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ttle of neerwinden one six nine three under the personal supervision of louis xiv the french army captured mons in one six nine one and the hitherto impregnable fortress of namur in one six nine two at the battles of marsaglia and staffarde france was victorious over the allied forces under victor amadeus duke of savoy overrunning his domain in the south the battle of the ter opened catalonia to french invasion the french naval victory at the battle of beachy head in one six nine zero however was offset by the anglo dutch naval victory at the la hougue in one six nine two but neither side was able to entirely defeat the opposing navy the war continued for four more years until the duke of savoy signed a separate peace and subsequent alliance with france in one six nine six allowing french armies in italy to reinforce others one of these reinforced armies captured barcelona in spain the war of the grand alliance eventually ended with the treaty of ryswick in one six nine seven louis xiv surrendered luxembourg |
and all other r union territories he had seized since the end of the dutch war in one six seven nine but retained strasbourg he also gained de jure recognition of his hitherto de facto possession of haiti as well as the return of pondicherry and acadia louis also undertook to recognise william iii and mary ii as sovereigns of england and assured them that he would no longer assist james ii at the same time he renounced intervention in the electorate of cologne and claims to the palatinate spain recovered catalonia and the many territories lost both in this war and the previous one war of the reunions in the low countries louis returned lorraine to her duke but on terms that allowed french passage at any time the dutch were allowed to garrison forts in the spanish netherlands the barrier to protect themselves against possible french aggression the generous terms of the treaty were seen as concessions to spain designed to foster pro french sentiment which would eventually lead charles ii king of spain to declar |
e philippe duc d anjou louis grandson his heir the spanish succession the great matter of succession to the spanish monarchy dominated european foreign affairs following the peace of ryswick the spanish king charles ii severely incapacitated could not father an heir the spanish inheritance offered a much sought prize charles ii ruled not only spain but also naples sicily milan the spanish netherlands and a vast colonial empire in all twenty two different realms france and austria were the main claimants to the throne both of which had close family ties to the spanish royal family philippe duc d anjou later philip v of spain the french claimant was the great grandson of the eldest daughter of philip iii of spain and grandson of the eldest daughter of philip iv of spain the only bar to inheritance lay with the renunciation to the throne which however was legally null and void as other terms of the treaty had not been fulfilled by spain charles archduke of austria later holy roman emperor and son of leopold iby |
his third marriage with elenor of neuburg claimed the throne through his paternal grandmother who was the youngest daughter of philip iii this claim was not however tainted by any renunciation purely on the basis of the laws of primogeniture however france had the best claims since they were derived from eldest daughters many european powers feared that if either france or the holy roman empire came to control spain the balance of power in europe would be threatened thus the english king william iii preferred another candidate the bavarian prince joseph ferdinand who was the grandson of leopold i holy roman emperor through his first wife margaret of spain younger daughter of philip iv under the terms of the first partition treaty it was agreed that the bavarian prince would inherit spain with the territories in italy and the low countries being divided between the houses of france and austria spain however had not been consulted and vehemently resisted the dismemberment of its empire the spanish royal court i |
nsisted on maintaining the entirety of the spanish empire when the treaty became known to charles ii in one six nine eight he settled on joseph ferdinand as his sole heir assigning to him the entire spanish inheritance the entire issue opened up again when smallpox claimed the bavarian prince six months later the spanish royal court was intent on keeping the vast spanish empire united under one head and acknowledged that such a goal could be accomplished only by selecting a member either of the house of france or of austria charles ii chose the habsburgs settling on the emperor leopold s younger son the archduke charles ignoring the decision of the spanish louis xiv and william iii signed a second treaty allowing the archduke charles to take spain the low countries and the spanish colonies whilst louis xiv s eldest son and heir louis de france dauphin de viennois would inherit the territories in italy with a mind to exchange them for savoy or lorraine in one seven zero zero as he lay dying charles ii unexpect |
edly interfered in the affair he sought to prevent spain from uniting with either france or the holy roman empire but considered the french as more capable of preserving the empire in its entirety the whole of the spanish inheritance was thus to be offered to the dauphin s younger son philip duc d anjou failing which it would be offered to the dauphin s third son charles duc de berry and thereafter to the archduke charles if all these refused the crown it would be offered to the savoyards louis xiv thus faced a difficult choice he could have agreed to a partition and to possible peace in europe or he could have accepted the whole spanish inheritance but alienated the other european nations louis originally assured william iii that he would fulfil the terms of their previous treaty and partition the spanish dominions later on however jean baptiste colbert marquis de torcy nephew of jean baptiste colbert advised louis xiv that even if france accepted a portion of the spanish inheritance a war with the holy roma |
n empire would ensue and william iii had made it clear he would not assist france in a war to obtain the territories granted her by the partition treaties louis agreed that if a war occurred in any event it would be more profitable to accept the whole of the spanish inheritance consequently when charles ii died on november one one seven zero zero philip duc d anjou became philip v king of spain louis xiv s opponents reluctantly accepted philip v as king of spain louis however acted too precipitately in one seven zero one he transferred the asiento a permit to sell slaves to the spanish colonies to france with potentially damaging consequences for british trade moreover louis ceased to acknowledge william iii as king of england upon the death of james ii instead proclaiming james ii s son and heir james francis edward stuart the old pretender king furthermore louis sent forces into the spanish netherlands to secure the loyalty of the netherlands to philip v and to garrison spanish forts which had long been gar |
risoned by dutch troops as part of the barrier protecting the united provinces from potential french aggression consequently an alliance was formed between england the united provinces the holy roman empire and most german states bavaria portugal and savoy allied with louis xiv and philip v the subsequent war of succession continued for most of the remainder of louis xiv s reign it began with imperial aggression even before war was officially declared france had some initial success nearly capturing vienna but marlborough s victory at the battle of blenheim one three august one seven zero four as well as other reverses such as the battle of ramillies and the battle of oudenarde coupled with famine and mounting debt forced her into a defensive posture bavaria was thrown out of the war by her conquest after the battle of blenheim and portugal and savoy defected to the opposite side the war proved costly for louis xiv by one seven zero nine he was grievously weakened and had to sue for peace nonetheless the term |
s dictated by the allies were so oppresive that war continued whilst it became clear that france could not retain the entire spanish inheritance it also seemed clear that its opponents could not overthrow philip v in spain after the definitive franco spanish victory of the battle of almansa and those of villaviciosa and brihuega louis xiv and philip v made peace with great britain and the united provinces in one seven one three with the treaty of utrecht peace with the holy roman empire came with the treaty of baden in one seven one four the general settlement recognised philip v as king of spain and ruler of the spanish colonies in the americas spain s territory in the low countries and italy were partitioned between austria and savoy while gibraltar and minorca were retained by great britain louis furthermore agreed to end his support for the old pretender s claims to the throne of great britain france was also obliged to cede colonies in the americas to great britain however most of her continental possess |
ions lost in the devastating defeats in the low countries were returned to her she also received further territories to which she had a claim death louis xiv died on september one one seven one five of gangrene a few days before his seventy seventh birthday his body lies in the saint denis basilica in st denis a suburb of paris he had reigned for seven two years almost all of louis xiv s legitimate children died during childhood the only one to survive to adulthood his eldest son louis dauphin de viennois known as le grand dauphin predeceased louis in one seven one one leaving three children the eldest of these children louis duc de bourgogne died in one seven one two soon to be followed by bourgogne s eldest son louis duc de bretagne thus louis xiv s five year old great grandson the younger son of the duc de bourgogne succeeded to the throne and reigned as louis xv louis xiv sought to restrict the power of his nephew philip ii duc d orl ans who as closest surviving legitimate relative in france would become |
regent for the prospective louis xv louis instead preferred to transfer some power to his illegitimate son by madame de montespan louis auguste de bourbon duc du maine and created a regency council like that established in anticipation of his own minority louis xiv s will provided that the duc du maine would act as the guardian of louis xv superintendant of the young king s education and commander of the royal guards the duc d orl ans however ensured the annulment of louis xiv s will in parlement bribing the parlementaires to do so with the return of its privileges which louis xiv had so tirelessly abolished the duc du maine was stripped of the title prince du sang royal prince of the blood royal which had been given him and his brother the comte de toulouse by the king this act has been viewed by some as the king s attempt to break the constitution of ancien r gime france that is to say the customary laws of the kingdom on the other hand it is possible that this was simply the case of a dying man giving in t |
o his wife and son and of the command of the royal guards but retained his position as superintendant while the duc d orl ans ruled as sole regent toulouse by remaining aloof from these court intrigues managed to retain his privileges unlike his brother conclusion louis xiv placed a member of the house of france on the throne of spain effectively ending the centuries old threat that had arisen from that quarter of europe since the days of charles v the house of bourbon retained the crown of spain for the remainder of the eighteenth century but experienced overthrow and restoration several times after one eight zero eight the present spanish monarch juan carlos i nonetheless is descended from louis xiv at the same time however while louis efforts did benefit the nation at large it did not bring general prosperity to the common people of france in particular his numerous wars and extravagant palaces effectively bankrupted the nation though it must also be said that france was able to recover in a matter of year |
s forcing him to levy higher taxes on the peasants as the nobility and clergy had exemption from paying these taxes on the whole nevertheless louis xiv placed france in the predominant and preeminent position in europe giving her ten new provinces and an empire even with several great european alliances opposing him he could continue to triumph and to increase french territory as a result of these military victories as well as cultural accomplishments europe would admire france and her culture food way of life etc the french language would become the lingua franca for the entire european elite as faraway as romanov russia europe of the enlightenment would look to louis reign as an example and strive to emulate him as much as possible however the duc de saint simon who did not like louis offered the following assessment there was nothing he liked so much as flattery or to put it more plainly adulation the coarser and clumsier it was the more he relished it his vanity which was perpetually nourished for even pr |
eachers used to praise him to his face from the pulpit was the cause of the aggrandisement of his ministers nonetheless even the protestant german leibniz could call him one of the greatest kings that ever was for his vigorous promotion of french national greatness louis xiv became known as the sun king or the great monarch voltaire the apostle of the enlightenment compared him to augustus and called his reign an eternally memorable age dubbing the age of louis xiv the great century le grand si cle fictional louis louis xiv features in the d artagnan romances by alexandre dumas the plot of the last of the three romances the vicomte de bragelonne involves a fictional twin brother of louis xiv who tries to displace the king in the man in the iron mask a one nine two nine movie based on the vicomte de bragelonne william blakewell portrayed louis and his twin louis hayward played the twins in a one nine three nine remake and leonardo dicaprio did the same in a one nine nine eight remake style and arms louis xiv h |
ad the formal style louis xiv par la gr ce de dieu roi de france et de navarre or louis xiv by the grace of god king of france and navarre he bore the arms azure three fleurs de lis or for france impaling gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle or an emerald proper for navarre depictions in entertainment david stewart of the eurythmics dressed as louis xiv in the video there must be an angel one nine eight five legitimate issue see also list of french monarchs french baroque and classicism gallican church political absolutism mazarin cardinal richelieu references acton j e e one st baron one nine zero six lectures on modern history london macmillan and co burke peter en kung blir till swedish translation of the fabrication of a king one nine nine two goyau g one nine one zero louis xiv the catholic encyclopedia volume ix new york robert appleton company cambridge modern history vol five the age of louis xiv one nine zero eight holt mack p louis xiv the new book of knowledge scholastic library publishing tw |
o zero zero five october two four two zero zero five steingrad e two zero zero four louis xiv wolf j b one nine six eight louis xiv new york norton external link dieu sauve le roi loulou la fistule by gilles marchal one six three eight births one seven one five deaths natives of ile de france french monarchs house of bourbon portrait of k chel ludwig alois ferdinand ritter von k chel january one four one eight zero zero june three one eight seven seven was a musicologist writer composer botanist and publisher he is best known for cataloguing the works of mozart and originating the k numbers by which they are known born ludwig alois ferdinand von k chel in the small town of stein lower austria he studied law in vienna and for one five years he was the tutor of the four sons of archduke charles k chel s reward was a knighthood and a generous financial settlement which permitted him to spend the rest of his life as a private scholar scientists of his day were greatly impressed by his botanical researches in nort |
h africa the iberian peninsula britain the north cape and russia in addition to botany he was interested in geology and mineralogy but he also loved music and was a member of the mozarteum salzburg in one eight six two he published the k chel catalogue a chronological and thematic register of the works of mozart this catalogue was the first on such a scale and with such a level of scholarship behind it it has undergone several revisions since mozart s works are often referred to today by these numbers known as the k number see opus number for example the symphony no four one the jupiter symphony is k five five one k chel also arranged mozart s works into two four categories which were used by breitkopf when they published the first complete edition of mozart s works from one eight seven seven to one nine zero five a venture funded in part by k chel himself ludwig ritter von k chel died on june three one eight seven seven in vienna austria notes external links one eight zero zero births one eight seven seven d |
eaths austrian nobility musicologists the british leo i l yons e lectronic o ffice i computer ran its first business application in one nine five one the computer modeled closely on the cambridge edsac was the first computer used for commercial business applications origins and initial design j lyons and co one of the uk s leading catering and food manufacturing companies in the first half of the two zero th century sent two of its senior managers to the usa in one nine four seven to look at new business methods developed during the second world war during their visit they came across digital computers then used exclusively for engineering and mathematical computations they saw the potential of computers to help solve the problem of administering a major business enterprise they also learned that cambridge university back in the uk was actually building such a machine the pioneering edsac computer on their return to company headquarters in london they published a recommendation to the lyons board that lyons s |
hould acquire or build a computer to meet their business needs this was accepted and it was agreed that cambridge university should receive some financial support if cambridge gave some help to the lyons initiatve cambridge provided training and support for the lyons engineers by one nine four nine they had the basics of a computer specifically designed for business data processing running and in november one nine five one rolled out the first commercial business application the computer was called the leo lyons electronic office technical description leo i s clock speed was five zero zero khz with most instructions taking about one five ms to execute to be useful for business applications the computer had to be able to handle a number of data streams input and output simultaneously hence its chief designer dr john pinkerton designed the machine to have multiple input output buffers in the first instance these were linked to fast paper tape readers and punches fast punched card readers and punches and a one z |
ero zero line a minute tabulator later other devices including magnetic tape were added its ultrasonic delay line memory based on tanks of mercury with two k two zero four eight three five bit words i e four k bytes was four times as large as that of edsac t applications successors lyons used leo i initially for valuation jobs but its role was extended to include payroll inventory and so on one of leo i s early tasks was the elaboration of daily orders which were phoned in every afternoon by their shops and used to calculate the overnight production requirements assembly instructions delivery schedules invoices costings and management reports this arguably could be the first instance of an integrated management information system plus a computerised call center the leo project were also pioneers in outsourcing in one nine five six they started doing the payroll calculations for ford uk and others on the leo i machine the success of this led to the company dedicating one of its leo ii machines to bureau servic |
es later the system was used for scientific computations as well in one nine five four with the decision to proceed with leo ii and interest from other commercial companies lyons formed leo computers ltd the first leo iii was completed in one nine six one this was a solid state machine with a ferrite core memory it was micro programmed and was controlled by a multi tasking operating system in one nine six three leo was taken over by english electric and this led to the breaking up of the team that had inspired leo computers english electric went on to build the leo iii the faster leo three six zero and even faster leo three two six models designed by the leo team before the takeover all of the leo iiis allowed concurrent running of as many as one six application programmes through the master programme operating system some were still in commercial use in british telecom until one nine eight one many users fondly remember the leo three two six and enthuse about some of its quirkier features such as having a lo |
udspeaker connected to the central processor which enabled operators to tell if a program was looping by the distinctive sound it made english electric leo computers ltd eventually merged with international computers and tabulators ict and others to become in one nine six eight icl references books bird p j one nine nine four leo the first business computer wokingham hasler publishing co isbn zero nine five two one six five one zero four caminer d t aris j b hermon p m land f f one nine nine eight leo the incredible story of the world s first business computer new york mcgraw hill isbn zero zero seven zero zero nine five zero one nine campbell kelly m one nine eight nine icl a business and technical history oxford clarendon press caminer d t aris j b b hermon p m r land f f one nine nine six user driven innovation the world s first business computer london mcgraw hill isbn zero zero seven zero zero nine five zero one nine carmichael h editor one nine nine six an icl anthology chapter six leo laidlaw hicks sur |
biton uk ferry g two zero zero four a computer called leo lyons tea shops and the world s first office computer hammersmith harper perennial isbn one eight four one one five one eight six six land f f one nine nine seven leo the first business computer a personal experience in glass r l editor in the beginning recollections of software pioneers pages one three four one five three ieee computer society los alamitos ca pep one nine five seven three case studies in automation pep london simmons j r m one nine six two leo and the managers macdonald london papers articles aris j b b one nine nine six systems design then and now resurrection summer issue one nine nine six land f f one nine nine six systems analysis for business applications resurrection summer issue one nine nine six aris j b b two zero zero zero inventing systems engineering ieee annals of the history of computing vol two two no three july september pp four one five land f f two zero zero zero the first business computer a case study in user drive |
n automation ieee annals of the history of computing vol two two no three july september pp one six two six caminer d t one nine five eight and how to avoid them the computer journal vol one no one caminer d t one nine nine seven leo and its applications the beginning of business computing the computer journal vol four zero no one zero caminer d t two zero zero three behind the curtain at leo a personal reminiscence ieee annals of the history of computing vol two five no two april june pp three one three hendry j one nine eight eight the teashop computer manufacturer j lyons business history vol two nine no eight pp seven three one zero two land frank one nine nine nine a historical analysis of implementing is at j lyons in currie w g galliers r d editors rethinking management information systems pp three one zero three two five oxford university press external links leo computers society about leo from business computing the second five zero years the guildhall conference for business leaders two zero zero o |
ne j lyons extract from peter bird s leo the first business computer two zero zero two at david lawrence s lyons website defunct companies of the united kingdom early computers one of a kind computers saint laurence of canterbury d february three six one nine was the second archbishop of canterbury he arrived at thanet with st augustine in five nine seven as part of the missionary effort dispatched from rome to kent in five nine five he was sent back to pope gregory i to report on the successes in kent in converting king ethelbert he succeeded augustine to the see of canterbury around six zero four and ruled until his death he was succeeded as archbishop by mellitus the bishop of london during laurence s reign ethelbert died six one six and his son eadbald returned to the old faiths and many prominent missionaries fled to gaul but laurence managed to reconvert him the tale is that laurence had been prepared to give up when he was visited by st peter in a vision who chastised him and whipped him the marks of t |
he whipping remained and the display of them to eadbald effected his conversion on his death he was buried in st peter s abbey church later renamed saint augustine s his festival is on february three saints archbishops of canterbury leaf by niggle is a short story written by j r r tolkien in one nine three eight three nine and first published in the dublin review in january one nine four five it can be found most notably in tolkien s book titled tree and leaf and in other places this is notable because the book consisting of a seminal essay called on fairy stories and leaf by niggle offers the underlying philosophy creation and sub creation see below of much of tolkien s fantastical writings leaf by niggle is very much an allegory of tolkien s own creative process and to an extent of his own life plot synopsis in the story an artist named niggle lives in a society that does not much value art working only to please himself he paints a canvas of a great tree in the middle of a forest with many other trees arou |
nd as well he invests each and every leaf of his tree with obsessive attention to detail making every leaf uniquely beautiful of course he niggles over each one niggle ends up discarding all his other artworks or tacks them onto the main canvas which becomes a single vast embodiment of his vision however there are many mundane chores and duties that prevent niggle from giving his work the attention it deserves so it remains incomplete and is not fully realized at the back of his head niggle knows that he has a great trip looming and he must pack and prepare his bags also niggle s next door neighbor a gardener named parish is the sort of neighbor who always drops by whining about the help he needs with this and that moreover parish is lame of foot and has a sick wife and honestly needs help niggle having a good heart takes time out to help and niggle has other pressing work duties that require his attention then niggle himself catches a chill doing errands for parish in the rain eventually niggle is forced to |
take his trip and cannot get out of it he has not prepared and as a result ends up in a kind of institution in which he must perform menial labor each day eventually he is paroled from the institution and he is sent to a place in the country to work as a gardener in a forest but he discovers that the forest is in fact the tree and forest of his great painting now long abandoned and all but destroyed except for the one perfect leaf of the title which is placed in the local museum in the home to which he cannot return but the tree here and now in this place is the true realization of his vision not the flawed and incomplete form of his painting niggle is reunited with his old neighbor parish who now proves his worth as a gardener and together they make the tree and forest even more beautiful finally niggle journeys farther and deeper into the forest and beyond into the great mountains that he only faintly glimpsed in his painting analysis of course the allegory of leaf by niggle is life death purgatory and para |
dise niggle is not prepared for his unavoidable trip as humans often are not prepared for death his time in the institution and subsequent discovery of his tree represent purgatory and heaven but leaf by niggle is also about tolkien s profoundly religious philosophy of creation and sub creation true creation is the exclusive province of god and those who aspire to creation can only make echoes good or mockeries evil of truth the sub creation of works that echo the true creations of god is one way that mortals honor god this philosophy is evident in the silmarillion one vala morgoth creates the orc race as a foul mockery of the elf another vala aul creates the dwarf race as an act of subcreation that honored god called eru in jrrt s invented mythology and which god accepted and made real just as niggle s tree was made real niggle s yearnings after truth and beauty god s creations are echoed in his great painting after death niggle is rewarded with the realization the making real of his yearning or if you prefe |
r niggle s tree always existed he simply echoed it in his art on a meta level then jrrt s middle earth is itself a subcreation designed to honor the true stories of the world that is thus middle earth despite its lack of overt religious elements is a profoundly religious work so on a final level of allegory tolkien himself is niggle and humorously in mundane matters as well as spiritual ones jrrt was compulsive in his writing his revision his desire for perfection in form and in the reality of his invented world its languages its chronologies its existence like niggle tolkien came to abandon other projects or graft them onto his tree middle earth like niggle tolkien faced many chores and duties that kept him from the work he loved and like niggle tolkien was a horrible procrastinator late in life tolkien spent hours playing solitary card games instead of working on the silmarillion finally tolkien himself might have disagreed with an allegorical interpretation he wrote in letter one three one of the letters o |
f j r r tolkien i dislike allegory and in specific reference to niggle he wrote in letter two four one it is not really or properly an allegory so much as mythical on the other hand in letter one five three he said i tried to show allegorically how subcreation might come to be taken up into creation in some plane in my purgatorial story leaf by niggle external links leaf by niggle a symbolic story about a small painter the volume tree and leaf that contains leaf by niggle along with other works by tolkien available at amazon com middle earth books this article is about the rodent for the computer game see lemmings video game lemmings are small rodents usually found in or near the arctic together with the voles and muskrats they make up the subfamily arvicolinae also known as microtinae which forms part of the largest mammal radiation by far the superfamily muroidea which also includes the rats mice hamsters and gerbils lemmings mostly weigh between three zero g and one one two g one to four oz and are about s |
even cm one five cm two seven five to six in long they usually have long soft fur and very short tails they are herbivorous feeding mostly on leaves and shoots grasses and sedges in particular but also roots and bulbs in some cases like many rodents their incisors grow continuously allowing them to exist on much tougher forage than would otherwise be possible lemmings do not hibernate through the harsh northern winter but remain active finding food by burrowing through the snow and utilising grasses clipped and stored in anticipation they are solitary animals by nature meeting only to mate and then going their separate ways but like all rodents they have a high reproductive rate and can breed rapidly in good seasons there is little to distinguish a lemming from a vole most lemmings are members of the tribe lemmini one of the three tribes that make up the subfamily population fluctuations lemming populations go through rapid growths and subsequent crashes that have achieved an almost legendary status largely b |
ecause of the walt disney pictures film white wilderness which was produced in one nine five eight and reappeared on television at regular intervals for many years afterwards white wilderness popularized using staged footage the myth that during population booms norway lemmings become suicidal and leap en masse off cliffs into the sea for this reason the term lemming is often used in slang to denote those who mindlessly follow the crowd even if destruction is the result in fact the behavior of lemmings is much the same as that of many other rodents which have periodic population booms and then disperse in all directions seeking the food and shelter that their natural habitat cannot provide the australian long haired rat is one example myths about lemmings go back many centuries and in the one six th and one seven th centuries there was much speculation in learned circles that lemmings were in fact spontaneously generated by conditions of the air this was argued against successfully by the natural historian ol |
e worm who provided one of the first published dissections of a lemming in his investigation worm showed that a lemming contained anatomy similar to most other rodents including testes the populations of predatory creatures like foxes and owls follow the population changes of lemmings and voles classification order rodentia superfamily muroidea family cricetidae subfamily arvicolinae tribe lemmini dicrostonyx st lawrence island collared lemming dicrostonyx exsul northern collared lemming dicrostonyx groenlandicus ungava collared lemming dicrostonyx hudsonius victoria collared lemming dicrostonyx kilangmiutak nelson s collared lemming dicrostonyx nelsoni ogilvie mountain collared lemming dicrostonyx nunatakensis richardson s collared lemming dicrostonyx richardsoni bering collared lemming dicrostonyx rubricatus arctic lemming dicrostonyx torquatus unalaska collared lemming dicrostonyx unalascensis wrangel lemming dicrostonyx vinogradovi lemmus amur lemming lemmus amurensis norway lemming lemmus lemmus brown le |
mming lemmus sibiricus myopus wood lemming myopus schisticolor synaptomys northern bog lemming synaptomys borealis southern bog lemming synaptomys cooperi tribe ellobiini mole voles five species tribe microtini voles one two one species eolagurus yellow steppe lemming eolagurus luteus przewalski s steppe lemming eolagurus przewalskii lagurus steppe lemming lagurus lagurus one one eight other species known as voles or muskrats external links the lemming cycle article by nils christian stenseth on the population cycles of lemmings and other northern rodents see also the lemming cycle in html format rebuttal of lemming suicide white wilderness alaska wildlife news snopes urban legends reference pages arctic land animals muroid rodents voles and lemmings the name leet or one three three seven generally refers to a linguistic phenomenon associated with the internet leet is defined in terms of the corruption or modification of written text for example the term leet itself is often written l three three t or one thr |
ee three seven such corruptions are frequently referred to as leetspeak or l three three t five p three four k et cetera see below for cipher definitions in addition to corruption of standard language new colloquialisms have been added to the parlance it is also important to note that leet itself is not solely based upon one language or character set in fact greek russian chinese and other languages have been subjected to the leet cipher as such while it may be referred to as a cipher a dialect or a language leet does not fit squarely into any of these categories for those who do not normally read or write like this automatic translators facilitate ciphering and deciphering leet the name leet itself is derived from the word elite or three one three three seven elite has been used in the past to designate a group of users as belonging to a higher social echelon than other users originally elite had been reduced to one syllable leet the origins of the use of elite itself is popularly considered to stem from the |
classic game elite for the bbc master micro and contemporary machines where elite was the highest status in a series of combat rankings leetspeak was originally used by the cult of the dead cow which was a notorious online group using software to hack windows nine five leet has its basis in written communication over electronic media most simply it evolved as a way of forming exclusive cliques in on line communities notably bulletin board systems and online multiplayer games see examples of leet in videogaming the mechanism was simple by taking standard text and corrupting it with a dynamic cipher only those privy to the cipher could understand what was being conveyed in the ciphertext through this newcomers to a given community were excluded from communication with those who had defined the cipher primitive leet was generally much less elaborately substituted than modern forms typical spelling changes were to swap f and ph as in fone phreaks using z for s generally only in the final position ie phi one ez b |
ut not za one ezman one for l k for c and zero for o in some positions y was used for i most notably in the earliest spelling of elite as e one yte on bbs systems running on commodore six four computer cbm graphics characters were also sometimes used to substitute letters over time these tendencies of replacing letters became increasingly exaggerated another early derivation of the letter replacing phenomenon was the prefix k to some words this began with the redundant substitution of k for c as seen in k kool but was soon transposed to the much more common and enduring k rad some historians of leet say that the first k in k rad was a metaphorical reference to the metric system s kilo prefix indicating one zero zero zero x hence very rad rad of course has its roots in general youth slang as a contraction of radical compare extreme after the dawn of leet on bulletin boards and other non real time communications media leet found something of a renaissance in real time protocols such as internet relay chat irc a |
nd instant messaging such as aim it can be said that something of a conflict existed between those who used leet in communication on such realtime services and those who did not through this process leet acquired an expanded vocabulary as internet slang grew such as w zero zero t teh and so on it was absorbed into leet and subsequently enciphered along the way additional languages began to be enciphered with leet like processes see krieg ist below in this regard leet resembles a creole language a pidgin or mixed language in addition to the broader vocabulary leet s ciphers became even more complex and dynamic where originally a one to one relationship existed between the source and cipher text such as e three newer one to many and many to many ciphers began to emerge such as a four and so on several outside sources have been instrumental in the formation and evolution of leet as a dialect or cipher primarily the exclusive nature of enciphering text in communities drove the evolution of the cipher additionally |
in online games where certain text was forbidden such as swearing causing corruptions like fucked phux zero red newer more clever ciphers had to be created to prevent software limitations from hindering communication the same sort of evolution has been spurred by e mail content filters which may prevent a user from including certain words in their written communication as such in addition to the socially exclusionary properties of using a cipher it may be said that leet is used as a means to defeat regular expression engines used for matching content in written communication more recently the exclusive value of leet as a cipher has been reduced as leet has become popular in the common internet vernacular many users who would previously have been excluded by enciphered text have caught on to the cipher even highly irregular ciphers see below for a full discussion of various ciphers have proven to be easily decipherable by users determined to do so because of this using leet in discussion has become something |
of a novelty or joke users instead of attempting to exclude other people with the cipher have instead been using leet to indicate that they are part of the leet using counterculture or to mock the existence thereof curiously as leet s effectiveness as a cipher has waned the language has evolved due to its continued use in communities which tend to value it solely for humor value the process of using leet for humor combined with its highly flexible and dynamic nature causes it to metamorphose into further derivations of its original cipher thus the language evolves its vocabulary expands and new expressions emerge from older constructs sociological considerations a contestant in jeopardy surreptitiously makes reference to leet in the amount of his wager leet can be defined as an expression of the general laws of sociology as it applies to small tribes or cliques leet is a manifestation of the need to maintain an elitist cultural identity in the midst of outsiders in this case ignorant masses in so doing users |
have invented novel linguistic and fashion styles such is common human behavior and many other linguistic behaviors such as idioglossia have similar mechanisms and effects in literature an example of this behavior can be found in lord of the flies a trajectory through social acceptance on the internet could be seen as the newbie stage wherein a user is ignorant about languages and customs a leet stage where a user may over compensate in their actions by using leet excessively so as to fit in with the elite social cadre these users may also attempt to ostracize other users who have not progressed to such a stage a more orthodox stage in which attention is paid to grammar and spelling communities seeking credibility in the eyes of the rest of the internet may seek to portray this level of maturity it is at this stage when leet is most used in a sarcastic tone yet another view is that obsessive attention to grammar vocabulary and spelling is increasingly outmoded on the current medium the internet or the current |
period of increasing internationalism underemployed academics a group that is well known for fastidious attention to spelling may constitute a large portion of the group that assess themselves as highly internet savvy and conversely leet users somehow less savvy while the academy the prime locus of the aforementioned group may serve as a conservatory for standard english live languages are known to evolve sometimes rapidly it may be said that part of the difficulty around use of the leet dialect is due to the fact that it is an early example of emergent language in a non spoken medium as language universally has arisen out of spoken communication a dialect which arises out of a polyglot of written languages and slang does not fit into the normal descriptions of language as such it is not offered any protection based upon ethnicity or nationality whereas speakers of italian in a primarily german speaking forum may expect some deference based on italian being their native language users of leet may have no suc |
h consideration as such leet has been viewed almost universally as a misuse of language as well as a misuse of resources users who do not engage in leet speak complain that having to de cipher the text is irritating conversely users who do engage in the practice tend to argue that they are not intending for non leet speaking users to read their communication ironically despite the fact that leet itself does not symbolize any one ethnicity or nationality it does represent a homologous group of users residents of the internet similarly the position that use of leet is indicative of level of internet mastery may seem a thinly veiled nationalist or ethnocentric criticism cf the english only movement the ebonics controversy because of the problems surrounding its lack of a spoken component as well as its seemingly ethnocentric beginnings there has recently been something of a stigma attached to use of the leet cipher because of its popularity with children parenting organizations have seen fit to warn parents abou |
t the cipher parents it is reasoned may not be able to understand what their children are saying in email sms s or instant messenging and dismiss it as nonsense it is argued that children may be discussing such nefarious things as drug use guides have been published to help parents decipher their children s leet enciphered communication despite the hurdles to attaining social acceptance leet has become such a part of common culture that the cipher is used even in mainstream advertising such as the sears kenmore he four t washing machine and dryer entire websites have been written with the leet cipher such as something awful s jeffk and google s xx hacker dialect additionally leet s use is proliferated by the increasing number of systems that require more secure passwords the leet spelling alterations often fulfill the need for non dictionary passwords while remaining easy to remember the leet cipher and syntax the leet cipher is a highly dynamic subjective cipher it can be applied to many languages and charac |
ter sets as it incorporates new vocabulary and morphemes the set of transliterations and corruptions increases as the cipher was originally based upon english and the latin alphabet it is possible to derive a very basic set of common transliterations and corruptions leet speak is also known to some as n zero zero bish a language used primarily by chat forum n zero zero bs common transliterations the cipher itself is highly dynamic and subject to stylistic interpretation a simple list of transliterations follows u v v t seven one g six cks is often replaced with an x as in hax zero r and sux zero rs hacker and sucks suckers characters such as and are used usually designating a new user or new member of the community additionally letters in the middle of words may be transposed this has become the subject of some discussion in the linguistics community people seem to be able to discern meaning from words in which the first and last letters are correctly placed even if the intervening letters are incorrectly pla |
ced word endings the elinks web browser set to leet language on the leet language version of google use of x zero r and z zero r note that the construction xor or any variation thereof can be pronounced variously as ker zor or ksor the latter two being the way the majority of english speakers would pronounce it the suffix x zero r or z zero r at the end of a verb can be used on all tenses of a verb pwnx zero r had pwnxored will have pwnx zero red will pwnx zero r perfect pluperfect future perfect future with the exception of present or imperfect pwns or was pwning also the x zero r or z zero r ending can describe one who does the action similar to gerunds such as a pwnx zero r or a hax zero r meaning one who pwns or hacks respectively the term hax zero r can also refer to someone who is skilled to the extent that they might as well be hacking in the phrase r zero x zero r j zero zero r b zero x zero rz b zero x zero rz refers not to boxers i e underwear but actually to boxes in computer slang computers though |
boxen or b zero x three n may be more commonly used in this context the more na ve interpretation rocks your boxers is still meaningful however as the sentiment is much the same and is often used to carry a connotation that one was rocked so hard they felt it in their boxer shorts the term r zero x zero r j zero zero r b zero x zero r itself probably relates to hacking itself with a person being able to gain access to and from there rock their box it is also possible that it is a derivative from r zero x zero r j zero zero r s zero x zero r rocks your socks the phrase is used to denote some magnitude or importance socks is also a type of proxy an increasingly common use of the xor is changing its grammatical usage to be deliberately incorrect instead of using bob r zero x zero r bob am teh r zero x zero r or bob are teh r zero x zero r is deliberately used to increase the level of irony and to separate it from less ironic true leet this deliberate misspelling is similar to the cult following of the all your |
base are belong to us phrase ad nauseum application of xor is sometimes extended to user nicknames e g luxxor due to the phonetic sound of xor ksor leet speakers quickly began using zor and zorz as well and in similar context zorz however is often used on the end of every major word in a sentence for comedic effect such as h zero ly sh one tzorz j zero zero zero wnzorzed himzorz upz one additionally the suffix izzle may be added to words in the same way as zor xor and similar may be used this practice entered the popular culture based upon rapper snoop dogg s use of the term use of the age suffix many times a verb will be changed into a noun simply by adding age in addition to adding ness to the end of an adjective such as speak becoming speakage or leet becoming leetage as in one k zero w one three three seven three five five five p three four k four g three or h one five pwn four g three sh zero zero d b three ph three three r three d due to the fluid nature of leet such derived nouns can subsequently be us |
ed again as verbs h three pwn four g three d m three for example this may be attributed to california nerd punk band the descendents who added age at the end of song titles such as myage and tonyage and the live album liveage words ending in ed words ending in ed may have nt substituted a common example of this would be pwned pwnt this should not be confused with misspellings such as samrt for smart the grammar leet like other hacker slang enjoys a loose grammar because the deliberate misusage of grammar just like spelling encodes some of the level of emphasis ironic or otherwise a reader must rely more on intuitive parsing of leet to determine the meaning of a sentence rather than the actual sentence structure in particular speakers of leet are fond of verbing nouns turning verbs into nouns and back again as forms of emphasis e g bob rocks is weaker than bob r zero xx zero rz spelling is weaker than bob is t three h r zero xx zero r grammar leet like in other hacker slang employs overgeneralization in constr |
uction of new words for example if h four xx zero r three d is the past tense of the verb to hack hack haxxor haxxored then bl zero wz zero r three d would be easily understood to be the past tense conjugation of to blow even if the reader had not seen that particular word before e g i g zero t three h qu four d damag three four nd bl zero wz zero r three d h one m up one pwnz zero r three d is used often in the same way as owned hence one pwnz zero r three d his five l four s n one gh on c i pwned his ass last night on cs counter strike also any word ending in xor eg h four xx zero r can be construed as a noun thus rendering i m t three h h xx zero r grammatically correct rhyming and rhythm while leet is not generally spoken it can be deemed close to stress timed care is taken by users of leet to combine similarly timed words or to encipher words into ways such that they have a common rhythm or rhyme the archetypal example of this is the phrase roffle my woffles note both spelling error woffle and word timin |
g other examples would be r zero xed j zero zero r s zero x in this case only matching sounds leet can be highly lyrical and stylistic even poetic the way a typical pidgin language can be over exclamation and other emphasis another common feature of leet is over exclamation where a sentence is postfixed with many exclamation marks phu holyfuckingshit hfs as with most alternate leet spellings or grammar inclusion of these traits in a sentence is done on purpose in order to lighten the mood strengthen a point or convey a sense of irony depending on the context vocabulary many words originally derived from leet slang have now become part of the modern internet slang such as pwned additionally the common intentional misspellings such as teh and especially the z at the end of words skillz another prominent example of a surviving leet expression is the ever popular w zero zero t now sometimes purposely done as w zero t zero gamers in particular may use leet in a sarcastic manner e g ph three four two m one three th |
ree seven sk one llz fear my leet skills as the practice is frowned upon by the community another location for similar text obfuscation is in multiplayer gaming especially involving other characters from the ascii set some multiplayer games allow for users to be evicted kicked out by issuing a simple command such as kick username to foil this method some users have resorted to making their usernames difficult to type an example of this would be e li h xo r additionally new words or corruptions thereof may arise from a need to make one s username unique as internet gaming reaches more people the number of names available to a given user is drastically reduced while many users may wish to have the username muad dib in many cases it is only possible for one user to have the monniker as such degradations of the name may evolve such as m zero zero ad d three three b and so on as the leet cipher is highly dynamic there are virtually limitless combinations of phonemes and transliterations in addition to the common t |
ransliterations and enciphering misspelling intentionally is particularly prevalent in leet dialects frequently common typing errors are also absorbed transposition of adjacent characters is a common construction make maek you yuo is si other common misspellings now standard in leet are evar evah and eva for ever generally used the phrase worst evar worst game evar this construct is largely credited as a reference to a phrase oft uttered by the comic book guy a recurring character on the simpsons german ist for is has crept into leet including english encipherings frequently used with word death mp three ist death also krieg german for war in this context means approximately favourable mp three ist krieg this may be a parody of the nargaroth song black metal ist krieg tends to be especially prevalent in heavy metal communities smrt or samrt for smart the former may also be an intentional reference to an episode of the simpsons in which homer misspells smart in song whilst burning his high school diploma i am |
so smart i am so smart s m r t i mean s m a r t teh or t three h for the teh is the archetypal example of leet s letter transposition construction additionally teh may have a different grammatical function from the consider the following i rock versus i am teh r zero xx zero r teh is often used to show sarcasm carrying far less seriousness than the traditional the gom for omg for oh my god gosh originating from gomgomgom in which the user moved the last g to the beginning pron prawn pr zero n etc for porn due to the prevalence of pornography in leet speaking communities porn has many derivatives r for are y for why and u for you kekeke it is widely believed that the expression kekeke comes from korean players of starcraft it is an onomonopoetic korean phrase similar to the english hahaha spanish jajaja or japanese huhuhu and is meant to express laughter it is often used in game as an expression of exhultation or as a form of mockery commonly it is associated with a simple starcraft tactic that involves massin |
g a large number of units and using them to rush an enemy base before an opponent is sufficiently prepared to defend this is often called a zerg rush after the starcraft faction for whom the tactic was created the phrase omg zerg rush kekeke is sometimes used outside of the game to indicate any form of overwhelming or swarming force some english speakers use kekeke as a form of laughing although it is still primarily used by speakers of korean the phrase also occurs on the mmorpg world of warcraft although its origin is completely different there are two major factions in the game which speak different languages all chat text entered by a member of one faction will appear jumbled to a member of the other and vice versa as a result members of the horde faction will see kek when a member of the alliance faction had typed lol this is often extended and lolololol becomes kekekekek this has become an in joke amongst world of warcraft players the term has also found its way to public chat channels on battle net pwn |
pwn refers to the domination of a player in a video game rather than just a win for example one pwning another is equivalent to scoring a dramatic kill or several kills in a video game shooter against the other person similarly to get pwned means that a more skilled player in a game has scored a convincing or even humiliating victory against you outside games pwnd describes being in a highly humiliating position the term z zero r may also be suffixed for added affect pwnz zero red there is also pwnt pwnded and pwndizzled disputable as true one three three seven but still used often is the term y zero d four or any variation of y zero d four in leet such as oc meaning you owned pwned dem all originating from the star wars galaxies game where the character set of the jedi has an unfair advantage over the other character sets pwned can be pronounced phonetically several ways usually the pronunciation is owned powned punt pawned pooned peened or pioned in terms of extreme excitement or joy a leet speaker may use |
the terms pwikiwoned or pwakawakaowned the origin of the term is controversial and many claim to have invented it due to its nature the term is most likely to have occured in several places at the same time due to a common misspelling of the word own caused by the proximity of p and o keys on qwerty keyboards similar to the discovery of the j several other theories of the term include meaning power owned i own you all or pistol owned and this is certainly used in particular circles if you remove the vertical line on a p it leaves the shape of an o is the sound made trying to say own owned etc while laughing cans of pwnage cans of pwnage is a newly evolving term in one three three seven speak which is traditionally used to denote ownage or pwnage in which the one three three seven person person a typically pwns the nubcake or nubcaek person b so if person a got a headshot on person b for example person a may say something along the lines of i just open three d a can of pwn four ge on you nubcake or i just ope |
ned a can of pwnage on you nubcake the phrase originated from professional wrestler stone cold steve austin s popular tagline open up a can of whoop ass also used in the phrase i need to go down to the corner store and buy some more cans of pwnage occasionally when the one three three seven speaker feels the need to be extremely one three three seven a higher quantity of pwnage is used for example if person a just picked up the double damage and killed five players he might exclaim ph three four r my keg of pwnage nubcakes one one in which ph three four r keg of pwnage nubcakes and over exclamation are all used to heighten the dramatic effect and one three three seven ness of the speaker the keg of pwnage rather than merely a can especially correlates the effect and the one three three seven pwner feels extremely powerful pwnage isn t always the term used when measuring the quantity of one s l three three tness like most one three three t p three three k there are many variations such as can o l three three t |
sauce pwnz zero rized etc sometimes the verb pwn isn t always used in the event where player a kills player b one might also brag of fragging j zero zero r a or merely use a simple interjection such as w zero zero t or nubb newbies the nubcake and nub within leet the term newbie and derivations thereof is used extensively this is due in part to its origins as a means of segregating the elite echelon from outsiders a contemporary derivative of newbie or n zero zero b is the nubcake nubcake may be used in conjunction with puns such as what do you eat for breakfast nubcakes while nubcake is in itself not entirely offensive it is derived fom the term noob which is generally viewed as being diminutive and alludes to cupcake which can be used in a demeaning fashion additionally the term nubcake may evoke the pejorative fruitcake which references both people with mental learning difficulties and homosexuals further corruption of nubcake may lead to products such as nubcaek nublet nubsauce and so on in primitive leet |
as used on bbs systems in the one nine eight zero s and into the very early one nine nine zero s the usual term was greenie which was derived from the cowboy slang greenhorn a variant was christmas greenies which referred to the phenomenon where bbs systems were flooded with new members immediately following christmas and hanukkah because modems were a common holiday gift if the greenie was young the term ruggie derived from rugrat meaning child might be used contrary to popular belief the term n zero zero b does not have the same meaning as newbie n zero zero b refers to a person who has for instance played a game for a considerable amount of time but attained no increase in skill compared to a newbie who has little or no experience in said game roffle roffles and combinations thereof among the early internet slang were rofl lol and others indicating an appreciation of humor as such derivations thereof quickly became incorporated into the leet vocabulary leet is prone to corruptions of words to suit rhythm |
and rhyming this in addition to various plays on the word such as the roflcopter roflamethrower lolerblades lolipops lollergasm lollercoaster etc has led to the creation of phrases such as roffle my woffles misspelled for humor s sake also roflmao roling on the floor laughing my ass off led to ruffles with mayo another pheared one three three seven phrase is one s one k used almost exclusively in fps games one s one k refers not only to a person s playing style but also to his one three three seven ability standing for one shot one kill this moniker draws on the great tradition of snipers in the world today where as any n zero zero b can record a kill using and wasting a large amount of ammunition one s one k points to the players adherence to using sniper rifles also known as chocolate chips ex after a team member is sniped i wouldn t venture out there fellas this sniper s got talent one s one k another term which has been seen mainly around those playing aok age of empires two age of kings but has spread fr |
om there is one one the reason for this is that in the game you type one one and it plays a sound of someone laughing so it comes out as the same a lol or rofl etc leet influence on other languages and character sets hong kong leet leet s influence on chinese characters originated in online forums in hong kong corruptions generally begin by breaking characters into their elemental radicals as with the original enciphering of the latin character set hong kong leet may be viewed as rude in public arenas however it may also be used simply as a method of defeating automated censoring processes examples kusachu leet two ch slang the kusachu language or kusach go is a form of leet enciphering for japanese it is written with a set of characters that replace common hiragana katakana and some kanji characters which look similar to them as with hong kong leet kusachu leet is primarily used in online forums such as two channel or two ch the etymology of kusachu derives from the words kusare meaning gone bad or rotten an |
d kitchen which is pronounced the same as junior high kid middle and kid in this context is itself two ch slang for dimwit kusachu also resembles to the point of being almost the same gyaru moji girls alphabet which is common among high school aged girls in two ch slang words are written using their homonyms an abbreviation process similar to you u e g dokyun dqn in gyaru moji characters are composed using sometimes very vaguely similar looking characters or their components e g kusachu could be seen as a selective mixture of bohramt of kusachu there are many dialects distinctions between dialects are not immediately easy to make the character splitting style is closest to leet in that it may be hard to read for the uninitiated by the same token kusachu like other dialects of leet may be disliked by non users of the cipher the two ch style is less corrupted than other forms of leet but it encompasses a larger novel vocabulary examples japanese leet laugh back in the dawn of commercial mo mmo games most games |
didn t support japanese characters in game chat that created a problem when japanese wanted to express laughter online it is thought that in one nine nine seven on the renowned diablo one s battle net laughter was expressed as w abbreviated from warai or waratta meaning laugh and or laughter then time passed and in one nine nine eight w was shortened to a simple w or is w in japanese two byte chracters it looks the same just a little wider w lol basically for example a very typical leet pvp player may rant like this those crybabies who came from other non pvp mmos sucks w to express farther leetness you may add more w s capitals may be used randomly and misspelled e lying next to the w key could be placed between the w s ex two those crybabies sucks wwwww ex three those crybabies sucks wwwwwwweeew www hardcore gamers and wannbies tend to overuse w s some using w at the end of every sentence annoying other serious minded players some say ragnarok online players and final fantasy xi players use w to its very ma |
ximum sometimes a simple w will be given as an answer to other player s comment meaning anything from a simple nod to a warm aproval yawn snicker a healthy laugh or a sarcastic and sly smile volapuk encoding for irc and other programs as well as when a suitable character font set is lacking some users of the cyrillic alphabet such as in the russian serbian belarusian ukrainian and bulgarian languages instead use phonetic versions of normal cyrilic words they use letters that are similar in both alphabets and where they need to use a character that isn t present in latin they may substitute an ascii character that in some way represents the original this practice is widely popular as it saves time and also gives the text a rather cryptic look but is sometimes prohibited in bbs and other services because some administrators believe it degrades the traditional cyrilic alphabet or is harder to read and too informal in most cases here is a brief guide to converting a word from cyrilic to latin the usual cyrillatio |
n styles are loosely based upon the phonetic and bds cyrillic keyboard layouts it is also notable that some characters share their appearance but have different pronunciations in latin and cyrillic for example b in cyrillic is equal to v in latin alternations of this style are also present in other non latin alphabets while both a transliteration system above and a pictogram system exist they are not used in conjunction as the combination would be too difficult to understand examples greeklish a similar method of enciphering is used for the same reasons as cyrillization is greeklish greeklish is a way of writing greek using only latin characters punctuation and numerals like cyrillization greeklish is often difficult to read even for native speakers and is frequently discouraged in addition many leet words or slang have been internalized within the greek spoken language through greek gamers online in games such as world of warcraft examples arabic arabic also has a fairly developed form of leet despite the ma |
ny dialects of arabic arabic leet can be applied to all of them however it should be noted that this is not seven three three t per se but rather an extension of the latin alphabet to incorporate arabic letters that don t map entirely or partially for example the tah character would be exchanged with the t character there s a little difference between them because the tah is pronounced fatter than the normal t teh it is pronounced somehow close to the t in truck a heavier t problems classifying leet as a language murky origins one three three seven draws its origins from the early one nine nine zero when it was used by unix programmers it is a simplification of the term elite this short form has evolved into a slang term used by gamers and programmers alike relative youth while most languages have a long history many being thousands of years old leet has no such history in fact leet is no older than a few decades determining an exact taxonomy of leet is therefore rather difficult leet is more accurately descr |
ibed in terms of itself as leet evolves it gains more vocabulary and additionally nuanced syntax through recursively applying its syntax to itself in this respect leet is not unlike a recursive filter lack of appropriate terminology as leet is largely defined in terms of itself or the languages it corrupts very little terminology exists to classify it the term meme comes close in some respects but fails significantly in others the abovementioned terms fail in similar ways problems publishing research because leet is not an internationally recognized language or officially a language at all and because it lacks a set of formal definitions referring to it in publications is difficult further publishing research in leet is problematic due to the a lack of proper indexing professional sanctioning bodies peer reviewers and so on to illustrate this imagine a text written in leet being indexed in a library in which most of the text is in english see also related ascii art emoticon internet slang jeff k kirby dance m |
egatokyo a webcomic in which some characters speak in leet typographical error verlan script kiddie tales for the l three three t leet township pennsylvania a small town just downstream from pittsburgh similar and related corruptions volapuk encoding diablospeak newspeak pig latin hexspeak terminology canting meme mixed language pidgin creole language language dialect slang leet in the internet social corpus b one ff the stereotypical newbie reanimation linkin park s album of remixed songs the singles are corrupted with leet l three three t programming language s one m zero ne the title of a two zero zero two science fiction drama film b three ta humorous british website described as a puerile digital arts community numb three rs popular television series on cbs examples of leet in videogaming references lexical tensions in internet english one three three seven as language van de velde kristof and meuleman jeroen viewed two nine january two zero zero six a history and analysis of the l three three t dialect |
dyck sasha one two january two zero zero three according to research at cambridge university davis matt two zero zero three can you raed this slashdot org one five september two zero zero three e commerce lexicon communicating in brief jacobs joanne viewed two nine january two zero zero six twin language hudon mindy viewed two nine january two zero zero six origins of written language gay greg viewed two nine january two zero zero six external links leet guides and instruction a leet primer by anthony mitchell a look at leet s popularity international trends and security issues an h two g two explanation of l three three t speak a basic history of l three three seven sp three ak aquarionics com the straight dope what the heck is leetspeak a parent s primer to computer slang understand how your kids communicate online to help protect them microsoft s guide to computer slang the anti one three three seven manifesto leet in real life german people who are leet webmasters are a large part of the leetspeak transla |
tion tools the ultra one three three seven translator lets you convert words into basic or advanced one three three seven speak and back generator for l three three tspeak typographical filler text external windows l three three t english translation program https addons mozilla org extensions moreinfo php id seven seven zero firefox leet key extension provides a leet interface as well as allowing transformation of static html text into leet and then to english leet translator com allows you to translate websites or plain text into one three three seven speak internet slang famous numbers obfuscation two channel the name lud can refer to lud son of heli and legendary british king as accounted by geoffrey of monmouth lud a standing stone in caithness in the highland area of scotland lud son of shem and grandson of noah lud a city in stephen king s dark tower series lud the abbreviation of local usage details ned lud founder of the luddite movement lois lane is a fictional character who appears in the superman |
stories produced by dc comics she is superman s chief romantic interest and a reporter for the metropolis newspaper the daily planet lois debuted in action comics one one nine three eight her physical appearance was originally based on a model hired by siegel and shuster named joanne carter traditionally lois has black hair though for a period from the late one nine eight zero s through the late one nine nine zero s lois was depicted with brown hair in the comics aspects of lois personality have varied over the years depending on the comic writers handling of the character and american social attitudes toward women at the time but in most incarnations she has been depicted as a strongly determined strong willed person whether it involves beating her rival reporter clark kent to a story or in what became a trademark of one nine five zero s and one nine six zero s era superman stories proving to others her suspicion that her fellow reporter clark kent was in reality superman she also traditionally had a cool at |
titude toward clark who in her view paled in comparison to his super alter ego at times the character has been portrayed as a damsel in distress lois is regarded as attractive but not in the exaggerated supermodel sense often seen in superhero comics depictions of women her appearance has varied over the years depending either on current fashion or especially more recently the way she s depicted in contemporary media adaptations for instance in the mid one nine nine zero s when lois and clark began airing lois received a hair cut that made her look more like teri hatcher and her eyes were typically violet to match the lois of the television cartoon superman the animated series after that show began airing lois is the daughter of sam and ella lane in the earlier comics her parents were farmers in a town called pittsdale the modern comics however depict sam as a retired soldier and lois as a former army brat with lois having been trained by her father in areas such as hand to hand combat and the use of firearms |
lois also has one younger sibling her sister lucy lane in the current comics lois is married to clark kent and aware of his secret identity but has kept her maiden name for professional purposes lois is one of several superman characters with the initials ll including lex luthor lana lang letitia lerner and lori lemaris a mermaid history the comics have seen several incarnations of lois lane over the decades golden age cover to superman two seven by wayne boring in the earliest golden age comics lois was featured as an aggressive career minded reporter for the daily star the paper s name was changed to the daily planet in the early one nine four zero s who after clark kent joined the paper and superman debuted around the same time found herself attracted to superman but displeased with her new journalistic competition in the form of kent starting in the late one nine four zero s or early one nine five zero s comics lois began to suspect that clark kent was superman and started to make various attempts at unc |
overing his secret identity all of which backfired usually thanks to superman s efforts in the golden age comics lois also had a niece named susie tompkins whose main trait was getting into trouble by telling exaggerated tall tales and fibs to adults susie s last appearance was in one nine five five subsequent comics presented lois only sibling lucy as single and childless after dc instituted its multiverse system in the early one nine six zero s for organizing its continuity it was deemed that the lois of the golden age comics i e comics published from one nine three eight through the early one nine five zero s lived on the parallel world of earth two versus the then mainstream silver age universe of earth one in one nine seven eight s action comics four eight four it was revealed that sometime in the one nine five zero s the earth two lois became infatuated with clark kent after the latter lost his memory of his superheroic identity thanks to a spell cast by the old justice society of america enemy the wiza |
rd with the result of clark acting more aggressive and extroverted clark and lois began to date each other and were soon married however during the honeymoon lois discovered that clark was indeed superman and after recruiting the aid of the wizard restored clark s memory a series of stories in the one nine seven zero s and one nine eight zero s titled mr and mrs superman presented the further adventures of the now married lois and clark during the crisis on infinite earths miniseries the earth two lois lane was seen for the last time as she the earth two superman and a version of superboy from earth prime are taken by earth three s alexander luthor jr into a paradise like dimension at the end of the story after all the parallel earths including earth two had been eliminated in favor of just one earth after which this version of lois was seemingly permanently discarded from dc s continuity in two zero zero five s infinite crisis miniseries it was revealed that the earth two lois lane along with superboy alexan |
der luthor jr and superman have been watching the events of the post crisis dc universe from their pocket dimension this version of lois is frail and dying for reasons yet unknown though possibly connected to her octogenarian status lois lane dies in infinite crisis five breathing her last the arms of superman silver age lois and lana lang acquire super powers and fight each other for superman s love in superman s girlfriend lois lane two one art by kurt schaffenberger as the audience for comic books began gravitating towards young boys in the mid to late one nine five zero s the superman stories shifted in focus more toward science fiction inspired plots involving extraterrestrials fantasy creatures and bizarre often contrived plots lois s main interests in various late one nine five zero s and one nine six zero s stories became vying with her rival lana lang for superman s affections attempting to prove clark kent and superman were one and the same and tricking or otherwise forcing superman into marriage th |
is change in lois personality from her earlier one nine four zero s self might also be a result of american society s attitudes toward women and their societal roles in the one nine five zero s lois became more and more popular during this decade and after a one shot story in one nine five seven in dc s title showcase lois was given her own comic titled superman s girlfriend lois lane most of the stories in this title placed a greater emphasis on lois romance with superman and were drawn by dc comic artist kurt schaffenberger indeed schaffenberger s rendition of lois became cited by many as the definitive version of lois and he was often asked to redraw superman comic artist curt swan s renditions of lois and lana by superman comic editor mort weisinger by the end of the one nine six zero s as attitudes toward women s role in american society began to change lois did as well one nine seven zero s stories featuring lois depicted her as being fully capable of taking care of herself engaged in more solo adventur |
es without superman being involved and her being much less interested in things such as discovering superman s secret identity for example in her solo stories in superman family an anthology title started in the mid one nine seven zero s from the merging cancellation of several previous titles including superman s girlfriend lois lane and superman s pal jimmy olsen lois regularly battled criminals in her investigations and defeated them with quick wits and considerable skill in the kryptonian martial art of klurkor taught to her in the bottle city of kandor after the one nine eight five one nine eight six miniseries crisis on infinite earths writer and artist john byrne was hired to revise the superman comics thus eliminating the silver age version of lois from continuity before this happened a final non canonical imaginary story was written by writer alan moore meant as a send off for the pre crisis versions of the characters including lois modern age lois underwent a character alteration beginning with john |
byrne s man of steel miniseries which was designed to rewrite superman s origin from scratch in the modern version of events lois was a tough as nails reporter who rarely needed rescuing she was depicted as strong opinionated yet sensitive another major change made was that lois did not fall head over heels in love with superman a reason for this was because the nature of the superman clark kent relationship had changed whereas before superman was his main identity and clark kent was a disguise now he was primarily considered to be clark kent with superman being the disguise after some time lois and clark began dating in the early one nine nine zero s they became engaged and clark revealed to lois the secret of his dual life dc had planned on lois and clark being married in one nine nine three s superman seven five however with the then upcoming television show lois and clark the new adventures of superman dc decided they did not want to have the two married in the comics and not married on tv as it turned o |
ut they desired to have the wedding occur simultaneously in both the comics and the television program partially as a result of this superman was killed in superman seven five instead dying in lois s arms after a battle royal with the monster doomsday after a period of time superman returned to life and both he and lois resumed their relationship though not without a few problems occurring such as a brief reappearance of clark s former college girlfriend lori lemaris in one nine nine six coinciding with the lois and clark television program lois and clark were finally wed in the one shot special superman the wedding album which featured the work of nearly every then living artist who had ever worked on superman the wedding album itself however was forced to spend part of its opening pages accommodating and reconciling the then current comic storyline of lois and clark having broken off their engagement the television program s producers had failed to provide adequate lead time for the superman comics writers |
today lois lives with clark in an apartment at one nine three eight sullivan lane in metropolis other storylines in two zero zero five dc launched a new all star superman comic series by grant morrison and frank quitely this series appears to take place either outside normal dc continuity although it is not identified as an elseworlds story or at some earlier point in lois and superman s relationship in this storyline they are not married and although superman has decided to reveal his secret identity to lois as of the second issue of the series she refuses to believe him at the end of issue two superman who believes he is dying presents lois with a super powered costume trivia lois once owned a cat named elroy there is a street in the metro detroit area specifically the city of southfield called lois lane during the years one nine four two one nine eight four that editora brasil am rica ebal published the brazilian versions of superman comics lois lane s name was translated to miriam lane and later to miriam |
lois lane in other media noel neill as lois lane on the adventures of superman actress rollie bester originated the role of lois lane for a radio series with bud collyer as superman in the one nine four zero s other actresses to lend their voice to the character were helen choate and joan alexander joan alexander would also voice the character for a series of superman theatrical cartoons for fleischer studios one nine four one one nine four three as well as a one nine six zero s animated television series margot kidder as lois lane in the superman movies actress noel neill played lois lane in more venues and instances than any other actress she played the role in the one nine four eight and one nine five zero saturday movie serials with kirk alyn playing clark kent superman she continued to play the role in the adventures of superman television program opposite george reeves and had a cameo in the one nine seven eight film superman as lois lane s mother she was also a guest star in the adventures of superboy |
alongside jack larson jimmy olsen as an office worker at the bureau for extra normal matters she also has a role in the upcoming bryan singer directed film superman returns actress phyllis coates played lois lane in the first season of the adventures of superman television program she also portrayed ellen lane the socialite divorcee mother of lois lane in the first season of the one nine nine zero s television program lois and clark actress patricia marand played lois lane in broadway musical it s a bird it s a plane it s a superman in one nine six six for her performance she was nominated for broadway s one nine six six tony award as best supporting or featured actress musical teri hatcher as lois lane on lois and clark the new adventures of superman actress margot kidder played lois lane against christopher reeve s clark kent in the one nine seven zero s and one nine eight zero s films superman superman ii superman iii and superman iv the quest for peace her role in superman iii was greatly reduced however |
due to a conflict with the producers of the film she also appeared briefly in two episodes of the television program smallville as dr bridgette crosby an emissary of dr swann played by christopher reeve erica durance as lois lane on smallville actress teri hatcher played lois lane on the abc television series lois and clark for four seasons starting in one nine nine three with the two leading characters getting married during its run this is the first television or film series that showed lois and clark s romance fully realized actress dana delany voiced lois lane in the superman animated television series in the one nine nine zero s and in the character s subsequent appearances on justice league and its successor justice league unlimited on the two zero zero zero s wb series smallville erica durance plays a young lois lane who came to smallville to investigate the apparent death of her cousin chloe sullivan after teaming up with clark kent to find her cousin she returned for several guest star appearances i |
n season four before signing to return as a regular in season five this version of lois is not yet interested in journalism as a career kate bosworth as lois lane in superman returns actress kate bosworth was cast in two zero zero five to play lois lane in the bryan singer directed film superman returns external links i love lois lane lois lane index her many incarnations supermanica lois lane supermanica entry on the pre crisis lois lane lois lane information from the nine zero s animated series silver age lois lane annuals cover gallery superman s girl friend lois lane lois lane through the ages dc comics titles fictional feminists fictional reporters superman supporting characters smallville characters fictional americans figure of the linking process where object files and static libraries are assembled into a new library or executable in computer science a linker or link editor is a program that takes one or more objects generated by compilers and assembles them into a single executable program in ibm ma |
inframe environments such as os three six zero this program is known as a linkage editor on unix variants the term loader is often used as a synonym for linker because this usage blurs the distinction between the compile time process and the run time process this article will use linking for the former and loading for the latter the objects are program modules containing machine code and information for the linker this information comes mainly in the form of symbol definitions which come in two varieties defined or exported symbols are functions or variables that are present in the module represented by the object and which should be available for use by other modules undefined or imported symbols are functions or variables that are called or referenced by this object but not internally defined in a nutshell the linker s job is to resolve references to undefined symbols by finding out which other object defines a symbol in question and replacing placeholders with the symbol s address linkers can take objects |
from a collection called a library the advantage of such a collection over a single big object is that the final program does not include the whole library only those objects from it that are needed define relevant symbols libraries for diverse purposes exist and one or more system libraries are usually linked in by default the linker also takes care of arranging the objects in a program s address space this may involve relocating code that assumes a specific base address to another base since a compiler seldom knows where an object will reside it often assumes a fixed base location for example zero relocating machine code may involve re targeting of absolute jumps loads and stores the executable output by the linker may need another relocation pass when it is finally loaded into memory just before execution on hardware offering virtual memory this is usually omitted though every program is put into its own address space so there is no conflict even if all programs load at the same base address dynamic linkin |
g modern operating system environments allow dynamic linking that is the postponing of the resolving of some undefined symbols until a program is run that means that the executable still contains undefined symbols plus a list of objects or libraries that will provide definitions for these loading the program will load these objects libraries as well and perform a final linking this approach offers two advantages often used libraries for example the standard system libraries need to be stored in only one location not duplicated in every single binary if an error in a library function is corrected by replacing the library all programs using it dynamically will immediately benefit from the correction programs that included this function by static linking would have to be re linked first criticism dynamic linking is often portrayed as universally good but it has several drawbacks that aren t immediately apparent because dynamic linking inherently involves modification of the executable code it is counter to the p |
rinciples of virtual memory which is most efficient when each page of the executable image appears the same on disk as in memory and is unmodified in use this allows a virtual memory operating system to page parts of the image in and out of main memory at will the common workarounds for this problem have issues of their own if the image is copied to a new modified image via copy on write then the modified image takes up new disk space also since it is modified it cannot be shared between different invocations of the same program in memory part of the abilities of a multitasking operating system microsoft windows uses a method where each linkage is double indirect via a special linkage page in the lower part of an exe image this allows the main code pages to stay the same and only this linkage directory is changed however this adds overhead to every call in the program to other modules or the operating system second dynamic linking means that the final working image of the program will be made up of different |
modules that may be united together only in the users system this occurs because each user may have slightly different versions of each dynamically linked module leading to an exponential number of combinations thus the actual program code run may exist in that exact form only on one user s system this can lead to odd bugs and increases testing problems for vendors as a result there has been a movement to static link modules to programs and eliminate dynamic link modules even where that capability exists in the operating system see also dynamic library library name decoration object file relocation relocation table static library references david william barron assemblers and loaders one nine seven two elsevier c w fraser and d r hanson a machine independent linker software practice and experience one two four april one nine eight two ibm corporation operating system three six zero linkage editor program logic manual one nine six seven d w jones assembly language as object code software practice and experienc |
e one three eight august one nine eight three john r levine linkers and loaders morgan kauffman isbn one five five eight six zero four nine six zero leon presser john r white linkers and loaders acm computing surveys volume four number three september one nine seven two pp one four nine one six seven norman ramsey relocating machine instructions by currying one nine nine six david salomon assemblers and loaders one nine nine three external links linkers and loaders by sandeep grover compilers computer library in number theory the legendre symbol named after the french mathematician adrien marie legendre is used in connection with factorization and quadratic residues definition the legendre symbol is a special case of the jacobi symbol it is defined as follows if p is an odd prime number and a is an integer then the legendre symbol left frac right is zero if p divides a one if a is a square modulo p that is to say there exists an integer k such that k two a mod p or in other words a is a quadratic residue modu |
lo p one if a is not a square modulo p or in other words a is not a quadratic residue modulo p properties of the legendre symbol there are a number of useful properties of the legendre symbol which can be used to speed up calculations they include left frac right left frac right left frac right it is a completely multiplicative function in its top argument if a b mod p then left frac right left frac right left frac right one left frac right one i e one if p one mod four and one if p three mod four left frac right one i e one if p one or seven mod eight and one if p three or five mod eight if q is an odd prime then left frac right left frac right one the last property is known as the law of quadratic reciprocity the properties four and five are traditionally known as the supplements to quadratic reciprocity the may both be proved from gauss s lemma the legendre symbol is related to euler s criterion and euler proved that left frac right equiv a pmod p additionally the legendre symbol is a dirichlet character r |
elated functions the jacobi symbol is a generalization of the legendre symbol that allows composite bottom numbers this generalization provides an efficient way to compute legendre symbols modular arithmetic the following is a list of the algorithms described in wikipedia see also the list of data structures list of algorithm general topics and list of terms relating to algorithms and data structures if you intend to describe a new algorithm please read first then add a link to your article and a one line description here combinatorial algorithms general combinatorial algorithms floyd s cycle finding algorithm finds cycles in iterations uniformly distributed pseudorandom number generators blum blum shub mersenne twister lagged fibonacci generator linear congruential generator robinson schensted algorithm generates permutations from pairs of young tableaux graph algorithms see main article graph theory bellman ford algorithm computes shortest paths in a weighted graph where some of the edge weights may be nega |
tive dijkstra s algorithm computes shortest paths in a graph with non negative edge weights floyd warshall algorithm solves the all pairs shortest path problem in a weighted directed graph johnson algorithm all pairs shortest path algorithm in sparse weighted directed graph kruskal s algorithm finds a minimum spanning tree for a graph prim s algorithm finds a minimum spanning tree for a graph boruvka s algorithm finds a minimum spanning tree for a graph ford fulkerson algorithm computes the maximum flow in a graph edmonds karp algorithm implementation of ford fulkerson nonblocking minimal spanning switch say for a telephone exchange spring based algorithm algorithm for graph drawing topological sort hungarian algorithm algorithm for finding a perfect matching coloring algorithm graph coloring algorithm nearest neighbour algorithm nearest neighbor algorithm search algorithms linear search finds an item in an unsorted list selection algorithm finds the k th largest item in a list binary search algorithm locates |
an item in a sorted list binary search tree breadth first search traverses a graph level by level depth first search traverses a graph branch by branch best first search traverses a graph in the order of likely importance using a priority queue a tree search special case of best first search that uses heuristics to improve speed uniform cost search a tree search that finds the lowest cost route where costs vary predictive search binary like search which factors in magnitude of search term versus the high and low values in the search sometimes called dictionary search or interpolated search hash table finds an item in an unsorted collection in o one time string algorithms searching aho corasick algorithm bitap algorithm boyer moore string search algorithm knuth morris pratt algorithm rabin karp string search algorithm longest common subsequence problem haskell s dynamic programming algorithm longest increasing subsequence problem shortest common supersequence problem longest common substring problem approxima |
te matching levenshtein edit distance needleman wunsch algorithm smith waterman algorithm soundex metaphone an algorithm for indexing words by their sound when pronounced in english nysiis phonetic algorithm sort algorithms binary tree sort bogosort bubble sort for each pair of indices swap the items if out of order bucket sort comb sort cocktail sort counting sort gnome sort heapsort convert the list into a heap keep removing the largest element from the heap and adding it to the end of the list insertion sort determine where the current item belongs in the list of sorted ones and insert it there merge sort sort the first and second half of the list separately then merge the sorted lists pancake sorting pigeonhole sort quicksort divide list into two with all items on the first list coming before all items on the second list then sort the two lists often the method of choice radix sort sorts strings letter by letter selection sort pick the smallest of the remaining elements add it to the end of the sorted lis |
t shell sort an attempt to improve insertion sort smoothsort topological sort merge algorithms simple merge algorithm k way merge algorithm compression algorithms burrows wheeler transform preprocessing useful for improving lossless compression deflate lossless data compression delta encoding aid to compression of data in which sequential data occurs frequently incremental encoding delta encoding applied to sequences of strings lzw lossless data compression lempel ziv welch lz seven seven algorithm lz seven seven and lz seven eight are the names for the two lossless data compression algorithms lzma short for lempel ziv markov chain algorithm lzo data compression algorithm that is focused on speed ppm compression algorithm shannon fano coding truncated binary encoding run length encoding lossless data compression taking advantage of strings of repeated characters sequitur algorithm lossless compression by incremental grammar inference on a string ezw embedded zerotree wavelet entropy encoding coding scheme tha |
t assigns codes to symbols so as to match code lengths with the probabilities of the symbols huffman coding simple lossless compression taking advantage of relative character frequencies adaptive huffman coding adaptive coding technique based on huffman coding arithmetic coding advanced entropy coding range encoding data compression method that is believed to approach the compression ratio of arithmetic coding entropy coding with known entropy characteristics unary coding code that represents a number n with n ones followed by a zero elias delta gamma omega coding universal code encoding the positive integers fibonacci coding universal code which encodes positive integers into binary code words golomb coding form of entropy coding that is optimal for alphabets following geometric distributions rice coding form of entropy coding that is optimal for alphabets following geometric distributions linear predictive coding lossy compression by representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compre |
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