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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Pregnant women who regularly have milk or yogurt with "good" bacteria may be less likely to suffer the late-pregnancy complication known as pre-eclampsia, a new study finds.
Pre-eclampsia occurs when a woman has a sudden increase in blood pressure after the 20th week of pregnancy. Other signs include protein in the urine and swelling in the face and hands.
The disorder, which affects about five percent of all pregnant women, can be dangerous if unrecognized: it may progress to the rare condition eclampsia, which can cause the mother to have seizures or fall into a coma.
In the new study, researchers found that of more than 33,000 Norwegian women who gave birth over six years, those who consumed probiotic milk or yogurt every day during pregnancy were less likely to develop pre-eclampsia.
Of those women, 4.1 percent developed pre-eclampsia, compared with 5.6 percent of women who did not consume probiotic food.
When the researchers factored in other differences -- like the women's weight, education and smoking habits -- probiotic consumers still had a 20 percent lower risk of pre-eclampsia.
There is no proven way to prevent pre-eclampsia. And the new findings do not mean that probiotics do the trick either, according to Dr. Bo Jacobsson, a researcher at the Institute of Public Health in Oslo who worked on the study.
The results point only to a correlation between higher probiotic intake and lower pre-eclampsia risk. And that link should be tested in future studies, Jacobsson told Reuters Health in an email.
Many pregnant women consume probiotics, he noted, and there is evidence that it's safe. So clinical trials could test whether giving women probiotics reduces pre-eclampsia risk.
That, Jacobsson said, should be done with probiotic capsules -- containing a controlled amount of specific good bacteria -- rather than food.
Probiotics are friendly bacteria added to cultured dairy products; they are marketed as having health benefits such as improved digestion. In theory, probiotics might affect pre-eclampsia development through effects on the immune system and body-wide inflammation. But that remains to be proven.
The current findings, reported in the American Journal of Epidemiology, are based on 33,399 women taking part in a larger Norwegian study of mother and child health.
During pregnancy, the women filled out questionnaires on diet and lifestyle; that included questions on how often they had probiotic milk or yogurt.
Daily probiotic consumers showed a 20 percent lower risk of developing pre-eclampsia. That's a modest difference, Jacobsson said.
He added, though, that it's "important" because it points to a new area of research: the question of whether probiotics can make a difference in pre-eclampsia risk.
For now, Jacobsson said, pregnant women should not "change their food habits" and add probiotic products in the hopes of preventing pre-eclampsia.
No one knows how to prevent pre-eclampsia, but certain factors put women at a greater risk. Those include obesity, having high blood pressure before pregnancy, being pregnant with more than one baby and a history of pre-eclampsia in past pregnancies.
Catching pre-eclampsia is key, so experts urge all women to have regular pre-natal care visits. If the condition develops, the doctor can more closely monitor the pregnancy and, if necessary, deliver the baby early -- which is the only cure for pre-eclampsia.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/n6jvsc American Journal of Epidemiology, online August 5, 2011.
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On a typical cleaning day in an average home in Canada, levels of chemicals in the indoor air can be hundreds, even thousands of times higher than the outdoor air in the most polluted of cities. In fact, indoor air pollution levels would be high enough to trigger an inspection by health and safety authorities in any workplace setting, and evacuation if it were a public building. (The Nature of Things, CBC-TV 2002). Many chemicals contained in household cleaning products are the same as those used in industrial settings. Many scientists are now becoming concerned that long-term low-level exposure to these chemicals may be just as dangerous as short-term high-dose exposures. They also worry that we do not understand the impact of exposure to combinations of chemicals found in household air and dust. Testing for human health effects is normally done on single chemicals. But in the real world, we are all exposed to a variety of chemicals every single day.
The ingredients contained in conventional petrochemical-based cleaning products are often not listed on labels. Following is a list of some of the most common toxic chemicals found in household cleaning products; however there are many others.
Common Hazardous Ingredients in Cleaning Products
Acetone – A neurotoxin, acetone may cause liver and kidney damage, and damage to a developing fetus. It is a skin and eye irritant. Found in spot treatment cleaners, mark and scuff removers, and other products.
Aerosol products - Aerosol propellants may contain propane, formaldehyde, a carcinogen, neurotoxin and central nervous system depressant, methylene chloride, a carcinogen, neurotoxin and reproductive toxin, and nitrous oxide . Products applied with aerosol sprays are broken into minute particles, which can be more deeply inhaled than larger particles, which may increase their toxic effect.
Ammonia – Undiluted, ammonia is an eye and respiratory irritant that can cause severe burning pain, and corrosive damage including chemical burns, cataracts and corneal damage. It can also cause kidney and liver damage. Repeated or prolonged exposure to vapours can result in bronchitis and pneumonia. Found in a wide range of cleaning products. Ammonia will react with bleach to form poisonous chlorine gas that can cause burning and watering of eyes, as well as burning of the nose and mouth.
Bleach – see sodium hypochlorite
Diethanolamine (DEA) – Listed as a suspected carcinogen by the State of California, this chemical is a skin and respiratory toxicant and a severe eye irritant. Used in a wide range of household cleaning products.
D-limonene – This chemical is produced by cold-pressing orange peels. The extracted oil is 90% d-limonene. It is a sensitizer, a neurotoxin, a moderate eye and skin irritant, and can trigger respiratory distress when vapours are inhaled by some sensitive individuals. There is some evidence of carcinogenicity. D-limonene is the active ingredient in some insecticides. It is used as a solvent in many all-purpose cleaning products, especially ‘citrus’ and ‘orange’ cleaners. Also listed on labels as citrus oil and orange oil.
Ethoxylated nonyl phenol – Nonyl phenols are hormone disruptors and some contain traces of ethylene oxide, a known human carcinogen. They are eye and skin irritants. Used in laundry detergents and other cleaning products.
Formaldehyde – In lab tests, formaldehyde has caused cancer and damaged DNA. Formaldehyde is also a sensitizer, with the potential to cause asthma. Several laboratory studies have shown it to be a central nervous system depressant. Exposure to formaldehyde may cause joint pain, depression, headaches, chest pains, ear infections, chronic fatigue, dizziness and loss of sleep. While formaldehyde naturally occurs in the human body in minute amounts, it is estimated that 20 per cent of people exposed to it will experience an allergic reaction. Used in a wide range of products, including some furniture polishes. Formaldehyde may be released by other chemicals, eg.quaternium 15.
Fragrance – Fragrance on a label can indicate the presence of up to 4,000 separate ingredients, most of which are synthetic. Many compounds in fragrance are human toxins and suspected or proven carcinogens. In 1989, the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health evaluated 2,983 fragrance chemicals for health effects. They identified 884 of them as toxic substances. Synthetic fragrances are known to trigger asthma attacks. The US Environmental Protection Agency found that 100% of perfumes contain toluene, which can cause liver, kidney and brain damage as well as damage to a developing fetus. Symptoms reported to the FDA from fragrance exposure have included headaches, dizziness, rashes, skin discoloration, violent coughing and vomiting, and allergic skin irritation. Clinical observations by medical doctors have shown that exposure to fragrances can affect the central nervous system, causing depression, hyperactivity, irritability, inability to cope, and other behavioral changes. Fragrance is a common skin irritant.
Methylene chloride – Methylene chloride is a carcinogen, a neurotoxin and a reproductive toxin. On inhalation, it can cause liver and brain damage, irregular heartbeat, and even heart attack. It is a severe skin and moderate eye irritant. Used in stain removers.
Monoethanolamine – This chemical may cause liver, kidney and reproductive damage, as well as depression of the central nervous system. Inhalation of high concentrations – when cleaning an oven for example – can cause dizziness or even coma. The chemical can also be absorbed through the skin. It is a moderate skin irritant, and a severe eye irritant. Found in many cleaning products, including oven cleaners, tub and tile cleaners, laundry pre-soaks, floor strippers and carpet cleaners.
Morpholine – This corrosive ingredient can severely irritate and burn skin and eyes, and can even cause blindness if splashed in eyes. It can cause liver and kidney damage, and long-term exposure can result in bronchitis. It reacts with nitrites (added as a preservative in some products, or present as a contaminant) to form carcinogenic nitrosomines. Morpholine is a moderate to severe eye, skin and mucous membrane irritant. Used as a solvent in a number of cleaning products, including some furniture polishes and abrasive cleansers.
Naphthalene – This registered pesticide is listed as a suspected carcinogen in California and is most commonly found in mothballs, and some other pest repellants, as well as in deodorizers. As a reproductive toxin, it is transported across the placenta and can cause blood damage. It can cause liver and kidney damage, and corneal damage and cataracts. Skin exposure is especially dangerous to newborns.
Parabens – Parabens are hormone disruptors. Widely used in cleaning products as preservatives, paraben is usually preceded by the prefixes methyl-, ethyl-, butyl-, or propyl. Parabens may cause contact dermatitis in some individuals
Paradichlorobenzene – This highly volatile registered pesticide is in the same chemical class as DDT. It is a suspected carcinogen, and may cause lung, liver and kidney damage. It is used in mothballs and some washroom deodorizers and urinal blocks.
Phosphoric acid – Extremely corrosive, it can severely irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing vapours can make the lungs ache, and it may be toxic to the central nervous system. Found in some liquid dishwasher detergents, metal polishes, some disinfectants, and bathroom cleaners, especially those that remove lime and mildew.
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate – This corrosive chemical is a severe eye, skin and respiratory irritant. It may cause liver and gastrointestinal damage, and may be toxic to the central nervous system. It will react with bleach to form poisonous chlorine gas that can cause burning and watering of eyes, as well as burning of the nose and mouth. It is found in some toilet bowl cleaners and deodorizers, as well as industrial detergents and some institutional dishwashing detergents.
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) – A corrosive chemical, sodium hypochlorite is an eye, skin and respiratory irritant, as well as a sensitizer. It is especially hazardous to people with heart conditions or asthma, and can be fatal if swallowed. It may be a neurotoxin and toxic to the liver. Found in a wide range of household cleaners.
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) – Used as a lathering agent. This chemical is a known skin irritant. It also enhances the allergic response to other toxins and allergens. The U.S. government has warned manufacturers of unacceptable levels of dioxin formation in some products containing this ingredient. SLS can react with other ingredients to form cancer-causing nitrosamines
Toluene – Exposure to toluene may cause liver, kidney and brain damage. It is also a reproductive toxin which can damage a developing fetus.
Turpentine – This chemical can cause allergic sensitization, and kidney, bladder and central nervous system damage. It is an eye irritant. Found in specialty solvent cleaners, furniture polish and shoe products.
Xylene – Xylene has significant neurotoxic effects, including loss of memory. High exposure can lead to loss of consciousness and even death. It may damage liver, kidneys and the developing fetus. It is a severe eye and moderate skin irritant. Used in some spot removers, floor polishes, ironing aids and other products.
The Safe Shoppers Bible, David Steinman & Samuel Epstein
Cleaners and Toxins, Labour Environmental Alliance Society, Vancouver BC
Home Safe Home, Debra Lynn Dadd, Tarcher Inc, 1997
Non-toxic, Natural and Earth Wise, Debra Lynn Dadd, Tarcher Inc, 1990
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Some elements of a window interface contain collections of items, for example rows of buttons, lists of filenames, and groups of menu items. Such elements are known in the CAPI as collections .
In most collections, items may be selected by the user -- for example, a row of buttons. Collections whose items can be selected are known as choices . Each button in a row of buttons is either checked or unchecked, showing something about the application's state -- perhaps that color graphics are switched on and sound is switched off. This selection state came about as the result of a choice the user made when running the application, or default choices made by the application itself.
The CAPI provides a convenient way of producing groups of items from which collections and choices can be made. The abstract class
provides a means of specifying a group of items. The subclass
provides groups of selectable items, where you may specify what initial state they are in, and what happens when the selection is changed. Subclasses of
used for producing particular kinds of grouped elements are described in the sections that follow.
All the choices described in this chapter can be given a print function via the
keyword. This allows you to control the way in which items in the element are displayed. For example, passing the argument
would capitalize the initial letters of all the words of text that an instance of a choice displays.
Some of the examples in this chapter require the functions
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The First (and Last) Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea
A half-century ago, humanity arrived somewhere no one had ever gone before the deepest place on Earth.
Before the Apollo missions landed men on the moon, the U.S. Navy dove to the bottom of the sea the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, some 35,797 feet (10,911 meters) down.
Just as no one has visited the moon since Apollo, nobody has returned to this abyss since that first voyage to the bottom of the trench in 1960. However, just as scientists are revisiting the moon with space probes, so too are researchers now deploying robots to explore this deepest depth of the ocean .
The research vessel used to reach the record-setting depth near Guam in the Pacific Ocean on Jan. 23, 1960 was named the Trieste, a Swiss-designed bathyscaphe or "deep boat" named after the Italian city where much of it was built. Its two-man crew Lt. Don Walsh of the U.S. Navy and scientist Jacques Piccard, son of the craft's designer nestled inside a roughly 6.5-foot (2-meter) wide white pressure sphere on the underside of the submersible. The rest of the nearly 60-foot (18-meter)long Trieste was filled with floats loaded with some 33,350 gallons (126,243 liters) of gasoline for buoyancy, along with nine tons of iron pellets to weigh it down.
To withstand the high pressure at the bottom of Challenger Deep roughly eight tons per square inch the sphere's walls were 5 inches (12.7 cm) thick. To see outside, the crew relied on a window made of a single cone-shaped block of Plexiglas, the only transparent compound they could find strong enough to survive the pressure at the thickness needed, along with lamps to light up the sunless abyss.
"The pressure is tremendous," said geophysicist David Sandwell at the University of California, San Diego, who helped create the first detailed global maps of the seafloor.
The descent the first and only manned voyage to the bottom of Challenger Deep took 4 hours and 48 minutes at a rate of about a yard (0.9 meters) a second. As if to highlight the dangers of the dive, after passing about 27,000 feet (9,000 meters) one of the outer window panes cracked, violently shaking the entire vessel.
The two men spent just 20 minutes at the ocean floor, eating chocolate bars for energy in the cold deep, the temperature in the cabin was only 45 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degrees Celsius). They actually managed to speak with the craft's mothership using a sonar-hydrophone system at a speed of nearly a mile per second, it still took about seven seconds for a voice message to travel from the craft upward.
While at the bottom, the explorers not only saw jellyfish and shrimp-like creatures, but actually spied a couple of small white flatfish swimming away, proving that at least some vertebrate life could withstand the extremes of the bottom of the ocean. The floor of Challenger Deep seemed to be made of diatomaceous ooze a fine white silt made of microscopic algae known as diatoms.
To ascend, they magnetically released the ballast, a trip that took 3 hours, 15 minutes. Since then, no man has ever returned to Challenger Deep.
"It's hard to build something that can survive that kind of pressure and have people inside," Sandwell noted.
In many ways, the Trieste laid the foundation for the Navy's deep-submergence program. In fact, in 1963, it was used to locate the sunken nuclear submarine USS Thresher.
In addition, in recent years, robots have made the journey back to Challenger Deep. In 1995, the Japanese craft Kaiko reached the bottom, while the Nereus hybrid remotely operated vehicle reached the bottom last year.
Perhaps as explorers one day hope to return to the moon, so too might adventurers, and not just robots, revisit the deeps in the future.
- The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas
- Infographic: Under the Ocean's Surface
- World's Deepest Undersea Vents Discovered
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Why Does Copper Turn Green?
Copper turns green because of chemical reactions with the elements.
For the same reason that iron rusts.
Just as iron that is left unprotected in open air will corrode and form a flaky orange-red outer layer, copper that is exposed to the elements undergoes a series of chemical reactions that give the shiny metal a pale green outer layer called a patina.
The patina actually protects the copper below the surface from further corrosion, making it a good water-proofing material for roofs (which is why the roofs of so many old buildings are bright green).
In fact, the weathering and oxidation of the Statue of Liberty's copper skin has amounted to just .005 of an inch over the last century, according to the Copper Development Association.
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How the Greek Agora Changed the World
The 'School of Athens' fresco by Raphael, housed in the Vatican, is meant to represent the Greek agora and all the great minds that passed through it.
CREDIT: Heather Whipps
Each Monday, this column turns a page in history to explore the discoveries, events and people that continue to affect the history being made today.
It was the heart of the city – where ordinary citizens bought and sold goods, politics were discussed and ideas were passed among great minds like Aristotle and Plato.
Who knows where we'd be without the "agoras" of ancient Greece. Lacking the concept of democracy, perhaps, or the formula for the length of the sides of a triangle (young math students, rejoice!). Modern doctors might not have anything to mutter as an oath.
What went on at the agora went beyond the simple daily transactions of the market. The conversations that happened there and the ideas that they bore continue to affect us to this day, from the way scientists carry out their work to how we pass our laws.
The heart of public life
Nearly every city of ancient Greece had an agora – meaning meeting place – by about 600 B.C., when the classical period of Greek civilization began to flourish. Usually located near the center of town, the agora was easily accessible to every citizen, with a large central square for market stalls bound by public buildings.
The agora of Athens – the hub of ancient Greek civilization – was the size of several football fields and saw heavy traffic every single day of the week. Women didn't often frequent the agora, but every other character in ancient Greece passed through its columns: politicians, criminals, philosophers and traders, aristocrats, scientists, officials and slaves.
Not only did the ancient Greeks go to the agora to pick up fresh meat and some wool for a new robe, but also to meet and greet with friends and colleagues. Akin to the modern high-powered lunch, much business got done in the casual setting.
High voter turnouts
Some of the world's most important ideas were born and perfected within the confines of the Athenian agora including, famously, the concept of democracy.
Regular Athenian citizens had the power to vote for anything and everything, and were fiercely proud of their democratic ways. No citizen was above the law – laws were posted in the agora for all to see – or was exempt from being a part of the legal process. In fact, Athenians considered it a duty and a privilege to serve on juries. Both the city law courts and senate were located in the agora to demonstrate the open, egalitarian nature of Athenian life.
The Athenian democratic process, whereby issues were discussed in a forum and then voted on, is the basis for most modern systems of governance.
Ultimate brainstorm session
Scientific theory also got its start in the agora, where the city's greatest minds regularly met informally to socialize. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all frequented the Athenian agora, discussed philosophy and instructed pupils there.
Aristotle, in particular, is known for his contributions to science, and may have developed his important theories on the empirical method, zoology and physics, among others, while chatting in the agora's food stalls or sitting by its fountains.
Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine and its Hippocratic Oath, and Pythagoras, a mathematician who developed the geometric theory of a triangle's sides, were both highly public figures who taught and shared ideas in their own hometown agoras.
- Last Week: How Qin Shi Huang Changed the World
- Next Week: How the Battle of Actium Changed the World
- Gallery: The Seven Ancient Wonders of the World
- Top 10 Ancient Capitals
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Why Do Humans Dance?
Monday night's premiere of "Dancing with the Stars" has celebrities – among them Pamela Anderson, Buzz Aldrin and Kate Gosselin – showcasing their dance moves for the world and driving a point home for those sitting at home: For some people, dancing is a natural form of expression. For others with two left feet, dancing can be more of a spectacle.
The answer to why we dance – and even why some people are better dancers than others – can be found in evolution. A study published in the Public Library of Science’s genetics journal in 2006 suggested that long ago the ability to dance was actually connected to the ability to survive.
According to the study, dancing was a way for our prehistoric ancestors to bond and communicate, particularly during tough times. As a result, scientists believe that early humans who were coordinated and rhythmic could have had an evolutionary advantage.
The researchers examined the DNA of a group of dancers and non-dancers and found that the dancers shared two genes associated with a predisposition for being good social communicators. In addition, the dancers were found to have higher levels of serotonin, known to boost moods in humans and mice.
Early humans might have danced to attract a mate, as far back as 1.5 million years ago, according to Steven J. Mithen, an archaeologist at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom.
A more recent study suggests babies are born to dance, with the ability to bop to the beat as young as 5 months old. The scientists aren't sure why humans might have this innate ability. Of course, not everyone is born with as much ability as the best dancers. One difference: body symmetry. Dancers are more symmetrical, research has shown.
So, while dancing is no longer a factor in our everyday survival, this season's contestants on "Dancing with the Stars" will be dancing for their survival on the show. And which of the celebrities will earn bragging rights and the coveted disco ball trophy? Only time (and fan votes) will tell.
- Top 10 Things That Make Humans Special
- Why Beautiful Women Marry Less Attractive Men
- 5 Myths About the Male Body
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(BPT) - Does your child avoid eye contact, have little or no interest in making new friends or prefer solitary activities to social games? These may be signs that your child has an autism spectrum disorder.
Symptoms of autism spectrum disorders can present in many different ways, and can be confusing for parents, particularly if they aren't sure of what to look for. It is human nature for parents to overlook the early signs, saying that their child is 'just going through a phase' or 'having an off day.' Lana Cramer, mom to a 14-year-old on the spectrum, says, 'At first I did not understand why my son, Evan, hesitated to interact with others, and often seemed uninterested in what was going on around him. I figured that he would just grow out of it, but he didn't. When our psychiatrist diagnosed Evan with autism, the pieces started to fit together."
While there are certain similarities among children with autism, it is a spectrum disorder, meaning that there can be great variation in the way it affects people. According to board certified psychiatrist Dr. David Posey, every child on the autism spectrum has unique abilities, symptoms, and challenges - no two children are exactly the same. That said, many children on the spectrum often share common core symptoms. These include:
* Impaired social interactions, such as reluctance to join group activities at school, not being aware of the needs of others or inability to understand humor.
* Impaired communication, such as delay in language development, unusual repetition of words and phrases spoken by others or on television or major difficulty sustaining a conversation.
* Restricted interests, repetitive behaviors and stereotyped mannerisms, such as clapping, finger flicking, rocking, dipping and swaying, fascination with parts of an object, such as spinning the wheels of a toy car repeatedly or preoccupation with one narrow interest such as dates or numbers.
While medications are available for some common behavioral symptoms like irritability or anxiety, there are no FDA-approved drugs to treat any of the core symptoms of these conditions.
According to Dr. Posey, a clinical research program called ConnectMe is enrolling children with autism, Asperger's or Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (or PDD-NOS) worldwide to evaluate the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of an investigational drug on these core symptoms.
'In my practice, I've seen how problems with social interaction and communication can have a devastating impact on families touched by these disorders, so I am encouraged by the research of the ConnectMe program, which may provide new answers into the treatment of autism spectrum disorders,' Dr. Posey says.
To learn more about ConnectMe or to take an online prescreening questionnaire to see if your child may be eligible to participate, visit www.ConnectMeTrial.com or call 877-900-8735. | <urn:uuid:6a74f8db-74fe-4373-9b15-6cb520f6ee24> | {
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|Officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация -Rossiyskaya Federatsiya), is a country in northern Eurasia (Europe and Asia together). It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. Russia shares borders with the following countries (from northwest to southeast): Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (via Kaliningrad Oblast), Poland (via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan (by the Sea of Okhotsk) and the United States (by the Bering Strait).
At 17,100,000 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is, in area, by far the largest country in the world, covering more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area; with 140 million people, it is the ninth largest by population. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 11 time zones, and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is considered an energy superpower. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's unfrozen fresh water.
The nation's history began with that of the East Slavs, which emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a noble Viking warrior class and their descendants, the first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century and adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated and the lands were divided into many small feudal states. The most powerful successor state to Kievan Rus' was Moscow, which served as the main force in the Russian reunification process and independence struggle against the Golden Horde. Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland to Alaska.
A multi-ethnic society
The Russian Federation is a diverse, multi-ethnic society, home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. Though Russia's population is comparatively large, its population density is low because of the country's enormous size. Population is densest in European Russia, near the Ural Mountains, and in southwest Siberia. According to preliminary estimates, the resident population of the Russian Federation on 1 January 2009 was 141,903,979 people. In 2008, the population declined by 121,400 people, or by -0.085% (in 2007 – by 212,000, or 0.15% and in 2006 – by 532,600 people, or 0.37%). In 2008 migration continued to grow by a pace of 2.7% with 281,615 migrants arriving to the Russian Federation, of which 95% came from CIS countries, the vast majority being Russians or Russian speakers. The number of Russian emigrants declined by 16% to 39,508, of which 66% went to other CIS countries. There are also an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia. Roughly 116 million ethnic Russians live in Russia and about 20 million more live in former republics of the Soviet Union, mostly in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
73% of the population lives in urban areas. As of the 2002 Census, the two largest cities in Russia are Moscow (10,126,424 inhabitants) and Saint Petersburg (4,661,219). Eleven other cities have between one and two million inhabitants: Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Perm, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Ufa, Volgograd, and Yekaterinburg. | <urn:uuid:5de8bf8a-84e8-4ed5-809f-122a5f3ee142> | {
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Overview of the Nervous System
Anatomy of the Brain
Congenital and Hereditary Disorders
Neurological Disorders in the Newborn
Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders
Seizures and Epilepsy
The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates the body's basic functions and activities. It is made up of two major divisions, including the central nervous system (consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (consisting of all other neural elements). The central nervous system controls thought, behavior, and movement. The peripheral nervous system relays information to the central nervous system for transmitting messages to muscles and glands.
In addition to the brain and spinal cord, principal organs of the nervous system include the eyes, ears, sensory organs of taste, sensory organs of smell, and sensory receptors in the skin, joints, muscles, and other parts of the body.
The nervous system is vulnerable to various disorders. Because of its complexity and the high technology used in evaluation and treatment of its disorders, the branches of medicine, physician specialists, and clinical services that manage it are as numerous and varied as the disorders and conditions.
Pediatric neurologists and neurosurgeons specialize in the management and treatment of neurological conditions that only affect children - from newborns to adolescents.
The information on this Web page is provided for educational purposes. You understand and agree that this information is not intended to be, and should not be used as, a substitute for medical treatment by a health care professional. You agree that Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital is not making a diagnosis of your condition or a recommendation about the course of treatment for your particular circumstances through the use of this Web page. You agree to be solely responsible for your use of this Web page and the information contained on this page. Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, its officers, directors, employees, agents, and information providers shall not be liable for any damages you may suffer or cause through your use of this page even if advised of the possibility of such damages. | <urn:uuid:e4718f95-afce-41c9-99eb-cc61c528134e> | {
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Published in Lunar and Planetary Science XXVII, pp. 1183-1184, LPI, Houston.
Introduction: Crustal processes and reactions during hydrothermal and biogenic activity result in extreme degrees of sulfur isotopic fractionation on Earth. For example, delta 34S in terrestrial sulfides ranges from -70 to +70 on Earth . In contrast, delta 34S values for sulfides from other planetary bodies that have been sampled (Moon, asteroids) show a very limited mass fractionation. The standard deviation in the bulk isotopic composition of sulfur in meteorites of all types is less than 0.1 . However, the isotopic composition of sulfides in meteorites shows slightly more variability. Troilite in Orgueil, a carbonaceous chondrite, has a delta 34S of 2.6 . Kaplan and Hulston showed that sulfides in enstatite chondrites have delta 34S of between +1.6 to +2.5. The delta 34S in troilite from ordinary chondrites ranges from -2.7 to +2.5 . The slight fractionation of 34S into these sulfides has been attributed to nebular heterogeneity , low temperature (100°C) reactions between water and elemental sulfur , and oxidation of FeS in an aqueous environment [2,4,5]. Lunar materials exhibit a much broader variation in bulk delta 34S than has been observed in meteorites. Whereas bulk lunar rocks show variability on the order of +0.37 to +0.68, lunar soils have delta 34S as high as +9.76 . These high values in the bulk lunar soils have been attributed to preferential volatilization of 32S during sputtering caused by micrometeorite bombardment . Until now, S fractionation processes on the larger terrestrial planets such as Mercury, Venus, and Mars has been only speculative. With the discovery of a possible Martian meteorite with an imprint of a Martian hydrothermal system, we can gain insights into S fractionation on another planet.
SNC Meteorite ALH 84001: ALH 84001 is a coarse-grained, clastic orthopyroxenite meteorite related to the SNC meteorite group . A hydrothermal signature is supimposed upon the orthopyroxene-dominant igneous mineral assemblage. This hydrothermal overprint consists of carbonate assemblages occurring in spheroidal aggregates and as fine-grained carbonate and sulfide vug-filling structures [7-10]. The sulfide has been identified as pyrite . Textural interpretations of shock features in the carbonates has lead to the interpretation that the carbonate-sulfide mineralization was a result of influxes of fluids during Martian hydrothermal activity .
Isotopic Analysis of Pyrite in ALH 84001: The sulfur isotopic measurements were made using a Cameca IMS-4f ion microprobe operated by a University of New Mexico-Sandia National Laboratory consortium on the UNM campus. A Cs+ primary beam was focused to a spot of between 8 and 10 µm. 32S- and 34S- were analyzed in the secondary ion beam. A S-isotope pyrite standard was analyzed in order to measure the degree of instrument-induced fractionation, precision, accuracy, and instrument drift over the period of an analytical session. The analytical precision measured on the standards is better than ±0.2, whereas the analytical precision measured on the samples is better than ±0.5. These reported precision values far exceed those reported in the literature for ion microprobe analysis of sulfur isotopes in sulfides [5,10].
Results: delta 34S values for five pyrite grains were obtained from ALH 84001. Values for the pyrite range from +4.8 to +7. These delta 34S values are 34S enriched relative to Canon Diablo troilite. Based on the 2-sigma precision, there are real isotopic differences among pyrite grains.
Discussion: Sulfur isotopic characteristics of sulfides are constrained by a large number of variables, such as the sulfur isotopic characteristics of the hydrothermal fluid, temperature, pH, and fO2 . The stability field of pyrite also influences the range of expected delta 34S values of the pyrite . Therefore, although sulfur isotopic systematics provide some information concerning the hydrothermal system, they are best used in conjunction with other data (mineral stability, other stable isotopes). In comparison with sulfides from other meteorites, the delta 34S of the pyrite from ALH 84001 is enriched in 34S. This signature implies that the planetary body represented by ALH 84001 experienced processes capable of fractionating S isotopes that were not functional on asteroidal bodies represented by chondrite and achondrite meteorites.
As was noted previously, the terrestrial delta 34S exhibits a wide variability. In particular, the large negative values in terrestrial delta 34S has been attributed, in many cases, to the bacterial reduction of sulfate to sulfide. The positive delta 34S measured in the ALH 84001 pyrite therefore suggests that the sulfur in this hydrothermal sulfide was not processed by bacteria in a manner analogous to terrestrial processes.
The positive delta 34S measured in the ALH 84001 pyrite may be attributed to several different processes that may be functioning on the Martian surface or in the shallow Martian crust:
Model 1: Assuming that the delta 34S in the fluid was essentially 0, the pyrite may be enriched in delta 34S by pH, temperature, and fO2 conditions during precipitation. The pH and the fugacity of oxygen may be approximated using the delta 34S data presented here, delta 13C data on the carbonates , a relatively low Sigma S, a temperature of precipitation of ~100°C and the coexistence of pyrite and carbonate. Making these assumptions, precipitation occurred in a reduced and moderately alkaline environment with the dominant sulfur-bearing species in solution being HS-. At higher temperatures (~700°C) as suggested by [7,9], the delta 34S of pyrite in the stability fields of carhonate + pyrite will not have values that approach +5 to +8.
Model 2: The above interpretation makes the assumption that the delta 34S in the fluid was equal to 0. At more acidic conditions than suggested above (but at the same reducing conditions), delta 34S will not be strongly fractionated during pyrite precipitation from an aqueous solution . Therefore, under these conditions, the pyrite will approximate the delta 34S in the fluid . There are several potential processes that can generate positive delta 34S in the fluid under these pH and fO2 conditions: (2a) Previous isotopic studies of SNC meteorites indicated that the present Martian atmosphere is isotopically heavy in O, C, N, and H . Therefore, it is perhaps not surprising that other stable isotopes in the Martian atmosphere such as S should also be isotopically heavy. (2b) Alternatively, it has been documented that during lunar regolith formation and evolution, the bulk delta 34S increases . Therefore, impact-generated hydrothermal system models as suggested by may result in the preferential volatilization of 32S relative to 34S during impact. (2c) Assessments of Martian soil mineralogy based on both Viking XRF measurements and SNC documentation have suggested that phases such as clays, Fe-oxides, carbonates, and Ca- and Mg-sulfates will be stable in the oxidizing Martian environment [i.e., 15]. It is expected that under such weathering environments, particularly with the stabilization of sulfates, 34S should be enriched in water-soluble components (Ca- and Mg-sulfates) in the soil. Leaching of the 34S-enriched water-soluble minerals in Martian soil produced by processes 2a,b,c will result in a positive delta 34Sfluid. Model (2a,b,c) implies that the source for the sulfur is rather shallow and that this groundwater-hydrothermal system is in isotopic communication with processes occurring at the Martian surface. Under this second model, the temperature of precipitation cannot be constrained by the sulfur data.
Conclusions: Our data indicates that the sulfur isotopes 32S and 34S in the sulfides in meteorite ALH 84001 have been fractionated to a greater extent than what has been documented in other meteorites. This, in itself, is another piece of information that links this orthopyroxenite to a planetary body that has experienced processes not present on chondrite and achondrite parent bodies. Mineralogical data suggests that the alteration assemblages were deposited under reducing conditions and that SO42- was not a dominant species in the solution. Therefore, the extent of sulfur isotopic fractionation during pyrite precipitation from the hydrothermal solution was moderate, at alkaline conditions (delta 34Sfluid < delta 34Spyrite), to minor at low pH conditions (delta 34Sfluid = delta 34Spyrite) This suggests two different models for the generation of positive delta 34S in the pyrite. If the pyrite precipitated at low temperature (100°-150°C) reducing conditions and high pH (<9), a delta 34Sfluid equal to 0 would precipitate pyrite with delta 34Spyrite between 5 and 8. Under more acidic conditions, the delta 34Sfluid will be equal to that of the pyrite. This requires the positive delta 34Sfluid signature to be produced prior to pyrite deposition. The positive delta 34S in the fluid may be attributed to upper atmospheric processes, impact processes, or low-temperature weathering reactions enriching the soil in 34S. These components may then be leached and their delta 34S signature transported to the location of precipitation. This process requires isotopic communication between the hydrothermal system and the Martian surface. If the isotopic signature of the sulfide reflects communication with surfacial-atmospheric processes, it may constrain additional aspects of Martian atmosphere evolution.
References: Ohmoto H. and Rye R. O. (1979) in Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits (ed. Barnes H. L.), pp. 509-567. Pillinger C. T. (1984) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 2739-2766. Monster J. et al. (1965) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 29, 773-779. Kaplan I. R. and Hulston J. R. (1965) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 30, 479-496. Paterson B. A. et al. (1994) Lunar and Planetary Science XXV, 1057-1058. Kerridge J. F. and Kaplan I. R. (1978) Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 9th, 1687-1709. Mittlefehldt D. W. (1994) Meteoritics, 29, 214-221. Romanek C. S. et al. (1995) Meteoritics, 30, 567-568. Harvey R. P. and McSween H. Y. (1995) Lunar and Planetary Science XXVI, 555-556. McKibben M. A. and Eldridge C. S. (1995) Economic Geology, 90, 228-245. Rye R. O. and Ohmoto H. (1974) Economic Geology, 69, 826-842. Romanek C. S. et al. (1994) Nature, 372, 655-656. Wentworth S. J. and Gooding J. L. (1995) Lunar and Planetary Science XXVI, 1489-1490. Jakosky B. M. (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1591-1594. Gooding J. L. et al. (1988) Meteoritics, 26, 135-143. | <urn:uuid:bccae671-f765-40b4-9299-ad77496383ea> | {
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What is Lupus
Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease that can damage any part of the body (skin, joints, and/or organs inside the body). Chronic means that the signs and symptoms tend to last longer than six weeks and often for many years. In lupus, something goes wrong with your immune system, which is the part of the body that fights off viruses, bacteria, and germs ("foreign invaders," like the flu). Normally our immune system produces proteins called antibodies that protect the body from these invaders. Autoimmune means your immune system cannot tell the difference between these foreign invaders and your body’s healthy tissues ("auto" means "self") and creates autoantibodies that attack and destroy healthy tissue. These autoantibodies cause inflammation, pain, and damage in various parts of the body.
- Lupus is also a disease of flares (the symptoms worsen and you feel ill) and remissions (the symptoms improve and you feel better). Lupus can range from mild to life-threatening and should always be treated by a doctor. With good medical care, most people with lupus can lead a full life.
- Lupus is not contagious, not even through sexual contact. You cannot "catch" lupus from someone or "give" lupus to someone.
- Lupus is not like or related to cancer. Cancer is a condition of malignant, abnormal tissues that grow rapidly and spread into surrounding tissues. Lupus is an autoimmune disease, as described above.
- Lupus is not like or related to HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus) or AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). In HIV or AIDS the immune system is underactive; in lupus, the immune system is overactive.
- Our research estimates that at least 1.5 million Americans have lupus. The actual number may be higher; however, there have been no large-scale studies to show the actual number of people in the U.S. living with lupus.
- It is believed that 5 million people throughout the world have a form of lupus.
- Lupus strikes mostly women of childbearing age (15-44). However, men, children, and teenagers develop lupus, too.
- Women of color are 2-3 times more likely to develop lupus.
- People of all races and ethnic groups can develop lupus.
- More than 16,000 new cases of lupus are reported annually across the country.
Target Awareness: What is lupus?
Watch a short six-minute video which provides an overview of lupus, its symptoms and health effects, and how the Lupus Foundation of America can help.
The National Library of Medicine, part of the National Institutes of Health, has a complete list of online tutorials, including lupus. | <urn:uuid:d367294d-5a52-4508-a8f4-7c99101d72c7> | {
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Functions in Lisp
|Column Tag:||Lisp Listener
"Functions in Lisp"
By Andy Cohen, Human Factors Engineering, Hughes Aircraft, MacTutor Contributing Editor
As you may recall from the first installment of the Lisp Listener, a procedure is a description of an action or computation. A primitive is a predefined or "builtin" procedure (e.g. "+"). As in Forth, Lisp can have procedures which are defined by the programmer. DEFUN, from DEfine FUNction, is used for this purpose. The syntax for DEFUN in Experlisp is as follows:
(DEFUN FunctionName (symbols)
(All sorts of computations which may or may Not use the values
represented by the symbols))
The function name is exactly that. Whenever the name is used the defined procedure associated with that function name is performed. The symbols are values which may or may not be required by the procedures within the defined function. If required, the values must follow the function name. When given, these values are assigned to the symbol. This is similar to the way values are assigned to a symbol when using SETQ. It is easier to see how DEFUN works when observed within an example:
;(DEFUN Reciprocal (n)
(/ 1 n))
The word "Reciprocal" is the function name and the numbers following are the values for which the reciprocal (1/n) are found. After the list containing DEFUN is entered and the carriage return is pressed the function and it's title are assigned a location in memory. The function name is then printed in the Listener window.
;(DEFUN Square (x)
(* x x))
;(DEFUN Cubed (y)
(* y (* y y))
;(DEFUN AVERAGE (W X Y Z)
(/ (+ W X Y Z) 4))
;(Average 2 3 4 5)
You might recognize "Average" from last month's Lisp Listener. One might imagine using defined functions inside other defined functions. If it was possible to have variables which have the same values in each procedure, then the version of Lisp used has what is called dynamic scoping. In this context the values of the variable are determined by the Lisp environment which is resident when the procedure is called. Experlisp, however, is lexically scoped. That means that variable values are local to each procedure. Two defined procedures can use the same labels for variables, but the values will not be considered as the same. Each variable is defined locally. This is in accordance to the Common Lisp standard. Lexical scoping makes it easier to debug someone elses'' programs. If you don't know what I mean yet, don't worry. This subject will come up again in more detail later.
If no values are required by the defined function then "nil" or an empty list must follow the function name.
;(DEFUN Line ()
The empty list obviously contains no atoms (I'll describe the above function, "Line" later in the section on bunnies). It is synonymous to the special term nil, which is considered by Lisp as the opposite of T or True. Nil is used in many other contexts.
;(cddr '( one two))
In the above, the first cdr returns "two". The second cdr returns nothing, hence "nil". The values of true and false are returned by procedures called predicates. While nil represents a false condition, anything other then nil, including "T", is generally considered true. Please note that I used lowercase letters in the above. ExperLisp recognizes both upper and lowercase. I've been using uppercase only to make it clear within the text when I'm referring to Lisp
EQUAL is a predicate which checks the equality of two arguments. Note the arguments can be integers or symbols. If the two arguments are equal then "T" is returned. If they are not equal then "nil" is returned.
;(EQUAL try try)
;(EQUAL 6732837 6732837)
;(EQUAL 6732837 6732833)
;(EQUAL First Second)
ATOM checks to see if it's argument is a list or an atom. Remember, the single quote is used to indicate that what follows is a not evaluated as in the case of a list. Symbols are evaluated.
;(ATOM (A B C D))
In the first of the above 'thing is an atom due to the single quote. In the second, thing is considered a symbol. A symbol is evaluated and contains a value or values as a list. In the third, (A B C D) is obviously a list.
LISTP checks if it's argument is a list.
;(LISTP '( 23 45 65 12 1))
;(SETQ babble '(wd ihc wi kw))
One interesting observation is that nil is both an atom and a list, ()=nil. Therefore ATOM and LISTP both return true for nil.
When one needs to know if a list is empty, NULL does the job.
;(NULL (X Y Z))
NUMBERP checks if the argument that follows is or represents a number rather than a string.
;(SETQ fifty-six '(56))
Now for a real slick one. MEMBER tests whether or not an argument is a part of a list. An easy demonstration follows:
;(MEMBER 'bananas (apples pears bananas))
;(apples pears bananas)
;(MEMBER 'grapes (apples pears bananas))
When the argument is a member, then the contents of the list are given. If not then nil is returned. MEMBER also checks symbols of lists.
;(SETQ fruit '(apples grapes pears))
;(MEMBER 'grapes fruit)
; (apples grapes pears)
;(MEMBER 'banana fruit)
EVENP tests to see if an integer is even and MINUSP checks if an integer is negative. ODDP and PLUSP are not needed since they are simply opposite of the first two.
;(EVENP (- 806 35))
;(MINUSP (-34 86))
In the second and fourth examples above the lists contained within are calculated prior to MEMBERP evaluation. (806-35=771 & 34-86=-52. There's a few more simple predicates such as NOT, <, >, and ZEROP. I'll discuss them along with conditionals next month. Now for something completely different.
If you've ever learned Logo, the concept of Bunny graphics should sound familiar. As mentioned last month, the Bunny is Expertelligence's version of the Turtle. All one needs to do in order to make a Bunny move is to tell it to. FORWARD X initially moves the Bunny upwards on the screen for 'X' display pixels. A negative number initially moves it down. When one enters the following in the Listener window,
the default graphics window (I'll discuss windows in more detail very soon in future installments) is then opened and the following is drawn:
RIGHT X aims the front of the line to the right by X degrees. If one then uses forward again the line moves in a different direction. For example:
;((RIGHT 50) (FORWARD 50))
or better yet
(RIGHT 50) (FORWARD 50))
After a line is moved, the end of the line remains where it was. If one made the Bunny move again the beginning of the new line would begin where the old left off. The original starting point is the graphics window default home position. This position is in the center of each graphics window when the window is first created. In order to return the Bunny to the original starting point one must use HOME.
The following produces a much neater triangle:
(DEFUN Triangle ()
(Penup) (Left 45)
(Forward 10) (Pendown)
(Right 90) (Forward 25)
(Right 90) (Forward 50)
(Right 135) (Forward 71)
(Right 135) (Forward 25))
After the above is typed into the edit buffer the "Compile All" selection should be chosen from the Menu Bar. The source code in the Edit Buffer quickly inverts to white letters on a black background as if the whole file was selected for a moment. The function name "Triangle is then printed in the Listener window. If the user enters the following in the Listener Window a different triangle is drawn in the default Graphics Window:
If you Look at the in Triangle you will see a couple more Bunny commands. LEFT does the same as RIGHT but in the opposite direction. PENUP raises the Bunny's pen so that when the Bunny moves no lines are drawn. PENDOWN returns the Bunny to the drawing orientation. The first line of code in "Triangle" puts the Bunny off the Home position so that the drawn triangle will be centered on the screen. As mentioned earlier, the orientation of the bunny remains. The last line of code in "Triangle left the Bunny aimed at about 1:00 rather than the initial position, 12:00. If we were to make "Triangle" execute ten times without eliminating the Graphics Window the following would result:
In getting "Triangle" to execute recompilation of the code in the edit buffer is not necessary. To get the above one can type the function name into a list ten times within the Listener window. The following however, is easier:
;(Dotimes (a 10) (Triangle))
DOTIMES is very similar to the FOR...NEXT looping routine in BASIC. I'll discuss it next month in a description of iteration and recursion in ExperLisp.
If we wanted to use a three dimensional bunny then the following would be added before "Triangle" in the Edit Buffer window:
(SETQ curbun (new3dbun))
(Pitch 30) (Yaw 45) (Roll 50)
Something like the following is drawn after the source code is recompiled and "(Triangle)" is entered into the Listener Window:
CURBUN is a special symbol in ExperLisp which always refers to the Bunny cursor. NEW3DBUN is a special term which always changes CURBUN. The default Bunny is 2 dimensional. If one wanted the Spherical Bunny then the following would be entered into the beginning of the first version of "Triangle":
(SETQ curbun (newspbun))
This would then produce what follows:
In order to have the above drawn in a different orientation, different Bunny direction would be required. Windows, two and three dimensional Bunny graphics and toolbox graphics use the same X,Y coordinate system. Home is 0,0. Dual negative coordinates are situated towards the upper left corner. Dual positive coordinates are situated towards the lower right corner. The range is +32767 to -32768 for each dimension. In ExperLisp one can sometimes use the third dimension, as in the 3D sample of "Triangle". Negative Z values are behind Home, while positive Z values are in front. The following illustrates the coordinate system in ExperLisp:
The ExperLisp disk contains three essential files; Compiler, LispENV and Experlisp. Compiler is not actually the entire Lisp compiler. It contains the information needed in generating all of the higher level Lisp syntactics, such as the Bunny graphics. LispENV stands for Lisp Environment and it is simply a duplication of Compile. LispENV contains information on how the Macintosh memory was organized by the programmer and ExperLisp during the previous session. It also contains information on the system configuration such as the number of disk drives, the amount of memory, etc. Sometimes LispENV can be messed up (i.e. by changing the variable table). When this happens one might not be able to start ExperLisp. In this case LispENV should be removed from the disk. Afterward, when ExperLisp is opened, Compiler generates a new LispENV. Compiler is not needed on the disk unless the LispENV is ruined. Deleting it will provide 100K more space on the disk. Before eliminating it from the disk however, be sure you have a backup as it is an essential file. The Experlisp file contains the assembly language routines which represent the lower level Lisp routines like CAR and CDR. It also allows access to the Macintosh toolbox routines and contains the Listener Window. One opens the Experlisp file in starting a programming session with ExperLisp. Another file on the disk is automatically loaded and activated when Experlisp is booted. It is labeled ªlispinit. The contents of this file can be added to so that when one boots up ExperLisp a program can be automatically executed. It can also do automatic configurations. However the contents of ªlispinit should not be changed since it configures the Macintosh memory for Exper- Lisp.
Next month I'll discuss a few more predicate procedures. I also hope to start discussing iteration, recursion and conditionals. If there is enough room left over I might also begin discussing how to access the toolbox graphics. | <urn:uuid:9ed9dd59-1ad8-422d-be1a-e1d062d262b6> | {
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- Allergies and asthma: They often occur together Allergies and asthma? Find out how to control both conditions.
Tests and diagnosis
- Asthma: Steps in testing and diagnosis Diagnosing asthma generally includes a medical history, physical exam and lung tests.
- Nitric oxide test for asthma Nitric oxide test — Overview covers definition, risks, results of this procedure to evaluate asthma.
- Peak flow meter Peak flow meter — Overview covers how to use this simple tool to monitor asthma symptoms.
- Spirometry Spirometry — Overview covers definition, risks, results of spirometry testing to evaluate asthma and COPD.
Treatments and drugs
- Asthma treatment: 3 steps to better asthma control Follow this three-step approach to keep asthma symptoms under control and prevent asthma attacks.
- Asthma medications: Know your options Asthma medications — Which ones prevent asthma attacks, and which ones treat immediate symptoms.
- Asthma inhalers: Which one's right for you? Asthma inhalers — Here's a rundown of inhaler types and how they work.
- Treating asthma in children under 5 Asthma in children under 5: Understand symptoms, medications and treatment plans.
- Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11 Treating asthma in children ages 5 to 11: Maintain control with an asthma action plan.
- Treating asthma in children ages 12 and older Treating asthma in children ages 12 and older: Manage treatment with an asthma action plan.
Lifestyle and home remedies
- Asthma in adults: Creating an asthma action plan Here's how to create an adult asthma action plan — a tool for managing your asthma.
- Asthma-friendly products: Do they help reduce symptoms? Asthma-friendly products: Evaluate the claims before you spend your money.
- Asthma in children: Creating an asthma action plan Managing childhood asthma can be complicated. Take control with a written action plan.
- Exercise and chronic disease: Get the facts Exercise and chronic disease — Find out what you need to know before starting an exercise routine.
- Asthma treatment: Do complementary and alternative approaches work? Alternative asthma treatment: What might work, and what to avoid.
- Asthma: Limit asthma attacks caused by colds or flu Asthma, colds and flu — Keep your sneeze from turning into a wheeze.
- Allergy-proof your house Allergy-proof your house with these simple changes and find relief for your symptoms.
- Asthma control test Asthma control test: Is your asthma under control? Find out. | <urn:uuid:7866d32e-0853-4b62-9952-0fd4124c3045> | {
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Lifestyle and home remediesBy Mayo Clinic staff
You'll probably need to make lifestyle changes to stop cycles of behavior that worsen your bipolar disorder, and to make sure you get the support you need from people in your life. Here are some steps to take:
- Quit drinking or using illegal drugs. One of the biggest concerns with bipolar disorder is the negative consequences of risk-taking behavior and drug or alcohol abuse. Get help if you have trouble quitting on your own.
- Steer clear of unhealthy relationships. Surround yourself with people who are a positive influence and won't encourage unhealthy behavior or attitudes that can worsen your bipolar disorder.
- Get regular exercise. Moderate, regular exercise can help steady your mood. Working out releases brain chemicals that make you feel good (endorphins), can help you sleep and has a number of other benefits. Check with your doctor before starting any exercise program, especially if you're taking lithium to make sure exercise won't interfere with your medication.
- Get plenty of sleep. Sleeping enough is an important part of managing your mood. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to your doctor or mental health provider about what you can do.
- Bipolar disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder/complete-index.shtml. Accessed Nov. 2, 2011.
- Bipolar disorders. The Merck Manuals: The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric_disorders/mood_disorders/bipolar_disorders.html#v1028598. Accessed Nov. 2, 2011.
- Mood disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. http://www.psychiatryonline.com. Accessed Nov. 3, 2011.
- Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Washington, D.C.: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/member_information/practice_information/practice_parameters/practice_parameters. Accessed Nov. 2, 2011.
- Joska JA. Mood disorders. In: Hales RE, et al. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/pracGuideChapToc_8.aspx. Accessed Nov. 3, 2011.
- Martinez M, et al. Psychopharmacology. In: Hales RE, et al. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=320111. Accessed Nov. 3, 2011.
- Post RM. Bipolar disorder in adults: Maintenance treatment. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Nov. 2, 2011.
- Andreescu C, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of bipolar disorder: A review of the evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008;110:16.
- Sarris J, et al. Bipolar disorder and complementary medicine: Current evidence, safety issues, and clinical considerations. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2011;17:881.
- Hall-Flavin DK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Nov. 8, 2011. | <urn:uuid:69740281-9f63-49c1-a87e-83a1e1c51dfa> | {
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Peter S. Jensen, M.D., of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology at Mayo Clinic, combines use of an ADHD rating scale and Mayo Clinic's electronic medical record (EMR) to track the progress of children diagnosed as having ADHD over time and across health care providers.
"The ADHD rating scale and side effects measures assess key aspects of the child's progress when used with consistency. The EMR pushes physicians to use the rating scale consistently and allows us to record its results, as completed by teachers and families, to track symptoms and progress over time," says Dr. Jensen.
The combination of the rating scale and the EMR creates a reliable tracking process that is also a safeguard for both patients and physicians. "Pediatric patients' needs change as they age," says Dr. Jensen. "The EMR, coupled with rating scales, allows us to note when patients are doing well—and when they are not. We can view a patient's evolving needs and modify treatment on the basis of a complete record of progress."
The system also provides information that allows health care providers to reassure the family about the need for medications. "Across the United States, families go through 11 different health care providers on average before they find one that they fully trust to advise them. If families don't trust medications—a huge issue—they don't use them. The markers and double-checks in the EMR provide information that allows physicians to help reassure the family that they're making an informed choice," says Dr. Jensen.
The rating scale in the EMR includes questions that help health care providers rule out abuse and vision problems for patients. "Research shows that we can have 95% diagnostic accuracy if we use this type of system properly," says Dr. Jensen.
The Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology makes an effort to engage families fully in the health care process. "Input from the patient, family, and teachers is crucial," says Dr. Jensen. "Not just parents, but even kids can become experts at recognizing the symptoms, particularly as they grow older. The EMR tracking procedures become critical teaching and communication tools in that process."
For pediatricians, family medicine physicians, child psychiatrists, and psychologists (especially those trained long ago), incorporation of these kinds of assessment and treatment tools involves a learning process.
"In other areas of medicine, physicians learn by hands-on practice. They don't learn surgery by viewing slide shows. We are changing the way we are learning in our division and our continuing education courses," says Dr. Jensen.
Training includes role-playing, feedback from specialists, and 6 months of coaching with 8 to 10 physicians on weekly conference calls. Participants earn up to 30 hours of continuing medical education credits. More than 600 health care providers have completed the program. | <urn:uuid:3626b642-a70d-448a-bd68-abff8f492615> | {
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Model I and Model II Regressions
Which Regression: Model I or Model II?
- For Excel®, MATLAB® and most other commercial programs the inherent line fitting method is the model-I regression.
- To determine whether you are using a model-I or a model-II regression,
- first find the slope of Y vs X where Y is plotted on the vertical axis and X is plotted on the horiziontal axis -- this is the "normal" way of doing things. It is also known as the regression of Y-on-X. Call this slope m(y).
- Now reverse X and Y and fit another line; call this slope m(x)'.
- Since X and Y are reversed, we need to find the inverse of m(x)' to properly compare against m(y),
so let m(x) = 1 / m(x)'.
- Now if m(x) = m(y) exactly and r is not equal to 1, then you are using a model-II regression.
- If m(x) is not equal to m(y), then you are using a model-1 regression.
- Note that for either model, r^2 = m(y) / m(x). This is known as the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. It is a measure of the linearity of the data, not the fit of the line to the data.
- To quickly calculate the model-II geometric mean regression slope, m(gm), first determine the model-I regression slope, m(y), and the correlation coefficient, r. The geometric mean slope is then calculated as: m(gm) = m(y) / r. Or, you can use the MATLAB® script file lsqfitgm.
- Also note that for datasets where r = 1, m(y) = m(x) = m(gm). In those cases, this test will not tell you which method you are using.
Questions? Comments? Please contact Edward Peltzer. | <urn:uuid:4abb706f-2ee8-4da5-99af-6e713b71cb4e> | {
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Natural Areas Registry
Natural Areas Registry
The Mississippi Natural Areas Registry is founded on our state's strong belief in the rights of private property owners and our pride in Mississippi's rich natural heritage. It is designed to honor and recognize the owners of outstanding natural areas for the commitment to preservation of our state's most unique remaining habitats. Since more than two thirds of Mississippi is in private ownership, our citizens hold the keys to the future health of these habitats. Remnants of prairies, longleaf pine savannahs, pitcher plant bogs, woodland ravines, streamside forests of mixed beech and magnolias are just a few of the special habitats that need to survive into the next century and longer so that our generation won't be the last to know these special places.
The registry simply encourages the voluntary preservation of
important natural lands in private ownership. It works by asking
landowners to make non-binding agreements with the Museum of
Natural Science that they will manage the land to protect what is
special about it. The landowner can cancel the agreement at any
time with notice to the Registry Program.
If the landowner wants to go farther than registry and give a binding conservation agreement, such as a tax deductible conservation easement, or a negotiated dedication to public use with ad valorem tax relief, the staff of the Natural Heritage Program can guide this process.
How Does the Mississippi Natural Areas Registry Work?
Who Operates the Registry?
The Natural Areas Registry was created by the Legislature in 1976 as part of the Mississippi Natural Heritage Program. Ours was one of the first three nationally, and was started as a partnership between The Nature Conservancy and the Mississippi Park Commission (now the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks or MDWF&P). Natural heritage programs now exist in all 50 states. Our mission is to maintain an inventory of the natural communities of plants, animals, and fishes in the state, including endangered species, geological features and fossil records. Employing both printed and electronic records, it acts as a repository for Mississippi's natural history. The Heritage Program now is housed in the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science which is part of MDWF&P.
How does an area qualify for the Registry?
To qualify as a Mississippi natural area eligible for registration, a property must contain one or more of these characteristics:
- habitat for rare, threatened, or endangered plants or animals.
- plant communities characteristic of the native vegetation of Mississippi.
- outstanding natural features such as old-growth forests, caves or wetlands.
How does inclusion on the Registry protect a natural area?
Registration effectively encourages conservation of important natural lands in private or public ownership. By informing landowners of the uniqueness of particular sites, registration reduces the chance that significant natural values may be inadvertently destroyed. The same recognition will discourage others, such as government agencies and utilities from disturbing the area.
What say does the landowner have in the registration process?
The registration of a natural area is totally up to the landowner. It is a voluntary decision, and will not occur without his or her approval.
What recognition does a property owner receive for including his or her land in the Registry?
In honor of the commitment to protect the land, the owner receives a framed certificate of appreciation from the director of the Museum bearing the landowners name and the name of the area, and a subscription to Natural Newsline, the Museum's quarterly newsletter With approval from the landowner, his or her participation in the Heritage Program can be publicized in the newsletter or in Mississippi Outdoors. The directions to the area are not published.
What commitment does the owner make with a registry agreement?
- preserve and protect the area to the best of the landowner's ability.
- Notify the Museum of Natural Science Natural Heritage Program of any threats to the area such as pollution, rights of way, changes in drainage.
- Allow the Mississippi Commission on Wildlife Fisheries and Parks a first option to purchase the natural area so that if the landowner should ever decide to sell it, a purchase offer can be made if funds are available.
Is the registry commitment binding on the owner of a registered natural area?
No. The commitment is non-binding and may be cancelled by the landowner at any time, with a 30-day written notice to the Natural Heritage Program. If the landowner fails to protect an area, with the result of destruction or degradation of the important natural features meant to be protected, the area will be removed from the registry and the landowner will receive written notification. There are no penalties for removal of an area from the registry.
Does the registration of a site permit public access to private property?
No. Registration of a natural area provides no rights of public access to private property. As with any private land, visitors must receive permission from the landowner before entering the property.
Is management assistance available to the owner of a registered area?
Yes. An owner of a registered area may receive management advice from the staff of the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science or from the Nature Conservancy.
What are the other options for
protection of natural areas?
There are two binding options by which a landowner can preserve natural areas found on his or her land.
1. The gift of a conservation easement is a binding legal agreement that a natural area will be spared from development in perpetuity. These are filed in the courthouse records, and will bind future purchasers or those who inherit the land. Easements are said to "run with the land." Easements are sometimes called deed restrictions, rights of way, or servitudes and are rights less than full ownership that a landowner can sell or donate. The landowner still pays property taxes on lands on which a conservation easement has been granted. The services of an attorney, and a land appraiser are needed to negotiate a conservation easement.
Income Tax Features
A donated conservation easement, know as a qualified conservation contribution, is a special kind of donation that works as an itemized deduction applied to individual or corporate income tax. Section 170 (h) of the Internal Revenue Service Code contains all the requirements for these specialized tax deductions. They must meet the "conservation purposes test", must be perpetual, and must go to a qualified holder or charity. The Nature Conservancy, a Mississippi land trust, and various state agencies all qualify as holders. A deduction of up to 30% of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) is allowed. This deduction may be spread over a period of six years.
Estate Tax Features
A conservation easement under 170 (h) can also be used as an estate tax reduction and is one tool that a landowner can use in estate planning to lighten the inheritance tax load on his or her heirs. This gift can occur during the lifetime of the landowner or it can be made shortly after death by the administrator of the landowner's estate.
2. Dedication of a natural area to the Commission on Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks.
This is a dedication to public use of some or all of the property ownership interest and exempts a landowner from paying ad valoremtaxes (county property taxes) on the part of his or her estate granted away. The assessment of taxes is reduced by the amount of the value of the interest in the property which is conveyed to the Commission. The landowner and the Commission together negotiate the portion of the landowner's rights to be transferred to the Commission for the people of Mississippi. The transfer can be a sale, or a donation and can be made during the landowner's lifetime or in a will as a devise or bequest.
This option for land preservation is best understood as comparable to the dedication of a public park by a private landowner. Except for the dedication of Clark Creek Natural Area in Wilkinson County, which was a sale, the Natural Heritage Program has not arranged one of these dedications by donation in its 26 year history. It is likely that a conservation easement could accomplish similar preservation goals as a dedication, but the tax relief features are different. For the right landowner, a dedication may be an attractive option.
If your interested in participating in the Mississippi Natural Areas Registry Program please contact the Natural Heritage Program staff at the address listed below.
Mississippi Natural Heritage Program
Mississippi Museum of Natural Science
Miss. Department of Wildlife, Fisheries & Parks
2148 Riverside Drive
Jackson, Mississippi 39202-1353
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Bright Light at Night Could Up Depression Risk, Mouse Study Suggests
Latest Depression News
WEDNESDAY, Nov. 14 (HealthDay News) -- A new study suggests that when the sun goes down, you might end up happier and better able to learn new things if you turn down all the lights -- even your computer screen.
Unfortunately, the research was done just with mice. But because they share the same set of special light-activated cells in their eyes that humans have -- known as ipRGCs -- it may be that the comparisons could apply to people.
Those cells, called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, are stimulated by bright light, which affects the brain's mood, memory and learning centers, the researchers said.
"Expose yourself to bright light in the day and avoid it at night," suggested study co-author Samer Hattar, an associate professor of biology and neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore. "That will keep the ipRGCs that affect mood from being activated."
The research was published online in the Nov. 14 in the journal Nature.
Hattar said the research team was initially interested in whether seasonal affective disorder (SAD) -- a form of depression people sometimes experience in the lower-light winter months -- applied to mice. They exposed mice to an alternating cycle of 3.5 hours of light and then 3.5 hours of darkness. The mice got depressed.
How do you know that a mouse is sad? They take less interest in sugar and move less in the cage, and they have trouble learning and remembering, Hattar explained. When the mice were given Prozac (fluoxetine), a commonly prescribed antidepressant, their symptoms went away.
To understand the role of the retina's neurological circuits in affecting mood, memory and learning, the researchers studied animals that didn't have the specialized ipRGC cells.
Without them, the irregular light schedule did not impair mood and cognitive (thinking) function, even though their vision and general light detection ability remained intact. This showed that light affects learning and mood directly through these special photosensitive retinal cells, Hattar said.
The researchers created light-exposure patterns for the mice that allowed the scientists to rule out the possibility that circadian rhythm and sleep disruption were responsible for the changes in mood and learning ability they observed.
Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
One expert questioned whether the mice's normal circadian rhythm was indeed maintained. "Perhaps even though the overall sleep timing pattern remained intact, the quality of their sleep deteriorated," suggested Tony Tang, an adjunct professor in the department of psychology at Northwestern University, in Evanston, Ill.
Tang also found an important difference between how humans are exposed to light at night in modern life and how the reaction of mice to light was tested during the research.
"In the current study, the poor mice ended up having bright lights shining on them while they slept; but for humans in the past century, we've stayed up while we kept lights on, and then turned the lights off when we sleep," he said.
Scientists note that research with animals often fails to provide similar results in humans.
Study co-author Hattar said the study should be replicated in human subjects. "But even if it comes out not as clear as it did in mice, I think there will be some benefit for people to turn down their lights at night. I don't think there is any harm in it."
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
SOURCES: Samer Hattar, Ph.D., associate professor, biology and neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Tony Tang, Ph.D., adjunct professor, department of psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.; Nov. 14, 2012, Nature online
Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE! | <urn:uuid:32446cfb-c04e-4991-a019-eebec1d9459d> | {
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Definition of Tuber
Tuber: A lump or bump. For example, the backward protrusion of the heel is called the tuber calcanei or, alternatively, the tuberosity of the calcaneus. Small tubers are a characteristic finding in tuberculosis, and tubers in the brain are seen in tuberous sclerosis.
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications?
Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE! | <urn:uuid:b805f568-3da1-4d84-9730-fdd70109588e> | {
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Exquisite workmanship and lavish use of precious materials distinguish this sword as a princely weapon and exemplifies the opulence and refinement of Ottoman luxury arts. Almost identical to a yatagan (now in the Topkapi Palace, Istanbul) made in 1526–27 by the court jeweler Ahmed Tekel, for the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66), this sword was undoubtedly made in the same imperial workshop. The gold incrustation on the blade depicts a combat between a dragon and a phoenix against a background of foliate scrolls. These figures, like the gold-inlaid cloud bands and foliate scrolls on the ivory grips, are Chinese in inspiration, and were probably introduced into Ottoman art through contacts with Persia. This sword is one of the earliest known yatagans, distinctly Turkish weapons characterized by a double-curved blade and a hilt without a guard. Yatagans were commonplace in Turkey and the Balkans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and served as sidearms for the elite troops known as janissaries. | <urn:uuid:aa045dba-e3c9-459f-90f2-0c158451c935> | {
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What is achiote? In english Achiote means Annato. It comes from a tropical tree that is native to the Americas and is used for industrial and culinary purposes. The name Achiote derives from the Nahuatl word for the shrub, achiotl. The Annato plant has pink flowers and ovular leafs, the seeds or fruit is a capsule covered in short, red prickly, stiff hairs or spines. The Achiote Fruit Capsuls are brown and reddish at maturity and heart shaped. The pods or capsules will split open in half when mature, revealing 50 seeds covered in red pulp.
The fruit from the Annato tree are not edible, the red orange reddish pericarp or pulp that covers the triangular-shaped seeds is used for its dying properties and to give flavor to dishes. The seeds range in colors from Yellow to orange and red to black. The yellow and orange seeds are commonly used as a dye for cheeses and other dairy products. The red seed is used to add flavor to Mexican, caribbean and Latin American Dishes most commonly used in the caribbean, and the Oaxacan, and Yucatecan regions of Mexico. The Achiote originates from Merida, Yucatan and the Annato seed was first introduced to the Americas by the indigenous people of the Maya and Aztec tribes. It was used as body paint; specifically for Lipstick giving the Annato tree the name of "Lipstick Tree", food coloring, clothing dye and for writing scriptures.
Annato has a sweet and peppery taste and scent, and has been described to have an earthy, bitter flavor. Achiote works for your needs in either one of its varieties. Traditional recipes where achiote is used include the very famous Cochinita pibil (Mexican-slow roasted pork dish) for color and flavor, chicken in achiote and caldo de olla.To give a reddish color and flavor to any recipes like tamales, meat, fish or rice (arroz rojo) dishes, substitute vegetable oil with Achiote oil. Recado Rojo or Achiote paste is a thick, earthy flavored, deep-red seasoning that is slightly bitter, made with red Annato seeds mixed with other spices and ground into a brick shaped paste. It's preferred in the Yucatan and Oaxacan cuisine because for its distinctive flavor and coloring. Achiote is a signature ingredient in every Mexican kitchen. You can either rub the Achiote paste directly on the meat, pork, fish, shrimp or seafood to which it gives a deep-red color and flavor. These can also be marinated with a sauce created with the paste by dissolving it with either orange juice, vinegar, lime juice or oil. Once the meat is marinated or the Achiote paste is rubbed on it, you can bake, broil, grill or barbecue. The Achiote paste may also be added to a corn base for red tamales or empanadas to give them color and a spicy flavor. When using Achiote in the kitchen make sure to wear an apron, because the dye properties in the Annato are very strong and therefore can stain your clothes.
Achiote is used in a variety of ways for example Achiote paste, achiote powder, achiote oil, and achiotina. Achiote is sold as crushed seeds, whole seeds and/or brick version of the paste. Examples of brands that sell Achiote (Anatto) paste are: El Mexicano, Achiote Chef, La Perla del Mayab, El Yucateco. For Achiote in its powder version, Bijol is a great brand. Achiote (Anatto) is the main ingredient in Goya's popular spice blend "Sazon." You can find Achiote in grocery stores and online wherever Mexican, Middle Eastern and Latin American products are sold. MexGrocer.com offers you all of these Achiote brands for you to choose from to prepare all your favorite dishes.
In Mexico and Latin America Anatto is commonly known as Achiote or Achote as it is pronounced, although in the Philippines it is known as Atsuwete or Acheute. Other names for the seed include Annatto, Anatta, and Annato. | <urn:uuid:593d87db-2380-44b1-9d7d-f3b1a240490d> | {
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The bar coding of finished products is an effective and widespread tool for managing inventory and distribution, expediting work-in-process and simplifying warranty fulfillment.
What has not been practical is the tracing and tracking of individual parts that are internal to finished goods. These are the critical components that determine, after all, whether products perform or fail.
There are several reasons why individual parts have not been marked until recently. Key among them has been the limitation inherent in traditional marking, specifically the inability to withstand common manufacturing processes such as heat treating, mechanical abrasion and chemical baths. But this didn't mean there was not a need for this technology.
Roger Schellhorn, quality coordinator at John Deere (Waterloo, Iowa), was looking for a system that would code individual internal parts. "Our first priority was to achieve individual parts traceability throughout the production line," he explains. "We wanted to put a pedigree on parts, and assign quality data to individual items. We've always been able to correlate quality data with a particular group of parts, but before recently, there had been no way to marry quality data with individual parts."
The company considered numerous systems for achieving individual part traceability, including optical character recognition (OCR). "Our biggest objection," says Mr. Schellhorn, "was the miles—literally miles—of wiring that would have been required. It looked to us like an upkeep nightmare."
Then he found a new marking technology referred to as Bumpy Barcoding (BBC) by its supplier, Mecco Marking Systems, (Ingomar, Pennsylvania). BBC indents a high-integrity 3D mark into metal, plastic and composite materials.
Indented BBC marks are expressed by highs and lows in surface height, rather than variations in black and white. Indented BBC readers use differences in height, rather than contrast, to distinguish the bars and spaces of the code being read. This allows Bumpy Bar Codes to be read where no contrast is available, (for example, when a part is exiting a heat treating cycle and the surface is dark.)
The mark, which is permanent, can be made through indent marking, die stamping, or roll marking on virtually any material of less than Rockwell 45C. Materials do not have to be perfectly flat or smoothmachined; in fact, only highly reflective materials (such as polished stainless steel) are problematic. Marks can also be incorporated easily with most casting, forging or injection molding processes. In all cases, the mark becomes a design feature of the part. BBC marking withstands annealing, heat treating, and abrasive treatments, and is scannable after many coating processes as well. The service life of the mark equals that of the part itself.
John Deere introduced Bumpy Barcoding technology at its Waterloo Engine Works. The company's first application for Mecco's Bumpy Bar Code technology was connecting rods. Each connecting rod is split into two pieces during machining and must be reformed as a matched set. The system allows absolute verification that each rod and rod cap are a matched set.
"Now, if we would develop a problem with connecting rods, we could instantly identify the shift when it was produced, the individual machine involved, the specific quality measurement data generated, and the operator who was on duty," says Mr. Schellhorn. "We can respond quickly and appropriately to any problem, but more importantly, we can respond proactively as well.
The Mecco system purchased by John Deere includes a Mecco SP202 computer controlled marking system and fixed base reader. To accommodate Deere's requirement for a very fast cycle time, the system was engineered with three stations: two marking heads, and one fixed scanner, which was manufactured by Sensis Corp. The first station provides human-readable marking, the second indents the BBC marking; the third station scans and verifies the integrity of the marks. Fixturing, which was designed jointly by Mr. Schellhorn and Mecco engineering vice president Jim Speicher, includes automated parts handling.
The BBC is created by a chisel stylus that strikes the material surface and creates a bar about 1/8 inch in length. The reader is unique in that it reads both Bumpy Bar Codes and traditional black and white printed bar codes, an advantage for users of both technologies. The reader is also distinctive in its use of a proprietary error detection algorithm, which makes misreading a virtual mathematical impossibility.
BBC readers integrate readily with PCs, PLCs, robots and other factory data equipment. They also plug into portable data terminals, which transfer data into a computer by saving it in memory for subsequent downloading, or by transmission via RF link to a base station. In the assembly operation, the connecting rod number is directly linked to an engine serial number. This provides traceability from the machining data to the end customer.
Mr. Schellhorn's goal is to implement BBC parts traceability on key parts, facilitywide, by the end of 2000.blog comments powered by Disqus | <urn:uuid:66807b91-f60f-4e97-8b9b-50454265752a> | {
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Mom's depressions alters baby's language learning skills
SRI treatment seems to accelerate a baby's attention to their own language, while unmedicated depression seems to delay that attention.
Tue, Oct 09 2012 at 9:40 AM
Photo: Getty Images
A mother's depression can extend the sensitive period in which babies learn their native tongue, while treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (antidepressants) for moms or moms-to-be seems to accelerate the process, new research finds.
However, scientists aren't yet sure how either result influences babies' ultimate language development.
"The findings highlight the importance of environmental factors on infant development and put us in a better position to support not only optimal language development in children but also maternal well-being," study researcher Janet Werker, a psychologist at the University of British Columbia, said in a statement. Werker and her colleagues encouraged moms and moms-to-be with depression to seek treatment.
"It is really important that pregnant women discuss all treatment options with their physicians or midwives," study researcher Tim Oberlander, a professor of developmental pediatrics at the University of British Columbia, said in a statement.
Babies acquire language (and other life skills) in a series of sensitive periods. Infants are born able to discriminate sounds from any language, but already preferentially process the noises of their native tongue, the result of hearing it while in utero. By about 10 months, however, the ability to discern sounds not present in the child's native tongue begins to vanish. This sensitive period helps explain why people raised bilingual from an early age can sound like a native speaker in both languages, while people who learn a foreign language later will always struggle to lose their accents. [9 Incredibly Brainy Baby Abilities]
Certain medications can influence brain development and plasticity, the ability of the brain to adapt and rewire. According to Werker and her colleagues, between 15 percent and 20 percent of women experience depression during pregnancy, and as many as 13 percent of pregnant women are treated for depression with SRIs, or serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), a mood-stabilizing medication.
To find out if depression or its treatment influence language development, the researchers tested babies on their ability to tell languages apart. They recruited 85 6-month-old babies, 21 of whom had moms with depression and 32 of whom had moms with depression who had been treated during pregnancy with SRIs.
At 6 months and 10 months, the babies heard recordings of the English syllable "da" and the Hindi syllable "da." To a native English speaker, these sounds are virtually indistinguishable, but they are subtly different: Hindi speakers make their "da" sound by touching the tongue to their top teeth, while English speakers make their "da" by touching the tongue to the roof of the mouth behind the teeth.
In a second experiment, the same babies watched silent videos of people speaking either English or French. Normally, babies can tell the languages apart by mouth movements only until about 8 months of age.
In both cases, researchers determined if babies could tell the difference between the languages by playing one and then switching to the other. They then measured if the babies looked longer at the new sound or not. If they did, the researchers knew they could tell the difference. If they didn't, it was because the new stimulus seemed the same as the old, and thus didn't attract the babies' attention. [Photos: How Babies Learn]
Depression and development
The results revealed that kids of healthy, non-medication-taking moms could generally tell the languages apart at 6 months of age, but lost the ability at 10 months of age, as expected. But babies of moms with depression responded differently. When moms had received SRI treatment, the babies displayed unusual maturity in their discrimination patterns: They failed to discriminate between different languages at 6 months old.
A second experiment that involved playing vowels and consonants for fetuses of 36 weeks gestation found that the early maturation began even then. In fetuses of moms taking SRIs, recognition of native consonants was advanced. (Researchers measured recognition by tracking each fetus's heart rate.)
Likewise, babies of depressed moms showed changes from the norm. These babies seemed to have a longer-than-usual sensitive period of language development. They could still differentiate between different languages at 10 months of age.
In other words, SRI treatment seems to accelerate a baby's attention to their own language, while unmedicated depression seems to delay that attention. Researchers don't yet know whether this effect has any real-world consequences for how babies learn to speak.
"These findings once again remind us that poor mental health during pregnancy is a major public health issue for mothers and their infants," Oberlander said. "Non-treatment is never an option. While some infants might be at risk, others may benefit from mother's treatment with an antidepressant during their pregnancy. At this stage we are just not sure why some but not all infants are affected in the same way."
Depression in pregnancy has also been linked to childhood asthma and aggression, highlighting the need for treatment.
The researchers plan further studies with other types of antidepressants. They report their results on Oct. 8 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter @sipappas or LiveScience @livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+.
Related on LiveScience: | <urn:uuid:9beb20d5-e11f-4662-ba0d-45438e5c3966> | {
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You might have seen photographers framing photos with their hands before taking a snap. But with the new prototype shooter dubbed Ubi-Camera, you will be able to use your hands to frame the photo as well as shoot it at the same time. The miniature camera is currently under development at the Institute of Advanced Media Arts and Sciences.
According to the video, “When you draw a picture or take a photo, you sometimes form a rectangle with your hands to decide the composition. With this camera, you can take a photo using the exact same motion. You attach this device to your index finger, and form a rectangle with your finger like this (see above). You take the photo by using the rectangle as the viewfinder….When you push hard with your thumb, the shutter is pressed”.
The Ubi-Camera comes equipped with a range sensor, and it detects the distance between the camera and the photographer’s face, and determines the framing. “When you take a photo with your face close to the camera, you get a wide-angle shot….and if you move it further away, you can take a close up shot”. Its lens has a fixed focal length, and you will be able to zoom in on something on your PC.
Although you won’t get that great feeling of holding a real camera when you are using the Ubi-Camera (will also look a bit silly), there is no need for viewfinders and displays for the new system. So we are expecting it to arrive with a low price tag.
But the system is still in the development stage and needs much work to be done on it. “Here, the camera has a wired connection to a PC, but we’d like to make a stand-alone camera that can be freely used outside. Also, the range sensor currently uses infrared, so it sometimes doesn’t detect your face properly, or it can be affected by light from the surroundings. So we’d like to use the camera to measure the distance as well, through face recognition. That would enable the system to be used more precisely”. | <urn:uuid:d6b172ea-2104-40ab-a9a6-0fdde8883c53> | {
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Definitions of indifference
n. - The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance. 2
n. - Passableness; mediocrity. 2
n. - Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepossession, or bias. 2
n. - Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as, entire indifference to all that occurs. 2
The word "indifference" uses 12 letters: C D E E E F F I I N N R.
No direct anagrams for indifference found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after indifference (in bold), or to cdeeeffiinnr in any order:
s - indifferences
All words formed from indifference by changing one letter
Browse words starting with indifference by next letter | <urn:uuid:afdec5f7-12f7-4c64-acbe-4b13bfa65d4a> | {
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Definition of kinetoscope
n. - A machine, for the production of animated pictures, in which a film carrying successive instantaneous views of a moving scene travels uniformly through the field of a magnifying glass. The observer sees each picture, momentarily, through a slit in a revolving disk, and these glimpses, blended by persistence of vision, give the impression of continuous motion. 2
The word "kinetoscope" uses 11 letters: C E E I K N O O P S T.
No direct anagrams for kinetoscope found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after kinetoscope (in bold), or to ceeiknoopst in any order:
s - kinetoscopes
All words formed from kinetoscope by changing one letter
Browse words starting with kinetoscope by next letter | <urn:uuid:4e0e7457-5341-4c42-ad7b-ced38a3d4501> | {
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Definition of stickleback
v. t. - Any one of numerous species of small fishes of the genus Gasterosteus and allied genera. The back is armed with two or more sharp spines. They inhabit both salt and brackish water, and construct curious nests. Called also sticklebag, sharpling, and prickleback. 2
The word "stickleback" uses 11 letters: A B C C E I K K L S T.
No direct anagrams for stickleback found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after stickleback (in bold), or to abcceikklst in any order:
s - sticklebacks
All words formed from stickleback by changing one letter
Browse words starting with stickleback by next letter | <urn:uuid:0e8f5910-41d7-47b7-9018-70231a757a92> | {
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Crystal System: Orthorhombic
Status of Occurrence: Confirmed Occurrence - 1st UK recording
Distribution: Locally Abundant
Chemical Composition: Manganese silicate
Chemical Formula: Mn2SiO4
Method(s) of Verification: Benallt Mine - XRD (NHM, x2979, x3017, x3019, x3020, x3021, x13061 & x19405 & National Museum of Wales, NMW X-1487, 1497 & 1498); Nant Mine - XRD (National Museum of Wales, NMW X-1528, 1604, 1607, 1612 & 1615)
- Metamorphic: low-grade
- Metamorphic: skarn mineralization
Brown tephroite associated with metallic grey jacobsite. Nant Mine, Rhiw, Ll?n, Gwynedd. Specimen 8.8 cm long. National Museum of Wales specimen. Photo T.F. Cotterell, © National Museum of Wales.
Introduction: tephroite belongs to the broad olivine group of minerals and forms a series with the iron-rich olivine fayalite (Fe2SiO4). It is a typical mineral of iron-manganese ore deposits or their associated skarns, and in metamorphic rocks derived from manganese-rich sediments (Deer at al., 1982). It is associated with minerals such as rhodonite, bustamite, manganocalcite, hausmannite and spessartine.
Occurrence in Wales: tephroite is known from just one locality in Wales, although this represents the first recording of the mineral in the British Isles (Campbell Smith et al., 1944b).
- Benallt Mine, Llŷn, Gwynedd: tephroite was identified from Benallt Mine where it is intimately associated with alleghanyite, and forms composite, dark, narrow, blade-like crystals up to 20 mm in length and varying in thickness from 2 mm down to microscopic sizes (Campbell Smith et al., 1944b). The crystals are olive-green in thin section and are elongated parallel to the c-axis. Tephroite was found ‘on the footwall side of no.1 ore-body by no. 1 Chute, 50-60 feet west of the main shaft, and some 10-29 feet above the 130-foot level’ (Campbell Smith et al., 1944b). A second locality within the mine was also recorded by these workers, ‘near the foot-wall of no.2 ore-body, located 40 to 80 feet west of the Court Shaft’.
- Nant Mine, Nant-y-Gadwen, Rhiw, Llŷn, Gwynedd: tephroite is also a major component of massive siliceous manganese ore from the geologically similar Nant Mine (Cotterell, 2006). Typical examples are olive-green to chocolate-brown in colour and associated with jacobsite.
- Campbell Smith, W., Bannister, F.A. & Hey, M.H., 1944b. Banalsite, a new barium-feldspar from Wales. Mineralogical Magazine 27, 33-47
- Cotterell, T.F., 2006. Caryopilite and pyroxmangite from Nant Mine, Nant-y-Gadwen, Llanfaelrhys, Pen Llyn, Gwynedd, Wales UK Journal of Mines and Minerals, 27, 51-53.
- Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J., 1986. Rock-Forming Minerals, Vol. 1A, Orthosilicates, 2nd Ed. Longman Group Ltd, 918pp. | <urn:uuid:fd429f1b-4f68-439e-b2a3-2f07b7a782c5> | {
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How do you picture climate change? Aside from the warming part, another problem lies in the future: rising sea levels, which means a higher risk of damaging floods in coastal communities.
According to Climate Central’s recent Surging Seas report, sea levels are rising fast. Since 1880, they have increased by about eight inches, and by 2030 they’re expected to increase as much as eight more inches.
Some people are already planning ahead for disaster. The president of Kiribati, a country in the South Pacific Islands, is planning to buy land in Fiji for the purpose of relocating the island’s entire population. This seems like a worst-case scenario, but it’s based on fact—flooding means displacement. Kiribati sits about two meters above sea level, and some of its flat coral reefs have already disappeared. The study estimates that 700 million people may become climate refugees by 2050. The countries most likely to be affected are Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, Thailand, and India, all with substantial low-lying coastal areas.
The threat of rising seas goes along with the recent findings of a panel of climate scientists, who confirmed that extreme weather disasters are imminent. In particular, parts of Mumbai in India could become uninhabitable due to floods and storms. The people most vulnerable to rising seas and extreme weather live in less developed regions of the world.
Here in the U.S., we won’t be spared. The report found that about five million people in the U.S. live in low-lying areas that are likely to be affected by 2050. Even land that sits four feet above high tide line will be vulnerable as sea levels rise. And more than people are threatened. Buildings, hospitals, military bases, agricultural lands, toxic waste dumps, and even some nuclear power plants sit in these areas that are at risk.
Florida tops the list of vulnerable states. It has the greatest population living less than four feet above high tide. Florida has already felt the effects of rising sea levels. Increased flooding has occurred in the southern tip of the state, especially the Miami-Dade and Broward counties. Freshwater aquifers serving southeastern Florida (Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties) and the Florida Keys have been contaminated by salt water.
Climate Central has compiled a list of action plans and resources that states and organizations have developed. Some suggestions for how we can adapt to rising sea levels include engineered solutions, like seawalls, levees, and dikes, for the “impossible” places that need it most. High-risk states such as California and New Jersey have created resources of their own. | <urn:uuid:bb721fc4-ec4a-461b-8f94-a6d17ca13520> | {
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A tree-killing invasive insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), was found for the first time in Indiana on a landscape tree in LaPorte County in mid-April.
Since its introduction to the Eastern United States in the mid-1920s, the HWA has infested about half the native range of Eastern hemlock. In certain areas of the Great Smoky Mountains, as many as 80 percent of the hemlocks have died due to infestation.
The finding of the tiny aphid-like insect, which destroys native hemlocks by feeding on the tree sap at the base of the needles, was confirmed by the USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The insect was identified on a single hemlock as a result of a homeowner’s report. The infested tree may have originated from a landscape planting in Michigan and been brought into Indiana about five years ago. Preliminary searches have revealed no other infested trees in the area, but an extensive survey is underway.
“Fortunately, this find occurred outside of the native range of hemlock trees in Indiana, which greatly increases our chances of preventing spread to them,” said Phil Marshall, state entomologist for the DNR.
In Indiana, forests containing hemlocks are scattered throughout the west central and southern half of the state. Evergreen hemlock trees dot the steep slopes along Big Walnut Creek in Putnam County, relics of an earlier, cooler climate. The Nature Conservancy and the DNR Division of Nature Preserves own and manage over 2,000 acres along this creek to protect the hemlock trees, as well as the rest of the forested land. “It’s hard to imagine losing this species from Indiana’s forests”, said Chad Bladow, Director of Southern Indiana Stewardship. “There are already few places in the state where visitors can see hemlocks, and HWA could eliminate all of them”. Other Indiana sites which are well-known for having eastern hemlock include Turkey Run State Park and Shades State Park in Parke County and Hemlock Cliffs in Hoosier National Forest in Crawford County. The Conservancy has acquired lands to help expand each of these sites.
HWA is easily spread by wind, movement on birds and mammals such as deer, but most rapidly as a hitchhiker on infested horticultural material. The best way to protect hemlocks in Indiana from HWA is to simply not buy or plant hemlocks.
“Purchasing plant materials from areas of known HWA infestation are very likely to provide the source of any potential infestation in Indiana,” said Tom Swinford, regional ecologist for the DNR, noting that not every tree is inspected to guarantee it is not infected. “We should do everything we can to protect our unique and beautiful eastern Hemlock trees in Indiana. A visit to the Smoky Mountains shows just how sad and devastating this scourge can be.”
"HWA will be very destructive if it reaches our native hemlocks, but the more people who become aware of the dangers of moving plant material and firewood over long distances, the better chance we have at protecting our forests,” Marshall said.
The Conservancy works to prevent invasive species from taking hold in Indiana. “Prevention is the best medicine when it comes to invasive species,” notes Ellen Jacquart, Director of Northern Indiana Stewardship and coordinator for Invasive species issues for the Conservancy in Indiana. “Don’t buy hemlock for landscaping – choose another native tree instead, and help make sure our native hemlock stands survive.”
Named for the cottony covering over its body, HWA somewhat resembles a cotton swab attached to the underside of young hemlock twigs. Within two years, its feeding causes graying and thinning of needles. Highly infested trees will stop putting on new growth, and major branches die, beginning in the lower part of the tree. Eventually the whole tree is killed.
If you suspect an HWA infestation, call the Indiana DNR Invasive Species Hotline at 1-866-NO-EXOTIC.
The Nature Conservancy is a leading conservation organization working around the world to protect ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. The Conservancy and its more than 1 million members have protected nearly 120 million acres worldwide. Visit The Nature Conservancy on the Web at www.nature.org. | <urn:uuid:41c9855e-64d1-4ba6-9dee-73b103d70bef> | {
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DALLAS (NBC33)- Every hour, one American dies from skin cancer – the number one cancer in the U.S. To help people learn easy ways to combat the disease, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) SunWise program has partnered with the National Council on Skin Cancer Prevention to designate the Friday before Memorial Day (May 27) as “Don’t Fry Day.” EPA encourages Louisiana residents to learn about and practice sun-safe behaviors this Don’t Fry Day to reduce overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation – the main cause of skin cancer.
“This is the perfect time of year to remind people to protect themselves and their family members from too much sun by taking simple steps like putting on sunscreen, a hat, sunglasses, and a t-shirt,” said EPA Regional Administrator Al Armendariz. "Teaching sun safety is crucial because nearly half of all new cancers diagnosed in the United States each year are skin cancers."
Each Memorial Day weekend, millions of Americans kick off the summer season and begin enjoying the great outdoors. Though skin cancer risks exist all year long, the dangers are even greater during the summer months, when the days are longer, and more people are outside for longer periods of time.
For “Don’t Fry Day,” EPA encourages Louisiana residents to practice the Slip, Slop, Slap and Wrap safety tips, which include:
Slip on a shirt, preferably with sleeves;
Slop on SPF 15+ sunscreen generously;
Slap on a hat; and
Wrap on sunglasses.
SunWise also recommends that families seek shade during the sun’s peak hours between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Checking the UV Index to plan outdoor activities is also key for identifying times that pose the greatest risk for overexposure to the sun.
In the U.S., skin cancer affects more than two million people each year, outnumbering the cases of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancers combined. One in five Americans will develop the disease in their lifetime. Meanwhile, melanoma—the most serious form of skin cancer— is on the rise. It is the most common cancer among young adults ages 25 to 29.
For more on “Don’t Fry Day” and additional sun safety resources, including a sun safety packing list and new public service announcements created by kids in K-8, go to: http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/dfd.html .
EPA’s SunWise program is a national environmental and health education program that teaches children and their caregivers how to be safe in the sun through the use of classroom, school and community-based components. To learn more about free SunWise resources, download the UV Index widget or smart phone application, or sign up to receive daily UV Index forecasts, visit www.epa.gov/sunwise .
More information on “Don’t Fry Day” and additional sun safety resources is available at http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/dfd.html
More about activities in EPA Region 6 is available at http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/region6.html | <urn:uuid:e96d8c6d-c579-4a08-ab7e-a13fa33dac56> | {
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SAN FRANCISCO — A tsunami-producing fault in Lake Tahoe is overdue for another earthquake, scientists said here Tuesday at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.
The West Tahoe Fault is capable of producing a magnitude-7.3 earthquake and tsunamis up to 30 feet (10 meters) high in the clear blue lake, where million-dollar homes line the shore, researchers said.
Earthquakes strike every 3,000 to 4,000 years on the fault, and the most recent shaker was 4,500 years ago, indicating the fault is overdue for another earthquake, said Jillian Maloney, a graduate student at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego.
The West Tahoe fault defines the west shore of the lake, coming on shore at Baldwin Beach, passing through the southern third of Fallen Leaf Lake, and then descending into Christmas Valley near Echo Summit.
Science news from NBCNews.com
To trace the fault's history, Maloney and her colleagues examined data from a CHIRP seismic imaging system, which details underwater sediment layers at very high resolution. (CHIRP stands for compressed high intensity radar pulse.) The researchers correlated landslide deposits, which could be related to past earthquakes, throughout western Lake Tahoe and in small lakes immediately to the south with radiocarbon dates from the sediments.
The West Tahoe Fault has a complicated history, the analysis reveals. The fault appears to alternate between breaking all at once, in a 31-mile long (50 kilometer) fracture, and in smaller, shorter segments. The discovery has implications for the Tahoe's seismic hazard, because the size of an earthquake relates to the length of a fault rupture, Maloney said. The biggest earthquakes come from the longest fault fractures.
The correlations, while still at an early stage, indicate the last time the fault's entire length ruptured was 7,800 years ago, Maloney told OurAmazingPlanet. More recent quakes occurred on individual segments, she said.
Because the fault crosses the lake, scientists worry a future earthquake will cause a tsunami in Lake Tahoe. The monster waves could form in two ways: by the fault displacing ground under the lake, similar to Japan's Tohoku tsunami, or by causing landslides that displace the water. A combination of both could also create an even bigger wave.
Layers of sediment preserved in and around Lake Tahoe record evidence of past tsunamis, said Graham Kent, director of the Nevada Seismological Laboratory in Reno.
However, having smaller earthquakes on the West Tahoe Fault would be better for the ski town. "If it breaks up into multiple segments, it might not be as great a tsunami risk," Kent told OurAmazingPlanet.
The most recent earthquake in the Tahoe region was about 575 years ago, on the Incline Fault, which becomes active about every 10,000 to 15,000 years. Scientists estimate its earthquake size potential at magnitude 7.
At more than 1,645 feet (501 meters) deep, Lake Tahoe, which straddles the California and Nevada border in the seismically active Sierra Nevada region, is one of the world's deepest freshwater lakes.
- Waves of Destruction: History's Biggest Tsunamis
- WATCH LIVE: Latest News from the 2012 AGU Meeting
- What's the Most Earthquake-Prone State in the US?
© 2012 OurAmazingPlanet. All rights reserved. More from OurAmazingPlanet. | <urn:uuid:546ff675-1a22-4367-959b-435520e9d5ab> | {
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A few days before Thanksgiving in a small Virginia town called Poquoson, Frank Gornik, 14, was removing storm debris for his uncle’s company. The boy, a freshman in high school, fed branches into a wood chipper. He used a shovel to help force the branches and that shovel was grabbed by the machine and—in an instant—swallowed the boy and killed him.
Each year, 35-40 teens die similarly unimaginable deaths in workplace accidents—tractor rollovers, work-related car accidents, drownings in grain silos. Here at the National Consumers League, we try to monitor these deaths to prevent them from occurring. A decade ago, the number of working teens who died on the job was about double what it is today. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, federal and state departments of labor, nonprofit organizations and employers worked together to help bring the number of deaths down, but we must keep working to reduce that number even further.
Sadly, although it was a freak accident, Gornik’s death was preventable. The boy was much too young to work with such deadly equipment. Over the years, state and federal officials have realized that teens lack the judgment and experience to operate some hazardous machinery and require workers to be 18 to use them (although some exemptions are made for agriculture). Because of their ability to inflict massive and instantaneous damage, wood chippers are among the proscribed machines. Under the Bush administration, the U.S. Department of Labor refused to enact NIOSH-recommended changes to the “hazardous orders” regulations that would have improved teen worker safety protections. It is our understanding that under Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis’ leadership, the department is working to update those regulations and close some current exemptions that allow teens to perform dangerous work.
Although Gornik had his share of sadness— according to local newspaper reports, he lost both parents in a two-year stretch between 2005 and 2007—he was remembered by many fellow students for his ready smile and helpfulness. He was a very popular student who played sports and made the honor roll, and the Poquoson community continues to grieve his loss.
It’s hard to make any sense of an unspeakable tragedy like this, but the lessons learned from the accident that took Frank Gornik’s life might prevent similar deaths. Each year, NCL publishes a report—“The Five Worst Teen Jobs”—about dangerous job for teens, hoping that parents, employers, and young workers will carefully consider which jobs they take and what tasks they perform at work. It’s vital that employers learn state and federal child labor and safety laws, and it’s vital that young workers think about their own safety and know that they are able to say “no” to any job task that is dangerous or against the law. | <urn:uuid:59552a8f-c7f9-41df-8607-9e72b5587673> | {
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Slavery Still A World Problem
September 8, 1999
Despite scant coverage from American journalists, slavery continues to plague the people of a number of countries. It occurs in many forms, including:
- Bonded child workers in India and Pakistan.
- Indentured servitude for children in Lesotho that differs little from outright slavery.
- Prostitution in Thailand.
- As a form of religious persecution of Christians and animists in southern Sudan.
Sudan is an especially blatant case, in which raiders from the Muslim north send raiding parties south to seize people who are later sold for $50 a piece. According to one report, they are worked harder, fed less and beaten more than were slaves in the American South.
A number of groups, notably Christian Solidarity International (CIS), have embarked on an effort to buy slaves in order to set them free. The Swiss-based organization has received donations from around the world, including from American churches and high school students. However, some have criticized the program, saying it only encourages more slave taking.
CIS has run into another problems, observers report. Because of their actions against Sudan, that government has complained to the United Nations. If Sudan's complaint is recognized, CÎS could lose its non-governmental organization status, thus its ability to speak at the U.N. Should the U.N. side with Sudan, one observer notes, it would permit a slave-taking country to stifle an organization that struggles for slave-freeing.
Source: A. M. Rosenthal, "When Is It News?" New York Times, September 3, 1999, and Todd Bensman, "Cries for Freedom," Dallas Morning News, May 27, 1999.
Browse more articles on International Issues | <urn:uuid:58dbaea6-ee9c-4620-b782-f2c117791c91> | {
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Furches, David Moffatt
21 Apr. 1832–8 June 1908
David Moffatt Furches, lawyer, jurist, and chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, was born in Davie County, the son of Stephen Lewis Furches, a justice of the peace and farmer, and Polly Howell Furches of Rowan County. The Furches family was originally from Delaware. Young Furches attended the Union Academy in Davie County before studying law for two years under Richmond Pearson, the noted chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court. Admitted to the bar in 1857, Furches began his law practice as solicitor for Davie County in Mocksville, where he remained until 1866 when he moved to Statesville in Iredell County. When the Civil War broke out, Furches joined the Confederate Army for a short time, even though as a county solicitor, he was exempt from military service. However, his three brothers and four brothers-in-law served, and, as Furches put it, he "concluded to stay out."
A sturdy Whig before the war, Furches served as a Davie County delegate to the Constitutional Convention that met in Raleigh in October 1865. Following the guidelines announced by President Andrew Johnson, that convention adopted ordinances abolishing slavery, abrogating the secession act, and repudiating the Confederate debt. During Reconstruction, Furches's Whiggery and Unionism led him into the Republican party. As a Republican, he waged a number of futile campaigns for office. In 1872 he was defeated in a bid for Congress, but in 1875 he was appointed judge of the superior court in Iredell County and served for three years. In 1880 he made another unsuccessful run for Congress. When the North Carolina Republican party nominated him for associate justice of the state supreme court in 1888, he was again defeated.
Disillusioned and disheartened by an unending string of defeats since Reconstruction, the Republican party in North Carolina had become badly factionalized by the 1890s. One wing of the party, resenting Negro aspirations for local party leadership and fearing the Democratic use of the race issue, opposed a statewide ticket and leaned toward cooperation with the newly established Populist party. The Old Guard, however, continued to insist on a full slate of candidates and objected bitterly to any association with the Populists. In 1892 Furches was the Republican candidate for governor, although the lily-white faction of the party had threatened to support the Populists. When he lost the election, Furches charged that the "true theory of Republican defeat in North Carolina was fraud." According to him, the Democratic registrars had prevented many blacks from voting. Furches's claims notwithstanding, there is considerable evidence that many Republicans defected to the Populist cause.
In 1894 Furches, whom Josephus Daniels once termed a Republican of the "old order," again supported efforts for a full Republican slate and opposed cooperation, or "Fusion" as it was known, with the Populists. Demanding a straight Republican ticket, Furches argued that the Republican party could not be transferred like cattle from one field to another. But the Populists shrewdly nominated a nonpartisan judicial ticket that included Furches, the Republicans accepted the coalition ticket, and the Fusionists swept into office. As a result, Furches became an associate justice on the state supreme court.
Furches's career on the North Carolina Supreme Court was marked by the same acrimony and controversy that characterized the politics of the period. His elevation to the chief justiceship was not without its share of intrigue. In December 1900 Chief Justice William T. Faircloth died a mere two weeks before the inauguration of Democrat Charles B. Aycock as governor. Republican Governor Daniel L. Russell came under intense pressure from various interest groups to resign his office and accept appointment to the chief justiceship from the lieutenant governor who would succeed him. Corporate titans such as Alexander B. Andrews, vice-president of the Southern Railway Company, and Benjamin N. Duke, the Durham tobacco magnate, urged Russell to pursue that course. Many Democrats such as Robert Furman, editor of the Raleigh Morning Post, and Robert B. Glenn, future governor, applauded the idea because it was widely believed that Russell supported the recently adopted suffrage amendment disfranchising North Carolina blacks. Russell, however, resisted the pressures and in a surprising move appointed Furches chief justice. The governor and the supreme court justice had been feuding since the 1892 election when Russell, a leading Fusionist, had refused to support Furches's candidacy for governor.
Furches barely had assumed the chief justiceship when he was impeached by the Democratic-controlled General Assembly of 1901. Political passions had been inflamed dangerously by the Democratic white supremacy campaigns of 1898 and 1900 that overturned Fusionist rule. Eager to regain control of the state courts, zealous Democrats in the legislature, urged on by Josephus Daniels's "tocsin-sounding" Raleigh News and Observer, plotted the impeachment and conviction of Republican justices David Furches and Robert M. Douglas. Conservative Democrats like Henry G. Connor and Thomas J. Jarvis, the former governor and senator, were appalled. Jarvis wrote Connor: "It will be a great mistake in our party to put these Judges on trial. It is hard to conceive of a worse political error." Jarvis did not believe that Furches and Douglas had acted "corruptly," although they may have made legal mistakes. Some Democrats, Jarvis confided, insisted on impeachment "to save the Constitutional Amendment." Connor, agreeing with Jarvis, led the fight against impeachment in the General Assembly.
The crux of the impeachment articles against Furches and Douglas related to the state supreme court's ruling that the holder of a public office had a property right in that office. So long as the duties of that office continued, the officeholder could not be deprived of his property during his term of office. Furches and Douglas were charged with violating the state constitution by issuing a mandamus against the state auditor and state treasurer in 1900 to compel payment of the salary of Theophilus White, a shell fish commissioner and a Fusionist, whose office had been abolished by the 1899 legislature. The duties of the office had been vested in a seven-member commission.
The precedent for office as property had been set in Hoke v. Henderson (1833). In 1897 the supreme court had upheld that precedent in the state hospital cases—notably Wood v. Bellamy and Lusk v. Sawyer —the effect of which was to continue in office Democrats and to prevent Fusionists from assuming control of state institutions. The court, though dominated by three Republicans and one Populist, had voted unanimously in those cases. In later cases arising in 1899, however, justices Walter Clark, the Progressive Democrat, and Walter Montgomery, the Populist, had rejected the Hoke v. Henderson precedent even though the Republican majority, consisting of Faircloth, Furches, and Douglas, continued to uphold it. Thus, the supreme court ruled in White v. Hill and White v. the Auditor that the office of shell fish commissioner had not been abolished by the 1899 legislature because the same duties still resided with the new commission. According to the Republican majority on the court, White was entitled to serve the last two years of his term and receive proper compensation as stipulated by the mandamus. Justice Clark lodged a vigorous protest and warned that any state officials executing the mandamus might be subject to impeachment as the court had not voted unanimously for the measure.
Despite the objections of Henry Connor, the house passed the articles of impeachment and a senate trial, lasting seventeen days, commenced. The key to the prosecution's case was whether the mandamus that ordered the payment of White's salary came within the constitution's definition of a "claim against the State." The senate, refusing to convict the justices, acquitted them of all charges. Fabius H. Busbee, a counsel for the respondents in the senate trial, declared afterwards that "the impeachment was political prosecution and instituted to prevent apprehended dangers, rather than to punish past offenses." Connor, who was elected to the supreme court in 1902, had the privilege of writing the opinion in the case of Mial v. Ellington (1903), which overruled the precedent of Hoke v. Henderson.
Furches's term expired in 1903, and he returned to Statesville to practice law in the firm of Furches, Coble, and Nicholson. Although he was married twice—to Eliza Bingham and Lula Corpening—he had no children. Furches was a member of the Episcopal church.
"Address of William P. Bynum, Jr., Presenting a Portrait of the Late Chief Justice David M. Furches to the Supreme Court of North Carolina, May 11, 1909" (North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill).
Samuel A. Ashe, ed., Biographical History of North Carolina, vol. 1 (1905).
Aubrey L. Brooks, Walter Clark: Fighting Judge (1944).
Josephus Daniels, Editor in Politics (1941).
Benjamin Newton Duke Papers (Manuscript Department, Library, Duke University, Durham).
Robert F. Durden, Reconstruction Bonds and Twentieth-Century Politics: South Dakota v. North Carolina (1962).
Helen G. Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894–1901 (1951).
Theron P. Jones, "The Gubernatorial Election of 1892 in North Carolina" (M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina, 1949).
Joseph F. Steelman, "Republican Party Strategists and the Issue of Fusion with Populists in North Carolina, 1893–1894," North Carolina Historical Review 47 (1970), and "Vicissitudes of Republican Party Politics: The Campaign of 1892 in North Carolina," North Carolina Historical Review 43 (1966).
"TO IMPEACH SOUTHERN JUDGES; North Carolina House Votes to Oust the Chief and Associate Justice from Office." The New York Times. February 19, 1901. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9507EFD71138E733A2575AC1A9649C946097D6CF (accessed April 29, 2013).
"Answer of Respondents in Impeachment Proceedings." Public documents of the State of North Carolina [1901 v.2]. Raleigh [N.C.]: Edwards & Broughton. 1901. http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll22/id/129805 (accessed April 29, 2013).
David Furches to James McGuire, Statesville, N.C. February 10, 1869. North Carolina Memory. Davie County Public Library. http://library.digitalnc.org/cdm/ref/collection/ncmemory/id/7658 (accessed April 29, 2013).
Furches, David M. "Address By David M. Furches, Chief Justice Supreme Court Of North Carolina. Delivered at the Masonic Picnic given for the benefit of the Oxford Orphan Asylum. Mocksville, N.C., August 8th, 1901." [Mocksville, N.C.?, 1901]. http://library.digitalnc.org/cdm/ref/collection/ncmemory/id/7568 (accessed April 29, 2013).
E.G. Williams and Bro. "D.M. Furches." Biographical history of North Carolina from colonial times to the present volume 1. Greensboro, N.C. : C. L. Van Noppen. 1905.287. http://archive.org/stream/cu31924092215437#page/n399/mode/2up
1 January 1986 | Crow, Jeffrey J. | <urn:uuid:48db3e0b-fb88-4d8c-9a85-61647357421c> | {
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February 25, 1919
Oregon passes first gasoline tax
Anyone who drives a motor vehible is aware of the high price of fuel these days. Part of that price is a gasoline tax. On February 25, 1919, Oregon passed the nation's first gasoline tax to support the building and maintenance of highways. Today, there's a gasoline tax in every state. And not to be left out, the federal government has joined them. | <urn:uuid:2586ca0b-1f78-4ac8-8bf5-a45784648f3d> | {
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The First Watch in Space
On April 12, 06:07 GMT, 1961
Juri Gagarin, at the controls of Vostok One, ushered in a new era,
one of manned space flight, and the world was forever changed. The
technology that put this man in space and brought him safely home,
was some of the newest and most modern equipment available.
Ironically, on his wrist was a technology that was already centuries
old-- watch making. It may seem odd to us now in this time of
extremely accurate quartz watches, but at the time, the mechanical
wrist watch was an important piece of gear, and itís accuracy and
reliability were of paramount concern. In light of these concerns,
the choice of watch Gagarin took with him would not have been a
decision made in haste.
The STURMANSKIE, (or ШТУРМАНСКИЕ in
Cyrillic,) which had been issued to new graduates of the prestigious
Orenberg Flight School along with their diplomas since the late 1940ís, was
a logical choice, due to the high quality of the movement and inherent
accuracy of the watch. Gagarin would have been supplied with such a 1st
Moscow Watch Factory Sturmanskie opon graduation from Orenberg as well, but
it is doubtful that he would have received the Sturmanskie he wore into
space at that time. Most likely, he would have been awarded a 15 jewel watch,
very similar to the one he wore in space but lacking some of the newer
features that were unavailable at that time.
Based on an earlier French design, the Lip R26, from which the Soviets
purchased the machinery to produce the watch. The Sovietís had updated the
design by adding a central seconds complication and a hacking feature that
allowed the watch to be precisely stopped and synchronized with a given time
signal. A critical detail on any military watch, but especially so on a
Navigatorís watch, where often location would be ascertained by correctly
estimating where the aircraft was by accurately measuring time to distance.
The Sturmanskie Gagarin wore into space
had a highly finished (including Geneva striping!) 17 jewel, shock protected
movement. The movement was housed in a chrome plated, two-piece case
measuring 33 mm across, 12 mm high, with a 16 mm lug size and had a
stainless steel screw back. Unlike the earlier watchís stainless steel snap
back, the new watch was fully gasketed providing better water resistance.
matter of fact, the Sturmanskieís movement and case, were virtually
identical to the civilian Sportivnie (Спортивные). Only the dial separated
the two watches visually from each other. After his world famous flight, the
watch Gagarin wore was donated to what was soon to become ПОЛЕТ or Poljot,
meaning flight, in honor of Gagarinís groundbreaking mission. Where it
currently resides as part of their present day collection.
In adition to the Soviets putting the first man in space, the Soviets were
also first in putting a women into space as well. On June 16, 1963,
Valentina Tereshkova, on board Vostok 6, spent three days in space orbiting
the earth 48 times before re-entering the atmosphere and parachuting safely
to earth. Tereshkova, seen here in the photo, is wearing what
appears to be a Sturmanskie.
This watch is on display in the
Museum of "Zvezdny Gorodok" (Star City), the Russian cosmonauts training
center near Moscow.
picture copyright by
Time for a Space Walk
Without question, Gagarinís flight has
left an indelible mark on the annuls of manned space flight. But Gagarin was
not alone in being first among his peers. On June 12, 1965, Cosmonaut Alexi
Leonov became the first person to leave his space capsule and perform a
space walk. He had on his wrist an equally special and well made wrist watch
as the one Gagarin sported.
The Strela, (СТРЕЛА in Cyrillic meaning arrow) was a column wheel
chronograph of an earlier Venus base design. The watch had two registers, a
45 minute elapsed time totalizer and constant seconds hand, as well as a
central chronograph hand that measured seconds. The watch had a chrome
plated, base metal construction and was fitted with a stainless steel snap
back. On early watches, the inside of the watches back are heavily
Damascened, in an engine turned manner. The watch, introduced in 1959 was
originally only available for use by the BBC, the Soviet air force.
The watch was available with various dials with both non-luminous and
luminous types, with tacymetric and telemetric chapter rings. There seems to
be some debate about which version of the Strela Leonov wore. However, most
seem to feel it was either a non-luminous Cyrillic marked watch or an early,
white-dialed luminous piece. The Strela was a central piece of flight gear
issued to cosmonauts for over 20 years, and the watch has gained the
reputation of being the Russian equivalent to the Speedmaster.
This Sekonda was worn by Aleksey
Aleksandrovich Gubarev on the Sojus 28 mission in march 1978.
Picture from the Book
Copyright OMEGA SA
The Soviets retired the Strela in 1979, three years after the introduction
of their new 3133 caliber chronograph. Recently, new versions of the watch
has been reissued by Poljot. The watches differ in that they are in larger,
all stainless steel cases, and utilize Poljot's 3133 caliber movement. They
are otherwise very faithful renditions of the original watch.
'NII' is an abreviation for
something like 'Science Technical Institute'. There was at least 2 'NII's
associated with watchmaking.
NII-Chasprom was the most elite Horological institute of the Soviet era, who
not only designed and built experimental electronic watches, but also did
the certification of marine chronometers. In the early 1960s NII-Chasprom
made some 'electronic' watches specifically for use in the space program.
The format was 24-hour with date. Whether balance-wheel or tuning-fork is
not explained anywhere, but certainly it wasn't quartz, because such
technology did not yet exist in wristwatch size. A total of 29 were made.
Belyaev allegedly wore one on the Voskhod-2 mission and Artyukhin on the
A Changing Tide
The Soviets introduced a new chronograph caliber in 1976. Called the ОКЕАН,
meaning Ocean, the watch was solely intended for use by the BMF, the naval
branch of the military. Later, other official versions, such as the
Sturmanskie, were introduced. Whether or not the 3133 was meant as a
replacement for the Strela, it soon became clear that that was precisely
what it was. Based on the Valjoux 7734 of which the soviets had purchased
the machinery from the Swiss in 1974 to begin their own production of their
new caliber. The new 31 mm movement was a less complex and more robust
movement than the jewel-like 3017. A simple cam design replaced the earlier
watches more complex, and costly to produce, column wheel activation. And
for the first time in history a Russian chronograph was equipped with shock
At 38 mm wide and 12 mm high, with 18 mm sized lugs, the watch was equipped
with unique crystal that protruded from the case a fairly steep 3 mm high.
The watch came in both chrome plated and stainless steel cases. Stainless
steel cases having stainless steel crowns and pushers and chrome cased
watches chromed crowns and pushers. All early versions of the watch had a
crown at nine that turned a bezel under that purposefully high crystal that
had a second hour chapter ring printed on it, making keeping track of a
second time zone effortless. Like the earlier Strela, many different
versions of the 3133 made there way into space on various missions. Of note
was the ill fated Soyez 23 mission, that left two cosmonauts for dead atop a
cracked, frozen lake bed overnight until rescue teams could safely reach
The 3133 was for official-use only until 1983, when it became available to a
larger public marketplace, including export varients. The 3133 is still in
A slight variation of the standard 3133 is the hacking
31659 caliber version Sturmanskie that was, like earlier Sturmanskies, an
air force-only piece. The watch is essentially a standard 3133 that has been
re-engineered with a small lever that applies pressure to the outside of the
balance when the crown is pulled out, freezing the balance and hacking the
watch. Interesting to note, in regard to this watch, is the lack of the
rotating bezel and subsequently the crown at nine.
Below to the left is a picture of Japanese journalist-cosmonaut, Toyohiro
Akiyama taken during his historical flight.
Another Soviet space first, Akiyama was the first private citizen to buy
passage on a space flight. Akiyama was a member of the Soyez TM-11 mission
that linked up with the Mir space station. The cost, a reported 28 million
dollars, was paid by TBS, the Tokyo Brodcasting System. While in space,
Akiyama sent a series of live broadcasts back to the earth. The watch
Akiyama wore was an all stainless steel, Soviet Air Force, 31659 caliber,
Of course, these few watches are not the only watches to be worn by
cosmonauts. Just about any watch that the Soviets produced could have been
worn in space. The list of the watches that were permitted for space flight
was not as strictly regulated as say, NASA does.
And it is not entirely
uncommon to see cosmonauts wearing any variety of seemingly inappropriate
types of watches. So, if the watch kept accurate time and possessed no real safety threat, it
was considered allowable gear.
Vostoks and the quartz digital watch, the
Elektronika, (like the one seen on cosmonaut V M Afanasyev in the photo
very often accompanied cosmonauts on their trips to the cosmos almost as
often as Poljotís were.
Digital Watches and the
Soviet Space Program
Based on available
footage it would appear that from about 1980 digital watches enjoyed
widespread use in the Soviet space program. This is most likely due to the
majority of missions being long duration within the confines of a space
station. Under such circumstances, a compact watch with built-in alarm and
chronograph would be highly useful. However an LCD cannot be safely used in
open space, and there have been concerns regarding the shielding of the
electronic components from the ravages of cosmic radiation. So for EVA
duties the standard was, and remains, mechanical watches only.
Pictured above, is a Belarusian-built
Elektronica 52b. The Elektronika watches had quartz digital modules, came in
chrome-plated cases made of base metal. The watches did, however, have
corrosion resistant stainless steel backs.
German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Pictured below is the Ruhla
East German Cosmonaut Sigmund Jšhn was wearing this watch in 1978 on board
of the soyuz-31 Mission.
It was the first analogue quartz wrist-watch generation from the Ruhla
Factory and was very similar to the Ruhla Cal. 24 Mechanical.
This is presumably the only
watch besides the
NII electric that was specifically designed for spaceflight and
actually used for that purpose.
History of creation:
Story by Vladimir А.
Dzhanibekov, twice the Hero of Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut of USSR:
September of 1985. "Salute Ė 7" station. It is midnight in Moscow.
It is also our local time. Maintenance work going on... Ice age. The
Flood at the station has already pasted. Victor Savinyh is cozily
sleeping in a sleeping-bag in front of me. The "deaf" circuits
without communication with Center are going.
- I wonder where we are flying? - I'm asking almost in sleep,
- Above clouds I assume...
Falling asleep I idly
thinking that it would be great to have a watch with globe like the
one at on the central stand. Or, with a map on the dial. But to have
it on my hand... and without need to leave the warm sleeping bag to
check... and soon getting back in again thinking that I was right
and we were actually over clouds and under clouds were waters of the
Atlantic ocean... all right,.. water is there where clouds are. Why
our planet called the Earth and not the Water?.. This was the way
the idea of "COSMONAVIGATOR" was born
That Salyut-7 rescue was a
classic bit of flying by Dzhanibekov. He had to dock the spacecraft to a
tumbling station with no beacon, just a laser rangefinder, sharp eyes and
November 2004 Yuri Shargin has tested his
private Shturmanskie based on a Poljot 31681 movement (complication variant
of the famous 3133) in space expedition.
Gallery of space related watches
Unknown watch used
during a spacewalk
for all the writing and the | <urn:uuid:201a15ae-24a5-4d76-bc21-68a494ce2473> | {
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Playing Behind, in the Middle, and Ahead of the Beat
This book has already talked a lot about time. But what really is time? If you use a metronome (see Chapter 15) you will realize that time is a strict and rigid pulse. However, your playing should be fluid and graceful, not mechanical. So how do you play in time and yet avoid stiff playing? In order to do this, you need to create the illusion of playing loose all the while maintaining near-metronomic time. In order to do this, you will need to understand what it means to play behind, in the middle, and ahead of the beat. Moreover, you should learn how to play all three ways.
Some styles of music naturally sound like they have a lot of push or forward momentum; others naturally sound logy or relaxed. The first step in playing any style of music is to understand the nature of the music. Ballads or slow songs naturally want to sound relaxed and placid. In order to execute slower material, you should play slightly on top of the beat. If you don't, the music might start to drag or protract. There is nothing worse than a lazy tempo that runs out of steam altogether.
Up-tempo bluegrass tunes, bebop charts, or other fast pieces usually require you to play straight down the middle of the beat. If you play a little behind the beat, the music might start to drag. Conversely, if you play on top of the beat, the music might rush or speed up. If the song is already lightning fast, the last thing you'll want to do is to make it faster. This is because the faster you play the harder it is to maintain clean technique. If you rush on a fast tune, you will unwittingly sabotage your own playing.
Certain styles of rock music require you to play a little behind the beat. Select late-period Beatles tunes, funk and soul music, and nearly everything the Rolling Stones recorded uses a kind of behind-the-beat groove. Also, select blues shuffles and New Orleans swamp blues requires that you play on the back end of the beat. Playing behind the beat creates that phat, funky sound that makes these styles of music so infectious and popular. Other styles of music like punk and ska require you to play on top of the beat. When you play these styles, your playing should have an impatient, urgent feel to it. The excitement of these styles comes from the high-octane drive of the rhythm section.
How do you play behind, in the middle, or on top of the beat? Since this cannot be notated, the only way to learn how to do this is to listen to music with an ear toward feel, groove, and time extrapolation. As you listen, analyze how each style is interpreted and rendered by the bassist and drummer. Above all else, remember that playing behind or ahead of the beat doesn't mean overtly dragging or rushing. It simply means gently pushing or relaxing the time respectively. | <urn:uuid:86919911-8128-40f4-a617-3095bdf598f1> | {
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Endodontics is a branch of dentistry involving treatment of the pulp (root canal) and surrounding tissues of the tooth. When you look at your tooth in the mirror, what you see is the crown. The rest of the tooth, hidden beneath the gum line. is called the root which contains a pulp of soft tissue, blood vessels and nerves. The pulp cache severely damaged due to a tooth fracture, peridontal disease or other problems.
New England Dental Group dentists are experts in every aspect of endodontics, and will be happy to discuss your treatment options with you at your convenience.
To learn more about endodontics and its treatment, please click on the link to the pdf and view the movie. | <urn:uuid:bad6544e-c73f-4158-a182-4c17a9db630f> | {
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Surgeons in the US have performed what they claim is the most extensive full-face transplant yet performed, repairing the face of a 37-year-old man who lost his lips and nose 15 years ago in a gunshot accident. The graft could reveal better ways to stop a patient's body rejecting donated tissue.
Richard Lee Norris of Hillsville, Virginia, received almost the entire face from a donor. The donated tissue ran from the scalp and included all elements of the face down to – but not including – the collar bones. It also contained the bones of both jaws, teeth devoid of any fillings, and the third of the tongue extending to its tip.
"All these segments have been transplanted in the past and the other groups of surgeons have led the way for us, but no one has included all these components," says lead surgeon Eduardo Rodriguez of the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore, where the 36-hour operation took place on 19 and 20 March.
The other major innovation is the inclusion in the jaws of the donor's bone marrow, still fed by blood vessels, which could mean that Norris will need less immunosuppressing therapy to stop his body rejecting the foreign grafts.
Experiments by Rodriguez's team in animals – published last year in the American Journal of Transplantation (DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03551.x) – demonstrated that transplants suffer less rejection by the immune system if they include "vascularised" bone marrow fed by blood vessels, than if there is no bone at all in the transplant.
"We have confirmation of that in vascularised bone transplants," says Rodriguez. "So vascularised bone marrow might be better than infusions of bone marrow stem cells to create a situation where the donor and recipient cells can live in chimeric harmony."
The hope is that the same effect will be seen in Norris. "The good thing is the large vascularised bone marrow content, which has potential to assist in the long-term survival of the graft," says Rodriguez.
The breakthrough continues a trend of steadily larger facial grafts since the first, in 2005, on Isabelle Dinoire in France. That graft covered only the lower part of her face. A Spanish team in 2010 announced what they claimed was the first full-face transplant, but Rodriguez says that it didn't include the tongue.
"The reason surgeons are transplanting more and more tissue is because increasingly difficult patients with more and more deficits are being considered for transplant," says Maria Siemionow of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in Ohio, the surgeon whose team carried out the first US face transplant in 2008.
But Siemionow says it doesn't necessarily mean that "more is better", as there are risks in removing perfectly functional pre-existing tissue to replace it with donated tissue. "And you have potential problems with bail-out or rescue procedures if the graft goes wrong."
For example, Siemionow's transplant patient, Connie Culp, had functional upper eyelids, so it would have been risky to sacrifice those to replace them with donated tissue.
According to Siemionow, the most important advance in face transplants over the previous practice of using skin grafts is that the transplant includes functional elements such as nerves and muscles which integrate with the patient's own to give them abilities they may have lost through an accident.
Norris, for example, couldn't chew food or speak properly, but has the promise to do so now that he has new jaws and teeth, and a complete tongue which should enable him to pronounce words properly. Meanwhile, Culp can now breathe independently, smile, eat solid food, smell, and sense full feelings in her face, none of which she could do before.
Siemionow says the biggest unsolved challenge remains the need for lifelong immunosuppression. "That's a very important goal for the future," she says.
She adds that it remains to be seen whether Rodriguez's claims for vascularised bone marrow improving acceptance will prove correct.
Another important development is coordination between transplant providers. A US and international registry of potential recipients is to be launched later this year.
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.
Have your say
Only subscribers may leave comments on this article. Please log in.
Only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article | <urn:uuid:a8cab1cf-b3fe-4067-8c12-fbdb9b12c5a7> | {
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MacGregor Campbell, consultant
Here's a freaky twist on a classic illusion.
Thomas Papathomas, a vision researcher at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, has created a new variation on the hollow-mask illusion - where viewers find it difficult to distinguish whether they are seeing a mask's interior or its exterior.
Papathomas's version uses both a hollow mask and a hollow torso, each inverted from the other so that when the head is concave, the torso is convex, and vice-versa. As the torso and head rotate, in the same direction, they appear to rotate oppositely to one another, resulting in the head appearing to twist unnaturally.
Papathomas calls this the "Exorcist Illusion," referring to a famous scene in the 1973 horror movie, The Exorcist, in which a girl possessed by the devil twists her head around a full 360 degrees.
This illusion requires no satanic involvement however. A constantly rotating hollow mask - or torso - appears to rotate in one direction when the exterior is facing the viewer, and the opposite direction when the interior faces the viewer. Since the brain and the torso are inverted from one another, when one appears to rotate clockwise, the other seems to rotate anticlockwise.
Papathomas created this illusion for the Neural Correlate Society's 2012 Illusion of the Year contest. | <urn:uuid:0d6a923e-78c7-4b5a-9666-0f7308077362> | {
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Source Newsroom: Smithsonian Institution
Newswise — This Smithsonian Snapshot celebrates Black History Month with the 1960 Greensboro Lunch Counter from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History.
On Feb. 1, 1960, four African American college students—Ezell A. Blair Jr. (now Jibreel Khazan), Franklin E. McCain, Joseph A. McNeil and David L. Richmond—sat down at this "whites only" lunch counter at the Woolworth's store in Greensboro, N.C., and politely asked for service. Their request was refused, and when asked to leave, the students remained in their seats in protest.
For the six months that followed, hundreds of students, civil rights organizations, churches and members of the community joined the protest and boycotted the store. Their commitment ultimately led to the desegregation of the F.W. Woolworth lunch counter July 25, 1960. Their peaceful sit-down was a watershed event in the struggle for civil rights and helped ignite a youth-led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the South.
To learn more about freedom and justice in American history, visit the National Museum of American History’s “Separate is not Equal” online exhibition website.
This item is one of 137 million artifacts, works of art and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collection. It is currently on display at the National Museum of American History; to learn more about it, visit the museum’s website. | <urn:uuid:3b60eeac-79da-41e2-9dcc-f520eeb82e83> | {
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Every year in the UK, thousands of people die or are seriously injured in accidents. Many of these deaths could be prevented if first aid is given at the scene of the accident before emergency services arrive.
What to do
If someone is injured in an accident:
- First check that you and the casualty are not in any danger. If you are, make the situation safe.
- When it's safe to do so, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance, if necessary.
- Carry out basic first aid.
Read more information about what to do after an accident.
If someone is unconscious and breathing
If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-threatening conditions, they should be placed in the recovery position.
If someone is unconscious and not breathing
If a person is not breathing normally after an accident, call for an ambulance and then, if you can, start CPR straight away. Read more about CPR, including instructions and a video on hands-only CPR.
First aid courses
The information on these pages gives some guidance on common first aid situations. However, it is not a replacement for doing a first aid training course. Basic first aid courses are run regularly in most areas around the UK. St John Ambulance and the British Red Cross both provide a selection of first aid courses.
Common accidents and emergencies
Below, in alphabetical order, are some of the most common injuries needing emergency treatment in the UK and information on how to deal with them.
Anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock) is a severe allergic reaction that can occur after an insect sting or after a person eats certain foods, for example. The reaction can be very fast, happening within seconds or minutes of contact with the thing a person is allergic to.
During anaphylactic shock, a person may find it difficult to breathe and their tongue and throat may also swell, obstructing their airway.
If you suspect a person is experiencing anaphylactic shock, call 999 or 112 straight away.
Check if the person is carrying any medication. Some people who know they have severe allergies may carry epinephrine on them. This is a kind of adrenaline and usually comes in a pre-loaded syringe. You can either help the person administer their medication or, if you're trained to do so, give it to them yourself.
Make sure they are comfortable and can breathe as best they can while waiting for medical help to arrive. If they are conscious, sitting upright is normally the best position for them.
Read more about treating anaphylaxis.
Burns and scalds
In the event of a burn or scald:
- Cool the burn as quickly as possible with cold (but not ice-cold) running water for a minimum of 10 minutes or until the pain is relieved.
- Call 999 or seek medical help if necessary.
- While cooling the burn, carefully remove any clothing or jewellery, unless it is attached to the skin.
- Keep the person warm using a blanket or layers of clothing (avoiding the injured area) to prevent hypothermia. This is a risk if you are cooling a large burnt area, particularly in babies, children and elderly people.
- Cover the burn lengthways with strips of cling film or a clean plastic bag if the burn is on a hand or foot. If no plastic film is available, use a sterile dressing or non-fluffy material.
- Do not put creams, lotions or sprays on the burn.
- If appropriate, raise the limb to reduce the swelling and offer pain relief.
For chemical burns, wear protective gloves, remove any clothing affected, brush the chemical off the skin if it is a powder and rinse the burn with cold running water for a minimum of 20 minutes. If possible, determine what has caused the injury.
Be careful not to injure yourself, and wear protective clothing if necessary. Call 999 or 112 and arrange immediate medical attention.
Read more information about how to treat burns and scalds.
If someone has severe bleeding, the main aim is to prevent further loss of blood and minimise the effects of shock (see below).
First, dial 999 and ask for an ambulance as soon as possible.
If you have disposable gloves, then use them to reduce the risk of any infection being passed on.
Check that there is nothing embedded in the wound. If there is, take care not to press down on the object. Instead, press firmly on either side of the object and build up padding around it before bandaging to avoid putting pressure on the object itself. If there is nothing embedded:
- Apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your hand, using a clean pad if possible.
- Use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly.
- If the wound is on a limb and there are no fractures, raise the limb to decrease the flow of blood.
If a body part has been severed, such as a finger, do not put it in direct contact with ice. Wrap it in a plastic bag or cling film, then wrap it in a soft material and keep it cool. Once it is wrapped, if possible, place the severed body part in crushed ice.
Always seek medical help for the bleeding unless it is minor. If someone has a nosebleed that has not stopped after 20 minutes, go to the nearest hospital's accident and emergency department (A&E).
Read more information on:
The information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old. Read information about what to do if a baby under one year old is choking.
If the airway is only partly blocked, the person will usually be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. In situations like this, a person will usually be able to clear the blockage themselves. If choking is mild:
- Encourage the person to continue coughing to try to clear the blockage.
- Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth using your first two fingers and thumb.
If the obstruction is severe and the person is struggling to breathe, give up to five back blows (between the shoulder blades), using the heel of your hand. Carefully check the mouth and, if possible, remove any obstruction after every blow.
If this does not clear the obstruction, perform abdominal thrusts by following the steps below. This technique should not be used on babies under one year old, pregnant women or people who are obese:
- Stand behind the person who is choking.
- Place your arms around their waist and bend them well forward.
- Clench one first and place it just above the person's belly button and below the breastbone.
- Place your other hand on top, then pull sharply inwards and upwards.
- Repeat this up to five times until the object stuck in their throat comes out of their mouth.
The aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust rather than necessarily doing all five. If the obstruction does not clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance and continue until help arrives.
The person choking should always be checked over by a health professional afterwards to check for any injuries caused by abdominal thrusts or any smaller pieces of the obstruction that remain.
Read more information about what to do if someone is choking.
Once the person is on land, if they are not breathing, give five initial rescue breaths before starting CPR. If you are alone, perform CPR for one minute before calling for emergency help.
Find out how to give CPR, including rescue breaths.
If the person is unconscious but still breathing, put them in the recovery position with their head lower than their body to allow water to drain out, and call an ambulance immediately.
If someone has been electrocuted, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance.
Switch off the electrical current at the mains to break the contact between the person and the electrical supply.
If you cannot reach the mains supply:
- Protect yourself by standing on some insulating material (such as a phone book).
- Using something dry and non-metal, such as a wooden broom handle, push the person away from the electrical source, or move the source away from the person if this is easier.
- Do not go near or touch the person until you are sure any electrical supply has been cut off.
- If the person is not breathing, carry out CPR and call an ambulance.
Always seek medical help unless the shock is very minor.
It can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken bone, or a joint or muscle injury. If you're in any doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone.
If the person is unconscious, has difficulty breathing or is bleeding severely, these should be dealt with first.
If the person is conscious, prevent any further injury by keeping them still until you get them safely to hospital. Assess the injury and decide the best way to get them to hospital. If they have a broken finger or arm, you may be able to drive them yourself without causing more harm. If they have a broken spine or leg, call for an ambulance.
- Support the limb. Do not move the person but keep them in the position you found them in. Support the injured part with anything you have handy, for example rolled up blankets or clothes.
- Get them to hospital, either by driving them yourself (if they have a minor fracture) or call for an ambulance.
- Look out for signs of shock. If the person is pale, cold and clammy, has a weak pulse and rapid shallow breathing, they are probably in shock (see below).
If you think that the person may have shock, lie them down and loosen any tight clothing. Do not raise an injured leg. Otherwise, if their injuries allow, raise their legs above the level of their heart by placing something suitable under their feet such as blankets or cushions.
Do not give the person anything to eat or drink as they may need a general anaesthetic when they reach hospital.
Read more information about specific broken bones:
A heart attacks is one of the most common life-threatening heart conditions in the UK.
If you think a person is having or has had a heart attack, make them as comfortable as possible and call 999 or 112 for an ambulance. Symptoms of a heart attack include:
- chest pain – the pain is usually located in the centre of the chest and can feel like a sensation of pressure, tightness or squeezing
- pain in other parts of the body – it can feel as if the pain is travelling from the chest to one or both arms, jaw, neck, back or abdomen
Sit the person down, if possible in the "W" position (sitting up with the knees bent).
If they are conscious, reassure them and give them a 300mg aspirin tablet to chew slowly (unless there is any reason not to give them aspirin, for example if they are under 16 or allergic to it). If the person has any medication for angina, such as a spray or tablets, help them to take it. Monitor their vital signs, such as breathing, until help arrives.
If the person becomes unconscious, open their airway, check their breathing and, if necessary, start CPR.
Being poisoned is potentially life threatening. Most cases of poisoning in the UK occur when a person has swallowed a toxic substance such as bleach, prescription drugs or wild plants and fungi.
If you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call 999 or 112 to get immediate medical help.
The effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation:
- Find out what has been swallowed so you can tell the paramedic or doctor.
- Do not give the person anything to eat or drink unless a health professional advises you to.
- Never try to induce vomiting.
If the person is unconscious, while you wait for help:
- Make sure the airway is open and they are breathing. You open the airway by gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin to move the tongue away from the back of the mouth.
- If they are breathing, put them in the recovery position, preferably with their head down so any vomit can escape without being swallowed or inhaled.
- If they are not breathing, perform CPR until they start breathing or medical help arrives.
- If there are any chemicals on their mouth, use a face shield or pocket mask to protect yourself if you give rescue breaths.
Read more information about treating someone who has been poisoned.
In the case of a serious injury or illness, it is important to watch for signs of shock.
Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails and, as a result, deprives the vital organs of oxygen. This is usually due to severe blood loss, but it can also happen after severe burns, severe vomiting, a heart attack, bacterial infection or severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).
The type of shock described here is not the same thing as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident.
Signs of shock include:
- pale, cold, clammy skin
- rapid, shallow breathing
- weakness and dizziness
- feeling sick and possibly vomiting
If you notice any signs of shock in a casualty, seek medical help immediately:
- Dial 999 or 112 as soon as possible and ask for an ambulance.
- Treat any obvious injuries.
- Lay the person down if their injuries allow you to, and raise and support their legs.
- Use a coat or blanket to keep them warm, but not smothered.
- Do not give them anything to eat or drink.
- Give lots of comfort and reassurance.
- Monitor the person. If they stop breathing, start CPR.
FAST is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke. The earlier they receive treatment, the better. Call for emergency medical help straight away.
If you suspect a person has had a stroke, use the FAST guide:
- Facial weakness: is the person unable to smile evenly, or are their eyes or mouth droopy?
- Arm weakness: is the person only able to raise one arm?
- Speech problems: is the person unable to speak clearly or understand you?
- Time to call 999 or 112 for emergency help if a person has any of these symptoms.
Read more information about the symptoms of a stroke. | <urn:uuid:6acac195-757c-4dfc-bfc6-7f288f37e8fd> | {
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XII. This activity involves reading a scenario and discussing the correct way for a school bus driver to handle it. Options for using the scenarios can be found on page 5.
Follow these steps to conduct the activity.
- Review the instructions (XII.A-D) with the participants.
- Read the scenario slowly.
NOTE: There are 10 scenarios, covering the various conditions addressed in the module. You will not need to use all of them. If you have presented the entire module, you can choose 5-6 of the scenarios. If you have only presented one section of the module, you can use a scenario that corresponds to that section. You may choose to develop your own scenarios using weather conditions particular to your local area.
- Ask participants to say how that scenario should be handled by the school bus driver. In each scenario the school bus is a medium-sized conventional bus equipped with a two-way radio and carrying middle school students.
NOTE: One alternative would be to first have each participant write down how he or she would handle the situation. Then discuss the scenario as a group. This process ensures that each school bus driver will have had to think about the scenario.
- Record the responses on a flip chart.
- After all the responses are listed, ask if certain actions need to happen before others. Starting with #1, indicate the order in which the actions should happen.
NOTE: With each scenario, the correct actions are listed in the order in which they should occur. If the order isnít important, the actions are preceded by a bullet instead of a number. | <urn:uuid:de7f7c6e-412e-420f-a12d-c5fe444c5a57> | {
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One of the most important information sources for stock assessments are living marine resource surveys. GIS is used for planning these surveys and for interpreting results. Surveys and biological studies provide data on species distribution, life history, migration patterns, diet and behavior that are fundamental to responding to all of NOAA Fisheries' mandates.
|W. pollock habitat||2004 Gulf Sturgeon Relocation|
|3-D Mako Shark Track||Fishery Mapper Tool|
|Southeast Alaska Shallow Nearshore Waters Fish Atlas||Phytoplankton| | <urn:uuid:96e4b5bf-20bc-4068-9f0c-3a76b15d6e00> | {
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969
Derek Barton, Odd Hassel
Derek Harold Richard Barton was
born on 8 September 1918, son of William Thomas and Maude
Henrietta Barton. In 1938 he entered Imperial College, University of London,
where he obtained his B.Sc.Hons. (1st Class) in 1940 and Ph.D.
(Organic Chemistry) in 1942. From 1942 to 1944 he was a research
chemist on a government project, from1944-1945 he was with
Messrs. Albright and Wilson, Birmingham. In 1945 he became
assistant lecturer in the Department of Chemistry of Imperial College, from
1946-1949 he was I.C.I. Research Fellow. In 1949 he obtained his
D.Sc. from the same University. During 1949-1950 he was Visiting
Lecturer in the Chemistry of Natural Products, at the Department of
Chemistry, Harvard University (U.S.A.). In 1950 he was
appointed Reader in Organic Chemistry and in 1953 Professor at
College. In 1955 he became Regius Professor of Chemistry at
the University of
Glasgow, in 1957 he was appointed Professor of Organic
Chemistry at Imperial College, which position he still
In 1950, in a brief paper in Experientia entitled "The Conformation of the Steroid Nucleus", Professor Barton showed that organic molecules in general and steroid molecules in particular could be assigned a preferred conformation based upon results accumulated by chemical physicists, in particular by Odd Hassel. Having chosen a preferred conformation, it was demonstrated that the chemical and physical properties of a molecule could be interpreted in terms of that preferred conformation. In molecules containing fixed rings, such as the steroids, there resulted a simple relationship between configuration and conformation, such that configurations could be predicted once the possible conformations for the products of a reaction could be analysed. Thus the subject "conformational analysis" had begun. Barton later determined the geometry of many other natural product molecules using this method. Conformational analysis is useful in the elucidation of configuration, in the planning of organic synthesis, and in the analysis of reaction mechanisms. It will be fundamental to a complete understanding of enzymatic processes.
Prof. Barton was invited to deliver the following special lectures: 1956, Max Tischler Lecturer at Harvard University; 1958, First Simonsen Memorial
Lecturer of the Chemical Society; 1961, Falk-Plaut Lecturer, Columbia University; 1962, Aub Lecturer at Harvard Medical School; Renaud Lecturer at Michigan State University; Inaugural 3 M's Lecturer, University of Western Ontario; 1963, Hugo Müller Lecturer of the Chemical Society; 3 M's Lecturer at the University of Minnesota; 1967, Pedler Lecturer of the Chemical Society; 1969, Sandin Lecturer at the University of Alberta; 1970, Graham Young Lectureship, Glasgow.
In 1958 Prof. Barton was Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; in 1959 Karl Folkers Visiting Professor at the Universities of Illinois and Wisconsin.
In 1954 Derek Barton was elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society, in 1956 he became Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; in 1965 he was appointed member of the Council for Scientific Policy of the U. K.; in 1969 he became President of Section B, British Association for the Advancement of Science, and President of the Organic Chemistry Division of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Professor Barton holds the following honours and awards: 1951, First Corday-Morgan Medal of the Chemical Society; 1956, Fritzsche Medal of the American Chemical Society; 1959, First Roger Adams Medal of the American Chemical Society; 1960, Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; 1961, Davy Medal of the Royal Society; 1962, D. Sc.h.c. Montpellier; 1964, D. Sc.h.c. Dublin; 1967, Honorary Fellow of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher "Leopoldina"; 1969, Honorary Member of Sociedad Quimica de Mexico; 1970, D.Sc.h.c. St. Andrews: Fellow of Birkbeck College; Honorary Member of the Belgian Chemical Society; Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences; Honorary Member of the Chilean Chemical Society; D.Sc.h.c., Columbia University, New York; 1971, First award in Natural Product Chemistry, Chemical Society (London); D.Sc.h.c., Coimbra (Portugal); Elected Foreign Member of the Academia das Ciencias de Lisboa; 1972, D. Sc.h.c. University of Oxford; Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society.
Derek Barton was first married to Jeanne Kate Wilkins but this marriage was later dissolved. He is now married to Christiane Cognet, a Professor of the Lycée français de Londres. He has one son, W.G.L. Barton, by his first marriage.
From Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1963-1970, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
For more updated biographical information, see:
Barton, Derek H.R., Some Recollections of Gap Jumping. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
Sir Derek Barton died on March 16, 1998.
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1969
MLA style: "Derek Barton - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 24 May 2013 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/barton-bio.html | <urn:uuid:098348af-da9d-471b-83db-d7d4258351e7> | {
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Learn how to write text quickly and efficiently with your phone’s keyboard.
Use the on-screen keyboard
Writing with the on-screen keyboard is easy and fun. You can use the keyboard when holding your phone in portrait or landscape mode.
Tap a text box.
1 — Character keys
2 — Shift key
3 — Numbers and symbols key
4 — Language key
5 — Smiley key
6 — Space key
7 — Enter key
8 — Backspace key
The keyboard layout can vary in different apps and languages. The language key is only shown when more than one language is selected. The example shows the English keyboard.
Tap the shift key. To switch caps lock mode on, double-tap the key. To return to normal mode, tap the shift key again.
Tap the numbers and symbols key. To see more special character keys, tap the shift key. Some special character keys bring up more symbols. To see more symbols, tap and hold a symbol or special character.
To put a full stop at the end of a sentence, and to start a new sentence, tap the space key twice.
To quickly type in a number or special character, while holding the numbers and symbol key, slide your finger to the character, and lift your finger.
Tap a word, drag the circles before and after the word to highlight the section you want to copy, and tap . To paste the text, tap .
Tap and hold the character, and tap the accented character.
Tap the backspace key.
Tap the language key repeatedly until the language you want is shown. The language key is only shown when more than one language is selected.
Tap and hold the text until you see the cursor. Without lifting your finger, drag the cursor to the place you want.
Use keyboard word suggestions
Your phone suggests words as you write, to help you write quickly and more accurately. Word suggestions are available in several languages.
When you start writing a word, your phone suggests possible words. When the word you want is shown in the suggestion bar, select the word. To see more suggestions, swipe left.
If the suggested word is marked in bold, your phone automatically uses it to replace the word you wrote. If the word is wrong, tap it, and you see the original word and a few other suggestions.
If you notice that you have misspelled a word, tap it, and you see suggestions for correcting the word.
If the word you want isn't in the dictionary, write the word, tap it, and tap the plus sign (+) in the suggestion bar. Your phone also learns new words when you have written them a few times.
On the start screen, swipe left, and tap Settings > keyboard . Tap your language keyboard, and clear the Suggest text check box.
Add writing languages
You can add several writing languages to your keyboard and switch between the languages when writing.
Tap Settings > keyboard > add keyboards .
Select the languages you want to write in.
To remove a pre-installed keyboard, tap and hold the language you don't want to use, and tap remove .
Tap the language key repeatedly until the language you want is shown. The keyboard layout and word suggestions change according to the language selected. The language key is only shown when more than one writing language has been selected. | <urn:uuid:5cbce1b1-1b95-416b-be0a-95253e2523bd> | {
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Ridgewood High School teacher lauded by NJ Inventors Hall of Fame
A few years ago, using blackberry juice and titanium dioxide, a non-toxic ingredient found in powdered sugar, Ridgewood "High School (RHS) science teacher Lillian Labowsky and her students began making dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells with enough "juice" to power a calculator.
Three years after Labowsky began the project, which was funded through a National Science Foundation (NSF) program that paired graduate students and grade school teachers to promote science education, it is clear Labowsky did not just help her students make power - she also empowered them to invent.
For her involvement in the innovative two-year project, Labowsky has received accolades from both the state and the "district.
The physics and chemistry teacher was recently recognized by the Board of Education (BOE) for the 2012 "Advancement of Invention" Award she received from the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame (NJIHoF) in "October.
She was one of only 25 scientists in the state, including three Nobel Prize laureates, to be inducted in the Hall of Fame. Labowsky was nominated for the award by a Stevens Institute of Technology graduate who helped her with the NSF program project. She was chosen because, according to the NJIHoF, her teaching is "inspiring the next generation of scientists."
In a press release, her passion for science was deemed of "special note" and called "inspiring" by NJIHoF President Les Avery.
It was a high honor worthy of a teacher whose students, when contacted, spoke of her obvious passion and enthusiasm. It was also not the first time Nobel Prize winners have been closely associated with Labowsky, who said she was inspired to teach by her Yale University thesis adviser John Fenn, winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
"It is my goal to try to inspire young scientists just as [Professor] Fenn inspired me," said Labowsky, who attended Fenn's Nobel Prize ceremony.
While Labowsky is no longer participating in the NSF program because of a two-year limitation, the solar cell project "is still going strong," she said. It has been integrated into her curriculum and expanded into a larger nanotechnology project.
"I hope this project will serve as an enriching real world connection for my students," she said. "We will continue to make blackberry juice solar cells to run small electronics as we did for the past three years, but we will also explore other advanced technology areas such as nano-medicine, nano-fibers, and nano-glues." | <urn:uuid:aff44f94-4608-4063-a033-00d764e2acac> | {
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Early 1900s in N. America
Life in the 1900's was depressing and was an era filled with extremely hard and strenous work that didn't offer any future for the average canadian in doing better. If you were an average wage earner you would be virtually stuck in the same job for the rest of your life, while rich maintained their wealth mainly caused by the low taxes. Living conditions were poor for average canadians and even worse for the arriving immigrants. At this time some of the modern convienences were just being invented and even if it were for sale only the extremely rich had the option of purchasing the items. Sports being very new, in the aspect of it being organized was small time compared to present day. Travelling required time and was uncomfortable. Only the rich could have the luxurious accomadations for those long journeys. Many jobs were available to most people but you were under constant scrutiny while working and would have to be willing to do any thing the boss wanted. I believe my friends and I would most likely resent and despise it if we had to live in the 1900's. During the 1900's horses played a significant role in the everyday life. A horse drawn carriage would bring a docter to the house of where a baby would be born. A hearse was pulled by horses to the cemetery when somebody died. Farmers used them to pull their ploughs while town dwellers kept them for transportation around town. Horses puled delivery wagons for businesses such as bakery, dairy, and coal company. Horses pulled fire engines through the streets in a fire emergency. The bicycle was widely accepted by canadians because of its easy maintence compared to a horse. The bike allowed an option of transportation. The bicycle also gave a sense of freedom to virtually anybody willing to learn. Henry Ford revolutionized the world we live in by inventing the "horseless carriage", if it had not been for him, instead of taking the GO bus in the morning we'd be riding a horse named Wanda. Not only did his invention offer a method of transportation to the public, but it helped with our emergency services such as fire engines, police cars, and ambulances. Now we have a large variety of cars to choose from varying in size and price. He also brought a large profitable industry to North America...The car industry. Back then there weren't many problems that they created. Today, we have our deteriorating ozone layer, poisonous chemicals that come from exhaust fumes (CO2)(Carbon Monoxide). Not to mention the traffic accidents, parking problems and traffic jams in downtown Toronto. 11 years previous to WW I Orville and Wilbur Wright made a successful flight in the first airplane at the beach of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Although the flight only lasted 12 seconds it would change the way we see the world. The telephone allowed the houseneeds to be satisfied without leaving they're homes. Women received an oppurtunity to work as a a switch board operator. I don't know if I can stress the importance of Marconi's invention enough. But I can say, that without it not only would there be no T.V. or radio there would be a lot of unemployed people right now(even more unemployed than now!!!). The reason for that is radio provides people with jobs such as DJ's, musical programmers etc. Also, radio is a major form of advertising, without it there would not be as many advertising agencies or as many positions in this field. Without T.V., advertising agencies would also face the same consequences. T.V. provides millions of people with employment in commercials, T.V. shows, and movies. Baseball was the most popular sport in
where the World Series began in 1903. Tom Longboat was born in Brantford, Ontario and was known for outrunning a horse over a 19 km coarse. He set a record of 2 hours, 24 min and 24 seconds when he ran the Boston Marathon. Jan 22/1901 Queen Victoria died at the age of 63 years. The Queens reign stretched across the globe. With her death came modernization. In the early 1900's horses were being used extensivley for all transportating duties and some manual labor jobs. A few years later the bicycle hit Canada and presented the Canadians with a better option of transportation mainly because of the simplicity of maintence. During these other discoveries the automobile was being perfected for use by the general public. By the 1920's the automobile was no longer a rich man's toy and was being used by many people. 1903 saw the first succesful flight fo the airplane bh Orville and Wilbur Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. At about the same time Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in Nova Scotia. By the turn of the century telephones had uses increased from ordering household goods to supplying jobs for women and men. 1901, Signal Hill in St.John's Newfoundland Guglielmo Marcone received the first radio signal sent across the Atlantic Ocean. 20 years would elasped before radio broadcasting becomes mass entertainment. First movies were seen in the 19th century. 20 years will pass till speaking films arrive. 1903 the United States had their first World Series. In Canada, Tom Longboat was a famous runner who was famous for running faster than a horse on a 19 km course. Later to be proclaimed the worlds best marathoner. In the early 1900's modern covienences were just being available like bathrooms, electric washing machines, sewing machines, electric hearing aids, vacuum cleaners. The very fortuanate who could afford these items would order them from the Eaton's Catologue. All types of goods could be ordered in the Eaton's Catologue from fence posts to fashionable hats. The time period between 1901 and 1911 almost 2 million people immigrated to Canada from Europe, Britain and the United States. Due to the population growth, in 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan became apart of the Confederation. The railway boom in 1903-1904 helped elevate the employment. Materials needed to build the railways and the transporting of the materials started the industrialization. Urbanization led to a serious problem of overcrowding. The three economic classes were the rich, average, and the immigrants. With low taxes this allowed the rich to spend on frivalous items such as . In contrast the average would only use their money for the neccessities in survival. At the bottom were the immigrants that were forced to live in unsanitary conditions and dank, damp basements. Not only were there differences of wealth or lack of but there was a difference in women and men's treatment. For example women did not have the freedom to enter pool room's, taverns and even bowling allies. Choices for women were working in stores and factories. Even if you came from a rich family your choices would have been nursing or teaching. Coming from a poor family women tended to just become a domestic servent. Women didn't have the right to vote like the men. In 1876 Dr Emily Stowe formed Toronto Women's Literary Club(TWLC). The purpose of this club was to inform women of their rights and to help secure women's rights. This group persuaded U of T to admit women in 1866. Also improved wages and working conditions. Womens Christian Temperence Union(WCTU) their goal was to combat problems created by alcohol in the society. A great social speaker Nellie Mclung received her start in WCTU to lead in the fight for equal freedom and for womens rights. Conclusion After discovering information about the 1900's I have come to the conclusion that in the 1900's was both good and bad. It was good because of the rising industries thus raising the economy. The main industries working for Canada were the railways, and road building. These industries provided needed jobs and the materials needed to complete these projects helped Canada grow even more. Low taxes meant you could pay for more important expenditures than paying to the government. The bad part of the 1900's was the three living standards in how most people were the poor and very little were rich. The modern convienences were not available to everyone in the early 1900's because these devices would have been very expensive caused by the newness of the products. Even though were guys I can see how women would have despised the fact that you were not able to vote or enter any buildings without checking it if it's not a tavern, pool room, and a bowling alley. Due to these outsanding points that stuck first in my mind I have changed my mind and believe it was both good and bad. | <urn:uuid:518d4719-7d7a-4e7d-be22-95dd463dab08> | {
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Heart Attacks "Linked to Stress" - New Study Shows
We all know of people who have chest pains when under stress, and this alarming symptom is often written off as "indigestion". However, now it seems it could be true that the heart is affected by stress and is not just folklore.
Doctors at University College Hospital, London, a leading teaching hospital, have proved in trials that people susceptible to stress, are also likely to have silent coronary artery disease.
The study involved 514 men and women, with an average age of 62. None of the participants had signs of heart disease at the time of the test.
Each underwent stress tests and then the levels of the hormone cortisol in their systems were measured.
Cortisol is the primary stress hormone and is produced by the body when it comes under mental or physical strain. When it is released, it causes the arteries to narrow.
The participants' arteries were also scanned for any signs of an accumulation of fatty materials on the inner linings of arteries, or furring.
Those people who were stressed by the tests were twice as likely to have furred arteries as those who remained calm, the study in the European Heart Journal found. | <urn:uuid:84941fed-d7e6-4b59-b735-cea660813aef> | {
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Aquatic Invasive Species
VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK AIMS TO PROTECT INTERIOR LAKES FROM EXOTIC SPECIES AND FISH DISEASES
Exotic species such as the spiny water flea and rusty crayfish and fish diseases are threats to the aquatic ecosystems of regional lakes including those in Voyageurs National Park. Spiny water fleas have recently invaded multiple lakes in the region, including the large lakes within Voyageurs National Park. Rusty crayfish have invaded at least one lake in Voyageurs National Park and many lakes in the region. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), a fish disease, has not yet been introduced into any lakes in Minnesota, but has caused fish kills in most of the Great Lakes and in some inland lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin.
Spiny water fleas (PDF) are tiny (1/4-5/8") crustacean zooplankton. They are native to Eurasia and were introduced into the Great Lakes from the ballast water of ships. They threaten the park's aquatic ecosystems and fishing by competing with native fish for food and fouling fishing gear. Research has shown that the spiny water flea can cause the following impacts:
· change the community composition of zooplankton
· compete directly with juvenile yellow perch and other small fish and minnows for food which could lead to a decrease in the abundance of these fish
These impacts could alter the food web; for instance, yellow perch are an important part of the diet of walleye, so a decrease in yellow perch abundance could hurt walleye growth.
Rusty crayfish are native to the Ohio River drainage but have invaded lakes in Wisconsin and Minnesota in recent years. They were found in Sand Point Lake in 2006. Rusty crayfish are more aggressive than native crayfish and can eliminate native crayfish and aquatic plants, causing great change to the aquatic ecosystem of invaded lakes. Please do not move live crayfish from one lake to another, and remember that it is illegal to use live crayfish for bait in any lake in Voyageurs National Park.
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is a viral fish disease that has been found in all of the Great Lakes except Lake Superior. It can kill many species of game fish including walleye and muskellunge. It could easily be spread to Minnesota lakes since many people travel between areas with infected lakes and Minnesota, and the virus that causes the disease can be spread by moving infected bait or water to uninfected lakes. Although VHS causes mortality in fish, it is not a threat to human health.
Spiny water fleas are spread when either live adult water fleas or viable resting eggs are transferred to a new body of water. Spiny water fleas and viruses that cause fish diseases can be transported on bait buckets, anchor ropes, fishing line, boats, waders, and nets. Any gear that enters infested water and is transferred to another lake or river without being thoroughly dried (for at least 5 days) or washed with hot water (>140° F for at least one minute) could transfer exotic species and fish diseases.
The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has designated the following water bodies as infested: Rainy Lake, Rainy River, Namakan Lake, Kabetogama Lake, Sand Point Lake, Crane Lake, and Little Vermilion Lake. The infested waters designation triggers specific Invasive Species Laws that are listed on page 61 of the DNR's 2008 Fishing Regulations handbook.
The National Park Service and DNR are working in concert to prevent the spread of the spiny water flea, other exotic species, and fish diseases by:
· implementing Best Management Practices for visitors, partners, and staff
· conducting public education at boat launch areas about exotic species, invasive species laws, and Voyageurs National Park interim measures to prevent the spread of exotic species
· providing information about spiny water flea, other invasive species, and fish diseases at park visitor centers, in park and DNR publications, and on the park website (www.nps.gov/voya) and the DNR website (www.dnr.state.mn.us)
The National Park Service has adopted the following three interim measures to protect the interior lakes in Voyageurs National Park from the spiny water flea, other exotic species, and fish diseases:
· artificial bait only (on all interior lakes only)
· no privately-owned watercraft allowed in interior lakes (the park will continue to provide canoes and row boats for rent through the Boats on Interior Lakes program and Commercial Use Authorizations on Mukooda Lake)
· no float plane landings on interior lakes
If you plan to recreate on the interior lakes in Voyageurs National Park, please follow these Best Management Practices (PDF):
· Bring a separate set of gear that is likely to contact lake water (including fishing gear) to use on the interior lakes, or before using any gear on an interior lake, make sure that all gear has been thoroughly dried for at least 5 days or washed with hot water (>140 degrees F) for at least one minute
· When leaving any lake, remove aquatic plans and animals, including gelatinous or cotton batting-like material from equipment, including fishing line
Spiny water fleas are readily spread to uninfested lakes due to their small size, hardiness, and a tendency to cling to equipment. When spiny water fleas or other exotic species stick to equipment within infested waters and are transported to uninfested waters on this equipment without being desiccated or killed with hot water, they may start a new infestation. The interim regulations and Best Management Practices have been developed to eliminate the following likely means of transmitting fish disease and exotic species to the interior lakes of the park: using infested gear in the interior lakes, landing aircraft on the interior lakes during the open-water season, portaging private watercraft to interior lakes, and the use of any bait other than artificial bait in the interior lakes. Additional note: Although non-aquatic baits will not spread aquatic exotic species or fish diseases, some of the most common non-aquatic baits are exotic species, for example, earthworms (including nightcrawlers). Since exotics such as earthworms have negative effects on the terrestrial ecosystem (in addition to the negative effects that aquatic exotic species and fish diseases have on aquatic ecosystems), park management has chosen to allow only artificial bait on the interior lakes.
The park will conduct a program about exotic species and VHS for any interested party or organization.
To schedule a program call Tawnya Schoewe at 218-283-6670 or e-mail us.
With your help and careful actions, we can try to prevent the spread of the spiny water flea, other invasive species, and fish diseases. Stop aquatic hitchhikers!
Did You Know?
There are food lockers, picnic tables, tent pad sites, fire rings and a privy at many of the sites. Pick up a Campsite, Houseboat, and Day Use Site map at a visitor center. | <urn:uuid:83fae1ea-c3c7-4a7a-84d2-4e96cfe7e19d> | {
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Emotions and Heart Health
Since ancient times, the heart has been a symbol of our emotions. But in recent years, scientists have uncovered a clear physical link between emotions and heart health.
What the research shows
Current research has found a possible connection between stress or depression and heart disease. One recent study, for instance, found that having either depression or anxiety may make it more likely that you will have a heart attack or heart failure in the future. Having both depression and anxiety increased the risk. The same study linked anxiety and depression in people with heart disease to an increased risk for a hospital stay.
Although most research suggests a link among depression, anxiety, and heart disease, the results differ. Researchers are continuing to look at this issue to more clearly define how these factors are related.
A current review of medical research on anxiety, heart disease, and high blood pressure did confirm a relationship among the three. In particular, researchers know that anxiety can increase the level of stress hormones in the body. These hormones play a role in high blood pressure. People with chronic anxiety are more likely to develop high blood pressure. And people with high blood pressure are more likely to be anxious. How this link plays out in the long term is not clear.
Stress and your heart
Emotional stress causes a negative chain reaction within your body. If you're angry, anxious, tense, frustrated, frightened, or depressed, your body's natural response is to release stress hormones. These hormones are called cortisol and adrenaline. They prepare your body to deal with stress. They cause your heart to beat more rapidly and your blood vessels to narrow to help push blood to the center of the body. The hormones also increase your blood pressure. This “fight or flight” response is thought to date back to prehistoric times, when we needed an extra burst of adrenaline to escape predators.
After your stress subsides, your blood pressure and heart rate should return to normal. If you're continually stressed out, though, your body doesn't have a chance to recover. This may lead to damage of your artery walls.
Stress’s link to high blood pressure and inflammation is dangerous because both are known risk factors for heart disease and other heart problems. Although studies haven’t proved that stress alone causes heart disease, it clearly poses an indirect risk and also has a negative effect on your general wellness.
Stress and your reactions
You can manage stress in both healthy and unhealthy ways. Unfortunately, many of us deal with stress by smoking, drinking too much, and overeating. All of these unhealthy habits can contribute to heart disease. But using healthy ways to keep your stress under control allows you to better protect yourself against heart disease. Try these ideas:
Exercise. When you are anxious and tense, exercise is a great way to burn off all that excess energy and stress. Go for a walk, a bike ride, or a swim, or go to the gym for your favorite class.
Breathe deeply. Yoga is not only good for your body, but for your mind, too. The meditative, deep breathing done in yoga is calming and relieves stress, especially if you do it regularly.
Take a break. When your stress level rises, take a few minutes to escape your surroundings. Spend a few quiet moments alone, read a short story, or listen to your favorite music. Cultivate gratitude. Make a list of what you're grateful for in your life to focus on the positives.
Get together with friends. Sure, Facebook is fun, but it’s no substitute for being with people you love. Create some weekly rituals with your friends. If they live far away, try volunteering or joining a local group of people with similar interests to yours. Research suggests that people with frequent social connections enjoy better protection against high blood pressure.
Scientists need to do more research to look more closely at the link between emotional health and heart health. But the existing evidence is consistent enough to prove that you should take its potential effects on your heart seriously. Exercise regularly and keep your emotional health in check, and you’ll build a stronger buffer against heart disease. | <urn:uuid:696e2677-a71b-490b-92b3-1785fc0872e3> | {
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Last Modified: April 18, 2002
This information was provided by an unrestricted educational grant from Integral PET Associates, LLC.
Clinically, a PET Scan can locate metabolic defects in the human body often before they have caused structural damage. It can do this with high sensitivity and reliability. This is a great advantage in deciding treatment courses and in diagnosing various conditions.
Since PET accurately and sensitively measures function or physiology in the human body it can detect problems before they cause irreversible damage to tissues. It may also detect response to treatment earlier than many other techniques, such as CT or MRI scans. The areas in which PET is making critical contributions are cancer, heart disease, and neurology.
PET can detect active tumors in the body with very high sensitivity. Active tumors have a high metabolism and therefore high demand for glucose. In this way malignant tumors may be distinguished from benign tumors and hidden tumors may be found. Also the response of tumors to treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy or gene-therapy) may be seen and measured earlier by PET than many other techniques. Successfully treated tumors are destroyed physiologically often long before there is significant shrinkage of tumor volume. In this way stressful treatments can be assessed and completed earlier than might otherwise be possible.
Blood flow and glucose metabolism in the muscles of the heart may be accurately measured by PET. These measurements are made by imaging the distribution of intravenously injected radiolabeled ammonia (blood flow) and glucose (metabolism). Areas of low blood flow but normal metabolism in the heart muscle indicate heart muscle that may be repaired by restoring blood flow (repairing the appropriate coronary artery), while areas of matched low blood flow and metabolism may already be irreversibly damaged and so require other treatments. In addition blood flow in the heart may be measured at rest and after exercise to detect partly obstructed arteries in the heart responsible for angina.
Seizures or epilepsy often start from a single focus of abnormal tissue in the brain. When the frequency and intensity of seizures do not respond well to medication, surgery may provide permanent relief. In any event, injection of a tiny amount of radiolabeled glucose is used to image the metabolism of the brain by PET. If you were to have a seizure around the time of glucose injection the seizure focus would be an area of intense metabolism (and uptake). Between seizures the focus shows up as an area of decreased metabolism in the brain.
Brain trauma often results in subtle changes in brain anatomy and physiology, which may have marked effects on cognition and emotion. The physiological changes underlying these longer term effects of closed head or brain injury can frequently be demonstrated with PET scans of the brain. | <urn:uuid:ee62865e-cd73-41c5-9c6f-51cc4d14a4bc> | {
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Mining Programs at Ontario Colleges
What to expect from a Mining Career
The mining industry is always looking for skilled professionals. Whether it’s filling specialized roles in geological management or heading into the mines, there are plenty of career opportunities available. Mining programs at Ontario colleges prepare students with both mining techniques and widespread knowledge of geology and earth resources, so they can enter the mining career of their choice.
If you’re interested in starting an in-demand career in the mining and geology industry, here’s what you need to know. More
There are a few types of mining programs available, each with different focuses or different levels of training. These include:
- Mining Techniques. Mining techniques programs are introductory one-year certificate programs that prepare students for entry-level work in the mining industry or for continued mining education. Students learn basic geology, surveying and drafting skills along with a variety of mining methods that will prepare them for both underground and office work in core sampling, mapping, prospecting and more.
- Mining Engineering Technician / Technology. Mining engineering technician and technology programs are more advanced than the techniques programs. Both technician and technologist programs give students a broader and deeper understanding of geology and resources and may offer training on a larger variety of mining equipment. Mining-related skills, such as drilling and blasting, may also be introduced. Technician programs are typically two-year diploma programs while technology programs (offering the most comprehensive training) are generally three-year advanced diploma programs.
Some mining-related programs have specific focuses, like earth sciences and natural resources. These programs have a geotechnical focus and are made up of courses including (but not limited to) mineral studies, geophysics, soil studies and other earth science topics. Students learn to operate geological equipment that can be used in some mining and geological industry practices, such as geotechnical and environmental assessment.
General Mining Program Requirements
Ontario college mining programs typically require an Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent. Academic requirements will vary depending on the program, but generally include senior math and chemistry or physics courses. A grade 12 English credit is often required for technician and technology programs.
Mining Jobs and Salaries
Depending on your chosen program, jobs in the mining industry range from entry-level to more advanced positions, and will include roles such as:
- Mine Manager or Production Supervisor
- Underground Mining Worker
- Surveyor, Project Manager / Engineer
- Geologist Assistant
- Mining Administration
The average starting salary for graduates of mining programs at Ontario colleges is $36,000 a year, with the potential to earn much more. Experienced mine managers and mine workers typically have salaries between $60,000 and $90,000 a year, or even higher depending on the location and type of mining.
Ontario Colleges Offering Mining Programs
Use the left-column navigation to refine your search by College, Program Availability, Program Start Date and more, or see the table below for a complete list of mining programs at Ontario colleges. Less
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On this fourth of July let us never forget that the rights we have secured were won by the hard fought efforts of generations of tireless activists and that the Constitution of the United States is a living document, shaped and formed by the collective participation of millions of people in a constant dialogue.
Our country is not perfect. Far from it, our history is one of terrible oppression and thoughtless, inconsiderate discrimination. Too many a man has been sent unnecessarily to die in war. Too many died without freedom, without rights. The stain of our neglect and terror scars the Constitution and the legers of history.
In spite of this truth, the human spirit has prevailed more often than not in this country and people have continued to believe in the fundamental goodness of the national project we call our Constitution. That belief in the security and equality of the individual and the guarantee of rights is perhaps the greatest contributor to the slow victory of justice in America.
That guarantee of our rights ensures that no man or woman, no matter how powerful and influential, is permitted to permanently or decisively interfere with the fundamental rights and freedoms of any other. These are the rights we celebrate on Independence Day and the freedoms that have been won in the generations since our nation's birth.
These victories include the extension of the right to vote and the rights of citizenship to all members of our society. The articulation of individual rights and freedoms is the fruit of their efforts. These freedoms offer proof that our Constitution is a living document and that the will of the people can be expressed in the language of the nation, articulated as law and common practice.
These freedoms, which we hold so dear, were brought to realization through the spirit of individual liberty and collective responsibility. Through an acknowledgement of the humanity of each person, the fundamental value of humankind is acknowledged. By recognizing this value in the individual we have crafted a body of law to protect the rights of everyone.
The threats to the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and our fundamental rights and liberties is always present, both from without and from within. On this day of celebration of collective freedom, let us never hand over our rights and responsibilities to any executive or any legislator who will seek to compromise those rights in the name of security.
The generations before us have worked too hard and labored too long to hand over the right to privacy and the responsibility of the national defense to rogue administrators and legislators who would betray our trust as a country. We must ensure that the freedoms and rights that have been secured for us remain so for future generations.
So on this Independence Day let us remember that the articulation of rights does not secure those rights. Only a vigilant citizenry can ensure the security of those rights guaranteed on paper. Our Constitution is a living document, which is given meaning through our participation. Through our direct engagement in the experiment of democracy we truly give meaning to the freedoms we celebrate. | <urn:uuid:10ae4a68-41ae-4420-bbc6-1fd217e2f2f2> | {
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Function - Create a new semaphore.
kern_return_t semaphore_create (task_t task, semaphore_t *semaphore, int policy, int value);
The semaphore_create function creates a new semaphore, associates the created semaphore with the specified task, and returns a send right naming the new semaphore. In order to support a robust producer/consumer communication service, Interrupt Service Routines (ISR) must be able to signal semaphores. The semaphore synchronizer service is designed to allow user-level device drivers to perform signal operations, eliminating the need for event counters. Device drivers which utilize semaphores are responsible for creating (via semaphore_create) and exporting (via device_get_status) semaphores for user level access. Device driver semaphore creation is done at device initialization time. Device drivers may support multiple semaphores.
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The Missing Key To Physics, ESP, Intelligence, Aging...
As you know the discoveries of Nikola Tesla have been purposefully minimized in the media, college curriculums, and in the history books. Well, there was another absolutely brilliant scientist whose discoveries are on a par with Tesla's, but his work was very diligently minimized before it ever received widespread attention, and that scientist's name was Albert Roy Davis. It may seem presumptuous to compare any scientist to Tesla, but if there is one that you can compare to him, in my opinion, it's Albert Roy Davis.
In 1936 Davis discovered that the North and South poles of magnetism are two separate energies with exact opposite effects on all matter. The North pole energy spins counterclockwise and causes matter to contract, and the South pole energy spins clockwise and causes matter to expand. Davis and his associate, Walter C. Rawls, Jr., found that this discovery had incredible implications in many areas of research.
It is the key to understanding the "new physics", the physics of UFO's. Modern physics considers the two poles to be a singular form of energy, not two separate energies. Magnetism is the foundation of physics. If you've ever heard Richard C. Hoagland talk about the "Russian physics", let me tell you this: the Russians knew nothing of this "new physics" until they adopted Davis' discovery.
It is the key to tapping into the true potential of the human mind. Davis and Rawls discovered that North pole magnetism can be used to dramatically increase our intelligence and our psychic abilities.
It is the key to understanding the legends of giants in ancient history, and the 2-3 foot beings as well. Davis and Rawls discovered that North pole exposed animals grew into much smaller, physically weaker adults. South pole exposed animals grew into much larger, physically stronger adults.
It is the key to aging. Davis and Rawls discovered that both North pole and South pole exposed animals lived much longer than animals with no magnetic exposure. | <urn:uuid:a6a92512-456a-44ea-9720-ba5675179fcd> | {
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Klamath County was established on October 17, 1882. It was created from the western part of Lake County and named after a tribe of Indians which white travelers called the Klamath, also spelled Clammite.
Klamath County is situated in south central Oregon. The county is bounded on the south by California, on the east by Lake County, on the north by Deschutes County, and on the west by Jackson and Douglas Counties. The county, Oregon's fourth largest, has 6,135 square miles.
When the Legislative Assembly created Klamath County in 1882, it designated Linkville as the county seat, although it gave the voters the chance to select another site at the 1884 general election. Linkville was renamed Klamath Falls in 1893.
In 1888 the county acquired its first courthouse for $3,500. Previously a school or rented commercial premises housed county offices. By 1912 the need for a new courthouse was pressing. However, for the next thirteen years a dispute raged over its location and which of the two courthouses being built would be accepted. The first courthouse, known as the Hot Springs Courthouse, was designed along Grecian architectural lines, but, due to law suits and recall elections only the exterior was finished. When construction stopped, $112,000 had been spent, with an additional $60,000 needed to complete the project. It was torn down in 1927 to make way for the Klamath Union High School. In 1918 construction began on another courthouse, known as the Main Street Courthouse which was built next to the existing one. In spite of injunctions to halt construction, the work was completed within a year, but the building was not fully occupied until 1923, when all legal questions were settled. The structure cost about $122,000. Earthquakes in 1992 severely damaged the building, and county offices were relocated to temporary quarters. Construction of a new courthouse and administrative center began in 1997.
The government of Klamath County consisted originally of a county judge, two county commissioners, clerk, treasurer, coroner, surveyor, and sheriff. The judge's position was abolished in 1965, and the number of county commissioners increased from two to three.
The 1890 census cited a population of 2,444. Since then the county has experienced steady growth. The 2000 population of 63,775 represented a 10.52% increase from 1990.
Historically, Klamath County's economy has been based on timber and agriculture. Three-fourths of the county is forested; however, over half of it is publicly owned. The large stands of timber have resulted in the development of wood products industries in the county. In spite of the altitude, short growing season, low rainfall, and cold winters, agricultural plays an important role in the local economy. Excellent soil, adequate water for irrigation, extensive sunshine, and the introduction of cash crops such as potatoes and feed barley contribute to the agricultural industry. There is the potential to develop geothermal energy through the exploitation of the geothermal water found in many parts of the county. The many lakes and mountains, including Crater Lake National Park, attract tourists and recreational visitors to the county.
The Klamath Indian Tribe and Reservation add to the county's history. The Klamath Reservation was established in 1864 by treaty and covered about fifty square miles of land east and northeast of Klamath Falls. The federal government's policy of termination and assimilation resulted in the tribe being abolished in 1961. However, in 1975 a fully functioning tribal government was reestablished, and the Klamath Tribe was recognized by the federal government in 1986. The 1990 census showed the tribe to consist of 2,370 members.
Did You Know?
The Collier Logging Museum in Klamath County highlights the colorful history of logging in Oregon with one of the largest collections of antique equipment in the country. Dozens of artifacts help visitors interpret the evolution of the industry from oxen and axes to Caterpillars and chain saws.
For example, the museum describes the effort involved in moving giant old growth logs through the woods in the 1860s. Large teams of oxen pulled the skinned logs over skid roads. The first job for many boys in logging was to swab whale oil on the skids to help the logs slid easier. In this tough and practical environment, an accident prone oxen would sometimes serve as dinner for the crew. | <urn:uuid:3b27c50a-4c7f-490b-8d40-526e1d097fa7> | {
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For Immediate Release
November 11, 2009
Canale Communications for Orion Genomics
The Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and Orion Genomics today announced that a consortium co-led by the Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre of MPOB and Orion Genomics has sequenced three oil palm genomes from two oil palm species, an important food and biofuel crop. This genome sequencing effort provides a comprehensive genetic blueprint of E. oleifera and E. guineensis including the pisifera and dura palms. In commercial seed production, the pisifera is frequently used as the paternal line and the dura serves as the maternal palm.
Oil palm plantations on average produce 3.9 tons of oil per hectare per year, nearly ten times more than other productive oil bearing crops. Therefore, it has the potential to meet growing demand for food and renewable fuel. Used in cooking oil, margarine, baked goods and other foods, palm oil is the most consumed edible oil in the world. It feeds more than 3 billion people in 150 countries worldwide, and it is also a common ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. In 2008, Malaysia produced 17.7 million tons of crude palm oil and exported RM65.2 billion (US $17.6 billion) of palm oil products. New technologies are now enabling palm oil to be transformed into biodiesel, a promising renewable fuel.
The oil palm family has two species, the E. guineensis which originates from Africa and the E. oleifera, which is native to South America. Because of its high productivity, the E. guineensis is the commercial variety planted in Malaysia. However, the E. oleifera has many interesting traits such as low height increment, increased resistance to disease and produces higher quantities of unsaturated fats - traits that will add value if incorporated into commercial E. guineensis lines.
"Knowledge of the genomic sequence of these oil palm varieties enables researchers to understand genetic differences between trees that are, for example, higher yielding or more resistant to disease than usual," said Datuk Dr. Mohd Basri Wahid, the Director-General of MPOB. "Our goal in completing the oil palm genome sequence is to dramatically improve oil yields both for the production of food, feed and fuel."
The consortium included St. Louis, Missouri-based Orion Genomics, MOgene LC and The Genome Center at Washington University, South Korea-based Macrogen Inc., and Adelaide, Australia-based GeneWorks Pty Ltd. In addition to sequencing and assembling the genomes of the three oil palm varieties, the consortium sequenced the expressed genes (or transcriptome) from multiple tissue types for all three types of oil palm. Transcriptome sequence will aid oil palm researchers as they seek to understand the genes responsible for yield, disease resistance and resistance to environmental stress. The initiative generated the most comprehensive genetic and transcriptional maps to date of this important crop.
MPOB and Orion, along with MOgene, LC, also unveiled plans to study the epigenetic makeup of oil palm in 2010 in an effort to improve yields.
"Epigenetics is the study of the pattern of chemical groups that influence whether specific genes are turned on or off", said Nathan Lakey, President and Chief Executive Officer of Orion Genomics. "We theorize that by studying oil palm epigenetics, we may be able to help to speed the development of varieties of oil palm that produce more oil, rapidly increasing the per acre efficiency of this crop, which already is the single largest producer of edible oils world-wide."
The Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) was established on May 1, 2000 with the principal objective of promoting, developing and advancing the Malaysian palm oil industry. As the steward of the nation’s palm oil industry, MPOB is responsible for providing the scientific and technological support to the Malaysian palm oil industry. MPOB’s commitment to the industry is not limited to Research and Development (R & D), but also encompasses dissemination of information, technology transfer, commercialization, registration, licensing and enforcement activities.
Orion Genomics, the Second Code Company, develops epigenetic research tools and molecular diagnostic products to fulfill the promise of personalized medicine. Orion's lead product is a simple blood-based test that is being developed to identify people at elevated risk for colorectal cancer. The company has active biomarker discovery programs in cancers of the bladder, breast, lung, ovaries and colon, and the company offers genomics services to the medical, agricultural and bio-fuels research communities. Orion Genomics is located in the Center for Emerging Technologies in St. Louis. For more information, visit the Orion Genomics website at http://www.oriongenomics.com.
Macrogen is a Korean bio-venture company established in 1997. As a leading biotechnology company, Macrogen has provided high-quality DNA sequencing service to more than 10,000 researchers in over 100 countries worldwide with sequencing platforms such as 3730xl, GAIIx, SOLiD3, and GS-FLX. It also has subsidiary laboratories in USA, Japan, and Netherlands for more localized and customized service. Macrogen fully sequenced and annotated the whole genome of a Korean individual, which was published in Nature on 20th August, 2009. NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) and capillary sequencing platforms were combined to accomplish the project. With these accumulated experiences, Macrogen has shown its successful performances in numerous large scale sequencing projects. In addition, Macrogen has also launched 'Asian 100 Genome Project' in June this year to identify Asian specific markers related to diseases. For more information, visit the website of Macrogen Inc. at http://www.macrogen.com. | <urn:uuid:06ec3e1b-66e7-4585-b700-5f50ad652f7f> | {
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Keratomalacia can be linked to lower socioeconomic status, poor maternal nutrition, and inadequate breastfeeding, according to a paper in the journal Cornea.
Dr Noopur Gupta et al., Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, studied the case records of children under 6 months of aged suffering from keratomalacia from June 2007 to April 2010.
Parameters assessed included age, sex, anthropometry, nutritional status, socioeconomic status, antenatal history, maternal nutrition, systemic associations, immunization and dietary history. Comprehensive ocular examination was completed and consisted of ocular adnexa, conjunctiva, cornea and anterior chamber.
Of the children included in the study, 88% had protein energy-associated malnutrition, 94% belonged to poor families and 75% were not sufficiently immunized. In 100% of keratomalacia patients, inadequate breastfeeding was the main cause. | <urn:uuid:f8c16c26-f11d-42e3-874c-10697d4f5558> | {
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Running is both a competition and a type of training for sports that have running or endurance components. As a sport, it is split into events divided by distance and sometimes includes permutations such as the obstacles in steeplechase and hurdles. Running races are contests to determine which of the competitors is able to run a certain distance in the shortest time. Today, competitive running events make up the core of the sport of athletics. Events are usually grouped into several classes, each requiring substantially different athletic strengths and involving different tactics, training methods, and types of competitors. | <urn:uuid:a7ee43b4-3c1a-46cc-ba6a-f4916a211bc6> | {
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Hughes Court (1937-1938)
Hugo L. Black Joined
Date Formed:Thursday, August 19, 1937
Date Disbanded:Monday, January 17, 1938
On March 26 and 27, the Supreme Court heard two landmark same-sex marriage cases. Check out our deep dive on the topic to find out more about the cases and issues the Court will consider. | <urn:uuid:6e816971-4bdd-46d2-85c2-b34b91017254> | {
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In Vitro Fertilization for Infertility
During in vitro fertilization (IVF), eggs and sperm are brought together in a laboratory glass dish to allow the sperm to fertilize an egg. With IVF, you can use any combination of your own eggs and sperm and donor eggs and sperm.
See a picture of the Reference female reproductive system Opens New Window Reference Opens New Window.
Ovulation and egg retrieval. To prepare for an assisted reproductive procedure using your own eggs, you will require hormone treatment to control your egg production (ovulation). This is done to prevent unpredictable ovulation, which would make it necessary to cancel that in vitro attempt. This is typically done using one of two similar types of Reference gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH agonist or GnRH antagonist). The following are two examples of how ovulation can be controlled:
- You first receive about 10 days of nasal or injected GnRH agonist that "shuts down" your Reference pituitary Opens New Window. Next, you get daily ovary-stimulating hormone injections and are closely monitored for 2 weeks before egg retrieval. At home, you or your partner injects you with gonadotropin or Reference follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Opens New Window to make your ovaries produce multiple eggs (Reference superovulation Opens New Window).
- You start treatment with FSH injections and then add the GnRH antagonist injection after about 5 days, which stops the production of Reference luteinizing hormone (LH) Opens New Window within an hour or two.
After the first week, your doctor checks your blood estrogen levels and uses Reference ultrasound Opens New Window to see whether eggs are maturing in the Reference follicles Opens New Window. During the second week, your dosage may change based on test results. And you are monitored frequently with transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests. If follicles fully develop, you are given a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection to stimulate the follicles to mature. The mature eggs are collected 34 to 36 hours later by needle aspiration guided by ultrasound. You will usually have pain medicine and Reference sedation for this procedure.
Sperm collection. Sperm are collected by means of masturbation or by taking sperm from a Reference testicle Opens New Window through a small incision. This procedure is done when a blockage prevents sperm from being ejaculated or when there is a problem with sperm development. Sperm may have been collected and frozen at an earlier time. Then the sperm are thawed on the day the eggs are collected.
Fertilization and embryo transfer. The eggs and sperm are placed in a glass dish and incubated with careful temperature, atmospheric, and infection control for 48 to 120 hours. About 2 to 5 days after fertilization, the best fertilized eggs are selected. One to three are placed in the uterus using a thin flexible tube (catheter) that is inserted through the cervix. Those remaining may be frozen (cryopreserved) for future attempts.
Pregnancy and birth. Any Reference embryos Opens New Window that implant in the uterus may then result in pregnancy and birth of one or more infants.
What To Expect After Treatment
Overall, in vitro fertilization (IVF)-related injections, monitoring, and procedures are emotionally and physically demanding of the female partner. Superovulation with hormones requires regular blood tests, daily injections (some of which are quite painful), frequent monitoring by your doctor, and harvesting of eggs.
These procedures are done on an outpatient basis and require only a short recovery time. You may have cramping during the procedure. You may be advised to avoid strenuous activities for the remainder of the day or to be on bed rest for a few days, depending on your condition and your doctor's recommendation.
Why It Is Done
In vitro fertilization may be a treatment option if:
- A woman's Reference fallopian tubes Opens New Window are missing or blocked.
- A woman has severe Reference endometriosis Opens New Window.
- A man has low sperm counts.
- Reference Artificial or intrauterine insemination Opens New Window has not been successful.
- Unexplained infertility has continued for a long time. How long a couple chooses to wait is influenced by the female partner's age and other personal factors.
- A couple wants to test for inherited disorders before embryos are transferred.
IVF can be done even if a:
- Woman has had a Reference tubal ligation Opens New Window reversal surgery that was not successful.
- Woman does not have fallopian tubes.
- Woman's fallopian tubes are blocked and can't be repaired.
IVF can be done using donor eggs for women who cannot produce their own eggs due to advanced age or other causes.
How Well It Works
The number of women who have babies after in vitro fertilization varies, depending on many different things. Almost all Reference assisted reproductive technology (ART) Opens New Window procedures are done using IVF.
Age. Birth rates resulting from a single cycle of IVF using women's own eggs are about 30% to 40% for women age 34 and younger, then rates decrease steadily after age 35.Reference 1 The Reference aging of the egg supply has a powerful effect on the chances that an assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedure will result in pregnancy and a healthy baby.
Cause of infertility. Infertility can be caused by problems with the woman's or the man's reproductive system. Some of these causes can include problems with the fallopian tubes, with Reference ovulation Opens New Window, or with the sperm.
Pregnancy history. A woman who has already had a live birth is more likely to have a successful ART procedure than a woman who hasn't given birth before. This "previous birth advantage" gradually narrows as women age from their early 30s to their 40s.
Own eggs versus donor eggs. Birth rates are affected by whether ART procedures use a woman's own eggs or donor eggs. Many women over age 40 choose to use donor eggs, which greatly improves their chances of giving birth to healthy babies. For each cycle of in vitro fertilization:Reference 1
- Using her own eggs, a woman's chances of having a live birth decline from over 40% in her late 20s, to 30% at about age 38, and to 10% by about age 43.
- Live birth rates are about the same among younger and older women using donor eggs. Women in their late 20s through mid-40s average about a 55% birth rate using fresh (not frozen) embryos.
Frozen embryos versus fresh embryos. Donor-frozen IVF embryos from a previous IVF cycle that are thawed and transferred to the uterus are less likely to result in a live birth than are donor-fresh (newly fertilized) IVF embryos.Reference 1 But frozen embryos are less expensive and less invasive for a woman, because superovulation and egg retrieval aren't needed.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) increases the risks of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and multiple pregnancy.
- Reference Superovulation Opens New Window with hormone treatment can cause severe Reference ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Opens New Window. Your doctor can minimize the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome by closely monitoring your ovaries and hormone levels during treatment.
- The risk of conceiving a multiple pregnancy is directly related to the number of embryos transferred to a woman's uterus. Reference Multiple pregnancies are high-risk for both the mother and the fetuses.
There may be a higher risk of birth defects for babies conceived by certain assisted reproductive techniques, such as IVF. Talk with your doctor about these possible risks.
Embryo transfer success versus the risk of multiple pregnancy
For a woman over age 35 to maximize her chances of conceiving with her own eggs and carrying a healthy pregnancy, she may choose to have more embryos transferred than a younger woman would. But this increases her risk of multiple pregnancy.
Because of the risks to the babies of multiple pregnancy, experts recommend limiting the number of embryos transferred. Your doctor will recommend a certain number of embryos to be transferred based on your age and specific situation.
Women over 40 have a high rate of embryo loss when using their own eggs. As an alternative, older women can choose to use more viable donor eggs. When a woman uses donor eggs, experts recommend using the donor's age to help figure out how many embryos to transfer.Reference 2
What To Think About
Smoking has a damaging effect on fertility and pregnancy. Smoking reduces the chance that IVF will work.Reference 3 Smoking can also affect the health of the fetus.
In vitro fertilization provides diagnostic information about fertilization and embryo development (which is not the case with a Reference GIFT or ZIFT Opens New Window procedure).
Using ultrasound to help collect eggs from the woman's ovaries is less expensive, less risky, and less invasive than egg collection by Reference laparoscopy Opens New Window.
In the United States, a cycle of in vitro fertilization costs approximately $10,000 to $15,000.
If you and your doctor are concerned about passing on a genetic disorder to your child, preimplantation genetic diagnosis might be available. Some genetic disorders can be identified with specialized testing before an embryo is transferred, increasing the chances of conceiving a healthy child.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (2008). 2008 Assisted Reproductive Technology Success Rates: National Summary and Fertility Clinic Reports. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/art/ART2008/PDF/ART_2008_Full.pdf.
|By:||Reference Healthwise Staff||Last Revised: December 7, 2011|
|Medical Review:||Reference Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine
Reference Femi Olatunbosun, MB, FRCSC - Obstetrics and Gynecology | <urn:uuid:21cc6a40-80ad-4447-a9b5-bb2b4b28db5a> | {
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California sea otters will start the new year with a vast new range of territory far south of their government-imposed grounds north of Point Conception.
Beginning on Jan. 18, they are free to swim south into waters off Los Angeles, San Diego and Baja - places they frequented before they were forcibly relocated to a remote Channel Island in the 1980s.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service decided to lift the "no-otter" zone this month after a thorough review found that the translocation program that started it was essentially a failure.
About 140 sea otters living between the Mexican border and Point Conception, north of Santa Barbara, were gathered up and taken to San Nicolas Island in 1987. The purpose of the move was to establish a colony of otters far enough away from the coast to protect it from oil spills or other catastrophes. As coastal marine mammals, sea otters are particularly susceptible to pollution runoff and other near-shore toxins.
A no-otter zone south of Point Conception was then instituted to keep otters, which are voracious shellfish eaters, from infringing on commercial fishers.
Many of the relocated otters swam back to Central California or to coastal waters, or simply died. Officials realized the relocation program was a failure years ago and stopped enforcing it by the early 1990s.
"It seems really silly to have" a relocation program, said Los Angeles Waterkeeper spokeswoman Liz Crosson. "Sea otters
Sea otters eat the sea urchins that can decimate kelp forests, Crossan explained.
Lifting the no-otter zone will also bring the marine mammals greater legal protection against harm because they are listed as a federally threatened species, Crosson said.
Bernardo Alps, a local marine mammal expert, said he has seen a sea otter this year and hears reports of sightings a few times a year off the Palos Verdes Peninsula.
"Lately they've been seen several times a year down here. There are areas near Santa Barbara where they're a lot more regular," Alps said, adding that they may venture south because "usually young males roam to establish new territories."
There are fewer than 3,000 southern sea otters living off California, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. They were hunted to near extinction for their fur, and only 50 survivors were found off the coast of Big Sur by the 1930s.
Their numbers are growing very slowly because of numerous threats that cause die-offs, including algal toxins, parasites, infectious diseases, bacterial infections, boat strikes, shark bites, starvation and heart disease.
Lilian Carswell, the southern sea otter recovery coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, said that lifting the no-otter zone may reinvigorate their population.
"With natural factors like the shark bites and food limitation, there's little we can or should do," Carswell said in a written statement. "But to cope with non-natural factors, the population recovery at the very least will depend on sea otters expanding into new areas that can support sustained populations."
Sea otters, which range from 45 to 65 pounds as adults, do not have blubber, so they must eat about 25 percent of their body weight daily to maintain high metabolisms and stay warm.
When they settle in an area, they decimate its shellfish population and force local fishers to go elsewhere, said David Goldenberg, executive director for the California Sea Urchin Commission. His group, which represents hundreds of independent California urchin divers, supported the no-otter zone.
"When otters go into an area, they close the area for diving because they're endangered," Goldenberg said. "So otters have free roam to eat. As otters move, they're going to be displacing fishermen. You can't be in competition with an endangered species."
As otter populations expand, they will "eat themselves out of house and home," Goldenberg said, leaving areas barren of shellfish.
He said the relocation program could have been a success had it been properly implemented.
"They failed to move the number of animals they said they were going to," Goldenberg said. "When they went back later to see how the population rebounded after they moved animals, they found they hadn't met the criteria."
Goldenberg said the Fish and Wildlife Service should have focused on ways to reduce ocean pollution and toxins that kill otters instead of removing the no-otter zone.
"Rather than addressing the real problem of why these animals haven't replicated, they chose to ignore that because it's a harder issue to address," he said. "It's easier to say: `Let the animals roam and we'll put fishermen out of business."'
Los Angeles Waterkeeper is trying to fill the void left by the loss of otters off the Palos Verdes Peninsula. An overabundance of sea urchins - one of the otters' favorite foods - have created 50 "urchin barrens" in the area, decimating kelp forests that many coastal species need to survive, Crosson said.
To counteract this problem, L.A. Waterkeeper is working to redistribute urchins over a larger area in hopes of expanding a 10-acre kelp forest to a 50-acre forest in future years.
"In our minds, it's very important that we remove any obstacles to help sea otters return," Crosson said. "There are about 800 species that thrive in kelp forests, and we've seen an 80 percent reduction in that in the last 100 years." | <urn:uuid:e5f2d3d4-60b3-433e-ab3a-bcf21542bac0> | {
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Medicines for HIV and AIDS are used to decrease the amount of HIV in the body and to strengthen the immune system. There are six types of HIV medicines. Commonly three different types of medicines are taken together. This is called combination therapy. It is vital to take them exactly as prescribed to maintain success, and to help to prevent the virus from becoming resistant to the medicines. These medicines are usually taken for life.
What are HIV and AIDs?
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This is a virus in the group of viruses called retroviruses. HIV destroys cells in the body called CD4 T cells. CD4 T cells are a type of lymphocyte (a white blood cell). These are important cells that protect the body against various bacteria, viruses and other germs. HIV actually multiplies within CD4 cells. HIV cannot be destroyed by white blood cells, as it keeps on changing its outer coat, so protecting it.
AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This is a term which covers the range of infections and illnesses which can result from a weakened immune system caused by HIV.
It is important to remember that when you are first infected with HIV you do not have AIDS. There is usually a time lag of several years between first being infected with HIV and subsequently developing infections and other AIDS-related problems. This is because it usually takes several years for the number of CD4 T cells to reduce to a level where your immune system is weakened.
HIV is now a treatable medical condition and most treated people remain fit and well.
This leaflet is a brief overview of medicines that are used to treat HIV and AIDS. For more information see separate leaflet called HIV and AIDS and the information resources listed below.
What are medicines for HIV and AIDS and how do they work?
Medicines for HIV and AIDS are sometimes called antiretroviral medicines. There are six different types of these medicines available to prescribe in the UK; they include:
- Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors - abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, and tenofovir.
- Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - efavirenz, etravirine, and nevirapine.
- Protease inhibitors - atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir.
- Integrase inhibitors - raltegravir.
- Fusion inhibitors - enfuvirtide.
- CCR5 antagonists - maraviroc.
Antiretroviral medicines work by stopping the HIV from making copies of itself. The amount of virus in your body (viral load) is decreased. This gives your immune system some time to become strong again and allows your body to make more CD4 T cells. The aim of treatment is to reduce the viral load to very low levels for as long as possible, and to increase the number of CD4 T cells to a normal level. This in turn means you are less likely to get infections.
The medicines in each class work in slightly different ways, but all work to stop the HIV from replicating itself. They work best when they are prescribed in combination.
If I have HIV or AIDS when is treatment usually started?
As a general rule, antiretroviral medicines are usually started if:
- Infections or other AIDS-related problems develop; or
- Your CD4 T cells fall below a certain level (around 350 cells per cubic millimetre of blood or less) - even if you do not have symptoms. The exact level when treatment is started depends on various factors which your doctor will discuss with you. These include any symptoms present and the rate of decline of the CD4 T cells.
The treatment of HIV is a rapidly changing area of medicine. Trials are underway to assess whether antiretroviral medicines should be started earlier in people who have no symptoms, even as early as when first infected with HIV. The trials aim to show whether there are benefits from treatment before symptoms develop, which outweigh the risk of side-effects from the medicines.
Which antiretrovirals are usually prescribed?
The choice of medicines is considered and chosen for each individual patient. The treatment for HIV can be complicated, as it involves taking many different medications. A team of healthcare professionals is usually involved in looking after you and giving you your treatment.
As discussed above, these medicines work best in combination. Taking three or more antiretroviral medicines at the same time, each attacking HIV at different points in its cycle of replication, is more effective than one or two medicines alone. Taking a combination of different medicines also reduces the risk that the virus will become resistant to any individual medicine. In 2008, the first one pill a day treatment was launched. Each pill contains three different medicines. This is popular, as it is convenient to take and has few side-effects.
In general, most guidelines recommend that you start with either:
- Two nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (this regimen is usually tried first); or
- Two nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor boosted with low doses of ritonavir. This treatment regimen is usually reserved for people who have resistance to the above regimen, women who want to become pregnant, or anyone with psychiatric illness.
When taking medicines for HIV and AIDS
Some important considerations are:
- Adherence - taking your medicines exactly as prescribed.
- What to do if you miss a dose.
- Dietary restrictions.
- Regular blood tests.
- Taking other medicines.
Adherence - taking your medicines exactly as prescribed
It is vital to take the medication regularly and exactly as prescribed, to maintain success and to help to prevent the virus from becoming resistant to the medicines. Even if you miss one or two doses, the virus can become resistant to treatment.
What to do if you miss a dose
If you forget to take a dose, take your medicines as soon as you remember. However, if you remember just as you are about to take your next dose, do not take two doses at the same time to make up for the missed dose. If in doubt, speak to your pharmacist or doctor.
If you are regularly forgetting to take your medicine, talk to your doctor or pharmacist; there may be other combination medicines that are more suitable for you.
Regular blood tests
You are likely to have regular blood tests to monitor how well these medicines are working. You will usually have a CD4 T-cell count and a viral load blood test before you start treatment. This is called a baseline measurement. After starting treatment, your doctor will usually measure your viral load and CD4 T-cell count after one month later, and then about every three months thereafter. If your treatment is effective then your viral load will decrease and your CD4 T cells will increase.
You may need more blood tests if you feel unwell or develop symptoms such as an infection.
Taking other medicines
Quite a few medicines that you may be prescribed for other conditions or that you can buy from pharmacies or supermarkets can interfere with HIV medicines. This includes herbal medicines. Always ask your pharmacist or doctor before taking any new medicines. For more information see the leaflet that came with your medicine.
What are the possible side-effects?
The side-effects for most HIV medicines are usually mild and often go away after a few weeks. Common side-effects include nausea (feeling sick), vomiting and headache. If these side-effects do not go away, your doctor can prescribe some other medicines to help with these problems. If this does not help, your doctor may change your medicines.
Other less common side-effects include:
- Damage to the liver, kidneys, or pancreas.
- Skin rash.
- Dry skin, nail problems, hair loss.
- Peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves).
- Fat loss (lipoatrophy).
- Fat accumulation.
- Increased blood-sugar levels and risk of type 2 diabetes.
See the leaflet that comes with your particular brand for a full list of possible side-effects and cautions.
What is the usual length of treatment?
Once you have started treatment you will need to take these medicines for the rest of your life. This is in order to keep your immune system healthy and to prevent you from getting infections.
How well do medicines for HIV and AIDS work?
Although these medicines do not cure HIV, they slow the progression of HIV to AIDS. They are effective at allowing people with HIV to live their lives as normally as possible. Since the introduction of medicines to treat HIV, the death rates from AIDS has reduced dramatically. Newer medicines are more effective than medicines used in the past.
What happens if I do not take HIV medicines?
If you have HIV and do not take HIV medicines, eventually - typically, over a number of years - your viral load increases and the number of CD4 T cells decreases significantly. Your immune system becomes very weak. This means that you are open to getting infections and your body is unable to fight the infection. These infections can become serious and overwhelming for your body and you are likely to die.
How to use the Yellow Card Scheme
If you think you have had a side-effect to one of your medicines you can report this on the Yellow Card Scheme. You can do this online at the following web address: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
The Yellow Card Scheme is used to make pharmacists, doctors and nurses aware of any new side-effects that medicines may have caused. If you wish to report a side-effect, you will need to provide basic information about:
- The side-effect.
- The name of the medicine which you think caused it.
- Information about the person who had the side-effect.
- Your contact details as the reporter of the side-effect.
It is helpful if you have your medication - and/or the leaflet that came with it - with you while you fill out the report.
Further help and information
4th Floor, 57a Great Suffolk Street, London, SE1 0BB
Tel: 020 7407 8488 or Treatment phoneline: 0808 800 6013, Mon, Tues, Wed 12-4 pm
HIV i-Base is a treatment activist group, HIV-positive-led and committed to providing timely HIV treatment information to HIV-positive people and to healthcare professionals.
National Aids Trust
New City Cloisters, 196 Old Street, London, EC1V 9FR
Tel: 020 7814 6767 Web: www.nat.org.uk
Promotes a wider understanding of HIV and AIDS, develop and support efforts to prevent the spread of HIV and improve the quality of life of people affected by HIV and AIDS.
Terrence Higgins Trust
314-320 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8DP
Helpline: 0845 1221 200 Web: www.tht.org.uk
A national HIV and sexual health charity. Their helpline offers information and support to anyone living with HIV, affected by HIV indirectly or concerned about their sexual health.
A comprehensive web-based resource on HIV and AIDS-related matters.
Lists several other HIV/AIDS support organisations.
Sexual Health Videos from NHS Choices
Includes videos specifically about HIV and AIDS. For example, a video called 'HIV Real Story' is about Mick who was infected with HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C through contaminated blood products 25 years ago. He describes the effects and side-effects of treatment, how he copes with the infection, and how attitudes towards HIV have changed.
|Original Author: Dr Tim Kenny||Current Version: Mrs Jenny Whitehall||Peer Reviewer: Dr Tim Kenny|
|Last Checked: 16/05/2012||Document ID: 13843 Version: 1||© EMIS|
Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. EMIS has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions. | <urn:uuid:ff86c118-a225-43ae-b784-84f5770a4c54> | {
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As one-year olds play, they start to recognize patterns and understand shapes. They begin to sort familiar objects by one characteristic, such as whether they are "hard" or "soft." They may enjoy filling and emptying containers. They notice that night is followed by day, and that socks go on feet before shoes. They know that when an object is hidden, it is still there. Many can also do simple insert puzzles when the puzzle pieces show whole objects.
Between 18-24 months, some children will begin to use a few number words without understanding quantity (e.g., imitates a simple counting rhyme). Some children may also begin to understand the words "one" and "two" (e.g., distinguishes "one" or "two" from many; identifies pairs of items as "two;" identifies three or more items as "many" rather than as "one" or "two;" asks for "one" or "two" of something; knows age; responds appropriately to the request, "Take just one," or "Give me two.").
Between 18-24 months, a few children will begin to nonverbally and mentally determine that one item added to another makes "two," and that one item taken away or subtracted from "two" makes "one."
Between 12 and 18 months, the average child understands that when an object is completely hidden, it is still there ("object permanence"), and can be recovered. (Some children may understand this between 18-24 months.)
During the first half of this year, some children will even be able to recover an object that has been hidden in one place, and then visibly moved to a second position and re-hidden. (The average child will establish such "object permanence" during the second half of this year.) During the first half of this year, the average child will also be able to recover an object that has been covered with one item, and then covered with something else while remaining in the same position
Between 18 and 24 months, some children will informally identify and play with solid objects (e.g., picks out a familiar object by touch when that object is placed in a bag with two other objects).
Between 12-24 months, children are typically able to work simple "insert" puzzles (e.g., completes a three-piece simple puzzle where pieces are whole objects). Also, children can remove a part from a toy (e.g., a wheel) and replace it. Finally, children can build three-dimensional structures using one type of item (e.g., a cube).
Between 12-18 months, children adjust their reach based on the distance and size of an object (e.g., accurately reaches and closes hand around an item instead of missing the object or closing hand before contact). Children also adjust their grasp of an object based on its weight (i.e., no longer grasps all items tightly or allows arm to drop when given heavy items).
Some children at 12-18 months believe that a cracker broken into many pieces is more food than the same type of cracker that is whole. (The average child believes this between 18-24 months.)
Some children during the second half of this year will explore objects by filling and emptying containers (e.g., with sand or water).
During the second half of this year, a few children begin to develop a sense of time through participation in routine daily activities (e.g., knows about when it is time to eat, nap time, etc.). Children's sense of time develops gradually over the next several years.
Between 12-18 months, some children recognize that there is an order to the day (e.g., Mommy comes to get me after storytime). The average child sees daily patterns by the second half of this year. In the second half of the year, some children show a greater understanding of daily time sequence (e.g., time to eat, nap time, etc.).
During the second half of the year, some children notice patterns in the environment (e.g., day follows night, patterns in carpeting or clothing, etc.). They also use the terms, "tomorrow," and "yesterday."
In the second half of this year, some children show interest in patterns or sequence (e.g., attempts to follow patterns with stringing beads, magnetic shapes, peg boards).
Between 18-24 months, some children can classify, label and sort familiar objects by a known group (e.g., hard v. soft, large v. small, heavy v. light).
During the second half of this year, some children can pick up blocks in the order of size. | <urn:uuid:22d50ccc-d881-41ca-97f6-a1372a5c5f64> | {
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Light affects nutrients
Sound Consumer | March 2012
So you think you’re getting the most nutritious, best produce by reaching to the back of the produce shelves, or by digging to the bottom of a pile on the dry racks? Think again.
A study by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists suggests consumers may wish to look instead for fruits and vegetables receiving the greatest exposure to light — usually found closest to the front or top of a display.
Researchers found that spinach leaves, for instance, exposed to continuous light during storage were more nutritionally dense than leaves continually in the dark. The researchers say light affects the leaves’ photosynthetic system, resulting in a significant increase in levels of carotenoids and vitamins C, E, K and B9 (folate). | <urn:uuid:dec1b5d1-f03c-4730-a7ee-008b93581725> | {
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Patellar Luxation in Dogs
Patellar luxation occurs when the dog's kneecap (patella) is dislocated from its normal anatomic position in the groove of the thigh bone (femur). When the kneecap is dislocated from the groove of the thigh bone, it can only be returned to its normal position once the quadriceps muscles in the hind legs of the animal relax and lengthen. It is for this reason that most dogs with the condition will hold up their hind legs for a few minutes.
A dislocated kneecap is one of the most prevalent knee joint abnormalities in dogs. The condition is most common in toy and miniature dog breeds such as the Yorkshire Terrier, Pomeranian, Pekingese, Chihuahua, and Boston Terrier. Female dogs are 1 1/2 times more likely to acquire the condition.
Patellar luxation is thought to be rare in cats. Nevertheless, if you would like to learn more about how it affects, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
Symptoms and Types
The specific symptoms of a dislocated kneecap will depend on the severity and persistence of the condition, as well as the amount of degenerative arthritis that is involved. Typically, a dog with a dislocated kneecap will exhibit prolonged abnormal hindlimb movement, occasional skipping or hindlimb lameness, and sudden lameness.
The dog will rarely feel pain or discomfort once the kneecap is out of position, only feeling pain at the moment the kneecap slides out of the thigh bone's ridges.
A dislocated kneecap is usually caused by a genetic malformation or trauma. The clinical signs of the condition will normally start showing approximately four months after birth.
A dislocated kneecap is diagnosed through a variety of means. Top view (craniocaudal) and side view (mediolateral) X-rays of the stifle joint, hip, and hock may be used to detect bending and twisting of the thigh bone and larger bone of the lower leg. Skyline X-rays may reveal a shallow, flattened, or curved groove of the thigh bone. A fluid sample taken from the joint and an analysis of the lubricating fluid in the joint (synovial fluid) will show a small increase in mononuclear cells. It is also necessary for the veterinarian to perform an examination by touch to feel for kneecap freedom.
Medical treatment for kneecap dislocation has very little effectiveness; surgery is the preferred treatment of choice for severe cases. Surgery can correct both the affected structures and the movement of the kneecap itself, and in 90 percent of cases, frees the dog from lameness and dysfunction.
The kneecap may be fastened on the outside of the bone to prevent it from sliding towards the inside. Alternatively, the groove of the thigh bone may be deepened so that it can better hold the kneecap.
Living and Management
Follow-up treatment after successful surgery will include leash walk exercise for one month (avoid jumping) and yearly examinations to check for progress. It is important that pet owners are aware that there is a high possibility of recurrence (48 percent), although the dislocation will be considerably less severe than the original incidence. Because kneecap dislocation is genetically inherited, the breeding of affected dogs is highly discouraged.
There are currently no known preventative measures for this medical condition.
The term for the knee cap
The term for the joint between the femur and tibia (knee cap)
Any growth or organ on an animal that is not normal
Any type of pain or tenderness or lack of soundness in the feet or legs of animals
A medical condition in which the joints become inflamed and causes a great deal of pain.
Term used to refer to an animal in its regular standing position.
The dislocation of a bone from the joint | <urn:uuid:c8a1b089-ad6a-4d00-931d-d4de499db535> | {
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Posted by James Briggs on January 19, 2003
In Reply to: The 'v' sign posted by alan on January 19, 2003
: Perhaps the most common British
phrase , even if it is not spoken but indicated by raising two spread fingers
in a similar fashion and meaning two the American 'one finger salute'.
: It is said to have originated during the Napoleonic wars when Napoleon so frustrated with the devastating effect the British archers were having in battle that he promised that any captured British archer would have his two firing fingers chopped off , in defiance the British archers stood on a hill and raised two fingers in the direction of the enemy soldiers and shouted F**k off thus connecting the word and the sign.
Although he certain origin is unknown, a highly likely basis takes us back to the Hundred Years' War between England and France in the 14th and 15th centuries - much earlier than Napoleon, by which time archers were virtually redundant! Captured 'English' archers who, it seems, were actually mainly Welsh, had the first two fingers of their right hand cut off so that they couldn't take part in future battles. As a defiant riposte, after felling a French soldier with an arrow, an archer would raise his two fingers, just to show that he was still in the game. The battle where this first happened was likely to have been Crécy in 1346. | <urn:uuid:cab049f8-fc61-459e-9ae9-eb0a21a2d22b> | {
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There is no doubt that animals and animal industries are integral to the socio-economic wellbeing of rural and urban Australia. Climate change brings with it a variety of environmental stressors which will have range of negative impacts on animal industries, threatening food safety and security, animal and human health, and local and national economies.
Adaptation of production animals to climate change is the key to minimising impacts. Adaptation relies on better awareness of the effects of climate change on animal productivity and health, and identification of the vulnerabilities and opportunities that climate change presents to animal industries. This knowledge can inspire proactive farm, industry and social changes that will in turn lead to more sustainable, healthy and productive animal industries.
The animal health, production and biosecurity theme aims to build awareness of the climate change threats to animal farming industries and communities. The theme aims to encourage multidisciplinary climate change research in animal sciences that will provide holistic solutions to key climate change issues including:
- land, feed and water availability and usage
- genetics and breeding
- infectious disease control
Ultimately participants in this theme, both academic and non-academic, will provide inspiration and instruction to foster sustainable animal farming in a changing climate.
The theme plans to produce informative climate change adaptation fact sheets for key industries, develop online discussion forums and cutting edge research updates, and visit farming communities over the next two years.
We encourage researchers, farmers, local and national government representatives, and rural and urban communities involved with the animal industries to get involved with this PIARN theme as active members. Member input is valued and encouraged as we work to adapt our animal industries to climate change. | <urn:uuid:fc63eaa3-ff3b-43be-bc59-628d7556b8d2> | {
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ZOO 102 Primates
3 Credit Hours • 67.5 Contact Hours (Lecture/Lab Combination)
Investigate evolutionary concepts and trends including primate fossil records. Students will examine the taxonomic classification of primates and primate history and participate extensively in behavioral studies that require the acquisition and assemblage of data. Students will gain successful understanding of primate groups, morphology, adaptations, social structures, and conservation issues affecting a multitude of species. Exploring primatology in a thorough study will enable students to compare and contrast learned behaviors from a variety of other animal species as well as adapt techniques from a psychological perspective. | <urn:uuid:a3851e59-c8a1-4e2d-8ea5-701dfc30caae> | {
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Solar electrical power is the particular conversion of sunshine into electricity, either straight making use of photovoltaics (PV), and / or indirectly utilizing concentrated solar electric power (CSP).
Commercial concentrated solar force vegetation were 1st developed within the 1980s. The actual 354 MW SEGS CSP installing the components is actually the biggest solar electrical power plant throughout the globe, placed within the Mojave Desert of California. Some other big CSP plants include the actual Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) plus the Andasol solar electric power station (150 MW), both throughout Spain. The actual 214 MW Gujarat Solar Park inside India, is actually the entire globe s biggest photovoltaic plant.
Solar force typically is the conversion of sunshine into electricity. Sunshine is converted straight into electricity applying photovoltaics (PV), or simply indirectly with concentrated solar force (CSP), that normally concentrates the actual sun's stamina that would boil water that is afterward used to provide energy. Other technologies furthermore exist, for instance Stirling engine dishes which incorporate a Stirling cycle motor to electrical power a generator. Photovoltaics were initially chosen to power little and also medium-sized applications, from the calculator driven by a single solar mobile that would off-grid homes driven by a photovoltaic range.
A parabolic trough consists of the linear parabolic reflector which concentrates light onto a receiver placed over the reflector's focal line. The recipient is a tube positioned right above the entire center associated with the parabolic mirror and also is actually filled with a functioning liquid. The particular reflector is actually built to follow the actual Sun during the entire daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. Parabolic trough systems provide the ideal land-use factor of any solar development. The actual SEGS vegetation within California not to mention Acciona's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada are generally representatives of this development. Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors happen to be CSP-plants which employ countless thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to be able to focus sunshine onto two tubes alongside working liquid. This particular has the advantage which flat mirrors will likely be chosen that are much cheaper compared to parabolic mirrors, and additionally that more reflectors will be put within the exact same amount of space, permitting more of the available sunshine in order to be chosen. Focusing linear fresnel reflectors can certainly be utilized in either big or even more compact plants. For More Information, Check Out: preturi panouri solare nepresurizate .
The entire Stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling motor that usually forces a great electrical generator. The blessings of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are generally higher than average effectiveness of converting sunlight into electricity and additionally longer lifetime. Parabolic dish systems grant the greatest efficiency among CSP technologies. The particular 50 kW Big Dish within Canberra, Australia typically is a example of this development. For More Information, Check Out: preturi panouri solare presurizate .
About Ecoplay SRL
Soseaua Odai nr.245B Sector 1,Bucuresti,Romania
Tel: (+40) 731.998.335
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When we exercise, our heart rates increase, and when we sleep, they drop. But sometimes, when we're working during the day and minding our business, our heart skips a beat. During any 24-hour period, in fact, one-fifth of adults may experience this phenomenon and not know it. When extra beats happen in quick succession, the heart can enter a chaotic state, leading to a condition known as arrhythmia, which is treated with daily medication or, in more severe cases, electrical pulses that return the heart to normalcy.
Teresa Chay is a biophysicist who suffers from arrhythmia. She developed the condition as a child after rheumatic fever damaged two heart valves. Surgery seven years ago replaced the valves, but she still takes daily medication and occasionally needs to rush to the hospital for electrical pulse treatment.
Since her surgery, Chay has studied arrhythmia. Using supercomputers at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, she has developed a mathematical model that explains why arrhythmia begins and why it stops when electric shocks are applied. Her goal, like other researchers in this field, is providing a foundation for developing better drugs to control arrhythmia. Currently, the drugs are not always effective, and in some cases, for reasons not well understood, rather than controlling arrhythmia they can trigger it and kill you.
Researcher: Teresa Chay, University of Pittsburgh.
Hardware: CRAY C90
Software: User developed code
Keywords: arrhythmia, heart, heart rate, electrical pulse treatment, anti-arrhythmic drugs, ion channels, sudden cardiac death, atrial fibrillation, erratic beating, chaotic state, nonlinear dynamics, chaos theory, bifurcation analysis, coexistence theory, reentrant arrhythmia, self beating, quiescent state, sinus node.
Related Material on the Web:
More information about Dr. Chay and her research, from the Community of Science Web Server.
Projects in Scientific Computing, PSC's annual research report.
References, Acknowledgements & Credits | <urn:uuid:8eff25c8-cc65-4e9f-a78f-4933c86afaf6> | {
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Some Aspects of Stock Plant Management
For a nursery to have a good stock of mother plants is like having money in the bank. An asset of guaranteed vegetative stock material gives assurance, for on-going production and continuity of supply to customers. A wide range of stock plants gives production a choice of diversity, flexibility, and peace of mind for planning ahead, and also allows the luxury of variety and change.
To yield high quality propagation material however, the mother plants have to be managed correctly to give best results, if mismanaged or neglected the mother plants can quickly become a valueless liability. At Duncan and Davies, depending on genera and species, our mother plants generally can be divided into four basic groups:
- In-ground, longer-term, permanent stock, planted out in stock bed rows.
- In-ground, short-term, nursery row, temporary stock.
- Containerised temporary stock:
- From saleable potted crops where conformation trimming can yield useful cutting material or
ISHS members & pay-per-view
(PDF 171708 bytes)
IPPS membership administration
ISHS membership administration | <urn:uuid:ba9c269d-7fce-42ba-a9eb-54f928d7486a> | {
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MYTH No. 2: Most college students are supported by their parents and take advantage of a multitude of available loans, scholarships, and savings plans.
REALITY No. 2: Young people who fail to finish college are often going it alone financially. They’re essentially putting themselves through school.
According to one recent analysis, college costs have risen more than 400 percent in the last 25 years, while the median family income has increased less than 150 percent.1 And even though the pressure of having to balance the demands of a job and school is the major reason young people say they drop out of college, it would be misleading to dismiss the role of rising college costs and stagnant family incomes. National statistics show that young people who leave college without a degree are more likely than their peers to come from less privileged backgrounds and to live in more precarious economic circumstances.2 This study revealed that these students often bear the full responsibility of paying for school: Nearly 6 in 10 students in our study who left higher education without graduating say that they had to pay for college costs themselves, rather than being able to count on help from their families. In contrast, more than 6 in 10 of those who completed their degrees say they had help from parents or other relatives to cover the costs of school.
Young people who fail to finish college are also substantially less likely to have received scholarships or financial aid, loans or even good advice about how to get help. About 7 in 10 of those who leave school report that they did not have scholarships or financial aid, compared with about 4 in 10 of those who graduate. The majority of students (62 percent) who told us that they alone were responsible for paying for college (regardless of whether they dropped out) report that their high school guidance counselors did a poor or only fair job of helping them to understand the college application process. Among students who had financial support from their parents, less than half said the same.
Unfortunately, about 3 in 10 of those young people who leave school without getting a diploma report that they have college loans—money that has to be repaid even though they do not have the financial leg up that a college degree affords. In many respects, they have the worst of both worlds—no diploma, but college loans to repay.
T he National Center for Public Policy and Education, “Measuring Up 2008” report; in Viany Orozco and Nancy K. Cauthen, “Work Less, Study More, & Succeed: How Financial Supports Can Improve Postsecondary Success,” Demos, 2009.
“Employment and Earnings Report,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2009. | <urn:uuid:11e920e1-b782-42db-83fd-599e946f7f32> | {
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Guthrie was born in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma in the summer of 1912. His father, a prominent businessman in the area, was involved in the Nelson lynchings in the area the previous year, a topic Guthrie covered three times in song, maintaining that his father later became a member of the Ku Klux Klan. His mother suffered from Huntington's Disease, a degenerative disorder which affects muscle control, and was institutionalised when Woody was 14. His father Charley abandoned the family to work in Texas. Guthrie taught himself to play the harmonica and later the guitar over this period, and eventually made his way to California, where he established himself as a working musician.
Guthrie's work encompassed a range of subjects, but he is perhaps best known for his protest songs, frequently using his work to tell stories of poverty and unemployment, repression and violence, but also tempering this with more hopeful and lightly comic songs like 'The Biggest Thing That Man Has Ever Done'.
Guthrie took his lyrical inspiration from many of his experiences travelling during the Great Depression, but he took a great deal of musical influence from early blues musicians, insights which were passed on through a direct line of descent to Bob Dylan, as evidenced by the following quote. Woody's son, Arlo Guthrie, maintained that he and Dylan were taught by Guthrie's protege, 'Ramblin'' Jack Elliot, since Woody's Huntington's Disease had progressed too far for him to tutor them directly. This account was corroborated by Elliot:
Guthrie was institutionalised, first in hospitals, then in a psychiatric institution, over the final decade of his life. He died from complications relating to his Huntington's Disease on the 3rd of October, 1967, having inherited the condition from his mother. Following her husband's death, Marjorie Guthrie founded the Committee to Combat Huntington's Disease, which later became the Huntington's Disease Society of America.
I was flattered. Dylan learned from me the same way I learned from Woody. Woody didn't teach me. He just said, If you want to learn something, just steal it-that's the way I learned from Lead Belly.
Guthrie's influence on the musical landscape is difficult to gauge, but it is undeniably lasting and significant, particularly in punk rock. Joe Strummer famously insisted on being called 'Woody' for a good chunk of his youth, a period nodded to in the Gaslight Anthem song 'I'da Called You Woody, Joe'. Billy Bragg cites Guthrie as a major influence, and, together with Wilco, collaborated on two albums of original music set to Woody's unused lyrics, Mermaid Avenue Volumes I and II. More recently, the Dropkick Murphys took a disused Guthrie lyric, and crafted it into 'Shippin' Up to Boston', on the 2005 full length The Warrior's Code.
In a subculture based on guitar music and, at it's finest moments, committed to freedom and justice, we owe a tremendous amount to Woody Guthrie. His work has inspired a great many people to a great many things, but has come full circle in the case of one Flaviano Giorgini. Formerly of Squirtgun, now a lecturer in Mammalian Genetics at the University of Leicester, Dr Giorgini's research interests have focused on neurodegenerative disorders. Simply put, following years as a touring musician in a genre which owes so much to Guthrie, Flav and his colleagues work to better understand, and more effectively treat, Huntington's Disease, and disorders like it. We can think of no finer tribute to Woody than that. | <urn:uuid:eaf8e9e8-0df8-463a-afc9-1950c0c2f182> | {
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Getting Students to Take Responsibility for Their Learning
Wouldn't it be great if our students came to class prepared? Not just having read the assignment, but mentally prepared as well -- alert and ready to debate, challenge, interact, and contribute?
Unfortunately, it often seems that when students walk into our classrooms their brains are set on the lowest possible setting. One reason students may not feel compelled to prepare (or be in the proper mindset for learning) is that they don't mind being shortchanged. In our consumer-driven society, where more is supposedly better, education is the one area where people are content to settle for less. Want to make a class happy? Let them out early.
Are there some things we can do to get our students to read the assignment, come to class ready to participate, and be responsible learners? Absolutely! Not only are there things we could be doing, we should be doing them, according to Marcia Magolda in her article "Helping Students Make Their Way to Adulthood: Good Company for the Journey" (2002). Magolda believes that instructors are in a unique position to help students learn two important lessons: (a) to be less dependent on external authorities, and (b) to take ownership and responsibility for their own lives.
So, whose responsibility is it for learning to occur in the classroom? The responsibility belongs to both the instructor and the students. Responsibility can (and should) shift, depending on the time in the semester and the level of the students. Faculty working with freshmen may take more of the responsibility for learning to occur than faculty working with seniors or graduate students.
Likewise, instructors may take more of the responsibility at the beginning of the semester. As the class progresses, they can slowly relinquish control and prepare their students to take over, so that by the end of the semester, the students are shouldering most of the responsibility.
By teaching responsibility, we not only enhance learning and raise the level of our classrooms, but we help produce responsible citizens and productive members of society.
For ten specific strategies for getting students to take responsibility for their learning, click on "Words of Wisdom" below. | <urn:uuid:837840e2-13ea-4caf-ab0f-ed7df13bd462> | {
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Trends in Amphibian Occupancy in the United States
Michael J. Adams, David A. W. Miller, Erin Muths, Paul Stephen Corn, Evan H. Campbell Grant, Larissa L. Bailey, Gary M. Fellers, Robert N. Fisher, Walter J. Sadinski, Hardin Waddle, Susan C. Walls
Public Library of Science ONE
22 May 2012.
What we found
Based on sampling on protected areas from across the United States, including from the mid-Atlantic and from National Parks and Refuges across the northeast , ARMI has produced the first estimate of how fast we are losing amphibians.
Even though the declines seem small and negligible on the surface, they are not; small numbers build up to dramatic declines with time. For example, a species that disappears from 2.7 % of the places it is found per year will disappear from half of the places it occurs in 26 years if trends continue. More concerning is that even the species we thought were faring well – that is, fairly common and widespread -- are declining, on average. Fowler’s Toad (9 total years of data at 1 area: -0.06% annual trend) and Spring Peepers (26 total years at 5 areas: -0.06%) are examples of IUCN Least Concern Species for which we found a declining trend at the places we monitor. We also found evidence that amphibian declines are even taking place in protected areas like National Parks and National Wildlife Refuges. Check out the full publication here.
What we are doing
The Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative (ARMI) brings scientists and resource managers together to make real progress on a difficult problem. The ARMI program is a model for a productive program that links management and cutting edge science – since its inception in 2000, ARMI has produced over 430 publications on amphibian ecology, methodological advances for studying wildlife populations, and information useful to our DOI partners and beyond. We now have the first continental scale amphibian monitoring program at a point where broad-scale analyses can occur. This gives us new ways to study amphibian declines and look for ways to address the problem.
In the northeast, we are working with our resource management partners in NPS and FWS to identify and implement management strategies we think are optimal for maintaining populations - typically involving habitat manipulation. In addition, we will continue to monitor populations, and to develop novel research approaches to better understand what is causing declines, which will help to generate support for management options. | <urn:uuid:e2eb29c5-8df2-4b84-849c-9fb426183f45> | {
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I highly recommend the Golden Spider Silk exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum, where the world’s largest piece of cloth, made entirely from spider silk is being exhibited. The exhibition will run from the 25th January to the 5th June. Spider silk is an extremely strong material and on a weight basis is stronger than steel. These spiders are found throughout the tropics, in countries such as Madagascar, and are known as Gold orb weavers because of their gold coloured web. These spiders, large enough to fill the palm of your hand, are in fact blind. Their eyes are only able to vaguely detect changes in light. Instead they rely on a keen sense of touch to feel vibrations on their web and track down the entangled prey. The work of producing golden silk is completely a female endeavour! – the male spider does not produce silk – and it is a completely environmentally friendly process. However, as they are cannibals the spiders cannot be in close proximity to one another.
It took eight years to make the cloth using silk from 1.2 million Madagascar Golden orb spiders (nephila madagascariensis). The exhibition is the result of the work of two men, Briton Simon Peers who has lived in Madagascar since 1989, and his partner Nicholas Godley whose grandmother was born in Madagascar.
For more information visit the Victoria and Albert Museum website.
About our guest blogger: Anita has travelled extensively around the world, she is interested in art and history, and loves discovering new places! | <urn:uuid:8bcfb650-9926-4472-b2fd-766b258aeeb2> | {
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final results (phase 1,2 and 2b)
The data that is gathered constitutes an important collection of information on the currents that form within the system and between the system and the surrounding areas, and on the chemical and physical characteristics of the column of water. This knowledge provides a reference framework for the interpretation of analytical data regarding the movement of masses of water and the transport of matter and polluting substances inside the network of canals.
The expansion of the system under observation has also made it possible to validate the two-dimensional model of the finite elements for the lagoon – available to Insula – that simulates the propagation of a wave from the inlets at the outer margins of the city (technical report “D2”) and that provides the surrounding conditions for the two-dimensional link-node model of the inner canals.
With the uninterrupted acquisition of time-based series of chemical and physical parameters, the periodicity of some processes was also investigated. In particular, the series of turbidity values made it possible to assess the phenomenon of the re-suspension of sediment from the bottom of the canals over a more extended span of time.
The study highlighted how the primary factor in determining the turbidity of the waters inside the system is the circulation of motor boats and depends on the intensity of the traffic, of the water head and the tide conditions. An estimate of the flow of sedimentation made by placing five traps across a more extended area has made it possible to compare different canal systems. The data relative to the entire monitoring period highlights a distinct differentiation of the flow of sediment, in relation to the different hydrodynamic conditions in the five canals under observation. However, the evolution over time of the flow in the different sites is similar, with relatively low values in winter, followed by a progressive increase in the flow in the springtime.
The results confirm the strict relationship between the hydrodynamic characteristics of each single canal, the quality of the material that collects on the bottom, and the intensity of the metabolic processes. As seen in a preliminary manner during phase 1, the sedimentation traps, jointly with the constant measuring of the turbidity, are an effective system for studying the variations in the phenomena of sediment re-suspension and transport within the network of canals in the historic city centre of Venice.
The investigation makes it possible to explore the mechanisms of sedimentation, an aspect that is particularly interesting to Insula: the objective is to predict the rate of sedimentation of the materials in the canals, and hence to program dredging operations.
The results of the analyses on the water samples taken during the measuring campaigns, confirm the importance of determining the concentration of suspended particles for the evaluation of the transport of solids and heavy metals in the canals of Venice.
The dissolved species of nitrogen and phosphorus, in particular ammonia and orthophosphate, constitute a very precise tracer of the qualitative variations of a column of water, that are introduced as a result of the draining of waste water, or the route of the water and the length of time they stay in the system. These results further highlight the fundamental role of circulation in establishing the behaviour of contaminants from the urban waste inside the system.
At the close of phase 2, on the basis of the results acquired during the study, a methodological protocol (or specification) was drafted, describing appropriate monitoring methodologies for assessing possible variations, over a relatively short span of time, in the quality of the water in the canal networks of the historic city centre (Icaro Project, phases 1 and 2 – results and methodologies, January 2004). | <urn:uuid:e10cfd37-04db-4d01-9af2-dcd4d9c9d1ce> | {
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|Rediff India Abroad Home | All the sections|
What is 3G spectrum? How does it help you?
rediff Business Desk | September 29, 2006
It's boom time for mobile phones in India. And people are looking forward to more information, faster data access and multimedia services through their mobile phones. 3G technology is here to turn this dream into reality. It's a technology anxiously awaited by telecom operations and subscribers in India.
How long do you have to wait?
Not very long! India is all set to launch 3G mobile telephone services by June 2007.
According to Telecom Regulatory Authority of India chairman Nripendra Misra, a total of 32.5 MHz is available for allocation within the next 6-9 months.
Trai has also recommended auctioning 200 MHz for broadband wireless access services like Wimax (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) and has proposed a national frequency management board to oversee spectrum availability and its efficient use.
He hopes that the allocated spectrum would be enough for the next two years and said Trai would recommend freeing up more spectrum for those who lose out in this auction.
So what is 3G spectrum all about? Read on.
What is spectrum?
Radio spectrum refers to a range of radio frequencies. The bandwidth of a radio signal is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies of the signal.
For example, in the case of a voice signal having a minimum frequency of 200 hertz (Hz) and a maximum frequency of 3,000 Hz, the bandwidth is 2,800 Hz (3 KHz). The amount of bandwidth needed for 3G services could be as much as 15-20 Mhz, whereas for 2G services a bandwidth of 30-200 KHz is used. Hence, for 3G huge bandwidth is required.
How is 3G different from 2G and 4G?
While 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1G networks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-generation) technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards.
3G helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, and instant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices.
Currently, Japanese company NTT DoCoMo and Samsung are testing 4G communication.
How will 3G services help you?
3G services will enable video broadcast and data-intensive services such as stock transactions, e-learning and telemedicine through wireless communications
All telecom operators are waiting to launch 3G in India to cash in on revenues by providing high-end services to customers, which are voice data and video enabled. India lags behind many Asian countries in introducing 3G services.
What is Trai's recommendation on 3G pricing?
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India has recommended auctioning radio frequencies for 3G telecom services at a reserve price of Rs 1,050 crore (Rs 10.50 billion) to companies seeking to offer nationwide high-speed Internet and streaming video.
The base price for spectrum in cities like Mumbai and Delhi and Category A telecom circles is Rs 80 crore (Rs 800 million); in cities like Chennai and Kolkata and Category B circles Rs 40 crore (Rs 400 million); and in all other cities Rs 15 crore (Rs 150 million).
What are the frequency bands and quota for CDMA?
Trai has recommended three sets of frequency bands - 450 mhz, 800 mhz and 2.1 ghz. For CDMA players like Reliance and Tata Teleservices 1.25 MHz each is offered. CDMA operators are free to bid both in the 2.1 GHz and the 450 MHz bands, but they will be allocated spectrum only in one. The pricing of these two bands is linked to the auction in the 2.1 GHz band.
CDMA operators will pay the same as the second-highest GSM bidder. And if there is more than one claimant in the 450 MHz band, the reserve price will be half of that arrived at in the 2.1 GHz band. Another rider is that if the highest bid is a quarter more than the lowest, the lowest bidder has to raise its bid to 75 per cent of the winning bid.
But CDMA operators are likely to face problems. Operating 3G services on 450 MHz is a problem because we they do not have dual-band phones that work both in 450 MHz and in 800 MHz (the band in which CDMA operates in India).
What are the issues regarding 3G for providers and users?
3G has successfully been introduced in Europe. But several issues continue to hamper its growth.
High spectrum licensing fees for the 3G services
Huge capital required to build infrastructure for 3G services.
Health impact of electromagnetic waves.
Prices are very high for 3G mobile services.
Will 2G users switch to 3G services.
Takes time to catch up as the service is new.
What are the issues regarding 3G pricing?
Pricing has been a cause of concern. Spectrum auctions ran into billions of euros in Europe. In Europe, spectrum licensing fees were collected years before the 3G service was developed and it required huge investments to build 3G networks, hitting mobile operators' margins.
However, in Japan and South Korea, spectrum licensing fees were not applicable as the focus of these countries were national IT infrastructure development.
Which companies have applied for 3G license?
3G spectrum has been provided to GSM players like BSNL, MTNL, Bharti, and Hutch to carry out an interface check on a non-commercial basis ahead of the start of 3G mobile services.
Trial spectrum has been given for a period of one month. This will be only 1/1000th of the actual 3G spectrum capability. Apart frm PSU majors, spectrum for carrying out 3G trials has been given to all those who have applied under the National Frequency Allocation Plan on the 2.1 GHz band. GSM players operate on 900 MHz and 1,800 MHz, while CDMA players operate on 800 MHz.
What is the pricing issue in India?
While Tatas have welcomed Trai's Rs 1,400-crore (Rs 14 billion) base price for a nationwide rollout of 3G services, the rest of the players find the price too exorbitant.
Bharti-Airtel is disappointed with the pricing as they were expecting it to be Rs 300-400 crore (Rs 3-4 billion). The reserve price is a disincentive for telecom companies in India. Bharti has appealed to lower the prices specially for rural penetration.
The Cellular Operators Association of India and the Association of Unified Service Providers of India are studying TRAI's recommendations and have not given their comments.
However, Trai chairman Nripendra Misra has said that there is no reason to worry as players will not bid exorbitantly and derail the auction. Misra said telecom operators had matured from their experiences and global developments, and would bid sincerely.
Where was 3G spectrum first introduced?
Japan was the first country to introduce 3G on a large commercial scale. In 2005, about 40 per cent of subscribers used only 3G networks. It is expected that during 2006 the subscribers would move from 2G to 3G and upgrade to the next 3.5 G level.
The success of 3G in Japan also shows that video telephony was the killer application for 3G networks. Downloading music was the biggest draw in 3G services.
In how many countries does 3G exist?
There are about 60 3G networks across 25 countries . In Asia, Europe and the USA, telecom firms use WCDMA technology. The WCDMA standard provides seamless global evolution from today's GSM with support of the worlds' largest mobile operators.
WCDMA technology is built on open standards, wide ranging mobile multimedia possibility, and vast potential economies of scale with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.
3G services were introduced in Europe in 2003. | <urn:uuid:38ba47ea-6e9c-483a-9a11-0e6791c274db> | {
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Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Persian: جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان), is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia. It is variously designated as geographically located within Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East. It has religious, ethno-linguistic, and geographic links with most of its neighboring states. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast. The name Afghanistan means the "Land of Afghans."
Afghanistan is a culturally mixed nation, a crossroads between the East and the West, and has been an ancient focal point of trade and migration. It has an important geostrategical location, connecting South, Central and Southwest Asia. During its long history, the land has seen various invaders and conquerors, while on the other hand, local entities invaded the surrounding vast regions to form their own empires. Ahmad Shah Durrani created the Durrani Empire in 1747, with its capital at Kandahar. Subsequently, the capital was shifted to Kabul and most of its territories ceded to former neighboring countries. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in "The Great Game" played between the British Indian Empire and Russian Empire. On August 19, 1919, following the third Anglo-Afghan war, the country regained full independence from the United Kingdom over its foreign affairs.
Since the late 1970s Afghanistan has suffered continuous and brutal civil war, which included foreign interventions in the form of the 1979 Soviet invasion and the recent 2001 U.S.-led invasion that toppled the Taliban government. In late 2001 the United Nations Security Council authorized the creation of an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). This force is composed of NATO troops that are involved in assisting the government of President Hamid Karzai in establishing the writ of law as well as rebuilding key infrastructures in the nation. In 2005, the United States and Afghanistan signed a strategic partnership agreement committing both nations to a long-term relationship. In the meantime, multi-billion US dollars have also been provided by the international community for the reconstruction of the country.
In this regard the Encyclopædia Iranica states:
It further explains:
The term "Afghanistan," meaning the "Land of Afghans," was mentioned by the sixteenth century Mughal Emperor Babur in his memoirs, referring to the territories south of Kabul that were inhabited by Pashtuns (called "Afghans" by Babur).
Until the 19th century the name was only used for the traditional lands of the Pashtuns, while the kingdom as a whole was known as the Kingdom of Kabul, as mentioned by the British statesman and historian Mountstuart Elphinstone. Other parts of the country were at certain periods recognized as independent kingdoms, such as the Kingdom of Balkh in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
With the expansion and centralization of the country, Afghan authorities adopted and extended the name "Afghanistan" to the entire kingdom, after its English translation, "Afghanland", had already appeared in various treaties between British Raj and Qajarid Persia, referring to the lands that were subject to the Pashtun Barakzai Dynasty of Kabul. "Afghanistan" as the name for the entire kingdom was mentioned in 1857 by Friedrich Engels. It became the official name when the country was recognized by the world community in 1919, after regaining its full independence from the British, and was confirmed as such in the nation's 1923 constitution.
Afghanistan is a landlocked and mountainous country in South-Central Asia, with plains in the north and southwest. The highest point is Nowshak, at 7,485 m (24,557 ft) above sea level. Large parts of the country are dry, and fresh water supplies are limited. The endorheic Sistan Basin is one of the driest regions in the world. Afghanistan has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The country is frequently subject to minor earthquakes, mainly in the northeast of Hindu Kush mountain areas. Some 125 villages were damaged and 4000 people killed by the May 30, 1998 earthquake.
The country's natural resources include gold, silver, copper, zinc and iron ore in southeastern areas; precious and semi-precious stones such as lapis, emerald and azure in the north-east; and potentially significant petroleum and natural gas reserves in the north. The country also has uranium, coal, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, and salt. However, these significant mineral and energy resources remain largely untapped due to the effects of the Soviet invasion and the subsequent civil war. Plans are underway to begin extracting them in the near future.
Afghanistan is a country at a unique nexus point where numerous Indo-European civilizations have interacted and often fought, and was an important site of early historical activity. Through the ages, the region has been home to various people, among them the Aryan (Indo-Iranian) tribes, such as the Kambojas, Bactrians, Persians, Pashtuns, etc. It also has been conquered by a host of people, including the Median and Persian Empires, Alexander the Great, Kushans, Hepthalites, Arabs, Turks, and Mongols. In recent times, invasions from the British, Soviets, and most recently by the United States and their allies have taken place. On the other hand, native entities have invaded surrounding regions in Iranian plateau and Indian subcontinent to form empires of their own.
Between 2000 and 1200 BC, Indo-European-speaking Aryans are thought to have been in the region of northern Afghanistan. It is unlikely that the Aryans themselves originated in Afghanistan although they did migrate from there south towards India and west towards Persia, but they also migrated into Europe via north of the Caspian. These Aryans set up a nation that during the rule of Medes and Achaemenid Persians which became known as Aryānām Xšaθra or Airyānem Vāejah. Original homelands of the Aryans have been proposed as Anatolia, Kurdistan, Central Asia, Iran, or Northern India, with the directions of the historical migration varying accordingly. Later, during the rule of Ashkanian, Sasanian and after, it was called Erānshahr (- Īrānšahr) meaning "Dominion of the Aryans."
It has been speculated that Zoroastrianism might have originated in what is now Afghanistan between 1800 to 800 BC, as Zoroaster lived and died in Balkh. Ancient Eastern Iranian languages, such as Avestan, may have been spoken in this region around the time of the rise of Zoroastrianism. By the middle of the sixth century BC, the Persian Empire of the Achaemenid Persians overthrew the Median Empire and incorporated Afghanistan (known as Arachosia to the Greeks) within its boundaries. Alexander the Great conquered Afghanistan after 330 BCE. Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the Seleucid Empire controlled the area until 305 BCE, when they gave most of the area to the Mauryan Empire as part of an alliance treaty. During Mauryan rule, Buddhism became the dominant religion in the region. The Mauryans were overthrown by the Sunga Dynasty in 185 BCE, leading to the Hellenistic reconquest of Afghanistan by the Greco-Bactrians by 180 BCE. Much of Afghanistan soon broke away from the Greco-Bactrians and became part of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Indo-Greeks were defeated by the Indo-Scythians and expelled from most of Afghanistan by the end of the 2nd century BCE.
During the first century, the Parthian Empire subjugated Afghanistan, but lost it to their Indo-Parthian vassals. In the mid to late 1st century AD the vast Kushan Empire, centered in modern Afghanistan, became great patrons of Buddhist culture. The Kushans were defeated by the Sassanids in the third century. Although various rulers calling themselves Kushanshas (generally known as Indo-Sassanids) continued to rule at least parts of the region, they were probably more or less subject to the Sassanids. The late Kushans were followed by the Kidarite Huns who, in turn, were replaced by the short-lived but powerful Hephthalites, as rulers of the region in the first half of the fifth century. The Hephthalites were defeated by the Sasanian king Khosrau I in AD 557, who re-established Sassanid power in Persia. However, the successors of Kushans and Hepthalites established a small dynasty in Kabulistan called Kushano-Hephthalites or Kabul-Shahan/Shahi, who were later defeated by the Muslim Arab armies and finally conquered by Muslim Turkish armies led by the Ghaznavids.
The region of Afghanistan became the center of various important empires, including that of the Samanids (875–999), Ghaznavids (977–1187), Seljukids (1037–1194), Ghurids (1149–1212), Mongol Empire and Ilkhanate (1225-1335) and Timurids (1370–1506). Among them, the periods of Ghaznavids of Ghazni, and Timurids of Heart are considered as some of the most brilliant eras of Afghanistan's history.
In 1219 the region was overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who devastated the land. Their rule continued with the Ilkhanate [one of 4 Subordinate Mongolian Khanates], and was extended further following the invasion of Timur Lang ("Tamerlane"), a ruler from Central Asia. In 1504, Babur, a descendant of both Timur Lang and Genghis Khan, established the Mughal Empire with its capital at Kabul. By the early 1700s, Afghanistan was controlled by several ruling groups: Uzbeks to the north, Safavids to the west and the remaining larger area by the Mughals or self-ruled by local Afghan tribes.
By 1751 Ahmad Shah Durrani and his Afghan army conquered the entire present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran, along with Delhi in India. In October 1772, Ahmad Shah retired to his home in Maruf, Kandahar, where he died peacefully. He was succeeded by his son, Timur Shah Durrani, who transferred the capital from Kandahar to Kabul. Timur died in 1793 and was finally succeeded by his son Zaman Shah Durrani.
During the nineteenth century, following the Anglo-Afghan wars (fought 1839–42, 1878–80, and lastly in 1919) and the ascension of the Barakzai dynasty, Afghanistan saw much of its territory and autonomy ceded to the United Kingdom. The UK exercised a great deal of influence, and it was not until King Amanullah Khan acceded to the throne in 1919 that Afghanistan re-gained complete independence over its foreign affairs (see "The Great Game"). During the period of British intervention in Afghanistan, ethnic Pashtun territories were divided by the Durand Line. This would lead to strained relations between Afghanistan and British India – and later the new state of Pakistan – over what came to be known as the Pashtunistan debate. The longest period of stability in Afghanistan was between 1933 and 1973, when the country was under the rule of King Zahir Shah.
In 1978 a prominent member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), Mir Akbar Khyber (or "Kaibar"), was killed by the government. The leaders of PDPA apparently feared that Daoud was planning to exterminate them all, especially since most of them were arrested by the government shortly after. Hafizullah Amin and a number of military wing officers of the PDPA managed to remain at large and organised an uprising.
The PDPA, led by Nur Mohammad Taraki, Babrak Karmal and Amin overthrew the regime of Mohammad Daoud, who was killed along with his family. The uprising was known as the Great Saur Revolution ('Saur' means 'April' in Pushto). On May 1, Taraki became President , Prime Minister and General Secretary of the PDPA. The country was then renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), and the PDPA regime lasted, in some form or another, until April 1992.
Some are of the opinion that the 1978 Khalq uprising against the government of Daoud Khan was essentially a resurgence by the Ghilzai tribe of the Pashtun against the Durrani (the tribe of Daoud Khan and the previous monarchy).
Once in power, the PDPA moved to permit freedom of religion and carried out an ambitious land reform, waiving farmers' debts countrywide. They also made a number of statements on women’s rights and introduced women to political life. A prominent example was Anahita Ratebzad, who was a major Marxist leader and a member of the Revolutionary Council. Ratebzad wrote the famous New Kabul Times editorial (May 28, 1978) which declared: “Privileges which women, by right, must have are equal education, job security, health services, and free time to rear a healthy generation for building the future of the country .... Educating and enlightening women is now the subject of close government attention.”
The majority of people in the cities including Kabul either welcomed or were ambivalent to these policies. However, the secular nature of the government made it unpopular with religiously conservative Afghans in the villages and the countryside, who favoured traditionalist 'Islamic' restrictions on women's rights and in daily life.
The U.S. saw the situation as a prime opportunity to weaken the Soviet Union. As part of a Cold War strategy, in 1979 the United States government (under President Jimmy Carter and National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski) began to covertly fund and train anti-government Mujahideen forces through the Pakistani secret service known as Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), with the intention of provoking Soviet intervention, (according to Brzezinski). The Mujahideen belonged to various different factions, but all shared, to varying degrees, a similarly conservative 'Islamic' ideology.
In March 1979 Hafizullah Amin took over as prime minister, retaining the position of field marshal and becoming vice-president of the Supreme Defence Council. Taraki remained President and in control of the Army. On September 14, Amin overthrew Taraki, who died or was killed.
The Soviet occupation resulted in the killings of at least 600,000 to 2 million Afghan civilians. Over five million Afghans fled their country to Pakistan, Iran and other parts of the world. Faced with mounting international pressure and great number of casualties on both sides, the Soviets withdrew in 1989.
The Soviet withdrawal from the DRA was seen as an ideological victory in the U.S., which had backed the Mujahideen through three U.S. presidential administrations in order to counter Soviet influence in the vicinity of the oil-rich Persian Gulf.
Following the removal of the Soviet forces, the U.S. and its allies lost interest in Afghanistan and did little to help rebuild the war-ravaged country or influence events there. The USSR continued to support President Najibullah (former head of the Afghan secret service, KHAD) until 1992 when the new Russian government refused to sell oil products to the Najibullah regime.
Because of the fighting, a number of elites and intellectuals fled to take refuge abroad. This led to a leadership imbalance in Afghanistan. Fighting continued among the victorious Mujahideen factions, which gave rise to a state of warlordism. The most serious fighting during this period occurred in 1994, when over 10,000 people were killed in Kabul alone. It was at this time that the Taliban developed as a politico-religious force, eventually seizing Kabul in 1996 and establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. By the end of 2000 the Taliban had captured 95% of the country.
During the Taliban's seven-year rule, much of the population experienced restrictions on their freedom and violations of their human rights. Women were banned from jobs, girls forbidden to attend schools or universities. Communists were systematically eradicated and thieves were punished by amputating one of their hands or feet. The majority of the opium production was eradicated by 2001.
Following the September 11 attacks the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom, a military campaign to destroy the al-Qaeda terrorist training camps inside Afghanistan. The U.S. military also threatened to overthrow the Taliban government for refusing to hand over Osama bin Laden and several al-Qaida members. The U.S. made a common cause with the former Afghan Mujahideen to achieve its ends, including the Northern Alliance, a militia still recognized by the UN as the Afghan government.
In late 2001, U.S. Special Forces invaded Afghanistan to aid anti-Taliban militias, backed by U.S. air strikes against Taliban and Al Qaeda targets, culminating in the seizure of Kabul by the Northern Alliance and the overthrow of the Taliban, with many local warlords switching allegiance from the Taliban to the Northern Alliance.
In December of the same year, leaders of the former Afghan mujahideen and diaspora met in Germany, and agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new democratic government that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid Karzai, an ethnic Pashtun of the Durrani clan (from which the royal family was drawn) from the southern city of Kandahar, as Chairman of the Afghan Interim Authority. Karzai was a top adviser to the UNOCAL corporation, which negotiatied with the Taliban to construct a Central Asia Gas (CentGas) pipeline from Turkmenistan through western Afghanistan to Pakistan.
After a nationwide Loya Jirga in 2002, Karzai was chosen by the representatives to assume the title as Interim President of Afghanistan. The country convened a Constitutional Loya Jirga (Council of Elders) in 2003 and a new constitution was ratified in January 2004. Following an election in October 2004, Hamid Karzai won and became the President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Legislative elections were held in September 2005. The National Assembly – the first freely elected legislature in Afghanistan since 1973 – sat in December 2005, and was noteworthy for the inclusion of women as voters, candidates, and elected members.
As the country continues to rebuild and recover, it is still struggling against poverty, poor infrastructure, large concentration of land mines and other unexploded ordnance, as well as a huge illegal poppy cultivation and opium trade. Afghanistan also remains subject to occasionally violent political jockeying. The country continues to grapple with the Taliban insurgency and the threat of attacks from a few remaining al Qaeda.
At the start of 2007 reports of the Taliban's increasing presence in Afghanistan led the U.S. to consider longer tours of duty and even an increase in troop numbers. According to a report filed by Robert Burns of Associated Press on January 16, 2007, "U.S. military officials cited new evidence that the Pakistani military, which has long-standing ties to the Taliban movement, has turned a blind eye to the incursions." Also, "The number of insurgent attacks is up 300 percent since September, 2006, when the Pakistani government put into effect a peace arrangement with tribal leaders in the north Waziristan area, along Afghanistan's eastern border, a U.S. military intelligence officer told reporters."
Afghanistan is currently led by President Hamid Karzai, who was elected in October 2004. The current parliament was elected in 2005. Among the elected officials were former mujahadeen, Taliban members, communists, reformists, and Islamic fundamentalists. 28% of the delegates elected were women, 3 points more than the 25% minimum guaranteed under the constitution. This made Afghanistan, long known under the Taliban for its oppression of women, one of the leading countries in terms of female representation. Construction for a new parliament building began on August 29, 2005.
The Supreme Court of Afghanistan is currently led by Chief Justice Abdul Salam Azimi, a former university professor who had been legal advisor to the president. The previous court, appointed during the time of the interim government, had been dominated by fundamentalist religious figures, including Chief Justice Faisal Ahmad Shinwari. The court had issued numerous questionable rulings, such as banning cable television, seeking to ban a candidate in the 2004 presidential election and limiting the rights of women, as well as overstepping its constitutional authority by issuing rulings on subjects not yet brought before the court. The current court is seen as more moderate and led by more technocrats than the previous court, although it has yet to issue any rulings.
Afghanistan currently has more than 70,000 national police officers, with plans to recruit more so that the total number can reach 80,000. They are being trained by and through the Afghanistan Police Program. Although the police officially are responsible for maintaining civil order, sometimes local and regional military commanders continue to exercise control in the hinterland. Police have been accused of improper treatment and detention of prisoners. In 2003 the mandate of the International Security Assistance Force, now under command of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was extended and expanded beyond the Kabul area. However, in some areas unoccupied by those forces, local militias maintain control. In many areas, crimes have gone uninvestigated because of insufficient police and/or communications. Troops of the Afghan National Army have been sent to quell fighting in some regions lacking police protection.
The Governor of the province is appointed by the Ministry of Interior, and the Prefects for the districts of the province will be appointed by the provincial Governor. The Governor is the representative of the central government of Afghanistan, and is responsible for all administrative and formal issues. The provincial Chief of Police is appointed by the Ministry of Interior, who works together with the Governor on law enforcement for all the cities or districts of that province.
A July 2008 estimate of the total Afghan population is 32,738,376.
The population of Afghanistan is divided into a wide variety of ethnic groups. Because a systematic census has not been held in the country in decades, exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnic groups are not available. Therefore most figures are approximations only.
An approximate distribution of ethnic groups estimated by the CIA World Factbook is as following:
Based on official census numbers from the 1960s to the 1980s, as well as information found in mainly scholarly sources, the Encyclopædia Iranica gives the following list:
Afghans display pride in their religion, country, ancestry, and above all, their independence. Like other highlanders, Afghans are regarded with mingled apprehension and condescension, for their high regard for personal honor, for their clan loyalty and for their readiness to carry and use arms to settle disputes. As clan warfare and internecine feuding has been one of their chief occupations since time immemorial, this individualistic trait has made it difficult for foreign invaders to hold the region.
Afghanistan has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. However, many of the country's historic monuments have been damaged in recent wars. The two famous statues of Buddha in the Bamyan Province were destroyed by the Taliban, who regarded them as idolatrous. Other famous sites include the cities of Kandahar, Heart, Ghazni and Balkh. The Minaret of Jam, in the Hari River valley, is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The cloak worn by Muhammad is stored inside the famous Khalka Sharifa in Kandahar City.
Buzkashi is a national sport in Afghanistan. It is similar to polo and played by horsemen in two teams, each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass. Afghan hounds (a type of running dog) also originated in Afghanistan.
Although literacy levels are very low, classic Persian poetry plays a very important role in the Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in Iran and Afghanistan, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture. Persian culture has, and continues to, exert a great influence over Afghan culture. Private poetry competition events known as “musha’era” are quite common even among ordinary people. Almost every homeowner owns one or more poetry collections of some sort, even if they are not read often.
The eastern dialects of the Persian language are popularly known as "Dari". The name itself derives from "Pārsī-e Darbārī", meaning Persian of the royal courts. The ancient term Darī – one of the original names of the Persian language – was revived in the Afghan constitution of 1964, and was intended to signify that Afghans consider their country the cradle of the language. Hence, the name Fārsī, the language of Fārs, is strictly avoided. With this point in mind, we can consider the development of Dari or Persian literature in the political entity known as Afghanistan.
Many of the famous Persian poets of the tenth to fifteenth centuries stem from Khorasan where is now known as Afghanistan. They were mostly also scholars in many disciplines like languages, natural sciences, medicine, religion and astronomy.
Most of these individuals were of Persian (Tājīk) ethnicity who still form the second-largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. Also, some of the contemporary Persian language poets and writers, who are relatively well-known in Persian-speaking world, include Ustad Betab, Qari Abdullah, Khalilullah Khalili, Sufi Ghulam Nabi Ashqari, Sarwar Joya, Qahar Asey, Parwin Pazwak and others. In 2003, Khaled Hosseini published The Kiterunner which though fiction, captured much of the history, politics and culture experienced in Afghanistan from the 1930s to present day.
In addition to poets and authors, numerous Persian scientists were born or worked in the region of present-day Afghanistan. Most notable was Avicenna (Abu Alī Hussein ibn Sīnā) whose father hailed from Balkh. Ibn Sīnā, who travelled to Isfahan later in life to establish a medical school there, is known by some scholars as "the father of modern medicine". George Sarton called ibn Sīnā "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." His most famous works are The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, also known as the Qanun. Ibn Sīnā's story even found way to the contemporary English literature through Noah Gordon's The Physician, now published in many languages. Moreover, according to Ibn al-Nadim, Al-Farabi, a well-known philosopher and scientist, was from the Faryab Province of Afghanistan.
Before the Taliban gained power, the city of Kabul was home to many musicians who were masters of both traditional and modern Afghan music, especially during the Nauroz-celebration. Kabul in the middle part of the twentieth century has been likened to Vienna during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
The tribal system, which orders the life of most people outside metropolitan areas, is potent in political terms. Men feel a fierce loyalty to their own tribe, such that, if called upon, they would assemble in arms under the tribal chiefs and local clan leaders (Khans). In theory, under Islamic law, every believer has an obligation to bear arms at the ruler's call (Ulul-Amr).
Heathcote considers the tribal system to be the best way of organizing large groups of people in a country that is geographically difficult, and in a society that, from a materialistic point of view, has an uncomplicated lifestyle.
Religiously, Afghans are over 99% Muslims: approximately 74-80% Sunni and 19-25% Shi'a (estimates vary). Up until the mid-1980s, there were about 30,000 to 150,000 Hindus and Sikhs living in different cities, mostly in Jalalabad, Kabul, and Kandahar.
The economically active population in 2002 was about 11 million (out of a total of an estimated 29 million). As of 2005, the official unemployment rate is at 40%. The number of non-skilled young people is estimated at 3 million, which is likely to increase by some 300,000 per annum.
The nation's economy began to improve since 2002 due to the infusion of multi-billion US dollars in international assistance and investments, as well as remittances from expats. It is also due to dramatic improvements in agricultural production and the end of a four-year drought in most of the country.
The real value of non-drug GDP increased by 29% in 2002, 16% in 2003, 8% in 2004 and 14% in 2005. As much as one-third of Afghanistan's GDP comes from growing poppy and illicit drugs including opium and its two derivatives, morphine and heroin, as well as hashish production. Opium production in Afghanistan has soared to a new record in 2007, with an increase on last year of more than a third, the United Nations has said. Some 3.3 million Afghans are now involved in producing opium. In a recent article in the Washington Quarterly, Peter van Ham and Jorrit Kamminga argue that the international community should establish a pilot project and investigate a licensing scheme to start the production of medicines such as morphine and codeine from poppy crops to help it escape the economic dependence on opium:
According to a 2004 report by the Asian Development Bank, the present reconstruction effort is two-pronged: first it focuses on rebuilding critical physical infrastructure, and second, on building modern public sector institutions from the remnants of Soviet style planning to ones that promote market-led development. In 2006, two U.S. companies, Black & Veatch and the Louis Berger Group, have won a US 1.4 billion dollar contract to rebuild roads, power lines and water supply systems of Afghanistan.
One of the main drivers for the current economic recovery is the return of over 4 million refugees from neighbouring countries and the West, who brought with them fresh energy, entrepreneurship and wealth-creating skills as well as much needed funds to start up businesses. What is also helping is the estimated US 2–3 billion dollars in international assistance every year, the partial recovery of the agricultural sector, and the reestablishment of market institutions. Private developments are also beginning to get underway. In 2006, a Dubai-based Afghan family opened a $25 million Coca Cola bottling plant in Afghanistan.
While the country's current account deficit is largely financed with the donor money, only a small portion – about 15% – is provided directly to the government budget. The rest is provided to non-budgetary expenditure and donor-designated projects through the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations. The government had a central budget of only $350 million in 2003 and an estimated $550 million in 2004. The country's foreign exchange reserves totals about $500 million. Revenue is mostly generated through customs, as income and corporate tax bases are negligible.
Inflation had been a major problem until 2002. However, the depreciation of the Afghani in 2002 after the introduction of the new notes (which replaced 1,000 old Afghani by 1 new Afghani) coupled with the relative stability compared to previous periods has helped prices to stabilize and even decrease between December 2002 and February 2003, reflecting the turnaround appreciation of the new Afghani currency. Since then, the index has indicated stability, with a moderate increase toward late 2003.
The Afghan government and international donors seem to remain committed to improving access to basic necessities, infrastructure development, education, housing and economic reform. The central government is also focusing on improved revenue collection and public sector expenditure discipline. The rebuilding of the financial sector seems to have been so far successful. Money can now be transferred in and out of the country via official banking channels. Since 2003, over sixteen new banks have opened in the country, including Afghanistan International Bank, Kabul Bank, Azizi Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, First Micro Finance Bank, and others. A new law on private investment provides three to seven-year tax holidays to eligible companies and a four-year exemption from exports tariffs and duties.
Some private investment projects, backed with national support, are also beginning to pick up steam in Afghanistan. An initial concept design called the City of Light Development, envisioned by Dr. Hisham N. Ashkouri, Principal of ARCADD, Inc. for the development and the implementation of a privately based investment enterprise has been proposed for multi-function commercial, historic and cultural development within the limits of the Old City of Kabul along the Southern side of the Kabul River and along Jade Meywand Avenue, revitalizing some of the most commercial and historic districts in the City of Kabul, which contains numerous historic mosques and shrines as well as viable commercial activities among war damaged buildings. Also incorporated in the design is a new complex for the Afghan National Museum.
According to the U.S. Geological Survey and the Afghan Ministry of Mines and Industry, Afghanistan may be possessing up to of natural gas, of petroleum and up to of natural gas liquids. This could mark the turning point in Afghanistan’s reconstruction efforts. Energy exports could generate the revenue that Afghan officials need to modernize the country’s infrastructure and expand economic opportunities for the beleaguered and fractious population. Other reports show that the country has huge amounts of gold, copper, coal, iron ore and other minerals. The government of Afghanistan is in the process of extracting and exporting its copper reserves, which will be earning $1.2 billion US dollars in royalties and taxes every year for the next 30 years. It will also provide permanent labor to 3,000 of its citizens.
Ariana Afghan Airlines is the national airlines carrier, with domestic flights between Kabul, Kandahar, Heart and Mazar-e Sharif. International flights include to Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul and a number of other destinations. There are also limited domestic and international flight services available from Kam Air, Pamir Airways and Safi Airlines.
The country has limited rail service with Turkmenistan. There are two railway projects currently in progress, one is between Herat and the Iranian city Mashad while another is between Kandahar and Quetta in Pakistan. Most people who travel from one city to another use bus services. Automobiles have recently become more widely available, with Toyota, Nissan and Hyundai dealerships in Kabul. A large number of second-hand vehicles are also arriving from the UAE. Nearly all highways and roads are being rebuilt in the country.
Television and radio broadcastings are available in most parts of the country, with local and international channels or stations.
As of 2006 more than four million male and female students were enrolled in schools throughout the country. However, there are still significant obstacles to education in Afghanistan, stemming from lack of funding, unsafe school buildings and cultural norms. A lack of women teachers is an issue that concerns some Afghan parents, especially in more conservative areas. Some parents will not allow their daughters to be taught by men.
Literacy of the entire population is estimated (as of 1999) at 36%, the male literacy rate is 51% and female literacy is 21%. Up to now there are 9,500 schools in the country.
Another aspect of education that is rapidly changing in Afghanistan is the face of higher education. Following the fall of the Taliban, Kabul University was reopened to both male and female students. In 2006, the American University of Afghanistan also opened its doors, with the aim of providing a world-class, English-language, co-educational learning environment in Afghanistan. The university accepts students from Afghanistan and the neighboring countries. Construction work will soon start at the new site selected for University of Balkh in Mazari Sharif. The new building for the university, including the building for the Engineering Department, would be constructed at 600 acres (2.4 km²) of land at the cost of 250 million US dollars.
|a.||Other terms that can be used as demonyms are Afghani and Afghanistani.|
Official government sites
Culture and news
In Ghana, innovative literacy program produces dramatic results: "Enlightening the Hearts" program of the Olinga Foundation encourages local dialects and moral virtues, reaching more than 22,000 students in remote rural schools.(LITERACY)
Oct 01, 2007; [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] GONUKROM VILLAGE, Western Region, Ghana -- For years, Owusu Ansah Malik thought his native language was... | <urn:uuid:614d4011-e6f4-4920-9cf1-28daafad9f38> | {
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Auschwitz I Appelplatz (Roll Call Square)
The first view is of the corner of a barracks built with prisoner slave labor. As you move to the right you see one of the camp's streets of dirt and stones, and then a row of barracks.
Moving on to the right you see the rear half of the Appelplatz (roll call square) where prisoners stood at attention in ranks in the morning and in the evening. They were forced to stand here with no exceptions for weather [link]. When the prisoner count was short they stood until it was correct, sometimes all night. This, while enduring a conscious program of psychological dehumanization and physical degradation consisting of frequent beatings, insufficient food, primitive sanitary conditions promoting disease, little or no medical attention, and long hours of brutal slave labor with constant harassment and beatings.
Scrolling right you see visitors strolling along a street lined with trees, grown much larger than in the old days of the camp. Moving on you see the front half of the Appelplatz with the chimneys of the camp kitchen beyond. | <urn:uuid:aa48464b-8b7b-4edf-9a23-92c5984b1341> | {
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Photonics: Sensing on the way
Published online 01 August 2012
Hollow optical fibers containing light-emitting liquids hold big promises for biological sensing applications
Schematic illustration of a hollow fiber. The chemiluminescent liquid in the core (yellow) is guided through the fiber, also with help of further hole structures (dark blue).
Processing biological samples on a small substrate the size of a computer chip is becoming a common task for biotechnology applications. Given the small working area, however, probing samples on the substrate with light can be difficult. To address this issue, Xia Yu and co-workers at the A*STAR Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology have now developed an optical fiber system that is able to deliver light to microfluidic chips with high efficiency1.
“Our compact optical fibers are designed for use with high-throughput detection systems,” says Yu. “They are ideal for use in space-restrictive locations.”
A common way of probing biological samples is by light. In this method, the sample is excited by an external light source and the light emitted in response is detected, which provides a unique fingerprint of the substance. Conventional techniques are able to deliver light to samples and probe the response, but they are not very efficient at probing a small sample volume. A solution to this is to use optical fibers that are able to guide light to small spaces. The drawback with this technique, however, has been that it can be difficult to insert the external probe light into the optical fiber with sufficient efficiencies.
Yu and her co-workers have now circumvented this problem by using optical fibers with a hollow core (see image). The empty hollow core can be filled with liquids — in this case, with chemiluminescent solutions. The liquid is important to promote the transport of light through the core. In addition, these solutions consist of two liquids that when brought together initiate a chemical reaction that emits light. If such a solution is placed directly within the hollow core the problem of coupling light into the fiber is circumvented. This not only avoids external light sources but also promotes an established technology.
“The use of chemical luminescence is a common technique for a variety of detection assays in biology,” says Yu. “By incorporating the emission mechanism into optical fibers, we can use it as a light source for sensing applications in microfluidics systems.”
First tests for such sensing applications are already underway, although some challenges remain. For example, there might be losses in the light emitted by the fluid if the emitted light is not perfectly confined within the fiber. Such problems can be solved through improved fiber designs and an appropriate choice of materials, and applications of these fibers for microfluidic systems are promising.
The A*STAR-affiliated researchers contributing to this research are from the Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology
- Yu, X. et al. Chemiluminescence detection in liquid-core microstructured optical fibers. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 160, 800–803 (2011). | article | <urn:uuid:512b4ec2-ba1a-4c6f-8ec8-d09831c1eed6> | {
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CAREER: Propagation systems for generation of chromosomally stable human embryonic stem cells (Virginia Commonwealth University)
Raj Rao and members of his research group at Virginia Commonwealth University have developed a new material free of animal components that produces stable, non-tumor-forming stem cells.
Traditionally, human stem cell growth systems involve the use of animal-derived components. These elements raise the risk of genetic mutations and the spread of disease in new cells. Development of stable, non-tumor-forming, disease-free stem cells will advance stem cell therapies to treat human diseases.
Human stem cells have gained enormous interest as potential sources for regenerative biomedical therapies and model systems for studying early human development. However, the process is labor intensive and can result in nonuniform, unstable human stem cell cultures. In addition, traditional stem cell growth systems lead to a mixture of stem cells. Some of these networks develop into normal tissues and cells, while others form cancers. Stem cell cancers are typically some of the hardest to treat. Rao's findings will enable investigators to use well-defined materials to manufacture stem cells that are disease free, stable and non-tumor forming.
Researchers re-create fish hair cell sensors and musclesResearch Areas: Engineering Locations: Virginia
Research could have a significant impact on bioengineered replacement materialsResearch Areas: Engineering Locations: Virginia | <urn:uuid:c3d30909-2709-4627-8e0a-45dc8a445fb3> | {
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Physical Database Design. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems
Elsevier Science and Technology, June 2007, Pages: 448
The rapidly increasing volume of information contained in relational databases places a strain on databases, performance, and maintainability: DBAs are under greater pressure than ever to optimize database structure for system performance and administration.
Physical Database Design discusses the concept of how physical structures of databases affect performance, including specific examples, guidelines, and best and worst practices for a variety of DBMSs and configurations. Something as simple as improving the table index design has a profound impact on performance. Every form of relational database, such as Online Transaction Processing (OLTP), Enterprise Resource Management (ERP), Data Mining (DM), or Management Resource Planning (MRP), can be improved using the methods provided in the book.
The first complete treatment on physical database design, written by the authors of the seminal, Database Modeling and Design: Logical Design, 4th edition.
Includes an introduction to the major concepts of physical database design as well as detailed examples, using methodologies and tools most popular for relational databases today: Oracle, DB2 (IBM), and SQL Server (Microsoft).
Focuses on physical database design for exploiting B+tree indexing, clustered indexes, multidimensional clustering (MDC), range partitioning, shared nothing partitioning, shared disk data placement, materialized views, bitmap indexes, automated design tools, and more!
1 Introduction to Physical Database Design
2 Basic Indexing Methods
3 Query Optimization and Plan Selection
4 Selecting Indexes
5 Selecting Materialized Views
6 Shared-nothing Partitioning
7 Range Partitioning
8 Multidimensional Clustering
9 The Interdependence Problem
10 Counting and Data Sampling in Physical Design Exploration
11 Query Execution Plans and Physical Design
12 Automated Physical Database Design
13 Down to the Metal: Server Resources and Topology
14 Physical Design for Decision Support, Warehousing, and OLAP
16 Distributed Data Allocation
Appendix A A Simple Performance Model for Databases
Appendix B Technical Comparison of DB2 HADR with Oracle Data Guard for Database Disaster Recovery
Lightstone, Sam S.
Sam Lightstone is a Senior Technical Staff Member and Development Manager with IBM's DB2 product development team. His work includes numerous topics in autonomic computing and relational database management systems. He is cofounder and leader of DB2's autonomic computing R&D effort. He is Chair of the IEEE Data Engineering Workgroup on Self Managing Database Systems and a member of the IEEE Computer Society Task Force on Autonomous and Autonomic Computing. In 2003 he was elected to the Canadian Technical Excellence Council, the Canadian affiliate of the IBM Academy of Technology. He is an IBM Master Inventor with over 25 patents and patents pending; he has published widely on autonomic computing for relational database systems. He has been with IBM since 1991.
Teorey, Toby J.
Toby J. Teorey is a professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Arizona, Tucson, and a Ph.D. in computer sciences from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He was general chair of the 1981 ACM SIGMOD Conference and program chair for the 1991 Entity-Relationship Conference. Professor Teorey's current research focuses on database design and data warehousing, OLAP, advanced database systems, and performance of computer networks. He is a member of the ACM and the IEEE Computer Society.
Tom Nadeau is the founder of Aladdin Software (aladdinsoftware.com) and works in the area of data and text mining. He received his B.S. degree in computer science and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His technical interests include data warehousing, OLAP, data mining and machine learning. He won the best paper award at the 2001 IBM CASCON Conference. | <urn:uuid:a5e8dc97-3a53-475b-85d4-7324fd27e959> | {
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Analysis of ethnoveterinary treatments for cattle (Bos indicus) diseases referred in Sanrimgyeongje including twelve volumes of literature from the 7th to the 18th century.
ABSTRACT This study aims at a comprehensive analysis of ethnoveterinary treatment in the cattle-raising section of Sanrimgyeongje which covers 12 different volumes of literature including 4 Korean and 8 Chinese literatures from the 7th to the 18th century, with a special attention to the treatments for cattle diseases.
The above mentioned literature was analyzed through several steps: translation of the Chinese text into Korean, identification of diseases, verification of medicinal materials and confirmation of scientific names.
As recorded in the thirteen references, this study shows that there are 143 medicinal materials which have been used as therapies for cattle diseases. Of these, 55 plant species belonging to 52 genera in 29 families had 100 modes of usages, while one species of fungus was used in one way. Likewise, 11 species of animals belonging to 11 genera in 10 families were utilized in 18 different methods. Lastly, 9 kinds of inorganic matters were used in 11 ways with another 4 kinds being useful in 14 different ways. Consequently, each of rinderpests, murrains, and hooves has been treated, respectively with 14, 10 and 3 types of medicinal decoctions made from 35, 18 and 15 kinds of medicinal materials.
This diversified usage of various medicinal materials is incomparable to the modern ethnoveterinary investigation which tends to focus strictly in plants. If additional studies were to be conducted on these treatments and all the medicinal materials used within them, various new treatments and medicines can be developed to supplement the pharmacopoeia of contemporary veterinary medicine. | <urn:uuid:37de595b-de5b-4e18-9716-119239677463> | {
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Vanuatu is definitely one of the South Pacific's best kept secrets! Its 74 inhabited islands form a Y-shaped archipelago almost directly West of Fiji and North-East of New Caledonia. For many years there was joint British and French colonial rule here, an arrangement officially known as The Condominum, but more commonly referred to as The Pandemonium. Joint rule meant joint languages, so that some villages were given education in English while neighboring villages were taught in French!
The ni-Vanuatu people are Melanesian, like the people of Papua New Guinea and Fiji. Melanesians have frizzy afro-style hair and are usually of stocky build, unlike the Polynesians of places like Tonga, Samoa and Hawaii, who are tall and have straight hair. While Polynesians have a single basic language which can be understood by widely separated groups like the Hawaiians, Tahitians and New Zealand Maoris, Melanesians have extraordinarily splintered linguistic groups - the island of Tanna, only 40 kilometers long, has seven completely different languages! The same situation applies throughout Melanesia - Papua New Guinea is said to have over 800 different languages - not just dialects, but completely different languages. The solution to this Babel is Pidgin English, which everyone here speaks. Unfortunately, rather earthy Australians provided the main source of English for this area, so phrases like "buggered up" became words like "bagarap", which is the normal and appropriate way of saying "broken"! If you spend a bit of time in the area, you'll see some amusing Pidgin English signs and hear some interesting spoken language.
Melanesian culture is somewhat different than many third world cultures. Many of the customs are based on the idea of mutual obligation. One consequence of this is that there's no tipping, since a tip would leave the recipient obligated to the giver - so hopefully this is one part of the world where this dirty habit won't spread! Another unusual custom is that everything is sold at a fixed price, without bargaining, even at street markets. Thankfully, the Melanesians here are friendly and very honest like their counterparts in Fiji, unlike those of their race in New Guinea, where violence and theft are common.
The capital city of Port Vila, on the island of Efate, must be one of the prettiest in the Pacific, especially from the air. The low hills above the crescent-shaped harbor allow good views of beautiful blue waters filled with coral reefs and colourful fish. The islands have volcanic origins, something we were reminded of when a small earthquake struck while we were sleeping in our hotel. A trip around the island on the main road quickly changes from a smooth drive on asphalt to an adventurous safari along a sometimes deeply rutted dirt track, however it's worth it in order to see attractions like the Mele-Maat waterfalls, giant banyan trees and the Eton Blue Hole, a small lake connected to the ocean and filled with reef fish. If you want to see the reef and its inhabitants more closely then you should go to Mele Bay, just around the corner from Port Vila. There are numerous places to snorkel or dive, including a wall around small Mele Island, now usually referred to as Hideaway Island.
Efate is very pleasant, but it would be a real shame to spend all of your time there, because there's so much of interest on other islands in the chain. For instance, the island of Pentecost is where bungee jumping was invented! At yam harvest time villagers climb 90 foot bamboo towers, tie vines around their ankles and jump - the idea is to just touch the dug-up earth at the base of the tower with your head, and usually it works! Espiritu Santo has good diving, including a wreck dive on the President Coolidge, an American troop ship sunk when it hit American mines, and Million Dollar Point, where American commanders pushed hundreds of tonnes of surplus war equipment and supplies into the water rather than sell it cheaply to local planters.
I didn't go to these places, instead I opted for the island of Tanna, South of Efate. The attractions are mostly concentrated in the South-West corner of the island. The area is dominated by Mt Yasur, which is a constantly active volcano only 360 metres high, but quite a spectacle at night. Instead of staying in regular accomodation, we stayed at Port Resolution, a native village where the locals have made a concerted effort to provide facilities for tourists. The villagers have also struck up a relationship with a dugong, a close relative of the Caribbean manatee, and they're able to slap the water to bring it to shore. Cook's Pyramid is also here, a rock where the famous British explorer Captain James Cook stopped to take sightings, as well as Shark Bay, where villagers threw transgressors to the namesake sharks. Just around the volcano from Port Resolution is the Sulphur Bay custom village, which follows a "cargo cult" found in some other parts of Melanesia. During World War Two villagers in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere saw people construct airfields where planes landed, disgorging huge amounts of cargo; so they figured that if they also built airfields then planes would come loaded with cargo for them, too! These ideas survived the end of the war, and continue in some places to this day. In the case of Sulphur Bay, villagers believe that a man called Jon Frum will one day arrive with an army and large amounts of goods for the local people. Villagers have their own church where Christianity and their own beliefs are mixed together, and they paint the letters "USA" on their buildings and even on themselves. Funnily enough, this primitive place also has a radio-equipped telephone you can use to call anywhere in the world, just like a regular phone. Even more primitive than Sulphur Bay is the village of Yaohnanen on Tanna's western coast near the airfield. Here the people decided to continue to live according to their ancient customs, even avoiding Western clothing in preference for the traditional "nambas" or penis sheath. But rejecting modern life doesn't mean that the people have isolated themselves from others. You can visit the village, walk around, buy your own nambas or other handicrafts, and watch a surprisingly enthralling yam harvest dance put on by the whole village - men, women and children. | <urn:uuid:5158b166-9552-4f31-94a0-92ab3dbd522a> | {
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bring a buzz to Milan
Jim Farmer, Southeastern Indiana Beekeepers
Association, pictured right, discusses the benefits of beekeeping
with Anita Chandler and Jean Oelker, left. Chandler, a beekeeper
for three years in Cross Plains, explained that she attended
the seminar for more information on beekeeping. Oelker,
a Master Gardner from Lawrenceburg, wanted to know what
she could do to increase the bee population.
Milan was buzzing with activity on Saturday, February 19 due to
the 2011 Honeybee Fair held at the Milan VFW and sponsored by
the Southeastern Indiana Beekeepers Association.
Those attending the fair had the opportunity to receive first
hand information about beekeeping, landscaping for bees and creating
products that use honey or beeswax from vendors and special speakers
Kathleen Prough, Indiana DNR Chief Apiary Inspector, and Roy Ballard,
Hancock County Purdue University Extension Educator.
The focus of the seminar was gardening to attract honeybees. Kathleen
Prough explained that a large space is not needed for a bee-friendly
garden. Choose a space that gets about six hours of sunlight a
day and start with a few plants then adding a few each year.
When choosing plants for the garden, one should strive for abundance,
sequence, and diversity. Prough explained that plants should be
clumped together so that the bees can visit many flowers in one
Plant for bloom succession so that there are blooms from spring
through fall. Bees need both pollen for protein and nectar for
carbohydrates for energy. Select plants that provide both of these.
And, dont forget, trees and shrubs can provide pollen and
Consider a flower shape and color when choosing a plant for the
bee garden. For example, bees favor yellow, bright white and blue
flowers. According to Prough, bees do not see the color red. Ultraviolet,
seen by bees but not by humans, is used as a nectar guide that
draws a bee to the flower.
The shape of the flower is also important for a bee. Bees prefer
a shallow flower with a platform landing and a single flower top.
Good examples are lavender and coneflowers.
When choosing pesticides, opt for one in liquid form that will
dry on the leaves. According to Prough, dry pesticides, such as
powders and dust, are bad for bees as it sits on the leaves and
sticks to the bees legs and body and is then ingested as
the bee cleans itself.
Prough noted that native plants may attract native bees but may
not attract honeybees. She explained that honeybees are native
to the United States.
Roy Ballard, Hancock County Purdue Extension Educator, explained
how creating a bee pasture in normally waste areas can help improve
production in ones hive. These pastures could be on your
own property or neighboring property within a three mile radius
of your hives.
The pasture can include trees and shrubs, vines, and flowers.
Some good plants for honeybees include alfalfa, clover, black
locust trees, dandelions or honeysuckle. Those blackberry vines
growing in a fence row are also great food sources for honeybees.
It is important to provide a water source for the bees to be used
for bodily functions and to cool the hive. Ballard advises to
provide a water source that will not contribute to bees drowning
and to keep away from pets, swimming pools or pedestrian walkways.
When using pesticides, Ballard advises using only when needed
and the least toxic pesticide possible. Apply the pesticide when
the plant is not in bloom or late in the day when the bees are
As the 2011 Indiana State Bee Association Honey Bee Queen, Lacy
Doolys job is to bring honeybee awareness to as many people
as possible. She visits schools, 4-H clubs and other organizations
across Indiana to give presentations about how bees are important
to humans by pollinating plants and providing honey and beeswax.
Dooly became involved in beekeeping through 4-H and soon her family
became interested in the hobby that has lasted for many years.
Honey is often used in many of the recipes she uses in the family
Below are some interesting facts about bees:
One in three bites of our food is a result of pollination
The average honeybee flies about 15 miles per hour and
visits 50-100 flowers during each foraging trip.
A colony of honeybees collectively flies over 55,000 miles
and visits about two million flowers to produce one pound of honey.
In her lifetime, each individual worker bee produces about
1/12 of one teaspoon of honey. This means one pound of honey (12
fl. oz.) represents the lifes work of 720 bees.
Honeybees have one stinger, two stomachs, three body segments,
four wings, five eyes and six legs.
A queen can lay up to 3,000 eggs per day. A healthy bee
hive can contain a population of 40,000-80,000 bees.
Honeybees communicate by using the waggle dance where a
returning forager uses body movements to indicate to the others
where a food source is located.
The majority of worker bees die in the field after wearing
their wings out, literally working themselves to death.
More information on beekeeping, how to get started or to connect
with fellow beekeepers can be found on the Southeastern Indiana
Beekeepers Association website at http://siba.innersync.com. | <urn:uuid:21a816d7-e640-457f-b9d4-8bfc8ee227c7> | {
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- Special Sections
- Public Notices
Parents of rising fifth-, sixth- and seventh-graders can get summer fun down to a science when they register their child for the American Museum of Science and Energy’s Science Explorer Camp.
The camps will be June 6-10 and June 13-17 at the historic Freels Bend Cabin site in Oak Ridge. Campers must be at least 10 years old to participate.
The Science Explorer Camp will focus on a variety of science topics that include field explorations, hands-on activities, a tour of Oak Ridge National Laboratory and special presentations by ORNL researchers.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the Roane County News, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
If you are new to the award winning Roane County News and wish to get a subscription or simply gain access to our online content then please enter your ZIP code below and continue to setup your account. | <urn:uuid:0eefbe74-7e16-4036-aebc-70e244581d6b> | {
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(ARA) – Serving nutritious meals, ensuring everyone gets enough sleep and physical activity, helping kids navigate the emotional challenges of growing up – parents have a lot to think about when it comes to keeping their kids healthy. Over the past decade, one more concern has emerged, and it’s gaining in importance: teaching children how to live a healthy digital life.
The percentage of American children with access to home computers increased 70 percent between 1984 and 2010, and the percentage with home Internet access rose 35 percent between 1997 and 2010, according to research by the nonprofit Child Trends research center. Eighty-five percent of children have access to computers in their home, the organization says. Nearly 97 percent of American households own at least one TV, according to Nielsen.
Clearly, the digital world has become a big part of life for kids of all ages. With schools back in session and the holidays approaching, many families will spend even more time in the digital world, doing homework, holiday shopping, or replacing outdoor activities with TV when the weather turns cold. Just as parents teach children the value of self-discipline in their eating, exercise and behavior, they need to share lessons of digital discipline as well.
As your family gets into a fall routine, keep these digital do’s and don’ts in mind:
* Limit screen time – The Mayo Clinic reports that too much screen time (whether TV or computer) has been linked to childhood obesity, poor sleep, behavioral problems, poor school performance, and even violence. Many child health advocates recommend limiting the amount of time children watch TV or spend on the computer. When kids aren’t sitting in front of a screen, parents should encourage them to engage in physical activity, creative pursuits or in-person socializing.
* Keep everything in the open – Online activity should only take place with a parent present. Keep the family computer – and all Internet use – in a common area of the home. Be around when children are online. You don’t have to look over their shoulders, but you should be aware of what they are doing while they’re online.
* Take the first look – If your child wants to visit a new website or join a particular social media group, check it out first. If the content seems inappropriate, steer your child away from the site.
* Use helpful tools – Protecting kids online can be a challenge, but tools like SafetyWeb can make it easier. The tool helps parents keep kids safe online by monitoring online activity – both the child’s and what the child is exposed to. An active blog discusses the latest challenges with rearing kids in the digital age.
* Let kids isolate themselves in the digital world – While kids might enjoy a TV show or video game together, computer time is too often alone time for them. Children who spend a lot of time online can become cut off from the real world. Encourage children to engage in healthful face-to-face interaction with their peers, whether it’s as part of a sports team, volunteer group or just hanging out together at a friend’s house.
* Allow digital communication to replace family face-time – Technology has made it easier than ever for families to stay in touch when they’re apart at work or school. Too often, however, family members rely on a quick text or instant message to reach someone in another room of the house. When you’re home together, set aside digital communication and go in search of each other.
* Skip exercise – Families that exercise together tend to be healthier, studies show. Don’t forego physical activity in favor of screen time. Instead of sitting down together to watch a TV show, gather up the family and head to the bowling alley.
* Forget to lead by example – For all that the digital world has expanded the influences to which children are exposed, parents still remain the most influential people in their children’s lives. Modeling digital discipline and healthy behaviors is an important part of teaching those lessons to your children. | <urn:uuid:21af3469-21c4-4491-a682-7b944ae0badd> | {
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Urban coyotes pose little dangerCoyotes adapt well to living in urban areas but generally stay away from people
By: Emily Zimmer, Rosemount Town Pages
It may seem alarming to run across a coyote while on a walk in downtown Rosemount. But the wild canines are in Rosemount and generally pose no danger to residents.
Police chief Gary Kalstabakken said police officers have reported seeing coyotes near the train tracks near downtown.
"You will see them in town," said Kalstabakken. But Kalstabakken said coyotes "are generally not an issue."
According the Minnesota DNR coyotes can be found anywhere in Minnesota including busy urban areas. In the Twin Cities area, coyote populations are rising.
Coyotes are wild members of the dog family. On average they weigh 30 pounds and are 18 inches tall. The DNR says the animals are gray and brown and resemble a small German Shepherd dog.
Coyotes generally are loners except when families are raising pups.
Simply put, coyotes don't like people. According to the DNR there have been no reported attacks on humans in Minnesota. However, attacks have been reported in other states.
The DNR says experts believe attacks by urban coyotes occur after the animals become accustomed to humans or after being fed by humans.
Coyotes primarily eat small mammals including mice and rabbits. However, they have been known to kill small pets including dogs and cats. Also they will raid garbage cans for food.
Kalstabakken warned against feeding any wild animal. He said small animals shouldn't be allowed to roam freely and garbage cans should be secured.
If you encounter a coyote that doesn't immediately run off, Kalstabakken recommended harassing the animal by chasing and shouting at them.
If problems should arise with coyotes they can be killed without a license. Contact the DNR or the city of Rosemount for information on coyote removal. | <urn:uuid:4af3367e-3b73-41af-a959-021682447b83> | {
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Chemical technology news from across RSC Publishing.
Nanofactories monitor bacteria communication
03 March 2010
Scientists in the US have developed a microdevice that investigates how bacteria communicate with each other to enhance their resistance to drugs.
Bacteria communicate in a process called quorum sensing, in which they secrete small signalling molecules called autoinducers. When bacteria produce a quorum, their resistance to drugs is enhanced. William Bentley and co-workers from the University of Maryland have developed bio-inspired nanoscale factories that capture bacteria, deliver a drug right on the surface of the bacteria and test their responses.
'The overall goal is to understand how pathogens communicate with each other to make a more formidable team than each individual cell. We're trying to break down what exactly a quorum is and how it works', explains Bentley.
Microdevice could help develop the next generation of antimicrobials
The nanofactories assemble themselves on a chitosan coated electrode within a microfluidic device. They contain multiple modules that each perform a different function, including targeting and capturing bacteria cells, sensing raw materials in the vicinity and converting the raw materials into autoinducer molecules and transporting these back to the bacteria cell surface. Bentley used bacteria cells that were specially constructed to express a fluorescent protein in response to autoinducer signalling, which could be easily seen. The autoinducer molecules made by the nanofactories triggered the quorum sensing response of the bacteria, causing them to express the fluorescent protein.
'We're developing tools that enable rapid, cost-effective assembly of complex biological systems on devices so that the device can interrogate what the biology is doing', Bentley adds.
Michael Shuler, an expert in bioengineering at Cornell University, Ithaca, US, called the concept of nanofactories 'highly intriguing and novel'. He said that while applying the technique to the capture of quorum sensing bacteria was important for controlling some types of bacteria without antibiotics, the most exciting thing for him was the potential of the nanofactories to be integrated with microfluidics or other nanotechnologies.
In the future Bentley hopes that increasingly complex biological systems could be assembled to recreate the environment that bacteria see. He hopes to use the method to study other systems including epithelial and cancer cells.
Enjoy this story? Spread the word using the 'tools' menu on the left or add a comment to the Chemistry World blog.
Link to journal article
Biological nanofactories facilitate spatially selective capture and manipulation of quorum sensing bacteria in a bioMEMS device
Rohan Fernandes, Xiaolong Luo, Chen-Yu Tsao, Gregory F. Payne, Reza Ghodssi, Gary W. Rubloff and William E. Bentley, Lab Chip, 2010, 10, 1128 | <urn:uuid:eedbf89b-7026-4cd1-989f-3214da02a91c> | {
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Vivotif Oral Patient Information including How Should I Take
In this Article
- What is typhoid vaccine (Vivotif Oral)?
- What are the possible side effects of typhoid vaccine (Vivotif Oral)?
- What is the most important information I should know about typhoid vaccine (Vivotif Oral)?
- What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before receiving typhoid vaccine (Vivotif Oral)?
- How is typhoid vaccine given (Vivotif Oral)?
- What happens if I miss a dose (Vivotif Oral)?
- What happens if I overdose (Vivotif Oral)?
- What should I avoid before or after getting typhoid vaccine (Vivotif Oral)?
- What other drugs will affect typhoid vaccine (Vivotif Oral)?
- Where can I get more information?
What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before receiving typhoid vaccine (Vivotif Oral)?
Typhoid vaccine should not be used in a person who is a typhoid carrier.
You should not receive this vaccine if you have ever had an allergic reaction to typhoid vaccine in the past, or if you have:
- fever with any type of infection or illness;
- a weak immune system caused by disease such as HIV/AIDS or cancer; or
- a weak immune system caused by using certain medicines such as chemotherapy.
You may not be able to receive this vaccine if you have:
- stomach flu or any illness with vomiting or diarrhea;
- if you are taking an antibiotic, especially a sulfa drug such as sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine), sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra, SMX-TMP), or sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin); or
- if you plan to start taking an anti-malaria medication within 10 days after receiving a typhoid oral vaccine.
You can still receive a vaccine if you have a minor cold. In the case of a more severe illness with a fever or any type of infection, the doctor may ask you to wait until you get better before you can receive the vaccine.
Vaccines may be harmful to an unborn baby and generally should not be given to a pregnant woman. However, not vaccinating the mother could be more harmful to the baby if the mother becomes infected with a disease that this vaccine could prevent. Your doctor will decide whether you should receive this vaccine, especially if you have a high risk of infection with typhoid.
It is not known whether typhoid vaccine passes into breast milk, or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not receive this vaccine without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.
How is typhoid vaccine given (Vivotif Oral)?
Typhoid vaccine is recommended for adults and children in the following situations:
- people who travel to countries where typhoid fever is common;
- people who will have long-term exposure to food or water that may be contaminated with typhoid;
- people who live with someone who is a typhoid carrier; and
- laboratory workers who may come into contact with Salmonella typhi in a work setting.
The typhoid oral vaccine is given in a series of 4 capsules that are taken 1 per day on alternating days (days 1, 3, 5, and 7). On this alternating-day schedule, you will take 1 capsule every 48 hours for 7 days. You must take each capsule according to the recommended schedule for this vaccine to be effective.
You should complete all doses at least 1 week before your scheduled travel or possible exposure to typhoid.
You must keep typhoid vaccine capsules cold when not in use. Once you receive the capsules from your doctor or pharmacy, take them directly home and place them in the refrigerator. Keep each capsule in the foil blister pack in the refrigerator until you are ready to take it. Do not allow the capsules to freeze.
Take the capsule on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before a meal.
Swallow the capsule as quickly as possible after placing it in your mouth. Take with a full glass of cold or lukewarm water or other beverage. Do not use warm or hot drinks such as coffee, tea, or warm milk. The liquid you use to help swallow the typhoid vaccine capsule should not be warmer than your body temperature (98.6 degrees F).
Do not crush, chew, or break a typhoid vaccine capsule. Swallow the pill whole. The enteric-coated pill has a special coating to release the vaccine slowly into your body. Breaking the pill could damage this coating.
The complete series of 4 vaccine capsules should provide protection against typhoid for up to 5 years. Another series of 4 capsules is then recommended every 5 years during possible exposure to typhoid. Your individual booster schedule may be different from these guidelines. Follow your doctor's instructions or the schedule recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Be sure you receive all recommended doses of this vaccine. If you do not receive the full series of capsules every 5 years during continued exposure, you may not be fully protected against the disease.
Wash your hands often to help prevent typhoid when you are in an area where contamination is possible.
Additional Vivotif Oral Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
Find out what women really need. | <urn:uuid:0a497f72-a557-4142-96a9-f5047a647bdc> | {
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Filed under: Computers
Often, when people talk about the future of user interaction with computers, the go-to reference is Steven Spielberg’s ‘Minority Report
.’ But those dreams of gesture-based computing find users waving their hands in the air with no tactile feedback at all, and anyone who has typed on both an iPhone and a BlackBerry can tell you a little physical feedback is always welcome. An experimental system being developed at Gifu University in Japan marries that sort of hand gesture-based experience with 3-D displays and haptic feedback
to create an experience that more closely resembles manipulating objects in the real world.
The HIRO III requires that you strap your fingertips into a robot hand, which has fingers that simulate the texture of real surfaces to provide a sense of weight to your on-screen interactions. For example, if you’re running your hand across a jagged surface, the HIRO III will appropriately recreate that feeling. When combined with a 3-D display, the experience should be quite immersive. The system has obvious applications for controlling robot arms, as well as for simulating surgical and diagnostic procedures for medical students. Check out the video of HIRO III in action after the break. [From: Engadget]
Continue reading In HIRO III, Researchers See Scientific Breakthrough, We See Feel-O-Vision
In HIRO III, Researchers See Scientific Breakthrough, We See Feel-O-Vision originally appeared on Switched on Wed, 30 Jun 2010 11:00:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
Read | Permalink | Email this | Comments | <urn:uuid:d1811a19-c380-45a1-8e7a-d3b27f9fed68> | {
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来源: Current Science
2012年3月23日 | EN
India needs a permanent dengue surveillance system.
United States Department of Agriculture
Population rise, unplanned urbanisation, poor vector control, viral evolution and international travel have turned dengue into a major global infectious disease with 50–100 million cases and 3.6 billion people at risk.
Complications arise from the fact that the number of dengue cases in an affected area may be limited. Few vectors, (Aedes aegypti or A. albopictus) mosquitoes may be found infected with the virus, limiting the scope for epidemiological and transmission studies.
The presence of dengue vectors and antibodies to the virus in a community does not necessarily reflect on re-emergence of dengue in an area. Domestic animals such as cats, rats, dogs, cows, buffaloes and goats may serve as 'hidden reservoirs' for the virus, as also sylvan monkeys.
In such a situation, a 'DengueNet-India ' surveillance system can help track the spread of the virus and provide a better understanding of the interactions between mosquitoes, different strains of the dengue virus, animals and humans.
Existing technologies such as geographical information systems, polymerase chain reaction, rapid antigen tests, genetic sequencing and bioinformatics can be harnessed to provide a holistic approach to suppress dengue resurgence, in collaboration with the WHO's DengueNet.
Databases could be continuously updated and the reporting of dengue cases from India’s existing network of institutions and laboratories standardised, with a view to predicting epidemics and reducing fatality rates. | <urn:uuid:1adfe2c4-765f-4017-a050-c02305b00347> | {
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May 26, 2000 IOWA CITY, Iowa -- Long-term exposure to radon in the home is associated with lung cancer risk and presents a significant environmental health hazard, according to a study led by researchers at the University of Iowa College of Public Health.
The Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study, funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, included investigators from the UI, St. John's University in Collegeville, Minn. and the University of Kansas. The results are published in the June 1 issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology.
From 1993 to 1997, the researchers studied 1,027 Iowa women -- 413 who were newly diagnosed with lung cancer and 614 "controls" -- ages 40 to 84 who had lived in their homes for the past 20 years or more. The women studied in both groups included smokers as well as nonsmokers. Women were studied because they typically have less occupational exposures to substances that may cause lung cancer, and historically have spent more time in the home.
The researchers found that close to 60 percent of the basement radon concentrations for both the lung cancer cases (study participants with lung cancer) and the control group (participants without lung cancer) exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency action level for radon of 4 picoCuries per liter (pCi/L). The researchers found that 33 percent of living areas for the lung cancer cases, and 28 percent of the living areas for the control group, exceeded the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L.
Even at the EPA action level of 4 pCi/L, an approximate 50 percent excess lung cancer risk was found among the women in the study after correcting for the impact of smoking, according to Charles Lynch, UI professor of epidemiology and the study's principal investigator.
"What this indicates is that residential radon exposure is a significant cause of lung cancer," Lynch said.
At least four radon detection devices were placed in different areas in each of the study subjects' homes for one year. The researchers linked these multiple home radon measurements, as well as estimates on radon exposure outside the subjects' homes, with the subjects' past mobility history -- where and how much time they had spent outside or inside their homes or in the workplace, for example. With this information, the researchers were able to determine actual detailed exposure estimates for each study participant.
"This study incorporated the most sophisticated radon exposures analysis ever performed in a residential epidemiologic study," said R. William Field, Ph.D., UI research scientist in epidemiology and lead author of the journal article. "Most previous studies have focused on only one or two radon measurements in a home to determine a person's radon exposure. We linked where the study participants spent their time over the past 20 years with the radon concentrations gathered from inside and outside the home and came up with a more accurate measurement of exposure."
Previous studies have shown that Iowa has the highest average radon concentrations in the United States. Radon -- a naturally occurring odorless, tasteless and colorless radioactive gas -- is produced by the breakdown of radium in soil, rock and water. The high concentrations in Iowa and the upper Midwest are due primarily to glacial deposits that occurred more than 10,000 years ago, Field noted.
"Many homes and other buildings, such as schools and offices, have high radon concentrations," Field said. "Our research provides direct evidence that residential radon exposure is tied to an increased risk for lung cancer."
The best way to reduce overall exposure to radon is to test homes and take steps to reduce elevated indoor radon concentrations. Information on radon testing and mitigation is available toll-free from the EPA by calling (800) SOS-RADON or by visiting the EPA Web site at http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/. Additional information about the study is available at the following Web site: http://www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html.
The American Journal of Epidemiology is the premier scientific journal devoted to the publication of empirical research findings and methodologic developments in the field of epidemiologic research.
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June 4, 2005 Autism therapy is bedeviled by unpredictable outcomes. Even with the best behavioral treatments, which are the only ones to have been scientifically demonstrated to work -- says Laura Schreibman, professor of psychology and director of the Autism Research Program at UCSD -- some children improve dramatically, some only somewhat and others not at all.
Many families try one thing after another, losing precious months before hitting on the therapeutic method best suited for their autistic child. Given the importance of early intervention, Schreibman said, "we need to get it right the first time."
A new study coauthored by Schreibman and recent doctoral graduate Michelle Sherer successfully matches autistic children with an appropriate therapy. Published in the June issue of the American Psychological Association's Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, the study is the first to develop and test a predictive profile of children likely to respond to a particular treatment, in this case Pivotal Response Training.
PRT is a child-directed behavioral intervention developed by Schreibman and UC Santa Barbara colleague Robert L. Koegel. Focused on improving a child's motivation and responsiveness, PRT targets language skills, play skills and social behaviors that can be generalized to a natural, non-lab setting.
The researchers began by examining data from 28 children who had participated in previous investigations of PRT. Characteristics of the poorest and most exceptional responders were used to develop the predictive profile. Children expected to do well with PRT were those who showed a moderate to high interest in toys, were tolerant of another person in close proximity, and, relative to those with poor outcomes, had fewer non-verbal stimulatory behaviors (flapping or rocking, for example) and more verbal self-stimulatory behaviors (squeaking or other nonsensical sounds).
A prospective study followed: Six new participants were selected -- three who were predicted to respond to PRT and three who were not. Each prospective responder was matched to a non-responder on IQ, language age and symptom severity. Two boys and girl, the responders ranged in chronological age from 3 years, 0 months to 3 years, 5 months. The non-responders were likewise two boys and a girl, aged chronologically from 3 years, 1 month to 5 years, 10 months.
The children received 90 minutes of one-on-one PRT four to five times a week by trained, advanced psychology students who were blind to the hypothesis of the study.
After five weeks, PRT treatment was stopped for the non-responders because they failed to show any improvement, and it was ethically indefensible to continue. They were referred to other programs. (The non-responders' slightly higher chronological age did not appear to be a factor. In fact, the youngest child of this group was among the poorest performing.)
Responders received a total of six months, or approximately 190 hours, of treatment. As predicted, they made significant gains on several measures. Children "R1" and "R2," for example, began the study with no functional communication. By the second month, both were talking during and outside of treatment sessions.
Skeptics might charge that the profile developed by Sherer and Schreibman merely picks out children who will improve with any and all behavioral treatment. An important insight, however, the authors write, is provided by the non-responders who were discontinued from the study. "NR1," for instance, who did not derive any benefit from PRT, made great gains with another method -- suggesting the profile is specifically predictive for outcomes with PRT. Subsequent research led by Schreibman is confirming this finding.
"This is just a start in the right direction. It is one profile for one therapy," said Schreibman, author of Autism and the forthcoming The Science and Fiction of Autism (Harvard University Press, Nov. 2005). "We in the autism community know there is no one-size-fits-all approach. To reduce outcome variability, we need to continue finding predictor variables and to develop a full inventory of tailored treatments."
Schreibman's lab is currently working on adapting its PRT profile so that it can more easily be used in schools and other real-world environments. The authors urge further research to develop profiles for all other behavioral therapies.
The study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health.
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