Britain's health authority, for example, suggests not exceeding 14 drinks per week "to keep health risks from alcohol to a low level".
"There is always a lag between the publication of new evidence and the modification and adoption of revised guidelines," said Gakidou, who admitted to being an "occasional drinker" herself.
"The evidence shows what the evidence shows, and I -- like 2.4 billion other people on the planet that also consume alcohol -- need to take it seriously."
Overall, drinking was the seventh leading risk factor for premature death and disease in 2016, accounting for just over two per cent of deaths in women and nearly seven per cent in men.
The top six killers are high blood pressure, smoking, low-birth weight and premature delivery, high blood sugar (diabetes), obesity and pollution.
But in the 15-49 age bracket, alcohol emerged as the most lethal factor, responsible for more than 12 per cent of deaths among men, the study found.
The 95 per cent club
The main causes of alcohol-related deaths in this age group were tuberculosis, road injuries and "self-harm", mainly suicide.
King's College London professor Robyn Burton, who did not take part in the study, described it as "the most comprehensive estimate of the global burden of alcohol use to date."
The examination of impacts drew from more than 600 earlier studies, while a country-by-country tally of prevalence -- the percentage of men and women who drink, and how much they consume -- drew from another 700.
Both were grounded in new methods that compensated for the shortcomings of earlier efforts.
Among men, drinking alcohol in 2016 was most widespread in Denmark (97 per cent), along with Norway, Argentina, Germany, and Poland (94 per cent).
In Asia, South Korean men took the lead, with 91 per cent hitting the bottle at least once in a while.
Among women, Danes also ranked first (95 per cent), followed by Norway (91 per cent), Germany and Argentina (90 per cent), and New Zealand (89 per cent).
The biggest drinkers, however, were found elsewhere.
Men in Romania who partake knocked back a top-scoring eight drinks a day on average, with Portugal, Luxembourg, Lithuania and Ukraine just behind at seven "units" per day.
Ukrainian women who drink were in a league of their own, putting away more than four glasses or shots every 24 hours, followed by Andorra, Luxembourg, Belarus, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland and Britain, all averaging about three per day.
The most abstemious nations were those with Muslim-majority populations. | <urn:uuid:ee3aea01-ab55-4e98-b36d-628a59b8ad16> | {
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Australia's Bushfires: A Summary
by Fran Haddock
What's Going On Here?
Australia is suffering its worst bushfire season in living memory causing loss of life and devastation to homes, landscapes, and biodiversity.
What Does This Mean?
The size of the bushfires is hard to comprehend, with over 10.7 million hectares of land burnt so far - an area larger than the Amazon and Californian bushfires combined. To date 28 people have been killed, over 2,204 houses have been destroyed and First Nations people have lost sacred ancestral sites. The sheer scale of the devastation has mobilised thousands of volunteer firefighters to join the professionals, 3 of whom have died. The impact on Australia’s unique wildlife is devastating with an estimated half a billion animals killed and many endangered species suspected to be at risk of extinction.
What Is The Link To Climate Change?
There is a bush fire season every year in Australia due to hot, dry summer weather. However, scientists have warned that the season is growing longer and more intense due to climate change – Australia has warmed >1°C since 1910 and rainfall has significantly decreased. This creates dangerous conditions that have precipitated the record-breaking fires we are seeing today. The crisis has indeed coincided with 2019 being Australia’s hottest year on record. Claims that this year’s fires have been worse because of environmental groups limiting prescribed burning in national parks have been rejected by bushfire experts. The role of arson has also reportedly been exaggerated as part of an online ‘disinformation campaign’ by bots and trolls to downplay the link to climate change.
Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison has repeatedly come under fire (not literally) for his delayed response. The government has also been criticised for weak climate policies, ranking near the bottom of 57 countries in the climate change performance index, and prioritising economics of the coal industry over climate action - even though Australia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change.
We can only hope such devastating events will awaken the world to the impacts of climate change and the drastic need for action:
- WIRES - WWF Australia- Port Macquarie Koala Hospital- Kangaroo Island Wildlife Park Fund
We just sent you an email. Please click the link in the email to confirm your subscription! | <urn:uuid:c9a7026c-c76e-43fb-a7be-52a061fd407a> | {
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Since the discovery a century ago of its beneficial effect on tooth enamel, fluoride has become an important part of tooth decay prevention. It's routinely added to toothpaste and other hygiene products, and many water utilities add minute amounts of it to their drinking water supplies. Although there have been questions about its safety, multiple studies over the last few decades have eased those concerns.
Children especially benefit from fluoride during their teeth's developing years. Some children are at high risk for decay, especially an aggressive form known as Early Childhood Caries (ECC). ECC can destroy primary (baby) teeth and cause children to lose them prematurely. This can have an adverse effect on incoming permanent teeth, causing them to erupt in the wrong positions creating a bad bite (malocclusion).
For children at high risk for decay, dentists often recommend applying topical fluoride directly to the teeth as added protection against disease. These concentrations of fluoride are much higher than in toothpaste and remain on the teeth for much longer. Topical applications have been shown not only to reduce the risk of new cavities, but to also stop and reverse early decay.
Children usually receive these applications during an office visit after their regular dental cleaning. There are three different ways to apply it: gel, foam or varnish. To prevent swallowing some of the solution (which could induce vomiting, headache or stomach pain) the dentist will often insert a tray similar to a mouth guard to catch any excess solution. Varnishes and a few gels are actually painted on the teeth.
The American Dental Association has intensely studied the use of topical fluoride and found its application can result in substantial decreases in cavities and lost teeth. They've concluded this benefit far outweighs the side effects from ingesting the solution in children six years and older. With proper precautions and waiting to eat for thirty minutes after an application, the possibility of ingestion can be reduced even further.
While topical fluoride can be effective, it's only one part of a good dental care strategy for your child. Consistent daily brushing and flossing, a nutritious diet low in added sugar, and regular dental visits still remain the backbone of preventive care. | <urn:uuid:461b05d5-ee2d-44ac-8760-9e1e0dd276e9> | {
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Research by the Dutch research institute TNO (Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research) shows that contact heating through the wrists is the most efficient way to warm the body. If the undersides of the wrists are warm, the whole body will be warm. By working at a computer, for example, using the mouse, or writing, the wrists are placed on a cold desk top.
Traditional heaters and radiators heat the room from the top down and are expensive to run, often noisy and unattractive. The heated desk from i-desk Solutions has an integrated heating element panel in the desk top that heats both the underside and surface of the desk producing spot radiant heating to the legs and hands of the user, specifically the wrists.
Using similar technology to underfloor heating panels the heated desks use a fraction of the energy and power consumption experienced with conventional radiators and heaters. A heated desk when switched on draws approximately 60 watts of power compared to a normal radiator that can draw up to 3 Kilo watts. | <urn:uuid:6b72596a-0258-4253-b489-2fff802f9340> | {
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- Project plans
- Project activities
- Legislation and standards
- Industry context
Last edited 28 Nov 2018
Cambridge University is partnering with Trimble and Microsoft to combine physical infrastructure data – such as design, construction and operational data – that is currently stored in separate archives. The goal is to make them available to civil engineers and other construction professionals through the latest mixed reality technologies.
While civil engineers have built millions of physical assets over many centuries, they have done relatively little to create digital data repositories with integrated geometry, design, construction and operation data. This is not surprising given most existing physical assets started their lifecycle well before modern digital engineering technologies existed.
As such digital data for infrastructure assets is only partially available, rarely up-to-date and almost never integrated into a single platform so that informed decisions can be made. Building information modelling (BIM) technology is changing that by delivering a 'digital copy' of an asset, bringing all types of data together for use over the asset's lifetime.
The objective is to provide civil engineers, facilities managers and other asset stakeholders with the information they need to make informed decisions and better manage the assets throughout their lifecycle. Enabling them to engage with the digital asset models through mixed reality will also greatly improve productivity and sustainability.
Construction monitoring
For example, monitoring construction site progress is a laborious, time-consuming and error-prone task. Research at Cambridge has led to a Microsoft Hololens application which will help to automate progress inspections.
The application, which will be transferred to practice through Trimble, allows inspectors wearing Hololens headsets to see a three-dimensional (3D) as-planned digital model of the works overlaid on the as-built works as he or she walks around it. Once aligned, the model remains fixed relative to the scene, remains stable and has no occlusions.
The application then automatically compares the as-built status with the as-planned data to provide instant progress information as the inspector moves around the site. This information allows inspectors to detect any schedule or specification discrepancies at the earliest opportunity, enabling early corrective action to be taken.
Another example is the visual inspection of bridges, which usually has to take place annually or biennially. These inspections are laborious, require traffic control and pose a health and safety risk for the inspector.
Cambridge University is working on methods to build fully textured, data-rich and geometrically accurate models of existing bridges which can then be used for remote off-site inspections. Data are collected during on-site maintenance operations or with drones and automatically converted to an as-is model.
Element surface texture is extracted from high-resolution images and defects are automatically identified. Using Hololens, inspectors can look at the real-sized bridge model in the comfort of their offices and be guided automatically to areas of concern.
Context-based workflow
The two examples clarify the value of presenting data in context. By merging the digital and physical worlds, mixed reality enables a context-based workflow. It transforms the way civil engineers consume, interact and communicate information.
Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
- Articles by ICE on Designing Buildings Wiki.
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- Artificial intelligence and civil engineering.
- Augmented reality in construction.
- Computer-generated imagery (CGI).
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- Virtual construction model.
- Virtual reality and manufacturing.
- Virtual reality in construction.
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How to tell which infrastructure projects will work. | <urn:uuid:e3bf2688-834b-4b2e-9ac1-0248dae67970> | {
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New research on the neural basis of 'spontaneous' actions in rats could shed light on the philosophical mystery that is human 'free will'. The study, just published in Nature Neuroscience, is called Neural antecedents of self-initiated actions in secondary motor cortex. It's from researchers Masayoshi Murakami and colleagues of Portugal's excellently-named Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown. The senior author is Zach Mainen, whom I interviewed recently after he helped organize the campaign for reform of Europe's Human Brain Project. Murakami et al. trained rats to perform a task requiring patience. In each trial, the rat heard a sound and had to wait in place until a second sound occured. If they waited, they got a large amount of water as a reward. If they moved to get some water too soon, however, they only got a small amount. Using tiny electrodes implanted in the premotor cortex of the rats' brains, Murakami et al. discovered that some neurons seemed to act as "integrators" (or counters) - over the course of the waiting period, their firing activity gradually increased. If activity reached a certain threshold before the second sound played, the rat would stop waiting and 'spontaneously' decide to go for the small reward. These "integrator" neurons didn't always count at the same speed, however. On some trials, they 'ramped up' more quickly - and when this happened, the rat was more impatient. This image shows the relationship between ramp up rates and waiting time -
Why did the integrators sometimes count faster than other times? Murakami et al. found a second class of neurons, whose rate of firing (which varied seemingly at random) predicted the rate at which the integrators "counted up". The authors suggest, therefore, that these latter neurons provide inputs to the neural integrators. When the total amount of input reaches a threshold, a 'spontaneous' action is triggered. What does this have to do with free will? Well, it all goes back to 1983, when a neuroscientist called Benjamin Libet found, using EEG, that a certain pattern of brain activity - a "readiness potential" - occurs in the human brain just before 'spontaneous' actions. In fact, this brain event happens even before we are aware of deciding to act. Libet's much-discussed finding has been seen as evidence against free will because it seems to suggest that 'the brain decides to act before we do'. But what if the readiness potential is somehow the equivalent of the rat "integrator"? That would be a big deal, say Murakami et al. In this case,
activity preceding bound crossing, either input or accumulated activity, could be said to participate causally in the timing of an action, but does not uniquely specify it. The integration-to-bound theory implies that no decision has been made until the bound has been reached... as at any moment up to bound crossing, the arrival of opposing inputs may avert an action.
In other words, maybe the readiness potential is not a consequence of a decision that has already been made, but rather is a contributor to a decision that only happens later. This is in fact not a new idea. I blogged about this kind of interpretation of the Libet experiment last year, and integrate-to-bound models are quite common in neuroscience (e.g.). However Murakami et al. say that they're the first researchers to find direct evidence for this model in decision making. They conclude that the integrator threshold might even reflect the boundary between unconscious and conscious neural processes:
Crossing the threshold from unawareness to awareness [could be] a reflection of bound crossing [in the integrator]. In this way, the integration-to-bound theory may help to resolve the contradiction between the subjective report of free will and the requirement for causal antecedents to non-capricious, willed actions. ...our results provide a starting point for investigating mechanisms underlying concepts such as self, will and intention to act, which might be conserved among mammalian species.
Murakami M, Vicente MI, Costa GM, & Mainen ZF (2014). Neural antecedents of self-initiated actions in secondary motor cortex. Nature neuroscience, 17 (11), 1574-82 PMID: 25262496 | <urn:uuid:c4357fb9-5ce5-4423-85f4-f24a729b0405> | {
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The laureates studied several dozen exploding stars, called supernovae and made the discovery
Three US scientists who discovered that our Universe's expansion is accelerating have been awarded this year's Nobel prize for physics.
Saul Perlmutter of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ofUniversity of California, Brian P Schmidt of Australian National University, and Adam G Riess of Johns Hopkins University and senior member of Science staff at Space Telescope Science Institute, both in Baltimore, will share the prize money of US $1.5 million.
The laureates studied several dozen exploding stars, called supernovae, and discovered that the universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate. The discovery came as a complete surprise even to the laureates themselves, read a statement released by the The Royal Academy of Sciences.
In 1998, cosmology was shaken by its foundation when two research teams presented their findings. Headed by Perlmutter, one of the teams had set to work in 1988. Schmidt headed another team, launched at the end of 1994, where Riess played a crucial role.
The research teams raced to map the Universe by locating the most distant supernovae. The teams used a particular kind of supernova, called Ia. It is an explosion of an old compact star that is as heavy as the Sun but as small as the Earth. A single such supernova can emit as much light as a whole galaxy. The two research teams found over 50 distant supernovae whose light was weaker than expected. This was a sign that the expansion of the universe was accelerating.
For almost a century, the universe has been known to be expanding as a consequence of the Big Bang about 14 billion years ago. However, the discovery that this expansion is accelerating is astounding. If the expansion continues to speed up, the Universe will end in ice, scientists say.
The acceleration is thought to be driven by dark energy, but what that dark energy is remains an enigma, perhaps the greatest in physics today.
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Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition. | <urn:uuid:a463ea21-59fe-4b3f-966d-4e091d73d2a1> | {
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Much of what makes moonshine so fascinating is its history. You might know a bit about the history of moonshine—the backwoods stills, the Prohibition Era, the gunfights—but you might be surprised to know the interesting facts behind moonshine runners. Moonshiners wouldn’t have gotten very far in their illegal activities if it weren’t for the moonshine runners who risked their lives and freedom to race around cities outrunning the authorities in order to deliver it to paying customers.
Check out more on the history of moonshine runners.
How They Came to Be
Because the government wanted its liquor tax revenue, feds were constantly trying to shut down illegal stills in operation. But moonshiners got smart—they hid their operations in the woods. Distilling and producing moonshine wasn’t the hard part, it was getting it into cities. That’s where the real risks arose. Their operations were safe when they were hidden in the backwoods, but they could be busted once they walked out into the daylight. So, they hired moonshine runners to outrun law enforcement and deliver their loads to customers.
The Car and the Modifications
Law enforcement officers, with their economy cars, were no match for the runners and their supercharged, super-fast, modified machines. Runners weren’t scared to modify their cars in any way they needed to in order to outrun the law. They knew they had to make their cars as fast as possible. But the first rule was—don’t attract attention. The modifications had to appear inconspicuous—no fancy chrome pipes, wheels, or paint jobs.
The most commonly used car was the 1940 Ford Coupe. It was a common car at the time so it wouldn’t attract attention. Plus, it had a Flathead V8 engine, which was great for horsepower. It also had a roomy trunk to store tons of heavy loads of hooch and the suspension was easy to modify, in order to hold the weight. Chevy Coupes, Dodge Coronets, and the Oldsmobile Rocket 88s were also used by runners.
The cars weren’t the only advantage moonshiners had—the drivers themselves could handle their machines like you wouldn’t believe—and many of them were still teenagers working for their daddies’ moonshine businesses. Barely able to see past the steering wheels, the kids knew how to make every turn and outrun the cops. And because the government agents were all over the road, just waiting, the runners worked after midnight, in the cover of darkness. They knew the back roads of the country and could easily navigate them, when the feds didn’t, so it was easier for them to outrun them after dark.
Stock Car Racing
Runners would brag and argue among one another about who was the best driver and who had the fastest car—so they started racing each other. Local fairground promoters started selling tickets to the races, and stock car racing began. Soon, NASCAR was born. Many moonshine runners put down the white lightning and started racing cars with the skills they learned on the streets.
Moonshine Runners in the Present
The illegal moonshine business slowed to a halt in the 1950s. There are no more high-speed chases, wild escapes, roadblocks, crashes, or gunplay. The underground moonshine business thrived back in the day, thanks in part to moonshine runners, but with it now being legal to produce and sell hooch in many states, there’s just no need for moonshine runners anymore. But, the history of moonshine wouldn’t be as interesting if it weren’t for the intriguing tales of the runners. | <urn:uuid:5ae9dfab-cd37-4e53-a934-296df13c0708> | {
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These are examples of middle-skill jobs that require some postsecondary training but not a bachelor’s degree, and they are the focus of the first part of a major new special report from USA TODAY called “Where the Jobs Are.”
EMSI provided USA TODAY with in-depth labor market data on more than 700 occupations in 125 metro areas and the nation. The newspaper is using the local data as the basis for a four-part series on jobs that launched Tuesday with a longform story from MaryJo Webster, interactive graphic, video and audio interviews, and local coverage in cities across the U.S.
Many middle-skill occupations have many openings and pay well, some much better than others. And although they don’t require four years of education, they do require a discernible skill. “There’s a new middle. It’s tougher, and takes more skill,” Anthony Carnevale, director of the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, told USA TODAY.
The rigor of blue-collar jobs is one thing, but why aren’t more people flocking to middle-skill job opportunities? Here are a few reasons, as outlined in Webster’s story:
The Information Gap
We wrote in our Middle-Skill Spotlight report how the skills gap is often a local training gap. But it’s also an information gap in many cases. This particularly manifests itself when it comes time for juniors and seniors in high school—and their parents—start researching college choices and career opportunities.
Consider the example that Webster included from EMSI CEO Andrew Crapuchettes:
“It is such a local problem,” Crapuchettes says, referring to what he calls an “information gap.” In Durham, N.C., for example, programmers are in high demand commanding big salaries; in Virginia Beach, programmers earn a third as much.
“Employers don’t know the talent is in Virginia Beach and (workers) don’t know they can make three times as much three hours away,” he says.
The Push for a Four-Year Degree
There’s a reason many skilled trades occupations are aging (as we wrote about for Forbes) and other middle-skill occupations have old workforces: There isn’t a huge supply of young people seeking to become machinists, carpenters, or plumbers.
For years, most students have been nudged in the direction of a four-year diploma. High schools have cut vocational and technical education programs. Pursuing a skilled trade has been left to those who aren’t fit for college. But Webster reported that some four-year dropouts, especially those training for energy field, are realizing that enrolling in a community or technical college makes a lot of sense.
Instructors at Lee College, near Houston, say they are seeing an increasing number of students apply for the school’s petrochemical-related programs after initially pursuing a bachelor’s degree in petroleum or chemical engineering.
“These are ‘gold collar’ jobs,” says Charles Thomas, the head of the school’s process technology division. “Technicians in our program start out with $62,000 base salary plus overtime.”
The ‘Middle-Skill’ Stigma
Middle-skill jobs have an image problem. There’s even a stigma with the term “middle skill,” as TV host Mike Rowe told USA TODAY for the story.
Rowe has started a foundation called mikeroweWORKS that gives scholarship money to schools that train for welders and other skilled laborers.
Trends in the Middle-Skill Labor Market
Blue-collar jobs took it on the chin leading up to and through the recession. But MIT professor Paul Osterman told USA TODAY that there will be “tremendous demand” for middle-skill workers as baby boomers retire. And already, middle-tier job growth is going strong in key regional economies.
EMSI projects the U.S. will add 2.5 million net new middle-skill jobs from 2013 to 2017. That’s 37% of all projected growth, a tick more than low-skill (36%) and much more high-skill (27%).
Other key data points from the story:
- All middle-skill jobs analyzed pay at least $13 per hour in median hourly wages. As Webster writes, “In most metro areas, some of the best-paying middle-skill jobs include radiation therapists, elevator installers and repairers, and dental hygienists, all with a median wage of more than $70,000 [per year].”
- Of the 10 metro areas projected to add the most new middle-tier jobs, Phoenix will have the highest share that are mid-skill (42%). The Phoenix MSA is expected to add just over 60,000 of these jobs.
- Houston is projected to add the most total new mid-skill jobs—102,000 through 2017. That’s 40% of all new jobs in the Houston metro.
- EMSI and USA TODAY also factored in livable-wage jobs, using MIT’s Living Wage Calculator. In Augusta, Ga., Salt Lake City, Knoxville, Tenn., and Vallejo, Calif., livable-wage, middle-skill jobs are projected to account for for nearly half of all new jobs.
USA TODAY’s Jodi Upton talked more about the series and the data trends from EMSI in this audio interview:
See more of EMSI in the news on our press page. For more on EMSI’s employment data—available at the county, MSA, and ZIP code level—or to see data for your region, email Josh Wright. Follow EMSI on Twitter (@DesktopEcon) or check us out on LinkedIn and Facebook. And be sure to sign up for the EMSI newsletter. | <urn:uuid:8895b4b2-dabc-49b4-830b-e5e9d7fb564b> | {
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Colloquial Norwegian contains 20 lessons, each introducing about 100 new words. Each lesson is built around a series of smaller units and includes: text, dialogues, grammatical explanations, examples of 'Language in use,' and exercises.
At the back of the book, you will find a brief guide to Norwegian pronunciation, a short review of main grammatical points, a key to exercises, and English-Norwegian as well as Norwegian-English glossaries.
Cassettes or CDs containing 120 minutes of audio material are available to derive the best benefit from Colloquial Norwegian. This material complements the book and will help you develop your pronunciation and listening skills.
If you would like to discuss material covered in the class, contact us at our Los Angeles School .
Norwegian is spoken by about 5 million people, mainly in Norway and other Scandinavian countries. | <urn:uuid:c1046a7c-1b55-4f4c-8854-69d6cd92b64e> | {
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MEAL TIME SUPPORT IN TASMANIAN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS
Did you know?
Dysphagia refers to difficulty with swallowing or an inability to swallow. Dysphagia can arise from a wide range of neurological, structural, psychological and behavioural causes.
Swallowing is the process that moves food or drink from the mouth to the stomach. There are four stages of swallowing.
- Stage1: Preparation of food/drink in the mouth
- Stage 2: Food is propelled to the back of the mouth before swallowing
- Stage 3: Protection of the airway, and movement of the food and/or drink through the throat
- Stage 4: Movement of food and/or drink into the stomach.
Stages one and two are voluntary, stages three and four are out of a person’s control.
Where to Start:
Recognise the signs and symptoms of dysphagia
There are several signs and symptoms that are possible indicators of dysphagia. People may not experience all these factors when they have a swallowing difficulty.
- Changes in eating patterns e.g. reluctance or refusal to eat/drink, effortful eating/drinking, lengthy meals or changes in the ability to eat certain foods
- Wet, gurgly voice after eating or drinking
- Frequent coughing and spluttering, gagging and/or vomiting during or after a meal
- Weak and or poor control of the muscles of the face, mouth or tongue (e.g. low muscle tone) or poor sensation of the face, oral or throat musculature (e.g. can be reflected in mouth stuffing of food in some children)
- Excessive drooling or dribbling
- Becoming drowsy or fatigued during a meal
- Weight loss and/or dehydration/constipation
- Difficulties biting, chewing or manipulating food in the mouth frequent spillage of food from mouth
- Pocketing of food at the sides of the mouth
- Multiple swallows required to clear food or drink
If you are concerned, speak to the Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP) at your school.
There are increased health and safety risks involved with dysphagia. These include choking, aspiration, malnutrition, dehydration, constipation and bowel impaction. These all have the potential to be serious or even life threatening conditions if not treated.
Speech and Language Pathologists (SLPs) are responsible for the assessment and management of children who have dysphagia. This may be done in conjunction with school staff and other professionals such as medical practitioners, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, dieticians and nurses where appropriate.
Employees have a duty to students to ensure that meal management issues are undertaken with regard to their dignity, comfort and safety.
Students have the right to have their physical and nutritional needs optimised to enable readiness for learning.
What can you expect from your school?
- If you or school staff are concerned refer your child to the school Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP).
- Your child will be assessed by your school’s SLP.
- If required, your school’s SLP will write a Meal Management Plan which recommends strategies to minimise risk factors. This plan will be monitored and reviewed regularly.
- Staff working with your child will receive training in supporting students with meal time difficulties, including first aid and choking training.
Tips for supporting your child:
- Communicating with your child’s teacher or principal and/or Speech and Language Pathologist about any concerns they have in relation to their eating and drinking and/or meal management.
- Contributing to the meal management plan for your child.
- Providing food and equipment in accordance with the meal management plan and ongoing consultation with the school about this.
- Communicating any changes in medications, weight, dehydration, constipation, presence of chest infections/pneumonia with your child’s teacher or principal.
- Signing the meal management plan to indicate that the plan has been agreed to.
Download the Print version of brochure (PDF, 344KB) | <urn:uuid:82b63109-d32a-4547-b919-a10f70c68a6d> | {
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Aggressive driving is a major factor in U.S. traffic accidents, playing a role not just in well-publicized incidents of road rage, but in a large number of fatal highway collisions each year. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NTHSA) defines aggressive driving as occurring when “an individual commits a combination of moving traffic offenses so as to endanger other persons or property.” While aggressive driving is difficult to quantify, a 2009 study by the American Automobile Association attempted to identify behaviors associated with aggressive driving, based on data tracked by NHTSA’s Fatal Accident Report System (FARS). It found that aggressive driving played a role in 56 percent of fatal crashes from 2003 through 2007, with excessive speed being the number one factor. The following driver-related contributing factors in FARS were taken as indications that crashes may have involved aggressive driving:
- Following improperly
- Improper or erratic lane changing
- Illegal driving on road shoulder, in ditch, or on sidewalk or median
- Passing where prohibited
- Operating the vehicle in an erratic, reckless, careless, or negligent manner or suddenly changing speeds
- Failure to yield right of way
- Failure to obey traffic signs, traffic control devices, or traffic officers, failure to observe safety zone traffic laws
- Failure to observe warnings or instructions on vehicle displaying them
- Failure to signal
- Driving too fast for conditions or in excess of posted speed limit
- Making an improper turn
Speeding was the leading driving behavior associated with fatal crashes in 2011, followed by driving under the influence (13.8 percent), according to an analysis by NHTSA. Distracted driving was a factor in 7.1 percent of fatal crashes (Note: NHTSA provide guides, planners and information to law enforcement professionals and prosecutors to assist in the reduction of aggressive driving on its website).
DRIVING BEHAVIORS REPORTED FOR DRIVERS AND MOTORCYCLE OPERATORS INVOLVED IN FATAL CRASHES, 2011
|Driving too fast for conditions or in excess of posted speed limit||9,080||20.8%|
|Under the influence of alcohol, drugs or medication||6,042||13.8|
|Failure to keep in proper lane||4,039||9.2|
|Failure to yield right of way||3,148||7.2|
|Distracted (phone, talking, eating, etc.)||3,085||7.1|
|Operating vehicle in erratic, reckless, careless or negligent manner||2,604||6.0|
|Failure to obey traffic signs, signals or officer||1,826||4.2|
|Swerving or avoiding due to wind, slippery surface, other
vehicle, object, nonmotorist in roadway, etc.
|Vision obscured (rain, snow, glare, lights, buildings, trees, etc.)||1,301||3.0|
|Drowsy, asleep, fatigued, ill, or blacked out||1,152||2.6|
|Driving wrong way in one-way traffic or on wrong side of road||1,082||2.5|
|Making improper turn||1,015||2.3|
|Total drivers (1)||43,668||100.0%|
- The sum of percentages is greater than total drivers as more than one factor may be present for the same driver.
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Article Source: http://www.iii.org | <urn:uuid:81439cc3-e8d5-4f85-8ad5-dad109b2c4d0> | {
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Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) show a very high prevalence of developing epilepsy and having seizures, according to a national study by Queen's University researchers.
Six per cent of study participants had epilepsy and 12 percent had one or more seizures in their lifetimes. By comparison, less than one percent of the general population is expected to develop epilepsy. The study results also showed that individuals were more likely to have epilepsy, or a history of seizures, if exposure to alcohol had occurred in the first trimester or throughout the entire pregnancy.
"There are very few studies that have examined the relationship between seizures and epilepsy among individuals with FASD," says study co-author James Reynolds, a pharmacology, toxicology and neuroscience researcher at Queen's University. "The consensus recommendation of scientists, clinicians, and public health officials around the world is very clear--a woman should abstain from drinking during pregnancy as part of an overall program of good prenatal health care that includes good nutrition, adequate exercise, and sufficient rest."
Researchers examined the histories of 425 individuals between the ages of two and 49 years from two FASD clinics. They compared risk factors such as the level of exposure to alcohol or other drugs, type of birth, and trauma with the co-occurrence of epilepsy or a history of seizures in participants with confirmed FASD diagnoses. The report builds on a growing body of evidence that maternal drinking during pregnancy may put a child at greater risk for an even wider variety of neurologic and behavioral health problems than thought before.
The study results will appear in the June issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. The research team included St. Michael's Hospital, University of Alberta, University of Toronto, and the Toronto Western Research Institute. The study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. | <urn:uuid:cbaf966d-f412-4185-ad29-e4df3021fd63> | {
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Research in Focus
FBH lasers for investigations of climate-relevant atmospheric methane
The FBH has developed tailored laser diode benches based on FBH’s proprietary QCW laser bars for pumping an ultra-precise LiDAR system to be launched into orbit in the time frame 2022/2023, as part of the French-German space cooperation, MERLIN. The Fraunhofer ILT in Aachen, Germany is responsible for the Laser-Opto-Mechanical-Assembly of the laser transmitter that generates high-power single-frequency pulses which are spectrally matched to a methane absorption line. The MERLIN satellite mission will advance climate and environmental investigations by measuring methane concentrations in the Earth’s atmosphere with optical pulses, characterizing natural and anthropogenic sources of the gas. Methane is one of the most detrimental greenhouse gases.
More information provided by DLR on MERLIN.
FBH demonstrates fully digital transmitter chain
In common transmitter systems the baseband signal is usually generated in the digital domain, utilizing powerful but yet low-cost digital signal processors. However, upconversion and amplification are carried out in the analog domain. Recently, a fully digital transmitter chain was demonstrated at FBH, combining modulator and amplifier into one coherent system. This achievement is an important step towards the usability of such systems in real-world applications. Using a realistic test signal, the overall system performance could meet high standards regarding signal quality and linearity.
The system is designed as a drop-in replacement for present analog transmitter chains so that existing applications can be easily converted without requiring changes on the receiving side. The switch-mode amplifier MMIC fabricated uses FBH’s GaN-HEMT process. While a traditional Tx chain has to utilize a power-hungry digital predistortion to correct non-idealities of the amplifiers, FBH’s digital PA modulator already incorporates provisions to eliminate them without any additional building blocks. Correction parameters can be estimated based on the system’s live signal.
For demonstration purposes, up to 20 MHz WCDMA-like signals were used on a 900 MHz carrier. An ACLR of more than 52 dB in the neighboring channels was measured. Competitive efficiency results and linearity behavior were achieved. The system utilizes an easy-to-construct lumped LC filter as a bandpass with very low insertion loss while maintaining state-of-the-art linearity.
High-power Y-branch MOPA system with 9.7 nm combined wavelength tunability
High-power, diffraction-limited, and tunable narrow linewidth diode laser sources emitting in the near infrared are needed in applications like absorption spectroscopy, bio-medical imaging, and particularly for frequency conversion.
FBH has recently developed a widely tunable, high-power light source, combining a tunable Y-branch distributed Bragg reflector diode laser (dual wavelength) master oscillator with a tapered amplifier into a hybrid master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system. The MO is collimated and coupled into the PA using cylindrical micro-lenses in a compact 25 mm × 25 mm conduction-cooled laser package.
The DBR gratings for the dual wavelength laser are designed for 973.67 nm and 975.91 nm, respectively. The emission width is smaller than 17 pm. Wavelength tuning of this device – 7.5 nm from each arm – is obtained by using an electrically controlled micro-heater, implemented on top of the grating sections of the MO. Together with the spectral distance of 2.23 nm between the two arms, wavelength tuning adds up to 9.7 nm. Results indicate that a total combined tunability of about 7.5 nm x NArms can be achieved. The PA ensures the amplification from both branches, with output powers of about 5.5 W. The emitted light features a propagation factor of M2 = 2.2 along the slow axis, and a power content of 72% within the central lobe (4 W diffraction-limited).
For further information see also our research news: High-power Y-branch MOPA system with 9.7 nm combined wavelength tunability and the Mid-TECH project website.
Results were presented at the High-brightness Sources and Light-driven Interactions Congress in Strasbourg, France (MT1C.6 - March 27, 2018). | <urn:uuid:34a5703a-db8d-4bdd-9116-e266fe3b08a1> | {
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A literary giant of the Hindi-Urdu literature, he is recognized in India as the fore-most Hindi-Urdu writer of the early 20th century. He is a novel writer, a story writer and a dramatist. He is also famously known as the Upanyas Samrat which means a great emperor among novel writers.
Early Life of PremchandMunshi Prem Chand was born as Dhanpat Rai on July 31, 1880 in a village called Lamhi in Varanasi. His early education was at a local madrasa under a maulvi, where he studied Urdu. After his parents’ death he was responsible for his step mother and his step-siblings. With no means to support himself, he intermittently abandoned his studies and took up a job as a teacher in Chunar, near Varanasi. He completed his Bachelor s of Arts while being employed as a teacher and resigned from his services in 1921 on call of Mahatma Gandhi.
He was married once at the age of 14 to a girl from a neighboring village but she soon returned back to her village when he left in 1889. In 1909, he remarried a widow Shivarani Devi in spite of the opposition faced by the society for this revolutionary step.
When Mahatma Gandhi asked people to resign from government jobs in a seminar held in Gorakhpur, Premchand took his advice and quit his job as a school teacher. Thereafter, to serve the cause of Independence, he tried writing for columns of Urdu dailies of Gorakhpur Tehkik and Swadesh but could not keep up the job. He then returned to work as a teacher for Marwari Vidyalaya but again left it to take the responsibility of editing the magazine Maryada. Later he became a principal at a school in Varanasi.
Dhanpat Rai first wrote under the pseudonym "Nawab Rai." Nawad (Prince) was a name given to him by his uncle. In 1907, after the publishing of his controversial Soz a watan – a short story collection which contained four stories that inspired the Indians to strive for the freedom of the country - was banned, his house in Hamirpur was raided and five hundred copies of his book were burnt, he secretly changed his pseudonym from Nawab Rai to Premchand. His earlier works are produced in Urdu. It was only in 1914, that he started writing in Hindi.
In his ambitious career, he tried running a printing press, he became editor of the journal Madhuri, started a weekly called Hans, then another weekly called Jagran. His last two ventures left him in debt which made him take up a job as a script writer for Ajanta Cinetone in Mumbai. He wrote for the film Mazdoor and did many other translations and novels.
Major Works and Achievements of PremchandPremchand is regarded as one of the important Hindu authors whose writings prominently featured realism. His stories and novels focus on the sorry plight of the urban middle class and the poor. With a strong rationalistic outlook, his works view religious values as a weapon used by the powerful hypocrites to subjugate the weak. He used the pen and the paper as a medium to arouse social, political and national consciousness among the people of India. Writing in both Hindi and Urdu gave him access to both the Hindu and the Muslim population of India.
It would not be wrong to say that Premchand was really the Father of Urdu short- stories. Short stories or Afsanas were first started by Premchand in Urdu. Just like his novels, his Afsanas also mirror the society he lived in; with the perfect blend of satire and humor. His famous Afsanas include Qaatil Ki Maan, Zewar Ka Dibba, Gilli Danda, Eidgaah, Namak Ka Daroga and Kafan. His collected stories have been published under the names of Prem Pachisi, Prem Battisi, Wardaat and Zaad-e-Raah.
His early works, A Little Trick and A Moral Victory were a satire on Indians who co-operated with the British Government. During the 1920s, inspired by the Gandhi s Non Co-operation Movement and the struggle for social reform, he wrote extensively on social issues such as poverty, the zamindari system and its exploitation (Premashram, 1922), dowry system (Nirmala, 1925) educational reform and political oppression (Karmabhumi, 1931)
In his last days, he focused on the portrayal of village life as in his outstanding work Godan ( The gift of a cow in 1936) and the short story collection Kafan ( Shroud in 1936). He thoroughly believed that social realism was the best way for Hindi Literature.
In his literary career, he authored over 300 short stories, novels and several number of essays, letters and plays. Much of Premchand’s best works can be found among his 250 or so short stories, collected in Hindi under the title Manasarovar and available in eight parts. Many of his works have been translated to English and other foreign and national languages. Some have been adopted in films as well. His first novel Godan remains as of the best written novels of its times and remains so even today. Gaban, Kafan Poos ki Rat, Idgah, and Bade Ghar ki Beti are his other notable works which made him a legend. Some novels like Shatranj Ke Khiladi and Seva Sadan were adopted into film by Satyajit Ray.
Premchand also translated a number of non-Hindi works into Hindi. These included the writings of Leo Tolstoy, Charles Dickens, Oscar Wilde, Sadi, Guy de Maupassant, etc. His famous plays include Karbala, Prem ki Vadi and Sangram. He also tried his hand at a few children’s books. Among these, Jangal ki Kahaniyaan and Manmodak are still popular.
There have been numerous adaptations of Premchand’s work. Sevasadan, Sadgati and Shatranj ke Khiladi which were adopted by Satyajit ray for films by the same name. A film called Oka Oori Katha in Telugu directed by Mrinal Sen is based on the story Kafan by Premchand.
Death and Commemoration of PremchandIn 1934, Premchand came to Mumbai and got his first assignment as a scriptwriter for the film Mazdoor. However, he did not like the non literary commercial outlook of the Bombay Film Industry and therefore decided to leave the city before his annual contract came to an end. Himanshu Roy, the founder of the Bombay Talkies persuaded him to stay but to no avail.
Thereafter, he moved to Benaras where he remained ill for a long time. Even in his last days, he chaired the first All-India conference of Indian Progressive Writer s Association in year 1936. However, he was still struggling to make ends meet in his personal life. He suffered from health problem particularly abdominal ailments.
Despite his health and financial problems, he embarked on the task to complete his last novel Mangalsutra which he did not manage to complete as he finally breathed his last on October 8, 1936 after several days of sickness. Premchand s last published short story was Cricket Match which appeared in the magazine Zamana in 1937. His second wife Shivarani Devi wrote a book titled Premchand Gharmain after his death.
Theater and literary events are held on his birth/death anniversary. In one such event commemorating the great master of words, it was said that Hindi literature cannot be discussed without mentioning Munshi Premchand and his literary masterpieces. He was probably one of the few writers whose stories in Hindi textbooks we, as school students, would be delighted to read and study. The simplicity of his characters, poignant plots and the moral of the story in the end taught us lessons of respect, empathy and love.
The Delhi-based theater group, Actor Factor, staged Kafan in New Delhi in 2010 on the occasion of his death anniversary. Another theater group by the name of Dramatach staged Premchand: Three Comedies for Families and Children, at the Sri Ram Center, Delhi in months of August, September and October 2012. The stories included Do bailon ki katha; Shatranj ke Khiladi; Nimantran. All three plays were dramatized and directed by Ravi Raj Sagar.
A literary foundation in Bombay has also undertaken the Herculean task of translating all his works into as many national and international languages as possible in 2012 on his death anniversary. Since his works deeply reflect the socioeconomic and political scenario of his era, it is regarded as an indispensable source of knowledge for studying history and literature.
Doordarshan also features a televised show based on the short stories of Munshi Premchand. Set up against the background of poverty stricken India before independence, it is a reminder of his elaborate sense of observation, humor and satire.
In Varanasi, at the place of his birth and eventual death, a Premchand Memorial and Research Center (Premchand Smarak and Premchand Shodh Evam Adhyayan Sansthan) is being setup.
Premchand s invaluable contribution to Hindi literature makes him one of the most revered and studied literary writer in India as well as abroad.
धनपत राय से मुंशी प्रेमचंद बनने की कहानी हिंदी में पढ़िये, क्लिक करें | <urn:uuid:a5afaf2e-b810-4764-83a7-7d81a566b77d> | {
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Georgina Mace (London, United Kingdom, 1953) holds a BSc in Zoology from the University of Liverpool and a PhD in Evolutionary Ecology from the University of Sussex. Her research career has taken her to the Smithsonian Institution (United States), the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and the Zoological Society of London, where she was Director of Science from 2000 to 2006.
In 2006, she was appointed Director of the NERC Centre for Population Biology at Imperial College London. Since 2012, she has held the post of Professor of Biodiversity and Ecosystems at University College London, founding its Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, which she also headed until last year.
She has served on numerous committees in Britain and abroad, including the Council of the Royal Society, the Natural Capital Committee of the UK Government and various commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, as well as working on the UN’s Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. A member of the editorial board of journals like Trends in Ecology and Evolution or PLoS Biology, she also undertakes peer review for Science, Nature and Conservation Biology, among other publications.
At the heart of both women’s approach, the citation adds, is a “recognition of the value of the services provided by nature,” which are habitually taken for granted and, for that reason, excluded from the costs of growth.
“While they have never worked directly together, their impact on global conservation has been strongly synergistic,” the committee continues. “The two are leaders in documenting the alarming declines in global biodiversity in the midst of our planet’s sixth extinction crisis,” and have developed “policy and economic instruments for effective biodiversity protection.”
Daily (Washington DC, United States, 1964) of Stanford University, and Mace (London, United Kingdom, 1953) of University College London, are at pains to point out the gravity of today’s biodiversity crisis: “Over the course of human history, we have gradually eroded both the diversity and the abundance of all the rest of life on Earth,” warns Mace. Not only that, “the loss of species is continuing, with no evidence that it has slowed, so we do need to act on it.”
Daily too insists on this point: “We are destroying so much of nature that we are on a suicidal course. We have to recognize the role that different elements of nature play in sustaining our lives before it is too late.”
That said, the committee perceives in both what chair Emily Bernhardt calls, “the effort to shine a light not just on the difficulties before us but the ways they might be overcome, creating a space for solutions.”
Scientific criteria for the Red List
Mace’s first major contribution was to define the scientific criteria for assigning species to a given category of threat in the famous Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
When the list came into use in the 1960s, it was drawn up on the sole basis of experts’ subjective recommendations. This was before Mace stepped in during the late 1980s early 1990s, coordinating the effort to define ecological parameters that would indicate a relatively high risk of species extinction; factors like “population size, the rate at which the population is declining, area of distribution and the extent to which this area is fragmented,” explained Mace herself on the phone yesterday after hearing of the award.
The Red List was adopted as a yardstick for conservation policies in 2005, and now includes information on 90,000 species.
After her work on the Red List, Mace turned her research attention to the concept of “ecosystem services,” an area where the two laureates’ interests overlap. “One of the reasons that we worry about species going extinct is that the wellbeing of many people worldwide depends on having natural communities of species interacting and ecosystems functioning in a relatively robust way,” says Mace. For without functioning natural systems, “human societies would definitely lose out on benefits that we now take for granted.”
Mace refers here not only to the evident monetary value of services like pollination or natural pest control, but also “value in the broadest sense, that is, the net contribution to human wellbeing.” This means factoring in aesthetic and cultural values, as well as the benefits for our physical and mental health.
Of course there are biodiversity services, Mace admits, that we cannot do without. Services like nutrient cycling or the water cycle “are fundamental processes of the Earth system, and without them life itself would not be possible. So in a sense they have infinite value.”
Nature enters the equation
Daily has made this concept of ecosystem services the basis of an innovative instrument for conservation decision-making: a software program called InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) that allows the value of the goods provided by nature to be factored in decision-making, and is now in use by organizations in 185 countries.
InVEST compares different environmental scenarios to provide an understanding of the real cost – including all consequences – of draining a wetland or removing the mangrove cover along a coast. The open-source software is free to access and has been developed with experts in multiple areas – including social sciences and economics – under the aegis of the Natural Capital Project co-founded by Daily. The Natural Capital project works with over 250 research groups and collaborators around the world.
As an example of an InVEST user, Daily points to China. Since deforestation caused severe flooding in the late 1980s, the country has spent huge sums on reforesting and restoring vast tracts of land, with resource allocation guided by InVEST.
For Daily, “a key question is how we can switch over to inclusive, green development, so that we secure people and nature and create a future in which the two can thrive.”
“Both Georgina and I have worked to help decision-makers understand and implement science-based policies,” she continues. “The goal is to bring nature’s values into our formal decision-making, in order to protect it.”
Despite the scale of the challenge, both laureates are clear that we cannot give in to despair: “Conserving world nature is not a luxury, it is a necessity,” Mace affirms. “People have developed and evolved by building an intimate relationship with nature, and it is not at all clear that we can survive and thrive on a changing planet unless we take that relationship seriously. The good news is that all the analyses suggest we have the scientific tools necessary to reverse the current biodiversity crisis.”
“We all, as individuals and a society, depend utterly on nature for almost every aspect of our survival, wellbeing and happiness,” Daily concurs. “If we consider what Earth looks like from outer space, it’s that tiny blueish sphere in the deep black cosmos. It’s the only place we know of with life, and it’s life that has created the conditions that allow people to thrive.” | <urn:uuid:c2158614-416e-485b-8521-656bcd801d24> | {
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The national conference of the National Science Teachers Association is huge. With workshops and special sessions, you could spend almost a week filling your brain (and free tote bag!) with amazing resources.
Here are just a few of the resources I picked up that seemed particularly helpful (with many apologies to all the great-looking sessions and workshops I didn’t get to!).
NGSS is Here… Now What?
Vanessa Lujan from the Lawrence Hall of Science at UC Berkeley presented an overview of essentials to getting started with NGSS implementation. What students need, she said, is a “steady diet of coherent science curriculum.” But how do you get there?
- A vision statement–because “if you don’t know where you’re going, any road will get you there” (see an example here.)
- Know where you’re starting from (this gives you data to guide decision making and to make an argument for what you’re doing to board members, parents, funders, etc.)
- Leaders at all levels: a science leadership team should be a vertical slice through your school district, including administrators as well as teachers
- Curriculum to ensure consistent and high-quality instruction for all
- Professional development
- Supportive community, buy-in, and external partners like museums or companies, plus communication through newsletters, social media, etc. (and don’t forget to ask those organizations how they’re going to address NGSS with their programs)
- Resources for all of these are available here.
While we’re at it, let’s talk about assessments. Are summative assessments a thing of the past? Some teachers think so–and feel that formative assessments should not just take their place, but help foster a growth mindset in addition to guiding teachers’ teaching. (Although, they caution, making the switch is about incremental change.) Formative assessments can be low-tech (paper or whiteboards) or high tech (tablets/iPads/etc.); either way, there are many free resources to help you, including:
Equity for Universal Access in STEM Education
It’s never easy to have difficult conversations about sensitive subjects like discrimination, race and racism, disabilities, gender and access. And in the current political climate, it’s probably more difficult and more necessary than ever to have them.
Add to that the crisis of inclusiveness of K-12 STEM education, persistent achievement gaps, and the lack of a coherent assessment system. Oh, and the demise of elementary science that has a ripple effect up the STEM pipeline. What’s one teacher to do?
NSTA’s Committee on Multicultural/Equity in Science Education has your back! Director Jerry Valadez advises students to find a support network and start adopting strategies known to be successful (such as the 5 E’s) and best practices (check out the free education research from the National Academies). There are resources available to help you learn how to become an advocate for STEM education and equity, build alliances and help students reach their potential. The NSTA is a great place to start!
There are also regional networks and organizations (which may or may not be STEM-specific, for example, Teachers For Social Justice). Workshops and training can help you move forward identifying barriers, developing an equity plan and leading or helping to lead change. Valadez also urges teachers to get on Donors Choose.
Science and Literacy
Elementary school science content has to compete for time and resources with math and language arts–or does it? Elementary science can be integrated with and support students’ learning of math and language, and vice versa (more about science through literacy here).
Science notebooks are a great way for students to learn science, math, and/or language at the same time (here’s one overview of science notebooks). Interactive journals, e-portfolios, and technical writing are other strategies.
A shared language model emphasizes linking words, meanings and concepts to experiences–with the experience coming first. Students have a wide variety of backgrounds. Not all kids will know what a tractor really is, and not all kids will associate “mother” with “love” or “fresh baked cookies.” Meanings and concepts shift as kids gain more and new experiences. Designing Effective Science Instruction (check out a free chapter here).
Speaking of climate change, several sessions devoted to teaching–or even just talking about–climate change in the classroom overflowed. Presenter Joseph Levine made the point that, while science might be inherently political, it shouldn’t be partisan.
He also argued that teachers need to equip students to make intelligent decisions knowing they’ll never have the absolute truth. Information is changing all the time. What students need is the ability to parse that information and understand that science is about confidence limits.
Many great resources for teaching and talking about climate change are available from the National Center for Science Education and from Anthropocene. Two analogies useful for teaching climate change are Spaceship Earth and ecological footprints.
Maker Spaces both in and out of school have the potential to change how students think about science and themselves as well as changing how teachers perceive their students. Presenter Colby Tofel-Grehl made the case that maker spaces disrupt the typical environment of “who is good at science” because different skills are valued–for example, sewable circuits require some basic sewing skills. A student not typically “good at science” could excel at sewable circuits and find a new route to confidence and mastery in STEM subjects. Check out Tofel-Grehl’s research on the difference maker spaces can have on student engagement with STEM.
Resources! Resources! Resources!
- The Learning Center: NSTA is working to provide a place for teachers to connect with each other and find resources at their online learning center. Don’t forget to make a free account to access hundreds of free resources! (Certain NSTA memberships will get to access to even more resources, including ebooks; check into district memberships!)
- Language, Literacy and Learning in the Content Areas from Stanford
- Get students started with design thinking
- Crossing Borders in Literacy and Science Instruction: Perspectives on Theory and Practice by Wendy Saul
- Robots! Competitions! Teamwork! Engineering! Failure!
- Activities and animal information from the National Wildlife Federation, publishers of Ranger Rick Jr magazine.
- K-12 Resources from the National Library of Medicine
- PBSLearningMedia.org It’s PBS! And it’s all free!
- And KQED brings you free self-paced courses
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute always has a ton of free resources available, including many high-quality videos you can download from their website. Check out HHMI’s BioInteractive.
- The Cornell Lab of Ornithology has many resources and projects, including Bird Sleuth, Feeder Watch, the Great Backyard Bird Count and courses for educators (some free, some not). Their bird bingo activity can be used to teach observation and inquiry skills and you can use it with real bird or with photos!
- Educational resources from NOAA, opportunities for educators and resources from the National Centers for Climate Information
And lots and lots of resources from NASA:
- NASA’s Education Express mailing list
- STEM Professional Development from NASA and the LBJ Institute for STEM Education and Research:
- STEM Educator Professional Development Collaborative
- NASA for Educators
- Digital Badging System
- The Jet Propulsion Lab’s education website
- JPL’s Educator Resource Center
- Infiniscope – games and apps to use in the classroom
- Microgravity University for Teachers
- Engineering in the classroom
- “Teachable Moments” brings science teachers current science news, explained with suggested lessons
- Tours of JPL!
Were you at NSTA? Tell us what awesome sessions you attended or free resources that belong on this list!
Links are not necessarily endorsements; the author has not reviewed all of the above resources. No links are paid advertisements or affiliate links (full disclosure: author scooped up lots of freebies in the expo hall).
For more, see:
- A Science Program That Goes Beyond the Lab
- Science Assessments Under NGSS: What Can We Expect?
- Four Key Ingredients For The Teacher PD Revolution
Stay in-the-know with all things EdTech and innovations in learning by signing up to receive the weekly Smart Update. | <urn:uuid:2a470a51-7084-4b5f-82b6-08a511f137be> | {
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Recycled CRT Panel Glass as an Energy Reducing Fluxing Body Additive in Heavy Clay Construction Products
Approximately 105,000 tonnes of waste CRT glass is available annually; this project set out to investigate the potential use of the panel glass ie the lead-free glass. It was proposed to:
- Investigate the potential benefits of using CRT panel glass as fluxing body additive (following on from a previous WRAP-funded brick industry project)
- Undertake testing to assess the blending potential for CRT panel glass with mixed colour container glass
This report specifically covers the results of the laboratory testing undertaken by Glass Technology Services. The project was originally designed for trials of the manufacturing processes; however the project was terminated before the trials could be completed so evaluation of the benefits of the use of CRT glass as a fluxing additive still needs to be undertaken in a full scale production environment. | <urn:uuid:113f6ddd-21e7-4c69-9275-01b7f01f6630> | {
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Table of content
Content writing is a form of online writing which is closely linked to web marketing campaigns. This means creating the writing which appears on websites that are designed to sell or promote a specific product. Content writers work according to the brief provided fby a client. This brief will define their task and any SEO related requirements, such as keyword density. The job of the Content Writer is to turn this brief into a finished product which becomes part of the target webpage. Content is distinct from journalism or conventional copywriting in that it is designed to achieve prominence on the web, and must be tailored for this purpose.
About Content Writing
Content writing is almost always related to SEO marketing campaigns. It will involve writing tightly focused texts that include a set of keywords or phrases that have been researched by marketers. High quality content will ensure that these keywords appear in the right density. The text will also be fluently written, clear and able to promote the product being described. The quality of the content produced also needs to be high. Poor quality content is less likely to achieve a high search engine ranking, meaning that the webpage in question will not be read by a large number of potential customers. The skills required for content writing are varied. They include the ability to write fluently and persuasively on a range of subjects while integrating keywords without losing readability.
Article Writing Definition
Article writing is the process of creating a non-fiction text about current or recent news, items of general interest or specific topics. They are published in print formats, such as newspapers and magazines, or online. Some styles of blogs are written in article format and encyclopedias are collections of articles gathered in one volume. Articles can either present their topics directly or in a balanced debate format. Content may describe places, people and events, present academic research and results, or provide an analysis of news events and academic papers. Articles can also contain photographs, data and statistics presented in different formats, as well as eyewitness accounts and interviews. Articles should be objective and only contain facts from verifiable sources.
About article writing
Article writing is a skill which needs to be practiced. Constraints of length and word number are often present which that article writing needs to be focused, with its important message presented succinctly. Most articles commence with a short, eye-catching heading, designed to grab the reader’s attention and give a clue to the content. The first paragraph should present an overview of the article and contain its most important points. This is especially so when writing for magazines and newspapers, as any edits made for space constraints are taken from the latter part of texts. The article’s body will provide further information and its conclusion should sum up the main points and possibly clarify the writer’s opinion on the topic if relevant.
Technical Writing Definition
Technical writing involves communicating in a clear, efficient way about a technical or industry-specific subject in detail and with reliable accuracy. The main purpose of a piece of technical writing will be to direct, instruct or explain with regard to the subject matter, and it should serve as an expert source of information. Technical write-ups are based on solid research and need to be 100% accurate in conveying technical information/data. Good technical writing uses the specialist terminology and vocabulary form the given field, which demonstrates that the source is an expert, authoritative voice on the topic. The Society for Technical Communication is a comprehensive source of information on the subject of technical writing and communications.
Examples of Technical Writing
The umbrella-term technical writing covers a wide range of text-types:
- User manuals and operation guides (e.g. for software programs or equipment)
- Research and case study write-ups
- Summaries and report (e.g. of legal cases or medical experiment/procedures)
- Business proposals
- Technological marketing communications and articles for trade publications (e.g. informative (sales-oriented) articles about a technical product)
- Training manuals (e.g. company policies, standard operating procedures)
- Certain white papers | <urn:uuid:de3fc989-2cc0-4b34-83de-f4ac724ed53f> | {
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Vestibular Neuronitis and Viral Labyrinthitis
Viral infections are the cause of dizziness in about 5% of cases and affect all age groups. They create inflammation of both the inner ear (labyrinthitis) and the nerve connecting the inner ear to the brain (neuronitis). Frequently an upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection may precede the dizziness by up to two weeks. Initially there may be severe vertigo aggravated by movement of the head. Nausea may be present. The symptoms improve over a couple of days though there may be some dizziness for another few weeks or so. Hearing loss may accompany labryinthitis though not neuronitis.
Medications may be given to control the symptoms until the virus has run its course. If the infection is due to a herpes virus, specific antiviral medications may be used. Antibiotics may also be given in cases of acute labyrinthitis especially if bacterial involvement is suspected.
As Barbara has learned, the diagnosis of dizziness can be challenging as the symptoms are often vague and may be caused by a variety of problems. Treatment, however, is available. So if you ever get an attack of dizziness, take a “spin”…over to your doctor.
Vestibular Rehabilitation Program
What is vestibular rehabilitation?
- A non-invasive approach for patients with vestibular and balance disorders.
- A systematic, individually designed regimen of exercises and activities that address the unique needs of individual patients.
What problems benefit from therapy?
- Persistant vertigo
- Positional vertigo
- History of falls
- Motion sensitivity
- Headache, stiff neck
- Visual motion disturbances
- Blurred vision
- Poor balance
What are the goals of therapy?
- Decrease frequency, intensity, and duration of vertigo
- Decrease related symptoms such as headache, nausea, and lightheadedness
- Improve balance
- Increase independence in daily life
- Develop compensatory strategies for coping with dizziness, disequilibrium, and anxiety
- Musculoskeletal function
- Independence in basic self-care skills and other daily life tasks.
What are typical diagnoses?
- Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
- Vestibular neuronitis
- Chronic vestibulopathy
What kind of rehabilitation is done?
- Habituation head exercises
- Liberatory maneuvers for positional vertigo
- Balance retraining
- Safety training and other mobility skills
- Training in activities of daily living | <urn:uuid:5e41823e-72eb-45f4-931a-37cdfe508f8a> | {
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Fort Walton Beach in Okaloosa County, Florida — The American South (South Atlantic)
Indianola Inn, An Indian Midden Mound, and Civil War Cannons
The Indianola Inn, the second hotel in this area, was built on this midden mound in 1912 – the only structure ever permitted to do so. The inn burned in 1962, but the steps, foundation parts, and well head have been preserved. The inn had been condemned several days prior to the fire and the owners were to be notified the day after the fire. In 1927 the rate for staying at the inn was $25.00 per week including all meals, the use of a boat and guest services. The inn’s original owners were Mrs. Mary Frances Brooks Pryor and her husband. Mrs. Pryor’s father, John Thomas Brooks built the first hotel in the area, Brooks House, and later sold it leaving the Indianola Inn the only Brooks family hotel. Out of respect for the archeological significance of the mound the developers of the Indianola on the Water Condominium
Artifacts such as animal and fish bones, pottery, eating utensils, and arrows were uncovered during an extensive 2005 archeological study conducted prior to the start of the condominium project. It is believed upper middle class Indians lived here, but there have never been any confirmed human bone findings. A button found in 1966 was attributed to a soldier of the Fort Walton Guard, commanded by Confederate Captain William McPherson. During the Civil War he used the cannon and this site to protect “The Narrows” of Santa Rosa Sound where it enters Choctawatchee Bay. At that time, the land extended several hundred yards farther into the
Erected 2006 by NWEC Development and Florida Department of State. (Marker Number F-569.)
Location. 30° 24.15′ N, 86° 36.496′ W. Marker is in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, in Okaloosa County. Marker can be reached from Brooks Street 0.1 miles east of Miracle Strip Parkway SE (U.S. 98). Indian Mound located behind the Indianola Condominiums Touch for map. Marker is at or near this postal address: 113 Brooks Street SE, Fort Walton Beach FL 32548, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 6 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Okaloosa County Desert Storm Memorial (about 600 feet away, measured in a direct line); Fort Walton (about 600 feet away); Preserving and Protecting the Mound (about 800 feet away); XM-800 Armored Reconnaisance Scout Vehicle (approx. 5.1 miles away); AGM-28 Hound Dog Missile (approx. 5.2 miles away); B-52 Stratofortress (approx. 5.2 miles away); SR-71 Blackbird (approx. 5.2 miles away); MH-53M Pave Low IV (approx. 5.2 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Fort Walton Beach.
Also see . . . Florida Public Archaeology Network page showing the sidewalk and stairs mentioned. (Submitted on October 29, 2016, by Mark Hilton of Montgomery, Alabama.)
Categories. • Native Americans • Notable Places • War, US Civil •
More. Search the internet for Indianola Inn, An Indian Midden Mound, and Civil War Cannons.
Credits. This page was last revised on October 30, 2016. This page originally submitted on October 29, 2016, by Mark Hilton of Montgomery, Alabama. This page has been viewed 289 times since then. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. submitted on October 29, 2016, by Mark Hilton of Montgomery, Alabama. | <urn:uuid:9de6a6d3-1850-4dfd-bf25-5ca5131a37cc> | {
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There's no question that midcentury modern style is trending throughout the design world right now. The question is, what is midcentury modern style? Midcentury design generally refers to the time period of about the 1940s to 1960s. It was a culturally eclectic era, bursting with creative expression in art, design, music, and fashion, and when it comes to decor, we're currently in the midst of a revival. If your next design project calls for midcentury modern style, include the following elements to be a smashing success.
Low profiles inside and out
Have you ever noticed that almost all midcentury homes are single story? More than that, many of them have hidden levels of interior elevation (or more accurately, descent) — little sets of three to four steps that make the interior profile of the house even lower than it appears to be from the outside. Many midcentury homes include sunken rooms (check out the pillowy seating area in the photo above). But the open-concept floor plans of which we are so fond in this modern day mean making adjustments to the up-and-down floor-heights found in classic midcentury designs (which tend to make houses feel compartmentalized). Midcentury modern style homes still like keeping things low (particularly seating options), but prefer creating one large sunken room (including areas for cooking, dining, and seating) by having the small set of steps wrap all the way around the sunken area.
Brightly polished metal fixtures supporting oversized spherical lights are among the most easily recognizable design elements of midcentury style. It's no surprise that they're a staple of midcentury modern style, as they add a glamorous dash of panache to decor while providing illumination. Go-tos include hanging globe pendants, spherical ceiling sconces, and of course the iconic Arco lamp.
Oh, so many textures. The midcentury period of design was highly tactile with its textiles: velvet, crushed velvet, corduroy, leather, even fur (and who could forget about mohair) featured frequently — and even simultaneously — in midcentury decor. Midcentury modern style holds on to the practice of mixing textured textiles, but does so on a much more minimalist scale. Midcentury modern chairs in particular are having their (second) moment in the sun right now, upholstered in a variety of textured textiles. Full shag carpeting is a cleaning nightmare though, so as fun as that particular midcentury texture might have been, for the most part you'll only find area rugs in midcentury modern style homes (which usually nix carpeting altogether).
Form and function meet with modular furniture that's easy to rearrange. The aesthetically pleasing clean lines of modular furniture are mostly associated with the '60s, but it's had some serious staying power, and it won't be going away anytime soon. While we see modular furniture used in offices the world over, it's also a key component of midcentury modern style in the home, and it isn't hard to see why. Modular furniture offers simple, clean, stylish storage solutions like the cabinets pictured above, by Dutch company Eijerkamp.
Thankfully our modern foray into midcentury style takes a conservative approach rather than diving headlong into earth tones. So unlike grandma's house, when you walk into a midcentury modern style home you won't be inundated with pumpkiny oranges, pea soup greens, and mustardy yellows all in the same room. Modern homes add some depth to the midcentury earth tone color palette, with rustier oranges, more olive than pea greens and sunnier (and subtler) yellows. Midcentury modern style will often stick to a primarily neutral color palette, using earth tones in soft or muted hues for color accents. Try out your earth tone color palette on a simple midcentury dining set.
Inset stone and glass fireplaces
Midcentury style gave rise to the bachelor pad, and while we may have gotten rid of the cheesy lava lamps, we've kept the classic lighting of the midcentury fireplace. Glass and stone building materials are perfect for accentuating the modern in a midcentury style fireplace. And despite the old-school style, these are almost exclusively modern, gas-lit fireplaces, in case you were wondering — so save that bundle of firewood for a more traditional residence. | <urn:uuid:86376672-9eae-4364-b295-07195f3638be> | {
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Confederate Battle Flag
Place of Honor
Confederate Battle Flag – what is its’ significance in the history of the Confederacy and America? Should anti-Southern history – and yes, even American history – politicians, special interest groups and ordinary people be allowed to effect its removal from public display? Why not just replace the Confederate Battle Flag with the white flag and make many people, especially the Washington spineless, whining, always-unhappy-about-something 1subspecies (PC politicians) crowd, happy? This would also include all the peripheral hangers-on who are always agitating for one thing or another to benefit themselves. Upon achieving one goal they are on to another. Never satisfied! I have a strong opinion on the flag subject. I feel that the people clamoring for its’ removal or replacement are more guilty of the charge they are making – racism – than are those they are charging. My understanding is that many blacks also fought for the Confederacy under that flag.
Many people died on the battlefield under that Confederate Battle Flag. People who had nothing to gain, no matter which way the war went, but were caught up in its prosecution much as those prior to, and of, the World Wars and subsequent ones. They answered the call of their government, many with no choice. It was their time to fight for a cause outside their realm of control.
As an illustration of the above circumstances, I was a member of the National Guard in 1961 when the Berlin wall was erected. On October 1, 1961, while on the way home from work, I heard on the car radio that we, my National Guard unit, were to report for duty that night. On Oct 11, 1961, 10 days after mobilization, we arrived at Fort Hood, Texas (leaving family, jobs, and friends behind), and started preparations for deployment to Germany by Dec 15. We were assigned as III Corps communications unit for the 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions – my Specialty was cryptography. We were all volunteers with the Guard (state controlled), and the unit had been transferred from state control to regular Army.
At that time, after living through the Second World War (too young to participate) and knowing the History of the Germans and much of their behavior during the war, I could not have cared less about what happened to them, I felt that they deserved just about anything bad that occurred. However, we and some 500,000 more mobilized along with us, were expected to stand up against Russia on behalf of the Germans where, in my opinion, there was a population guilty of many atrocities and war crimes due to their active participation in Hitler’s war machine. We had no choice in the campaign – it was decreed by politicians, in our case, John F. Kennedy and the Russian leader at that time. Years later an article appeared in the local newspaper that the whole event was a ruse to protect the Russian leader from critical events occurring in Russia regarding his leadership. We were pawns in a political game over which we had no control and no obvious personal gain or choice. We were duped, and so was the American public. But we were blindly committed to potential battle under the United States of America Flag by politicians. Many returned home with financial and other problems.
And now, the spineless, gutless politicians and others in Carolina and elsewhere are ready to cave on a flag representing the courageous Confederate soldiers, both black and white, who answered their call to duty. The call to duty was made by their government. This was their time and place in American history, no matter the merits of the fight or their understanding of it. It is my opinion that few had potential gain from the campaign. Those who had wealth in their holdings before the Civil War lost it all. Families were destroyed and future generations, on both sides, were eliminated. They were all called and committed to give their all. Abraham Lincoln was no Hero. The Confederate Battle Flag should be allowed to stand in public places of honor in honor and testament to those who fought under it – they gave their all!
1A subset of the species “Politician.”
2Species. A class of individuals or objects grouped by virtue of their common attributes and assigned a common name; a division subordinate to a genus.
1,2The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language; William Morris, Editor; Published by: Houghton Mifflin Company. Copyright 1969, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1976. | <urn:uuid:9f8ebe8a-8dfe-4a84-9fe1-e4b4a3c7eadd> | {
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When comparisons begin to happen in primary school regarding reading levels, this can lead to a child feeling inadequate compared to other students in their class.
With any child, whether in primary or high school, I remind them that the true measure of success is whether you are improving, not if you are the best in the class or not.
A very effective technique I have been using for more than 15 years for improving a child’s reading ability and fluency, is also very simple. I recommend trying the following.
After reading one or two sentences, ask them to go back to the beginning and read again. Any word they didn’t know how to read is corrected and then they are immediately asked to go back to the beginning. This sends a message to the brain that the reading of the words is not a preference but a necessity to get right.
Also, the greatest threat to memory, especially with a child learning to read, is time. By going back to the beginning after each sentence or two, the brain recognises the words easier and reading fluency increases.
As they complete reading of the first page, continue the process on the second page. When going back to the first page, only focus on the words they weren’t confident with, to begin with, or didn’t know how to read, rather than reading the whole page again. Before finishing up their 10-15 minutes of reading (I wouldn’t focus on the number of pages read), ask them to do one straight reading of the pages they got through.
When you pick up where you left off the next time they read, I recommend they do a read through of the pages they covered the previous day before repeating the process the following day.
After doing the process, your child will be reading faster and understand why the process works. You can also make a game out of it by timing them on how fast they can read the page. (you can do a timing before the process and after so they get a sense of pride from their achievement).
At InFlow Education, this is how we rapidly improve the reading confidence and fluency in all our students. The ability to read faster, gives us back our greatest resource, time.
Try it and see for yourself what it does for your child.
With many schools and some tutoring businesses offering “Homework Clubs”, I have been asked by many people what the difference is and also how we, at InFlow Education, go about our Maths, English, Science and NAPLAN tutoring.
Homework clubs, as the name suggests, is about getting assistance with homework due at school in the ensuing days. As you are already aware, every student in a class gets the same homework, but not every student gets the same results. This is where tutoring is different.
I can’t speak for other tutoring businesses but for InFlow Education, tutoring means implementing our holistic system, to complement patient and caring tutors, who often take on a mentoring role for students by being awesome role models.
There are amazing high school teachers doing an awesome job, are well-liked by their students and some of our students say that about their teachers. However, prior to attending a free trial lesson with us, they still weren’t getting the results, even with an amazing teacher at school.
Having been a high school teacher, both fulltime and casual, for the past 16 years, I know the teacher you have at school is not the decisive factor in better school results.
This is why I developed the InFlow Education system for success. It involves ensuring a student is motivated, organised with a weekly schedule programmed in their phone, being responsible and committing to a weekly study habit. To take students’ results to another level, we also teach a study smarter technique and exam techniques, which are explained in detail in my book, Teenage Zen – a simple path to academic success and inner peace.
When a student ticks off each box on our system to success, they improve every time. I’m not just talking about improvement in results. There are noticeable improvements in self-confidence, resilience, social skills and optimism for their future. Whilst these aren’t given a grade in school reports, all are critical to life-long success.
If all your child is looking for is a bit of help with homework rather than wanting to improve results, then a homework club or home tutor is your best option.
If you want your child to learn a system for predictable results and want possible coaching and programs to help your child love who they are, do a job they love and live an inspired life, take the first step by contacting us for a free, no obligation 15-20-minute meeting with me.
Within the short meeting, you will know exactly where your child is in relation to our system to success and if a homework club or tutoring or workshops or life coaching with me is the best next step. Even if that means it is not with InFlow Education, I want to help as many young people on the path to loving who they are and finding a career they can love. | <urn:uuid:2f96ee93-ee6a-4dcd-98cd-a3c8416ea211> | {
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Forty-seven Ronin, Jap. Chushingura, group of Japanese samurai who avenged the disgrace and seppuku (suicide) of their master, Lord Asano, in 1703 by assassinating Lord Kira, the official responsible for his death. After a year of debate at all levels of society, the ronin (masterless samurai) committed seppuku as they had been ordered. They have since been regarded as great cultural heroes who embody the virtue of loyalty and are celebrated in traditional tales and a number of works of art. These include a popular 18th-century drama by Chikamatsu Monzaemon ; 19th-century Japanese prints; films by Kinugasa Teinosuke (1932), Mizoguchi Kenji (1942), and Hiroshi Inagaki (1962); modern stage and television plays; and, in the West, a dramatic adaptation ( The Faithful ) by John Masefield .
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Japanese History | <urn:uuid:d5471497-d5fd-4626-ad82-f30784caf744> | {
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Podcasting Libraries Provide Content For Learning In Non-Traditional Ways
Podcasting can offer a lot to people that are interested in sharing audio and video content over the Internet and by taking advantage of RSS, there is a lot there for both podcaster and listener. In order to make the podcasting more effective and letting the content become more widely available, podcasting libraries can help and there are, in fact, quite a few numbers of them that are at present podcasting and also providing select podcast resources.
Beyond Customary Websites
Today, podcasting libraries need to find ways of communications that are not only new, but which will also help them to communicate with patrons beyond the customary websites. Podcasting libraries will be able to disseminate information in a more unique manner than blogs because of the greater portability that podcasting offers, and it is easy to upload podcasts to MP3 players that in turn will provide listening pleasure wherever you happen to be and whenever you want to listen in.
It is thus not uncommon to find that podcasting libraries have podcasts that offer news about the library and even information pertaining to other campus activities, and if you are also in need of finding description about library resources, you could turn to the library's podcast which will inform you about how to use the library. It is also not that uncommon for podcasting libraries to have full-length radio shows that have everything from library news, interviews with members of the faculty as well as other tidbits to do with life on the campus that would interest students.
In fact, podcasting libraries are get the active participation of patrons who will be asked to develop creative content for them and making of radio shows and even movies are something that the younger students really like. Also, with a library, there are also ideal lab settings where content can be created in a more constructive and creative manner and it provides many young podcasters with the ability and space to develop their content, while benefiting the library by it getting content that markets the library itself.
Podcasting libraries are also a wonderful format for educators who can fill the library with content such as lectures that can be played at any time as well as from different media that has access to an MP3 player. It also helps to enrich the education of the students and is wonderfully helpful for those who wish to learn in a non-traditional manner. Since people learn better with auditory lessons, the podcasting libraries are a great source for them and it beats having to pour over pages of notes anytime. | <urn:uuid:3228e1f7-f308-4609-87d0-b9b7da90134b> | {
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What is Mental Accounting?
Mental accounting refers to the different values people place on money, based on subjective criteria, that often has detrimental results. Mental accounting is a concept in the field of behavioral economics. Developed by economist Richard H. Thaler, it contends that individuals classify funds differently and therefore are prone to irrational decision-making in their spending and investment behavior.
- Mental accounting, a behavioral economics concept introduced in 1999 by Nobel Prize-winning economist Richard Thaler, refers to the different values people place on money, based on subjective criteria, that often has detrimental results.
- Mental accounting often leads people to make irrational investment decisions and behave in financially counterproductive or detrimental ways, such as funding a low-interest savings account while carrying large credit card balances.
- To avoid the mental accounting bias, individuals should treat money as perfectly fungible when they allocate among different accounts, be it a budget account (everyday living expenses), a discretionary spending account, or a wealth account (savings and investments).
Understanding Mental Accounting
Richard Thaler, currently a professor of economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, introduced mental accounting in his 1999 paper "Mental Accounting Matters," which appeared in the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. He begins with this definition: "Mental accounting is the set of cognitive operations used by individuals and households to organize, evaluate, and keep track of financial activities." The paper is rich with examples of how mental accounting leads to irrational spending and investment behavior.
Underlying the theory is the concept of fungibility of money. To say money is fungible means that, regardless of its origins or intended use, all money is the same. To avoid the mental accounting bias, individuals should treat money as perfectly fungible when they allocate among different accounts, be it a budget account (everyday living expenses), a discretionary spending account, or a wealth account (savings and investments).
They also should value a dollar the same whether it is earned through work or given to them. However, Thaler observed that people frequently violate the fungibility principle, especially in a windfall situation. Take a tax refund. Getting a check from the IRS is generally regarded as "found money," something extra that the recipient often feels free to spend on a discretionary item. But in fact, the money rightfully belonged to the individual in the first place, as the word "refund" implies, and is mainly a restoration of money (in this case, an over-payment of tax), not a gift. Therefore, it should not be treated as a gift, but rather viewed in much the same way that the individual would view their regular income.
Richard Thaler won the 2017 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work in identifying individuals' irrational behavior in economic decisions.
Example of Mental Accounting
Individuals don't realize the mental accounting line of thinking seems to make sense, but is in fact highly illogical. For instance, some people keep a special “money jar” or similar fund set aside for a vacation or a new home, while at the same time carrying substantial credit card debt. They are likely to treat the money in this special fund differently from the money that is being used to pay down debt, in spite of the fact that diverting funds from the debt repayment process increases interest payments, thereby reducing their total net worth.
Broken down further, it’s illogical (and, in fact, detrimental) to maintain a savings jar that earns little or no interest while simultaneously holding credit-card debt that accrues double-digit figures annually. In many cases, the interest on this debt will erode any interest you could earn in a savings account. Individuals in this scenario would be best off using the funds they have saved in the special account to pay off the expensive debt before it accumulates any further.
Put in this way, the solution to this problem seems straightforward. Nonetheless, many people do not behave in this way. The reason has to do with the type of personal value that individuals place on particular assets. Many people feel, for example, that money saved for a new house or a child’s college fund is simply “too important” to relinquish, even if doing so would be the most logical and beneficial move. So the practice of maintaining money in a low- or no-interest account while also carrying outstanding debt remains common.
Professor Thaler made a cameo appearance in the movie The Big Short to explain the "hot hand fallacy" as it applied to synthetic collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) during the housing bubble prior to the 2007-2008 financial crisis.
Mental Accounting in Investing
People also tend to experience the mental accounting bias in investing as well. For instance, many investors divide their assets between safe portfolios and speculative ones on the premise that they can prevent the negative returns from speculative investments from impacting the total portfolio. In this case, the difference in net wealth is zero, regardless of whether the investor holds multiple portfolios or one larger portfolio. The only discrepancy in these two situations is the amount of time and effort the investor takes to separate out the portfolios from one another.
Mental accounting often leads investors to make irrational decisions. Borrowing from Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky's groundbreaking theory on loss aversion, Thaler offers this example. An investor owns two stocks: one with a paper gain, the other with a paper loss. The investor needs to raise cash and must sell one of the stocks. Mental accounting is biased toward selling the winner even though selling the loser is usually the rational decision, due to tax loss benefits as well as the fact that the losing stock is a weaker investment. The pain of realizing a loss is too much for the investor to bear, so the investor sells the winner to avoid that pain. This is the loss aversion effect that can lead investors astray with their decisions. | <urn:uuid:59c57395-590f-4127-bdb6-d514bb0606f4> | {
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China Oolong Tea
Oolong (simplified Chinese: 乌龙) is a traditional Chinese tea (Camellia sinensis) produced through a unique process including withering under the strong sun and oxidation before curling and
twisting. In terms of degree of fermentation, it can range from 8%to 85%, depending on the variety and production style. The popularity of this tea category is closely tied to tea
connoisseurs of south China and Chinese expatriates in Southeast Asia, and the tea preparation process that originated from this area: gongfu tea-making, or the gongfu tea infusion
In Chinese tea culture, semi-oxidised oolong teas are collectively grouped as qīngchá (Chinese: 青茶; literally "blue-green tea"). The taste of oolong ranges hugely amongst various sub-varieties.It can be sweet and fruity with honey aromas, or woody and thick with roasted aromas, or green and fresh with bouquet aromas, all depending on the horticulture and style of production.
More Information Please visit "CHINA OOLONG TEA" | <urn:uuid:c9fb958a-09e7-49dc-a365-85eca82f2711> | {
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Divorcing couples may sometimes be unaware of the impact their divorce can have on their children. Some simple pointers concerning how to talk young children during divorce can be helpful. It is important to explain the divorce process in straightforward and simple terms to young children. When approaching young children, parents should carefully explain how the divorce will impact them.
Parents can explain to children that instead of one house, set of toys and set of clothes, the children will now live in two houses with each of their parents separately and will have two sets of toys and clothes, one at each house. It is important to prepare children for what to expect and to prepare them for the permanency of the change. Preparing children in advance for the reality of the changes associated with divorce is the best approach when discussing the divorce process with young children.
It is important to reassure children, as well, that neither parent is leaving them but that the living arrangements will be different. Similarly, it is important to maintain routines the children are familiar with and important that they know their daily schedules. It is helpful to provide schedule reminders. During the divorce process, children need comfort and providing information, even to young children, proactively can help them through the process.
Understanding the divorce and child custody process, and what to expect, can help prepare parents for the process so they can provide as much certainty for their children as possible throughout it. It is important not to allow emotions to dominate the process or to dominate when providing explanations to young children and the more parents understand what is happening, the better explanations they will be able to provide for their children.
Source: Huffington Post, "5 Steps to Cover When Going Through a Divorce With a Toddler," Natasha Daniels, Sept. 30, 2015 | <urn:uuid:42e25bb3-8fc5-408b-a5f9-5e988a10f628> | {
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Special Fruit by the Foot project helps students absorb work of mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius
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Please help us as we prepare each day for the safe dismissal of over 200 children, in 10 minutes, by following these procedures:
Students researched and created fictional identities based upon “Who’s Who of the Late 19th Century”
Presentation made at Johnstown High School by College of St. Rose representative
Students and staff enjoy singing well-known festive tunes during Morning Program at Pleasant Avenue
Knox students recognized for their creativity in contest sponsored by The Friends of the Johnstown Public Library
There’s lots going on in the Knox Library – check out our Library Newsletter to learn more!
This page is maintained by the District Clerk according to Web publishing guidelines used by the Greater Johnstown School District. All rights reserved. This Web site was produced by the Capital Region BOCES Communications Service, Albany, NY © 2014.
Some files and features on this site require the Adobe Reader to view. | <urn:uuid:12ac03aa-5f40-4863-bc8d-fe5c573e8223> | {
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One of the gravest problems in the development of burn disease are infections that considerably impede wound healing and can lead to blood stream infection and sepsis, which, in turn, always poses a threat to life. The factors that precipitate infections in patients after thermal injuries feature decreased immunity, multiple entry points for both endo- and exogenous infections as well as multiple antibiotic drug resistance of microbes causing infections. The study encompassed 338 patients who were hospitalized immediately following the injury in the Burn Treatment Centre in Siemianowice Śląskie throughout the period 2003-2004. What was examined was the impact of the severity and type of burn, type of microbes involved and the interval to sepsis onset upon thermal injury patient’s survival prognosis. The subjects’ age ranged from 18 to 96 years of age (on average, 44 yrs). Among them were 66 women aged from19 to 96 years (on average, 46 yrs) and 272 men aged 18 to 80 years (on average, 42 yrs). All patients’ were found to manifest clinical symptoms of general infection. Based on the material examined, two groups of patients were identified with the first, A-165, containing patients with general infection and positive results of blood culture and the second, B- 173, including patients with blood infection and negative results of blood culture. In group A-106 (64,3 %) patients recovered while 59 (35,7 %) died. In group B -155 (89,6%) patients were cured whereas 18 (10,4%) died. Statistical analysis in both groups involved the severity of thermal injury as defined in terms of total percentage of body surface area - % of TBSA (total body surface area), the interval till the onset of clinical symptoms of blood infection, type of microbes isolated from blood and burn wound, the presence of homo- and heteronymous blood and burn wound infections as well as survival rate and death rate. Drawing on the results obtained, the following conclusions were put forth: 1.Sepsis may develop in patients with a deep thermal burn even below 30 % of TBSA. 2.The risk of death attributable to sepsis is higher if both body surface burns and respiratory tracts were involved simultaneously. 3.The risk of death is higher in the event of sepsis caused by Gram-negative rather than Gram-positive bacteria. 4.In patients after thermal injuries there is a heightened risk of death in case of sepsis within he first two weeks of injury. 5.Homonymous blood and burn wound infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii raises the risk of death from sepsis in patients after thermal injuries. | <urn:uuid:2e59b6c4-c681-46f0-867c-11bb14807c2f> | {
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A Stock Exchange is a marketplace for the purchase and sale of commercial goods like bonds, stocks, and securities. Modern exchanges have come to opt for electronic trading venues – dark pools, communication networks, etc. – in lieu of traditional floor, exchanges to save time and money. Buyers and sellers experience profit or loss in trading depending on whether the market is bull or bear, respectively.
Being the financial capital of the US, Wall Street is a deterministic force in the world economy. New York City houses two of the biggest stock exchanges in the world. The first, the New York Stock Exchange (founded 1792 and owned by Intercontinental Exchange) leads in trade value and has a capitalization of $19.223 trillion USD. The NYSE has borne witness to some prominent market events such as the 1929 Wall Street Crash, the 1997 mini-crash, and the 1987 Black Tuesday. The second major stock exchange, NASDAQ (founded 1971 and owned by NASDAQ Inc.) has a capitalization of $6.831 trillion USD and pioneered electronic systems in trading. Another stock market giant is TMX Group in Canada (founded 2008). With a capitalization of $ 1.939 trillion, it owns Montreal Exchange, NGX, TSX Alpha Exchange, among other notable exchanges.
In Asia, a prominent hub of trading is the Japan Exchange Group (founded 2013) with a capitalization of $4.485 trillion, the Shanghai Stock Exchange (founded 1904, the first stock exchange in China) with a market capitalization of $3.986 trillion, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange with a capitalization of $3.325 trillion, and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in China with a capitalization of $2.285 trillion. Witnessing some major events in trading, these still remain some of the major stock exchanges in the world.
Europe is also home to some major exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange in the UK (founded 1801; $6.187 trillion capitalizations), Euronext in the UK, Belgium, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands (founded 2000, $3.321 trillion capitalizations), and the Deutsche Borse AG in Germany (founded 1992; $1.762 trillion capitalization).
These exchange centers of the world act as a measuring stick of development and help predict the direction of national economic growth. The major exchanges fund development projects for economies worldwide, especially in developing nations whose stock exchanges are still in their growing phase. The growth of financial markets offers higher standards of living, employment opportunities, and also help fund the growth of other nations worldwide thereby bringing down rates of poverty and illiteracy. | <urn:uuid:bc6d5eb2-2f97-41d8-be1a-74fbac96d98d> | {
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Membrane distillation is a desalination process where the driving force is the vapor pressure gradient generated on both sides of a membrane. This allows to separate volatile matter from non-volatile matter, obtaining a high quality water.
It is a process that has a great number of advantages:
- 100% rejection of solids and non-volatile matter.
- Reduced investment cost thanks to the materials used for filtration.
- Reduced operating costs thanks to the application of renewable energies to the process.
- Versatile due to the possibility to be used for a high range of applications.
The Plant in the picture is equipped with SolarSpring® modules. | <urn:uuid:dec91f39-7682-45c2-b59b-d0130f03cd41> | {
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During the holy weeks before the Jewish High Holy Days, it is a tradition to pay respect at the graveside of loved ones while gaining strength through communal prayer. This is known as Kever Avot (“graves of the fathers”) and a significant part of the service that accompanies these graveside visits is the blowing of the Shofar (ram’s horn).
In 2004, Cantor Joseph Gole commissioned a musical setting of the Shofar Blessings for a trio of French horns and a Shofar to be used for the Kever Avot service that year. There are three types of blasts played by the shofar in a call and response: Tekiah (one long, unbroken sound), Shevarim (three medium, broken sounds) and Teruah (short quick sounds). The sound of the Shofar is a very distinct and earthy one, conjuring images and emotions that stretch over centuries of bygone generations. When Manuel Alberto Aybar recently requested that Richman create an orchestral work with which to begin a concert honoring those who lost their lives or were injured in the terrorist assault on the Inland Regional Center in San Bernadino, California, his first instinct was to adapt the haunting sound of the Shofar into an elegy for orchestra. The resultant work, Elegy utilizes Richman’s original musical setting of the Shofar Blessings as bookends to the actual call and response of the Shofar, as rendered by the horn section.
The Shofar Blessings are first introduced by the woodwinds and subsequently played in a varied setting for strings. It is in the middle of the work that one hears the call and response of the Shofar, interceded by muted strings in a second variation. Here we find 14 notes articulated in the Violin I part, representing the 14 people killed in the terrorist events of December 1, 2016, with the violin melody arranged in such a way that it is interrupted and, ultimately, incomplete.
When the sounding of the Shofar is complete, the orchestra plays one more version of the Blessings, followed by the final blast of the Shofar, traditionally held as the longest note of all (Tekia Gedola). | <urn:uuid:ee4b427b-3f6f-44a9-9c50-1ae3356278e9> | {
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Learn the facts about the Northeast opioid crisis from Legacy... Read More
Written By Legacy Healing Center - Aug 12 2019
Table of Contents
If you or someone you love is dealing with a drug or alcohol addiction, it is important to understand how using coping skills for early recovery can greatly help someone on their journey.
Addiction doesn’t go away just from someone deciding he or she isn’t going to use a particular substance anymore. Changing one’s mindset, environment, and responses to situations are also crucial aspects of being successful when it comes to rehab or recovery.
Learning and implementing coping skills for addiction can help someone build a solid foundation in order to achieve long-term recovery. Let’s take a closer look:
In order to implement skills and strategies, you need to be aware of your own personal triggers when it comes to addiction. For many people, it can be an emotional trigger, such as stress, depression, anxiety, fear, or frustration that can compel them to use again.
For others, it can be an environmental trigger such as being around a specific person or place that reminds you of using, or even attending a social gathering where those around you are drinking alcohol, etc.
When are aware of the things that trigger you and your thoughts to want to use again, make a physical or mental list of these items. Perhaps there is a certain group of friends who you always went out to drink with, or an area of town you would drive to in order to find drugs, or drug or alcohol paraphernalia that can trigger negative thoughts.
These are things you will want to be cognizant of first, and then use coping skills for addiction in order to protect your sobriety.
So, what exactly is a coping skill? A coping skill is a method, action, or strategy that someone uses in order to deal with a stressful situation.
In addition to steering clear or people, situations, or environments that may trigger drug or alcohol use, let’s take a look at four skills and how to cope with addiction triggers using these strategies:
1. Build a Support System Around You – There will be certain friends and family members who want to help, encourage, and support you in your recovery. These should be people you can trust, be honest with, and who will hold you accountable to the goals and dreams you are trying to pursue. Knowing you have a team of supportive people who love you, and who you can talk to when you are being faced with an addiction trigger, is an important coping skill for addiction that everyone should have!
2. Use Distraction to Get You Through – Coping skills for early recovery also include the use of distractions. Distractions can be anything from exercise and physical activity to a new hobby, class, or type of entertainment. In the past, a portion of your free time went to using a substance, so now you have to learn how to fill in that empty time slot. Has there always been a class you have wanted to take? Perhaps you have wished to return to school, or take up a new sport. There is no better time than right now to use that free time and do something new that will help distract you and keep your mind off of drugs or alcohol.
3. Find Meetings Near You – AA and NA meetings, or other types of recovery support groups, should be a non-negotiable when you are in recovery. A simple online search can help you find countless meetings in your area. Not only will you be surrounded by people who are on a similar journey, here you can find a sponsor or trusted friend who you can reach out to when you experience a trigger, or have a craving to use again.
4. Implement Stress Management – When you are in recovery, a bad day at work, a fight with a friend or loved one, a stressful commute home or anything along those lines can act as a trigger. Knowing a few stress management techniques that work for you can help your mind not shift to using drugs or alcohol to relax. Consider an at-home yoga session, some deep breathing exercises, meditation, a walk around the block, prayer, or reading a new book.
Learn how to cope with addiction triggers by utilizing any or all of the above coping skills. Also, learn to be honest with yourself, meaning, if you feel yourself becoming preoccupied with using again, or fantasizing about past user experiences, it is time to come clean to a trusted sponsor, friend, or family member. You can learn more about addiction, recovery, and coping skills at Legacy Healing Center and by calling us at 888-597-3547.
At Legacy Healing Center, our approach to recovery is built around a holistic methodology. We look at addiction as a comprehensive issue and offer a complete set of services to heal the physical body, the mind, and the spirit. Combining research-evidenced practices from medicine and psychology, our team of highly trained professionals looks at all aspects of our clients’ lives on an individual basis. Our holistic approach to healing encompasses more than dealing with addiction through primary treatment strategies like therapy and meetings. We offer a full range of services to heal the whole person, body, mind, and spirit. | <urn:uuid:f4c7935a-4caa-41a7-9428-52849e42de42> | {
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