text
stringlengths 640
1.02k
|
|---|
n it occupies more than four zero percent of the region s land area and has about a third of its people its official language portuguese is not an official language in any other american country etymology napoleon iii brought the term latin america over the spanish french and portuguese speaking parts of the americas making it an expression equivalent to latin europe although several peoples of latin america are not directly connected to the latium region of italy or to the roman empire most of the population speaks a latin derived language such as portuguese or spanish important parts of latin american society descend from these peoples meanwhile many people in latin america do not speak the official latin derived languages but languages indigenous to the region or languages brought by immigration there is also the blend of latin derived cultures with indigenous and african ones resulting in a differentiation in relation to the latin cultures of europe qu bec acadia and other french speaking areas in canada |
louisiana saint pierre and miquelon and other places north of mexico are traditionally excluded from the social political definition of latin america despite significant populations speaking a latin derived language this is because these regions do not exist as independent states and they are geographically isolated from the rest of latin america french guiana however is usually included despite being a dependency of france and not an independent country the related term iberoamerica is sometimes used to refer to the nations that were formerly colonies of spain and portugal as these two countries are located on the iberian peninsula the organization of ibero american states oei takes this definition a step further by including spain and portugal often termed the mother countries of latin america among its member states in addition to their spanish and portuguese speaking former colonies in america political divisions latin america is often seen as encompassing the following countries and the following depende |
ncies in addition some would add belize the falkland islands guyana and suriname to this list even though they are not culturally or linguistically latin american they maintain economic ties with nearby countries and are grouped by the united nations in predominantly latin american regions south and central america however all except suriname are also the objects of long standing territorial claims by their latin american neighbours history this region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations including the aztecs inca and maya before the arrival of europeans in the late one five th century after that time most of latin america was colonized by spain portugal and the netherlands and to a lesser extent france in the early one nine th century most of the countries in the region attained independence although a few small colonies remain demographics the majority of the people in latin america are of european decent these people are mostly located in the southern cone latin americas most popl |
puated region however many people are mestizo or mulatto this mixture of backgrounds mestizaje in spanish has profoundly influenced religion music and politics and given rise to a vague identity of those belonging to these mixed cultures this imprecise cultural heritage is arguably improperly called latinos in american english outside of the u s and in many languages especially romance ones latino just means latin referring to cultures and peoples that can trace their heritage back to the ancient roman empire economy below is a table showing the gross domestic product gdp per capita at purchasing power parity ppp prices and the gdp ppp of each latin american country this can be used to roughly gauge to the relative standards of living in the region data are from the year two zero zero five the latin american g seven is composed of argentina brazil chile colombia mexico peru and venezuela gni per capita ppp gdp ppp sources data from table are from an april two zero zero five report by the imf and graphics data |
are from data by the world bank from two zero zero three data for cuba is a two zero zero four estimate from the cia world factbook gdp ppp per capita for latin america was calculated using population data from list of countries by population language the predominant language is spanish in the majority of the countries portuguese is spoken primarily in brazil french is also spoken in smaller countries in the caribbean and french guiana french is also spoken in argentina and brazil many nations especially in the caribbean have their own creole languages derived from european languages and various african tongues native american languages are spoken in many latin american nations mainly peru ecuador guatemala bolivia paraguay and mexico nahuatl is only one of the six two native languages spoken by indigenous people in mexico which are officially recognized by the government as national languages along with spanish other european languages are also spoken such as italian in brazil and argentina german in southe |
rn brazil and argentina and welsh in southern argentina religion the primary religion throughout latin america is roman catholicism but one can also find practitioners of protestant pentecostal evangelical mormon buddhist jewish islamic hindu bah indigenous and various afro latin american traditions such as santer a and macumba art master artists from latin america include f lix arauz ecuadorian painter fernando botero colombian painter carlos catasse chilean painter theo constant ecuadorian painter camilo egas ecuadorian painter miguel de la espriella noble colombian painter joaquin torres garcia uruguayian painter gunther gerzso mexican painter enrique grau colombian painter oswaldo guayasamin ecuadorian painter judith gutierrez ecuadorian mexican painter frida kahlo mexican painter eduardo kingman ecuadorian painter wifredo lam cuban painter estuardo maldonado ecuadorian sculptor painter roberto matta chilean painter carlos merida guatemalan painter luis miranda ecuadorian painter luis molinari ecuadorian |
painter humberto mor ecuadorian painter camilo mori chilean painter alejandro obregon colombian painter gabriel orozco mexican painter sculptor manuel rend n ecuadorian painter diego rivera mexican painter david alfaro siqueiros mexican painter enrique t bara ecuadorian painter rufino tamayo mexican painter francisco toledo mexican painter joaquin torres garcia uruguayian painter an bal villac s ecuadorian painter juan villafuerte ecuadorian painter oswaldo viteri ecuadorian painter music one of the main characteristics of latin american music is its diversity contrary to widespread misperception there is no one specific latin american style of music so called latin music generally covers only hispano caribbean music salsa merengue bachata etc i e the styles of music that have been strongly influenced by african rhythms and melodies other musical genres of latin american include the argentine tango colombian cumbia and vallenato mexican ranchera and the various styles of music from pre columbian traditions th |
at are widespread in the andean region in brazil samba american jazz european classical music and choro are combined into the so called bossanova music notable classical composer heitor villa lobos worked on the recording of native musical traditions these traditions have heavily influenced his classical works latin pop including many forms of rock en espa ol is very popular in latin america today film latin american film is both rich and diverse the one nine five zero s and one nine six zero s saw a movement towards third cinema led by filmmakers fernando solanas and octavio getino in brazil the cinema novo movement created a very particular way of making movies with critic and intellectual screenplays a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape and a political message modern brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in europe and in the united states movies like central station |
one nine nine nine and city of god two zero zero three have fans around the world and its directors have also taken part in american and european film projects mexican movies such as amores perros and y tu mam tambien have also been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects see also americas terminology south america andean community mercosur south american community of nations central america central american common market caribbean caribbean community latin europe latino america white people external links andean community official webpage bbc south america creates single market council on hemispheric affairs latin american studies latin american spanish latin america working group washington office on latin america latin american design latin american news latin america lynx is a text only web browser and internet gopher client for use on cursor addressable character cell terminals browsing in lynx consists of highlighting the chosen link using cursor keys or having all links on |
a page numbered and entering the chosen link s number current versions support ssl and many html features tables are linearized scrunched together one cell after another without tabular structure while frames are identified by name and can be explored as if they were separate pages lynx is a product of the distributed computing group within academic computing services of the university of kansas and was originally developed by lou montulli michael grobe and charles rezac garrett blythe created doslynx and later joined the lynx effort as well foteos macrides ported much of lynx to vms and maintained it for a time in one nine nine five lynx was released under the gnu general public license and is now maintained by a group of volunteers lynx was originally designed for unix and vms and remains the most popular console browser on gnu linux versions are also available for dos and recent versions run on all microsoft windows releases there is also a macintosh version called maclynx for system seven and later but i |
t is not regularly updated because of its text to speech friendly interface lynx was once popular with visually impaired users but better screen readers have reduced the appeal of lynx for this application its primary competitors are the web browsers links with variants links two and elinks and w three m see also computer accessibility list of web browsers comparison of web browsers references lynx external links lynx homepage michael grobe s personal recollections of lynx development extremely lynx resource page maclynx lynx for windows installer lynx viewer allows webmasters to see what their pages will look like when viewed with lynx also exist as a https addons mozilla org extensions moreinfo php application firefox id one nine four four firefox add on linux web browsers mac os web browsers text based web browsers gopher clients free web browsers lynx is a programming language for large distributed networks using remote procedure calls it was developed by the university of wisconsin in one nine eight four |
for the charlotte multicomputer operating system in one nine eight six at the university of rochester lynx was ported to the chrysalis operating system runing on a bbn butterfly multiprocessor bibliography m l scott the lynx distributed programming language motivation design and experience computer languages one six three four one nine nine one pp two zero nine two three three http citeseer nj nec com scott nine one lynx html references programming languages in calculus l h pital s rule alternately l hospital s rule uses derivatives to help compute limits with indeterminate forms application or repeated application of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to a determinate form allowing easy computation of the limit the rule is named after the one seven th century french mathematician guillaume de l h pital who published the rule in his book analyse des infiniment petits pour l intelligence des lignes courbes one six nine six the first book to be written on the differential calculus it is likely howev |
er that the result was originally due to johann bernoulli upon whose lectures the text was largely based overview when determining the limit of a quotient f x g x when both f and g approach zero or f and g approach infinity l h pital s rule states that quotient of f and g has the same limit if the limit exists provided that g is nonzero throughout some interval containing the point in question this differentiation often simplifies the quotient and or converts it to a determinate form allowing the limit to be determined more easily symbolically let mathbb mathbb cup suppose that c in mathbb that lim a a in mathbb and that g x neq zero for all x ne c in an open interval a b containing c or with b infty if c infty or with a infty if c infty if begin lim lim g x zero mbox lim infty end then lim a l h pital s rule also holds for one sided limits basic indeterminate forms all others reduce to these qquad other indeterminate forms note the requirement that the limit lim frac exists differentiation of limits of this |
form can sometimes lead to limits that do not exist in that case l h pital s rule cannot be applied for instance if f x x sin x and g x x then lim frac lim one cos x does not exist whereas lim frac one in practice one often uses the rule and if the resulting limit exists concludes that it was legitimate to use l h pital s rule note also the requirement that the derivative of g not vanish throughout an entire interval containing the point c without such a hypothesis the conclusion is false thus one must not use l h pital s rule if the denominator oscillates wildly near the point where one is trying to find the limit for example if f x x cos x sin x and g x e x cos x sin x then lim frac frac cos x x sin x cos x two cos x lim frac x sin x cos x two cos x zero whereas lim frac lim frac does not exist since frac fluctuates between e and e examples here is an example involving the sinc function which has the form zero zero lim frac lim frac frac one however it is simpler to observe that this limit is just the defin |
ition of the derivative of sin x at x zero in fact this particular limit is needed in the most usual proof that the derivative of sin x is cos x but we cannot use l h pital s rule to do this as it would produce a circular argument here is a more elaborate example involving the indeterminate form zero zero applying the rule a single time still results in an indeterminate form in this case the limit may be evaluated by applying l h pital s rule three times lim lim lim six here is another case involving zero zero lim lim lim here is a case of lim frac lim frac lim frac infty this one involves assume n is a positive integer lim x n e lim lim over e x n lim over e x iterate the above until the exponent is zero then one sees that the limit is zero this one involves lim x ln x lim lim lim x zero this is known as the raised cosine function lim frac frac one proof the most common proof of l h pital s rule uses cauchy s mean value theorem one the case when f x to zero g x to zero first we expand continuously or redefin |
e f x and g x by zero for x c this doesn t change the limit since the limit doesn t depend on the value in the point by definition according to cauchy s mean value theorem there is a constant xi in c such that since f c g c zero if h to zero then xi to c and lim lim lim lim two the case when g x to infty let x then using cauchy s mean value theorem we rewrite that in the form left one right and then by the discussion of the two cases begin lim b in mathbb lim pm infty end we show that the limit of f x g x tends to the same when x to c and h to zero other proofs there are more intuitive proofs of the rule if lim frac tends to the indeterminate form zero zero then the rule can be proven with a local linearity argument if it tends to the indeterminate form then this can be converted to zero zero form using the identity frac frac by assuming this limit equals l and taking the derivative of the numerator and denominator it can be proven that l lim frac other applications many other indeterminate forms such as one |
infty infty zero and infty infty can be calculated using l h pital s rule for example to handle a case of infty infty the difference of two functions is converted to a quotient lim x sqrt lim frac right left x sqrt right quad lim frac quad lim frac quad lim frac frac frac quad other methods of computing limits although l h pital s rule is a powerful way of computing otherwise hard to compute limits it is not always the easiest some limits are actually easier to compute using the taylor series expansion for example lim x sin lim x left cdots right lim one cdots one quad logical circularity in some cases it may constitute circular reasoning to use l h pital s rule to evaluate such limits as lim if one uses the evaluation of the limit above for the purpose of proving that x n nx and one uses l h pital s rule and the fact that x n nx in the evaluation of the limit then the argument is circular and therefore fallacious external links l h pital s rule at mathworld calculus lexicology is a speciality in linguistics |
dealing with the study of the lexicon the term first appeared in the one eight two zero s though obviously there were lexicologists before that a good example of lexicology at work and one everyone is familiar with is the dictionary or thesaurus as there are many different types of dictionaries there are many different types of lexicologists there are difficulties is working out what simple words such as the mean and what complicated words mean also which words to keep in and which not to include noted lexicologists damaso alonso oct two two one eight nine eight spanish literary critic and lexicologist roland barthes nov one two one nine one five mar two five one nine eight zero french writer critic and lexicologist dr samuel johnson pierre larousse one eight one seven one eight seven five noah webster bibliography words meaning and vocabulary an introduction to modern english lexicology ed h jackson isbn zero three zero four seven zero three nine six six toward a functional lexicology ed g wotjak isbn zero e |
ight two zero four three five two six zero lexicology semantics and lexicography ed j coleman isbn one five five six one nine nine seven two four societies association for automatic language processing atala paris france http www atala org international training in communication itc http www itcintl com international association of applied linguistics aila minneapolis mn http www brad ac uk acad aila external links sil glossary letter l glossary of linguistic terms onomasiology online website dedicated predominantly to historical lexicology ed by joachim grzega compare to lexicography lexeme linguistics lake abitibi french lac abitibi is a lake in northeastern ontario and western quebec canada the lake at four nine n eight zero w is six zero miles long and studded with islands it is shallow and the shores in its vicinity are covered with small timber it was formerly used by the hudson s bay company as part of a canoe route to the fur lands of the north the construction of the grand trunk pacific railway throu |
gh this district made it of some importance at the start of the two zero th century its outlet is the abitibi river which empties into james bay through the moose river abitibi means middle waters in algonquian rivers to the north flow north towards hudson bay and rivers to the south flow south towards the saint lawrence river lakes of ontario ligature may refer to ligature medicine ligature music ligature orthodontic ligature palaeography ligature typography lansing is the capital city of the u s state of michigan located mostly in ingham county a small portion extends into adjacent eaton county as of the two zero zero zero census it has a population of one one nine one two eight the lansing metropolitan area is unique in that there are three medical schools two law schools a big ten conference university michigan state the state capital all three branches of government a state appellate court a federal court and the michigan state library and historical center all within an area of less than two zero zero z |
ero zero zero people history lansing mi one eight nine zero one eight two five lansing township is surveyed one eight three six a group of new york speculators plot and market a non existent city known as biddle city the new yorkers that bought into the idea arrive in lansing to discover that the plots they have sold are located in a marsh and are underwater some of the pioneers stay but develop a village in what is now old town lansing a mile north of the non existent biddle city one eight four seven the state capital is moved from detroit to lansing township one eight five five michigan state university is founded as the agricultural college of the state of michigan one eight five nine the city of lansing is officially incorporated with about three zero zero zero citizens one eight seven nine new state capitol dedicated the structure cost one five one zero one three zero in one nine nine two the state capitol was totally renovated back to its original grandeur and is generally recognized as one of the most |
architecturally significant buildings in the united states one eight nine seven ransom e olds drives his first car down a lansing street he would later found oldsmobile which became a general motors division in one nine zero eight one nine seven zero lansing hits its population peak at one three one five four six two zero zero four last oldsmobile rolls off the assembly line at lansing car assembly on april two nine two zero zero five lansing closes gm assembly plant in lansing and is scheduled to reopen a state of the art facility in nearby delta charter township in two zero zero six geography according to the united states census bureau the city has a total area of nine one three km three five two mi nine zero eight km three five zero mi of it is land and zero five km zero two mi of it is water the total area is zero five seven water lansing is located in the south central part of the lower peninsula where the grand river meets the red cedar river the city occupies most of what had formerly been part of lan |
sing charter township it has also annexed adjacent tracts of land in delta charter township and windsor township in eaton county to the west and delhi charter township in ingham county to the south the city also controls two non contiguous tracts of land through conditional land transfer agreements with meridian charter township and alaiedon township in ingham county to the southeast the grand river the largest river in michigan flows through downtown lansing and the red cedar river a tributary of the grand river flows through the campus at michigan state university there are two lakes in the area park lake and lake lansing both northeast of the city lake lansing is approximately five zero zero acres two km in size and is a summer favorite for swimmers boaters and fishermen michigan state university sailing club and the lansing sailing club are located on lake lansing where sailing regattas are hosted throughout the summer lansing has an historic city market that is one of the oldest continuously operating fa |
rmers markets in the united states the city has two downtowns the business and govenrnment center with the state capitol and historic lansing old town with many of the architecturally significant buildings dating to the mid one eight zero zero s reo town just south of downtown was the birthplace of the automobile in the united states where ransom eli olds built factories along washington avenue demographics state capitol in winter two zero zero four two zero zero five as of the census two of two zero zero zero there are one one nine one two eight people four nine five zero five households and two eight three six six families residing in the city the population density is one three one two three km three three nine nine zero mi there are five three one five nine housing units at an average density of five eight five six km one five one six eight mi the racial makeup of the city is six five two eight white two one nine one black zero eight zero native american two eight three asian zero zero five pacific island |
er four five four from other races and four six zero from two or more races nine nine eight of the population are hispanic or latino of any race there are four nine five zero five households out of which three zero zero have children under the age of one eight living with them three five eight are married couples living together one seven zero have a female householder with no husband present and four two seven are non families three three two of all households are made up of individuals and eight one have someone living alone who is six five years of age or older the average household size is two three nine and the average family size is three zero eight in the city the population is spread out with two six eight under the age of one eight one one four from one eight to two four three two seven from two five to four four one nine three from four five to six four and nine seven who are six five years of age or older the median age is three one years for every one zero zero females there are nine two three mal |
es for every one zero zero females age one eight and over there are eight seven nine males the median income for a household in the city is three four eight three three and the median income for a family is four one two eight three males have a median income of three two six four eight versus two seven zero five one for females the per capita income for the city is one seven nine two four one six nine of the population and one three two of families are below the poverty line out of the total population two three two of those under the age of one eight and nine zero of those six five and older are living below the poverty line economy michigan s supreme court the lansing metropolitan area s major industries are government education and automobile manufacturing as the state capital the city employs government workers lansing is the seat of all three branches of state government legislative executive and judicial additionally many of the state s governmental departments are headquartered in the city general moto |
rs has offices in lansing and several manufacturing facilities immediately outside the city the lansing area is headquarters to three major national insurance companies auto owners insurance company jackson national life and the accident fund michigan state university thomas m cooley law school sparrow hospital and lansing community college are significant employers in the region a number of high technology companies have grown up in and around lansing as a result of the early availability of high speed cable internet deployed in one nine nine six companies include spartan internet consulting acd net and liquid web education michigan state university the pioneer land grant college located in neighboring east lansing has the largest land campus in the united states and is home to several nationally and internationally recognized academic and athletic programs the thomas m cooley law school is the largest law school in the nation and is located in downtown lansing lansing community college is one of the largest |
and most academically recognized community colleges in the nation and has approximately three five zero zero zero students other institutions of higher education include western michigan university branch campus davenport university and great lakes christian college in nearby delta township culture the greater lansing symphony orchestra has been entertaining generations of lansing area residents since one nine two nine the current maestro gustav meier has been with the orchestra since one nine seven nine the greater lansing ballet company is an award winning ballet and dance company the michigan princess riverboat has lunch dinner and entertainment cruises throughout the summer and fall on the grand river the michigan princess is the only triple deck riverboat in michigan the riverwalk theatre formerly the okemos barn theatre the lansing civic players and the boarshead theatre are all located in downtown in addition to these two theatres the lansing area has several other theatres and theatre companies the l |
ansing jazzfest and the old town bluesfest play host to the leading musicians in their respective fields and are two of the larger music festivals held each year in the state the lansing model railroad club has a large ho scale model railroad layout complete with cities mountains tunnels forests factories and bridges the club is located in the former grand trunk western railroad millett depot in delta charter township michigan the wharton center for the performing arts the kresge art museum the msu museum and the abrams planetarium are highly acclaimed cultural destinations located on the campus of michigan state university in east lansing sports the lansing lugnuts is a minor league baseball team affiliated with the toronto blue jays the lugnuts are one of the most successful franchises in the history of minor league baseball in the united states the team plays home games at oldsmobile park an all brick stadium that opened in one nine nine six in downtown lansing with a capacity audience of one one two one f |
ive fans many residents of lansing attend michigan state university athletic events in addition to more traditional sports michigan state university has a sport rowing team and the crew often practices and competes on the grand river in lansing the lansing cricket club is a cricket team in the city and cooley law school has a rugby football team the lansing sailing club and michigan state university sailing club have facilities on nearby lake lansing where sailing regattas are held throughout the summer months transportation three major interstates and one u s highway serve the lansing area including i nine six i six nine i four nine six and u s route one two seven travel time to destinations in the lower peninsula of michigan is about one five hours by car including metro detroit the tri cities grand rapids kalamazoo jackson flint ann arbor and battle creek amtrak provides intercity passenger rail service at a stop in nearby east lansing on the blue water line from chicago illinois to port huron three freigh |
t railroads serve lansing including canadian national railways cn csx transportation csxt and norfolk southern railway ns lansing capital city airport located north of the city provides commercial air service capital area transportation authority cata provides public transit to the lansing and east lansing area famous natives spencer abraham former u s senator former u s secretary of energy from nearby east lansing timothy busfield actor mark daniel cade actor brian crano actor ed emshwiller february one six one nine two five july two seven one nine nine zero visual artist founder of calarts computer animation lab rashad evans mixed martial arts fighter thom hartmann radio talk show host author john hughes film director the breakfast club one nine eight five ferris bueller s day off one nine eight six national lampoon s vacation one nine eight three weird science one nine eight five planes trains automobiles one nine eight seven home alone one nine nine zero and many more magic johnson nba basketball star don |
ald b keck inventor matthew lillard actor without a paddle two zero zero four scooby doo one two two zero zero four two zero zero two scream one nine nine six and many more ryan miller nhl hockey star muhsin muhammad nfl football star larry page co founder of google com from nearby east lansing buzzy popovec actress susan may pratt actress from nearby east lansing greg raymer two zero zero four world series of poker champion steven seagal actor john smoltz mlb star cy young award winner one nine nine six jim soni sonefeld drummer percussionist for hootie the blowfish tom welling actor from nearby okemos malcolm x also known as el hajj malik el shabazz human rights activist notes the city also extends into eaton county and there are also two small non contiguous tracts located in ingham county these sections are not highlighted on the map displayed external links city of lansing greater lansing convention visitors bureau downtown lansing inc michigan walk of fame lansing center michigan news roundup cities in |
michigan eaton county michigan ingham county michigan lansing michigan state capitals in the united states leukemia leukaemia in commonwealth english is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells usually white blood cells leukocytes it is part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms symptoms damage to the bone marrow results in a lack of blood platelets which are important in the blood clotting process this means people with leukemia may become bruised bleed excessively or develop pinprick bleeds petechiae white blood cells which are involved in fighting pathogens may be suppressed or dysfunctional putting the patient at risk of infection finally the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia which may cause shortness of breath and fatigue bone or joint pain may occur because of cancer spreading to these areas headaches and vomiting are indicative of the cancer having disseminated to the central nervous system enlarged lymph nodes or spl |
enomegaly an enlarged spleen may occur in some types all symptoms may also be attributable to other diseases for diagnosis blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy are required some other related symptoms fever chills and other flu like symptoms weakness and fatigue loss of appetite and or weight swollen or bleeding gums sweating especially at night bone or joint pain neurological symptoms headache paralysis seizures due to involvement of the brain acute leukemias skin symptoms four major types leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases acute vs chronic leukemia is clinically and pathologically split in to its acute and chronic forms acute leukemia is characterized by the rapid growth of immature blood cells this crowding makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells acute forms of leukemia can occur in children and young adults in fact it is a more common cause of death for children in the us than any other type of malignant disease immediate treatment is required in acute leukemias d |
ue to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body if left untreated the patient will die within months or even weeks chronic leukemia is distinguished by the excessive buildup of relatively mature but still abnormal blood cells typically taking months to years to progress the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people but can theoretically occur in any age group whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy lymphoid vs myeloid furthermore the diseases are classified according to the type of abnormal cell found most in the blood when leukemia affects lymphoid cells it is called lymphocytic leukemia when myeloid cells are affected the disease is called myeloid or myelogenous leuk |
emia prevalence of the four major types combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories acute lymphocytic leukemia all is the most common type of leukemia in young children this disease also affects adults especially those age six five and older acute myelogenous leukemia aml occurs more commonly in adults than in children this type of leukemia was previously called acute nonlymphocytic leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia cll most often affects adults over the age of five five it sometimes occurs in younger adults but it almost never affects children chronic myelogenous leukemia cml occurs mainly in adults a very small number of children also develop this disease the most common forms in adults are aml and cll whereas in children all is more prevalent causes the exact cause of leukemia is unknown but is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors leukemias like other cancers result from somatic mutations in the dna which activate oncogenes or inactivate tumour suppresso |
r genes and disrupt the regulation of cell death differentiation or division these mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to radiation or carcinogenic substances and are likely influenced by genetic factors cohort and case control studies have linked exposure to petrochemicals such as benzene and hair dyes to the development of leukemia viruses have also been linked to some forms of leukemia certain cases of all are associated with viral infections by either the human immunodeficiency virus hiv responsible for aids or human t lymphotropic virus htlv one and two causing adult t cell leukemia lymphoma fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia prognosis and treatment prognosis and treatment differ according to the type of leukemia treatment of leukemia must be tailored to the type of leukemia and individual patient characteristics for example while cll is an incurable disease with standard chemotherapy patients may require no treatment ie watchful waitin |
g for years if they are asymptomatic in contrast some patients with aml will die within hours or days of presentation unless intensive combination chemotherapy regimen is given and in some cases will require allogeneic stem cell transplant this type of regimen would not be suited for an elderly patient or one with significant comorbid conditions current research is directed at targeting the molecular mechanisms of the leukemia one of the recent successes in targeted therapy is imatinib gleevec glivec imatinib inhibits the abl tyrosine kinase which is constitutively activated by the bcr abl translocation found in patients with cml and some patients with all leukemia awareness orange is the color of awarness wristbands for leukemia external links faq on leukemia leukemia resource information and advocacy for leukemia leukaemia research fund uk the anthony nolan trust uk unofficial summary of ukccs and of ukccs publications association of cancer online resource acor leukemia links blood disorders oncology types |
of cancer this article is about the concept and measurement of distance for usage in cricket see line and length in general english usage length symbols l l is but one particular instance of distance an object s length is how long the object is but in the physical sciences and engineering the word length is in some contexts used synonymously with distance height is vertical distance width or breadth is a lateral distance an object s width is less than its length no one speaks of the length from here to alpha centauri but rather of the distance from here to alpha centauri but when one speaks of distance more abstractly one says a kilometre or a mile is a unit of length or of distance and the two statements are synonymous likewise a mountain might be a mile in height length is the metric of one dimension of space the metric of space itself is volume or length three length is commonly considered to be one of the fundamental units meaning that it cannot be defined in terms of other dimensions however a set of uni |
ts can be constructed where units of length can be derived from fundamental physical constants see planck units and planck length colloquially length sometimes refers to duration especially when used in context of music units of length si the si unit of length is the metre u s spelling meter from which can be derived from the regular basis of the foundation of the whole world centimeter kilometer other units of length the imperial and us customary units of length inch foot yard mile units are used in astronomy astronomical unit light year parsec see also curve metric space orders of magnitude distance planck length international standard iso three one one quantities and units space and time length norm rabbi louis ginzberg was one of the outstanding talmudists of the twentieth century he was born on november two eight one eight seven three in kovno lithuania he died on november one one one nine five three in new york city he was the author of a number of scholarly jewish works including a commentary on talmud |
yerushalmi the jerusalem talmud and his legendary six volume plus one volume index the legends of the jews which combined hundreds of legends and parables from a lifetime of midrash research legends of the jews is an original synthesis of a vast amount of aggadah from all of classical rabbinic literature as well as apocryphal pseudopigraphical and even early christian literature ginzberg had an encyclopedic knowledge of all rabbinic literature and his masterwork included a massive array of aggadot however he did not create an anthology which showed these aggadot distinctly rather he paraphrased them and rewrote them into one continuous narrative that covered four volumes followed by two volumes of footnotes that give specific sources see jewish folklore and aggadah professor ginzberg wrote some four five zero articles for the jewish encyclopedia some later collected in his legend and lore he was an important halakhic authority of the conservative movement in north america for a period of ten years one nine o |
ne seven one nine two seven he was virtually the halakhic authority of this movement he was also founder and president of the american academy of jewish research many of his halakhic responsa are collected in the responsa of professor louis ginzberg ed david golinkin ny jts one nine nine six external links the legends of the jews excerpts from the responsa one eight seven three births one nine five three deaths conservative rabbis animation of a chinaman delivery in cricket left arm unorthodox spin often known as slow left arm chinaman and abbreviated to slc is a style of bowling the bowler uses his wrist to spin the ball so that when it pitches it turns from off to leg for a right handed batsman i e from left to right from the bowler s perspective the action and direction of turn exactly mirror those of a leg spin bowler who bowls right handed a slow left arm chinaman bowler may also have a googly wrong un in australia which turns in the opposite way in order to trick the batsman charlie llewellyn a south af |
rican all rounder who played at the end of the one nine th century laid claim to inventing the delivery this style of bowling is very uncommon as not only is it difficult to master but the turn into the right handed batsman is usually less dangerous than the turn away from the batsman generated by a left arm orthodox spin bowler very few specialist bowlers of this type have played at test level the south african paul adams is perhaps the best known recent practitioner although his technique is highly unorthodox in every sense of the word in recent times michael bevan brad hogg and simon katich have also bowled chinamen as all rounders for the australian team in two zero zero four dave mohammed of the west indies bowled this style in tests against england perhaps the most famous practitioner of the art was west indian all rounder garfield sobers although he performed it as a third bowling style previously chuck fleetwood smith bowled in this fashion for australia in the one nine three zero s the term chinaman |
to describe this particular style of bowling is believed to relate to former west indian spin bowler ellis puss achong achong a left arm orthodox spinner and the first test cricketer of chinese ancestry bowled a delivery turning from off to leg and had the english batsman walter robins stumped as a result legend has it that robins as he walked back to the pavilion remarked to the umpire fancy being done by a bloody chinaman reference cricket and race by jack williams isbn one eight five nine seven three three zero nine three cricket terminology bowling cricket the following is a list of newspapers divided by country and region international the economist financial times international herald tribune the guardian weekly online asia times allafrica com eurasianet kavkaz www kavkaz tv wakulla county news www wakulla com afghanistan kabul weekly kabul city daily annis kabul city daily cheragh kabul city the outlook afghanistan kabul city eqtedaare melli weekly kabul city algeria libert argentina clar n buenos aire |
s la naci n buenos aires p gina one two buenos aires mbito financiero buenos aires buenos aires herald english language daily la capital rosario la nueva provincia bah a blanca diario r o negro r o negro province and neuquen la voz del interior c rdoba australia the advertiser the age the australian the australian financial review the canberra times the courier mail the daily telegraph green left weekly the herald sun the mercury the sunday times the sydney morning herald the west australian australian newspapers online austria kleine zeitung kronenzeitung kurier linzer zeitung die presse salzburger nachrichten der standard tiroler tageszeitung wiener zeitung ober sterreichische nachrichten bahrain gulf daily news bangladesh the daily star new age the bangladesh observer the new nation ittefaq prothom alo manavzamin inqilab janakantha aajker kagoj jugantor naya diganta amar desh bhroer kagoj din kal sangbad jugantor purbanchal independent uttaranchal shakti barbados the daily nation barbados the barbados advo |
cate belgium dutch language de gentenaar vum ghent de morgen de persgroep de standaard vum de tijd uitgeversbedrijf tijd gazet van antwerpen regionale uitgeversgroep het belang van limburg regionale uitgeversgroep het laatste nieuws de persgroep het nieuwsblad vum het volk vum french language la libre belgique le soir la derni re heure le peuple vers l avenir la meuse l echo de la bourse bhutan kuensel bosnia and herzegovina bh dani dnevni avaz oslobo enje nezavisne novine ljiljan slobodna bosna brazil correio braziliense o dia di rio do nordeste folha de s o paulo jornal do brasil o estado de s o paulo o globo o povo rudge ramos jornal zero hora tribuna da imprensa o estado de minas bulgaria dnevnik kapital dneven trud two four chasa novinar sega pari banker seven dni sport evrofutbol meridian mach noshten trud canada calgary herald chronicle herald the creston valley advance the globe and mail edmonton journal kingston whig standard kitchener waterloo record la presse le devoir le droit le soleil monday mag |
azine montreal gazette national post ottawa citizen ottawa sun the province quebec chronicle telegraph toronto star vancouver courier vancouver province vancouver sun victoria times colonist chile el mercurio de valpara so oldest spanish language newspaper in circulation el mercurio el sur concepci n la tercera las ltimas noticias china people s republic of beijing youth daily china daily english language oriental sports daily people s daily shanghai daily shanghai xinmin evening news ta kung pao trust post wen wei pao xinhua xinmin wanbao hong kong special administrative region english south china morning post the standard formerly the hk imail hong kong standard chinese apple daily hong kong economic times hong kong economic journal hong kong commercial daily metropolis daily ming pao oriental daily news sing pao sing tao daily the sun ta kung pao wen wei po macao special administrative region macao daily news va kio daily china republic of china times zhongguo shibao united daily news lianhe bao liberty ti |
mes ziyou shibao taiwan daily taiwan ribao apple daily pingguo ribao central daily news zhongyang ribao economic daily news jingji ribao independent evening news zili wanbao taiwan times taiwan shibao min sheng bao min sheng bao mandarin daily news guoyu ribao china post taiwan news taipei times kinmen daily news matsu daily colombia the daily journal bogot el tiempo el espectador el nuevo siglo el espacio bucaramanga vanguardia liberal cali el pa s medell n el colombiano el mundo croatia la voce del popolo feral tribune glas koncila globus jutarnji list glas slavonije novi list slobodna dalmacija sportske novosti ve ernji list vjesnik cuba el economista granma juventud rebelde la nueva cuba peri dico two six trabajadores czech republic blesk hospod sk noviny lidov noviny mlad fronta dnes the prague post pr vo denmark b t berlingske tidende dagbladet arbejderen dagbladet b rsen dagbladet information dagbladet politiken ekstra bladet erhvervsbladet kristeligt dagblad metroxpress morgenavisen jyllands posten ur |
ban weekendavisen egypt al ahram middle east times estonia eesti ekspress eesti p evaleht postimees finland aamulehti helsingin sanomat ilta sanomat iltalehti kaleva turun sanomat france le canard encha n les chos l quipe sports le figaro l humanit lib ration le monde le monde diplomatique ouest france le parisien la tribune germany badische zeitung berliner morgenpost berliner zeitung bz bild zeitung financial times deutschland frankfurter allgemeine zeitung faz frankfurter neue presse frankfurter rundschau fr hamburger abendblatt hamburger morgenpost h rriyet turkish german newspaper neues deutschland nd neue osnabr cker zeitung noz neue westf lische nw news frankfurt rheinische post rp s ddeutsche zeitung sz der tagesspiegel die tageszeitung taz die welt westdeutsche allgemeine zeitung waz westfalenblatt wb die zeit weekly but in newspaper format greece and cyprus including greek speaking regions apogevmatini the afternoon paper avgi dawn eleftheros kosmos free world eleutheros typos free press eleftheroty |
pia press freedom estia hestia ethnos nation hrisi avgi golden dawn kathimerini daily orthodoxos tipos orthodox press rizospastis radical stilos orthodoxias orthodox pillar stohos target ta nea the news to vima the tribune vradini the evening paper guatemala prensa libre the most widely circulated newspaper in guatemala siglo xxi el periodico la hora hong kong see china people s republic of hungary magyar h rlap magyar nemzet mn n pszabads g iceland dv fr ttabla i morgunbla i bla i india aaj afternoon ananda bazar patrika asian age business line business standard deccan herald deepika financial express free press journal kashmir post mid day pioneer statesman the economic times the hindu the hindu business line the hindustan times the indian express the morning quick the telegraph the times of india tribune aaj kal bartaman dainik bhaskar dainik jagran dainik sahara dina thandi eenadu telugu vaartha telugu andhra jyothi telugu andhra bhoomi telugu andhra jyothi telugu gana shakti gujarat samachar janathavani |
kannada jansatta kannada prabha kannada loksatta maharashtra times malayala manorama mathrubhumi navbharat times prabhat khabar praja vani kannada prati din punjab kesari saamna sakal marathi saymukta karnataka kannada udaya vani kannada usha kirana kannada vijaya karnataka kannada also e paper vijay times english also e paper vyapaar indonesia indonesian bisnis indonesia indo pos seputar indonesia jawa pos kompas koran tempo media indonesia sinar harapan republika suara pembaruan tribun kaltim english the jakarta post chinese indonesia shang bao guo ji ri bao re ji ri bao iran tehran times abrar aftab yazd asr e azadegan donyaye eqtesad entekhab ettelaat int etemad fath hambastegi hamshahri hamvatan salam hayat e nou eco iran javan jomhoury kayhan khane mellat khorasan khordad quds resalat shargh tous vaghaye etefaghyeh yas e no ireland irish examiner foinse the irish independent the irish times l the star israel globes haaretz the jerusalem post maariv yedioth ahronoth italy corriere della sera il giornale |
il messaggero la repubblica la stampa di torino la gazzetta dello sport il corriere dello sport il tempo il manifesto l unit il resto del carlino il sole two four ore japan asahi shimbun mainichi shimbun nihon keizai shimbun sankei shimbun the japan times yomiuri shimbun jordan jordan times korea north rodong sinmun minju joson korea south english the korea herald the korea times korean national chosun ilbo dong a ilbo joongang ilbo hankook ilbo hankyoreh shinmun gyeongyang shinmun kookmin ilbo seoul shinmun moon hwa ilbo sege ilbo sports enternationment general sports shinmun good day sports seoul sports chosun sports today ilgan sports business herald economy gyeong jae maeil gyeongjae seoul gyeongjae hankook gyeongjae financial news stock daily money today junja shinmun an electronics specialised newspaper kuwait al arabi al qabas al raialaam al seyassah al talea al watan al arabimag arab times desert voice kuwait times laos the vientiane times le renovateur latvia diena the baltic times neatkar g r ta av |
ze r gas balss lauku avize r gas balss neatkarigas tukuma zinas lebanon daily star monday morning an nahar liechtenstein liechtensteiner vaterland liechtensteiner volksblatt macao see china people s republic of malaysia new straits times the star the sun new sabah times berita harian utusan malaysia nanyang siang pau sin chew jit poh harakah harian metro mexico el universal milenio el economista el financiero la jornada el norte reforma la cr nica de hoy rumbo de m xico the news in english morocco al ahdath al maghribia al anbaa al bayane attajdid assabah ajourd hui le maroc bayane al yaoume la gazette du maroc la nouvelle tribune la vie conomique l conomiste le matin lib ration l observateur l opinion maroc hebdo tel quel netherlands of all these newspapers full content is available on the internet some require a fee algemeen dagblad de telegraaf de volkskrant het parool nederlands dagblad nrc handelsblad trouw new zealand dominion post new zealand herald otago daily times the press waikato times norway berg |
ens tidende bergensavisen aftenposten dagbladet verdens gang oman times of oman pakistan dawn karachi the frontier post peshawar daily jang karachi and lahore the nation lahore the news international pakistan karachi lahore and islamabad aka the news or the news karachi nawa i waqt lahore palestine jerusalem times palestine times daily khabrain daily mashriq panama critica en linea el panam am rica el siglo la estrella de panama la prensa peru el comercio from lima el tiempo peru from chiclayo expreso from lima gestion from lima la rep blica from lima ojo from lima philippines abante tonite abante una sa balita business mirror businessworld cebu daily news chinese commercial news daily tribune the filipino express online kabayan online malaya manila bulletin manila times mindanao gold star daily mindanao times moro information agency newsline philippine daily inquirer philippine headline news philippine news philippine star sunday punch sunstar daily tempo the freeman today visayan daily star poland gazeta wy |
borcza rzeczpospolita polityka wprost portugal o independente o p blico correio da manh di rio de not cias jornal de not cias two four horas expresso o primeiro de janeiro com rcio do porto a bola record correio do minho destak one x two tal qual jornal do fund o qatar gulf times russia argumenti i fakti gazeta izvestia kommersant komsomolskaya pravda krasnaya zvezda moscow news moscow times moskovskiy komsomolets moskovskiye novosti nezavisimaya gazeta novaya gazeta novye izvestia novoye vremya pravda rossiyskaya gazeta russkii kurier sovetskaya rossiya st petersburg times tribuna trud vremya mn vremya novostei romania adevarul capital cotidianul jurnalul national evenimentul zilei rom nia libera ziarul financiar ziua saudi arabia arab news riyadh daily saudi gazette serbia and montenegro politika one nine zero four vecernje novosti blic danas glas javnosti borba ekspres politika dnevnik kurir magyar szo sport sportski zurnal singapore chinese lianhe zaobao lianhe wanbao xinmin ribao english the new paper th |
e straits times today streats now merged with today newspaper malay berita harian tamil tamil murasu slovenia delo ljubljana dnevnik ljubljana ve er maribor slovenske novice ljubljana south africa english cape times the citizen city press mail guardian the sowetan sunday independent the sunday times afrikaans beeld die burger zulu isolezwe spain el mundo el pa s la raz n abc la vanguardia gara basque marca as sport el mundo deportivo berria basque sri lanka english the sunday times daily mirror daily news sunday observer the island sinhala lankadeepa divayina silumina tamil virakesari sweden aftonbladet expressen gt kv lls posten g teborgs posten dagens nyheter metro international svenska dagbladet sydsvenska dagbladet switzerland two zero minuten aargauer zeitung agefi appenzeller zeitung basellandschaftliche zeitung basler zeitung berner zeitung bieler tagblatt blick le courrier der bund dimanche ch l express freiburger nachrichten giornale del popolo l impartial journal du jura laregione ticino le matin le |
nouvelliste neue luzerner zeitung neue z rcher zeitung le quotidien jurassien die s dostschweiz tages anzeiger le temps thurgauer zeitung tribune de gen ve two four heures die weltwoche syria syria times taiwan see entry for china republic of above thailand bangkok post english the nation english thairath daily news post today manager matichon thaipost trinidad and tobago showtime sunday punch the blast tnt mirror tobago news trinidad and tobago express trinidad and tobago newsday trinidad and tobago review trinidad guardian turkey ak am bir g n cumhuriyet d nden bug ne terc man d nya evrensel fanatik fotoma g ne halka ve olaylara terc man h rriyet milli gazete milliyet ortodo u radikal sabah star the new anatolian turkish daily news t rkiye vakit vatan yeni asya yeni a yeni mesaj yeni afak zaman ukraine den fakty i kommentarii holos ukrayiny intelnews kyiv post segodnya silski visti ukrayina moloda ukrayinska pravda unian uryadovy kuryer vecherniye vesti zerkalo nedeli united arab emirates gulf news khaleej |
times al bayan united kingdom the economist daily express the guardian the observer the independent daily mail daily mirror daily record london evening standard daily star daily telegraph the times financial times the herald sunday herald the graphic newspaper the sun news of the world the scotsman scotland on sunday metro morning star united states usa today the wall street journal the new york times new york daily news los angeles times the new york post chicago tribune the washington post newsday chicago sun times houston chronicle the dallas morning news the boston globe the newark star ledger the atlanta journal constitution the san francisco chronicle the arizona republic the star tribune the philadelphia inquirer cleveland plain dealer boston herald the detroit free press orange county register the san diego union tribune the seattle post intelligencer the oregonian vatican city l osservatore romano venezuela caracas two zero zero one el nacional el universal tal cual ciudad guayana correo del caron m |
aracay el arag e o maracaibo la verdad panorama valencia el carabobe o yemen yemen observer yemen times zimbabwe the financial gazette external links newspaper index lists of newspapers newspapering only representation of saint louis known to be true to life early one four th century statue from the church of mainneville eure france king louis ix of france saint louis or sometimes blue louie april two five one two one four one two one five august two five one two seven zero was king of france from one two two six until his death born at poissy france he was a member of the capetian dynasty and the son of king louis viii and blanche of castile life much of what we know of louis life comes from jean de joinville s famous biography of louis life of saint louis joinville was a close friend confidant and counselor to the king and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into louis life that ended with his canonization in one two nine seven by pope boniface viii louis was eleven years old when his father |
died in one two two six he was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at reims because of louis youth his mother blanche of castile ruled france as regent until one two three four when louis was deemed of age to rule himself she continued as an important counsellor to the king until her death in one two five two on may two seven one two three four louis married marguerite de provence one two two one december two one one two nine five the sister of eleanor the wife of henry iii of england louis was the elder brother of charles i of sicily one two two seven one two eight five whom he created count of anjou thus founding the second angevin dynasty louis brought an end to the albigensian crusade in one two two nine after signing an agreement with count raymond vii of toulouse that cleared his father of wrong doing raymond vi had been suspected of murdering a preacher on a mission to convert the cathars louis piety and kindness towards the poor were much celebrated he went on crusade twice in one two four ei |
ght seventh crusade and then in one two seven zero eighth crusade both crusades were total failures after initial success in his first attempt louis s army was met by overwhelming resistance from the egyptian army and citizens in one two four nine louis was eventually defeated and taken prisoner in mansoura egypt louis and his companions were then released in return for the surrender of the french army and a large ransom he died near tunis during the latter expedition on august two five one two seven zero traditionally during an outbreak of plague but thought by modern scholars to be dysentery some of his entrails were buried directly on the spot in tunisia where a tomb of saint louis can still be visited today whereas other parts of his entrails were sealed in an urn and placed in the basilica of monreale palermo where they still remain his corpse was taken to the french royal necropolis at saint denis resting in lyon on the way his tomb at saint denis was a magnificent gilt brass monument designed in the la |
te one four th century it was melted down during the french wars of religion at which time the body of the king disappeared only one finger was rescued and is kept at saint denis pope boniface viii proclaimed the canonization of louis in one two nine seven he is the only french monarch ever to be made a saint louis ix was succeeded by his son philippe iii patron of arts and arbiter of europe wooden statue of saint louis perhaps a copy of the statue at the church of mainneville louis patronage of the arts drove much innovation in gothic art and architecture and the style of his court radiated throughout europe by both the purchase of art objects from parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king s many daughters to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of parisian models elsewhere louis personal chapel the sainte chapelle in paris was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere louis most likely ordered the production of the morgan bible a masterpiece of medieval painting sain |
t louis ruled during the so called golden century of saint louis when the kingdom of france was at its height in europe both politically and economically the king of france was regarded as a primus inter pares among the kings and rulers of europe he commanded the largest army and ruled the largest and most wealthy kingdom of europe a kingdom which was the european center of arts and intellectual thought la sorbonne at the time for many king louis ix embodied the whole of christendom in his person his reputation of saintliness and fairness was already well established while he was alive and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in the quarrels opposing the rulers of europe it should be noted that the prestige and respect felt in europe for king louis ix was due more to the attraction that his benevolent personality created rather than to military domination for his contemporaries he was the quintessential example of the christian prince religious zeal the apotheosis of st louis by charles h niehaus one |
nine zero three is a symbol of the city of st louis mo united states of america this perception of louis ix as the quintessential christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal saint louis was a devout christian and he built the sainte chapelle holy chapel located within the royal palace complex now the paris hall of justice on the le de la cit in the center of paris the sainte chapelle a perfect example of the rayonnant style of gothic architecture was erected as a shrine for the crown of thorns and a fragment of the true cross precious relics of the passion of jesus louis purchased these in one two three nine one two four one from emperor baldwin ii of the latin empire of constantinople for the exorbitant sum of one three five zero zero zero livres the chapel on the other hand only cost six zero zero zero zero livres to build this purchase should be understood in the context of extreme religious fervor that existed in europe in the one three th century the purchase contributed a lot to reinforce the |
central position of the king of france in western christendom as well as to further increase the renown of paris then the largest city of western europe it was a time when cities and rulers vied for relics trying to increase their reputation and fame and louis ix had succeeded in securing the most prized of all relics in his capital the purchase was thus not only an act of devotion but also a political gesture the french monarchy was trying to establish the kingdom of france as the new jerusalem louis ix took very seriously his mission of lieutenant of god on earth with which he had been invested when he had been crowned in reims thus in order to fulfill his duty he conducted several crusades and even though they were unsuccessful it contributed to the prestige that he enjoyed contemporaries would not have understood if the king of france did not lead a crusade to the holy land in the same vein he also ordered the expulsion of the jews from france although the loose control of the central government over the |
kingdom meant that many jews actually remained in the provinces again this needs to be understood in the context of the one three th century the dislike of the jews was general in europe as the christians held the jews responsible for the death of jesus christ the decision to expel the jews was largely welcome in all spheres of society in all these deeds louis ix tried to fulfill the duty of france which was seen as the eldest daughter of the church la fille a n e de l glise a tradition of protector of the church going back to the franks and charlemagne who had been crowned in rome in eight zero zero indeed the official latin title of the kings of france was rex francorum i e king of the franks and the kings of france were also known by the title very christian king rex christianissimus the relationship between france and the papacy was at its peak in the one two th and one three th centuries and most of the crusades were actually called by the popes from french soil eventually in one three zero nine the pop |
es even left rome and relocated to the french city of avignon veneration as a saint louis ix of france was revered as a saint and painted in portraiture well after his death such portraits may not accurately reflect his appearance this portrait was painted by el greco c one five nine two one five nine five louis ix is often considered the model of the ideal christian monarch because of the aura of holiness attached to the memory of louis ix many kings of france were called louis especially in the bourbon dynasty louis xiii to louis xviii children blanche one two four zero april two nine one two four three isabelle march two one two four one january two eight one two seven one married theobald v of champagne louis february two five one two four four january one two six zero philippe iii may one one two four five october five one two eight five jean born and died in one two four eight jean tristan one two five zero august three one two seven zero pierre one two five one one two eight four blanche one two five t |
hree one three two three married ferdinand de la cerda marguerite one two five four one two seven one married john i duke of brabant robert count of clermont one two five six february seven one three one seven he was the ancestor of king henry iv of france agnes of france c one two six zero december one nine one three two seven married robert ii duke of burgundy places named after saint louis the cities of saint louis missouri saint louis du s n gal in senegal saint louis in alsace as well as lac saint louis in quebec and the mission san luis rey de francia in california are among the many places named after the king the cathedral saint louis in versailles and the french royal order of saint louis one six nine three one seven nine zero and one eight one four one eight three zero were also created after the king many places in brazil called s o lu s in portuguese are named after saint louis sidi bou said in tunisia is said to have been named for this very catholic french king tunisian legend tells the story of |
king louis falling in love with a berber princess changing his name to abou said ibn khalef ibn yahia ettamini el beji nicknamed sidi bou said for which a quaint town on the tunisian coast is named he became according to this legend an islamic saint trivia a portrait of st louis hangs in the chamber of the united states house of representatives external links site about the saintonge war between louis ix of france and henry iii of england account of the first crusade of saint louis from the perspective of the arabs a letter from guy a knight concerning the capture of damietta on the sixth crusade with a speech delivered by saint louis to his men etext full version of the memoirs of the lord of joinville a biography of saint louis written by one of his knights bibliography joinville jean de the history of st louis trans joan evans one two one four births one two one five births one two seven zero deaths french monarchs saints crusades linear b script sample linear b is a script that was used for writing mycen |
aean an early form of the greek language it occurs primarily on tablets dated from the one four th and one three th centuries bc the script appears to be related to an earlier script linear a used for writing the minoan language derivation from another writing system is helf to be the reason for its poor compliance with the phonemic prinicple it is partly syllabic with additional logographic signs that are determinative or designational yielding classes and types as such it rather resembles modern japanese writing in graphemic structure the first clay tablet at knossos was discovered by the british archaeologist arthur evans on march three one one nine zero zero and on april six he discovered a significant hoard of tablets measuring five x one zero inches the major cities and palaces of crete kept records for disbursements of goods wool sheep and grain were some common items often given to groups of religious people and also to groups of men watching the coastline the tablets were kept in groups in baskets on |
shelves when some of the palaces burned in large scale fires precipitated by earthquakes or volcanic events see knossos the fires made fired clay tablets of a portion of the tablets found impressions of the basket weaving have been left in the clay decipherment michael ventris and john chadwick deciphered linear b between one nine five one one nine five three before their work alice kober had studied linear b and had managed to construct grids linking symbols that seemed to have a strong grammatical relationship kober noticed that a number of linear b words had common roots and suffixes this led her to believe that linear b represented an inflective language with nouns changing their endings depending on their case however some characters in the middle of the words seemed to not correspond with either the root nor the suffix because this effect was found in other known languages this led kober to assume that the odd characters were bridging syllables with the beginning of the syllable belonging to the root a |
nd the end belonging to the suffix this was a reasonable assumption since linear b had far too many characters to be considered alphabetic and far too few characters to be logograms therefore each character should represent a syllable using the knowledge that certain characters shared the same beginning or ending sounds kober built a table similar to the one below she was unable however to link the characters to actual phonetics based on her work and after making some inspired assumptions ventris was able to figure out the pronunciation of the syllables the deciphering of linear b proved that it was a written form of greek to the amazement of ventris himself but also in direct contradiction to the general scientific views of the times chadwick an expert in historical greek helped ventris decipher the text and rebuild the vocabulary and grammar of ancient cretan greek the consequences of ventris discovery were of immense significance because he actually showed that a greek speaking minoan mycenaean culture exi |
sted on crete the large majority of linear b tablets were inventories and bureaucratic documents with large tables of numbers and sums this helped historians analyze the structure of ancient minoan civilization syllabic signs linear b has roughly two zero zero signs divided into syllabic signs with phonetic values and logograms or ideograms with semantic values linear b is assigned unicode range one zero zero zero zero one zero zero seven f for syllabic signs and one zero zero eight zero one zero zero ff for logograms the names of these signs are only roughly phonetical since most are used to represent a whole class of syllables each see mycenaean language note that j represents english y in yes and like japanese the r characters were used to write both r and l syllables there are some additional mostly rare syllabic signs the values of some of which are unknown or disputed they are referred to either by a number or by some hypothetical phonetic approximation for example a two a three au nwa pu two etc the wr |
iting system is apparently an offshoot of linear a which having been apparently designed to write the minoan language did not fit the sounds of greek too well it is comparable to japanese attempts to write english words using katakana for example words such as chrysos leuka pharmakon and thorakes had to be written as ku ru so re u ka pa ma ko and to ra ke the myceneans who used the syllabary had to work around this until several hundred years later when the first greek alphabet was developed logograms due to the nature of the texts preserved logographic representations of items counted are very frequent not all of their values are known and their pronunciation is at best the object of educated guessing the logograms represent concepts such as man woman cow bull oil wine cloth gold bronze etc there are several dozen signs representing various kinds of pots and vessels example tripod for ti ri po de followed by the logogram for three footed pot see also aegean civilization further reading has the enkomi clay ta |
blet circa one five zero zero bce examples of linear b tablets and translated the basic linear b syllabary the cypriot syllabary and discussions thereof and short sections on linear a and the phaistos disk chapter six linear b pp one zero eight one one nine discusses arthur evans his work the cypriot clues the syllabary alice kober the grid and a sample tablet transliterated and translated into english for a general outline of the linear b deciphering story from schliemman to chadwick external links open directory project linear b greek language com the linear b syllabary dartmouth the prehistoric archaeology of the aegean the linear b tablets and mycenaean organization ut austin program in aegean scripts and prehistory pasp ancientscripts com linear b linear b at omniglot unicode code pages for the linear b syllabary and logograms including sample glyphs hellenic scripts syllabary writing systems bronze age writing systems aegean civilization larousse gastronomique is a classic encyclopedia of gastronomy the |
first edition one nine three eight was edited by prosper montagn with prefaces by escoffier and phil as gilbert it was published by editions larousse it included one eight five zero black and white illustrations and one six color plates it was translated into english in one nine six one this edition is heavily biased towards french culinary tradition french dishes cooking techniques and recipes are featured though non french dishes and ingredients are mentioned they are presented in altered forms in accordance with haute cuisine the second edition two zero zero one is modernized in many ways and includes more and more accurate material on other cuisines see also food writing references larousse gastronomique prosper montagn ma tre cuisinier avec la collaboration du docteur gottschalk paris editions larousse one nine three eight larousse gastronomique the encyclopedia of food wine cookery ed charlotte turgeon and nina froud new york crown publishers one nine six one the english translation of the one nine thr |
ee eight edition isbn zero five one seven five zero three three three six two zero zero one two nd edition isbn two zero three five six zero two two seven zero with assistance from a gastronomic committee chaired by jo l robuchon english translation of two nd edition isbn zero six zero nine six zero nine seven one eight encyclopedias food and drink cookbooks for the musical group of the same name see louis xiv band louis xiv louis dieudonn september five one six three eight september one one seven one five reigned as king of france and of navarre from may one four one six four three until his death at seven seven years old he acceded to the throne a few months before his fifth birthday but did not actually assume personal control of the government until the death of his first minister premier ministre jules cardinal mazarin in one six six one louis xiv known as the sun king french le roi soleil and as louis the great french louis le grand ruled france for seventy two years the longest reign of any french or o |
ther major european monarch louis increased the power of france in europe fighting three major wars the franco dutch war the war of the grand alliance and the war of the spanish succession and two minor ones the war of devolution and the war of the reunions one of france s greatest kings he worked successfully to create an absolutist and centralized state historians and political scientists often cite him as an example of an enlightened despot louis xiv became the archetype of an absolute monarch the phrase l tat c est moi i am the state is frequently attributed to him though this is considered by historians to be a historical inaccuracy and is more likely to have been conceived by political opponents as a way to confirm the stereotypical view of the absolutism he represented quite contrary to that spurious quote louis xiv is actually reported by saint simon to have said on his death bed je m en vais mais l tat demeurera toujours i am going but the state shall always remain early years regency and war on his |
birth at saint germain en laye in one six three eight his parents louis xiii and anne of austria who had been childless for twenty three years regarded him as a divine gift louis came from a multicultural background since his paternal grandparents were henry iv and marie de medici who were french and italian respectively his maternal grandfather philip iii was of spanish descent and his maternal grandmother margaret of austria was of austrian descent he was christened louis dieudonn the latter word meaning god given and received the titles premier fils de france first son of france and the more traditional title dauphin de viennois louis xiii and anne had a second child philippe i duc d orl ans in one six four zero louis xiii however did not trust in his wife s ability to govern france upon his demise thus he decreed that a regency council of which anne was head should rule in his son s name during his minority this would have diminished the queen mother s power nevertheless when louis xiii died and the four |
year old louis xiv ascended the throne on may one four one six four three anne annulled louis xiii s will in parlement did away with the council and became regent she entrusted all power to her chief minister the italian born cardinal mazarin whom most french political circles despised because of his non french background although he had become a naturalised french subject at the same time that the thirty years war ended in one six four eight a french civil war known as the fronde began cardinal mazarin continued the policies of centralization pursued by his predecessor armand cardinal richelieu seeking to augment the power of the crown at the expense of the nobility in one six four eight he levied a tax on the members of the parlement a court whose judges comprised mostly nobles or high clergymen the members of the parlement not only refused to comply but also ordered all of cardinal mazarin s entire earlier financial edicts burned when cardinal mazarin arrested certain members of the parlement paris erupted |
in rioting and insurrection a mob of angry parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king led into the royal bedchamber they gazed upon a louis who was feigning sleep and quietly departed prompted by the possible danger to the royal family and the monarchy anne fled paris with the king and his courtiers shortly thereafter the signing of the peace of westphalia released the french army under louis ii de bourbon prince de cond to return to the aid of louis and of his royal court by january one six four nine the prince de cond had started besieging paris the subsequent peace of rueil temporarily ended the conflict after the first fronde ended the second fronde that of the princes began in one six five zero nobles of all ranks from princes of the blood royal and cousins of the king like the duc d orl ans the prince de cond and the prince de conti to nobles of ancient families like the duc de la rochefoucauld and the duc de bouillon and nobles of legitimated royal descent like the duc de lon |
gueville participated in the rebellion against royal rule the result of these tumultuous times when the queen mother reputedly sold her jewels to feed her children was a louis filled with a permanent distrust for the nobility and the mob end of war and personal reign war with spain however continued the french received aid in this military effort from england then governed by lord protector oliver cromwell the anglo french alliance achieved victory in one six five eight with the battle of the dunes the subsequent treaty of the pyrenees one six five nine fixed the border between france and spain at the pyrenees ceded various provinces and towns to france in the spanish netherlands and signalled a change in the balance of power with the decline of spain and the rise of france by the same treaty louis xiv became engaged to marry the daughter of philip iv of spain maria theresa marie th r se d autriche they were married in one six six zero under the terms of the treaty upon the full payment of a large dowry five |
zero zero zero zero gold cus maria theresa would agree to renounce all claims to the spanish monarchy and its territories the dowry however was left unpaid since spain was bankrupt thus theoretically rendering the renunciation null and void the young king winner of wars and of hearts the french treasury after a long war stood close to bankruptcy when louis xiv assumed personal control of the reins of government in one six six one the sun king proved an incredibly generous spender dispensing large sums of money to finance the royal court he operated as a patron of the arts funding literary and cultural figures such as moli re charles le brun and jean baptiste lully he also brought the acad mie fran aise under his patronage and became its protector he also improved the mus e du louvre along with many other royal residences louis xiv appointed jean baptiste colbert as contr leur g n ral des finances in one six six five colbert reduced the national debt through more efficient taxation his principal means of taxat |
ion included the aides the douanes the gabelle and the taille the aides and douanes were customs duties the gabelle a tax on salt and the taille a tax on land while colbert did not abolish the historic tax exemption claimed by the nobility and the clergy he did improve the methods of tax collection then in use colbert also had wide ranging plans to strengthen france through commerce his administration ordained new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors colbert also made improvements to the navy to the merchant marine to the highways and to the waterways of france he ranks as one of the fathers of the school of thought regarding trade and economics known as mercantilism in fact france calls mercantilism colbertisme louis xiv ordered the construction of the complex known as the h tel des invalides to provide a home for officers and soldiers who had served him loyally in the army but whom either injury or age had rendered infirm while methods of pharmaceuticals at the time were quite elementary th |
e h tel des invalides pioneered new treatments frequently and set a new standard for the rather barbarous hospice treatment styles of the period louis considered its construction one of the greatest achievements of his reign along with the chateau de versailles which is one of the largest and most extravagant monuments in europe extolling a king and his country war in the low countries after louis s father in law and uncle philip iv of spain died in one six six five philip s son by his second wife became charles ii of spain louis claimed that brabant a spanish territory in the low countries had devolved to his wife maria theresa charles ii s elder half sister by their father s first marriage louis argued that the custom of brabant required that a child should not suffer from his or her father s remarriage hence having precedence in inheritance over children of the second or subsequent marriages he personally participated in the campaigns of the ensuing war of devolution which broke out in one six six seven pr |
oblems internal to the republic of the seven united provinces the netherlands aided louis designs on the low countries the most prominent political figure in the united provinces at the time johan de witt grand pensionary feared that power might fall into the hands of the young william iii prince of orange de witt saw a naval war with france as potentially manageable but a war on land would have allowed intervention by william iii s army raising him to power thus with the united provinces in internal conflict and foreign war with england france easily conquered both flanders and franche comt shocked by the rapidity of french successes and fearful of the future the united provinces joined with england and sweden in a triple alliance in one six six eight faced with the threat of the spread of war and having signed a secret treaty partitioning the spanish succession with the emperor the other major claimant louis agreed to make peace under the terms of the treaty of aix la chapelle one six six eight france retai |
ned flanders including the great fortress of lille but returned franche comt to spain the triple alliance did not last very long in one six seven zero charles ii lured by french bribes and pensions secretly signed the treaty of dover entering into an alliance with france the two kingdoms declared war on the united provinces in one six seven two the rapid invasion and occupation of nearly all the netherlands bar amsterdam precipitated a coup which toppled de witt and allowed william iii prince of orange to seize power william iii entered into an alliance with spain and the empire and signed a treaty with england causing her to withdraw in one six seven four william even married mary the niece of the english king charles ii despite these diplomatic reverses the war continued with brilliant french victories against the overwhelming forces of the opposing coalition nevertheless europe was exhausted by war and peace negotiations commenced being accomplished in one six seven eight with the treaty of nijmegen while |
louis returned all captured dutch territory he gained more land in the spanish netherlands and retained franche comt which had been captured in a matter of weeks the treaty of nijmegen increased further france s influence in europe but did not satisfy louis xiv louis dismissed his foreign minister simon arnauld de pomponne in one six seven nine as he was viewed as having compromised too much with the allies louis also kept up his army but instead of pursuing his claims through purely military action he utilised judicial processes to accomplish further territorial aggrandizement thanks to the ambiguous nature of treaties of the time louis was able to claim that the territories ceded to him in previous treaties ought to be ceded along with all their dependencies and lands which had formerly belonged to them but had separated over the years french chambers of reunion were appointed to ascertain which territories formally belonged to france the french troops later occupied them the annexation of these lesser terr |
itories was designed to give france a more defensible frontier the pr carr e suggested by vauban louis also desired to gain strasbourg an important strategic outpost through which various imperial armies had in the previous wars crossed over the rhine to invade france strasbourg was a part of alsace but had not been ceded with the rest of austrian ruled alsace in the peace of westphalia it was nonetheless occupied by the french in one six eight one under louis s new legal pretext height of power in the one six eight zero s by the early one six eight zero s louis had greatly augmented france s influence and power in europe and the world louis xiv s most famous minister jean baptiste colbert who died in one six eight three exercised a tremendous influence on the royal treasury and coffers the royal revenue tripled under his supervision the princes of europe began to imitate france in everything french colonies abroad were multiplying in the americas africa and asia while diplomatic relations had been initiated |
with countries as far afield as siam and persia for example the explorer ren robert cavelier sieur de la salle claimed and named in one six eight two the basin of the mississippi river in north america louisiane in honour of louis xiv both the louisiana territory and the state of louisiana in the united states formed part of louisiane while french jesuits could be seen at the manchu court in china louis was also in the process of reinforcing the traditional gallicanism a doctrine limiting the authority of the pope in france furthermore louis began to diminish the power of the nobility and clergy he achieved immense control over the second estate nobility in france by essentially attaching much of the nobility to his orbit at his palace at versailles requiring them to spend a majority of the year under his close watch instead of in their local communities it was only in this way were they able to gain pensions and privileges necessary to their rank he entertained his permanent visitors with extravagant parties |
and other distractions which were significant factors contributing to louis power and control over his unruly nobility louis thus attempted to increase his influence over the church he convened an assembly of clergymen in november one six eight one before it was dissolved in june one six eight two it had agreed to the declaration of the clergy of france the power of the king of france was increased and the power of the pope reduced the pope was not allowed to send papal legates to france without the king s consent those legates furthermore required further approval before they could exercise their power bishops were not to leave france without the royal approbation no government officials could be excommunicated for acts committed in pursuance of their duties the king was allowed to enact ecclesiastical laws and all regulations made by the pope were deemed invalid in france without the assent of the monarch the declaration however was not accepted by the pope moreover louis also attempted to reduce the influ |
ence of the nobility continuing the work of the cardinals richelieu and mazarin he as a result of the experiences derived from the fronde believed that his power would prevail only if he filled the high executive offices with commoners or at least members of the relatively newer aristocracy the noblesse de robe because while he could reduce a commoner to a nonentity by dismissing him he could not destroy the influence of a great nobleman thus louis forced the nobles to serve him ceremonially as courtiers whilst he appointed commoners or newer nobles as ministers and regional intendants as courtiers the power of the nobles grew ever weaker the diminution of the power of the high aristocracy could be witnessed in the lack of such rebellions as the fronde after louis xiv in fact the victory of the crown over the nobles finally achieved under louis ensured that the fronde was the last major civil war in france until the revolution and the napoleonic age louis had the chateau of versailles outside paris originally |
a hunting lodge built by his father converted into a spectacular royal palace he officially moved there along with the royal court on may six one six eight two louis had several reasons for creating such a versailles the assertion that he did so because he hated paris however is flawed as he did not cease to embellish his capital with glorious monuments while improving and developing it versailles served as a dazzling and awe inspiring setting for state affairs and for receptions of foreign dignitaries where the attention was not shared with the capital but was assumed solely by the king court life centered on grandeur courtiers lived lives of expensive luxury dressed with suitable magnificence and constantly attended balls dinners performances and celebrations thus many noblemen had perforce either to give up all influence or to depend entirely on the king for grants and subsidies instead of exercising power the nobles vied for the honour of dining at the king s table or the privilege of carrying a candlest |
ick as the king retired to his bedroom by one six eight five louis stood at the apogee of his power one of france s chief rivals the holy roman empire was crippled whilst fighting the ottoman empire in the war of the holy league the ottoman grand vizier had almost captured vienna but at the last moment king jan iii sobieski led an army of polish german and austrian forces to final victory at the battle of vienna in one six eight three in the meantime louis xiv by the truce of ratisbon had acquired control of several territories including luxembourg after repelling the ottoman attack on vienna the holy roman empire was no longer in grave danger from the turks but the emperor nevertheless did not attempt to regain the territories annexed by louis xiv madame de maintenon louis xiv s second wife louis s queen maria theresa died a year later in one six eight three louis had not remained faithful to her for long after their union in one six six zero his mistresses included louise de la valliere duchesse de vaujours |
fran oise ath na s de rochechouart de mortemart marquise de montespan and marie angelique de scoraille duchesse de fontanges he proved however more faithful to his second wife fran oise d aubign marquise de maintenon the marriage between louis xiv and madame de maintenon which occurred probably in late one six eight five was morganatic madame de maintenon once a protestant had converted to catholicism it was once believed that she vigorously promoted the persecution of the protestants and that she urged louis xiv to revoke the edict of nantes one five nine eight which granted a degree of religious freedom to the huguenots the members of the protestant reformed church however this view of her participation is being now questioned louis himself supported such a plan he believed along with the rest of europe catholic or protestant that in order to achieve national unity he had to first achieve a religiously unified nation specifically a catholic one in his case this was enshrined in the principle of cuius regio |
eius religio which defined religious policy throughout europe since its establishment by the peace of augsburg in one five five five he had already begun the persecution of the huguenots by quartering soldiers in their homes though it was theoretically within his feudal rights to do so with any of his subjects louis continued his attempt to achieve a religiously united france by issuing an edict in march one six eight five the edict affected the french colonies and expelled all jews from them the public practice of any religion except catholicism became prohibited the code noir also granted sanction to slavery though it also extended a measure of humanity to the practice such as prohibiting the separation of families but no person could own a slave in the french colonies unless he were a member of the roman catholic church and a catholic priest had to baptise each slave the legal code formulated by louis xiv the code louis also played a large part in france s legal history as it was the basis for napoleon s |
code napol on in october one six eight five louis increased the persecution of the huguenots by issuing the edict of fontainebleau revoking the edict of nantes the new edict banished from the realm any protestant minister who refused to convert to roman catholicism protestant schools and institutions were banned children born into protestant families were to be forcibly baptised by roman catholic priests and protestant places of worship were demolished the edict precluded individuals from publicly practising or exercising the religion but not from merely believing in it the edict provided liberty is granted to the said persons of the pretended reformed religion protestantism on condition of not engaging in the exercise of the said religion or of meeting under pretext of prayers or religious services although the edict formally denied huguenots permission to leave france about two zero zero zero zero zero of them left in any event taking with them all their skills in commerce and trade the edict proved economi |
cally damaging though not ruinous and while s bastien le prestre seigneur de vauban one of louis xiv s most influential generals publicly condemned the measure its proclamation was widely celebrated throughout france the league of augsburg the wider political and diplomatic result of the revocation of the edict of nantes however was to provoke increased anti french sentiment in protestant countries in one six eight six both catholic and protestant rulers joined the league of augsburg ostensibly a defensive pact to protect the rhine but really designed as an offensive alliance against france the coalition included the holy roman emperor and several of the german states that formed part of the empire most notably the palatinate bavaria and brandenburg the united provinces spain and sweden also joined the league louis sent his troops into the palatinate in one six eight eight after the ultimatum to the german princes to ratify the truce of ratisbon and confirm his possession of annexed territories as well as to |
recognise his sister in law s claims expired ostensibly the army had the task of supporting the claims of louis s sister in law charlotte elizabeth duchesse d orl ans to the palatinate the duchesse d orl ans s nephew had died in one six eight five and the crown had gone not to her but to the junior neuburg branch of the family the invasion had the actual aim however of applying diplomatic pressure and forcing the palatinate to leave the league of augsburg and thus weakening it louis activities united the german princes behind the holy roman emperor louis had expected that england under the catholic james ii would remain neutral in one six eight nine however the glorious revolution resulted in the deposition of james ii and his replacement by his daughter mary ii who ruled jointly with her husband william iii william of orange as william had developed an enmity against louis xiv during the dutch war he pushed england into the league of augsburg which then became known as the grand alliance the campaigns of the |
war of the grand alliance one six eight eight one six nine seven generally proceeded favorably for france the forces of the holy roman emperor proved ineffective as many imperial troops still concentrated on fighting the ottoman empire and the germans generally took to the field much later than the french thus france could accumulate a string of victories from flanders in the north to the rhine valley in the east to italy and spain in the south as well as on the high seas and in the colonies louis xiv aided james ii in his attempt to regain the british crown but james was unsuccessful losing his last stronghold in ireland a year after the battle of the boyne in one six nine zero williamite england could then devote more of her funds and troops to the war on the continent nonetheless despite the size of the opposing coalition french forces in flanders crushed the allied armies at the battle of fleurus in the same year as the battle of the boyne as well as at the battle of steinkerk one six nine two and the ba |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.