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How to find a missing number in a sequence
- Determine if the order of numbers is ascending (getting larger in value) or descending (becoming smaller
- Find the difference between numbers that are next to each other.
- Use the difference between numbers to find the missing number.
Example: Find the missing number: 15, 13, ?, 9
- The order of numbers is going down or descending.
- The difference between numbers is 15 - 13 = 2
- Since the order is descending subtract 2 from 13. The missing number may be 11.
- The missing number is 11 since it is 2 more than the last number 9. | <urn:uuid:c7ba8a8e-019e-4d95-91f8-cd57b04e3403> | {
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Holding the harp - the harp with the floor, the player is sitting at the harp body allows it to rely on the right shoulder. In this position, the left side of harpist can reach even the bottom line, while the right-hand man is able to achieve the higher strings.
Playing the harp - the harp has a nylon or gut strings played with the first three fingers and thumb. The fingers are numbered from 1 to 4 with the thumb is number 1. The thumb is usually higher than the other fingers, which makes it easier to move. Your elbows should be slightly raised, so that your wrists straight. Make sure you're sitting in a chair that supports your back, to avoid possible damage. Harp plucked strings, usually with chords or arpeggios.
Caring for the harp - it's always a good idea to keep the harp in a safe place, not the back door or in your kitchen. Avoid places that are too wet or cold. If you do not use the harp, your shop, just in case. If the pedal harp, make sure the pedal is all flat before storing it. If you are transporting your harp, make sure you put it in your car with the top tray. You can wipe the harp, from time to time to dry and clean, soft cloth. If you notice any damage, go to the harp of technical experts. | <urn:uuid:004f935b-84e6-40ed-bf6d-8ec38372791f> | {
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Allergy tests are used to find the substances that are causing an allergic reaction. An allergic reaction is an immune system response to a substance in the environment known as a trigger.
The healthcare professional may perform or order allergy tests on people with suspected allergies. Skin testing is usually not done on children younger than age 3. It may be done on older individuals to determine the triggers that are causing allergic reactions in the person. Before the procedure, a person should not take medicines, such as antihistamines, that could block a skin reaction and thus cause the test to turn out falsely negative.
There are many methods of allergy testing. Skin tests are used to identify specific allergens that are known to cause symptoms. The healthcare professional will select skin tests based on a person's particular history. Test solutions are made from extracts of various inhaled, ingested, or injected substances. Test solutions available include extracts from tree, grass, and weed pollens; dust mites; animal dander; insect venoms; foods; and penicillin and penicillin derivatives.
For the prick skin test, a small amount of the substance thought to cause the allergic reaction is placed on the skin. This substance is called an allergen. The skin is then pricked or scratched. This allows the substance to get under the skin's surface. If the person is allergic, the skin will usually get red and swell within about 20 minutes.
Another skin test is called an intradermal test. A small amount of the allergen is injected beneath the skin. This more sensitive test is often used when the prick test has produced a negative or uncertain result in reaction to suspected inhaled allergens.
An elimination diet test may be used to diagnose food allergies. For this test, a person goes several weeks without eating any of the foods that may be causing the problem. Foods are returned to the diet one at a time. If allergic symptoms come back after eating a certain food, that food is probably causing the problem. If a specific food is suspected, it can be given to the person under controlled conditions. If a reaction occurs, this food is the likely cause.
The best way to test for food allergies is by using an oral food challenge. This test can be used even with small children. The suspected food is removed from the diet. After 4 to 5 days, the food should be eaten on an empty stomach. This is the best time to watch for a reaction. Parents can keep a food diary for their children. This can help identify the foods causing the problems.
Blood tests measure antibodies to a particular allergen in blood. One blood test for allergies is called a radioallergosorbent test, abbreviated as RAST. In a true allergic reaction, substances called IgE antibodies appear in the bloodstream. The body makes IgE antibodies to attack bacteria and other harmful substances. RAST measures allergen-specific IgE. Compared to skin tests, RAST has the disadvantage of limited allergen selection and reduced sensitivity.
A newer version of a blood test is called the Immunocap. A recent study indicated that the Immunocap test was significantly more accurate than the older blood tests. Another study compared the accuracy of skin testing to blood testing for cat allergy. This study reported that skin testing and blood testing were approximately equal in accuracy.
Other blood tests, such as an eosinophil count, may be used to support an allergy diagnosis. Provocative testing is the direct application of an allergen to the eyes, nose, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract by oral administration. It may be helpful in cases where a person has had a large number of positive skin tests. Provocative testing is the only way to check for allergies to food additives. This type of testing may produce a severe allergic reaction and is used rarely. | <urn:uuid:da1f6fb4-3122-4de4-bd6d-8537b64092d3> | {
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Adaptive Release - Create Multiple Rules for a Content Item
Adaptive release allows instructors and course designers to release course content based on rules that they create; in other words, you can control what content is made available to which students and under what conditions they are allowed to see it. Rules can be created for individuals or groups, based on criteria related to date, time, assessment scores or attempts, and the review status of other items in the course.
By the time you finish this tutorial you should be able to
1. Create Multiple Rules
2. Set Criteria
2. Use an items contextual menu to access Adaptive Release. To do this select the Double Down Arrow positioned next to the item title.
- Adaptive Release – used to create basic rules for an item. In this tool only one rule per item may be created.
For instance, instructors can create one rule containing multiple criteria which makes users satisfy all restriction before gaining access to the item.
- Adaptive Release: Advanced – this feature allows instructors to create multiple rules per item. For example, if different rules apply for different Groups in a course this feature should be used.
When an item has multiple rules applied to it users need to satisfy the criteria of only one rule to gain access.
3. For the purpose of this tutorial we will use Adaptive Release: Advanced to create a rule with multiple criteria and multiple rules.
6. A success message appears at the top of the screen. Now Select Create Criteria. You can create criteria according to Date, Grade, Membership and Review Status. For content to be visible to a user the user must satisfy all the criteria in a rule.
7. Membership Criteria allows content to be displayed to specific users and Groups. Use the Username field to enter individual users and the Course-Groups field to select Available Course Groups.
All Groups can be selected, even those that are unavailable. To Select one or more course groups highlight the Group Name and select the Right Arrow.
8. Now add another criterion. Adding criteria to the rule will narrow the ability of users to view the content item. Select Create Criteria > Date.
10. When multiple criteria are added to a rule. The word AND appears between each criteria. This means that all of the rules criteria must be met before the item is released.
11. Now Create a New Rule. In creating a new rule a different option or path for releasing the content will be available. The content will be released if any one of the rules is satisfied.
14. Content items can be released based on an attempt (A) or score (B).
For example, an Instructor may prepare a pre-test for Students to prepare for the Final Exam. A Student cannot take the Final Exam until the pre-test has been attempted, regardless of the grade. Instructors can also restrict access to an item until a certain score or score range is reached on a test or quiz.
15. Select a Grade Center column, Set a condition and Submit.
16. On the Adaptive Release: Advanced page you can see that when multiple rules are added the word OR appears between each rule. This means that one of the rules must be satisfied for the item to be released. | <urn:uuid:e44206c5-1a35-4dc7-9eb5-6d86965c1d50> | {
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What took place this past month at Hadassah Hospital’s Department of Neurology was not expected even by the most senior neurologists.
An ALS patient, a chronic disease with no known cure that causes a slow and painful process of muscular dystrophy- who was wheelchair-bound and had difficulty speaking and breathing, underwent an complete turnaround. From being handicapped and dependent on others for his most basic daily needs, suddenly Rabbi Rafoel Shmuelevitz stood on his feet, and returned to teaching at the flagship Mir Yeshiva, which he heads.
The treatment that is responsible, it appears, for the dramatic improvement in his condition was developed by the Israeli biotechnology company Brainstorm, and is based on stem cells. This is the first time that someone who has been treated with stem cells has regained abilities which were previously lost. Despite the great caution that is guiding the doctors as they discuss the rabbi’s condition, it is difficult to ignore the excitement which surrounds even the most stern of staff members when they talk about the turnaround that the rabbi has experienced…
Rabbi Rafoel Shmuelevitz recalls, “I couldn’t talk. It was difficult for me to breathe, and my lack of balance made it impossible to get up from my wheelchair. Even when they supported me I was able to walk only with difficulty. My students couldn’t understand me when I spoke.”…
In 2010, after a series of tests at Minnesota’s Mayo Clinic, his doctors told him the difficult news, Rabbi Shmuelevitz had ALS [also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease], which is considered the most severe known neuromuscular disease. ALS patients gradually lose all of their motor abilities, until they eventually lose their ability to breathe and die from suffocation. The vast majority of patients die within three to five years following diagnosis. A small number of patients, for example physicist Stephen Hawking, manage to survive for years, but are almost unable to function.
“The American doctors and the Israeli doctor who treats me, Professor Menachem Sade of Wolfson Hospital, agreed that the only possible way to improve my condition would be to receive stem cell treatment at Hadassah,” explains the rabbi. “That was my final hope.”
“A few days after the treatment, my whole life began to change.”
Last May, the Ministry of Health granted approval to the Israeli biotechnology company Brainstorm, specializing in the development of technologies and medications based on stem cells, and the Hadassit company associated with Hadassah Medical Center, to begin a clinical trial of a new treatment based on cell therapy, which is meant to delay or stop the degeneration of nerve cells in ALS patients…This is the first treatment of its kind in history.
Because of the severity of his condition, and the fact that he was suffering from two different muscular diseases, the rabbi was not allowed to participate in the clinical trial…However he was given the treatment as a “compassionate treatment,” intended for patients who have no other hope.
A month ago, the rabbi was given the treatment for the first time, and the effect on him was incredible. “A few days after the treatment, my whole life began to change,” he says with a smiling face. “My speech began to improve, it became easier to breathe and I began to walk unassisted. I am even able to climb stairs. My students understand every word I say. It’s truly a miracle from Heaven. I am a new person as a result of the treatment I received.”
“It’s hard to describe the excitement that took hold of us as a result of the amazing results of this treatment,” says Brainstorm president Chaim Leibovitch…
Also the doctors could not remain apathetic to the amazing effect of the treatment on the rabbi’s condition. “The change that occurred in him was huge, and also the objective improvement in his functioning was extremely impressive,” explains one of the hospital’s doctors with excitement. “From being handicapped, a person who couldn’t walk and couldn’t talk, a significant amount of his abilities have returned…There is no doubt that a great drama is taking place here. We need to remember that we are talking about a single isolated case. On the other hand, even isolated reports like this can also signal a medical breakthrough.”
Encouraging results, even if they are on a smaller scale, have also been witnessed among some of the 12 patients participating in the clinical trial…
As is the way of the world, the rabbi and his students see things a little differently [from the doctors]. His students talk about “Mass prayer rallies” and “A miracle.” At the same time that top medical minds were laboring to rehabilitate the rabbi’s systems at the hospital, at the Mir Yeshiva the top minds were constantly reading Psalms for his recovery, and learning pages of gemara in order to “tip the scale” in the upper worlds in favor of the 74-year-old rabbi, who has stood for close to 30 years at the head of one of the largest yeshivot in the world (with over 7000 students).
Such a dramatic improvement in such a nearly hopeless situation has very rarely ever been witnessed.
“The rabbi’s family decided when they started treatment to turn to all of the yeshivot in the world to request assistance,” says the rabbi’s assistant. An emotional plea went out in the name of important rabbis to pray for the rabbi’s recovery, and his full name was released for special “Mee Sheberach” prayers worldwide. When the rabbi was lying on the treatment table at the hospital, thousands of students gathered to read Psalms at the Lakewood Yeshiva in New Jersey, at the Ponevitch Yeshiva in Bnei Brak, and at Jerusalem’s Mir Yeshiva.
“The rabbi saw the announcement that went out with his name and broke out into tears,” his assistant says. “During the two or three days that he was at the hospital, the prayers didn’t stop. After that we returned home, and an extreme improvement began in his condition. He got up and started walking, even without support…Everyone who saw him said that this was a revealed miracle, that this is simply a new human being.”
At this stage, of course, it is still difficult to state whether we are talking about a miracle or just a historic medical breakthrough, which will grant hope to patients suffering from one of the most difficult and cruel diseases that exists. But about one thing nobody is arguing: such a dramatic improvement in such a nearly hopeless situation has very rarely ever been witnessed in the natural world.
This article originally appeared in Yediot Achranot. With thanks to Jewishmom.com | <urn:uuid:fdd35205-cc6e-4ab6-8310-dd29a2c4785f> | {
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Tip of the Week
When it comes to keeping young walkers safe on America's roads, the country has made great strides: child pedestrian deaths have plunged 53 percent and injuries are down 44 percent since 1995, according to a study by Safe Kids Worldwide and FedEx. Still, the study also indicates that bigger steps are needed to improve pedestrian safety overall, and particularly for teenagers.
Daily, more than 61 children seek medical attention for injuries sustained while walking, and more than 500 children die every year in pedestrian accidents. Teenagers between the ages of 14 and 19 are now the most at-risk age group, accounting for 50 percent of child pedestrian injuries in the past five years. The death rate among teens is now twice that of younger children.
"The study, ‘Walking Safely: A Report to the Nation,’ tells us two things," says Kate Carr, president and CEO of Safe Kids Worldwide. "While our focus on younger kids, through programs such as 'Walk this Way,' has made a tremendous difference, we need to turn the spotlight - and our collective efforts - on this disturbing trend impacting our teenagers."
Safe Kids Worldwide and FedEx offer some tips for helping make child pedestrians safer.
- Whenever possible, cross the street at the corners, using traffic signals and crosswalks. Most walking injuries happen mid-block or someplace other than at intersections.
- Look left, right and left again before crossing the street. Keep looking and listening while crossing.
- Walk, don't run, when crossing the street.
- Walking on sidewalks or paths is always best, but if not available, walk facing traffic as far to the left as possible.
- Remove headphones when crossing the street. It's important to minimize distractions and listen to what's going on around you.
- If you need to use your phone, stop walking.
- Drivers are more distracted than ever, so try to make eye contact with drivers before you step into the road.
Family Movie Night
Length: 108 minutes
Review: "Wreck-It Ralph" could easily be called "Video Game Story." Why? In Pixar’s "Toy Story," toys come to life when humans aren’t around. In Walt Disney’s "Wreck-It Ralph," video game characters come to life when humans aren’t around. Here, Disney tries its best to capture the Pixar magic, and while "Ralph" is no "Toy Story," it doesn’t scrimp on the entertainment value. It’s like a really good hamburger. Very satisfying, yet Pixar is still filet mignon. – Bob Tremblay, GHNS
"On a Dark Wing," by Jordan Dane
Synopsis: Five years ago, Abbey Chandler cheated Death. She survived a horrific car accident, but her "lucky" break came at the expense of her mother's life and changed everything. After she crossed paths with Death — by taking the hand of an ethereal boy made of clouds and sky — she would never be normal again. Now she's the target of Death's ravens and an innocent boy's life is on the line. When Nate Holden — Abbey's secret crush — starts to climb Alaska's Denali, the Angel of Death stalks him because of her. And Abbey finds out the hard way that Death never forgets. - Harlequin
Did You Know
A study published in the journal Addiction says that kids who smoke menthol cigarettes are more likely to become addicted to smoking than those who smoke regular cigarettes.
GateHouse News Service | <urn:uuid:12ac2f6c-c1dc-4f7c-b4cd-ae9fac6d1e1a> | {
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Canberra Kangaroo Cull - May 2008
From The Life and Death of Kangaroos
Updated news May 16, 2009: ANOTHER SLAUGHTER. A few weeks ago, the Department of Defence in Australia began to shoot up to 7,000 kangaroos living on the giant Majura military base in Canberra, ACT. About 3500 to 4000 have already been shot at night. On May 14, 2009, an injunction was granted by a court to halt the killing temporarily until further investigations into the reasonableness of the kill are held. The Chief Minister of the ACT, Jon Stanhope, says he will try to bring in new legislation which will allow the kill to resume. But at present the kangaroos have a reprieve until at least June. The blurry photo below, taken at night 3 km away from the shooting on the closed base, shows the rear lights of a truck, left, and a light trained on the bodies of recently shot kangaroos. Those left alive were dispatched by extra shots from men in the truck. Please sign the protest petition below this picture. This is another needless slaughter in a country with a miserable record of wildlife slaughter.
On Monday May 19, 2008, government contractors started killing the kangaroos on a former naval base in Canberra, Australia. By May 29 they (514) were dead. This is their story and the fight to save them.
All of the kangaroos in the photograph above are now dead. They were needlessly killed in the last week of May 2008, following a worldwide campaign to save them. The area to which they were later driven and killed can be seen at the top of the image. This site forms part of the National archive at the National Library of Australia.
Contractors drive about fifty kangaroos toward the kill area. Few remain, although it is expected roundups of remaining animals will go on until at least the weekend. It appears that even the very old animals, with less than a year or so to live, will be killed - and the youngest as well. Although thousands of individuals have come together in ever increasing numbers on the Internet to protest this act of callousness, most of the citizens of Canberra have remained apathetic. Many people who ride their bicycles past the scene above show not the slightest concern for the welfare of the animals. When all is said and done, their death can be put at the feet of a public which, to date, has no sensitivity to animal suffering. A visitor, who drove 600 miles to the site, arrived today to ask, 'where are the thousands of protestors?' When told there were only a half dozen protesting tonight at the site, he yelled, 'WHY?' Why indeed.
On the other hand, the many thousands of people here in Australia and overseas who are appalled by this action have renewed their determination to end such horrors. The practices of those who conducted the killing have, for the first time, been comprehensively documented by modern media, and Australian government will have a lot of explaining to do to an increasingly critical world.
MAY 26, 2008 World wide protest against the continuing kill increases. A number of Australian filmmakers are already beginning documentaries. This 'cull,' which Defence and the ACT government, would be quickly concluded and forgotten, has galvanised hundreds of animal care organisations throughout the country. An Australia wide network involving thousands of people disgusted by this kill is being constructed. All the audiovisual footage of the cull has been sent to a large number of databases for future publication in this country and overseas.
Today the killing continued, but at a slower pace. Most killing is now attempted in the early morning and later afternoon.
A disturbing and illegal move has seen the contracted security guards join the 'cull' to herd the kangaroos. Protestors and even press photographers are also being filmed by this new alliance.
MAY 24, 2008. The killing goes on. The contractors, this time aided by guards (an act quite out of their jurisdiction) have been herding the kangaroos. 100 (perhaps more) kangaroos now appear to remain. This photograph shows some herded into the area close to the killing area. All are terribly stressed (note the arm licking). Those who visited the site today, animal carers and media people, have been shocked, and many have vowed not to rest until the world sees this cold brutality. One of the most experienced wildlife campaigners in Australia stated that it was the most sickening spectacle he has ever witnessed. The photographs below suggest, but do not fully depict, the living horror. It is interesting to note that no local sitting politician has attended the site to witness the suffering of these animals. The so-called ecologically conscious Greens party here have ignored it. Five kangaroos escaped today by squeezing under the boundary fence. It is becoming harder and harder for the perpetrators to force the roos into the kill zone - they are running in the opposite direction when the door is opened. But it is a losing battle.
I will only add that the remaining kangaroos have learned not to approach the killing circle. To counteract this 'beaters' have used a kind of hessian net to force the animals forward. It is worth noting that the perpetrators are scientists, accompanied by students, not farmers or outback hillbillies. Their version of science allows the utmost dissociation. Naturally, those who have witnessed the slaughter, some over days, are very angry indeed. I note that public intellectuals are considering writing a critique of anthropocentric science in an entire issue of a forthcoming well-known journal; several film makers are working on a documentary of the events; Australia Zoo (Wildlife Warriors) have now condemned the cull - the world now knows more about Australia's culture of wildlife abuse. And the world is not amused.
Of course, there have been reactions. A handful of locals gathered near the site to celebrate the 'success' of the cull with a banner inviting those passing to a barbeque of 'roo steaks.' They were pictured on page one of the local paper. Australia has a long way to go before a sincere acknowedgement of animal consciousness and suffering develops. They remain objects to be controlled, managed, exploited and killed.
MAY 22, 2008. After eight protestors were arrested when they staged an indigenous re-occupation at the site, the killers have been darting animals as fast as possible. The same kind of events happened at the site: earlier today a kangaroo trapped in the killing area tried to jump over the walls - witnesses saw half its body appear above the hessian -- which must have been 5-6 metres high (see pic below) Then it fell to its death, shot by a dart gun loaded with very potent drug(s). It was a sight that moved onlookers to tears and rage. A campaign to arrest vocal protestors is underway. About 7 pm: Carol Drew arrested outside the main gate.
The two images directly above are from an official report. All other images on this site are © Ray Drew 2008 and must not be used without the written permission of the photographer, Ray Drew.
It's over. A crane was there at 10 am, and it removed the remaining chiller boxes at noon. All day I heard the clink and clang of the temporary fences being dismantled – the same sound I heard when some kangaroos, in panic, ran into them last week. I sat next to an old guy, a survivor kangaroo, who was feeding in a remote corner of the site. I am sure I knew him-- he had half an ear torn off from a battle some time ago – and by that I recognised an old friend. Someone appeared through the bush and joined me. We sat there together for quite a time. As the last fences go, the site has an ugly emptiness of death after a plague. I passed the place (above) where fifty or so animals used to lie by the water, some occasionally bathing, and all that remains are pockets of flattened grass.
This series of events have changed our lives. All those who witnessed it from the fence were sickened by what they saw -- animal careers, experienced press photographers, lawyers, writers, teachers. Some of us have dedicated ourselves to work for the kangaroos. Some have rededicated themselves. Some have formed new relationships, some may have lost theirs. Some are preparing for court. There are many stories. Some have sworn to leave Canberra. All will never be quite the same.
It was the first kangaroo massacre, as far as I know, that has been fully ‘outed’, and it revealed the dark underside of European Australia, a society that has never accepted the landscape and its wildlife. We also saw cold bureaucracy at work, and with it, a neo-Cartesian scientism . These events have been comprehensively photographed, videoed, and recorded, live. And the world knows about it. I have always believed (and discovered) that showing or publicly ‘outing’ once hidden atrocities works powerfully to end them, whether it be in a mental institution, a prison, an abattoir, or a kangaroo ‘cull’. In this case we saw, in this decimation, acts of murder of another mammal carried out with dissociated sadism; we saw young PhD students herding the animals and we saw security guards joining in. Almost depraved, other than that, were the rationalisations for the killing and the disinformation in which allegedly respected academics took part: ludicrous, if not so tragic.
I do believe that we have given the perpetrators a hell of a shock. But of course they’ll try it again, and again. And they will be answered.
For more pictures and information, visit The Life and Death of Kangaroos.
For actions to take visit our alert of May 16, 2009.
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Master Drummers of Burundi
The Master Drummers of Burundi are a group of traditional Burundi musicians and dancers, who perform complex percussive music. Their performances are a part of ceremonies such as the coronation of a new king. Their drums are sacred, and represent fertility and regenation, and include large ingoma drums made from hollowed tree trunks, the central inkiranya drum which is followed by the amashako and ibishikiso drums.
Beginning in the 1960s, the Master Drummers have toured the world, appearing on Joni Mitchell's The Hissing of Summer Lawns (1975) and inspiring the first WOMAD festival in 1982, which shaped the burgeoning world music genre.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:5fba8035-a5a6-4a92-8180-022d8b1b6d1b> | {
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
In differential geometry, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold is a smooth manifold equipped with a smooth, symmetric, (0,2) tensor which is nondegenerate at each point on the manifold. This tensor is called a pseudo-Riemannian metric or, simply, a (pseudo-)metric tensor.
The key difference between a Riemannian metric and a pseudo-Riemannian metric is that a pseudo-Riemannian metric need not be positive-definite, merely nondegenerate. Since every positive-definite form is also nondegenerate a Riemannian metric is a special case of a pseudo-Riemannian one. Thus pseudo-Riemannian manifolds can be considered generalizations of Riemannian manifolds.
Every nondegenerate, symmetric, bilinear form has a fixed signature (p,q). Here p and q denote the number of positive and negative eigenvalues of the form. The signature of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold is just the signature of the metric (one should insist that the signature is the same on every connected component). Note that p + q = n is the dimension of the manifold. Riemannian manifolds are simply those with signature (n,0).
Pseudo-Riemannian metrics of signature (p,1) (or sometimes (1,q), see sign convention) are called Lorentzian metrics. A manifold equipped with a Lorentzian metric is naturally called a Lorentzian manifold. After Riemannian manifolds, Lorentzian manifolds form the most important subclass of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds. They are important because of their physical applications to the theory of general relativity. A principal assumption of general relativity is that spacetime can be modeled as a Lorentzian manifold of signature (3,1).
Just as Euclidean space can be thought of as the model Riemannian manifold, Minkowski space with the flat Minkowski metric is the model Lorentzian manifold. Likewise, the model space for a pseudo-Riemannian manifold of signature (p,q) is with the metric
Some basic theorems of Riemannian geometry can be generalized to the pseudo-Riemannian case. In particular, the fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry is true of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds as well. This allows one to speak of the Levi-Civita connection on a pseudo-Riemannian manifold along with the associated curvature tensor. On the other hand, there are many theorems in Riemannian geometry which do not hold in the generalized case. For example, it is not true that every smooth manifold admits a pseudo-Riemannian metric of a given signature; there are certain topological obstructions.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:b9e1a8f8-67e4-46d6-add8-080dedfd2f12> | {
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Rosewater has a very distinctive flavour and is used heavily in South Asian, West Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine—especially in sweets. For example, rosewater gives loukoumia and gulab jamuns their distinctive flavour. It is also used for religious purposes in Hinduism and Islam.
Orangewater is made from orange blossoms in a similar manner.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:c23161d9-db9d-4110-841e-1ae8f67fcbc4> | {
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
United States Marshals Service
The United States Marshals Service, part of the United States Department of Justice, is the United States' oldest federal law enforcement agency. Their mission is to protect the Federal courts and ensure the effective operation of the judicial system.
Since 1789, U.S. Marshals and their Deputies have provided many different services, from taking the census to protecting the President. Today, the Marshals Service is responsible for providing protection for the federal judiciary, transporting federal prisoners, protecting endangered federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminal enterprises. In addition, the men and women of the Marshals Service are responsible for 55 percent of arrests of federal fugitives.
The United States Marshals Service is based in Alexandria, Virginia and is headed by a Director, who is assisted by a Deputy Director. The Headquarters serves to provide command and control and cooperation for the disparate elements of the service. The Headquarters is divided into several divisions headed by Assistant Directors and directly controls the Special Operations Group and several other organizations. The Federal Court System is divided into 12 Regions, each having a US Marshal who is also the District US Marshal for the United States district courts in which the Region is headquartered. Each of the 94 Federal Judicial Districts has a US Marshal, an Assistant US Marshal and as many Deputy and Special Deputy US Marshals as needed. The Director and each United States Marshal is appointed by the president of the United States and is confirmed by the Senate. The District US Marshal is tradionally appointed from a list of qualified Law Enforcement persons for that district or State. Each state has at least one District, while several have three or more.
The offices of U.S. Marshal and Deputy Marshals were created by the first Congress in the Judiciary Act of 1789, the same legislation that established the federal judicial system. Special Deputies were allowed to be recruited as local hires or as temporary transfers to the Marshals' Service of other federal law enforcement officers. Marshals were also authorised to swear in a posse to assist them in manhunts and other duties. The Marshals were given extensive authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts and to carry out all lawful orders issued by judges, Congress, or the President.
The Marshals and their Deputies served the subpoenas, summonses, writs, warrants, and other process issued by the courts, made all the arrests, and handled all the prisoners. They also disbursed the money. The individual Deputy Marshals have been portrayed as legendary heroics in the face of lawlessness.
The Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks, U.S. Attorneys, jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space and hired the bailiffs, criers, and janitors. They made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and the witnesses were on time.
When George Washington set up his first administration and the first Congress began passing laws, both quickly discovered an inconvenient gap in the constitutional design of the government: It had no provision for a regional administrative structure stretching throughout the country. Both the Congress and the executive branch were housed at the national capital; no agency was established or designated to represent the federal government's interests at the local level. The need for a regional organization quickly became apparent. Congress and the President solved part of the problem by creating specialized agencies, such as customs and revenue collectors, to levy the tariffs and taxes. Yet, there were numerous other jobs that needed to be done. The only officers available to do them were the Marshals and their Deputies.
Thus, the Marshals also provided local representation for the federal government within their districts. They took the national census every 10 years through 1870. They distributed Presidential proclamations, collected a variety of statistical information on commerce and manufacturing, supplied the names of government employees for the national register, and performed other routine tasks needed for the central government to function effectively. Over the past 200 years, Congress and the President also have called on the Marshals to carry out unusual or extraordinary missions, such as registering enemy aliens in time of war, sealing the American border against armed expeditions from foreign countries, and swapping spies with the former Soviet Union.
One of the most infamous jobs the Marshals were tasked with was the recovery of fugitive slaves. With the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 the Marshal service was given this task. They were also permitted to form a posse and to deputize any person in any community to aid in the recapture of fugitive slaves. Failure to cooperate with a Marshal resulted in a $5000 fine and imprisonment, a stiff penalty for those days.
In the 1960s the Marshals were on the front lines of the Civil Rights Movement, mainly providing protection to volunteers. In 1962 John F. Kennedy ordered the Marshals to accompany James Meredith, an African-American, who wished to register at the University of Mississippi. Their presence on the campus provoked riots at the university, requiring President Kennedy to send in the army to pacify the crowd.
Just as America has changed over the past two centuries, so has its federal justice system – from the original 13 judicial districts, to 94 districts spanning the continent and beyond; and with tens of thousands of federal judges, prosecutors, jurors, witnesses, and defendants involved in the judicial process. The Marshals Service has changed with it, not in its underlying responsibility to enforce the law and execute the orders issued by the court, but in the breadth of its functions, the professionalism of its personnel, and the sophistication of the technologies employed. These changes are made apparent by an examination of the contemporary duties of the modern Marshals Service.
Except for suits by incarcerated persons or (in some circumstances) by seamen, U.S. Marshals no longer serve process in private civil actions filed in the U.S. federal courts. Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, process may be served by any U.S. citizen over the age of 18 who is a not a party or an attorney involved in the case.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:ec903125-2b80-44d0-ac4d-6fdee6452653> | {
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Painter Eugene Delacroix (1798 – 1863) miraculously survived five brushes with death to become the leader of the French Romantic movement. Primarily self-educated, Delacroix learned to paint by copying renowned artworks in the Louvre. Later, his groundbreaking use of color distinguished his dramatic interpretations of scenes from literature, mythology, religion, politics and history. He also painted several monumental murals for a French palace and two museums. Delacroix created a remarkable 9,000 artworks during his life, deeply inspiring Van Gogh, Renoir and Seurat.
This giclée print offers beautiful color accuracy. Giclée (French for “to spray”) is a printing process where millions of ink droplets are sprayed onto the paper’s surface creating natural color transitions. The high-quality paper (235 gsm) is a great option for framing with its smooth, acid free surface. | <urn:uuid:f8b6d2c6-c2cf-46c1-bc98-f8b506576cd1> | {
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|After feasting on the first Thanksgiving dinner, the Pilgrim fathers, who
couldn't watch football because they had no electricity, were enjoying
each other's company when the subject of livestock came up. Talk turned
to trade, and before the afternoon had ended with leftovers, a series of
trades ended with five of the families trading away one of the animals they
had brought on the Mayflower and getting in return an animal brought
to the New World by one of the others. Given the historical recording of
America's first swap meet below, can you determine the name (one was called
Annie) and kind of animal each forefather family traded and which animal
they received in return?
- The Pilgrim family that traded Kate received the sheep in return.
- The Whites acquired the horse after all the swapping was done.
- Neither the cow nor the goat ended up going home to the Hopkins farm..
- The forefather family that owned the horse Thanksgiving morning ended
up owning Bessie Thanksgiving night.
- The Allertons were thankful to get ownership of Prissy at the end.
- Molly wasn't the animal the Hopkinses' traded away.
- Bessie wasn't the sheep.
- The Mullinses traded away the family pig; they never had ownership
of Kate during all the trading back and forth.
- The Brewsters weren't the Pilgrims who traded away their goat.
- After all the swapping back and forth, no two families ended up
simply trading the animals they owned to each other. | <urn:uuid:9cd3642b-49f9-4376-9ce2-209270be3c6c> | {
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Healthcare and decision-making in dementia
Consent to medical treatment
Consent to treatment is covered by section 6 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, No. 785 of 17 August 1992. According to this Act, patients must be cared for on the basis of a mutual understanding, which means that they must consent to treatment. If they refuse a particular treatment, the doctor must propose another medically acceptable alternative to which they are in agreement. In certain circumstances, a person can be treated against his/her will (please refer to the section on forced internment).
Concerning patients who are unable to consent, section 6.2 and 6.3 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients states:
“If a major patient because of mental disturbance or mental retardation or for other reason cannot decide on the treatment given to him/her, the legal representative or a family member or other person closely connected to the patient has to be heard before making an important decision concerning treatment to assess what kind of treatment would be in accordance with the patient's will. If this matter cannot be assessed, the patient has to be given a treatment that can be considered to be in accordance with his/her personal interests.”
“In cases referred to in paragraph 2, the patient's legal representative, a close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient, must give their consent to the treatment. In giving their consent, the patient's legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient must respect the patient's previously expressed wishes or, if no wishes had been expressed, the patient's well-being. If the patient's legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient forbid the care or treatment of the patient, care or treatment must, as far as possible in agreement with the person who refused consent, be given in some other medically acceptable manner. If the patient's legal representative, close relative or other person closely connected with the patient disagree on the care or treatment to be given, the patient shall be cared for or treated in accordance with his or her best interests.” (9.4.1999/489)
However, a person/persons who make a decision on behalf of a patient cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the patient (section 9).
Consent in case of emergency
Section 8 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients deals with emergency treatment. It states:
“A patient has to be given treatment necessary to ward off a hazard imperilling his/her life or health even in cases where it is not possible to assess the patient's will because of unconsciousness or other reason.
However, if the patient has earlier steadfastly and competently expressed his/her will concerning treatment given to him/her, he/she must not be given treatment that is against his/her will.”
The right to refuse treatment
A competent patient has the right to refuse treatment. According to the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients (section 6.1), if a patient refuses a particular treatment, the doctor must propose another medically acceptable alternative to which they are in agreement.
Health care proxies also have the right to refuse treatment on behalf of an incompetent patient. According to section 6.3 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, if the patient's legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient forbid the care or treatment of the patient, care or treatment must, as far as possible in agreement with the person who refused consent, be given in some other medically acceptable manner. However, section 9 stipulates that health care proxies cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the patient.
The right to withdraw consent
Competent patients have the right to withdraw consent.
Consent to non-conventional treatment
Competent patients have the right to give consent to non-conventional treatment.
Consent to the donation of organs and/or human tissue
It is possible for patients to consent to the donation of organs and human tissue through advance directives. Health care proxies can give such consent after the death of the patient.
Consent to research
Act N° 488 on Medical Research came into force on 1 November 1999. In this act, medical research is defined as being research which interferes with the integrity of a human being or a human embryo or foetus and whose intention is to increase knowledge of the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment or prevention of the disease or its nature in general.
Paragraph 7 deals with consent from disabled subjects. This includes people who are unable to give their consent due to a mental health disorder, mental handicap or other equivalent reason.
Research can only be carried out on such people if the same scientific results could not be attained using other subjects and provided that the risk of causing damage or stress is limited. Furthermore, research can only be carried out if it could be expected to be directly beneficial to the participant or to other people either of the same age or with the same medical condition. Even if these conditions have been fulfilled, the participant's legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient must give written consent after having received the necessary relevant information. The consent has to be given in accordance to the presumed will of a participant. The provisions of article 6 also apply in that consent can be withdrawn at any time before completion of the research. Finally, if the participant objects to any procedure used as part of the research, he or she must not be forced to undergo the procedure.
Advance directives and health care proxies
The legal status of advance directives
Advance directives have legal status in Finland according to section 8 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients (No. 785/92 of 17 August 1992).
Section 8 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients deals with emergency treatment. A situation could arise whereby a patient, who is in need of emergency treatment, is unconscious or unable to express his/her will. According to section 8, doctors cannot give a treatment that is against his/her will, as expressed steadfastly and competently at some point in the past. In the sense that this section refers to the necessity to respect the previously expressed wishes of a person who is no longer able to state his/her preference regarding treatment, this can be considered as legitimising a kind of advance directive.
Paragraph 6.3 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients can also be interpreted as involving the possible use of advance directives in substitute decision making with regard to care.
There are three categories of people who can decide on behalf of a person with incapacity:
- the legal representative who could be either a guardian who is entitled to represent his/her client in issues linked to the client’s person or a person appointed by the patient such as a power of attorney or continuing power of attorney in health care issues.
- a family member or
- another person who is closely connected to the patient.
These people are not placed in any order of priority. However, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health has plans to alter the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients in such a way that there would be a priority list of the proxy decision makers. After the alteration the possible legal representative would have priority to make decisions.
Conditions surrounding the writing, validity and registering of an advance directive
A person must have sufficient capacity to make a valid advance directive. Competence is presumed unless proven otherwise. In case of doubt, a doctor should assess a person’s capacity.
There is no set procedure for writing or registering advance directives but they should be recorded in the patient’s medical file. An advance directive can be made orally (e.g. by a person in hospital) or in writing. If made in writing, it is advisable to have two witnesses. A doctor and/or lawyer may be involved in the process of making an advance directive but this is not necessary.
Advance directives are not limited to a set period of time.
There is a new decree from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health on Medical Files (30.3.2009/298). Paragraph 18.4 of the Decree on Medical Files states that if a patient wishes to express (orally) his/her steadfast will regarding future medical treatment, it should be recorded clearly, along with his/her signature, in the medical files. It is also possible to attach a separate advance directive to the medical files.
What an advance directive can cover
The Act on the Status and Rights of Patients states that in emergency situations “doctors cannot give a treatment that is against the will of a patient, as expressed steadfastly and competently at some point in the past”.
In literature on jurisprudence it is interpreted that an advance directive can cover at least the following:
- The treatment of medical conditions;
- Care and welfare decisions;
- Life-supporting treatment;
- Life-saving treatment; and
- The appointment of a health care proxy.
Nowadays, in practice, there are also so-called positive advance directives. These documents can express many kinds of wishes e.g. what kind of food and drinks the person likes, what their favourite clothing is etc.
Obligation to comply with instructions contained in an advance directive
In the case of emergency treatment, advance directives are legally binding. In literature on jurisprudence it is interpreted that they are legally binding in other cases too. At least it is good medical practice to comply with them.
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health has plans to alter the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients. After the alteration, doctors will not obliged to comply with advance directives if it is obvious that the advance directive is based on a person’s false perception of their health condition, the nature of the illness or the effectiveness of the treatment methods and medication proposed. Similarly, doctors should not comply with an advance directive if the patient’s will concerning treatment and care has changed for the above-mentioned or a similar reason.
If it would be against a doctor’s personal beliefs to comply with instructions contained in an advance directive, the doctor must find a colleague who is willing to take over the treatment of the patient.
Amending, renewing and cancelling advance directives
An advance directive can be amended, renewed or cancelled at any time. This can be done verbally, in writing or through behaviour which clearly indicates this decision. It is not necessary for a person to have full legal capacity (i.e. in every domain) as a greater level of capacity is needed to write an advance directive than to cancel it. This has been discussed in medical circles as well as in literature on jurisprudence.
Access to information/diagnosis
The right to be informed
Section 5 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, No. 785/92 of 17 August 1992 contains the following provisions regarding the patient's right to be informed:
"A patient shall be given information about his/her state of health, the significance of the treatment, various alternative forms of treatment and their effects and about other factors related to his/her treatment that are significant when decisions are made on the treatment given to him/her. However, this information shall not be given against the will of the patient or when it is obvious that giving the information would cause serious hazard to the life or health of the patient,
Health care professionals should try to give the information in such a way that the patient can understand it. If the health care professional does not know the language used by the patient or if the patient because of a sensory handicap or speech defect cannot be understood, interpretation should be provided if possible."
The above text can be interpreted as granting patients the right to be informed of the diagnosis.
Under section 9.1 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, “the right to be informed and the powers of the patient's representative”, allows for information to be given to certain people in order to enable them to make decisions and consent on behalf of the person with incapacity. The text is as follows:
“In the circumstances referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 of section 6, the patient’s legal representative, close relative, or other person closely connected with the patient shall be entitled to receive any information regarding the patient's state of health that may be required to enable them to express an opinion and give their consent. (9.4.1999/489)”
Access to medical files
As a general rule, only the patient has access to his/her medical records.
Health care professionals and other people who are working in the medical domain cannot give information about a patient to outsiders without the written consent of the patient. (See Section 13 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, no. 785/92)
The right to designate another person to be informed on one’s behalf
Under the government’s proposal of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients (185/1991) the legal representative is either a person appointed by a patient or a guardian (appointed by a court). If a patient has appointed someone to make health care decisions on his/her behalf (for example via an advance directive), such person has the right to be informed regarding the patient’s state of health as stated in section 9.1 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients (see above). A patient can also appoint a “continuing power of attorney in health care issues” in advance of his/her incapacity (please see The Act on Continuing Powers of Attorney (648/2007)). Such donee is also a legal representative and also has the right to be informed under section 9.1 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients.
A legal representative (guardian), relatives and people who are close to the person with dementia can also be informed on his/her behalf although in their case, they would not actually have been designated by the person with dementia.
The doctor’s right to withhold information
Section 5 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, No. 785/92 of 17 August 1992 states that a doctor has the right to withhold information:
“when it is obvious that giving the information would cause serious hazard to the life or health of the patient.”
See section “access to information” above
The patient’s right to refuse information
Section 5 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, No. 785/92 of 17 August 1992 contains the following provisions regarding the patient’s right to refuse information:
“..information shall not be given against the will of the patient.”
See section “access to information” above
Confidentiality/disclosure of information to other people
Section 10 of the Constitution states that the private life, honour and home of every person shall be secured and that detailed provisions on the protection of personal data shall be prescribed by Act of Parliament. Patients must be treated in such a way that their human dignity is not violated and that their convictions and privacy are respected (section 3 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, No. 785/92).
Apart from the exception contained in section 9.1 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients, information about patients is confidential. Section 13 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients (no. 785/92) covers the confidentiality of information in patients' medical files. As stated above in “the right to access medical files”, health care professionals and other people who are working in the medical domain cannot give information about a patient to outsiders without the written consent of the patient. Section 13.3 of section 13 of this act includes further provisions:
- information included in patient documents may be given if there are express provisions on giving it or on the right of access to it in the law;
- information necessary for the arranging of examination and treatment of the patient may be given to another health care unit or health care professional, and a summary of the treatment provided may be given to the health care unit or the health care professional that referred the patient for treatment and to a physician possibly appointed to be responsible for the care of the patient in accordance with the patient's or his/her legal representative’s oral consent or consent that is otherwise obvious from the context; and
- information necessary for arranging and providing the examination and care of a patient may be given to another Finnish or foreign health care unit or health care professional, if the patient, owing to a mental health disturbance, mental handicap or for a comparable reason is not capable of assessing the significance of the consent and he/she has no legal representative, or if the patient cannot give the consent because of unconsciousness or for comparable reason;
- information about the identity and state of health of a patient may be given to a family member of the patient or to other person close to the patient, if the patient is receiving treatment because of unconsciousness or for another comparable reason, unless there is reason to believe that the patient would forbid this; and
- information on the health and medical care of a deceased person provided when the person was still living may be given, upon a justified written application, to anyone who needs the information in order to find out his/her vital interests or rights, to the extent that the information is necessary for that purpose; the acquiring party may not use or forward the information for some other purpose.
Section 13 of the Act on the Status and Rights of Patients (30.6.2000/653) specifically addressed the issue of confidentiality of information contained in patients’ records.
Paragraph 13.1 states that information contained in patients’ records shall be confidential. Paragraph 13.2 states that health care professionals and other people working in or for health care units shall not disclose to outsiders information contained in a patient’s medical records without the written consent of the patient. If the patient is not capable of giving such consent, it can be given by his/her legal representative. In this Act, the term “outsiders” refers to people other than those who are involved in the care of the patient or in carrying out tasks related to the person’s care within or on behalf of a health care unit. The obligation to respect confidentiality remains in force even when the person is no longer employed or carrying out tasks on behalf of the health care unit.
End-of-life care and issues
Decisions about palliative care are made by a doctor but need to be discussed with the patient or patients’ health care proxy/proxies.
Special leave for carers in paid employment
The Act on Support for Informal Care (937/2005) came into effect at the beginning of 2006. Support for informal care is a statutory social service. The municipality is responsible for organising the support within the limits of its resources.
The purpose of the Act is to promote informal care that is in the interests of the person cared for (the client) by securing sufficient access to social welfare and health care services and by safeguarding the continuity of care. Support for informal care encompasses necessary services for the client, and compensation, leave and support services for the informal carer.
In section 5.2 of the Act it is stated that if, during a heavy period of care (e.g. looking after a terminally ill person), a carer is unable to go to work, he/she receives a minimum allowance of EUR 600/month.
Active euthanasia is not permitted.
A competent patient may, however, refuse life-saving or life-sustaining treatment or write in an advance directive the kind of treatment that he/she would like to refuse in the future, should it be needed. Healthcare professionals who respect such wishes, which could be described as passive euthanasia, would not be prosecuted.
Healthcare proxies cannot forbid treatment which is necessary to ward off a threat to the life or health of the person they are representing.
Assisted suicide is not considered a criminal act under the Penal Code of Finland (39/1889 and subsequent amendments).
Homicide, murder and killing
The Penal Code of Finland (39/1889; amendments up to 650/2003 as well as 1372/2003, 650/2004 and 1006/2004 included) includes the following articles which related to homicide, murder and poisoning:
Chapter 21 - Homicide and bodily injury (578/1995)
Section 1 - Manslaughter (578/1995)
(1) A person who kills another shall be sentenced for manslaughter to imprisonment for a fixed period of at least eight years.
(2) An attempt is punishable.
Section 2 - Murder (578/1995)
(1) If the manslaughter is
(2) committed in a particularly brutal or cruel manner;
(3) committed by causing serious danger to the public; or
(4) committed by killing a public official on duty upholding the peace or public security, or because of an official action;
and the offence is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for murder to life imprisonment.
(2) An attempt is punishable.
Section 3 - Killing (578/1995)
(1) If the manslaughter, in view of the exceptional circumstances of the offence, the motives of the offender or other related circumstances, when assessed as a whole, is to be deemed to have been committed under mitigating circumstances, the offender shall be sentenced for killing to imprisonment for at least four and at most ten years.
(2) An attempt is punishable.
Section 8 - Negligent homicide (578/1995)
A person who through negligence causes the death of another shall be sentenced for negligent homicide to a fine or to imprisonment for up to two years.
Section 9 - Grossly negligent homicide (578/1995)
If in the negligent homicide the death of another is caused by gross negligence, and the offence is aggravated (also when assessed as a whole), the offender shall be sentenced for grossly negligent homicide to imprisonment for at least four months and at most six years.
The National Advisory Board on Health Care Ethics (ETENE) (2008), Old Age and Ethics of Care. Report 2008, Helsinki. (www.etene.org/e/documents)
Sulkava, Raimo: Practice of Competence Assessment in dementia: Finland. In book Stoppe, Gabriela (edit.) (2008), Competence Assessment in Dementia. On behalf of the European Dementia Consensus Network, Springer Verlag. p.109-111.
Please refer to the section on consent.
Last Updated: Wednesday 27 April 2011 | <urn:uuid:007b5de8-e889-4299-b9b4-5d6be828c8c4> | {
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Keynes at the Border?
Wednesday, April 15, 2009
A common fallacy holds that imposing taxes on imports and rebating taxes on exports would stimulate the economy.
A common fallacy holds that border tax adjustments—imposing taxes on imports and rebating taxes on exports—would enhance American exports and reduce imports. The reasoning behind this mistake is simple enough. A border adjustment seems to provide a subsidy to exporters and to levy a tariff on importers. Border adjustment proponents, noting that international trade rules allow nations to border adjust consumption taxes such as European-style value added taxes, urge the adoption of a consumption tax in the United States so that we can border adjust and enhance our trade competitiveness.
Yet, such an argument ignores an essential truth about imports and exports: over the long term, exports and imports must be equal. We can think of a country like a household. Purchases are paid for from the proceeds of sales, and sales are made for the purpose of additional purchases. In the long run, purchases and sales must be equal. A nation’s trade policy works the same way. Over a nation’s history, the value of exports in current dollars must equal the value of imports in present value. Any attempt to permanently increase exports and decrease imports is futile.
What would actually happen if we border adjusted imports and exports is that exchange rate movements would offset the trade effects and the dollar would appreciate. The key variable is the real exchange rate, which determines the terms at which a country buys and sells. (For the United States, the real exchange rate is the value of the dollar in terms of foreign currency—the nominal exchange rate—multiplied by the U.S. price level and divided by the foreign price level.) The real exchange rate adjusts to keep the present discounted value of exports and imports equal. The adoption of a border adjustment by the United States would trigger an increase in the real exchange rate that would offset the perceived boost to exports and the perceived restraint on imports.
The argument for border tax adjustments ignores an essential truth about imports and exports.
Imagine, for the moment, that one euro and one dollar have the same value under the current trade regime. If a firm in the United States wanted to import one euro’s worth of German chocolate, the cost of the chocolate to the importer would be one dollar.
Now, let’s imagine that we institute a 25 percent border adjustment. The cost of the chocolate to the importer would increase to €1.33 (25 percent of 1.33 is 0.33). At the same time, the dollar would appreciate to €1.33; conversely, one euro would be worth 75 cents. At the new exchange rate, the €1.33 chocolate would still cost the importer one dollar, so there would be no net increase in cost.
The same dynamics would be at play in the case where the United States is an exporter. Imagine that a German importer wants to buy one dollar worth of Florida oranges, which would cost one euro under the current trade regime. Under the border adjustment, the United States would rebate the American exporter 25 percent, so the cost to the German importer would decrease to 75 cents. Because the dollar would appreciate to €1.33, however, the cost to the German importer would still be one euro. There would be no competitive advantage for U.S. exports.
These examples reveal that the impact on overall trade flows would be neutral.
Even if a border adjustment could permanently increase exports and reduce imports, the impact of the change would be disastrous for an economy. In that case, the United States would send more goods and services, produced by our own labor and resources, abroad while receiving fewer goods and services in return. Because imports are the gain from trade while exports are the cost of trade, a permanent increase in net exports would reduce our standard of living. Although attractive at face value, the desire to permanently increase exports and reduce imports reflects the misguided view known as mercantilism, the doctrine that Adam Smith condemned so forcefully in 1776.
Even if a border adjustment could permanently increase exports and reduce imports, the impact would be disastrous for an economy.
Ironically, a border adjustment would result in a one-time wealth transfer from American to foreign asset holders. A border adjustment would tax the consumption of Americans financed by their holdings of foreign assets and would exempt from the tax base the consumption of foreigners financed by their holdings of American assets. Consequently, the value of foreign assets held by Americans would decline while the value of American assets held by foreigners would appreciate.
The popularity of Keynesian stimulus during the current recession has led to a renewed interest in border adjustments as a way to stimulate aggregate demand. But a border adjustment would not produce permanent changes in trade patterns. In addition, the desire to provide a permanent boost to the economy through a border adjustment constitutes a misunderstanding of Keynesianism. Sound Keynesian policies seek to make output more stable throughout the business cycle by increasing aggregate demand in a downturn and restraining demand during an upturn; they do not permanently boost aggregate demand in a futile effort to permanently raise output.
Supporters of consumption taxation in the United States often rely on misperceptions about border adjustments in order to make their case. There are compelling reasons to adopt a consumption tax in the United States, including simplification and enhanced capital accumulation. The ability to border adjust is immaterial. The border adjustment fallacy should not obscure the real case for consumption taxation.
Alan Viard is resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. He was a senior economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas and an assistant professor of economics at Ohio State University. He has also worked for the Treasury Department’s Office of Tax Analysis, the White House’s Council of Economic Advisers, and the Joint Committee on Taxation of the U.S. Congress. This article was adapted by Amy Roden, a research assistant at AEI, and Scott Ganz, AEI’s program manager for economic policy studies, from a longer paper.
FURTHER READING: Viard recently released Tax Policy Lessons from the 2000s (AEI Press, 2009), a collection of essays which explore the role taxes play in setting policy and their effect on businesses' financial and investment decisions. Findings were discussed at this AEI event.
Image by Darren Wamboldt/the Bergman Group. | <urn:uuid:6d0ccd21-0815-474f-9dc2-603fdfb99cde> | {
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Where Art and Science Meet
Artist Peter Trusler and paleontologists Patricia Vickers-Rich and Thomas H. Rich collaborate to bring long-extinct species to life on the page
Australian artist Peter Trusler has a talent for portraying long-extinct creatures and the landscapes in which they lived in ways consistent with the best scientific evidence. His engrossing illustrations have appeared in books, scientific exhibitions, popular publications, even on Australian postage stamps. For more than 30 years Trusler also has collaborated with Patricia Vickers-Rich, professor of paleontology and founding director of the Monash Science Centre at Monash University, and her husband, Thomas H. Rich, senior curator of vertebrate paleontology at Museum Victoria. In the The Artist and the Scientists: Bringing Prehistory to Life (Cambridge University Press, 2010)—excerpted below—Trusler, Vickers-Rich and Rich explore the fertile opportunities for provocation, when established ideas are challenged, and for education when meticulous art and science connect.
Peter Trusler: “With respect to art in general, Pablo Picasso is reported to have exclaimed that photography had thankfully released us from those shackles of realistic representation. So true, but for all major advances there is a frame of reference, or a point of relativity, beyond which this may not hold. Regrettably, something is often lost when another thing is gained. I often bear this cliché in mind. In circumstances where I have the opportunity to compare a well presented, old lithographic drawing of a specimen with an equivalent photograph, I have found that, contrary to popular opinion, the drawing can be superior....
“[A] drawing is a complex synthesis of information, which embodies a hierarchy of decisions. It contains a system of weighted emphases that can filter out extraneous or irrelevant information. Drawings deal with surfaces, form and content and matters of understanding, for they are time intensive. Drawings are expressions that embody research and development. They are never bland, factual presentations, no matter how simple or realistic they may appear. The specimen’s image has been considered, and not shot! One can, therefore, read the mind of the individual who rendered it. This is not to say that an astute photographer cannot effect many of the same processes with skillful camera technique …
“The intrinsic difference for me … is one of cognition.”
Patricia Vickers-Rich and Thomas H. Rich: “The association and friendship between the three of us spans more than three decades. It began when we two scientists were on the hunt for an artist who had the skills that would allow precise scientific information to be conveyed in imagery alongside the detailed scientific descriptions of the ancient marsupial, Diprotodon. The condition of the specimens to be ‘presented,’ to both the general public and to other researchers, was incomplete. What we needed was an artist able to synthesize images that combined these fragments and information from various disciplines. The images required a three-dimensional quality that drew observers in, communicating to them intimate details of anatomical form. But, more than just revealing the essence of the scientific descriptions, these images needed to challenge the viewer to ask more questions … .
“We have, through our work together, continued to find each other’s different perspectives and approaches informative. We have been able to disagree, challenge each other and spend long hours discussing the direction of each of the projects highlighted within these chapters. We have enjoyed exploring new territory—new techniques, novel materials and subjects … . [T]hroughout our work together, we have respected each other’s independence ...”
In Sightings, American Scientist publishes examples of innovative scientific imaging from diverse research fields.
» Post Comment | <urn:uuid:3e9d9b99-d1fb-4532-8aa1-7e5d57696070> | {
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In the course of human history, few events come along that are so indelible that people remember where they were, what they were doing, and how they felt at one exact moment. For many of my contemporaries, the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 brings back vivid memories of the day when the United States’ Camelot came to an abrupt end. The tragedy of 9/11 is one such event.
The unspeakable terror of the events of September 11, 2001, will remain as the singular, horrific day that transformed the world and America in particular—and the way the world has evolved since that day. The politics surrounding 9/11 remain, and historians will surely debate its ramifications for decades to come: two wars that directly resulted from the attacks continue in their distinctive forms; the Patriot Act remains fundamentally in force; and Guantánamo Bay is still open.
The human tragedies woven around the 2001 attacks will be commemorated in the coming days. Nearly 3000 people lost their lives on 9/11 and it has been estimated that possibly over 10,000 lost a relative in the World Trade Center. Twenty-four Canadians also perished that day. Some remains have never been found, and for all who were involved in some capacity, the wounds have not healed. Last year’s controversy over a mosque and community center near Ground Zero is clear evidence that time is moving ever so slowly.
There will be many accounts and testimonials about 9/11 in the days ahead. The official commemorations will recall the bravery and courage of the survivors and the first responders. We will be solemn, we will shed tears, we will remember, and most of all, we must never forget.
As a Quebecer and as a Canadian, I can attest to the fact that our country felt the horror and the sadness of 9/11. It was not only an attack on the United States; it was an assault on humanity, decency and the preciousness of life. Innocent people that morning left their homes, families and friends to pursue their lives, duties and hopes. They all expected to be home later, chat with friends, have dinner with their loved ones, or tell a bedtime story to their children.
There are no boundaries to this tragedy. To some extent, we were all victims of 9/11, and our most immediate reaction was to help, comfort and pray when the moment occurred—and in the days that followed. It has been said that when air travel was suspended over the skies of the United States on that fateful day, Canada became a large landing strip from coast to coast.
Canadians across the land opened their hearts and, in some cases, their homes to welcome stranded U.S. travelers. Many in the hour of tragedy sought to find reason in such an irrational act. But there was no rational explanation, just pain, bewilderment, confusion, anger and emptiness. Yet despite it all, they survived and many will quietly remember on this tenth anniversary.
Living in New York has afforded me an opportunity to know New Yorkers and admire their strong will and resilience. In the days ahead, we will do well to be inspired by the courage and the solidarity of those affected by 9/11, how they have persevered and how they honor those they have lost.
John Parisella is a guest blogger to AQ Online. He is Québec's delegate general in New York, the province's top ranking position in the United States. | <urn:uuid:747c69ab-fa74-4331-9c04-a0cdd4465758> | {
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First Nations children have the right grow up safely at home, get a good education, be healthy, and be proud of their cultures
It’s an obvious truth but it’s far from being a reality.
As the Auditor General of Canada and many others have noted, the Federal government provides less funding per child for many services for First Nations children on reserves than the Provinces provide for children in their jurisdictions. This is despite often higher costs of delivering such services in small and remote communities, and the greater need experienced by many First Nations communities.
The result of the denial of basic rights that most people in Canada take for granted.
The annual Have a Heart Day campaign is about involving ordinary people across Canada in demanding an end to this fundamentally unjust situation. The campaign is led by the First Nations Child and Family Caring, a dynamic non-profit organization led by Dr. Cindy Blackstock which advocates for the rights of First Nations children. The Caring Society says, “Have a Heart Day is about caring Canadians working together to ensure First Nations children have proper services that make them feel proud of who they are.”
Amnesty International has worked alongside the Caring Society for years to raise awareness of the ongoing discrimination in the funding and quality of basic government services available to First Nations children. Also in February we will once again standing alongside Dr. Blackstock and the Caring Society as the long awaiting Canadian Human Rights Tribunal hearing into the Society’s discrimination complaint against the Federal government is finally heard.
The Caring Society has made joining the Have a Heart Day campaign easy. You can take part by sending a Valentine’s Day card or letter to the Prime Minister and your Member of Parliament, hosting a Valentine’s Day party to raise awareness in your school or community, or by spreading the word through social media like YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook.
Last year, people across Canada celebrated Have a Heart day in all sorts of energizing and creative ways. Southeast Child and Family Services in Manitoba collected over 5000 Valentine’s Day cards to send to Parliament. Students at Carleton University held a bake sale, and community members in Saskatchewan celebrated with an educational puppet show.
Visit the Have a Heart Day website at www.fncaringsociety/have-a-heart for more information, to send an e-Valentine, or to order Have a Heart Valentine’s cards, posters, bookmarks, and buttons!
To find the contact details for you Member of Parliament, visit the Parliament of Canada website.
However you take part in Have a Heart Day, please let us know. It's really important to build a picture of all the activity taking part across the country. Please drop us a line - and send pictures, if you can - to [email protected]
There is also an ongoing related action on our own website at: | <urn:uuid:71d9ff74-0baa-4a36-90dc-eaa1cf84bb5e> | {
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Endangered Species Get A Chilly (and Warm!) Reception In New York City
Samples from the American crocodile, the Channel Islands fox, and the Hawaiian gooseall endangered species studied within the U.S. National Parksare set to join neotropical butterflies, rare leeches, and snippets of sea stars in the American Museum of Natural History's frozen library, the Ambrose Monell Cryo Collection. Currently, this collection cryogenically-preserves the DNA of about 40,000 species in nitrogen-cooled vats and distributes to requests to geneticists free of charge.
On July 7, 2009, representatives of the Park Service came to New York to sign a formal agreement with the Museum. Material collected from the most important biological resources of the country, endangered species, will be routinely iced in the Museum's pristine, meticulous lab. This video, introduced by George Amato, Director of the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, documents the signing of the agreement by Bert Frost, Associate Director of Natural Resource Stewardship and Science at the National Park Service, and Darrel Frost, Associate Dean of Science for Collections at the Museum.
Media Inquiries: Department of Communications, 212-769-5800 | <urn:uuid:ffc7f0dc-ec65-4234-9448-eb54a3ae249d> | {
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BeschreibungHenry Van Dyke was one of the most popular and enduring writers of the 20th century. His sermons, poems, and short stories, such as The Story of the Other Wise Man (Paraclete, over 28,000 sold) were well-loved by children and adults alike. A new volume, The First Christmas Tree and Other Stories combines two books by Van Dyke, The First Christmas Tree and The Spirit of Christmas, in a keepsake edition for the whole family.
The First Christmas Tree and Other Stories features woodcut etchings, and comes in a hardcover, gift-sized format ideal for holiday gift-giving. Children, parents, grandparents, teachers, pastors, and lovers of classic literature will welcome this new edition of a beloved Christmas classic.
The First Christmas Tree, a tale of the origin of the first Christmas tree, was first written in 1897 and read aloud to Van Dyke's congregation at Brick Presbyterian Church in New York City. Set in 722 A.D., the story tells of how Prince Gregor, "a young boy with the spirit of a man," and his hero, the daring Winfried of England, journey through treacherous land to reach the heathen people of the forest on Christmas eve. When they arrive, Winfried rescues the heathen from an unspeakable evil, destroys the great oak tree where they worshiped their false god, and points to a young fir tree, "the tree of the Christ-child," as the people's new sign of worship, symbolizing laughter, songs, and rites of love.
The Spirit of Christmas is comprised of stories and prayers including The Christmas Angel, a story of a child-angel who predicts the coming of Christ as a baby in Bethlehem, Christmas Giving and Christmas Living, a simple, charming message about how to give from the heart, and Christmas Prayers, with prayers for the home and for "lonely folks" at Christmas. | <urn:uuid:b6cd95ef-adf4-494e-b095-dc15faeed5a2> | {
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Imagine seeing a penguin that’s five feet tall and has a very long, straight beak. Imagine a penguin so large it weighs twice as much as a the Emperor penguin, the largest species on Earth. That is, the largest species on Earth currently. If you were alive thirty-six million years ago you might have seen this giant penguin, called the Water King.
Scientists in Peru have recently uncovered the fossils of a Water King, which includes well-preserved feathers and scales. One of the interesting facts discovered is that this species had brown and gray feathers, unlike the black and white we associate with modern penguins.
The scientists have also concluded that based on the flipper structure Water Kings were powerful swimmers and their size could indicate that they were able to dive deeply.
For more on these amazing penguins, visit BBC News. | <urn:uuid:7aba6d38-c624-463a-8a60-461037631c47> | {
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John Scarborough, owner of a large landed property in Hertfordshire, resented the restrictions of the law of entail. He accordingly devised a scheme whereby he was able by a double marriage, one before and one after the birth of his eldest son, to declare him legitimate or not, as the future might make desirable. This eldest son, Mountjoy, was a weak, easily led wastrel who developed into an inveterate gambler, and so encumbered the estate with postobits that at his father's death it would have gone to the moneylenders. The father, who valued his estate above his honor then declared Mountjoy illegitimate, producing the certificate of the second marriage in proof. The post-obits now being valueless he quietly bought them up, once again making the estate unencumbered.
Augustus, the second son, finding himself an heir, soon enraged his father by exhibiting an unseemly haste to enter into his inheritance. To punish him, John made a new will, giving Mountjoy all his property except that covered by the entail, and leaving Augustus only the skeleton of the estate, with no money to maintain it. Not satisfied in thus dashing his younger son's hopes, he then produced the first marriage certificate, making Mountloy heir under the entail. At his father's death, Mountjoy, again in funds, departed for Monte Carlo, and the assumption is that the estate would once again fall into the hands of the Jews.
"...a novel of property ...cynical and, for its period, daring, shows his [Trollope's] power of sustained and dexterous raillery." - Sadlier | <urn:uuid:9d29becd-4287-4d5b-b067-2f6b30f7b0ff> | {
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The Moravian church was founded in the 15th century, and is considered the first Protestant denomination, based on the philosophies of Jan Hus. By the 18th century, members of the church had been forced out of their homelands in Moravia and Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), and some had ended up in Herrnhut, Germany. There, they set up schools where sons would be raised and educated while their parents were away doing missionary work.
As the story goes, early one December some time in the mid-19th century, a teacher at the Herrnhut schools developed an art project for the students where they would use paper and glue to make a star-shaped polyhedron by attaching tall pyramids to a multifaceted geometrical solid (image 2). This challenging math lesson yielded beautiful star shapes, which the students used as lanterns for Christmas decorations (tip: it worked out for them, but I wouldn't recommend combining fire and paper in your own home decor). Subsequently, the shape came to be known as the Moravian Star, and was primarily associated with Advent and Christmas decorations.
Around 1900, an industrial manufacture sprang up in Herrnhut, mass-producing the star lanterns out of tin and glass. They also produced DIY-type kits for people to assemble at home, out of paper punched with holes. The advent of mail-order and the increase in international travel meant that Moravian stars became familiar in other parts of the world, as well, especially in the areas of Pennsylvania and upstate New York where the Moravian Church had been going strong since the 18th century.
Not only is it surprising to think of a school craft project turning into an international piece of design, but it is even more surprising to realize that the complexity of the star form had only recently been understood by the most brilliant mathematicians. If we're going to get geometrical here, the Moravian Star is technically a Great Stellated Dodecahedron, a form first identified by Johannes Kepler in 1619 and then again by Louis Poinsot (who was unfamiliar with Kepler's work) in 1809 — just a few short decades before the Herrnhut art project. The teacher responsible must therefore have been familiar with the most recent and complicated mathematical writings.
Of course, Kepler and Poinsot did not invent the great stellated dodecahedron, they just named and rationalized it. There is a mosaic representation of a small stellated dodecahedron (small because its points are short, as opposed to the tall isosceles points of the 'great' version) on the floor of San Marco Basilica in Venice, attributed to Paolo Uccello in the 1450s (image 3). And art and architecture from Western Islamic lands like Morocco have been primarily based on geometrical patterns for centuries, yielding flat, two-dimensional variations on star shapes (primarily 6- and 8-pointed stars) in endless tessellations (image 4), or concave three-dimensional star fragments in muqarnas (image 5). Perhaps this is the reason for the association of the star-shaped lanterns with Moroccan design? I could find no historical Moroccan, Islamic or Arabic lanterns shaped like a star. (Any readers know otherwise?)
While the Moravian star might originally have been used as Christmas decoration, it is above all a pleasing geometric form, and is now all but stripped of its religious or seasonal associations. At once complex and austere, it manages to be whimsical while also providing a pretty literal interpretation of starlight.
Images: 1 A Ginger Barber interior photographed by VIctoria Pearson for House Beautiful; 2 Herrnhuter-sterne.de; 3 Wikimedia Commons; 4 A zillij tile dado in Marrakesh, via Stars In Symmetry, a great blog about Islamic art and architecture; 5 Nasr al-Molk Mosque in Shiraz, Iran, via Wikipedia; 6-8 High Street Market; 9 Rum Interior Design via ATSF; 10 Elements of Style. | <urn:uuid:592127b3-4ed4-4811-a88f-6746e47e5e5a> | {
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There was a Tree
This charming book is based on the folk song “The Green Grass Grew All Around”, a cumulative song that grows longer and longer with multiple verses. The book starts with a hole in the ground which grows a tree, which has a branch, and so on, with “the green grass grew all around, all around, and the green grass grew all around” ending every verse. Isadora uses rebuses to allow children to help read the story, similar to “The Jacket I Wear in the Snow”, by Shirley Neitzel. The beautiful and creative illustrations were created using oil paints, printed paper, and palette paper. At the end of the book is the music for anyone who is not familiar with the song. Highly recommended for preschool through 2nd grade.
Send a Question or Comment to Appleton Public Library. | <urn:uuid:7626cfee-a696-4042-852f-260d6dfa9aa7> | {
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Believing What Jesus Believed
It has become increasingly popular to accept certain parts of the Bible and to reject other parts. Such amazing events as the miracle of Creation, Jonah’s being swallowed by a sea creature, and the Flood of Noah often are brushed aside as mere myth, while more “credible” things such as the teachings of Jesus are accepted as fact. Although this line of reasoning might have some initial appeal to our “enlightened” society that rejects biblical miracles off hand, it contains a major flaw. When the teachings of Jesus are analyzed, it can be shown that Jesus Himself believed and taught the Old Testament stories that some label as myth.
For instance, the story of Jonah has come under attack due to its extraordinary details. According to the Old Testament Scriptures, God’s prophet Jonah disobeyed the Lord and was swallowed by a great sea creature. For three days, he dwelt as a damp denizen of that creature’s belly, until finally he was vomited onto the land and given another chance to obey God. To certain scholars, the story of Jonah finds a place in the Scriptures, not as a factual narrative of a specific historical account, but as a myth or allegory. What did Jesus believe about the story of Jonah? His sentiments in this regard were emphatically stated.
Then certain of the scribes and Pharisees answered him, saying, Teacher, we would see a sign from thee. But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given it but the sign of Jonah the prophet: for as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the whale; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. The men of Nineveh shall stand up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and behold, a greater than Jonah is here (Matthew 12:38-41).
Quite clearly, Jesus accepted the story of Jonah as an accurate description of a real, historical event. He included not only the fact that Jonah spent three days in the belly of the fish, but also affirmed that the city of Nineveh repented at the preaching of Jonah. If the story of Jonah were simply an allegory or myth, Jesus’ entire point about being in the belly of the Earth for as long as Jonah was in the belly of the fish would be weakened to the point of ridiculousness. For, if Jonah wasn’t ever really in the belly of the fish, then what would that say about the Son of Man actually being in the belly of the Earth?
Another story endorsed by Christ is the formation of man and woman at the beginning of Creation. Some scholars, in an attempt to find a compromise between the Bible and organic evolution, have postulated that the Creation account of Genesis need not be taken literally, and that room can be found in Genesis to accommodate the idea that humans evolved gradually in Earth’s recent past. What did Jesus say about this idea?
During His earthly sojourn, Christ spoke explicitly regarding Creation. In Mark 10:6, for example, He declared: “But from the beginning of the creation, male and female made he them.” Note these three paramount truths: (1) The first couple was “made”; they were not biological accidents. Interestingly, the verb “made” in the Greek is in the aorist tense, implying point action, rather than progressive development (which would be characteristic of evolutionary activity). W.E. Vine made this very observation with reference to the composition of the human body in his comments on 1 Corinthians 12:18 (1951, p. 173). (2) The original pair was fashioned “male and female”; they were not initially an asexual “blob” that eventually experienced sexual diversion. (3) Adam and Eve existed “from the beginning of the creation.” The Greek word for “beginning” is arché, and is used of “absolute, denoting the beginning of the world and of its history, the beginning of creation.” The Greek word for “creation” is ktiseos, and denotes the “sum-total of what God has created” (Cremer, 1962, pp. 113,114,381, emp. in orig.). Christ certainly did not subscribe to the notion that the Earth is millions or billions of years older than humanity.
Accepting the testimony of Jesus Christ further demands that the global Flood of Noah be taken as a literal, historic event. The Lord Himself addressed the topic of the great Flood in Luke 17:26-30 (cf. Matthew 24:39) when He drew the following parallel:
And as it came to pass in the days of Noah, even so shall it be also in the days of the Son of man. They ate, they drank, they married, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noah entered into the ark, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. Likewise even as it came to pass in the days of Lot; they ate, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded; but in the day that Lot went out from Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all: after the same manner shall it be in the day that the Son of man is revealed (emp. added).
The Lord depicted an impending doom that was to befall the Jews of His day who would not heed the Word of God. For the purpose of this article, however, note the context in which Jesus discussed the Flood destruction of Genesis 6-8. He placed the Flood alongside the destruction of Sodom, and He also placed it alongside the destruction of the ungodly at His Second Coming. John Whitcomb correctly noted that the word “all” must refer to the totality of people on the entire Earth in Noah’s day, and in Sodom during Lot’s time. Jesus’ argument would be weakened considerably if some of the people on the Earth, besides Noah’s family, escaped the Flood, or if certain Sodomites survived the fiery destruction sent from Heaven (1973, pp. 21-22). It is evident from the text that Jesus affirmed that the same number of ungodly sinners who escaped the Flood will be the same number of disobedient people who escape destruction at His Second Coming—none. From His remarks, one can clearly see that Jesus accepted the Genesis account of a global flood as a historical fact.
The sayings of Jesus contain numerous references to some of the Old Testament’s most extraordinary events. A person cannot consistently maintain a belief in Jesus and His teachings, while denying the details of the accounts that He endorsed as factual. The testimony of Jesus and the factual accuracy of the stories He commended stand together.
Cremer, H. (1962), Biblico-Theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek (London: T & T Clark).
Vine, W.E. (1951), First Corinthians (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan).
Whitcomb, John C. (1973), The World That Perished (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). | <urn:uuid:a8a5f7eb-10d2-48fc-a90c-2d4b95fd1099> | {
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August 15, 2012
In a recent article in Scientific American, it was suggested that the U.S. should adopt higher standards in science, and that all 50 states should adopt them.
When you check the literature on science standards, the main reason for aiming for higher standards (raising the bar) is because in the “Olympics” of international academic test taking, the U.S. never takes home the gold.… Read more
July 31, 2012
Guest Post by Anthony Cody
Note: This is the first of five posts on the dialog between Anthony Cody and his readers, and the Gates Foundation. This post was originally published on Anthony’s site over on Education Week Teacher. This dialog is a major contribution to educational reform. Anthony Cody is one of the leading voices in America questioning the nature of present day reform.… Read more
May 30, 2012
In May, 2012, the National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ) issued a report entitled: What Teacher Education Programs Teach About K – 12 Assessment. Anthony Cody mentioned this study in a recent post entitled Payola Policy: NCTQ Prepares its Hit on Schools of Education.
The title intrigued me, so I went over to the NCTQ website, and read and studied the report which is about what education courses teach about assessment.… Read more
May 16, 2012
Sometime ago, we argued that there is little evidence that the National Science Education Standards published in 1996 and the Next Generation Science Standards released for public view by Achieve are any different than the content oriented projects of the 1960s. The disciplines and content areas of science were seen as fundamental in those earlier National Science Foundation funded projects such as PSSC Physics, CBA Chemistry, BSCS Biology, ESCP Earth Science, ISCS, IPS, and to the National Science Education Standards published in the 1996.… Read more
May 15, 2012
Note: This is the second in a series of posts on the Next Generation Science Standards. You can read the first one here.
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) are the latest iteration of writing science objectives for the eventual purpose of testing students’ knowledge of science. The objectives are developed by teams of experts, and rely on either their own domain analysis chart of science, or in this case the Framework for K-12 Science Education developed by another prestigious group of educators and scientists.… Read more
May 12, 2012
The Next Generation Science Standards are available for public view. Follow this link to the Science Standards Survey (feedback) Website.
According to Achieve, Inc., the corporation that is writing and publishing the standards:
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) are distinct from prior science standards in that they integrate three dimensions within each standard and have intentional connections across standards.
… Read more
April 6, 2012
Why are we supporting the notion of a single set of science standards which has been done in mathematics and language reading/language art? We live in a democracy. One the of founding principles of education is that elected school board members for the more than 15,000 school districts are charged with making decisions for each local school district. What are we thinking?… Read more | <urn:uuid:a0530b0f-0c4f-4320-816a-1a4dd44a6377> | {
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Tuesday, 8 June 2010, 20:00 – 21:00
Santa Fe Convention Center Ballroom
A presentation by Maude Barlow, National Chairperson, The Council of Canadians , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
The global water crisis now poses the greatest threat to human rights of our time. Close to three billion people have no running water within a kilometer of their home, and every eight seconds a child dies of water borne disease. These deaths are totally avoidable. Maude Barlow will present her analysis of the ecological and human water crisis before us and her solution for a water secure future based on the core of principles of watershed restoration, water as a public trust and the human right to water.
Biographical Information: Maude Barlow is the national chairperson of the Council of Canadians and senior advisor on water to the president of the United Nations General Assembly. She also chairs the board of Washington-based Food and Water Watch and is a councilor with the Hamburg-based World Future Council. Barlow is the recipient of eight honorary doctorates as well as many awards, including the 2005 Right Livelihood Award (known as the “Alternative Nobel”), the Citation of Lifetime Achievement at the 2008 Canadian Environment Awards, and the 2009 Earth Day Canada Outstanding Environmental Achievement Award. She is also the best-selling author or co-author of 16 books, including the recently released Blue Covenant: The Global Water Crisis and The Coming Battle for the Right to Water. | <urn:uuid:414725ce-a3e9-4071-8a56-3bba404f73e3> | {
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The rain sensor activates the windshield wipers automatically when rain or other moisture appears on the windshield, and adapts the wiper interval to match the amount of rain. How it works: light-emitting diodes inside the rain sensor emit an invisible infrared light which is reflected by the outside surface of the windscreen and measured by photodiodes. If the full amount of light returns to the photodiode, the windshield is dry. A film of water or drops on the windscreen break up the light emitted. As the measuring process is permanent, the electronics can control the wiper intervals perfectly. | <urn:uuid:515a0068-318c-4aff-a6c7-4a4bf6c48f73> | {
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logging in or signing up penicillin divyakriti Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Dynamic Copy Does not support media & animations Automatically changes to Flash or non-Flash embed WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 6000 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: April 08, 2011 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript “EXTRACTION & PURIFICATION of PENICILLIN”: “ EXTRACTION & PURIFICATION of PENICILLIN ”What Is Penicillin?: What Is Penicillin? A class of antibiotics that comes from mold. Discovered by accident in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, is the first anitbiotic. Penicillin antibiotics include ampicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, amoxicillin, 1 st -4 th generations. 50 drugs that are now classified as penicillin. Use in WWII and after.How Penicillin Works?: How Penicillin Works? Resembles a protein needed for production of cell wall. Penicillin binds to cell wall of bacteria, prevents peptide chains from linking, and lyses it.PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN: PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN During world war II-importance realized, as penicillin had been used to treat many wounded soldiers.A tale by A. Fleming: A tale by A. Fleming The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and "rediscovered" by Alexander Flemming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatu m . In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist, observed that Penicillium notatum , a common mold, had destroyed staphylococcus bacteria in culture.A tale by A. Fleming: A tale by A. Fleming He took a sample of the mold from the contaminated plate. He found that it was from the Penicillium family, later specified as Penicillium notatum . Fleming presented his findings in 1929, but they raised little interest. He published a report on penicillin and its potential uses in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology .Slide 7: Thanks to work by Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), Howard Florey ( 1898-1968) and Ernst Chain (1906-1979), penicillin was first produced on a large scale for human use in 1943. At this time, the development of a pill that could reliably kill bacteria was a remarkable development and many lives were saved during World War II because this medication was available . E. Chain H. Florey A. FlemingMOA OF PENICILLIN: MOA OF PENICILLIN All penicillin like antibiotics inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential part of the cell wall. They do not interfere with the synthesis of other intracellular components. These antibiotics do not affect human cells because human cells do not have cell walls.Spectrum of Activity : Spectrum of Activity Penicillins are active against Gram positive bacteria Some members (e.g. amoxicillin) are also effective against Gram negative bacteria but not Pseudomonas aeruginosaPRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN: PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation First antibiotic to have been manufacture in bulk. Used as input material for some semi synthetic antibiotics. It is fermented in a batch culture, and a fed batch process is normally used to prolong the stationary period and so increase production.Slide 11: When penicillin was first made at the end of the second world war using the fungus Penicillium notatum , the process made 1 mg dm -3 . Today, using a different species ( P. chrysogenum ) and better extraction procedures the yield is 50 g dm -3 . There is a constant search to improve the yield.The yield of penicillin can be increased by: : The yield of penicillin can be increased by: Improvement in composition of the medium. Isolation of better penicillin producing mold sp. Penicillium chrysogenum which grow better in huge deep fermentation tank. Development of submerged culture technique for cultivation of mold in large volume of liquid medium through which sterile air is forced.Primary and Secondary Metabolites: Primary and Secondary Metabolites Primary metabolites are produced during active cell growth, and secondary metabolites are produced near the onset of stationary phase.Commercial Production Of Penicillin: Commercial Production Of Penicillin Like all antibiotics, penicillin is a secondary metabolite, so is only produced in the stationary phase.INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC- PENICILLIN : INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTIC- PENICILLIN The industrial production of penicillin was broadly classified in to two processes namely, Upstream processing Downstream processingUPSTREAM PROCESSING : UPSTREAM PROCESSING Upstream processing encompasses any technology that leads to the synthesis of a product. Upstream includes the exploration, development and production.DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING: DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING The extraction and purification of a biotechnological product from fermentation is referred to as downstream processing.UPSTREAM PROCESSING INOCULUM PREPARATION: UPSTREAM PROCESSING INOCULUM PREPARATION The medium is designed to provide the organism with all the nutrients that it requires. Inoculation method- submerged technique Spores -major source of inoculumRAW MATERIALS: RAW MATERIALS CARBON SOURCES: Lactose acts as a very satisfactory carbon compound, provided that is used in a concentration of 6%. Others such as glucose & sucrose may be used. NITROGEN SOURCES: Corn steep liquor (CSL) Ammonium sulphate and ammonium acetate can be used as nitrogenous sources. MINERAL SOURCES: Elements namely potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur, zinc and copper are essential for penicillin production. Some of these are applied by corn steep liquor. Calcium can be added in the form of chalk to counter the natural acidity of CSL PAA - precursorFERMENTATION PROCESS: FERMENTATION PROCESS The medium is inoculated with a suspension of conidia of Penicillium chrysogenum. The medium is constantly aerated and agitated, and the mould grows throughout as pellets. After about seven days, growth is complete, the pH rises to 8.0 or above, and penicillin production ceasesSTAGES IN DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING: STAGES IN DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING Downstream processing is relatively easy since penicillin is secreted into the medium (to kill other cells), so there is no need to break open the fungal cells. However, the product needs to be very pure, since it being used as a therapeutic medical drug, so it is dissolved and then precipitated as a potassium salt to separate it from other substances in the medium. Removal of cells The first step in product recovery is the separation of whole cells and other insoluble ingredients from the culture broth by technique such as filtration and centrifugation.ISOLATION OF BENZYL PENICILLIN : ISOLATION OF BENZYL PENICILLIN The PH is adjusted to 2-2.5 with the help of phosphoric or sulphuric acids. In aqueous solution at low PH values there is a partition coefficient in favor of certain organic solvents such as butyl acetate. This step has to be carried out quickly for penicillin is very unstable at low PH values. Antibiotic is then extracted back into an aqueous buffer at a PH of 7.5, the partition coefficient now being strongly in favor of the aqueous phase. The resulting aqueous solution is again acidified & re-extracted with an organic solvent. These shifts between the water and solvent help in the purification of penicillin.Slide 23: The treatment of the crude penicillin extract varies according to the objective, but involves the formation of an appropriate penicillin salt. The solvent extract recovered in the previous stage is carefully extracted back with aqueous sodium hydroxide. This is followed by charcoal treatment to eliminate pyrogens and by sterilization. Pure metal salts of penicillin can be safely sterilized by dry heat, if desired. Thereafter, the aqueous solution of penicillin is subjected to crystallization.FURTHER PROCESSING: FURTHER PROCESSING For parental use, the antibiotic is packed in sterile vials as a powder or suspension. For oral use, it is tabletted usually now with a film coating. Searching tests (ex: for purity, potency) are performed on the appreciable number of random samples of the finished product. It must satisfy fully all the strict government standards before being marketedThe main stages of Penicillin production are:: The main stages of Penicillin production are:PRODUCTS:: PRODUCTS: The resulting penicillin (called penicillin G) can be chemically and enzymatically modified to make a variety of penicillins with slightly different properties. These semi-synthetic penicillins include penicillin V, penicillin O, ampicillin and amoxycillin .PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN V: PRODUCTION OF PENICILLIN V Phenoxy methyl penicillin Addition of different Acyl groups to the medium. Phenoxyacetic acid as precursor instead of phenyl acetic acid.Slide 31: What is the Carbon source? lactose What is the nitrogen source? yeast What is the energy source? glucose Is the fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? aerobic What is the optimum temperature? 25-27⁰C Is penicillin a primary or secondary metabolite? secondary What volume fermenter is used? 40-200dm^3 Why isn't a larger fermenter used? difficult to aerate When is penicillin produced? 40 hrs-after main increase in fungal mass How long can it be produced for? 140hours(180-40 hours) What was the first fungus known to produce penicillin? Penicillin notatum What species produces about 60mg/dm3 of penicillin? Penicillin crysogenum How did scientists improve the yield still further? Genetic modification What is the substrate? Corn steep liquor Why is batch culture used? secondary metabolite What are the processes involved in down-stream processing? a) filtration of liquid b) extraction from filtrate by counter current butylacetate c) precipitation by potassium salts Why can't penicillin be taken orally? Destroyed by stomach acid Name the form of penicillin which can be taken orally. Penicillin v and ampicillin How does Penicillin kill bacteria? Stops production of cell wall Why are Gram negative bacteria not killed by penicillin? Different cell wallQUERIES ?: QUERIES ? You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation. | <urn:uuid:94f28fff-2d56-4046-965c-4358ceed2f51> | {
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Major new technical report finds wind can provide 20% of U.S. electricity needs by 2030
U.S. Department of Energy Analysis Finds That Wind Can Be Major Contributor to Energy Mix
Wind power is capable of becoming a major contributor to America’s electricity supply over the next three decades, according to a report released today by the U.S. Department of Energy. The groundbreaking report, 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy’s Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply, looks closely at one scenario for reaching 20% wind energy by 2030 and contrasts it to a scenario of no new U.S. wind power capacity.
"DOE's wind report is a thorough look at America's wind resource, its industrial capabilities, and future energy prices, and confirms the viability and commercial maturity of wind as a major contributor to America's energy needs, now and in the future," DOE Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy for the U.S. Department of Energy Andy Karsner, said. "To dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance our energy security, clean power generation at the gigawatt-scale will be necessary, and will require us to take a comprehensive approach to scaling renewable wind power, streamlining siting and permitting processes, and expanding the domestic wind manufacturing base."
Included in the report are an examination of America’s technological and manufacturing capabilities, the future costs of energy sources, U.S. wind energy resources, and the environmental and economic impacts of wind development. Under the 20% wind scenario, installations of new wind power capacity would increase to more than 16,000 megawatts per year by 2018, and continue at that rate through 2030.
“The report shows that wind power can provide 20% of the nation’s electricity by 2030, and be a critical part of the solution to global warming,” said AWEA Executive Director Randall Swisher. “This level of wind power is the equivalent of taking 140 million cars off the road,” he said. “The report identifies the central constraints to achieving 20% - transmission, siting, manufacturing and technology - and demonstrates how each can be overcome. As an inexhaustible domestic resource, wind strengthens our energy security, improves the quality of the air we breathe, slows climate change, and revitalizes rural communities.”
The report finds that achieving a 20 percent wind contribution to U.S. electricity supply would:
Reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by 25 percent in 2030.
Reduce natural gas use by 11%;
Reduce water consumption associated with electricity generation by 4 trillion gallons by 2030;
Increase annual revenues to local communities to more than $1.5 billion by 2030; and
Support roughly 500,000 jobs in the U.S., with an average of more than 150,000 workers directly employed by the wind industry.
At 20% of electric power generation, significant growth in the manufacturing supply chain would create jobs and remedy the current shortage in parts for wind turbines.
Reducing the use of natural gas could save money for consumers due to the resulting downward pressure on the price of natural gas, according to AWEA.
“We must look at meeting future electric demands in a cost-effective way,” said Suedeen Kelly, FERC Commissioner. “The 20% wind scenario would only cost 2 percent more than the cost of the baseline scenario without wind. At 50 cents per month for the average ratepayer, that is a small price to pay for the climate, water, natural gas, and energy security benefits it would buy--and it does not even count the stability provided to consumers by eliminating fuel price risk.”
“Though economic and other factors will ultimately determine our energy future, we believe the 20 percent wind scenario is feasible, but only with a major national transmission highway system. Delivering power from the best windy regions to the growing urban supply requires a bigger, stronger transmission system. Strong regional and interregional planning as well as broad allocation of costs will allow the United States to rely on a broader diversity of generation resources," said Mike Heyeck, Senior VP of AEP Transmission.
The report comes at an important time in wind development. In 2007, wind was one of the fastest growing sources of electricity in the nation, second only to natural gas for the third consecutive year. According to an AWEA report released last week, the U.S. wind energy industry continued new installations at a breakneck pace in the first quarter of 2008, putting 1,400 megawatts (MW) or approximately $3 billion worth of new generating capacity in place--enough to serve the equivalent of 400,000 homes--coupled with investment in 17 new manufacturing facilities over the past year.
“Wind is an important part of BP Alternative Energy’s business and of BP’s diverse energy portfolio. Siting and wildlife issues will be a challenge, but AWEA and industry leaders are committed to working with stakeholders to make wind the environmental electricity choice,” said Bob Lukefahr, President, Power Americas, BP Alternative Energy North America. “This report underscores the benefits of diversifying our electricity sources. Growing to 20% wind requires investment in new manufacturing and capital projects, an estimated 500,000 jobs, and brings rural economic development across the country.”
In 2006, President Bush articulated a national imperative for greater energy efficiency and a more diversified energy portfolio. Citing wind energy as part of the solution, he noted that areas of the nation with good wind resources could satisfy up to 20 percent of America’s total electricity demand.
Subsequently, government and industry came together to thoroughly explore the feasibility of generating 20 percent of U.S. electricity from wind by 2030 and produced this joint report to aid policy-makers and the public in better understanding the issues, investments, and likely outcomes associated with pursuing this objective.
To download the full report, please go to www.20percentwind.org.
AWEA is the national trade association of America's wind industry, with 1,200 member companies, including global leaders in wind power and energy development, wind turbine manufacturing, component and service suppliers, and the world's largest wind power trade show, the WINDPOWER Conference & Exhibition, which takes place next in Chicago, May 5-8, 2013. AWEA is the voice of wind energy in the U.S., promoting renewable energy to power a cleaner, stronger America. Look up information on wind energy at the AWEA website. Find insight on industry issues at AWEA's blog Into the Wind. Join AWEA on Facebook. Follow AWEA on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:a0328182-2825-439d-ba1f-9d2e75a20890> | {
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|from the October 10, 2010 Newsletter issued from
Hacienda Chichen Resort beside Chichén Itzá Ruins, central Yucatán, MÉXICO
"ROOSTER FOOT" VINE
We're entering that time of year when morning-glory vines start flowering, and I've never seen anyplace in the world with more morning-glory species than the Yucatán. We must be at or near the morning-glory center of evolution.
This week here and there along roadsides a conspicuous new morning-glory vine has appeared, with large, completely white flowers with spiraling anthers, and broad, deeply lobed leaves, with the lobes spreading like the toes of a chicken's foot. You can see it above.
In that picture notice the deep pits in the flowers' throats, where hummingbird or moths with long proboscises can sup nectar. A close-up showing the unusual spiraling anthers dusted with white pollen, with the spherical, fuzzy-looking stigma atop its long, slender style down at the bottom-left, is shown below:
In Spanish this vine often is called Pata de Gallo, which means "Rooster Foot," because of the leaves' shape. It's OPERCULINA PINNATIFIDA, a species distributed from southern Texas through lowland Mexico into Guatemala.
The fruits are as unusual and interesting looking as the flowers. You can see one subtended by five sepals below:
The bladdery item divided into four compartments is the mature ovary wall, or fruit husk. Inside each of the four cells lies a single large, black, hard seed.
Maximino Martínez's Las Plantas Medicinales de México reports that sometimes hemorrhoid sufferers carry the black seeds in their pockets to ease their pain. This is a good example of the Doctrine of Signatures, which states that medicinal plants may indicate their use by certain signs. In this case I suppose that the sign is the swollen bladder, which somehow is suggestive of what hemorrhoids feel like, even though they don't necessarily look that way. | <urn:uuid:2b3c0b41-187a-4ced-b2da-f6a726fa85c8> | {
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Your phone might know better than you do:
Just by analyzing the calling patterns, the researchers could accurately label two people as friends or nonfriends more than 95% of the time. But the results, published online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, show that the mobile phone data were better at predicting friendship than the subjects themselves. Thirty-two pairs of subjects switched from calling each other acquaintances to friends in the traditionally gathered survey data. These are most likely new relationships that formed during the course of the study, say the researchers, and they left a clear signal in the mobile phone data. Friends call each other far more often than acquaintances do when they are off-campus and during weekends. The pattern is so distinct that the researchers spotted budding friendships in the phone data months before the people themselves called themselves friends.
Finally, the team compared people’s self-reported job satisfaction with their networks of friendship at their workplaces. Because the mobile phones kept track of people’s proximity to each other, the researchers had a clear measure of people’s daily contact with friends at work, not only through calls but through physical proximity. As predicted, the more contact people had with friends at their workplace, the more highly they rated their job satisfaction. And conversely, the less face-to-face contact people had with friends at work, the less they said they enjoyed it.
…at MIT, scientists who tracked student cellphones during the latest presidential election were able to deduce that two people were talking about politics, even though the researchers didn’t know the content of the conversation. By analyzing changes in movement and communication patterns, researchers could also detect flu symptoms before the students themselves realized they were getting sick.
“Phones can know,” said Dr. Pentland, director of MIT’s Human Dynamics Laboratory, who helped pioneer the research. “People can get this god’s-eye view of human behavior.”
So far, these studies only scratch the surface of human complexity. Researchers are already exploring ways that the information gleaned from mobile phones can improve public health, urban planning and marketing. At the same time, researchers believe their findings hint at basic rules of human interaction, and that poses new challenges to notions of privacy.
“We have always thought of individuals as being unpredictable,” said Johan Bollen, an expert in complex networks at Indiana University. “These regularities [in behavior] allow systems to learn much more about us as individuals than we would care for.”
Of course, companies are very interested in this data:
Cellphone providers are openly exploring other possibilities. By mining their calling records for social relationships among customers, several European telephone companies discovered that people were five times more likely to switch carriers if a friend had already switched, said Mr. Eagle, who works with the firms. The companies now selectively target people for special advertising based on friendships with people who dropped the service.
And some of the results are downright unnerving:
After analyzing more than 16 million records of call date, time and position, the researchers determined that, taken together, people’s movements appeared to follow a mathematical pattern. The scientists said that, with enough information about past movements, they could forecast someone’s future whereabouts with 93.6% accuracy.
The pattern held true whether people stayed close to home or traveled widely, and wasn’t affected by the phone user’s age or gender.
A few other interesting tidbits:
- They may be making us more selfish, however. Our phones can fulfill our need for human contact, making us less inclined to go out of our way to help others.
- These devices can distract us so much we don’t notice the world around us — even if it contains unicycling clowns. (To be fair, people may actually like us better when we are distracted during a conversation.)
- We’ve become so addicted to our phones that two-thirds of users report hearing “phantom ringing“.
- We rely so much on these devices that a third of people under 30 can’t remember their home phone numbers — if they have one at all.
- By stripping away the emotional information in faces and intonation, text messaging might be simulating autism.
- Soon there will be more “booty texts” than “booty calls”. (iPhone users are more promiscuous, by the way.)
Join 25K+ readers. Get a free weekly update via email here. | <urn:uuid:2133908a-8fb9-468d-aced-e6fa3a910e53> | {
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The starting point for making red wines, as with white wines, comes with crushing and destemming the red or black-skinned grapes. Occasionally the winemaker may decide not to destem, as the stems will add further flavour compounds and tannins to the grape must. The crushed grapes are then moved into the fermentation vessel. Stainless steel tanks are the most common vessel for the fermentation of red wines, as they allow easy access to the liquid for mixing the grape skins with the liquid, and also provide for temperature control.
The addition of yeast starts the fermentation, and sulphur dioxide helps to prevent oxidation. The carbon dioxide produced by the fermentation process means that all of the solid material soon rises to the surface of the fermentation vessel. These solids need to be mixed thoroughly with the liquid in order to extract the colour, phenolics, flavour compounds and tannins which are vitally important to red wines. To do this, the winemaker can either punch down the cap of solids using rods (similar to oversized potato mashers), or the liquid can be pumped over the top using a hose pipe. This process is known as maceration.
The liquid will then be separated from the skins prior to the secondary malolactic fermentation. Unlike white wines, almost all red wines undergo malolactic fermentation, as the wines would otherwise be too harsh to enjoy.
After the malolactic fermentation, the red wine is ready for barrel maturation or bottling. If the wine is destined to be bottled without barrel ageing, it will undergo fining, blending, stabilisation and bottling. If the wine is destined for barrel ageing, it will be moved into barrels for the appropriate amount of time, with regular topping up to replace the evaporated liquid and prevent oxidation before going through the bottling process. It may also then be bottle aged before it is ready to drink.
Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the most widely planted red grape varieties in the world and is suited to a wide range of climates. Together with Cabernet Franc and Merlot, it makes some of the world's best wines in Bordeaux, but it is also very successful as a single varietal in Tuscany, Australia (especially Coonawarra and Margaret River), California, Chile, Argentina and South Africa. It produces medium-full bodied wines with black fruit (especially blackcurrant), herbaceous or menthol notes and has medium-high acidity and high tannins. Oak ageing adds extra spice and complexity to the wines, which can age very well in bottle for decades.
Merlot is a highly successful variety and is grown across the world. In moderate climates it gives wines with red fruit flavours, medium body, medium acidity, medium alcohol and medium-low tannins, making it the perfect grape for soft, fruity and early drinking wines. In warmer climate is gives a much richer and fuller wine with black fruits, high alcohol and ripe tannins. Oak ageing adds complexity to these dark wines, and they can age very well in bottle. Along with Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, Merlot is one of the most important varieties in the fine wines of Bordeaux, especially Pomerol and St Emilion, but it is also highly successful in Italy, Australia, New Zealand, California, Chile, Argentina and South Africa.
Pinot Noir is the classic red variety of Burgundy, where it produces delicate wines of great intensity and longevity. Pinot Noir is notoriously difficult to grow, and is best suited to cool, moderate climates. It produces light-medium bodied wines with red fruit and can have vegetal / earthy notes. It has medium-high acidity and very soft, silky tannins which can add a richness to the texture. It is very successful in Burgundy, where it produces some of the worlds finest wines, Loire, cool-climate parts of Australia (Mornington Peninsula is highly successful), New Zealand, California, Oregon, Chile and South Africa.
Tempranillo the classic variety of Rioja, Tempranillo produces medium-bodied wines with over-ripe strawberry and plum flavours, medium-high acidity and medium-high tannin. With oak ageing it gains earthy, savoury notes such as leather and oak spice, and can also have flavours of coconut and vanilla from American oak. It can have excellent ageing potential. As well as being the mainstay of Rioja, Tempranillo also produces the great wines of Ribera del Duero and Toro, and is widely planted across Spain. It is also widely planted in Northern Portugal and is an important variety in Port. Tempranillo is known by a variety of synonyms, including Cencibel, Tinto Fino, Tinto del Toro and Tinto Roriz.
Syrah (Shiraz) A hugely successful variety across the world, Syrah / Shiraz gives spicy wines with black fruit, dried fruit, jam and chocolate flavours. It is usually full bodied with high tannins and high acidity. Oak ageing adds toasty, smokey complexity to the wines, the best examples of which can age for decades. Perhaps best known as Shiraz from Australia, where it makes many excellent wines, Syrah is also responsible for the great wines of the Northern Rhône, Hermitage, Cornas, St-Joseph and Cote Rotie. It is also an important variety in the Southern Rhône, and is highly successful in South Africa, New Zealand, Chile and California. | <urn:uuid:22ad5fff-87cc-4b0c-ab4b-eed74f7ae2f6> | {
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This beautifully rendered marble carving of the young Marcus Aurelius was made during or after the Enlightenment, in the spirit of the antique originals of ancient Rome. These pieces were found during the Great Tours of the 18th and early 19th centuries, and inspired sculptors just as antique architecture was echoed in public buildings of the period. The base is a plain turned pedestal, with a sectional block of the torso slightly narrower than the shoulders. The face looks slightly to its right, wearing a pensive expression. The idealised features are serene and sensitive, the carelessly tousled hair picked out in exquisite detail. The historical Marcus Aurelius achieved a divine status for being one of the Five Good Emperors, a dignified and intellectual man and a strong leader. In youth he was favoured by Hadrian, who saw in him something of his future potential as well as his obvious beauty that can be seen here.
Marcus Aurelius was among the most important, most intellectual, and least despotic of the Roman emperors. Born Marcus Annius Catilius Severus in 121 AD, his family was fairly well-connected to the aristocracy and ruling classes of Rome, including Hadrian, Trajan and Antoninus Pius. His father died when he was three, and he was raised by his mother and paternal grandfather. His meteoric rise to imperial power was occasioned by the confusion stemming from succession after the death of Hadrian. He attracted the attention of Hadrian at a young age, and was nicknamed verissimus – truest. Following the death of Hadrian’s adoptive son Lucius Aurelius, Hadrian named Antoninus as his successor on the condition that he adopt Marcus as well as Lucius Aurelius Verus, the son of his own adopted son, and that they succeed him as emperor in their turn. To this end, both received the best education that could be afforded them, from luminaries such as Geminus, Andron, Celer, Fronto and Atticus. His correspondence with Fronto has survived, painting a picture of a serious, industrious youth with high ideals and energy.
He acceded to power in 161, aged 40, and adopted the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. He ruled as co-regent with Verus, ten years his junior, to whom he seems to have given more menial or less commanding roles such as commanding the eastern armies. Marcus’ rule was humane, targeting corruption in law and civil areas, as well as socially concerned attitudes towards the bereaved, orphaned and enslaved. Christians were technically still punishable, but this action was rarely pursued. The empire grew, defeating the Parthians in 166, and repelling Germania’s invasions a decade later. Most impressively, the Roman Empire maintained cordial relations with states in Central Asia as far east as Han China. He was poised to take over Bohemia, but these plans collapsed when he became ill and died in 180 AD. The cause was the so-called Antonine Plague, which had been brought back from Parthia fifteen years previously. Believed to have been measles or smallpox, this disease also killed Lucius Verus as well as about 5 million people in the Roman Empire.
Personally he was amicable, humane and intellectual. His Meditations, written while on campaign, is still used as a reference for leadership and duty and proposed a manner of rational virtue. He was a Stoic philosopher of considerable note, as well as a family man who took his wife and children with him on his trips around the empire. He had fourteen children by Faustina the Younger, of which only one son and four daughters survived him. He was deified upon his death, and was succeeded by Commodus, who turned out to be one of the most disastrous choices in Imperial Rome.
This is a powerful and attractive piece of Enlightenment sculpture. | <urn:uuid:8540cf0e-fe2a-4902-96da-f269fe8582d8> | {
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Hair: The Long and Short of It
Some hair on your head falls out every day, no matter what your age. And that is perfectly normal.
Each hair strand goes through two phases: a growing phase and a resting phase, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). The growing phase lasts two to six years, during which the strand grows about half an inch a month. When the growing phase ends, the hair enters a resting phase of two to three months. After the resting phase, the hair falls out and a new hair begins growing.
About 10 percent of your hair is in a resting phase at any one time, the AAFP says.
About 95 percent of all cases of excessive hair loss are caused by male pattern baldness, according to the American Medical Association (AMA). This condition, technically called androgenetic alopecia, occurs most often in men, but women also can experience it. About 40 million U.S. men are affected by male pattern baldness. About a quarter of men begin balding by age 30, the AMA says. Two-thirds of men begin balding by age 60.
Excessive hair loss can be caused by other things, as well. You can lose hair three to four months after an illness or surgery, because of the stress on your body. A hormonal imbalance -- caused by thyroid disease, for instance -- can cause hair loss. Women often notice hair loss about three months after giving birth; this hair loss is related to levels of certain pregnancy hormones.
Fungal infections can cause hair loss. These infections occur most often in children. Treating the infection stops the hair loss.
Certain medications can cause hair loss. These include blood thinners, gout medicines, chemotherapy medicines, oral contraceptives and antidepressants, the AAFP says. An excess amount of vitamin A also can cause hair loss.
Diabetes and lupus are two diseases that can cause hair loss. Treating the disease can help stop the hair loss, the AAFP says.
Using tight hair rollers or wearing your hair in pigtails or cornrows can lead to hair loss. Chemicals used in permanents also can lead to hair loss.
If you have male pattern baldness, be wary of miracle cures. The good news is that there is hope: medications such as minoxidil, which is applied topically, or finasteride taken as a pill, can help restore hair growth, and techniques such as hair grafts or transplants can be successful.
Proper care can keep hair healthy. The difference in shampoos for oily, dry and normal hair depends on pH balance -- whether they're acidic or alkaline. Dry or damaged hair, for example, needs acidic shampoo, with a pH below five.
And if you have trouble making your hair look lively, maybe you should not be surprised. Your hair is made up of layers of dead cells filled with the protein keratin -- which also makes up your nails and your outer skin. | <urn:uuid:63f9daff-9a56-4494-a122-68d5c407b443> | {
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Protecting Afghanistan’s environment and tourist future
If the high mountain lakes of Band-e Amir were not in a country in its fourth decade of war they would be world famous.
Outsiders lucky enough to see them today are often lost for words when they first set eyes on the ethereal blue of their waters and the Martian-orange and red cliffs surrounding them.
The lakes, in Bamiyan province, are Afghanistan's first-ever national park, and draw thousands of local visitors every year. The government hopes foreign tourists will one day come too.
If that sounds quixotic now, so too may the UN and the government's launch here of the country's first-ever environmental protection plan - with a solar-powered kettle one of its signature initiatives.
But for those living in Bamiyan's isolated mountain valleys, the most immediate threat is not the Taliban but drought, partly induced by human activity.
Climate change is making things worse and the lakes could be at risk too.
Glaciers in the province's Koh-e Baba mountains, the western end of the Hindu Kush, recede further each year.
The climate adaptation programme, as it's known, "is not luxury, it's life", says Bamiyan Governor Habiba Sarabi after climbing up to Qazan, one of 18 mountain farming communities involved in the $6m (£3.75m) scheme.
Some 3,000m (9,800ft) above sea level, this is always going to be a tough place to live and farm.
But it's got tougher as trees and vegetation have been cut down for fuel - creating the beginnings of a high-altitude dust bowl.
In an Afghan version of the Grapes of Wrath, more families are being forced to leave every year.
Like shaved heads, most of the hillsides are bare, with just the occasional stubble of green.
It also means villages are more exposed to "flash-flooding in spring and summer and avalanches in winter", says Andrew Scanlon of the UN Environment Programme.
But he is now overseeing the planting of new trees and turf along Qazan's valley.
Against the repetitive clanging of hammer on metal, workers in Bamiyan city are building scores of cleaner, more-efficient stoves.
Run by an Afghan NGO called the Conservation Organisation for the Afghan Mountains (COAM), the workshop sells them on preferential terms to local villages and it already has more orders than it can fulfil.
Mr Scanlon wants to expand the scheme elsewhere.
COAM is promoting another energy-saving device, the solar kettle.
It is basically a large satellite dish which reflects sun-rays onto a kettle suspended in the middle.
The bigger the dish the quicker the boil - but the one they are selling for about $100 can make a cup of tea in 20 minutes.
Yet with Nato forces retreating over the next two years, taking large chunks of aid money with them, there are concerns whether this tentative momentum can be maintained.
The New Zealand run civilian-military provincial reconstruction team (PRT) in Bamiyan is due to close early next year.Catching up
There are questions, too, over the future of Bamiyan's best-known landmark - the remains of the larger of its two rock Buddhas, blown up by the Taliban months before the US-led invasion in 2001.
The vast cave, or niche, carved into the mountainside 1,500 years ago looms over Bamiyan like a ghostly sentinel - and a permanent reminder of what happened.
But the niche is in "imminent danger of collapse", says Brendan Cassar of Unesco - the UN's cultural agency - and they need funding to shore it up.
Security concerns are pressing in too - from districts around Bamiyan where the Taliban and other armed groups have become more active.
Buddhas in Bamiyan
- About 140 miles (230km) northwest of Kabul
- Built in the 6th Century, when Bamiyan was a holy Buddhist site
- In 629AD, Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Bamiyan as a bustling centre with tens of thousands of monks
- The two most prominent statues were 55m and 37m high
- Bodies carved out of sandstone cliffs
- Demolished in March 2001 after being declared idols
That has had a knock-on effect on the small indigenous tourist trade here.
If foreign tourists are still a fledgling species here, Band-e Amir national park usually attracts a steady flow of Afghan visitors.
But there's been a sharp fall in numbers this year, as the threat along the road towards Bamiyan has risen.
The park itself is still a long way from being managed like protected reserves elsewhere in the world. A guard with a piece of rope across the road is the gate-post.
There is little control on villagers who live next to the lakes. They have often used grenades and other explosives for fishing. Rubbish sometimes gets dumped in the waters.
But it is important to keep locals involved, "so they benefit", says Mostapha Zaher, the energetic head of Afghanistan's environmental protection agency - and grandson of the former king.
He admits he's been called "unrealistic" for his dreams of developing national parks while the country is still in conflict.
But Mr Zaher insists it will happen, with plans underway for a second park in the Wakhan corridor - the finger of mountainous territory that takes Afghanistan all the way to China.
The UN deputy envoy Michael Keating, who has championed the environmental programmes, echoes his optimism: "Twenty years ago who would have thought Cambodia could become a tourist destination?"
To Afghans, the lakes are sacred waters and they believe have healing properties.
Perhaps one day, they will help heal Afghanistan too. | <urn:uuid:520ef869-a288-453f-a876-ac19b78f10a1> | {
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Stemming from Broder’s fraught drive between Washington, DC and Boston in the purely electric Model S sedan, during which the reporter suffered multiple bouts of battery-range anxiety, reams of data were collected by the vehicle on everything from throttle pressure to battery depletion. Musk has refused to release this data, but the fact that a passenger vehicle would collect it at all underscores a change in what we trust our cars to do.
Passenger vehicles can and will collect very specific data on our driving habits. This data can be stored, analysed and used to ascertain fault in accidents, speeding cases and manufacturers’ gas mileage claims; it can also be used to take proactive measures to avoid collisions. Some of this data collection and processing ability exists already, but it is nowhere near as robust as it will soon become.
First, a look at the data-driven tools already used by passenger vehicles.
Technology as a tool
Adaptive cruise control uses radar and sensors to determine the distance from a driver's car to the one in front of it. When it receives that information, it determines whether the car should maintain its speed or slow down. Systems like Volvo's City Safety accident prevention system are further evolutions of this, able to sense obstacles and apply brake pressure to avoid or lessen the impact of collision. Both systems apply information culled from a car's surroundings and in a stopping or slowing scenario.
In coming years however, cars will communicate with multiple vehicles in their vicinity, exchanging speed data, assessing possible risks and using algorithms to avoid, and calculate the risk of, collisions. Cars will not merely collect data about themselves, they will collect data about everything around them to help drivers make decisions. In some cases, cars will make the decision for them.
The question that may nag at motorists is how implicitly such technology can be trusted. This reckoning is already at hand in the form of so-called autonomous vehicles. Google's autonomous cars collect reams of data and manoeuvre based on that information. The company’s engineers have done such a thorough job of controlling for various factors that the vehicles have never had an accident under computer control.
Drivers already put an enormous amount of trust in their vehicles and for the most part our cars perform their tasks extraordinarily well. Whether this trust endures as cars take over more functions from drivers remains to be seen.
The human experience
Anyone who has ever booted up a computer or opened an app knows that the data presented is not always accurate. Our computers and smartphones freeze, our apps crash and our files get corrupted. The same applies to our vehicles. Technology has already made cars safer and more efficient, but as more data technologies migrate into the car, there will be more possibilities for misreporting of information or just plain failure.
That is why every Google car has a manual override, and why autonomy will be gradually integrated into vehicles. Technology, in other words, will not be allowed to trump a driver's ability to make decisions, at least not for the foreseeable future.
For now, we can choose to trust data when we can assess it accurately, or discard it when we think it is wrong. But in a few years, presuming data collection has become better honed, disputes like the one between Tesla and the New York Times may not even have the opportunity to surface. | <urn:uuid:b131ecbb-11d0-4bd6-a56e-868c195519ff> | {
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It’s Earth Month! Celebrate by going green in the kitchen.
Going green is easier than you think! Follow these 10 simple steps for turning your kitchen into an earth-friendly zone.
Going green has gone from a trend to a way of life. And yet, I can’t seem to overcome my fear of composting (the worms!). Which is why I’m all about taking baby steps—starting in the kitchen. The room where much of our daily activity and consumption occur is a gold mine for going green.
Below are 10 easy ways to clean up your act:
- Recycle, recycle, recycle. Before you throw away another aluminum can, think about this: a single aluminum can saved by recycling is equivalent to a half gallon of gasoline.
- Wash dishes in the dishwasher, not by hand. “A fully loaded dishwasher uses about 5 gallons of water—about 4 times less than if you washed them by hand,” says eco-living expert Danny Seo. “Plus, a dishwasher sanitizes better. Yes, lazier is greener and better!”
- Make your own countertop cleanser. It’s easy, inexpensive and healthier for you and the environment. Fill a spray bottle with 1 part distilled white vinegar and 1 part water. Add a few drops of your favorite essential oil for fragrance, and spritz away.
- Nuke the sponge. A wet sponge can be a breeding ground for nasty germs that you just spread around when you clean. Seo suggests microwaving it for 90 seconds to radiate away all the germs and bacteria.
- Replace the fridge if it’s more than 15 years old. “A refrigerator is the only appliance you NEVER turn off from the day you plug it in,” says Seo. “The older it gets, the more energy and money is wasted. Investing in an Energy Star rated model will save on both over time.”
- Reserve paper towels for emergencies only. You’ll save on trees by switching to cloth towels and napkins, which can be reused. Plus, they look nicer on the table!
- Grocery shop with reuseable bags—one for meat products, one for produce and one for everything else. “You can cross-contaminate your veggies if meat drips onto your produce,” warns Seo.
- Compost! I’m told that it’s a whole lot easier than it looks, and there are loads of pretty (and odorless) countertop compost pails on the market. Just toss in food scraps until the pail is full, then transfer to your outdoor compost pile or garden.
- Buy your favorite liquid soap in bulk, and transfer to glass bottles in kitchen and bathrooms. You’ll save money and help cut down on the number of plastic bottles that wind up in the landfill each year.
- Turn unwanted leftovers into a delicious treasure. The bunch of parsley you hardly touched, the wilted greens, the lone carrot. It’s so easy to throw items away, but why waste what can be made into soup stock or blended into pesto? Every little bit counts. | <urn:uuid:3c8a34bb-cbbd-4aea-b57a-19f1d3ca3383> | {
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This domain includes the larger expanses of Holocene sediments and landforms throughout Britain, with the exception of blanket peat on the hills. It mainly includes areas of very low relief and low-lying coastal tracts.
The domain has almost complete cover of superficial deposits (~85%). Organic deposits form about 10% of the area (~12% of the area of superficial deposits).
This area is underlain by thick sequences of alluvial, lacustrine, estuarine, beach, aeolian and marine deposits, locally concealed by and extensively interbedded with peat. This includes the extensive lowland peats of the Fenland, Broadland and the Somerset Moors and Levels. These peats are mainly the product of rising water tables in response to rising relative sea levels during the Holocene.
|Subjective guide to dominance within this domain||Topogenous mires||Soligenous mires||Ombrogenous mires|
|Locally present||Open water transition mire||Valley mire|
|Rare||Basin mire||Spring mire||Raised mire|
For further information please contact Marieta Garcia-Bajo | <urn:uuid:6866d827-be33-4423-95f2-ef8f0ba50c89> | {
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| Risk Factors
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot in a vein deep in the body. Veins are blood vessels with valves that help prevent backward blood flow. Blood is pushed through the veins in legs and arms when muscles contract.
Deposits of red blood cells and clotting elements in the blood can build up in a vein. This build up leads to a blood clot. Clots usually occur in the legs, but can occur in other locations. As the clot grows, it blocks blood flow in the vein.
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Several factors contribute to clot formation, including:
- Slow blood flow, often due to lying or sitting still for a long period of time
Pooling of blood in a vein, often due to:
- Medical conditions
- Damage to valves in a vein or pressure on the valves, such as during pregnancy
- Injury to a blood vessel
- Clotting problems, which can occur due to aging or disease
- Catheters placed in a vein
Risk factors for DVT include:
- Personal or family history of deep vein thrombosis
- Not moving your body, especially during travel
- Surgery, especially involving bones or joints
Medical conditions, such as:
- Inherited or natural genetic changes that can alter your protein levels
Taking medications such as
birth control pills
Symptoms occur when:
- The clot interferes with blood flow in the vein
- Local inflammation occurs
- A clot breaks free and travels to the lungs
Some patients may not have any symptoms until the clot moves to the lungs. This condition is called
Symptoms of DVT may include:
- Swelling of a limb
- Tenderness along the vein, especially near the thigh
- Redness, paleness, or blueness of the skin of the affected limb
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
- Your blood and blood flow may be tested. This can be done with:
- Blood tests
- Impedance plethysmography
Duplex venous ultrasound
You may have images taken. This can be done with venography.
Treatment aims to:
- Prevent pulmonary embolism
- Stop the clot from growing
- Dissolve the clot, if possible
This may include:
- Resting in bed
- Elevating the affected limb above the heart
- Wearing compression stockings as advised by your doctor
You may be prescribed blood thinning medication to prevent additional clots from forming. These may be given by injection or by mouth.
This treatment may be continued long-term.
In some cases, a filter may be placed in the inferior vena cava. The vena cava is a major vein. Blood from the lower body returns to the heart through this vein. The filter may trap a clot that breaks loose before it travels to the lungs.
General prevention measures include:
- Having tests that monitor your use of blood thinners.
- Do not sit for long periods. If you are in a car or airplane or at a computer, get up often and move around.
- Do not smoke.
If you are admitted to the hospital, talk to your doctor about how to prevent blood clots, such as:
- Get out of bed and walk as soon as possible during your recovery.
If you are restricted to bed:
- Do range of motion exercises in bed.
- Change your position at least every two hours.
- Wear compression stockings to promote venous blood flow.
- Use a pneumatic compression device. This device uses air to compress your legs and help improve venous blood flow.
- If prescribed by your doctor, take medication to reduce blood clots. This medication can reduce your chance of death due to blood clots. | <urn:uuid:9dfff0e4-e8cd-4539-a532-47455294c738> | {
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WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. - Even large amounts of manufactured nanoparticles, also known as Buckyballs, don't faze microscopic organisms that are charged with cleaning up the environment, according to Purdue University researchers.
In the first published study to examine Buckyball toxicity on microbes that break down organic substances in wastewater, the scientists used an amount of the nanoparticles on the microbes that was equivalent to pouring 10 pounds of talcum powder on a person. Because high amounts of even normally safe compounds, such as talcum powder, can be toxic, the microbes' resiliency to high Buckyball levels was an important finding, the Purdue investigators said.
The experiment on Buckyballs, which are carbon molecules C60, also led the scientists to develop a better method to determine the impact of nanoparticles on the microbial community.
"It's important to look at the entire microbial community when nanomaterials are introduced because the microbes are all interdependent for survival and growth," said Leila Nyberg, a doctoral student in the School of Civil Engineering and the study's lead author. "If we see a minor change in these microorganisms it could negatively impact ecosystems."
The microbes used in the study live without oxygen and also exist in subsurface soil and the stomachs of ruminant animals, such as cows and goats, where they aid digestion.
"We found no effect by any amount of C60 on the structure or the function of the microbial community over a short time," Nyberg said. "Based on what we know about the properties of C60, this is a realistic model of what would happen if high concentrations of nanoparticles were released into the environment."
The third naturally occurring pure carbon molecule known, Buckyballs are nano-sized, multiple-sided structures that look like soccer balls.
Nyberg and her colleagues Ron Turco and Larry Nies, professors of agronomy and ci
|Contact: Susan A. Steeves| | <urn:uuid:a45b666e-60e3-4153-8529-a347a2bc3557> | {
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Paul Painter¹ and Lucas McConnell²
¹Materials Science and Engineering and The Energy Institute
²Renewergy Corporation, Erie PA.
Presently, biofuels in this country usually means one of two things, ethanol (in the U.S. principally produced from corn) or biodiesel (largely from oilseeds or yellow grease). However, large-scale production of these fuels will inevitably lead to the displacement of croplands used to produce food and there will clearly be a limit on the quantity of ethanol and biodiesel that can be obtained from these sources. Furthermore, although both biodiesel and ethanol have a number of attractive properties (in addition to being derived from a renewable source), they are not without problems (lower energy content, clogging of fuel lines and filters because of their ability to dissolve gums and other deposits, etc.).
It would clearly be advantageous if a cheap, relatively simple method were available to produce a predominantly hydrocarbon fuel (i.e., largely decarboxylated oils) from feedstocks that contain high contents of free fatty acids. One source that we wish to particularly focus on is algae, for the purposes of this project being produced on by Renewergy Corporation. Renewergy has developed a proprietary, “aeroponic algalculture” technique that uses a fraction of the water needed by conventional processes and a simple way of increasing surface area for light and CO2 absorption.
In preliminary work, we have applied Kolbe electrolysis to the processing of algal oil. Kolbe electrolysis of fatty (alkanoic) acids was the first known electrochemical synthesis. Faraday had originally observed (in 1834) that hydrocarbons are formed upon electrolysis of acetate solutions, but it was H. Kolbe who performed the first detailed investigations of the reactions of carboxylic acids at an anode some fifteen years later. Essentially, the reaction involves the electrochemical oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acid salts that leads to radicals, which can then combine to form simple hydrocarbons. We have found that a number of side reactions occur, but these can be advantageous in producing biofuels. | <urn:uuid:5808c6cc-13e7-4e25-8330-97fe63475956> | {
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Hours: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Tickets: Adults $11, Child (3-12 yrs) $6
A variety of habitat, from lowlands to mountains but determining factors are the presence of fruit and flowers and caves for roosting.
Diet in the Wild:
Diet at the Zoo:
Chopped fruit and fruit bat supplement, fruit juice
A record of 22 years in captivity
Fruit bats have grayish-brown coats with a lighter shade on the ventral side (stomach.) They have short, strong jaws and a wingspan of about 24 inches. Measuring between 4 to 7 inches in length, these true flying mammals weigh up to 6 ounces. The wings are a skin membrane and held together by a finger like extension. The eyes are large and ears stand erect. Males are noticeably larger than the females.
Bats are nocturnal, and they find their way in the dark using high-pitched sounds, a process called echolocation. It is also common that these bats roost close together, often making body contact, especially with their young. Fruit bats are known to fly about 25 miles from roosting site in search of food.
These bats usually have only one baby each year, however sometimes twins may occur. Gestation is about 15 weeks. The mother bats carry their young at first, then leave them at the roosts while they search for fruit. Babies are about 3 months old before they learn to fly on their own. Young ones stay in the same colony as their parents for most, if not all, of their lives.
These bats are fairly common but their numbers could be at risk due to habitat destruction. | <urn:uuid:51bae935-cc15-466e-b238-f01c5114dea3> | {
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Quiz: Sertorius, Eumenes and The Comparison of Sertorius and Eumenes to Caesar
|Name: _____________________________||Period: ___________________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
Directions: Circle the correct answer.
1. In what sort of family does Plutarch claim Sertorius was raised?
a) A ruling class family.
b) A noble family.
c) A poor laboring family.
d) A military family.
2. What does Plutarch claim Aristotle provided that he considered, "...a perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and knowledge...."?
a) Aristotle's collection of military histories.
b) Aristotle's personally corrected copy of Homer's Illiads.
c) Aristotle's writings regarding the proper training and preparation of soldiers.
d) Aristotle's maps of important sites in Persia.
3. What was a political hurdle that Plutarch claimed Pompey had to overcome?
a) Pompey was not respected after he lost battles in Spain.
This section contains 484 words|
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|Return to BRACE for IMPACT home page Go to Author's home page Go to BRACE for IMPACT Blog|
Chapter One: Losing Ground
The two principal myths about rhe Dust Bowl:
1. It was caused by drought.
2. It's over
Since the 1970s, for every ton of grain produced by industrial agriculture,
an average of seven tons of topsoil has been lost to wind and water erosion.
And that's just the beginning of the destruction. | <urn:uuid:bdec2ba2-a211-4943-82da-39f3a9bdd20a> | {
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Anglican CommunionArticle Free Pass
Anglican Communion, religious body of national, independent, and autonomous churches throughout the world that adheres to the teachings of Anglicanism and that evolved from the Church of England. The Anglican Communion is united by a common loyalty to the archbishop of Canterbury in England as its senior bishop and titular leader and by a general agreement with the doctrines and practices defined since the 16th century in The Book of Common Prayer.
The roots of the Anglican Communion can be traced to the Reformation in the 16th century, when King Henry VIII rejected the authority of the Roman Catholic pope in Rome and established an independent church in England. The essential teachings of the church were first set down in The Book of Common Prayer, compiled by Thomas Cranmer, and the organization of the Church of England was worked out during the 16th and 17th centuries. From the time of the Reformation, the Church of England followed explorers, traders, colonists, and missionaries into all parts of the world. The colonial churches generally exercised administrative autonomy within the historical and creedal context of the mother church. It was probably not until the first meeting of the Lambeth Conference (so called because it was held at Lambeth Palace, the archbishop of Canterbury’s residence in London) in 1867 that there emerged among the various churches and councils a mutual consciousness of an Anglican Communion. Since its inception the Lambeth Conference, which meets every 10 years, has constituted the principal cohesive factor in Anglicanism, even though its decisions are not binding and must be approved by the individual churches.
Beliefs and practices
The beliefs and practices of the Anglican Communion are often said to be the middle ground between those of the Roman Catholic and those of the Protestant churches. The Communion teaches a Trinitarian understanding of God and believes in Jesus as the coequal and coeternal Son of God who came for the salvation of humankind. The holy book of the Communion is the Bible, which is made up of the Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament. Anglicans also accept the Nicene Creed and the Apostles’ Creed as essential statements of their beliefs. There are only two sacraments, baptism and the Eucharist, but the Communion honours confirmation, ordination, marriage, reconciliation of the penitent, and unction of the sick as important religious rites. Easter and Christmas are two of the most important holy days in the Communion, and members of the church attend weekly services. The Communion’s worship service varies but often includes the eucharistic rites, prayer, the singing of Psalms and hymns, readings from the Gospels and the Hebrew Bible, and a sermon by the presiding minister.
The Anglican Communion accepts a threefold order of ministry, including bishops, priests or presbyters, and deacons. The bishop is the chief administrative official of the church, and the highest figure of this rank is the archbishop of Canterbury. Priests, who may be men or women, are responsible for overseeing the local church, proclaiming the Gospel, blessing and pardoning in God’s name, and administering the sacraments. The function of the deacon is to assist the priest; deacons help to administer the sacraments and are also called upon to help spread the Gospel.
While population differences and other factors account for some variation in basic structure between the churches, several elements predominate. The diocese, under the authority of a bishop, is the basic administrative unit throughout the Communion. The diocese is made up of parishes, or local church communities, each under the care of a pastor. In many of the national churches, dioceses are grouped into provinces. In some, parishes may be grouped also below the diocesan level into rural deaneries and archdeaconries.
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endodermArticle Free Pass
endoderm, the innermost of the three germ layers, or masses of cells (lying within ectoderm and mesoderm), which appears early in the development of an animal embryo. The endoderm subsequently gives rise to the epithelium (tissue that covers, or lines, a structure) of the pharynx, including the eustachian tube, the tonsils, the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and thymus gland; the larynx, trachea, and lungs; the gastrointestinal tract (except mouth and anus), the urinary bladder, the vagina (in females), and the urethra. The term endoderm is sometimes used to refer to the gastrodermis, the simple tissue that lines the digestive cavity of cnidarians and ctenophores. Compare ectoderm; mesoderm.
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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
possession of mana
...possess it. Derived from a root term that has aristocratic connotations, mana corresponds to Polynesian social classifications. The ariki, or alii, the nobility of Polynesia, have more mana than commoners, and both their land and the insignia...
traditional Maori social structure
...( iwi) recognized a common ancestry (which might be traced through either or both parents) and common allegiance to a chief or chiefs ( ariki). Traditionally, at the day-to-day level, the most important social groups were the hapuu (subtribe), which was the primary landholding group...
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CHARITIES FOR THE POOR. (fn. 50)
Walden abbey undertook to pay £1 a year out of the
rectory to feed 30 paupers in Edmonton but payments apparently ceased at the Dissolution. (fn. 51)
Sir Christopher Askew, alderman of London, by
will proved 1539, left £100 for 'best full white
herrings' to be distributed among the poor of
Edmonton each Lent. (fn. 52) His son Richard said that
the charity had already lapsed by 1551, because of
the high price of herrings. (fn. 53)
During the 17th century important charities were
founded for schools, which are dealt with above,
and for alms-houses. By 1819 there were 20 charities
in Edmonton, mostly for the poor or to augment the
existing education and alms-house charities. They
were administered as the Edmonton charities by
trustees consisting of the vicar and churchwardens
and 11 prominent inhabitants. (fn. 54) A committee of the
vestry, appointed in 1848, alleged that 11 charities
should not be administered by the trustees but by
the parish or by the vicar and churchwardens,
that the funds of the various charities were amalgamated, and that there was misappropriation,
particularly in the case of Latymer's charity, which
accounted for £500 out of the total annual income
of £900. The trustees denied the charges and by a
Charity Commission Scheme of 1866 were authorized to administer together 23 charities, although
excluding the Latymer charity. The 23 charities
were those of Alston, Cade, Chaplin, Colfe, Elliott,
Hallam, Huxley, Jackson, Lewitt, Maule, Pitt,
Rogers, Skip, Smith, Stanbridge, Edmund and
Sarah Slaughter, Style, Tatem, Uvedale, Wilde of
Edmonton, Wilde of Barking, and Wyatt.
In 1889 another parochial committee reported
that money, particularly for apprenticing, was not
being properly applied and in 1891 it proposed a
new Scheme. It was not until 1899, however, that
the Charity Commission established a new board of
trustees, consisting of the vicar, 5 representatives
of Edmonton U.D.C. and 4 of Southgate U.D.C.,
and 8 co-opted members. There were to be two
groups of charities-the United charities of
Judith Alston and others and the Ecclesiastical
charities. The Ecclesiastical charities consisted
of Maule's charity and the ecclesiastical provisions of
the charities of Hallam, Rogers, and Wilde of
Edmonton, producing a total annual income of £143.
The United charities consisted of the remaining
charities in the 1866 Scheme, together with those of
Baker, Bellis, Board, John and Henry Field,
Jifkins, Larman, Whitbread, and part of Knight's
and Rowley's charities. The total stock amounted
to £9,933 and the annual income to £469.
By a Scheme of 1902 the United charities were
divided into three branches: educational, which
consisted of £20 a year from Style's and £8 a year
from Wilde of Edmonton's charities; apprenticing,
consisting of £10 a year from Style's, £6 a year from
Wilde of Edmonton's charities, and the relevant
portion of Chaplin's charity; and alms-houses and
pensioners, to which all the other income was
applied. The educational branch was abstracted
from the United charities by a Scheme of 1905,
which transformed it into the Educational Foundations of John Wilde of Edmonton and Thomas Style.
Knight's charity and the Oswin fund were added
to the United charities in 1914 and 1928 respectively.
By a Scheme of 1965 pensioners were omitted
from the third branch of the United charities, all
the money going to the alms-houses. The income of
the United charities in 1964 was £1,760, of which
£228 was paid to alms-people. In 1973 the income
was £1,100, which was wholly applied to the
upkeep of the alms-houses. By 1973 the apprenticing
branch of the charity was dormant, virtually no
applications being made for it.
Several charities were founded during the 19th
century for the benefit of Southgate parish,
especially by the Walker family, and in 1906 the
Southgate relief committee, which included the
vicar and churchwardens of Christ Church, was
formed to administer them. In 1973 the committee
administered £120 income from the charities of
John Julian, Frederick Walker, Vyell E. Walker, and
Russell Walker, and the relevant portions of
Sophia Walker's charity and the Weld Chapel
trust. (fn. 55)
The United Charities.
In 1662 John Wilde of Edmonton, had 'lately' built
three alms-houses next to the churchyard in Church
Street. By will proved 1665 he conveyed houses and
25 a., mostly of common-field land, to trustees to
apply the profits to several charities, including £4 a
year for the inmates of the alms-houses. (fn. 56) By
1867 £7 was being paid by Wilde's charity to the
Thomas Style (d. 1679) built two alms-houses
adjoining the churchyard for 6 poor men and 6 poor
women of Edmonton. In 1679 he endowed the
alms-houses with part of a rent-charge of £66 on
Dephams estate, of which £1 16s. a year was to be
spent on repairs and £33 16s. a year on weekly
payments of 1s. 1d. each to the almspeople.
John Lewitt of Palmers Green, by will dated 1771,
bequeathed £800 stock yielding £24 a year which
was distributed among the 12 inmates of Style's
alms-houses. George Stanbridge of Edmonton, by
will dated 1780, bequeathed £500 stock to the
trustees of Wilde's and Style's alms-houses, who
in 1823 distributed the income of £16 10s. amongst
the 15 alms-people. Other charities for the benefit
of the 15 inmates were those of Sarah Huxley,
daughter of Thomas Huxley of Weir Hall, who
bequeathed £1,000 yielding £38 a year by will
dated 1800; Miss Catherine Tatem of Edmonton,
who bequeathed £50 stock yielding £1 10s. by will
dated 1812; Thomas Elliott, clock-maker of
Edmonton, who by will dated 1824 bequeathed
£450 stock, which in 1899 yielded £12; John Pitt,
who bequeathed £100 stock yielding £3 a year by
will dated 1826; (fn. 57) Edmund Slaughter of Edmonton,
who by will proved 1832 bequeathed £500 stock,
yielding £14 in 1899; (fn. 58) and William Skip of
Edmonton, who left £100 stock yielding £3 a year
subject to the repair of his vault, by will dated 1836.
In 1861 Thomas Knight of Edmonton endowed
the 15 alms-houses with £500 stock producing
£13 15s. and in 1879 Hannah Whitbread gave £607
stock yielding £18, to maintain the buildings or
benefit the inmates.
Several charities provided for benefits in kind. By
will dated 1820 Sarah Slaughter directed that the
interest on £50 stock was to be spent on Christmas
dinner for the 15 alms-people. The interest was
£1 10s. in 1867. Ann Larman, by will proved 1867,
bequeathed £105 stock yielding £3 a year to buy
coal for the inmates of Style's alms-houses. In
1892 George Bellis left £103 stock yielding £3 to
buy coal for the 15 alms-people. By will proved 1892
Thomas William Rowley bequeathed £500 stock
producing £14 to provide bread and coal for the 15
alms-people but by a Scheme of 1893 the money was
to supplement their stipends.
The alms-people, in 1851 6 men and 9 women,
mostly widows, (fn. 59) were chosen by the vestry until
1899 when full control passed to the trustees.
The alms-houses were in disrepair in the 1740s
and Style's alms-houses were rebuilt in 1754 and
again in 1903 to the designs of H. W. Dobb.
Nearly all the stock was sold in 1960 to modernize
the buildings but the Ministry of Housing made a
grant for the Charity Commissioners to reinvest.
In 1851 Thomas Knight gave two cottages
which he had recently erected in Church Lane in
trust to the Edmonton benefit society, for two old
and handicapped members of the society or their
widows. (fn. 60) The cottages, which Knight endowed
with £50 stock yielding £1 5s. a year, were administered as part of the United charities under a
Scheme of 1914. There were four widows in
Knight's alms-houses in 1933 but in 1960 the
cottages were demolished and six garages, each let
at 15s. a week, were built on the site.
Henry Cade of Edmonton,
yeoman, in 1578 gave a rent-charge of 6s. 8d. from a
house, later the Cock public house, and 1 a. on the
west of Hertford Road for the use of the poor. In
1823 it was added to the sacrament money and paid
to the poor 'from time to time'.
By will proved 1579 (fn. 61) Richard Rogers the elder, a
London goldsmith who lived in Edmonton, left all
his freehold property in Edmonton and Tottenham
in trust to pay, inter alia, (fn. 62) 1s. a week in bread and
money to 6 of the poorest people of Edmonton and
13s. 4d. to the poor on the anniversary of his death.
Rogers's nephew Richard Rogers the younger,
Comptroller of the Mint, by will dated 1636, left
a rent-charge of £2 to provide 6d. a week in money
or bread for 6 poor people and 10s. 8d. for distribution among the poor on the first Sunday in August.
Edward Rogers of Edmonton, son of Richard the
younger, left a further rent-charge of £1 9s 4d. by
will proved 1659, to be distributed, inter alia, as 6d.
a week in bread to poor parishioners. In 1823 the
total income of the Rogers charities, which were
always distributed together, was £7 1s. 4d., from
rent-charges on freehold estates in Fore Street,
Church Street, and the marsh. Of this £5 4s. was
paid in bread to 12 poor people every Sunday and
£1 4s. to the poor on the first Sunday in August.
The rent-charges were redeemed in 1934 and 1964.
By will dated 1614 John Wilde of Barking
(Essex) gave a rent-charge of £2 a year upon
premises in Fore Street, to buy twopenny-loaves for
the poor of Edmonton each quarter. The rentcharge was redeemed in 1934.
Jasper Hallam, leatherseller of London, by will
dated 1625, left £3 6s. 8d. out of a rent-charge on
Bury farm to provide £2 worth of bread for the poor
every Sunday in Lent and 6s. 8d. for a Lenten meal
for the poor town-born people of Edmonton.
The rent-charge was redeemed in 1903.
Among property devised by the Revd. Abraham
Colfe to the Leathersellers' Company of London for
charitable purposes, by will dated 1656, was 5 a. in
Edmonton. A rent-charge of 8s. 8d. from part of the
property on the east of Lower Fore Street was to
buy two penny loaves each Sunday for two of the
'godliest and poorest' householders of Edmonton. (fn. 63)
By 1823 the money was applied by the churchwardens in occasional charity to the poor.
By indenture and will dated 1677 Judith, widow
of Penning Alston, grocer of London, conveyed
copyhold property in trust to pay annuities and
thereafter to provide £4 quarterly payments to the
poor of Edmonton and £1 a year each to 16 other
poor people. The property, in 1677 a house, 9 a. of
common-field arable, and 2 a. of marsh-land, was
exchanged at inclosure for a house and 7 a. at
Tanners End and 5 a. of marsh-land. In 1819 the
profits of £28 were distributed in quarterly payments of £1 to the poor and in £1 payments on
1 January to 20 poor annuitants. By 1867 the
quarterly payments were given in bread and £78
was given in money. The marsh-land was sold in
1907 and the land at Tanners End in 1914 and 1928;
the purchase money was invested for the benefit of
the United charities.
Catherine Jackson, of the family which owned
Broomfield, left £100 in trust for the poor of
Southgate by will dated 1687. The poor received £5
a year until the capital, together with money from
Maule's and Latymer's charities, was used to
purchase land in Hammersmith. The rent therefrom
was apportioned among the three charities, £3 10s.
being allotted to Jackson's charity from 1768 and
paid in bread or 5s. doles to the poor of Southgate.
The rent had risen to £7 10s. by 1899 and was given to
Southgate widows in 1902. (fn. 64) The land at Hammersmith was sold in 1913 and the money invested.
By will proved 1771 John Lewitt (fn. 65) bequeathed
£100 stock, the interest on which was spent in
bread for the poor. By will dated 1780 George
Stanbridge bequeathed £400 stock, the interest to
provide bread for the poor between Michaelmas
and Lady Day. By 1823 £12 was distributed in
bread. Margaret Uvedale (d. 1814), widow of RearAdmiral Samuel Uvedale, bequeathed £300 stock
by will dated 1813. (fn. 66) The income was to maintain
the vault of the family of William Washbourne,
vicar of Edmonton, and to relieve the aged poor of
Church Street ward on Christmas day. By 1819
there was £37 10s. interest, of which £2 10s. was
spent on the vault and £35 distributed in £1
By will proved 1828 John Field bequeathed
£1,000 stock and by will proved 1836 Henry Field
bequeathed £500 stock, to supply bread and coals
for the poor. The interest from their combined
charities was £45 in 1867. By will proved 1844
William Baker bequeathed £100 stock yielding £3
interest, to be paid to the elderly poor subject to the
repair of a grave. By will proved 1858 Ann Jifkins
left £47 stock, the interest to be used for repairing
her husband's tomb and distributed to the poor of
Church Street ward on Christmas day. By will
proved 1878 Edward Board bequeathed £928 stock
yielding £25 a year to provide money and clothing
for 20 aged poor, with preference for natives or old
residents of Edmonton and for those engaged in
agriculture. The Oswin fund, founded by Mrs.
Sarah Eleanor Browne by will proved 1901,
consisted of £654 stock and £31 annuities.
By will proved 1665, John
Wilde of Edmonton left £6 a year for apprenticing
two sons of two poor widows of Edmonton to some
trade in the City of London.
In 1679 Thomas Style gave £10 a year to
apprentice one or two poor boys within the parish.
In 1724 Francis Chaplin and his wife Joyce
conveyed the moiety of 6½ a. of marsh-land to be
used after their deaths for the repair of Chaplin's
vault in the church and for apprenticing a poor boy
from Edmonton. Through neglect at inclosure the
land was apportioned to others and only ½ a. at
Jeremy's Green and £30 were allotted to the
charity. By 1823 two cottages had been built and
the rent of £3 3s. was applied in apprenticing one
boy, although the trustees were criticized in 1849 for
retaining the money or granting too little. The land
was sold and the money invested in 1905. In 1933 it
produced £17 a year.
Ecclesiastical charities. (fn. 67)
By will dated 1714
Thomas Maule bequeathed £100 for the benefit of
10 poor church-going widows. In 1737 the money,
with money from Jackson's and Latymer's charities,
was used to buy land in Hammersmith, the rent
from which was divided among the charities.
Until c. 1819 the £3 a year apportioned to Maule's
charity was given to three inmates of Wilde's almshouses but thereafter it was given to 10 poor widows
who regularly attended church. When the Ecclesiastical charities were instituted in 1899, Maule's
charity produced £7 10s. a year. The land was sold
in 1913 and by 1962 the income from Maule's
charity had risen to £43, of which 15 poor widows
received 10s. each and the remainder was paid into
the sick and poor fund.
Southgate Charities. (fn. 68)
The charity of Sir John
Weld of Arnolds (d. 1623) provided for payments
of £13 6s. 8d. to 6 poor kindred and £2 12s. in
bread to 12 poor widows of Southgate every
Sunday. (fn. 69) By 1867 £31 4s. a year was distributed in
bread and in 1973 the bread portion of the charity
was administered by the Southgate relief committee.
Mrs. Sophia Walker, by will proved 1865,
bequeathed £596 stock for educational and other
charitable objects in Southgate. In 1899 £2 15s.,
the interest on £101 stock, was spent on medical or
nursing needs. In 1973 the income was divided
among the Southgate relief committee, Christ
Church Sunday school, and St. Andrew's day
By will proved 1892 John Julian left £1,000
stock to provide £1 each for 20 poor widows of
Christ Church parish in the week before Christmas
and to divide the remaining interest in bread for
the poor. In 1962 the income was £25, administered
by Southgate relief committee.
Four of the Walker brothers made bequests for
the benefit of the poor of Southgate. Frederick
Walker, by will proved 1890, Vyell Edward
Walker, by will proved 1906, and Russell Walker,
by will proved 1907, each left £1,000 stock. In 1962
the income was £34, £33, and £33 respectively,
administered by the Southgate relief committee.
Isaac Donnithorne Walker left £500, which
yielded £15 in 1962 and which the vicar of Southgate still administered for the poor of Southgate
village in 1973.
By will dated 1826 Elizabeth Martin bequeathed
£498 stock, the interest to be distributed to the poor
of Christ Church. In 1970 the charity produced
£12 which was given by the vicar in money and
Christmas gifts to old age pensioners.
John Woolnough, by will proved 1939, left money
to Southgate corporation to provide Christmas
dinners and coal for old people. Trustees were
appointed by a Scheme of 1961 and in 1973 the
income was under £250.
Other charities for the poor.
There was a group
of charities for medical and nursing purposes:
Elizabeth Whitehead bequeathed £116 stock yielding £3 4s. in 1800, Mrs. Frances Smith bequeathed
£272 yielding £7 9s. 8d. in 1811, and Edmund
Slaughter bequeathed £107 stock yielding £2 19s
in 1831. By 1872 there was also a lying-in charity, of
which the origin is unknown, which in 1899
consisted of £150 stock yielding £4 2s. 4d. By a
Scheme of 1940 its administration passed to the
trustees of the United charities.
Mrs. Esther Doe, by deed in 1863 and by will in
1872, left houses and stock yielding an annual
income of £447 which was to be spent on the almshouses.
The Bush prize fund, founded in 1869, provided
£10 a year from £250 stock to be used for
George Ringrose, by will proved 1885, left £92
stock producing £2 11s. to be spent in coal, bread,
and money for the deserving poor of Edmonton.
The income in 1966 was £2 6s. 4d.
Isaac Padman, by will dated 1818, left £500 to be
invested, the income to be applied to the religious
and 'respectable' poor of Winchmore Hill. By a
Scheme of 1893 the income of £24 a year was to be
applied in nursing, provident clubs, clothes, or
temporary relief to the residents of the ecclesiastical
district of Winchmore Hill, the rest of Edmonton
parish, and Enfield or any adjoining parish. In 1965
the income was £20, which the ministers of
Winchmore Hill Congregational church and Christ
Church Congregational church, Enfield, distributed
in coal, bedding, and clothes.
By will proved 1880 Peregrine Hogg Purvis of
Winchmore Hill left £2,000 to the vicar and
churchwardens of St. Paul, Winchmore Hill, the
interest to be distributed annually before Christmas
in £1-gifts to 50 poor inhabitants of Winchmore
Hill, irrespective of creed but with preference to
residents in Highfield Row. In 1966 the income was
£53. He also left £100 stock, producing £2 15s. in
1899, to nonconformist bodies, £200 stock producing £5 10s. for church purposes, and £200 stock
producing £5 10s. for education.
Elizabeth Winsdale, by will proved 1887, left £500
for the sick poor of the parish of St. James, Upper
Edmonton. The sum was invested and produced
£13 a year in 1964. In addition to his bequest to the
alms-houses Thomas William Rowley, by will
proved 1892, bequeathed £200 stock yielding
£5 10s. a year to the poor of St. James's parish.
Edward Chapman, by will proved 1902, bequeathed
£250, the income to provide coal for the poor of
St. James's at Christmas. In 1969 the income of
some £7 was spent on coal for 3 persons. Maria
Linzell, by will proved 1920, bequeathed £50 to
augment offertories for the poor, defray the cost of
church work, or benefit the parish charities of
St. James's. The income was £3 in 1964.
By will proved 1937 Frances Isabella Hammond
bequeathed £300 to maintain a tomb in St. Mary's,
Edmonton, any residue to benefit the sick and poor of
the parish. The income in 1966 was £10, spent on
groceries and other necessities. | <urn:uuid:c9cb7338-220a-424f-831d-609aaac4a016> | {
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11/05/2012 | Author / Editor: Eddie McGee*, Ken Picking** / Marcel Dröttboom
An special technique, developed by Ajax Equipment, uses a multiple stage insert system to overcome bunker flow problems, creating a more favourable approach to existing outlets and spreading the flow to previously “dead” storage areas of the bunker. The insert system has been used at Tata Steel Europe at its plant in Scunthorpe, UK, to overcome coal bunker flow problems.
Many power generation and industrial processes rely on storing coal in large bunkers. Over time changes in the type and quality of coal can lead to poor flow during discharge, causing processing delays and significantly reducing the bunker's storage capacity. Manual intervention is frequently used to promote flow; however, this is a hazardous process for operators, and fails to provide a long-term solution to the problem.
An innovative technique developed by solids handling equipment specialist, Ajax Equipment, uses a multiple stage insert system to overcome bunker flow problems, creating a more favourable approach to existing outlets and spreading the flow to previously 'dead' storage areas of the bunker. The insert system has been used at Tata Steel Europe (formerly Corus Long Products) – a manufacturer of steel products at its plant in Scunthorpe, UK, to overcome coal bunker flow problems.
In the ironmaking process, molten iron is produced in a blast furnace using agglomerated iron ore, limestone and coke. The coke is produced in large coke ovens from coal with special properties. Coal is crushed and blended on the Scunthorpe site and transported to Appleby Coke Ovens via a series of belt conveyors. It is then is stored in a large concrete service bunker which is sited above, and in the centre of, the oven batteries.
The concrete service bunker (Fig. 1) was built in 1937 and is divided into two rectangular sections, one section holding 3000 tonnes of coal and the other holding 1000 tonnes of coal. It is about 17.5 metres tall and the 1000 tonnes section is 8 metres × 13 metres, whilst the 3000-tonne section is 20 metres × 13 metres. Coal is fed into the top of the bunker where it is distributed to one of the two sections and stored ready for discharge under gravity. Coal is discharged via a number of rows of outlets at the base of the bunkers into the charge cars.
In 1968 half of the outlets were blanked off and lightweight concrete was used to build up a steeper approach to the remaining outlets with smooth glass tiles laid on top to encourage flow. The outlets are arranged in five rows of four outlets on the 3000-tonne side and two rows of four outlets on the 1000-tonne section. Each row of four outlets operates together to fill a charge car which feeds the oven. Each outlet has a 640-millimetre diameter steel throat cast into the concrete. Slide gates are fitted to each outlet and the charge cars are filled with 17.5 tonnes of coal in, hopefully, one minute.
The bunker was originally designed to store local Lincolnshire and Yorkshire coal, but today it holds blended imported coal from around the world. A typical blend may consist of 60 percent Australian Coal and 40 percent North American. It is the particularly cohesive properties of the imported coal that has exacerbated the bunker's flow problems, making the material more difficult to handle.
This article is protected by copyright. You want to use it for your own purpose? Infos can be found under www.mycontentfactory.de (ID: 36570330) | Fotos: Picture: Ajax Equipment, Picture: Tata Steel | <urn:uuid:eeac8833-e9aa-4f9e-8c4c-66267eb25d9a> | {
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Shoumita Dasgupta, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Biomedical Genetics
Director of Graduate Studies, Program in Genetics and Genomics
Medical Genetics Course Manager, Boston University School of Medicine
Ph.D. University of California, San Francisco
M.S. University of California, San Francisco
B.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Stanley L. Robbins Award for Excellence in Teaching
The popular press has called the twentieth century “The Century of the Gene.” During this time, genetics came forward as a central discipline in biology, first with the rediscovery of the work of Gregor Mendel at the turn of the century, later with the elucidation of the structure of DNA by Jim Watson and Francis Crick, and more recently with the development of recombinant DNA technologies by Paul Berg and Herb Boyer. These scientific events revolutionized the way we thought about biological problems. Mendel’s contributions led scientists to probe the genetic basis of inheritance while Watson and Crick helped to define the molecular nature of this inheritance. Berg and Boyer developed the tools that allowed scientists to manipulate these molecules of inheritance to more deeply understand their functions. Each of these events has had far-reaching consequences because of the explosion of scientific inquiry it both allowed and inspired.
Currently, scientists of the twenty-first century are poised at the brink of another genetic revolution, this time triggered by the genome projects of organisms from microbes to humans. With the availability of this data, it has become obvious that current computational tools alone are inadequate to fully mine this immense data set. Although the power of current genomic strategies is tremendous, they are not sufficient to determine gene function. Consequently, scientists are seeking to ascertain gene function using two main approaches. First, there is a great effort underway to create new technologies and computational tools to allow for large scale molecular analyses of complex systems. Secondly, these strategies are utilized alongside methods that take advantage of the powerful role of model organisms in helping to determine gene function, an important focus of the Genetics and Genomics department. This global perspective on the intricate networks that govern the machinery of life is causing a shift in the traditional paradigm of identifying the impact of individual genes on any given process. Instead, the revised concept that no gene acts in isolation is more easily explored with these new genomic and bioinformatics tools.
The aim of our program in establishing graduate coursework in Genetics and Genomics is to teach our students to apply the approaches of classical genetics and modern genomics to investigations of the heritable basis of numerous biological traits, the relationships among genes, the regulation of their expression, and the elaborate mechanisms involved in supporting complex biological processes. We want our students to be adept at utilizing hypothesis-driven methods as well as discovery-oriented experimental design styles to explore these problems. The combination of these two tactics will allow our students to systematically and broadly make important contributions to many disciplines of biology. Moreover, it is our goal that our students will also be trained to function as active members of the scientific community who can clearly communicate ideas, critically evaluate biomedical research, and mentor others in scientific scholarship. Towards this end, we offer an array of courses and training opportunities that comprise the Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics. “Principles of Genetics and Genomics” is a core course that focuses on the use of genetic methods in model organisms for understanding complex biological processes. This course focuses on the ability to use genetic systems to probe these problems, and therefore heavily explores the experimental aspects of these investigations. In addition, we discuss the impact of the genome sequences on the practice of modern science. In this regard, the course will be aimed towards first year PhD students in the biological sciences, but the course is open to anyone wishing to study genetic approaches to biological research. In addition, we use a case study approach to investigate the rich variety of scientific insights gained through genetic studies. As such, it is a core course that serves a diverse, interdisciplinary group of students in many fields from genetics and genomics to bioinformatics to immunology, and many others. Further details on this course and our other exciting courses for graduate and medical students can be found on the course website. This course is one of the foundations for our Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, which is designed to bring these same approaches to an entire coordinated curriculum. Our Graduate Program aims to bridge the disciplines of experimental biosciences with computational and genomic approaches. The program consists of laboratory rotations, advanced coursework, and journal clubs in the first year. Subsequently, graduate students will focus on their thesis research, qualifying exams, and a teaching requirement. Additional information on our graduate program can be found on the graduate program website.
The pace of genetic advances during the last century has been unparalleled scientifically, and these discoveries have already made and are poised to make an incredible impact on the practice of medicine. Currently, OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) lists thousands of identified disease genes, and likewise GeneTests lists thousands of diseases for which there are molecular tests. In this course we explore the precise molecular determinants of medical conditions and of human phenotypic variation that are being elucidated on a daily basis. Clearly, a detailed understanding of the genetic basis of human disease will lead to more precise molecular assays and diagnostics, better-targeted treatments, and more efficient treatment plans overall. Moreover, these developments will certainly affect all clinical specialties of the medical field since genetic components have a clear influence on a wide variety of human traits and conditions, from height and developmental birth defects to cancer susceptibility and neurological degeneration. We consider how these rapid advances can be utilized appropriately in a clinical environment as well as what ethical, legal, and societal implications all of these developments hold. This course is offered to first year medical students. | <urn:uuid:8b5d6676-ec3a-4bf1-8a47-c5eec4e589f6> | {
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Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve is a nature park and UNESCO World Heritage Site (inscribed in 1983) located on the island of Praslin, Seychelles. It consists of a well-preserved palm forest made up of the endemic Coco de Mer species, as well as five other endemic species of palm. These palms have the largest seeds of any plant in the world. The trees' leaves grow up to 6 metres wide and 14 metres long. Also unique to the park is its wildlife, which includes endemic birds, mammals, crustaceans, snails, and reptiles. | <urn:uuid:640e230e-a5bc-4bf2-b985-7fd50a335a92> | {
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4TH OF JULY EXTRAS
Nine-year-olds making flags out of construction paper this week didn't just glue stars and stripes onto red paper. They also learned the meaning behind the U.S. flag.
Art class turned into history class for nearly 200 children attending a summer latchkey program at Club Estates Elementary School, and while they usually have artistic freedom during craft time, this week they stuck to the template provided by their teacher, Alice Garcia.
They didn't get to color the stars purple, as requested by one student, but rather they adhered to tradition for Old Glory while discussing the freedom it represents.
On this day in 1776, the Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress, setting the 13 colonies on the road to freedom as a sovereign nation. As Americans celebrate our nation's birth today, flags fly as a tribute to that freedom and the people who have made it possible.
-- Rachel Denny Clow | <urn:uuid:455503a8-a141-4f84-9d27-81dc3cda4df0> | {
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|Gynecological cancers can occur in any of the
female reproductive organs. These types of cancers might include:
If some of the terms used in this section
are unfamiliar to you, please use our glossary.
The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive organs. They
are located in the pelvis, one of each side of the uterus. Each ovary is about the size
and shape of an almond. The ovaries have two functions: they produce eggs and female
Each month during the menstrual cycle an egg is released
from one ovary. The egg travels from the ovary through a fallopian tube to the uterus.
The ovaries are the main source of female hormones
(estrogen and progesterone). These hormones control the development of female body
characteristics such as breasts, body shape, and body hair. They also regulate the
menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
There are several types of ovarian cancer. Most ovarian
cancers are epithelial carcinomas, which begin in the lining of the ovary.
Ovarian cancer is hard to find early. Often there are no
symptoms in the early stages and in many cases the cancer has spread by the time it is
found. Symptoms may include a swollen or bloated feeling or general discomfort in the
lower abdomen. These symptoms may be vague and may be caused by other conditions.
Ovarian cancer can be diagnosed with ultrasonography, CT or
CAT scans, a lower GI series or barium enema, an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) (an x-ray of
the kidneys and ureters taken after the injection of a dye, or through a biopsy.
A biopsy is the only sure way to know if cancer is present.
Treatment for ovarian cancer depends on a number of
factors, including the stage of the disease, the woman's age and general health. Treatment
may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation or a combination of these.
As in many other cancers ovarian cancer is best treated
when it is discovered early. Women who have regular pelvic examinations increase the
chance that, if ovarian cancer occurs, it will be found before the disease causes
See our resource page on gynecological
return to top
The uterus (also called the womb) is a hollow, pear-shaped
organ located in a woman's lower abdomen between the bladder and the rectum. The narrow,
lower portion of the uterus is the cervix. The broader, upper part is the corpus. The
corpus is made up of two layers of tissue.
In women of childbearing age, the inner layer of the uterus
(endometrium) goes through a series of monthly changes know as the menstrual cycle. Each
month, endometrial tissue grows and thickens in preparation to receive a fertilized egg.
Menstruation occurs when this tissue is not used and passes out through the vagina. The
outer layer of the corpus (myometrium) is a muscle that expands during pregnancy to hold
the growing fetus.
Because most uterine cancer develops in the endometrium,
cancer of the uterus also is called endometrial cancer.
Abnormal bleeding after menopause is the most common
symptom of cancer of the uterus. Bleeding may begin as a watery, blood-streaked discharge.
Later the discharge may contain more blood.
Cancer of the uterus does not often occur before menopause,
but it does occur around the time menopause begins. The reappearance of bleeding should
not be considered simply part of menopause; it should always be checked by a doctor.
Abnormal bleeding is not always a sign of cancer but it
should always be checked by a doctor. Early diagnosis is especially important for cancer
of the uterus.
Cancer of the uterus can be diagnosed definitively only
with a biopsy. This can be done with an endometrial biopsy or with an outpatient surgery
called a D and C in which the doctors widens the cervix and inserts an instrument into the
uterus to remove a sample of tissue.
Uterine cancer can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy,
radiation, and sometimes with hormone therapy. Patients who have had breast cancer or a
family history of breast cancer must bring this to their doctor's attention so the proper
treatment can be arranged. See our resource page
on gynecological cancers.
return to top
The cervix is the narrow, lower portion of the uterus. It
opens into the vagina (birth canal), which leads to the outside of the body.
Early cervical cancer seldom causes symptoms. It can be
detected only by a pelvic exam and a Pap test. If the pelvic exam or Pap test shows any
abnormality the doctor will do more tests to find out what the problem is.
A biopsy is the only definitive test for cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers. Six
percent of all cancers in women are cervical cancers. When cervical cancer spreads it
usually travels through the lymphatic system. For this reason surgeons often remove lymph
nodes near the uterus to learn whether they contain cancer cells.
Treatment for cervical cancer can include surgery,
radiation, or chemotherapy or a combination of these depending on the stage of the cancer,
and the general health of the woman. See our resource
page on gynecological cancers.
Women facing gynecological cancers may
wish to share their experiences on the web site Eyes On The Prize at http://www.eyesontheprize.org
This site provides a caring, moderated environment in which women with reproductive
cancers can express their experiences and share information.
[ Home ] [ Specific Cancers ] [ Diagnosis ] [ Treatment ] [ Coping ] [ Disclaimer ]
[ Breast ] [ Colorectal ] [ Gynecological ] [ Head and Neck ] [ Leukemia ] [ Lung ] [ Urologic ] [ Other ]
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For my 7th grade science fair project my dad helped me test the germs on people’s hands after washing them with different brands of soap. The goal was to see which hand soap was the most effective. I got to use petri dishes and watch bacteria grow. I thought it was super impressive.
Well, turns out teenagers today are really raising the bar.
Take Brittany Wenger from Sarasota, Florida who recently won this year’s Google Science Fair for developing a computer program that helps doctors detect breast cancer using less invasive methods. Puts my science fair project to shame!
The 17-year-old ran 7.6 million trials and spent more than 600 hours coding the computer program which she has been working on since 7th grade. She hopes to continue to scale up the program so that it can be used in hospitals across the country.
Brittany’s project is impressive on many levels, especially when you consider how much women and girls are underrepresented in the computer science industry. She is happy to break stereotypes that say girls aren’t interested in computer programming or science.
So, what does a remarkable young woman like this see for her future?
“I want to be on the frontier of cancer research, finding the cures that are going to save lives and doing things with computer science that can be the technologies of the future,” says Brittany. “I also want to be a pediatric oncologist, so I hope to intertwine my passions for research, computer science and patient care in the future.”
I have no doubts that Brittany won’t do just that.
Why do you think girls continue to be underrepresented in science and computer programming fields?
Related from Care2:
Photo by Richard Bowen used under a Creative Commons license.
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
not reflect those of
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Avoiding H1N1: wash your hands; don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth; stay home if you’re sick. But what if you happen to be a cat? Since few cats enjoy a 20-second paw wash…the advice? Stay away from people!
According to a press release issued by the American Veterinary Medical Association, a 13-year old tabby in Iowa has tested positive for the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus–marking the first time a cat has been diagnosed with this strain of influenza. How does a cat get swine flu? Since the cat is exclusively an indoor cat who has zero contact with other animals, it is believed to have caught the virus from one of two members in the household who were sick with H1N1.
The cat joins pigs, turkeys and several ferrets that have been diagnosed with H1N1. Although many assume the opposite, it appears that in general, the disease spreads from people to animals, rather than the other way around.
It’s fascinating how different strains of flu infect a wide variety of animals including seals, whales, horses, tigers, cats, dogs, ducks, and chickens. (And I’m still scratching my head about how a seal gets the flu.) As evidenced in the health blogs of The New York Times and the Wall Street Journal, the world of animal flu is a nimble one. When ducks get the flu, they may not show symptoms (lucky ducks!), but the virus replicates itself in their intestinal tracks and is then excreted into the wastewater where it may be a pathway for transmission to other animals (like seals, I suppose). When pigs get the flu, they sneeze, have a fever and stop eating. Because pigs can be infected with both human flu strains and bird strains, they may serve as mixing bowls for new strains.
Companion animals have been known to contract flu from other species: canine influenza (H3N8) originated in horses (a dog with the flu may have a cough, a runny nose and a fever. And did you know you can get a flu shot for your dog?); and cats can get avian influenza (H5N1) from eating birds. But this is the first confirmed case of a cat getting H1N1 from a human.
The symptoms of the cat’s H1N1 were lethargy, loss of appetite and trouble breathing–he had stopped cleaning himself, and also rested by crouching on all four feet rather than sprawling out on his side as usual–a sign of respiratory discomfort. Fortunately, the cat has fully recovered; he was given fluids for dehydration and put on antibiotics to prevent a secondary bacterial infection.
Officials say pet owners should take the same precautions against spreading swine flu to pets as they would with humans. (Again, washing a cat’s paws???) Dr. Ann Garvey, Iowa’s state health veterinarian, said it is not yet known how sick cats or other pets could get from swine flu. “Because we haven’t seen that many cases, it’s difficult to give a blanket assessment on how sick it can make an animal,” she said. It is also as yet to be determined whether or not a companion animal with H1N1 can then infect a healthy person. It serves as a poignant reminder that we really are all part of one big animal family…
For more on H1N1, visit the Care2 Swine Flu Project, a collaboration between Care2 Causes and Healthy & Green Living.
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What Kids Are Thinking...
The Egyptians were all drowned in the dessert. Afterward, Moses went up on Mount Cyanide to get the ten amendments.
The first commandment was when Eve told Adam to eat the apple.
The seventh commandment is: "Thou shalt not admit adultery."
Moses died before he ever reached Canada.
Then Joshua led the Hebrews in the battle of Geritol.
David was a Hebrew king skilled at playing the liar.
He fought with the Finkelsteins, a race of people who lived in Biblical times.
Solomon, one of David's sons, had 300 wives and 700 porcupines.
Jesus enunciated the Golden Rule, which says to do one to others before they do one to you.
It was a miracle when Jesus rose from the dead and managed to get the tombstone off the entrance.
The epistles were the wives of the apostles.
St. Paul cavorted to Christianity. He preached holy acrimony, which is another name for marriage.
Most religions teach us to have only one spouse. This is called monotony. | <urn:uuid:370be0a7-2775-499c-b365-43cb4db2c88c> | {
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Nearly every day, we read about problems caused by invaders like the emerald ash borer killing trees across New York, West Nile virus killing people across the United State (1,499 so far), zebra mussels clogging water intakes and changing the Great Lakes and Hudson River ecosystems and Burmese pythons eating everything in the Everglades. If you’re like us, you are upset by the billions of dollars in economic costs, thousands of human deaths, and deep and irreversible ecological damage that these species cause. But what can any of us do to solve the problems caused by invasive species? Here are a few suggestions.
Don’t add to the problem by releasing potentially harmful new invaders into the wild. Don’t buy exotic new plants for your garden, unless they are already widely planted in your region or have been shown to be harmless. Many of our most problematic invaders started out as “desirable” garden plants, or as insects or diseases hitchhiking on those plants.
Likewise, don’t release pets into the wild or dump your aquarium or bait bucket. Every year, thousands of unwanted pets are dumped into the wild. Besides being cruel to the pets, some of them (like the Burmese pythons in the Everglades and the snakeheads that turned up in Orange County) end up creating big problems.
And don’t try to smuggle fresh produce, live plants, or cute pets past the customs officials into the U.S. Some of these smuggled items, or the diseases that they carry, get into the wild and cost us big bucks.
Don’t move dirty stuff into clean environments. For example, moving insect-infested firewood (most firewood is insect-infested) or boat trailers festooned with aquatic plants into regions not infested with pests are good ways to speed the spread of problematic invaders. Don’t move firewood, and always clean your boat and trailer before launching them into a new lake or river. And use common sense about other practices that may move items contaminated with invaders from place to place.
Here are a few things that you needn’t worry about. You don’t need to go out and kill all of the non-native species in your yard, if they are harmless or already widely distributed in the region. It’s OK to plant non-native species that are already well-established in the region. Even though invaders like oriental bittersweet and Japanese barberry cause problems, they are so widely spread through the Hudson Valley that one or two more or less in your yard won’t make any difference in the bigger picture. You don’t need to bother with weed pulls intended to rid the world of well-established species. However, you could help with campaigns that have specific, attainable goals, like removing an aggressive plant from a sensitive nature preserve, or pulling water chestnuts from a bay to allow boat access.
But we are not going to solve the invasive species problem with just these individual actions. Too many harmful species are coming into the country through pathways like ballast water and the pet and horticulture trades, which are not easily controlled by our individual actions. We need collective action to adopt and enforce laws and regulations.
You can help spur these collective actions by writing to your elected representatives or to advocacy groups that are concerned with protecting the environment. Tell them you’re concerned about our inadequate responses to the challenges of invasive species, or express your opinions about specific proposals for new laws or regulations. If you don’t know what laws or regulations are being discussed, visit the website of the National Environmental Coalition on Invasive Species at www.necis.net, which keeps track of important news about invasive species.
Your letters can serve as an important counterweight to powerful industry forces that are looking out for their own narrow interests at our expense. Even if you don’t know about specific legislation, your expressions of concern can at least get your elected official to start thinking about (or maybe even fixing) this problem. You can help solve this important environmental problem. | <urn:uuid:6b58fd57-e597-4a25-9a40-ae0d3f0c84f2> | {
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For years now, we have been deluged with the news that the earth’s oceans are warming as a result of atmospheric changes due to the combustion of fossil fuels.
Typical of these was a 2005 story titled “Where’s The Heat? Think Deep Blue,” from United Press International, describing a recent paper in Science by NASA climate modeler James Hansen. UPI’s “Space Daily” wrote that “Over the past ten years, the heat content of the ocean has grown dramatically.”
Hansen’s study covered more than just the ocean surface temperature, which can fluctuate considerably from year to year. Rather, by considering a much deeper layer of water (the top 2,500 feet), Hansen actually calculated the increasing amount of heat being stored. According to the UPI story, this provided “a match” with computer model projections of global warming.
The ocean is a huge tub that integrates and stores long-term climate changes. Consequently, when computer models are based on ever-increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, the deep oceans warm, warm, and warm. Like a big pot on a small burner, it takes time to start up, but once the process starts, nothing should be able to stop it.
That’s the conventional wisdom of our climate models, but like the conventional wisdom on so many other aspects of life, it’s not true to nature.
In the next few weeks, John Lyman of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will publish a paper in the refereed journal Geophysical Research Letters showing that, globally, the top 2,500 feet of the ocean lost a tremendous amount of heat between 2003 and 2005 — in fact, about 20% of all the heat gained in the last half-century.
Needless to say, Lyman’s figures have climate scientists scratching their heads. No computer model predicts such behavior. And further, the changes in surface temperatures haven’t corresponded (yet?) to the average changes at depth, although deep-water temperatures have also dropped some. Nor has the sea level dropped by an amount commensurate with the cooling (water volume varies slightly with temperature).
This last observation has led scientists to speculate that much more ice must be melting into the ocean than they normally assume — but no one has been able to find it, and it’s not for a lack of looking.
There’s another hypothesis out there that has received very little attention. It has to do with the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere.
If carbon dioxide increases at a constant rate, basic physics — as understood since the 1860s — says that surface temperature will rise, but that the rate of heating will become lower and lower. In other words, in order for temperatures to increase at a constant rate, as has been observed since 1975, carbon dioxide would have to go up at an ever-increasing rate.
But the ocean is so vast and slow to change that it takes several decades to realize the heating caused by carbon dioxide. Consequently, a change in the rate of carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere wouldn’t be noticed for 30 to 60 years, depending upon whose calculations one believes.
Between the time atmospheric carbon dioxide was first directly measured, at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, in 1957, and 1975, it clearly increased exponentially. And once the ocean temperature began to rise, it did so at a constant rate.
Then, about 30 years ago, something very peculiar began to occur. Since 1975, it has been impossible to tell whether the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide is increasing at an exponential or simply a constant rate.
Because of the lag time required for the oceans to register the change in carbon dioxide, it may not be a surprise that an interval of cooling has been detected. The timing is about right: around 30 years.
But that’s just another climate change hypothesis that time will test. Be forewarned, though. As we’ve learned from the completely unexpected cooling of the deep ocean that began in 2003, we know a lot less about climate change than we think. | <urn:uuid:01ae20bb-ca76-4d9e-9014-6c7d5ee35304> | {
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About this sector
Transportation through land, air and sea result in emissions of carbon dioxide as well as issues such as water, waste, noise. Shipping moves approximatly 80% of the worlds commodites.
Infrastructure for transportation like roads, harbours and airports can threaten natural and important habitats.
Climate change through use of energy
Shipping transfers approximately three to five tons of ballast water internationally each year, this poses a threat to ecological stability by transferring harmful organisms. | <urn:uuid:7a12e345-843a-4a16-b51d-4d8b17a8641d> | {
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|« Baring-Gould, Sabine||Bar Kokba||Barlaam »|
BAR KOK´BA: The name traditionally assigned to the leader of the great insurrection of the Jews in Palestine against the Romans under the emperor Hadrian in the years 132-135 (see Israel). The Roman historians Spartian and Dio Cassius, however, give no name and do not even speak of one single prominent leader; nor does the name occur on the coins struck during the revolt, or, according to Derenbourg (p. 423), in the rabbinical authorities. It rests on Christian tradition beginning with Justin Martyr, an author likely to be well informed. In his larger “Apology" (xxxi) he speaks of the leader of the rising as Barchochebas, saying that he inflicted severe penalties on the Christians (regarded as apostate Jews). Eusebius (Hist. eccl., IV, viii, 4) reproduces this passage, with the variant spelling Barchōchebas, and confirms it in IV, vi, 2, where he says that the leader won his authority over the ignorant by basing on his name (meaning “star" or “son of a star") the claim to have been sent directly by God as a light to the oppressed. Beyond this Eusebius appears to know nothing of him except that in the last decisive battle, at the present Bittir (7 m. by rail s.w. of Jerusalem), in the eighteenth year of Hadrian (134-135), he suffered the penalty of his deeds.
That the Jews had a native leader in this rising is clearly proved by the coins, both those which are adapted to Jewish use from coins of Vespasian and Trajan, and must thus belong to this period, and those which on account of similarity of treatment are evidently of the same date (cf. F. W. Madden, History of Jewish Coinage, London, 1864, 203 sqq., and Coins of the Jews, 1881). The inscriptions of these give on the reverse sometimes “in [the year of] the freedom of Israel" alone, sometimes the same with the number 2 for the year, or “year 1 of the deliverance of Israel"; on the obverse sometimes “Eleazar the priest" (who must not be confounded with the uncle of Bar Kokba, the scribe Eleazar), sometimes “Jerusalem,” claiming the right of coinage for the city, and sometimes “Simeon, prince of Israel.” That 485 the leadership of Simeon coincided with the priesthood of Eleazar is shown by a distinct variety which names Eleazar the priest on the obverse and Simeon, without any title, on the reverse. According to the coins, therefore, during the time of the revolt, Israel had a secular head of the name of Simeon; which leads to the hypothesis that the same man who inspired the people by the name of Bar Kokba was really called Simeon. This theory finds support in certain coins which show the letters of the name of Simeon on both sides of a temple portico above which is a star. Moreover, the Jewish accounts are consistent with it. The Seder ‘Olam mentions the three and a half years of a native ruler as the epoch following the wars of Vespasian and Quietus, calling this ruler, however, “Bar Kozeba.” And the Talmudic explanations to the Mishnah treatise Ma‘aser sheni, when they forbid the payment of tithes with money coined by rebels or otherwise unauthorized, give as examples that of “Ben Kozeba" or the “coins of Kozeba" and the “coins of Jerusalem.” By the analogy of the latter, the former might also be a local designation (cf. I Chron. iv, 22); but the variant form first given makes it much more probable that it is from the name of the ruler; and there is no difficulty in identifying this ruler with the Simeon already mentioned, especially as Jewish tradition, quoting (in the Talmud on Ta‘anit) from Rabbi Akiba, shows how easy was the transformation of the name of Ben Kozeba into the form Bar Kocheba (or Bar Kokba), with its encouraging reference to the prophecy of Balsam (Num. xxiv, 17).
Not much can be safely asserted of Bar Kokba’s personality and achievements, for the Jewish sources mentioned above tell nothing trustworthy about him which is not already known from Dio Cassius, with the exception of his relations to Akiba and to Eleazar, whom, on suspicion of treachery, he is said to have killed with a kick. The immense number of his adherents (200,000 men, who had pledged themselves to the conspiracy by cutting off a finger), the fabulous size of his citadel of Bittir, and the awful bloodshed there, are merely imaginative projections from the natural facts of such a rising. As a consequence of his failure, Bar Kokba has lived in Jewish memory as a deceiver; but one who could bring about so vigorous and stubborn a revolt and dominate it to its close must have been a man of great power and determination, who had made the nation’s cause his own.
Bibliography: The principal source is Dio Cassius, Historia Romana, book lxix, chaps. 12-14, ed. F. G. Sturz, 9 vols., Leipsic, 1824-43; the Samaritan Book of Joshua, ed. Juynboll, Leyden, 1848, may be used cautiously. Consult J. Hamburger, Realencyklopädie für Bibel und Talmud, vol. ii, Leipsic, 1891; J. Derenbourg, Essai sur 1’histoire et la géographie de la Palestine, Paris, 1867; idem, Notes sur la guerre de Bar Kozeba, in Mélanges de l’École des Hautes Études, ib. 1878; H. Grätz, Geschichte der Juden, iv, 137 sqq., Leipsic, 1893; Schürer, Geschichte i, 682-685, 695-696, 765-772, Eng. transl., I, ii, 297-301, 311; A. Schlatter, Die Tage Trajans and Hadrians, Gütersloh, 1897; JE, ii, 506-509.
|« Baring-Gould, Sabine||Bar Kokba||Barlaam »|
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Announcement: Addition of Households with Only Cellular Telephone Service to the National Immunization Survey, 2011
Before 2011, the National Immunization Survey (NIS) used a random-digit–dialed, list-assisted landline telephone sample of households to monitor national, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among noninstitutionalized children aged 19–35 months and 13–17 years (NIS-Teen) in the United States. Since NIS was begun in 1994, landline telephone use has decreased while cellular telephone use has increased. By the second half of 2011, the proportion of children in the United States living in households with only cellular telephone service was 38.1% (1). At least one factor, poverty, has been associated both with having only cellular telephone service and lower vaccination coverage, increasing the potential for bias in landline telephone surveys because of a lack of a representative sampling frame (1–3).
Beginning in 2011, the NIS sampling frame was expanded from a single landline frame to dual landline and cellular telephone sampling frames. This change increased the representativeness of the sample characteristics but had little effect on the final 2011 NIS and NIS-Teen national estimates of vaccination coverage overall and when stratified by poverty status (4,5).
Public health surveillance systems must occasionally change methods, and telephone surveys particularly need to include households with only cellular telephone service (6). The impact of this change on the validity of NIS estimates will be monitored annually. Further information, including a description of the dual landline and cellular sampling frames, specific weighting methods, and detailed national, state, and local area tables comparing estimates from the landline and dual frames by poverty level, is available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/stats-surv/nis/dual-frame-sampling-08282012.htm.
- Blumberg S, Luke J. Wireless substitution: early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, July–December 2011. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2012. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Accessed August 24, 2012.
- CDC. National and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years—United States, 2010. MMWR 2011;60:1117–23.
- CDC. National and state vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months—United States, 2010. MMWR 2011;60:1157–63.
- CDC. National and state vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years—United States, 2011. MMWR 2012;61:671–7.
- CDC. National and state vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months—United States, 2011. MMWR 2012. In press.
- CDC. Methodologic changes in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2011 and potential effects on prevalence estimates. MMWR 2012;61:410–3.
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**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:3d305700-ee96-4d9e-be8e-2ed44dcfae6a> | {
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CF Foundation Provides Guidance on Seasonal and H1N1 Influenza
September 22, 2009 - Updated April 26, 2010
The CF Foundation continues to monitor the seasonal and H1N1 flu situation closely.
The Foundation recommends that all people with cystic fibrosis and individuals living with them follow the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on both seasonal and H1N1 flu prevention and vaccination.
Based on the CDC’s recommendations, the Foundation urges everyone with CF and those who live in the same household to:
- Get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine as soon as possible.
- Follow your local care center’s recommendations on getting end-of-season vaccination for seasonal flu. Some communities may still be experiencing seasonal flu. Seasonal flu shots may be especially important if you’re planning to travel to certain areas, or for children under 9 who have only ever had one flu shot.
- Minimize the spread of germs by:
- Cleaning your hands often with soap and water or alcohol-based hand gel.
- Using a tissue when coughing or sneezing, then cleaning your hands.
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth since germs are spread that way.
- Staying away from others if you are ill.
- Watch for symptoms of the flu and if they appear, call your doctor. Symptoms include:
- Body aches and headache
- Fever and chills
- Increased cough
- Sore throat
Seasonal and H1N1 Flu Vaccines
The seasonal flu vaccine is an important step in protecting against seasonal flu. Vaccination is especially important for people at high risk of serious flu complications, such as people with CF.
The 2009 seasonal flu vaccine was not designed to protect against the H1N1 flu.
People at greatest risk for H1N1 flu – such as those with CF – should receive the H1N1 vaccine.
Vaccinations for people with CF are generally available at CF care centers. Household members of people with CF also should receive the flu vaccinations. You can find the closest place to receive either the seasonal flu vaccine or H1N1 vaccine from the American Lung Association’s Flu Clinic Locator Web site.
The fastest way to get the H1N1 vaccine may not be through your CF care center.
The best way to protect against seasonal and H1N1 flu is by practicing good infection control. For more information on infection control or vaccinations, talk to your CF doctor.
Additional Resources on Seasonal and H1N1 Flu | <urn:uuid:7e3cb402-8dcd-491f-8c72-3cd2416c3197> | {
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How many times have you wanted to just walk into a bingo hall and yell “bingo”? The Cultural Center allows you to do that — when you play and win bingo.
Bingo started at the Cultural Center of Charlotte County when the center moved to its current location in 1968. A volunteer at the time suggested bingo and ran the game in one of the classrooms. It was such a great idea that the first bingo game was played 24 hours later with a group of 10 people. Over the weeks the game grew large enough to occupy the biggest classroom, and additional sessions had to be added.
You are currently not logged in
By logging in you can see the full story. | <urn:uuid:8ecd1c07-e228-48c2-b2ee-eb3ae28340b8> | {
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Roy J. Plunkett
Roy J. Plunkett with a cable insulated with Teflon and a Teflon-coated muffin tin. Gift of Roy Plunkett. Courtesy Hagley Museum and Library.
From the 1930s to the present, beginning with neoprene and nylon, the American chemical industry has introduced a cornucopia of polymers to the consumer. Teflon, discovered by Roy J. Plunkett (1910–1994) at the DuPont Company’s Jackson Laboratory in 1938, was an accidental invention—unlike most of the other polymer products. But as Plunkett often told student audiences, his mind was prepared by education and training to recognize novelty.
As a poor Ohio farm boy during the Depression, Plunkett attended Manchester College in Indiana. His roommate for a time at this small college was Paul Flory, who would win the 1974 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his contributions to the theory of polymers. Like Flory, Plunkett went on to The Ohio State University for a doctorate, and also like Flory he was hired by DuPont. Unlike Flory, Plunkett made his entire career at DuPont.
Reenactment of the 1938 discovery of Teflon. Left to right: Jack Rebok, Robert McHarness, and Roy Plunkett. Courtesy Hagley Museum and Library.
Plunkett’s first assignment at DuPont was researching new chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants—then seen as great advances over earlier refrigerants like sulfur dioxide and ammonia, which regularly poisoned food-industry workers and people in their homes. Plunkett had produced 100 pounds of tetrafluoroethylene gas (TFE) and stored it in small cylinders at dry-ice temperatures preparatory to chlorinating it. When he and his helper prepared a cylinder for use, none of the gas came out—yet the cylinder weighed the same as before. They opened it and found a white powder, which Plunkett had the presence of mind to characterize for properties other than refrigeration potential. He found the substance to be heat resistant and chemically inert, and to have very low surface friction so that most other substances would not adhere to it. Plunkett realized that, against the predictions of polymer science of the day, TFE had polymerized to produce this substance—later named Teflon—with such potentially useful characteristics. Chemists and engineers in the Central Research Department with special experience in polymer research and development investigated the substance further. Meanwhile, Plunkett was transferred to the tetraethyl lead division of DuPont, which produced the additive that for many years boosted gasoline octane levels.
At first it seemed that Teflon was so expensive to produce that it would never find a market. Its first use was fulfilling the requirements of the gaseous diffusion process of the Manhattan Project for materials that could resist corrosion by fluorine or its compounds (see Ralph Landau). Teflon pots and pans were invented years later. The awarding of Philadelphia’s Scott Medal in 1951 to Plunkett—the first of many honors for his discovery—provided the occasion for the introduction of Teflon bakeware to the public: each guest at the banquet went home with a Teflon-coated muffin tin. | <urn:uuid:0b8f571c-a249-4c01-9b3a-6ebe34815c6d> | {
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Over the past 10 years, nitrogen concentration trends are downward at about half (16 out of 33) monitoring sites within the Bay watershed. The trend results indicate that in many locations, management actions, such as improved wastewater treatment and nonpoint-source pollution controls (i.e. urban stormwater runoff and agricultural runoff controls), have reduced nitrogen concentrations in streams. In addition, in the last 5 years, higher yields indicate a tendency to be located in the northern half of the watershed, conversely. lower yields are more numerous in the lower half of the watershed. The short-term flow-adjusted trends and yields indicator is calculated, and results and maps are published annually by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of a larger effort to determine loads and trends in nutrient and sediment concentrations and streamflow in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
Date created: Mar 10 2011 / Download ( 4.32 MB ) | <urn:uuid:00a88782-e239-4494-a633-c0c9ea1952a7> | {
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Laparoscopic Total Colectomy & Ileoanal Pullthrough
Coping for parents
Learning how to cope is easiest when parents, children, and health care professional work together as a team. Child Life Specialists are available to help reduce any fears surrounding this experience.
Reason with your child appropriate to their stage of development. If your son or daughter has questions, always answer them honestly so they will be prepared for what will happen. Children often sense when their parents, doctors, or nurses are hiding something from them.
Decide appropriate "advance notice" time. Some children prefer to know well ahead of time what's coming, and some do better knowing closer to the time of the event (for example, when a tube is going to be removed). You know your child better than anyone. Keep in mind that giving them too much advanced notice of events may make them unable to focus on anything else. Many parents prefer to share information when medical team members are present. If your child is a teenager and expresses interest in speaking with his doctors or nurses, respect his/her wishes.
If age appropriate, ask if they would like any comfort objects such as stuffed animals or musical tapes during the procedures.
Psychosocial support for you and your child is available during the hospitalization. Parents often feel sad, fearful or helpless even if your doctor assures you that your child's prognosis is good. Some may feel guilty thinking they may have done something to cause the disease or should have been able to do something to prevent it. Although these kinds of questions are both common and normal, try to remember you are not to blame for your child's illness.
Don't hesitate to ask to meet with a social worker to discuss any concerns you may have. | <urn:uuid:4aad155d-b9fc-42ef-9146-487df7c7bb85> | {
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Taco USA : how Mexican food conquered America / Gustavo Arellano.
Author: Arellano, Gustavo, 1979-
Edition: 1st Scribner hardcover ed.
Publisher: New York : Scribner, 2012.
ISBN: 9781439148617 (hbk.)
Description: viii, 310 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subject: Cooking, Mexican History.
Cooking, Mexican United States History.
Food habits Mexico History.
Food habits United States History.
Mexican American cooking History.
Cooking, American Southwestern style History.
Contents: Introduction: what's so cosmic about a burrito? -- You mean Mexico gave the world more than just tacos? -- Whatever happened to the Chili Queens and Tamale Kings? -- How did the taco become popular before Mexicans flooded the United States? -- Who were the enchilada millionaires, and how did they change Mexican food? -- How did Americans become experts at writing cookbooks on Mexican food? -- Whatever happened to Southwestern cuisine? -- Is Tex-Mex food doomed? -- What took the burrito so long to become popular? -- When did Mexicans start making for food for Mexicans? -- How did Mexican food get into our supermarkets? -- Is the tortilla God's favored method of communication? -- How did salsa become America's top-selling condiment? -- Tequila? Tequila! -- What are the five greatest Mexican meals in the United States? -- What happens after the burrito has gone cosmic? | <urn:uuid:694ca438-988c-4e0f-9758-7cc895352ebb> | {
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Henry Franklin Battles/ Susan (Monks) Battles
Submitted by: Archie (Bud) and Doris Battles, grandson and wife.
The Henry Franklin Battles and Susan Monks families presumably came from Alabama and settled around Cameron, Indian Territory. Henry Franklin Battles born 12-23-1851, enrolled at Doaksville, Indian Territory and died 2-6-1936 at Gowen, OK. His father was G.W. Battles. Susan (Monks) Battles born 12-23-1856 to F.M. and Susan Monks. She was enrolled in Garris County and died 7-25-1937 at Ashland, OK. It is presumed that around Cameron, Indian Territory is where Henry and Susan met, married and started raising their family of four boys. From there, they moved to Wilburton where they had one girl and two more boys.
They farmed and the children went to a small school southwest of Wilburton. They named it the Battles School. Later, some of the boys went to Jones Academy. Later on, they were enrolled on the Choctaw Rolls and was allotted land around Ashland, Indian Territory. They moved to their land where they farmed and horse raced. Their children had all met, married and had children by this time. All of the grandchildren moved, with most of them going to Salt Plains, Van Horne and Ashland. Their children were:
- William E. born 12-28-1872 and died 1-2-1950. His first wife was named Martha then he married Emma Shaw;
- Finis Marion born 8-19-1878 and died 1-18-1958. He married Maggie Dunlap on 4-29-1906;
- John Marim born 5-22-1881 and died 1-21-1970. His first wife was Cemie Patrick then Annie May Chester;
- George Washington born 8-21-1887 and died 4-5-1962. He married Ola Mae Christian, 10-20-1907;
- Erma E.L. born 12-24-1888 and died 2-26-1975. She married Jim Carter;
- James (Jimmie) Ernest born 8-7-1893 and died 7-27-1974. He married Walsie Akin in 1912;
- Lester born 12-24-1896 and died 12-19-1965. His first wife was Nellie Parnell then he married Mandy Owensby;
- Pearl Clementine. Clementine was married to #3 son, John. Children of George Washington Battles and Minnie Ola (Christian) Battles are:
Venita Jewell (Battles) Collie, born 11-13-1908 at Ashland. She married Jim Colie and there were no children;
Oran, born 8-13-1910 at Ashland. His first wife was Birtha ? and they had one son, Charles; Tollie (Dutch), born 6-20-1920 at Ashland and died 12-4-1953. He married Alice? And they had four children:
Mary Jo, Richard, Samuel and Linda; Archie Monroe (Bud), born 7-14-1914 at Wardville. He married Willie Doris Lenox, 12-30-1937 and they had two sons;
Kenneth Hoyt and Walter Roy. Kenneth was born 12-3-1939 and married Mary Alice Hogan. Walker Roy was born 11-24-1942. His first wife was Wilma Sturgeion then he married Gwen Pola Gormly.
Olen, born 11-22-1916 at Ashland. His wife was Joan; Henry Franklin (Dink), born 8-4-1914 at Ashland and died 3-11-1942. He had no children; Lucille, born 12-30-1920 at Ashland. She married Loyd Faris and they had two children, Shirley and Keith; Jake, born 4-19-1923 at Gowen. His wife’s name was Jean and they had two girls and one boy; Pauline, born 6-23-1928 at Wardville. She married J.B. Dave and they had one child, Pamela; George Washington, Jr. (Sam), born 7-15-1930 at Ashland. His wife’s name was Wanda and they had two children, Machala and Rodney. All of the children were born in Oklahoma within a few miles of each other. | <urn:uuid:10d8e259-ffcb-4537-a7d0-cd5e21976558> | {
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October 25, 2012
Contact: John Ascenzi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 267-426-6055 or [email protected]
Obese teenagers who don’t get the proper amount of sleep may have disruptions in insulin secretion and blood sugar (glucose) levels, say pediatric researchers. Their study suggests that getting a good night’s sleep may stave off the development of type 2 diabetes in these adolescents.
“We already know that three out of four high school students report getting insufficient sleep,” said study investigator Dorit Koren, MD, a pediatric endocrinologist at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. “Our study found to keep glucose levels stable, the optimal amount of sleep for teenagers is 7.5 to 8.5 hours per night.” She added that this is consistent with research in adults showing an association between sleep deprivation and increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
The study appears online today in the journal Diabetes Care.
The researchers studied 62 obese adolescents with a mean age of 14 years at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Over one and a half days, the children, who were white, African American and Hispanic teenagers, underwent glucose testing and an overnight sleep study. In addition to measuring total sleep time, the scientists studied “sleep architecture,” analyzing stages of sleep such as slow-wave “deep” sleep and rapid eye movement (dream) sleep.
The optimal sleep duration was neither too little nor too much, said Koren; both insufficient and excessive sleep were linked to higher glucose levels. While sleep stages did not predict glucose levels, lower duration of N3 (“deep” sleep) correlated with decreased insulin secretion.
The current study was the first to associate sleep duration with glucose levels in children and to report a link between N3 sleep and insulin secretion.
“Reduced insulin secretion may lead to the higher glucose levels that we found in subjects who had insufficient sleep,” said Koren. “We will seek to confirm these findings with home-based studies of sleep patterns in obese teenagers. In the meantime, our study reinforces the idea that getting adequate sleep in adolescence may help protect against type 2 diabetes.”
Funding support for the study came from the Pennsylvania State Tobacco Settlement Fund and the National Center for Research Resources, (part of the More information
National Institutes of Health). Koren’s co-authors were Lorraine E. Levitt Katz, M.D., Paul R. Gallagher, MA, Robert I. Berkowitz, MD, and Lee J. Brooks, MD, all of Children’s Hospital; and Preneet C. Brar, MD, of New York University School of Medicine. Koren, Levitt Katz, Berkowitz and Brooks are also from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
“Sleep Architecture and Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Obese Adolescents,” Diabetes Care, published online Sept. 20, 2011, to appear in November 2011 print edition.
Read the abstract | <urn:uuid:e1a807c7-653b-4ad7-bdd8-a21c6c27a9c9> | {
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Gone are the days when web browsers were simply tools to access the internet. Their basic function remains the same, but web browsers have improved so much that you can also do a lot of things other than using them for web browsing. Communication and the internet have become an important part in today’s society and web browsers have played a major role. In fact, the internet would not become what it is now if not for the development of web browsers.
Two of the most popular web browsers today are Google Chrome and Firefox. Both web browsers have evolved over time and both of them are free to download and use. There are other popular web browsers but it is safe to say that Chrome and Firefox are the two most popular web browsers today.
Everybody has a preferred web browser. Those who are on the internet for extended periods of time may even have a web browser that they have learned to trust.
What makes a web browser popular?
In the early days when the most popular web browser was Internet Explorer, mostly because it was the only one available for Windows based computers, browsing the internet was a bit difficult. Internet Explorer was plagued with problems that made it crash every so often.
Internet connections weren’t that fast during those times. The only way to connect to the internet was through a dial-up connection, unless you worked for an internet service provider or a large company. Ordinary people had to make do with a dial-up connection if they needed to get on the internet.
Slow internet connections sort of played down the faults of Internet Explorer, but this did not prevent others from developing web browsers to compete with IE. Mozilla was one of the first browsers to compete with IE and it really did give IE a run for its money.
Web browsers need to keep up with faster internet connections
When DSL home connections became popular and internet connection speeds became a whole lot faster, the importance of a reliable web browser became really evident. IE was left behind by a bunch of other web browsers. Google, which was initially just a search engine tool, came up with its own web browser called Google Chrome and the battle of web browsers began.
Faster internet connection speeds meant that web browsers needed to be able to open web pages faster as well. People no longer wanted to wait for web pages to come up and IE which had an awful reputation seemed to disappear in the background.
The first thing that people look for in a web browser is its ability to open web pages quickly. When Chrome was released, it easily got the reputation of being the fastest web browser. However, Firefox was not far behind and the latest release of Firefox can easily match Chrome’s speed in opening web pages.
Ease of Use
Another factor that people look for in web browsers is its ease of use. Some people think that the Firefox design is simple but a bit too simple. Chrome has managed to combine simplicity with functionality perfectly. It is simple and easy to use, yet a bit better designed than Firefox.
The internet would have limited functionality if you weren’t able to download files from it. File downloading is an area where Firefox takes the lead. Firefox has a fast file downloading time and in addition to this, it can also resume file downloads from where it was interrupted. This is was an ability that Chrome initially did not have, but Chrome extensions are now available that can resume an interrupted file download. Unfortunately, a lot of people have already learned to trust Firefox when it came to file downloading.
Security is a major factor when it comes to web browsing. Chrome leads in this area, but you should not think that Firefox is not secure. Firefox is also a secure web browser even if Chrome leads in security.
As mentioned earlier, web browsers have evolved from just being simple browsing tools into browsing tools that we can use to do many other tasks as well on the internet.
Apps and extensions are the way that web browsers have evolved. Both Chrome and Firefox have a lot of apps and extensions that you can choose from. In this area, Chrome and Firefox are pretty much the same.
If you’re looking for the best web browser, it would be difficult to say that Chrome is better than Firefox or the other way around. Both Chrome and Firefox are excellent web browsers. It really just boils down to which browser you have learned to trust over the years. Some people have learned to trust Chrome even though Firefox has been around longer. Firefox enthusiasts have stuck with this web browser over the years. | <urn:uuid:59da4af3-f588-43f4-a3c7-c017faa3e056> | {
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Though the chemistry and industrial processes for coal gasification were developed early in the 20th century by European scientists, Chinese engineers have recently developed a number of technical advances. And more efficient processes means using less coal to produce more chemicals.
Near Xilinhot, in eastern Inner Mongolia, China is testing a gasification process that doesn’t need a plant at all, but instead collects hot gases produced from an underground coal seam that was deliberately set on fire. The experimental “in-situ” coal-gasification practice has proven so efficient—using less coal and saving the water needed for coal mining and processing—that China has approved three additional demonstration projects across the northern and western regions.
Graphic by Season Schafer, Greg Hudson, Valerie Carnevale, Chelsea Kardokus, and Vicki Rosenberger, undergraduate students at Ball State University. | <urn:uuid:668a723d-3f08-49e8-b6cd-07b0528b23e8> | {
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Taking Research Notes
How valuable is your time?
You work for hours and hours, sorting through databases, following one idea after another. You find information that's good and some that's not-so-good.
A week later you come back to your project. Where did you find the good stuff? What database were you using? What words did you put in? What was that great book the librarian showed you?
Keeping research notes will save you time.
Repeat: Keeping research notes will save you time!
After completing this tutorial, you should be able to:
- Identify the kinds of information that should be recorded.
- Identify a variety of techniques for keeping track of research. | <urn:uuid:db88f106-86d3-40f5-b041-0cb90b3b0026> | {
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Isolation of Genomic DNA from Plant using Magnetic Beads—NucleoMag 96 Plant
NucleoMag 96 Plant is designed for the rapid parallel purification of genomic DNA from plant tissues in a 96-well format. After lysis of the sample, genomic DNA is selectively bound to the NucleoMag Beads. Contaminants are washed away and the DNA can be eluted from the beads under low-salt conditions. Since the magnetic bead technology provides a closed system (no transfer of sample from one well to another is necessary during the preparation), the risk of cross-contamination is greatly reduced. The NucleoMag technology can be easily adapted to common laboratory automation platforms. It can be used either with static-pin separators (e.g., NucleoMag SEP) or magnetic separators integrated into robotic workstations. | <urn:uuid:e9f7b822-d21f-4b46-90fb-ededbe057691> | {
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Will This Decade Be More Grim Than the 1930s?
The problem, from its neighbors' point of view, with a unified Germany is that its increased relative economic might and strategic importance casts a giant shadow across Europe, relatively diminishing the global status and economic competitiveness of all other European countries.
The issue from a German perspective is that a unified Germany has enormous latent potential simply waiting to be unleashed to increase the gap between what the Fatherland sees as its rightful place and the rest of Europe.
In Imperial times, this conflict was expressed in terms of territorial ambitions, nationalistic fervor and military strength. WW I and WW II were the ultimate results of the failure to dress this in any form other than military combat.
British historian Alan John Percivale Taylor explained this better than anyone to my generation. Hopefully, we learned the diplomatic lessons and other than local conflicts (notwithstanding that some of which have seen appalling losses of life and acts of brutality), peace in most of Europe has prevailed since 1945.
Less clear is whether the economic lessons of the inter-war period (which certainly did so much to exacerbate the casus belli inherent in the Versailles Treaty) have been taken to heart.
The post-1918 global landscape abounded with economic imbalances. The "war to end all wars" concluded with a Soviet regime presiding over what had been the Russian Empire.
Germany came perilously close to a similar outcome following the Kaiser’s ignominious capitulation while the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires were being sliced and diced into nascent nations.
Both France and Britain were, like Germany, heavily indebted to the global provider of capital, America, whose main achievement until the latter part of the distant war had been the accumulation of enormous quantities of global gold reserves which allowed the U.S. dollar to call the shots to all other global currencies until 1971.
McKinsey’s study of the economic history of debt (serious students should absorb Rogoff and Reinhart’s “This time is different”) concludes that there are only four ways to deal with such an enormous build-up of debt:
This is the current U.S. strategy, based on the monetarist shibboleth that increasing money supply ultimately creates inflation. This theory has never succeeded (other than possibly one questionable instance in Chile) and has demonstrably failed.
The main monetarist theory apologist, Milton Friedman, (whose list of dangerous devotees is headed by Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke) has excused the failures of monetarist policy by saying that all previous adherents failed because they didn’t do it enough. In other words, if something isn’t working then you need to do it more. In all previous crises, the markets imposed a limit to how far monetarist solutions could be pursued.
America is getting close to this point now – every injection of stimulus having a smaller and shorter-lived effect than its predecessor with some estimates now indicating that each $1 of stimulatory input results in only 12 cents of additional output. That doesn’t mean that the current monetarist ideologues are ready to abandon their strategy (it’s the only one they have) but the realization that the naked emperors of monetarism are naked is as imminent now as it was in 1932 when Hoover was forced to abandon the strategy.
As, of course, was his successor, Roosevelt, who added the firepower of what seemed to be unlimited leverage in a currency system that abandoned gold. The term "double-dip" was coined to describe the situation where recession/depression recurs because of the inability of central banks to maintain the effects of stimulatory output because of the law of diminishing returns.
In the inter-war period, the Weimar’s famous experiments with pursuing currency expansion to the ultimate extreme (to try to repay its war debts and the Versailles reparations) led to the famous hyperinflation where Marks became worth less than the actual cost of printing them. Mr. Bernanke’s complacent claims to be able to easily create inflation by harnessing the twin technologies of printing presses could well become his epitaph.
This is the current German/ECB/euro zone core prescription for Greece and its fellow "GIPSIs" (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy) as well as being the UK coalition’s self-prescribed foul-tasting medicine. It’s understandable that there are huge scars on the German psyche following the Weimar period.
However, like the monetarist inflationary theories, the tail-chasing dog on an ever-downward spiral of trying to reduce debt while GDP is being destroyed has rarely, if ever, proven successful in major debt episodes. Inevitably it isn’t able to be pursued to its logical conclusion as people prove unwilling or unable to put up with it to that point.
Social Tensions Building Globally
As the FT pointed out last year, we should never forget that while hyper-inflation destroyed Germany's last shreds of self-esteem, it was the austerity imposed by Germany's creditors through the mechanisms of the Bank of International Settlements that led to the election of Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Social tensions are building globally – from jasmine riots to Arab Springs and from Tottenham Court Road to the recent euro zone election results. The results provide the glimmers of hope that some pressures can be released before austerity inevitably results again in self-appointed extreme dictatorships or military regimes.
War Event/Subsequent Peace Dividend
Ultimately, WW II did lead to the resolution of the 1929-1949 debt crisis. In that sense austerity did lead to the solution of the problem. I’ve previously described angela Merkel as Alaric, the 5th Century leader of the Goths who overthrew Athens and Rome by siege and starvation without a bullet needing to be fired in anger.
Globally, tensions between nations are on the rise again, as witnessed by the navies of China and the Philippines standing off over a tiny Pacific outcrop, Iran has raised stakes in the Straits of Hormuz over nuclear aspirations, Vladimir Putin's rhetoric and actions tend to be inflammatory, roguish nations continue to develop nuclear programs and the US has increased military presence in Asia Pacific.
Global nuclear conflagration ought to be totally unthinkable, but sadly it isn’t.
Nations default when they can’t pay. This happened in the 1930s and has started happening again today.
Default, whether outright (through debt repudiation) or de facto (currency/debt debasement) is rarely orderly (although Greece managed to live in default for over 50 percent of the last two centuries). It tends to happen when all other choices have been exhausted.
Whatever form it takes, if the conditions which led to the situation that caused it are changed, then it can be a base from which to achieve sustainable growth, cure dysfunctional banking and liquidate malinvestment, restoring social order at the same time.
This is what happened in South East Asia following the crises of 1997 and in Iceland after 2007.
What can we learn from our parents and grandparents? Answer given below in an economic formula:
(Santayana’s comments [those not learning the lessons of history are destined to repeat them] + Mark Twain’s "history doesn’t repeat, it rhymes" + Einstein’s definition of madness [doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results] + Hyman Minsky’s observations that trying to cure debt bubbles with more debt only ends in eventual catastrophe) = [I’ve said many times before that Liaquat Ali’s “Lords of Finance” should be compulsory in schools everywhere].
If we don’t learn lessons from 1930s parallels, there’s a very good chance that the outcomes of this decade might be > (grim than that one was).
The author is Paul Gambles, managing partner and group chief investment Officer, MBMG International. | <urn:uuid:86b71d06-02c2-4677-a8b3-4ce69d80990c> | {
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The way we define things and how we name them determine how we view the world and, as a result, how we act and treat one another. Modern neuroscience shows that human perceive not the thing itself but a copy, an illusion created by the human brain, a copy that is as created by mental beliefs and attitudes as much as it is generated by energies in the physical world. Things are not as they appear, and how things appear can change over time.
A story I heard today on the radio show “This American Life” illustrates how powerful definitions are and what it can take to change them. “204: 81 Words,” covers the history of how the American Psychiatric Association (APA) decided in 1973 that homosexuality was no longer a mental illness. It’s about both the power of a family story and a social label, artfully and informatively told by National Public Radio reporter Alix Spiegel.
The story’s professional theme shows how the 81 words in American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) that defined homosexuality as a disease were replace by 204 that say it is not. For years, psychiatrists treated it as a disease to be cured, and psychoanalysts probed patients to see where the causes lay in family history.
I assume that “This American Life” host Ira Glass and his crew decided to rebroadcast the show, originally aired in 2002, because the forthcoming fifth edition of the APA’s manual, DSM-5, to be published in 2013, is now available for public comment. Comments are due April 20, 2010.
The story’s family theme focuses on the power of family stories. The reporter, Spiegel, is the granddaughter of a man who played an important role in revising the DSM description of homosexuality. Her family’s family story was more or less single-handedly responsible for the change. The granddaughter, in telling the history, found that the true story was much more complex and her grandfather’s role much less central, though still important.
I am not sure how Spiegel and her family changed through her telling of the story and the consequent shattering of the myth of her grandfather. I’d like to, for family stories provide a powerful organizing device for a family and the perception of its members. A change in the narrative generally changes the characters in the future, but his is not in Spiegel’s scope.
My personal interest centers on how things become named–more properly how people use language to designate aspects of human experience with words that have meanings upon which people act. “80 Words” recalled how appalled I am at the number of psychological experiences have been labeled diseases that should be treated by drugs.
About two years ago, I got into a cab on the way home from Midway airport and had a conversation with an extremely articulate and bright cab driver about philosophy, politics, and, of all things, drugs. When I mentioned that the drug seller’s on the streets of the city were not necessarily the biggest causes of the country’s drug problems, and my driver took that bait.
“Oh yeah, the real pusherboys work for the big drug companies,” he said.
“Makes the guys on the street seem like rank amateurs,” I replied in agreement.
Turned out we had both read an article in The Chicago Reader that week (2/14/08) called, “How Shy Became Sick.” That article and the book it profiles, Christopher Lane’s Shyness: How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness, provides a critical bit of history on the development of the psychological profession in recent years. It convinced me that if I had been in high school in the mid 90s rather than the mid 70s, I would have been on meds.
I would have been a very different person, and not for the better, though it occurs to me that I was on meds not sanctioned by the psychological profession. But that’s a different story.
“204: 81 Words” is well worth the hour it takes to play. | <urn:uuid:e6ccfaf6-8980-4070-a2cd-34da781b482e> | {
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Census figures show that the percentage of Americans living in homes where languages other than English are spoken is on the rise. The country is becoming increasingly diverse, and it stands to reason that future generations will be exposed to more languages than those who came before us. (And research has shown that being bilingual is good for the brain.)
At the same time, the percentage of elementary and middle schools that offer foreign language courses has fallen significantly since 1997, according to a Missourian article from last year. In a country that is gaining diversity, some parents are responding by taking their own steps to expose children to foreign languages. For some people, that might mean checking out books in Spanish from the library. For others, it could mean enrolling their students in Columbia's schools that specialize in French and Chinese teaching.
We would like to hear from you about your experiences with and feelings about early childhood foreign language learning.
This project is part of the Missourian's partnership with the Public Insight Network. Learn more here. | <urn:uuid:7f8e30e7-784d-4175-b786-4a9b77b0878e> | {
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Macrinus was Emperor of Rome from 217 - 218 A.D succeeding Caracalla after he was assasinated. Previously the praefect of the Praetorian guard, the protector of the Emperor, it is questioned whether or not he had a role in the murder of Caracalla. Nevertheless he became Emperor by self appointment and was later confirmed by the senate. The military gains that Caracallas made against the Parthian Empire were lost. When Macrinus tried to reduce the pay of the troops, a rival Emperor, Elagabalus was found who had the bloodline of Severus. Even though he was only a boy, powerful forces rallied around him. In a quick conflict, Macrinus was defeated and killed and Elagabalus took his place as Emperor. | <urn:uuid:6158cde0-8624-42b4-96c1-856757fda1a3> | {
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WASHINGTON–The U.S. Helsinki Commission welcomed the Polish Parliament’s adoption today (July 29) of a resolution recognizing Romani victims of Nazi genocide and establishing August 2 as a remembrance day in Poland. Polish President Bronislaw Komorowski will participate in a remembrance event at Auschwitz on the 2nd.
Rep. Chris Smith (NJ-04), Chairman of the U.S. Helsinki Commission said, “The vicious racism that led to the Nazi genocide against Roma seven decades ago continues to foster hatred and hate crimes against Roma. Recognizing, teaching, and remembering that painful history in a most dignified, solemn way is a critical part of combating bigotry against Roma today.”
“Throughout the OSCE region, including the United States, there is a crying need to better research, document, and convey information about the genocide of Roma," added Senator Ben Cardin (MD), the Commission’s Co-Chairman. “This month, I met with Father Patrick Desbois whose efforts documenting 800 WWII-mass grave sites in Ukraine and other areas has included the identification of 48 mass grave sites Roma. I commend him for this important work.”
Smith noted that even basic information about the Holocaust is sometimes incorrectly represented. “It is an historical error when news agencies reporting about the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi German-occupied Poland call it a ‘Polish concentration camp.’”
Cardin concluded by expressing regret that Germany has thus far failed to complete work on a memorial for Romani victims. “Last year, I wrote to the German Minister of Culture regarding long-delayed efforts to build a memorial in Berlin for Romani victims of the genocide. There has been negligible progress on that effort, and I hope the German government will exercise greater leadership to get this memorial built.”
During the Holocaust, approximately 23,000 Romani people were killed at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp from many countries in Europe. Many Romani children died as the result of medical experiments performed by the notorious Nazi doctor Josef Mengele; others died from starvation, disease, and abuse. On the night of August 2-3, 1944, the “Zigeunerlager” (“Gypsy camp”) was liquidated and 2,897 Romani men, women, and children were killed in the gas chambers. The total number of Romani people murdered during the war is conservatively estimated at 500,000.
Poland recognizes January 27, the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, as Holocaust Remembrance Day. The United States delegation to the commemoration event at Auschwitz on August 2 will include Ambassador Ian Kelly, Head of Delegation to the OSCE, and Special Envoy for Holocaust Issues Douglas Davidson. | <urn:uuid:c3290b76-be7d-49b2-bdde-bda1dfbc4a95> | {
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When we're sick we want a quick cure. So we go to the doctor and ask for an antibiotic.
Sometimes doctors give in to the pressure to prescribe an antibiotic, even though it's not going to work for every illness.
Every time a person takes antibiotics, sensitive bacteria are killed, but resistant germs may be left to grow and multiply. Repeated and improper uses of antibiotics are primary causes of the increase in drug-resistant bacteria, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says.
Americans waste money every year purchasing antibiotics to fight the common cold and other viral infections, which antibiotics cannot cure. The drugs can cure bacterial infections.
The CDC says that $1.1 billion is spent annually on unnecessary adult upper respiratory infection antibiotic prescriptions. It is estimated that more than 50 percent of antibiotics are unnecessarily prescribed.
Antibiotic resistance has been called one of the world's most pressing public health problems, and the best way to combat it, the CDC says, is not to take the medications when it's not necessary.
Antibiotic resistance is leading to higher treatment costs, longer hospital stays and unnecessary deaths. The CDC estimates that nearly 100,000 people die from infections they pick up in the hospital every year. The vast majority are caused by bacteria that have developed resistance to the antibiotics used to treat them.
Overuse of antibiotics isn't only due to people overusing them.
There's also a big problem with too many antibiotics being used in animals that are part of the food supply.
"Doctors and patients need to be much more careful about how they use antibiotics if we're going to preserve their power," said Jean Halloran, Director of Food Policy Initiatives for Consumers Union. "But we also need to get smart about the overuse of antibiotics in food animals. It's time to stop the daily feeding of antibiotics to healthy food animals, which makes these life-saving medications less effective for people."
Some 80 percent of all antibiotics sold in the U.S. are used on food animals, mostly to make them grow faster or prevent disease in unsanitary conditions. As a result of large-scale use of antibiotics in livestock production, most of the bugs that are vulnerable to the antibiotics are eventually killed off, leaving behind superbugs that are immune to one or more of the drugs. These superbugs spread on the farm and beyond, contributing to antibiotic resistance in hospitals and our communities.
Antibiotic-resistant superbugs from the farm are causing serious illness and even death. Consumer Reports found in 2010 that two-thirds of the chicken samples it tested were contaminated with salmonella or campylobacter, or both, and that more than 60 percent of those organisms were antibiotic-resistant.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has asked drug companies and livestock growers to voluntarily eliminate growth promotion uses of antibiotics over the next three years. Consumers Union has called on the agency to restrict the use of antibiotics in food animals to the treatment of veterinarian-diagnosed sick animals only.
In June, Consumers Union launched its Meat Without Drugs campaign to encourage grocery stores to move away from selling meat and poultry raised on a steady diet of antibiotics. | <urn:uuid:8ff00f61-6e31-4d35-875d-415e405409c9> | {
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Go to this Page for the form and instructions on
out the The Iowa Site Inventory Form.
The purpose of the "Section 106 Process" is to assure that no unnecessary harm comes to historic properties as a result of federal actions. It is also considered regulatory archaeology. Under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended), federal agencies are required to take into account the effect of their proposed undertakings on properties listed in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. The federal agencies must allow the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation a reasonable opportunity to comment before proceeding with the project. The federal agencies are required to do this work before the expenditure of federal funds or the issuance of any licenses or permits. See the User's Guide on the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation web site.
The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation has established procedures for compliance with Section 106. These regulations are presented in 36 CFR Part 800. Once a federal agency has identified that it has an undertaking, the agency must define the undertaking's Area of Potential Effect. The Area of Potential Effect must include areas directly or indirectly impacted by the action. For example, the Area of Potential Effect for a natural gas pipeline would include not only the actual pipeline trench, but also includes the construction right-of-way, compressor stations, meter stations, staging areas, storage yards, access roads, and other ancillary facilities.
The agency needs to consider the full range of effects that might occur. For example, a construction project might cause vibration impacts to historical archaeological sites that contain structural remains. Note, too, that the Area of Potential Effect might be different for aboveground resources subject to visual or audible effects. For example, Effigy Mounds National Monument, with its setting high atop the bluffs, provides a spectacular view into the Mississippi River valley. Undertakings along the river can impact the view from Effigy Mounds; thus, agencies planning undertakings in the valley might need to include this property in the Area of Potential Effect.
Once the agency has defined the undertaking and the Area of Potential Effect, it is ready to begin Section 106 compliance.
The regulations outline a five-step process.
In Step 1, the regulations require that the federal agency "make a reasonable and good faith effort to identify historic properties that may be affected by the undertaking and gather sufficient information to evaluate the eligibility of these properties for the National Register." The regulations also specify that "efforts to identify historic properties should follow the Secretary's Standards (which are advisory) and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation" (36 CFR Part 800.4a(2)). Particularly, the identification efforts should be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Identification.
In accordance with 36 CFR Part 800.4a(1), the agency official shall:
The Federal agency has ultimate authority in making determinations on proposed undertakings under the National Historic Preservation Act; SHPO acts as a consulting party within the process and has no regulatory authority.
As part of the identification process, an agency may need to have an identification survey (Phase IA Reconnaissance survey or Phase I Intensive survey) conducted in the area of potential effect particularly if no information on historic properties is available for the area of potential effect and there appears to be a potential for historic properties to be located within the area of potential effect. This survey is conducted to identify cultural resources that exist within the proposed project area. The majority of cultural resources found are often determined to not be significant, and thus, no further work is needed on them.
However, Phase I surveys sometimes identify sites that are potentially eligible for listing on the National Register. Such a finding would necessitate additional archaeological investigations in the form of Phase II testing, which involves detailed research to determine the significance and integrity of the sites. If the Phase II testing results in finding National Register-eligible properties, then the project moves to Step 2 in the Section 106 process.
Step 2 involves carefully examining the project to determine whether it will have an effect on the identified historic properties. An effect occurs when "the undertaking may alter characteristics of the property that may qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register." If an effect is found, then the federal agency and the SHPO consult to determine whether the effect is adverse. An undertaking is considered to have an adverse effect when the effect on the historic property may diminish the integrity of the property's location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association.
If there is an adverse effect, then the agency and the SHPO consider ways to minimize the impact of the project on the resource. This is Step 3. A decision should be made about what to do with the historic property. There are various ways to minimize the impact to the identified historic property that are discussed in the Guidelines for Conducting Archaeological Investigations in Iowa. Re-designing the project to avoid the historic property may appear as one way of minimizing the impact but may actually delay the decision about what to do with the historic property.
Once the federal agency and the SHPO have consulted, the project moves to Step 4. At this step, the Advisory Council has the opportunity to comment on the undertaking. Once the Council's comments have been taken into account, the project moves to Step 5 and proceeds.
The federal agency is legally required to see that the Section 106 process is completed. If the agency does not fulfill its responsibilities, then any citizen or organization can pursue legal action to make the agency fulfill the requirements. | <urn:uuid:5ed74488-c52f-452b-9646-94b183e50361> | {
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|glossary - Sustainable Development|
Page 7 of 9
Sustainability has become one of the core issues of development. This means that investment in economic growth is pursued in ways that consider a long-term perspective and do not endanger the living standards, options and opportunities of future generations. Originally it focused mainly on environmental dangers but in the context of late capitalism encompassing all sectors of life and the economy, cultural development has also been brought into the issue.
Based on the argument that development efforts have hitherto largely neglected cultural aspects, it has been suggested that the cultural indicators for policy agendas such as sustainable development, quality of life or human rights have also to be considered. Among the indicators identified are cultural diversity, the dynamics and vitality of the cultural sector, or the opportunities for cultural access and participation, which should work as key criteria for ‘cultural planning’, an operational and analytical framework targeted at bringing cultural considerations into all processes of planning and development.
In 1991 UNESCO created the World Commission on Culture and Development. In its Report ‘Our Creative Diversities’ (1995), it devoted a separate chapter to the interdependency of culture and development. Similarly, the Council of Europe Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001) states that “sustainable development as defined in relation to cultural diversity, assumes that technological and other developments, which occur to meet the needs of the present, will not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs with respect to the production, provision and exchange of culturally diverse services, products and practices”.
Meanwhile, sustainability has already become a key criterion for funding in the EU (e.g. the Structural Funds). An area identified for action is cultural heritage. To avoid ‘sustainability’ being reduced to a hollow phrase or to an argument promoting mainly preservation and conservation would mean looking at heritage as an ongoing capacity: heritage – tangible and intangible – should be continual and enriched by what is currently being produced or happening in the cultural field. Heritage requires not only protection, but development. | <urn:uuid:ba044ed7-3196-455f-b40b-21dc3f2a9411> | {
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CureSearch for Children's Cancer funds and supportstargeted and innovative children's cancer research with measurableresults, and is the authoritative source of information and resourcesfor all those affected by children's cancer.
A number of treatments are used for lymphoma in children, or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Treatment plans are tailored to the specific type of NHL and its stage. Not all patients will need all of these treatments, but it is important to know that most forms of NHL in children cannot be cured with surgery alone.
ChemotherapyChemotherapy is the standard treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It uses medications to kill cancer cells or to prevent them from multiplying and spreading. Chemotherapy drugs can be given by mouth or through a needle into the vein or muscle. The drugs go into the bloodstream so that they reach all parts of the body (systemic) to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
Radiation therapyRadiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Radiation is rarely needed in the overall therapy of children with NHL.
High dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy with stem cell transplantationIf the lymphoma comes back after successful treatment (relapse) or if the lymphoma does not respond to conventional treatments (refractory), higher dose chemotherapy with or without radiation followed by a stem cell transplant (rescue) may offer the best chance of cure. There are two types of transplant and the type used will depend on the specific type of lymphoma and other factors.
Monoclonal antibody therapyMonoclonal antibody therapy uses antibodies (proteins) made in a laboratory, which are able to recognize specific cancer cells by special “markers” on the cells. The antibodies attach to these markers, causing the cancer cells to die or preventing them from multiplying. Monoclonal antibodies are given intravenously in the same way chemotherapy is given. The use of monoclonal antibodies is being evaluated for effectiveness when used in conjunction with chemotherapy. One monoclonal antibody that has proven useful in the treatment of NHL in adult patients is rituximab.
Causes of Non-Hodgkin LymphomaResearchers currently DO NOT know what causes non-Hodgkin lymphoma and only a few risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma are known for sure.
GenderBoys are two to three times more likely to develop non-Hodgkin lymphoma before age 20 compared to girls. For every two girls diagnosed, about five boys are diagnosed.
Race and ethnicityCaucasian children are about 40% more likely to develop non-Hodgkin lymphoma compared to African American children.
Children with impaired immune system are more likely to develop non-Hodgkin lymphoma than other children. For example, children with HIV (the cause of AIDS) or being treated to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are more susceptible to NHL. Children with these conditions are more at risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but they account for only a small fraction of cases. Also, children with defects in their body’s ability to repair gene mutations, such as ataxia telangiectasia or Fanconi anemia, are at increased risk to develop NHL.
Participate In Research StudiesResearchers are studying the causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. If there is a research study "open" in COG, and your child is "eligible" you may be asked to participate. It is also possible that you may be asked to participate in more than one study.
Whether an individual is eligible for a particular study may depend on age, year of diagnosis and other information. Researchers usually must limit their study to some of these characteristics to have a scientifically valid study. For example, a study might be restricted to patients diagnosed within certain years so the researchers can locate nearly all eligible families and avoid asking parents to recall events too far in the past.
Researchers investigating the causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma usually will interview one or both parents by telephone. During the interview, parents are asked questions about their experiences and those of their child. The purpose is to gather information that may or may not influence the risk of cancer. The researchers don’t know whether these things influence risk. They are asking the questions to find out more. Sometimes, the researcher will ask for a small biological sample from you and your child, usually cheek cells, blood or hair. Researchers may also ask for samples of dust or water from your home. The researchers use the information from the interviews and the samples to study whether genes or exposures such as medications, radon and chemicals alone or together make some people more likely to develop cancer.
Researchers design various studies to improve treatment and advance the understanding of cancer and its causes. Clinical trials are carefully reviewed and must be approved through a formal scientific process before anyone can be enrolled. If there is a research study “open” that your child is “eligible for,” you may be asked to allow your child to participate. It is also possible that your child will be asked to participate in more than one study.
Whether an individual is eligible for a particular study may depend on age, location of the cancer, the extent of the disease and other information. Researchers usually must limit their study to some of these characteristics to have a scientifically valid study. Further, researchers must follow exactly the same restrictions throughout the study.
If your child is eligible to participate in one or more study, your doctor will discuss these with you during an initial treatment conference (also called informed consent conference). The doctor will describe the study, potential risks of participation, and other information you need to decide whether or not you would like your child to participate in the study. You always have the choice to participate or not in research studies.
If you do choose to have your child participate in a study, you doctor will explain what type of information you will receive about the results of the study. The overall results of the research study will be published to inform the public and other researchers. No study will publish any information that identifies an individual.
Visit the Clinical Trials section of this website to learn more about the various kinds of research studies. | <urn:uuid:0cf50235-edd6-401f-a8c6-1f07d3ac221a> | {
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ILLINOIS STATE ARCHIVES
Abraham Lincoln in Illinois
A Selection of Documents from the Illinois State Archives
AN ACT TO PERMANENTLY LOCATE THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
February 7, 1837
Although a Senate bill, this piece of legislation was written by Abraham Lincoln and helped mark one of the major accomplishments of his state legislative career. It was part of the numerous maneuvers by Sangamon County legislators to move the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield.
Upon the organization of Illinois as a territory in 1809, Kaskaskia, located on the Mississippi River in southwestern Illinois, became the capital city. It continued as the capital when Illinois became a state in 1818. Illinois before the Civil War was generally settled from south to north. This meant the population center of the state continuously moved northward. In 1820, the state moved the capital to the town of Vandalia, which was farther north than Kaskaksia. However, the statute moving the capital called for it to be reviewed after twenty years.
Lincoln and eight other legislators represented Sangamon County, then a much larger area than it is today. The average height of these two senators and seven representatives was six feet tall, earning the delegation the nickname the "Long Nine." Going in to the tenth session of the Illinois General Assembly (1836-1838) Lincoln led this bipartisan delegation, which was determined to have the capital relocated to Springfield.
Stephen Douglas, who opposed moving the capital to Springfield, later said of the "Long Nine," that "They used every exertion and made every sacrifice to secure the passage of the bill." Indeed, they would later be accused of voting for building projects in other legislators' districts in exchange for the votes for Springfield as state capital.
This document calls for a joint House-Senate meeting to vote on the location of a new capital. The joint House-Senate vote actually took place February 28, 1837. It took four ballots before legislators selected Springfield. Its nearest rivals were Alton, Vandalia and Jacksonville.
Springfield continues to serve as the state capital. Shortly after the vote, on April 15, 1837, Lincoln moved to Springfield and joined the law firm of John Todd Stuart.
Points to Consider
Why would Vandalia only have been made a temporary capital city?
Why would the moving of the state capital be a major achievement for Lincoln?
Why would Lincoln move to Springfield after this bill was passed? | <urn:uuid:033f515c-fb93-4f99-969b-572fb1dbeea6> | {
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Lyndon Johnson Sends George Ball to Cyprus, 1964
George Ball was one of America=s premier diplomats in the 1960s. He was under secretary of state in 1964 when he became involved in the Cyprus problem. This excerpt is from his memoir. It demonstrates very clearly how the United States regarded the ACyprus problem,@ mainly as a venue of superpower intrigue. The Americans were concerned about Cyprus becoming a AMediterranean Cuba,@ and their diplomacy was geared toward bringing Cyprus under control of NATO, possibly through Adouble enosis.@ This 1982 excerpt from Ball's memoir, The Past Has Another Pattern, is also valuable for insights into how high-level diplomacy was conducted.
Threat of Greek-Turkish War
Watching from Washington, we could see that open warfare was imminent. Since the Turkish Cypriote population was suffering the greater casualties, Turkey was on the verge of intervening. To defuse the situation, Sir Duncan Sandys, the British Secretary of State for the Commonwealth and Colonies, proposed a peace plan calling for, among other things, the establishment of a British-controlled neutral zone in Nicosia to keep the two communities apart. Though that temporarily stowed the fighting, the two communities remained at sword's point. The Turkish Cypriotes declared the constitution dead, implying that, since the two communities could not live together, partition was the only solution. Makarios demanded the abolition of the London-Zurich Accords and particularly their provisions for intervention by any of the three guarantor powers.
Cyprus was merely one more step in Britain's painful shedding of empire, and London no longer had the will or the resources to preside over such a quarrel. Thus I was not surprised when, on January 25, 1964, the British ambassador, Sir David Ormsby-Gore, called to tell me that Britain could no longer keep the peace alone and that an international force should be established on Cyprus as soon as possible. Such a force, the ambassador insisted, could be "broadly based" yet limited to detachments from NATO nations. The British needed, most of all, our diplomatic support and a United States contingent with supplies and airlift for the international force.
I stated emphatically that the United States did not want to get involved: we already had far too much on our plate. I was sick at heart at our deepening embroilment in Vietnam; at the same time, we faced mounting troubles in Panama, had an irksome involvement in the Congo, were disputing with the Soviets over Berlin, and foresaw mounting difficulties with Indonesia. But the British were adamant. They would no longer carry the Cyprus burden alone, even though involving the United Nations risked giving the Communist countries leverage in that strategically placed island. The United Nations would dither and the Turks would not wait; tired of continued outrages against Turkish Cypriotes, they would invade. Then we would have a full-scale war between two NATO allies in the eastern Mediterranean. Reports from Ankara were already indicating that the Turks considered their ultimate military intervention as almost inevitableCout of their hands and to be determined by events.
When I discussed the question with our UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson, he responded with far more heat than I had expected. During the "troubles" he had stayed for three days in Archbishop Makarios's residence and he regarded his former host with total contempt. The Archbishop was, he said, a wicked, unreliable conniver who concealed his venality under the sanctimonious vestments of a religious leader; the only way to deal with Makarios, Stevenson assured me, was by "giving the old bastard absolute hell." In all the years I had known Adlai I had never heard him speak of anyone with such vitriol. "I have sat across the table from that pious looking replica of Jesus Christ," he said, "and if you saw him with his beard shaved and a push-cart, you would recall the old saying that there hasn't been an honest thief since Barabbas."
The United States Becomes Involved
I met with Secretary Robert McNamara at five that afternoon (January 25), and we reviewed the Cyprus problem in all its complexities. Though Bob was as unhappy as I at any broadening of our responsibilities, he was fully aware that an exploding Cyprus could not only endanger our Mediterranean position but undermine the whole southern flank of NATO. I discussed the matter later that evening with President Johnson. His reluctance came through loud and clear, but he quickly grasped the seriousness of the Cyprus problem and directed me to come up with an acceptable solution.
I told Bob McNamara that before committing ourselves to the combined force we should insist on three conditions: that the duration of the force be limited to three months, that the Turks and Greeks agree not to use their unilateral intervention rights for three months, and that they agree on a mediator who was not a representative of any of the guarantor powers but from another NATO European country. Finally, we would insist that the American contingent not exceed twelve hundred men, with the British agreeing to put in four thousand and the balance of ten thousand to come from other European nations. Meanwhile, David Bruce, our astute ambassador in London, was assuring me that we had no option but to participate; otherwise, no other country would take action, and the Turks would inevitably move. That advice was rein- forced when, that same day of January 28, 1064, Turkish Prime Minister Ismet Inonu told our ambassador in Ankara, Raymond Hare, that the Turks were going to invade unless we gave them some kind of an answer by the next morning.
In their anxiety to commit us, the British leaked my three conditions to the press prematurely, and I had to deal with an outraged President. Moreover, I was annoyed that Duncan Sandys, without telling me, had on February 3 tried out our Anglo-American proposal for a NATO force on Cypriote Foreign Minister Spyros Kyprianou, who was attending the London conference. When Kyprianou reported our proposal to Nicosia, Makarios rejected it out of hand. If we were to work with the British, actions had to be carefully coordinated without the premature exposure of our thinking.
Meanwhile, violence continued in Cyprus with hostages taken by each side; on February 4, a bomb exploded in our embassy in Nicosia. Since the situation had now reached a critical flash point, we clearly needed someone on the spot not accredited to any one of the five nations actively involved. Thus, on February 8, I flew to London. At the same time, a second level of activity was under way in New York, where Stevenson was valiantly resisting the efforts of the Cypriote ambassador to the United Nations to get a UN force appointed.
At this moment the respective positions of the parties were: The Turkish Cypriotes demanded partition and the right to govern their own community; they also insisted on preserving Turkey's right to intervene under the London-Zurich Accords, since otherwise the Turkish Cypriotes might be wiped out by their Greek Cypriote neighbors, who outnumbered them four to one. The Turkish government in Ankara supported the Turkish Cypriotes, while putting special emphasis on the preservation of Turkey's right to intervene by force. The Greek community on Cyprus wanted union with Greece (enosis), but, at least for tactical purposes, was demanding a fully independent Cyprus run by the Greek majority. The Greek government in Athens pressed for enosis.
Viewed from Washington, the issues were clear enough. Cyprus was a strategically important piece of real estate at issue between two NATO partners: Greece and Turkey. We needed to keep it under NATO control. The Turks would never give up their intervention rights or be deterred from invading by the interjection of a UN force which they would regard as an instrument of Soviet or Third-World politics and subject to manipulation by Makarios. My first and most urgent task was to coordinate our activities with the British and make sure that Duncan Sandys did not again act unilaterally. Makarios must be approached in person and not through his foreign minister, who, in his own right, had no authority.
Mission to the Center of Conflict
I had no illusions that I could easily shake Makarios out of his intransigence, but I had to try. If he finally turned us down, I planned to say to the guarantor powers: take the problem to the Security Council but understand that America will supply no component for any UN force. Though I recognized that this might trigger a Turkish invasion, I proposed to tell Makarios that, if he continued to block a solution that would eliminate Turkey's reason for intervening, we would not protect him from a Turkish move.
I made these points to Sandys when we met on February 9, 1964. I told him I was planning to go to Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus and described the strategy I would follow. He and I discussed all the solutions we could think of, including all permutations and combinations that might improve the plan's marketability. Since the President had lent me an airplane, I asked Sandys to make the tour with me, bill, presumably out of a desire to limit Britain's responsibility, he declined. Later that same night I saw Cypriote Foreign Minister Kyprianou and tried to sound him out on the Archbishop's real intentions.
I went first to Turkey to meet with Prime Minister Ismet Inonu. I had looked forward to the meeting not only because of its relevance to my mission but because of the Prime Minister's history and personality. Inonu, who in his early life had been known as Ismet Pasha, was a legendary figure. Chief of staff to Kemal Ataturk during the war against the Greeks in the early 1920s, he had taken the name Inonu from a village where he won two battles. Serving as Turkey's first Prime Minister from 1923 to 1937 and then, after Ataturk's death, as its President from 1938 to 1950, he had led in transforming Turkey into a modern state. Now at eighty, once again Prime Minister, he provided stability and strength to a nation beset with troubles.
A small wiry man, Inonu's quiet voice projected force and conviction. He did not try to conceal his deep worry about the direction of events on Cyprus. We must, he insisted, move swiftly: Turkish patience was running out. Given the excited state of public opinion, any overnight flare-up of killing on the island might force the Turkish military to intervene. Turkey would, of course, have an overwhelming military advantage. Not only was it far larger and better armed than Greece, but Cyprus was outside the range of Greek fighter planes. As I expected, Inonu was as direct in his approach as Makarios was devious. So long as nothing was done to impair Turkey's right of intervention to protect the Turkish Cypriote population, the Turkish government was prepared to go along with the Anglo-American proposal for a NATO force.
If I felt reassured that Turkey had a strong and responsible government, Greece had no government at all. Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis had resigned the year before, when King Paul had rejected his advice, and, since then, there had been a succession of caretaker governments. Though the caretaker Prime Minister, Ionnis Paraskevopoulos, received me courteously, he could make no commitments, saying only that the Greek government would probably approve any plan first approved by Makarios.
Meetings with His Beatitude
I arrived to find Nicosia an armed camp with barbed wire demarcating a so-called "green line" separating the Greek and Turkish communities. Access from one zone to another was restricted to designated check points. Jeeps containing British forces with tommy guns and Cypriote police roamed the area and patrolled the neutral zone that lay between the separate rolls of barbed wire.
On my first meeting with His Beatitude (as Archbishop Makarios was addressed) on February 12, I was accompanied by Joseph Sisco, the Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs; his deputy. Jack Jernagan; and Frazer Wilkins, the United States Ambassador to Cyprus. British interests were brilliantly represented by Sir Cyril Pickard, Assistant Under Secretary of State for the Commonwealth Relations Office, who was, at the time. Acting High Commissioner for Cyprus. Makarios received us on the porch of his residence, formerly the residence of the British colonial governor. Resplendent in the full regalia of his ecclesiastical office, he wore a tall black head-covering with a mantia in the rear, while about his neck was a gold chain, from which depended a large medallion known as a panagia. It contained a representation of Christ holding a book in his left hand while the fingers of the right hand were frozen in the gesture of giving blessing. Resting on the Archbishop's chest, the medallion symbolized a "confessor from the heart" to remind the wearer that he was always to have God in his heart. I saw few signs of that in the days that followed.
After the traditional tiresome pleasantries, the Archbishop led us to his study, where he went through an astonishing striptease, removing his gold chain, his head covering, and his robes until reduced to shirt sleeves. Newspaper pictures of the Archbishop, with his beard and clerical trappings, had given me an impression of a venerable ecclesiastic. Now I found myself facing a tough, cynical man of fifty-one, far more suited to temporal command than spiritual inspiration. (As I commented later to President Johnson, "He must be cheating about his age; no one could acquire so much guile in only fifty-one years.") Since he had spent some months in a seminary near Boston, he spoke only slightly accented English, and his conversation was marked by a whimsical, often macabre humor that both amused and appalled me. Of medium height, with eyes that peered through narrow eyelids, he seemed about to relish the fencing match in which we were to engage.
Our morning meeting was relatively calm and uneventful. As we explained our respective positions, Makarios gave nothing away. When we parted for lunch, he carefully rerobed, putting on all his paraphernalia for the photographers who assaulted us on the porch: when we returned for our afternoon meeting, he once again repeated his strip- tease.
I can describe the afternoon session only as "bloody." The Archbishop was unrelenting in repeating a litany he knew I would never accept. The whole matter must be submitted to the UN Security Council; and the United Nations must guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of Cyprus. That meant, as I told my British colleague later, that Makarios's central interest was to block off Turkish intervention so that he and his Greek Cypriotes could go on happily massacring Turkish Cypriotes. Obviously we would never permit that.
Much to my delight, my British colleague, Sir Cyril Pickard, proved tough and resourceful. In the great tradition of British proconsuls, he was deeply dedicated to stopping the wanton killing and returning peace to the island. Nor did he bother with diplomatic politesse in expressing his contempt for the bloody-mindedness that Makarios and his government were displaying. After Pickard had denounced the Archbishop in devastating language for the outrages inflicted on the Turkish Cypriotes, I spent the next forty-five minutes telling off Makarios and his ministers. I spoke, as I telegraphed the President that night, "in a fashion remote from diplomatic exchanges," describing in lurid detail the consequences if he persisted in his cruel and reckless conduct. The Turks, I said, would inevitably invade, and neither the United States nor any other Western power would raise a finger to stop them. Though Makarios tried to conceal his discomfiture, I had the odd feeling as we left the room that, as I reported to the President, "even his beard seemed pale."
That night I conversed with the President and Secretary Rusk through the scrambledCand hence secureCteletype in the embassy, telling them that, in my view, a blow-up was exceedingly possible and that overwhelming pressure must be brought on Makarios "to frighten him sufficiently to consider some move to halt the killing."
Three or four vignettes of my Cyprus days stand out sharply in my memory. A massacre took place in Limassol on the south coast in which, us I recall, about fifty Turkish Cypriotes were killedCin some cases by bulldozers crushing their flimsy houses. As Makarios and I walked out of the meeting together on the second day, I said to him sharply that such beastly actions had to stop, that the previous night's affair was intolerable, and that he must halt the violence. With amused tolerance, lie replied, "But, Mr. Secretary, the Greeks and Turks have lived together for two thousand years on this island and there have always been occasional incidents; we are quite used to this." I was furious at such a bland reply. "Your Beatitude," I said, "I've been trying for the last two days to make the simple point that this is not the Middle Ages but the latter part of the twentieth century. The world's not going to stand idly by and let you turn this beautiful little island into your private abattoir." Instead of the outburst I had expected, he said quietly, with a sad smile, "Oh, you're a hard man, Mr. Secretary, a very hard man!"
At another point in our conversation on the second day, I spoke so heatedly at his apparent indifference to bloodshed that I heard myself saying, "For Christ's sake. Your Beatitude, you can't do that!"Crealizing as I spoke that it was scarcely an appropriate diplomatic reply, even to an irreligious ecclesiastic. Also on the second day, when we sat down around the table, he said, with obvious amusement, "I know you're a famous lawyer, Mr. Secretary. Mr. Spyros Kyprianou, my Foreign Minister, is also a lawyer and so is Mr. Glafkos Clerides, my Minister of Justice." Then he added with a chuckle, "I think I must be the only layman in the room."
On the third dayCand final morningCthe Archbishop and I had a quiet talk alone in his study. Rather whimsically, he said, "I like you, Mr. Secretary, you speak candidly and I respect that. It's too bad we couldn't have met under happier circumstances. Then, I'm sure, we could have been friends." A brief pause and then he said. "We've talked about many things and we've been frank with one another. I think it right to say that we've developed a considerable rapport. Yet there's one thing I haven't asked you and I don't know whether I should or not, but I shall anyway. Do you think I should be killed by the Turks or the Greeks? Better by the Greeks, wouldn't you think?"
"Well," I replied, "I agree that we've talked frankly to one another about many things and that we have established a rapport. But as to the matter you've just raised with me. Your Beatitude, that's your problem!"
One final incident during my stay in Cyprus sticks in my mind. Quite by accident while I was in Cyprus, British Prime Minister Sir Alex Douglas-Home, and British Foreign Secretary "Rab" Butler, were paying a working visit to President Johnson. Each night I carried on a long teletype conversation directly with them and Secretary Rusk. Late in the night of the second day, I teletyped that I wanted to make one final effort to get the Archbishop in line by offering a new variant of our proposal. After discussion back and forth in which both the President and Prime Minister took part, I received their blessing to go ahead. The next day, I played my final card but still could not budge Makarios. I sent a message around the diplomatic circuit advising of what I had done and received an angry rocket from Duncan Sandys, vehemently complaining that I had put forward a proposal that differed from those on which he and I had agreed. "I hope," he wired, "that such conduct will not be repeated." Apparently he was still smarting because I had rebuked him when he had put our proposals prematurely to Kyprianou.
I replied with a personal message that he had no basis for a sense of outrage. The proposal I made to His Beatitude was, I wrote, approved by the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Great Britain, adding, "Should I seek higher authority?" Sandys replied promptly with a message apologizing for the "misunderstanding" and inviting me to lunch with him at his house Sunday in London. It was a pleasant lunch, and he and I have remained friends to this day.
Continued Efforts to Avoid Disaster
Convinced that only time and events could shake the Archbishop, I flew back to Ankara to see Inonu and tell the Turks that we had not given up; in going forward through UN channels we would make sure that the United Nations took no action derogating from their intervention rights under the Accords. Inonu reluctantly agreed but emphasized that if there were further serious violence on the island, Turkey would no longer stand still.
On the night of February 14, I flew to London intending to meet with my British colleagues the next morning. Because the embassy residence was filled with other visitors, my staff and I were housed in a West End hotel, the Grosvenor House. I was tired and disheartenedCso deeply concerned at the danger of an imminent Greek-Turkish war that I could not sleep. After several hours of fretting over the problem, I devised one last card to be played. At three in the morning, I aroused my staff and began to dictate. By six o'clock, with a draft in shape for final typing, I decided to walk over to the chancery and get ready for the day. On the way, I bought a copy of the Telegraph, which had my picture on the front page. When I reached the chancery, the marine guard refused to admit me. "You claim to be the Under Secretary of State, but how do I know?" Inspired, I showed him a copy of the newspaper. It proved an adequate laissez-passer.
I promptly telegraphed the President advising him of my proposal, which, I said, I was putting to the British solely as an idea of my own that did not in any way represent the views of my government. Makarios, I argued, would never agree to a peace-keeping force even half-way adequate to do the job, and, "if he does agree, it will only be after the Cypriotes have exhausted all pettifogging possibilities to try to get the Security Council to nullify the Turks' rights of intervention." "The Greek Cypriotes," I wrote, "do not want a peace-keeping force; they just want to be left alone to kill Turkish Cypriotes." Meanwhile, I emphasized, the Turks would not wait for a protracted Security Council hassle.
My new plan sought to create a peace-keeping force not requiring the consent of the Makarios government. To do that, the three guarantor powersCBritain, Greece, and TurkeyCshould take joint action to exercise the rights of intervention provided by the London-Zurich Accords. They should move forces into Cyprus simultaneously. Those forces would be broken into small units that would be billeted together. All patrols would be organized on the pattern followed in Vienna during the four-power occupation after World War IIConly this time, three, rather than four men in a jeepCand all operations would be conducted together. The force would stay in Cyprus until an effective international force, within the framework of the United Nations, had not only been created but was actually on the ground, or until a political settlement had "been reached and translated into a viable organic document."
There were, as I saw it, a number of advantages to the scheme. It would assure the Turks that their Cypriote community was protected while the UN proceedings plodded their weary way. It would avoid any suggestion of a partition and discourage communal massacres, since members of the two communities would not have to fear the intervention of a hostile force. The three powers could answer international criticism on the ground that they were acting under the terms of the treaty.
If the British went along with my scheme, I had no doubt that Inonu would accept it. But the British wanted above all to divest themselves of responsibility for Cyprus; my scheme would reinject them into the mess. As a result, I returned to the United States without anything clearly in place to stop the war.
Falling Back on the United Nations
When I reported to the President, he agreed that the United States had gone as far as we should to try to deflect a tribal conflict. Now our only available course was to work through the United Nations. On February 15, Britain and Cyprus requested an emergency session of the Security Council, and the debate opened on February 18. For the time being, the day-to-day action shifted largely to Ambassador Adlai Stevenson, although I retained the overall direction of strategy.
There is no point in recounting the wearisome maneuvering that went on during the UN proceedings. We wanted to install a UN force as quickly as possible, while assuring that the resolution did not nullify the intervention rights of the guarantor powers, since the Turks would not stand still for that. We sought also to keep the Soviet Union as far as possible out of the action.
After masterful politicking by Stevenson and our UN mission, the Security Council, on March 5, resolved to create a peace-keeping force and provided for the appointment of a mediator. Though we hailed the resolution as avoiding the immediate danger of a blow-up, none of us saw it as more than a temporary respite. The parties most directly interested interpreted the resolution in opposite ways: Makarios regarded it as foreclosing the Turkish right to intervene; the Turks saw it as preserving their intervention rights.
Weakness of Greek Government
Meanwhile, Greek politics took a discouraging turn. when, on February 19, seventy-six-year-old George Papandreou won a landslide victory. As head of the Center Union party, he had been in the opposition for half a century; he knew how to oppose but had neither taste nor talent for positive action. A hopelessly weak leader, he found it expedient to play along with Makarios and the advocates of enosis. To a large extent, as I saw it, he was under the influence of his son, Andreas Papandreou, for many years a professor of economics in several American universities, who was trying to gain a foothold in Greek politics by playing closely with the Communist bloc. Oddly enough, in spite of his venomously anti-American line, many of my American academic friends still defended him as an "old boy" former member of the professors' club.
Greece was seized with a spasm of anti-British and anti-American frenzy; our embassy in Athens was subjected to mass demonstrations, our Information Office windows smashed and pictures of Lyndon Johnson burned. The President telephoned me almost plaintively to ask "Why are those Greeks burning my picture?" as though he thought it a highly personal affront. Apart from injured feelings, he worried that such incidents might alienate the Greek-American vote in the forthcoming November elections.
Threat of Turkish Action
On March 13, the Turkish government announced that unless fighting on the island ceased, it would intervene immediately, and the United Press news ticker reported that Inonu had given the interested nations twenty-four hours to reply before he attacked. Meanwhile, Canada, which offered the best hope of providing peace-keeping troops, refused to move until assured that some other country would also contribute units. We put Stockholm under great pressure, and right after lunch I reported to the President that the Swedes would announce that afternoon that they would send a force to Cyprus. The plan was to notify the Canadians, whose parliament was meeting at 2:30, so Canadian troops could be in the air within the next twelve hours.
With that assurance, the Turkish government withdrew its demarche. A Finnish diplomat, Sakari S. Tuomioja, was appointed UN mediator, and within a few days, the UN peace-keeping force seemed on the way toward restoring order. Meanwhile, I enlisted Dean Acheson to undertake quiet mediation, primarily between Athens and Ankara. Not only was he a brilliantly skillful negotiator but he had personal prestige in the two capitals because of his central role in formulating the Truman Doctrine when the United States first came to the defense of Greece and Turkey in 1947. I called Acheson at his home in Washington on February 27; he came to lunch the following day, and I found him willing to consider a mission that would inevitably be complex, frustrating, and of indefinite duration. He knew the high stakes involved, because he fully understood the importance of stability on NATO's southern flank.
In spite of the arrival of the UN force, fighting again broke out. On April 13, Prime Minister Papandreou of Greece mischievously announced a campaign for self-determination for Cyprus, which would, of course, mean turning the island over to the Greek Cypriotes. When the UN mediator. Ambassador Tuomioja, returned in discouragement from talks with Greek, Turkish and Cypriote leaders, Secretary-General U Thant put forward his own peace plan. He also appointed an ex-President of Ecuador, Galo-Plaza Lasso, to undertake direct negotiations with the leaders of the two communities. Using the logic-chopping for which the UN is notorious, he distinguished Galo-Plaza's duties from those of Tuomioja on the grounds that Galo-Plaza would seek to restore order while Tuomioja sought a long-term solution.
Forestalling an Imminent Invasion
On Tuesday, June 2, Ruth and I were hosts at a reception for Prime Minister Eshkol of Israel and his wife. With Secretary Rusk in New Delhi for the funeral of Prime Minister Nehru, I was Acting Secretary. That night we received a "critic" message from our ambassador in Ankara, Raymond Hare, that the Turkish Security Council had decided to invade Cyprus. Turkish forces were already deployed in the Iskenderun area with the mission of establishing a "political and military beachhead" on Cyprus. By such a show of force, the Turks hoped to negotiate a satisfactory settlement.
The news came at an extremely awkward time. I was scheduled to leave the following eveningCJune 4Cfor a meeting with President de Gaulle in Paris, then go on for a Cyprus discussion with the British on Monday ending my trip at the closing sessions of the UNCTAD Conference in Geneva. Secretary Rusk returned on the morning of June 4 and undertook to prepare a message for the President to send Inonu, which, it was agreed, I would review before departing at 7:30 that evening. When I saw Rusk before leaving for the airport, he showed me a draft on which he was still working. "That," I said, "is the most brutal diplomatic note I have ever seen." Indeed, the Secretary, aided by Assistant Secretary of State Harlan Cleveland and his deputy, Joseph Sisco, had produced the diplomatic equivalent of an atomic bomb. "I think that may stop Inonu from invading," I said, "but I don't know how we'll ever get him down off the ceiling after that." The Secretary looked at me with a sweet smile. "That'll be your problem," he said. The letter stated:
Turkish military intervention, the letter continued, would lead to a clash with Greece. It would cause violent repercussions in the and wreck any hope of UN assistance in settling the island crisis. It would "lead to the slaughter of tens of thousands of Turkish Cypriotes." The letter continued,
Because this was certain to create an explosion in Ankara, I discussed with Secretary Rusk the desirability of my going straight to Ankara, but we agreed it would be awkward for me to break my appointment the next day with President de Gaulle. During the night, I telephoned to Washington once or twice from my plane to see if there had been any second thoughts.
After a long visit with de Gaulle I went on to London for a meeting on Monday with the British Foreign Secretary during which we discussed Cyprus, among other things. Then I flew to Geneva to address the UNCTAD Conference, which was just winding up three months of meetings with nothing accomplished. After my speech on Wednesday night. Dean Rusk telephoned to tell me that the President was worried about Cyprus and thought more should be done; Rusk would call me later. I knew we had arranged for General Lemnitzer to fly to Ankara as soon as we received the news of the impending invasion and I had learned that, after receiving the President's letter, Inonu had indefinitely postponed the invasion. But I was worried about the wounded state of our relations with the Turks. . .
[The next day] I met with Prime Minister Papandreou in Athens at seven. I did not expect much to come from that session and nothing did. He lacked the force to make hard decisions and the meeting confirmed my belief that he would be of little use in solving the Cyprus headache.
Still I tried hard to force him to face the reality of Greece's predicament. Cyprus had become a major threat to the peace of the world, and Greece had considerable responsibility for what had happened. Too much time had already been wasted. Now the matter must be settled definitively. I told Papandreou that I had talked not only with the British but with General de Gaulle, had taken soundings of the opinion of most of the NATO countries, and had found everywhere "a common anxiety to see the problem resolved rapidly." I then told Papandreou of the letter President Johnson had sent to Inonu, of which Papandreou had not heard. I left little room for nuances. This time disaster had been avoided only by the President's forceful intervention and his adamant insistence that there be no war between NATO allies. But, if Greece did not show greater cooperation, we would not take such a hard line again.
Papandreou seemed old, tired, and incapable of facing reality. The time, he maintained, was not propitious for a Cyprus settlement. That, I said, was completely wrong. Greece, he maintained, needed a Cyprus solution based on enosis. That, I replied, was total fantasy; Turkey would never accept it and Turkey was not only larger and militarily stronger than Greece but had a major logistical advantage in any conflict over Cyprus. Papandreou then contended that the "turbulence" over Cyprus resulted only from Turkey's invasion threats. I told him that, though I had heard all that before, it simply was not true. He was, I felt sure, too well acquainted with philosophy to believe such a simplistic explanation of a complex problem of causality. He knew better than to think that in attacking the Turkish minority, the Greek Cypriotes were merely responding to a fear of external intervention.
When I pressed him to undertake talks with Inonu, he shied away. Against all the evidence, he still seemed to assume that Greece could pursue its goal of enosis without danger of the Turks invading Cyprus, since he apparently took it for granted that the United States would always stand ready to thwart the Turks. Though I tried to convince him that that was dangerous nonsense, he seemed too feeble to grasp a fresh idea.
Before leaving, I asked Papandreou to visit President Johnson and he accepted, but we did not discuss dates. Although I was disappointed by his obtuseness, I did find his attitude toward Makarios more realistic. The Archbishop had, I gathered, alarmed responsible Greek opinion by his "flirtations with Moscow and Khrushchev." He had, Papandreou suggested, been a nuisance during the Cyprus crisis, and he implied that the Archbishop might be excluded from any negotiations aimed at settling it, which, of course, was exactly what I had in mind. Moreover, Papandreou acknowledged that other nations besides Greece and Turkey had an interest in peaceful settlement; the "major powers," he said, "must take a hand."
Meeting with Inonu
I left Athens late that night and arrived in Ankara about two in the morning. Before going to bed, I was briefed by our ambassador, Raymond Hare. An astute and experienced professional diplomat, he reported a conversation with a high Turkish official who had said, "We understand why it may have been necessary to administer a bitter pill, but we cannot understand why it had to have a bitter coating as well."
I was to meet with Foreign Minister Feridun Cemal Erkin at 9:oo A.M.; I was not looking forward to the appointment.
I liked the foreign minister; he was an experienced diplomat who could see the problem in its larger global context, but it was his job to express the views of his government and of the Turkish people at the sudden freshet of ice water we had dumped on them. I did my best but reserved my most effective arguments for Prime Minister Inonu.
Inonu received me correct but was far more reserved than when we had met previously. He was deeply troubled and personally hurt by the scolding he had received from the President. I reassured him regarding the warmth of America's friendship for Turkey and our desire to cooperate closely with the Turks in resolving a festering quarrel that could result in a major war. America, I told him, was not partial to the Greek side; indeed, we recognized that the Greek Cypriote majority had largely created the problem by terrorizing the Turkish Cypriotes. I made clear that we totally mistrusted Makarios. I then described in detail my talk with Papandreou and my disappointment that I had not persuaded him to stop calling for enosis, emphasizing the significance of what I took to be Papandreou's own increasing disenchantment with Makarios and his indication that Makarios need not be included in any negotiations. The Greek government, at long last, I said, is beginning to recognize that Makarios is an enemy of its longer-range interests.
Prime Minister Inonu replied in measured tones; my visit, I thought, had somewhat mollified him, and he seemed particularly interested in what I had just told him. America's attempt to promote a settlement based on strong principles was, he agreed, an encouraging development, but experience had shown that principles are sometimes abandoned when the time comes to translate them into concrete measures. He did, however, concede that, if I were correct in my appraisal of Papandreou's changed attitude towards Makarios, that was one of "the first rays of light in the dark situation."
After the meeting, Inonu took me aside to say that President Johnson's letter had, as he saw it, included "all the juridical thunderbolts that could be assembled. As a result, of course, he committed some errors and said some unjust things. Our foreign office will have to answer the thunderbolts." I interpreted this as reflecting Inonu's desire to warn us not to take their counter-reaction so seriously as to prejudice longer-term relations. We had unquestionably said harsh things to the Turkish government; as a matter of self-respect, they would have to say harsh things back. But we should not let that interfere with the friendship essential to both of us.
I was airborne again at 12:30, and I asked the pilot to take us non- stop to Washington, where we arrived at 5:30 that afternoon. During the entire thirteen hours, I dictated steadily to two secretaries and, by the time I arrived in Washington. I had a memorandum ready for the
President that not only gave a full report of my trip but recommended dial he immediately invite first Inonu and then Papandreou to Washington. Our only hope of a settlement now lay in bringing those two leaders together, so that they could reach an understanding that did not involve Makarios. If the President worked each of them over separately, we might he able to bring that about.
I was met at Andrews Field and taken directly to the President. It was June 11, 1964, when I returned to Washington. Within a few hours, we had invited Prime Minister Inonu to visit on June 22 and Prime Minister Papandreou, on June 24.
Visits of Two Prime Ministers
The two visits took place on schedule. As I expected, the President greatly liked Prime Minister Inonu, with whom he could talk straight-forwardly. If the Greek leader had shown anything like the same understanding, serious progress could have been made. But, as I had feared, the Papandreou visit came to little. Though we took the Greek Prime Minister to Mount Vernon on the President's launch, the Sequoia, and the President, Dean Acheson, and I all pushed him hard, he remained unresponsive. We were dealing with two old men. Though Inonu was at the time eighty-one years old and Papandreou seventy-seven, Inonu, with his brilliant past, seemed far the younger. Papandreou gave the appearance of flaccidity: a tired, slightly befuddled old man who could only repeat the banal slogans he had inherited when he took office and who seemed incapable of comprehending the larger issues.
The joint communique President Johnson and Prime Minister Inonu issued on June 23 had stated that the discussions proceeded from "the present binding effects of existing treaties." Now Papandreou, in a press conference, contradicted that assertion. The 1959 London-Zurich Accords were, he said no longer valid. Greece supported independence for Cyprus and its right to self-determination. It would not negotiate directly with the Turkish government because "no one is more competent to do that than the United Nations mediator."
Acheson Tries his Hand
Although Dean Acheson had for some time been helping me review all possible settlement plans, the time had now come to bring him directly into the negotiations so we could have a strong, forceful, and resourceful representative concentrating on the problem. I, therefore, suggested to Secretary-General U Thant of the United Nations on June 26 that the Greek and Turkish representatives be asked to meet with Acheson, who, I said, was almost a legendary figure in Greece and Turkey. As I feared, U Thant resisted the proposal on jurisdictional grounds,
since it implied that the United States might be taking the diplomatic initiative away from the United Nations. If we were to have such a meeting, it should certainly not be in America. Why not Geneva? Though I expressed reluctance, I had already thought of Geneva as a fall-back.
But his next stipulation was not so easy to accept. It would be necessary, he insisted, that UN Mediator Tuomioja, rather than Acheson, ask the Greek and Turkish representatives to meet with him at Geneva. When I protested that nothing could be accomplished without the presence of American authority represented by Acheson, he conceded that Acheson could establish himself near the site of the negotiations to be consulted to the extent that any of the participants wished. Though I protested that that was not a practical arrangement, U Thant showed the kind of Burmese stubbornness I had seen on other occasions. He feared a possible Soviet charge that the United States had taken over the negotiations and did not wish to give Makarios a basis for insisting that his government be represented at the Geneva talks.
I reported to the President that we would probably have to make do with this awkward improvisation; otherwise, the Secretary-General would refuse UN sponsorship, and the Greeks would never participate. Even in the wings, Acheson was such a strong personality that he could make his views felt.
I then met with Prime Minister Inonu, who was at the moment at the United Nations. As expected, he readily agreed to having the Turkish and Greek delegates meet with Acheson in Geneva but would not commit his government to refrain from a military solution if the talks should fail. Papandreou balked as usual. He would not agree to an American representative at the Geneva meeting. As a compromise, it was agreed that Acheson should go to Geneva and set himself up "in the next room or the next building" so as to be available for consultation. Papandreou reluctantly agreed to that formula.
At my urging, President Johnson sent further letters to Papandreou and Inonu, appealing to them to try to find a solution through negotiations. Papandreou responded with a childish tirade against the United States, asserting that Johnson's letter was an "ultimatum" of the same kind Greece had received from the Nazis in 1940. Since we espoused the principle of self-determination, why not support that principle on Cyprus? It was the tantrum of an excited old man out of his depth. Though he answered with harsh, almost hysterical, words, he ended by agreeing to send a delegate to Geneva.
Dean and Alice Acheson moved to Geneva. Before leaving, Dean and I canvassed every possible solution for the Cyprus problem: proposals for partition and resettlement, federal, confederal schemes and cantonal schemes, and even what we came to call "double enosis." Under this last arrangement, Greek Cypriotes would all be resettled in one part of the island and Turkish Cypriotes in another, while each sector would come under the sovereignty of its respective metropolitan power. During Acheson's stay in Geneva, he evolved one proposal that came to be known as the Acheson Plan. It took account of the successful population transfers that had been carried out after the Greek-Turkish resettlements in the early 1920s. It called for the union of Cyprus with Greece, cession of the Greek Dodecanese island of Kastellorizon to Turkey, resettlement and compensation of the Turkish Cypriotes wishing to emigrate, the creation of two enclaves on Cyprus for Turkish Cypriotes who wished to remain, and the establishment of a Turkish military base on Cyprus. Neither side, however, accepted the scheme.
Meanwhile, our intelligence had reported the growing antipathy between Makarios and General George Grivas, the famous leader of EOKA.. Though Grivas was, of course, a passionate advocate of enosis, he might, I thought, be easier to work with than Makarios, so we established an underground contact with Socrates Iliades, who was Grivas's lieutenant and director of the defense of Cyprus. Meanwhile, Grivas returned to Cyprus with a plan for enosis that provided protection for the Turkish Cypriotes remaining on the island and compensation for those wishing to leave. The fact that the Grivas Plan also called for the ouster of Makarios enhanced its attractiveness.
These schemes were all upset when Makarios encouraged the Greek Cypriotes to attack Turkish Cypriote villages. In retaliation, on August 7, four Turkish air force jets strafed the Cypriote town of Polis. The next day, thirty Turkish jets flew low over Greek Cypriote towns on the island's north coast. Finally, on August 9, Turkey sent sixty-four jets on another strafing and bombing foray against northwest Cyprus. The war was rapidly escalating.
In Washington, we set up a twenty-four-hour Cyprus command post, and I spent the following three nights sleeping in my office. Secretary Rusk would arrive early each morning and, in deference to his Georgian palate, we would have hominy grits for breakfast.
On Sunday, August 12, I instructed our ambassador in Athens, Henry Labouisse, to urge Papandreou to stop Makarios from further assaults on Turkish Cypriotes. We should press Papandreou to abandon "horse-trading or equivocation or passionate oratory" and act incisively to restore peace, making clear to him that Makarios was calling for military intervention by the Soviet Union and that it was "utterly essential" to keep the Russians, Egyptians, and other foreign troops out of Cyprus. At the same time, we warned Makarios that he would be publicly branded as a murderer if his units continued to harass the Cypriote Turks. Even Moscow had apparently been shaken by the course events were following, for on that same Sunday, August 12, Khrushchev sent word to Makarios that, while he sympathized with the Cyprus government, a cease-fire would be an "important contribution." With the Soviets offering him no assistance, Makarios grumpily accepted a UN call for a cease-fire, with Turkey following suit.
Our political talks were making little progress, and on August 18, Acheson telexed me that, in his view, the chances of obtaining a quick Greek-Turkish settlement on Cyprus were "about the same as the odds on Goldwater." We should, he advised, liquidate our efforts and let him come home, though he would continue to keep in touch with Greece and Turkey to prevent Cyprus from being transformed "into a Russian Mediterranean satellite."
I urged Acheson to stay on. To "liquidate" the Geneva operations would please Makarios and make him even more intransigent. If His Beatitude ever decided that the United States had grown indifferent, he would recklessly attack the Turkish Cypriotes, and the Turks would be forced to intervene. I pointed out to Acheson that his negotiating efforts had already yielded some useful results. They had persuaded Papandreou to negotiate with Turkey and to accept a Turkish base on Cyprus; they had even got General Grivas to consider such a base. At the same time, they had eased some of Turkey's initial demands.
Since there was a six-hour difference between the United States and Geneva, I followed the practice with Acheson of talking to him around 2:00 A.M. Washington time on a scrambled teletype in the operations center at the State Department, while he sat at the other end in the consulate in Geneva. That night, after a long session of arguing over the teletype, I ended my peroration to Acheson with "Aux armes, citoyens." If the Geneva enterprise must die, I contended, its burial should be conducted not "by an orthodox Archbishop but by the son of an Episcopal bishop," which, of course, meant Acheson. Acheson had tried with great skill and exceptional patience to settle a problem created by the wicked and the weak. A man of rare quality, I admired him enormously, and one of my most cherished possessions is a handwritten note commenting on something I had written. Sent two weeks before his death, it concluded with the cheering admonition: "Keep on making sense; you have the field to yourself."
End of the Crisis
In the end, the crisis momentarily subsided. Pressed by America and the United Nations and denied aid by the Soviets, Makarios's position was weakened, particularly with General Grivas challenging his hold over the island. A UN force was in place, and. for the time being, a precarious peace was maintained. That, of course, was not the end of the Cyprus story . . .
During my years in the State Department, Secretary Rusk and I worked on a completely alter ego basis' which meant that, when Rusk was away, he did not, as he made clear, "take the keys of his office with him." As Acting Secretary of State, I was in a position, when necessary, to move incisively, with the President's approval; Rusk established the same ground rules with my successor, Nicholas Katzenbach.
The importance of such an arrangement was disclosed in July 1974Cten years after the crisis I have just described. This time, unhappily, the United States failed to respond. Trying to run the State Department singlehandedly from an airplane. Secretary Kissinger knew nothing about Cyprus and did not bother to inform himself. As a result, he absent- mindedly let the Greek junta mount a coup in Cyprus that incited a Turkish invasion. When the Turks swarmed across the island, the Nixon AdministrationCunder pressure from the Greek lobbyCstopped arms shipments to Turkey and alienated the eastern anchor of our southern flank defense. As of this writing, 36 percent of Cyprus, including the most attractive tourist areas, remains under occupation by the Turkish army. Greece and Turkey are at sword's point and both are on uneasy terms with the United States and NATO. Makarios is dead, and the partition that might have solved Cyprus's problems has now been achieved by force and in a manner tragically unfair to the Greek Cypriotes.
The moral is clear: effective diplomacy for a great nation requires a constant high-quality institutional vigilance. That is not possible when all decisions are preempted by an individual virtuoso with a lust for travel.
About George Ball=s diplomacy, the British journalist Christopher Hitchens writes:
At every stage of the drama...the weakness and errors of Cypriots were exploited and compounded by external intervention.....Perhaps most of all it was true when the United states government, in the words of George Ball, >established an underground contact= with the terrorists of George Grivas, and did so in the name of protecting the Turks! In that incident, both ends were played against the middle and the manipulation of internal tensions was dovetailed with a great power calculation designed to abolish the nation=s independence. From that incident, also, stems the foreign involvement with Greek-sponsored subversion in Cyprus, which led to the coup and to the Turkish invasion.
- from Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger (1997 edition), page 159.
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It's a long-shot safety campaign known in shorthand as "zero deaths."
Cutting the death toll to zero in crashes across all forms of transportation is an aggressive and perhaps unrealistic goal, but Illinois and more than half of the other states are working on it.
The long-sought target has been virtually achieved over the last four years by U.S. commercial aviation. Airlines operating in the U.S. have not suffered a fatal accident since the crash of a Colgan Air commuter jet near Buffalo, N.Y., on Feb. 12, 2009.
But over the same four-year period, more than 100,000 people have perished in wrecks on highways and other roads across America. The death toll has exceeded 32,000 people each year nationally in recent years and peaked at 43,510 in 2005, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Almost 1,000 fatalities occurred in Illinois in 2012.
Totally eliminating vehicle crashes is not practical, at least not unless technology ever reaches the point of removing driver behavior and human error from the equation, experts say.
So the immediate focus is on putting an end to crashes that lead to fatalities. The roots of the program can be traced to Sweden, where 16 years ago safety officials declared that zero crash deaths is the only morally acceptable goal.
The Illinois Department of Transportation adopted the goal of zero roadway fatalities in 2009 when it revised the state's strategic highway safety plan. About 30 states have established their own programs aimed literally at driving down the death toll to zero.
A new study by the University of Minnesota evaluating the effectiveness of zero-death programs found that the states that have worked the longest promoting the four "E's" of safety — enforcement, education, engineering and emergency medical services — have been the most successful at reducing crash fatalities.
Washington State in 2000 and Minnesota in 2003 were the first states to adopt the zero-fatality goal, the study said. Utah and Idaho also operate successful programs in which the study determined that a statistically significant fewer number of crash fatalities occurred after the zero-death initiatives were introduced.
"The evidence from our evaluation showed that active programs work," said Lee W. Munnich Jr., the study's lead researcher and director of the Center for Excellence in Rural Safety at the University of Minnesota. "One of the keys is to prioritize and delegate funds and get more engagement from different agencies to produce the biggest bang for the buck."
Targeting resources directly on the problem, whether it's beefed-up police enforcement in specific locations or redesigning roads to slow traffic where accidents are prevalent, has had the biggest effect on reducing fatalities, the researchers found.
"The toughest challenges are the behavioral ones, where drivers know they shouldn't be doing what they are doing, such as drinking and driving, but they do so anyway," Munnich said.
Raising the public's awareness about the costs to society caused by crashes that result in deaths and serious injuries will help drive down accidents, officials said.
"People say, 'Ah, you can't get there.' That is the response you always get" to the zero-deaths program, said John Webber, interim director of IDOT's traffic safety division.
"When we ask people what would be an acceptable goal statewide, people say less than 1,000 crash fatalities a year," Webber said. "But when it comes to their family, the answer is zero. If all families feel that way, then why is zero an impossible goal?"
As a starting point, reducing roadway carnage by half in the U.S. is considered an attainable mark by many traffic safety authorities. Illinois has accomplished that since the 1960s and '70s, the most recent period in which crash fatalities exceeded 2,000 annually in the state.
In those days, many drivers and their passengers didn't wear seat belts, if their vehicles were even equipped with the devices. Anti-lock brakes, air bags and life-saving crunch zones on vehicles did not exist.
Today, Illinois has work to do before crash deaths would be halved again, or reduced further toward the zero target.
In 2012, 962 people were killed in vehicle accidents in the state, up 44 deaths from 2011, according to IDOT. The numbers have been up and down over roughly the past decade, with the high point occurring in 2003, when 1,454 people died on the roads in Illinois.
The annual death totals have been below 1,000 since 2009, and state officials say part of the reason is that more drivers and passengers are buckling up.
However, driving in general, tracked by the number of vehicle miles traveled, has gone down in recent years, because of several key factors that include an escalation in gas prices and the pocketbook impact of the Great Recession on driving behavior, officials said.
The state seat-belt law has been toughened twice in the last 10 years. In July 2003, the law was amended to authorize police to stop a vehicle if the officer observes either the driver or front seat passengers not wearing a safety belt. Last year, the law was revised to require all occupants to wear a safety belt.
IDOT officials said an increase in the rate of seat-belt use — it's about 94 percent on average statewide — correlates directly with the reduction in crash fatalities. Accident investigations show that about half of the victims who died in crashes were not wearing their seat belts, officials said.
Males 16 to 34 years old represent a big portion of seat-belt law violators, especially in situations where alcohol is involved, authorities said. Targeting this group through police enforcement, particularly in the 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. period, and education, including the in-your-face running tally of crash fatalities that IDOT has been running on highway message boards since 2012, are part of the zero-death campaign, officials said.
"Those are the folks involved or dying in crashes these days," Webber said. "Getting them to buckle up is a start. But the real message is that there is no safe amount of alcohol because judgment, reaction and perception changes. Until we get drunk driving under control, we are not going to get to zero deaths."
Contact Getting Around at [email protected] or c/o the Chicago Tribune, 435 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611; on Twitter @jhilkevitch; and at facebook.com/jhilkevitch. Read recent columns at chicagotribune.com/gettingaround. | <urn:uuid:4b743c6c-e40f-4a4c-9bb7-597107f0de71> | {
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A Putnam County teacher is crediting the Newspapers in Education program for improved test scores.
In fact, a marquee at Poca Middle School expresses thanks to Charleston Newspapers.
Louann Godbey, eighth-grade West Virginia History teacher at Poca Middle, credits the NIE program for playing a role in a six-point increase in WESTEST scores from 2011 to 2012.
"I truly believe that our weekly newspaper sessions played a big part in helping my students achieve higher test scores," she said.
Each Wednesday, her students are given about 45 minutes to read the newspaper. Half of the time is to be spent reading section-front news articles.
Then they may move on to sports, cartoons or anything they enjoy reading.
"If I give assignments, I find they are reading for answers instead of content," she said. "I want them to enjoy the experience of reading the paper."
Newspapers are an excellent source for teaching West Virginia history and current events, she said.
Students look forward to the arrival of the newspapers, and she shares them with the seventh-grade teacher.
She added that Poca Middle has an excellent staff, achieved adequate yearly progress, and was named an exemplary school.
Renee Daly, NIE coordinator for Charleston Newspapers, said she often gets positive feedback from teachers who take advantage of the program, and others climb on board after learning about it.
"I got two new schools today," said Daly, who added that 34 schools throughout West Virginia are now getting newspapers through the program that was established 17 years ago. | <urn:uuid:501e6871-54bf-4af9-b227-b547aa1118c5> | {
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The U.S. military originally had a virtual monopoly of certain communications channels. It was one of the few entities to be using internet, and it used many areas of the spectrum untouched by civilian communications. However, with the digital revolution and the expansion of civilians onto the internet and increasing using of the digital spectrum, the military is finding adapting to the deprivation of these bands difficult.
Last year during the bandwidth auction, the portion of the spectrum used by the B-2 bomber's Raytheon APQ-181 radar was accidentally sold to an obscure multinational organization according to Military.com. As a result, U.S. taxpayers will be footing the over $1B USD bill to replace the radar in the 20 remaining jets.
With users demanding video-ready smartphones, high-speed mobile internet, and other emerging applications, the military is finding that the spectrum is quickly disappearing, and it’s having trouble finding areas for its own sensitive technologies.
Other expensive losses abound. The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System, a costly system used to get AWACS targeting data to F-22 fighter jets has "limited supportability outside the continental U.S."
Another key issue is the steady creep of civilian communications into the spectrum used for flight-test telemetry. While there are workarounds to gather some additional information, telemetry data remains essential to testing both manned and unmanned aircraft and protecting pilots from failures.
Ultimately, more data takes more bandwidth -- an unalterable fact -- and to achieve higher frequencies more power is required. This places inherent limitations to the amount of data capable of being communicated over the spectrum.
Military designers are in a sticky situation as they can't compress their data, in many cases, like civilian applications. "This is not a cell phone,” said Darrell Ernst. "You can't ask the pilot to wait while you redial."
Ernst works for the Mitre Corp., a member of a U.S.-European delegation trying to raise international awareness of bandwidth issues, and estimates that by 2020 the Air Force will need 600 MHz of spectrum for telemetry data. Currently the only vacant spot suggested to them is the 5091 and 5150 MHz band. The Air Force is eager to occupy even this meager 59 MHz offer. States Mr. Ernst, "If [the flight-test community] can get in there and start using it, we can be established as the primary user and it will be hard for them to throw us out."
When it comes to the spectrum issues, there are few good answers, just more fears and doubts. As a final example of the industry problems, when the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) test program is flying two missions no other combat aircraft will be able to fly in the Western U.S. States Mr. Ernst, "They're the 600-lb. gorilla. They don't see that they have any reason to move, and they don't have the radios to do it." | <urn:uuid:d2363a84-c07c-40ce-97bf-c210c2e64969> | {
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People with high-level spinal cord injuries typically lose control of their arms and legs meaning they can no longer get around without some sort of adaptive assistance device. Quadriplegics have long relied on a type of control system for electric wheelchairs called the sip-and-puff system.
This type of control system allowed the user to move forward and backwards in an electric wheelchair by sipping a straw or blowing into it. A group of researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT) has devised a new method of controlling a power chair for those who no longer had functionality in their arms and legs. The new system uses the patient’s tongue to control the chair or to control the mouse cursor on a computer screen.
Maysam Ghovanloo, an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at GIT said, "This clinical trial has validated that the Tongue Drive system is intuitive and quite simple for individuals with high-level spinal cord injuries to use. Trial participants were able to easily remember and correctly issue tongue commands to play computer games and drive a powered wheelchair around an obstacle course with very little prior training."
The clinical trial was conducted at the Shepherd Center in Atlanta and involved the attachment of a small magnet, roughly the size of a grain of rice, to the tongue of the patient with a tissue adhesive. The magnet was used as a tracer to allow the magnetic field sensors to register its movements. The users of the system wore sensors that look like headphones on the head to track the magnet.
The researchers say that the nerve that controls the tongue in patients with high-level spinal injury is typically not affected in the injury. Software translates the movement of the magnet into motion for the chair via wireless connectivity with a computer attached to the chair.
The chair motion can be controlled in a constant setting that allows the chair user to move along an arc or in a control method for new users that only allows one motion at a time. According to the researchers, the Tongue Drive system can be used to create as many movement commands as the user can comfortably remember. | <urn:uuid:d54afc5d-8f9f-40ed-8c35-ab85096e4658> | {
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In the fall of 2010, a number of high-profile suicides brought attention to the problem of bullying in schools. This year, the LGBT community worked to change laws and save lives.
After helping to push through policies in the Dallas and Fort Worth school districts, as well as a few others around the state, the LGBT community focused on passing statewide anti-bullying legislation in the 2011 session of the Legislature.
Equality Texas made the legislation a priority and a number of bills were introduced.
In February, Equality Texas hosted a Lobby Day. Several hundred people from around the state participated.
Among them were Fort Worth City Councilman Joel Burns, suicide victim Asher Brown’s parents — Amy and David Truong — and a group of 10 students from Youth First Texas.
Burns and the Truongs met with key legislators including members of the committees that would hear the bills.
The students from YFT spoke to their senators and representatives telling their own stories of being bullied.
Legislators not usually considered allies were visibly moved by stories of violence in schools in their hometowns.
Equality Texas board chair Anne Wynn, Executive Director Dennis Coleman and Deputy Director Chuck Smith spent the spring lobbying on behalf of the bills.
The organization arranged for the Truongs as well as the parents of Montana Lance and Jon Carmichael, two other Texas suicide victims, to testify at committee hearings.
As originally crafted, the bills specified categories that would be covered. National studies have shown that the more specific the law, the more effective it is in protecting LGBT students. When sexual orientation and gender identity are not specified, school staff often ignore anti-gay bullying. But to increase the chances that anti-bullying legislation would pass, several bills were combined and all references to specific groups, including sexual orientation and gender identity, were deleted.
The new anti-bullying “super bill” passed unanimously in the Senate and by a wide margin in the House — and was eventually signed by Republican Gov. Rick Perry.
Under the new law, for the first time, the bully rather than the victim can be transferred to another classroom or school. Parental notification rules were strengthened and protections added for the person reporting the bullying. The definition of bullying now includes electronic means, or cyberbullying. And every school district must adopt an anti-bullying policy, including any necessary procedures to address the prevention, investigation and reporting of incidents.
A second bill also passed that provides money for counseling services, which includes services for both the bully and the victim. School staff already receive training to recognize potential suicide risks. That training will be expanded to include victims of bullying.
Meanwhile, although the Dallas Independent School District approved an LGBT-inclusive anti-bullying policy last year, Resource Center Dallas and Lambda Legal accused some DISD officials of blocking its implementation.
RCD Executive Director and CEO Cece Cox along with Lambda Legal community educator Omar Narvaez addressed the DISD board about the problem in December.
Cox said she had gotten word from frustrated school district employees that principals were being instructed not to use the electronic reporting system that the board mandated. She said she would continue to track the district’s compliance with the policy in 2012.
— David Taffet
This article appeared in the Dallas Voice print edition December 30, 2011. | <urn:uuid:a6067055-a5f7-4b66-ab09-2aa98c6dff5a> | {
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Document Management with Oracle Text
June 12, 2003
A few years ago, many projects started using the multimedia capability of Oracle databases. Powerful procedures for handling image, audio, video and the text data in various formats are incorporated in the database kernel code; even the default database installation has multimedia objects installed. Storing, retrieving and searching the text from documents stored inside the Oracle database are the most common usage of multimedia database capabilities. This feature, incorporated into the product was formerly known as ConText, later known as interMedia Text (iMT) and with the database version 9.X, it is known as Oracle Text.
This article covers:
Document Index Type
Oracle Text is an extension to the Oracle database that allows searching specific words in the tables of documents, using standard SQL expressions. Oracle Text is integrated in a number of Oracle products such as Portal, iFS and Applications. Supported document types are text, HTML, DOC, XLS, PPT, PDF and XML documents. txt/HTML data content will be stored in the clob column and other formatted document content in the blob column. The content can "also" stored outside of database via BFILES. For any kind of data content, the text engine is used for indexing and retrieving.
Overview of the Oracle Text product development:
There are three different index types: Context, Catalog and Ctxxpath. They are used all for document indexing, but each has a different functionality.
Context index is a "domain" index used for fast retrieval of unstructured text.
DML processing on a Context index is deferred. The actual index updates do not take place until an index SYNC is performed.
Catalog (CTXCAT) index is an online, "catalog" index, efficient for searching between small, simple text fields and with queries using some structured criteria, (usually numbers or dates). This index type supports only a basic functionality provided in a Context index. A Catalog index has all the characteristics of the normal database index.
Ctxxpath index is a special index installed during an Oracle Text
install. This index uses Oracle Text code and can be created only on | <urn:uuid:db33f6da-b1f6-4d28-b5bc-e633cea527af> | {
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Save the Children and Oxfam released a joint report today entitled "A Dangerous Delay: The Cost of Late Response to Early Warnings in the 2011 Drought in the Horn of Africa". The report argues that early warning systems performed, but decision makers did not respond to them. In an interview Justin Forsyth the head of Save the Children UK likened the situation to an alarm bell that had a very delayed effect. A lot of people were harmed by the delayed response and the cost of dealing with hunger and malnutrition was much higher than if it had been addressed earlier.
So why the delay? Using Forsyth's analogy, either policymakers did not hear the alarm, did not trust it, or although hearing and believing the alarm, they simply could not respond to it quickly enough. The report makes some good recommendations about amplifying the alarm (via the media and building up capacity of those to communicate the significance of the alarm up the decision chain). It also makes good recommendations about helping people respond to it more quickly once they believe it (emergency response funds, insurance, greater joint programming between development and humanitarian groups).
The one area that the report is relatively silent on is whether the policymakers believe the signals. The report focuses on the case where the signals were right and outlines the cost of ignoring them, but policymakers might argue: what about the costs of acting when the signals were wrong?
As researchers, we should be analysing, ex post, the frequency with which the early warning signals get it right. If we can attach a probability to the predictive power of the signals, then when the next signal goes off policymakers can better assess the risks of responding to a non crisis against the risks of responding late to an emerging crisis. In other words, how often will the signal get it right?
It's not pretty, but I would not be surprised if this is the kind of calculation that is often made. | <urn:uuid:56c3dbcb-3a01-453f-9e82-99756344254d> | {
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The flu bug can bite your dog, too
If your dog begins to sniffle, cough and sneeze, get ready for some rough days ahead because those are signs that your pet may be coming down with the flu.
Like people, dogs also can be stricken and they even have their own highly contagious - and sometimes life-threatening - influenza virus, a leading veterinary expert says.
Story continues below
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Story continues here
About 80 percent of the dogs exposed to the virus become infected and develop flu-like symptoms, according to Cynda Crawford, a veterinarian at the University of Florida, who has studied the virus since its outbreak in 2004. Dogs lack a preexisting immunity, therefore canines of any breed, age or health status are susceptible.
"Fortunately, most dogs recover within two weeks without any further health complications," Dr. Crawford told MySetterSam.com. "However, some dogs progress to pneumonia, which is usually due to secondary bacterial infections. While the overall mortality rate for canine influenza is low, the secondary pneumonia can be life-threatening."
Treatment consists mainly of supportive care - including administering of antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections - while the virus runs its course, much like with human influenza, Dr. Crawford said. Dogs with pneumonia are likely to need intensive care in a hospital.
Pet parents who have dogs at high risk of contracting canine influenza - like those that spend time in shelters, boarding and training facilities, day care centers, dog shows, veterinary clinics, pet stores and grooming parlors - should consider getting their pets vaccinated, Dr. Crawford said.
"Although the vaccine may not prevent infection, efficacy trials have shown that vaccination significantly reduces the severity and duration of clinical illness, including the incidence and severity of damage to the lungs," Crawford states.
"In addition, the vaccine reduces the amount of virus shed and shortens the shedding interval," Dr. Crawford said. "This means that vaccinated dogs that become infected have less illness and are not as contagious to other dogs. These benefits are similar to those provided by influenza vaccines used in other species, including humans."
According to Dr. Crawford, who has been studying the canine virus since its discovery in 2004, canine influenza has been documented in 30 states and the District of Columbia. It can occur year-round.
A dog can get the virus by contact with infected dogs or by aerosols generated by coughing and sneezing, Dr. Crawford said. The virus can also contaminate kennel surfaces, food and water bowls, collars and leashes, and the hands and clothing of people who handle infected dogs.
"Fortunately, the virus is easily inactivated by washing hands, clothes and other items with soap and water," she said.
The vaccine, developed by Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, recently received approval for use from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is administered by subcutaneous injection in two doses, two to four weeks apart. The vaccine may be given to dogs age six weeks or older and can be given annually to ensure more comprehensive protection.
"We developed the vaccine in response to the growing problem of the disease," Christopher Pappas Jr., a veterinarian for Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, states in a media release. "We are pleased that our expertise in respiratory disease and vaccines can help prevent costly outbreaks and keep dogs healthier."
The American Veterinary Medical Association, which in 2006 advocated the necessity of developing such a vaccine, lauded the news of the federal government's approval of the vaccine.
"The AVMA is pleased that the USDA has approved the use of a vaccine in dogs to help prevent the spread of canine influenza and to help keep dogs healthy," Lynne White-Shim, assistant director in the AVMA Scientific Activities Division, told MySetterSam.com.
"Shortly after the emergence of canine influenza, some people were not convinced that the disease existed and consequently did not believe a vaccine should be developed," Dr. White-Shim explained. "When AVMA examined the issue, we learned that the disease was sickening racing greyhounds and dogs in some shelters. Thus, AVMA has been an advocate for the development of an efficacious vaccine to protect those dogs at significant risk."Dr. White-Shim urges dog owners to consult with their veterinarians about whether their pet should be vaccinated. "As with all vaccinations, the veterinarian and dog owner should discuss individual disease risks to determine if the vaccine is recommended," she said.
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, in conjunction with the Morris Animal Foundation of Denver, has launched a study of canine influenza in hopes of better understanding the virus and developing treatments.
"Canine influenza is a newly emerging disease that does not discriminate by breed or age," ASPCA veterinarian Miranda Spindel states in a media release. "It is critical that we gain a better understanding of the transmission of CIV in order to limit its effects."
In addition to examining the spread of the virus among shelter dogs, the study will determine whether a rapid "bedside" test can be effectively used for screening dogs upon entering a shelter. If such a test were available, dogs could be tested and kept separate from the main shelter population and treated to help prevent the spread of the virus.
The study will try to determine how the virus changes over time, a process known as "genetic drift." As with human flu viruses, animal influenza viruses constantly evolve. New strains can develop that require new vaccines.
According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, dogs and other companion pets also can get flu viruses - like the H1N1 virus - from people. So far, four ferrets in Oregon and a cat in Iowa have gotten the H1N1 virus a short time after people in their households had the illness. No dogs have gotten the H1N1 virus.
Dr. Emilio DeBess, Oregon's public health veterinarian, says pet owners should take precautions to help reduce the spread of influenza between themselves and their pets.
"The key message is to protect your animals much like you protect your family," he states in a media release. "Wash your hands, cover your cough and your sneeze, and do your best to prevent contaminating objects your pet may come into contact with." | <urn:uuid:d09ef960-f12f-4a29-b8b8-9a9da4c7df74> | {
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High temperatures increase health risks for people with diabetes
(BPT) - For the nearly 26 million Americans living with diabetes, high temperatures and increased sun exposure can pose particularly dangerous health risks. During warm weather, experts caution that people with diabetes must take extra care to avoid serious, heat-related conditions.
"Heading to the beach, the pool or the park is a great way to cool down and stay in shape when the temperature rises, but people with diabetes may not realize the heat can place them at greater risk for serious, heat-related illness," says Dr. Deneen Vojta, senior vice president and chief clinical officer of UnitedHealth Group's Diabetes Prevention and Control Alliance (DPCA). "Diabetes actually impairs a person's ability to sweat, which means that hot, humid weather can dangerously reduce the body's regulation of blood sugar levels. That's why it is critical that people with this disease take proper precautions to avoid conditions like heat exhaustion and heat stroke."
Vojta offers seven simple tips that may help people with this disease to stay active, healthy and safe when temperatures are high:
1. Check your blood sugar levels often. Changes in activity and heat levels can affect your body's insulin needs.
2. Wear sunblock. Sunburn can tax your body and trigger increased blood glucose levels.
3. Stay cool. Take regular breaks from the heat in air-conditioned areas or designated cooling centers, if possible. Make sure to exercise in an air-conditioned place or exercise during early morning and evening hours when temperatures are cooler.
4. Keep medication and supplies cool and away from direct sunlight. Extreme temperatures and sunlight can have a damaging effect on diabetes medication such as insulin, causing the drug to break down or become less effective.
5. Stay hydrated. Dehydration stresses the body and affects glucose levels.
6. Avoid caffeine and alcohol in high temperatures. Both alcohol and caffeine have diuretic effects that can increase risks of dehydration.
7. Be alert for common signs of heat exhaustion. Signs of serious health-related illnesses can include: heavy sweating, paleness, muscle cramps, tiredness, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting and fainting.
Vojta advises that people with diabetes should be on the lookout for signs of heat exhaustion or heat stroke and seek medical attention right away if they experience symptoms.
Additional resources on managing and preventing diabetes can be found by visiting the websites of the American Diabetes Association (www.diabetes.org
) and the National Diabetes Education Program (ndep.nih.gov/resources
). UnitedHealth Group also offers a range of helpful tips and information on the disease at www.unitedhealthgroup.com/diabetes | <urn:uuid:ce41727c-92a6-452a-b95d-2fa627379f30> | {
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Now that you're comfortable using the MySQL client tools to manipulate data in the database, you can begin using PHP to display and modify data from the database. PHP has standard functions for working with the database.
First, we're going to discuss PHPs built-in database functions. We'll also show you how to use the PEAR database functions that provide the ability to use the same functions to access any supported database. This type of flexibility comes from a process called abstraction. Abstraction is the information you need to log into a database that is placed into a standard format. This standard format allows you to interact with MySQL as well as other databases using the same format. Similarly, MySQL-specific functions are replaced with generic ones that know how to talk to many databases.
In this chapter, you'll learn how to connect to a MySQL server from PHP, learn how to use PHP to access and retrieve stored data, and how to correctly display information to the user.
The basic steps of performing a query, whether using the mysql command-line tool or PHP, are the same:
Connect to the database.
Select the database to use.
Build a SELECT statement.
Perform the query.
Display the results.
We'll walk through each of these steps for both plain PHP and PEAR functions.
When connecting to a MySQL database, you will use two new resources. The first is the link identifier that holds all of the information necessary to connect to the database for an active connection. The other resource is the results resource. It contains all information required to retrieve results from an active database query's result set. You'll be creating and assigning both resources in this chapter. | <urn:uuid:c21bbd34-5b0b-4017-90f1-4b9d4a0ca4df> | {
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Faeces, electric eels and fruit would power conceptual communities designed by Bartlett School of Architecture graduate Catrina Stewart.
The City Farmhouse project proposes housing communities on stilts above clusters of public toilets, where visitors would be required to donate faeces and urine on arrival.
Electricity would be generated from methane gas released when the harvested excrement is broken down.
Faeces and urine could also be used to produce compost and water for community gardens.
Streetlights would be powered by fruit acid and elevators would be powered by electric eels, kept as pets by residents.
Other recent architecture graduate projects include an upside-down skyscraper and a tower that shoots artificial bees into the air - see all our stories about this years graduate shows here.
Here are some more details from Catrina Stewart:
London City Farmhouse
The City Farmhouse project is a prototype that looks at forming new self-sufficient communities, which integrate agriculture and housing within the city of London.
The Farmhouses and vertical colour gardens will be open to the public, and will rely on its colours and visitors to achieve self-sufficiency.
Visitors and residents will be expected to make a donation of faeces and urine when they visit the building. These will be used to produce water, compost and electricity for the Farmhouses. Methane gas released by the waste produced in biogas digesters can then be used directly or to produce electricity.
Without its public toilets the community would not be able to survive. The more visitors the building can attract the more power, food and water will be produced. New public toilets will be erected across the borough in order to collect human waste to power the Farmhouses. New communities will begin to grow around the more popular public toilets, creating new Farmhouses.
The Farmhouse project explores the use of colour to attract people to the building and entice them into using the public toilets by using the same principles used for colour in marketing and advertising. Colours are therefore used less for their aesthetics and more for their functional properties.
Nothing in the Farmhouse is disposed of, everything is recycled and reused to fuel something else. Old and new technologies are used to harness energy and food from almost anything, animals are no longer used for their meat but rather as a source of energy.
Cows are farmed for their methane gas, electric eels are kept as pets to power the elevators in the building and fruits are used to to power the street lights. | <urn:uuid:e59a5ad4-5368-43af-ad68-98add7ed0178> | {
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Wikipedia reached the magical figure of 10 million articles on Wednesday, when an article about a 16th century goldsmith named Nicholas Hilliard was created on the Hungarian version of the site.
Wikipedia was launched in Jan. 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger and has since reached a landmark: It now boasts 10 million articles across the site that runs in 250 languages. It is the largest and fastest-growing reference site on the Internet.
You can tell WIkipedia's clout as soon as you try and do a Google search on almost anything; Google places high importance on Wikipedia results so whenever you search Wikipedia will almost always be in the top 10 search results.
Wikipedia through their Wikimedia Foundation made this announcement about reaching 10 million articles. They said the 10 millionth article was created at 5:07 p.m. PDT on March 26. The article is a short biography of 16th century English goldsmith and painter Nicholas Hilliard. It was created in Hungarian by a user named Pataki Marta.
Compared to Wikipedia, a regular encyclopedia (such as a 26 Volume Britannica Encyclopedia) has 29,800 articles and sells for $749. The biggest part ow Wikipedia is its English version which boasts more than 2.3 million articles. It's also free to use.
Wikipedia also recently secured $3 million in funding from Alfred P. Sloan foundation and $500,000 from Vinod Khosla and his wife Neeru. | <urn:uuid:f51477b6-2bd6-4fa4-a841-55ac114de3bf> | {
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The DLESE Reviewed Collection (DRC) provides access to resources that meet seven specific review criteria. The criteria are: high scientific accuracy, good pedagogical effectiveness, ease of use, clarity and completeness of documentation, motivating for learners, show robustness, and illustrate significance of content. Multiple pathways or review systems contribute to this collection and include the following collections: DWEL (Digital Water Education Library), Community Annotated Collection, GLOBE, NASA Earth Science Enterprise Reviewed Collection and JESSE (Journal for Earth System Science Education).
Collection is intended for:
Primary (K-2), Intermediate (3-5), Middle (6-8), High (9-12), College (13-14), College (15-16), Graduate / Professional, Informal, General public
Try searching on these terms (type in keyword box):
Educational theory and practice,
History and philosophy of science,
Mineralogy or petrology,
Reviews, Annotations, Evaluations.
Collection Scope and | <urn:uuid:fe6dbd53-53e6-46a5-ae7c-b39120ae2381> | {
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Area History of the Doan Brook
1796: First permanent settler came to the Cleveland area.
1799: Nathaniel and Sarah Doan and their six children settled beside the Doan Brook. This area became the ford on the main road between Buffalo and Cleveland; now it's the intersection of Euclid Avenue and East 105th Street).
1811: Jacob Russell, a Revolutionary war veteran, purchased 475 acres of land in the upper Doan Brook watershed. They return the following year to build a cabin, plant crops, and relocate their extended family of 20. It is now the intersection of South Park Boulevard and Lee Road.
1822: The North Union Shaker Community was started by Ralph Russell, JacobRussell's son, who had become a Shaker. The community, with as many as 300 members, originally occupied the area along Lee Rd. between Shaker Blvd. and South Park. The Shakers built the two Shaker Lakes, Lower Lake and Horseshoe Lake, on Doan Brook to power their sawmills, grist mills and woolen mill.
Early 1880s: Jephtha Wade, William Gordon, John D. Rockefeller, Laura Rockefeller, Nathan Ambler and other philanthropists donated land along Doan Brook to create the line of parks along the stream from Lake Erie to Horseshoe Lake in Shaker Lakes.
The Cleveland Parks Commission built roadways to connect the parks and commissioned architect Charles Schweinfurth to design bridges to carry streetcar lines across the lower park areas. Inner-city Cleveland residents and workers gain access to the parks.
May 1896: In all, almost 44,000 people are reported to have walked or driven along the brook in Rockefeller Park, showing the popularity of the park in this age.
19th Century: Doan's Corners and the North Union Shaker flourished. Much of the surrounding areas became farms and villages, including the Village of Glenville, located near the brook valley between Doan's Corners and Lake Erie.
1900: The Doan Brook watershed began to develop.
1930: Nearly the entire watershed in Shaker Heights, Cleveland Heights and Cleveland was developed.
1960: Citizens opposed and defeated the Clark and Lee Freeways extension plan. The freeway would have paved over Doan Brook and its parks from Lower Shaker Lake to Horseshoe Lake and beyond.
1970: Dike 14-dredge spoil disposal area at the mouth of Doan Brook began to be constructed by the Corps of Engineers.
1974: The cities of Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights, and Cleveland with interested citizens form the Joint Committee on Doan Brook Watershed.
2000-2001: Partnership Transition Committee of the Joint Committee investigates different structures for the new organization. | <urn:uuid:b95c2b3a-19a3-4d8d-92e7-1e82411da3f1> | {
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Earth shattering secrets for building record setting and winning mousetrap cars and racers. Here you will find all the latest and greatest untold construction secrets so you can build your very own mousetrap vehicle.
The objective is to build a vehicle that is powered solely by a standard-sized mouse trap that will travel and stop closest to a finish line located 5-meters from the start line in the shortest amount of time.
By definition a vehicle is a device with wheels and/or runners. Launching a ball or another object from the mouse trap will be ruled illegal. The entire vehicle must leave the start line and travel as one unit.
1. The vehicle must be powered by a single Victor brand mouse trap
measuring: 1 - 3/4 inches X 3 - 7/8 inches.
2. The mouse trap cannot be physically altered except for the following:
- holes can be drilled only to mount the mouse trap to a frame
- the mouse trap's snapper arm may be cut and lengthened
3. The vehicle may not start with additional potential and/or kinetic energy other than what can be stored in the mouse trap's spring.
4. The spring from the mouse trap cannot be altered or heat treated.
5. The mouse trap's spring cannot be wound more than its normal travel distance or 180 degrees.
6. Vehicles must be self-starting.
7. The vehicles must steer itself and may not receive a push in any direction in order avoid a collision.
8. The timing of the vehicle will begin when any part of the vehicle passes over the start line and will ends when the vehicle comes to rest.
9. The distance from the target will be measured from the point of the vehicle that first passed the start line to the finish line or target.
10. The instructor has the final decision as to the appropriateness of any additional items that might be used in the construction of the vehicle.
RUNNING THE CONTEST
The course will be a smooth level floor such as a gymnasiums or a non-carpeted hallway. The winner will be that vehicle that has obtained the lowest score any of the three attempts. Any ties will be decided by a single run off between the tied vehicles.
The scoring will be the total of the time in seconds added to the distance from the finish line in centimeters.
Score=time(s) + distance from finish line(cm).
*Can't find what you're looking for? Ask Doc Fizzix » | <urn:uuid:b103bf6c-b789-427d-ac00-714fd51a4ec5> | {
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