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on of the jews in one four nine two the contact among jews of different regions and tongues developed a unified dialect already different in some aspects of the castilian norm that was forming simultaneously in spain ladino was the common language in the ottoman city of salonika captured by greece in one nine one two and subsequently renamed thessaloniki despite a major fire economic oppression by greek authorities and mass settlement of greek speaking refugees the language remained widely spoken in salonika until the death of four nine zero zero zero salonikan jews in the holocaust during the second world war over time a corpus of literature both liturgical and secular developed early ladino literature was limited to translations from hebrew at the end of the one seven th century hebrew was disappearing as the vehicle for rabbinic instruction thus a literature in the popular tongue ladino appeared in the one eight th century such as meam loez and poetry collections by the end of the one nine th century sepha |
rdim in the ottoman empire studied in schools of the alliance israelite universelle french became the language for foreign relations as it did for maronites and ladino drew from french for neologisms new secular genres appeared more than three zero zero journals history theatre biographies given the relative isolation of many communities a number of regional dialects of ladino appeared many with only limited mutual comprehensibility this is due largely to the adoption of large numbers of loanwords from the surrounding populations including depending on the location of the community from greek turkish arabic and in the balkans slavic languages especially bulgarian and serbo croatian in the twentieth century the number of speakers declined sharply entire communities were eradicated in the holocaust while the remaining speakers many of whom migrated to israel adopted hebrew the governments of the new nation state encouraged instruction in the official language at the same time it aroused the interest of philolog |
ists since it conserved language and literature which existed prior to the standardisation of spanish many native speakers today are elderly immigrants who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren however it is experiencing a minor revival among sephardic communities in addition sephardic communities in several latin american countries still use ladino folklorists have been collecting romances and other folk songs some dating from before the expulsion many religious songs in ladino are translations of the hebrew usually with a different tune for example ein k eloheynu looks like this in ladino non komo muestro dio non komo muestro sinyor non komo muestro rey non komo muestro salvador etc qol yerushalayim and radio nacional de espa a hold regular radio broadcasts in ladino songs jennifer charles and oren bloedow from the new york based band elysian fields released a cd in two zero zero one called la mar enfortuna which featured modern versions of traditional sephardic songs many sun |
g by charles in ladino reference see also sephardic jews jewish languages judaism yiddish language external links ethnologue report for ladino ladinokomunita an email list in ladino autoridad nasionala del ladino the ladino alphabet diksionario de ladinokomunita jewish spanish history romance languages spanish language languages of spain languages of turkey languages of bulgaria languages of greece languages of israel languages of brazil languages of france lions club international logo lions clubs international is the world s largest service club organisation with four five zero zero zero clubs and nearly one three million members in one nine seven countries around the world the international headquarters is situated in oak brook illinois it was founded in the u s a in one nine one seven by melvin jones and became truly international on march one two one nine two zero when the first club was established in canada in windsor ontario membership is by invitation and attendance at meetings is expected on a month |
ly or fortnightly basis politics religion or other contentious subjects are generally forbidden at club meetings lions are truly a community based organisation with a hierarchy that can take a member from a club to office at zone district national and international levels an interesting aspect of the operation of lions clubs is that all funds raised from the general public are used for charitable purposes with the administration costs of a club kept strictly separate and paid for by its members the average age of lion members is increasing and the average membership of clubs is decreasing in the western world this is typical of other service clubs such as rotary international spread of lionism one nine one seven u s a one nine two zero canada one nine two six republic of china tianjin or alternately spelt tientsin one nine two seven mexico nuevo laredo one nine two seven cuba havana one nine five five hong kong and macau hong kong island two zero zero two people s republic of china guangdong and shenzhen char |
tered on may one four are the first international service clubs to be granted permission by the government of the prc to operate in mainland china lions clubs international has had a history of support for the work of the united nations since that organization s inception in one nine four five when it was one of the non governmental organizations invited to assist in the drafting of the united nations charter in san francisco lions are recognized worldwide for their service to the blind and visually impaired this service began when helen keller addressed the international convention at cedar point ohio on june three zero one nine two five and charged lions to be knights to the blind colored version of the logo in response to that challenge lions were instrumental in having the white cane recognised as a symbol of the blind lions established and support a majority of the world s eye banks and hundreds of clinics hospitals and eye research centers worldwide lions collect more than five million pairs of used eye |
glasses each year for distribution in developing countries australia lions also have a strong commitment to community hearing and cancer screening projects in perth western australia they have conducted hearing screening for over three zero years and provided seed funding for the lions ear and hearing institute instituted september nine two zero zero one a centre of excellence in the diagnosis management and research of ear and hearing disorders in perth western australia the lions have also been instrumental in the institute of the lions eye institute in brisbane queensland the lions medical research foundation provides seed funding to a number of researchers international convention the lions hold an annual international convention in cities across the globe to meet other lions discuss lionism and partake in the many activities planned at the convention lions can participate in elections and parades display and discuss fundraisers and service projects and trade pins and other souvenirs the eight nine th con |
vention scheduled to be from june three zero to july four two zero zero six will take place in boston massachusetts though it was originally planned to be in new orleans louisiana the destruction from hurricane katrina forced the relocation the first convention was held in one nine one seven in dallas texas the first year of the club s existence some past convention locations include eight eight th two zero zero five hong kong eight seven th two zero zero four detroit michigan eight six th two zero zero three denver colorado eight five th two zero zero two osaka japan eight four th two zero zero one indianapolis indiana eight three rd two zero zero zero honolulu hawaii eight two nd one nine nine nine san diego california eight one st one nine nine eight birmingham england eight zero th one nine nine seven philadelphia pennsylvania seven nine th one nine nine six montreal quebec canada seven eight th one nine nine five seoul republic of korea seven seven th one nine nine four phoenix arizona seven six th one n |
ine nine three minneapolis minnesota seven five th one nine nine two hong kong seven four th one nine nine one brisbane queensland australia seven three rd one nine nine zero st louis missouri seven two nd one nine eight nine miami florida seven one st one nine eight eight denver colorado seven zero th one nine eight seven taipei taiwan republic of china plans for future convention sites are already underway nine zero th two zero zero seven chicago illinois nine one st two zero zero eight bangkok thailand nine two nd two zero zero nine minneapolis minnesota nine three rd two zero one zero sydney australia lions band many clubs sponsor a lions band to participate and compete in the international lions parade the parade champions for the seven two nd eight six th eight seven th and eight eight th international conventions are the lions band from mississippi usa trivia the of the palestinian islamist movement hamas claims that lions clubs are a secret society founded by jews external links official lions interna |
tional web page listings of all lions clubs with web pages lions eye institute perth western australia lions ear and hearing institute perth western australia lions medical research foundation brisbane queensland fraternal and service organizations one nine one seven establishments zh the liver is one of the largest internal organs of the human body the liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans it plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including drug detoxification glycogen storage and plasma protein synthesis it also produces bile which is important for digestion medical terms related to the liver often start in hepato or hepatic from the greek word for liver hepar anatomy view from below ventral view of perfused rat liver the adult human liver normally weighs between one two three zero kilograms and is a soft pinkish brown boomerang shaped organ it is the second largest organ the largest organ being the skin its anatomical position in the body is immediately under |
the diaphragm on the right side of the upper abdomen the liver lies on the right of the stomach and makes a kind of bed for the gallbladder which stores bile the liver is supplied by two main blood vessels on its right lobe the hepatic artery and the portal vein the hepatic artery normally comes off the celiac trunk the portal vein brings venous blood from the spleen pancreas and small intestines so that the liver can process the nutrients and byproducts of food digestion the hepatic veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava the bile produced in the liver is collected in bile canaliculi which merge to form bile ducts these eventually drain into the right and left hepatic ducts which in turn merge to form the common hepatic duct the cystic duct from the gallbladder joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct bile can either drain directly into the duodenum via the common bile duct or be temporarily stored in the gallbladder via the cystic duct the common bile duct and the pancreatic |
duct enter the duodenum together at the ampulla of vater the branchings of the bile ducts resemble those of a tree and indeed the term biliary tree is commonly used in this setting the liver is among the few internal human organs capable of natural regeneration of lost tissue as little as two five of remaining liver can regenerate into a whole liver again this is predominantly due to the hepatocytes acting as unipotential stem cells that is a single hepatocyte can divide into two hepatocyte daughter cells there is also some evidence of bipotential stem cells called oval cells which can differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes cells that line the bile ducts surface anatomy apart from a patch where it connects to the diaphragm the liver is covered entirely by visceral peritoneum a thin double layered membrane that reduces friction against other organs the peritoneum folds back on itself to form the falciform ligament and the right and left triangular ligaments these ligaments are in no way relat |
ed to the true anatomic ligaments in joints and have essentially no functional importance but they are easily recognizable surface landmarks traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features the falciform ligament is visible on the front anterior side of the liver this divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe and a right anatomical lobe if the liver is flipped over to look at it from behind the visceral surface there are two additional lobes between the right and left these are the caudate lobe the more superior and below this the quadrate lobe from behind the lobes are divided up by the ligamentum venosum and ligamentum teres anything left of these is the left lobe the transverse fissure or porta hepatis divides the caudate from the quadrate lobe and the right sagittal fossa which the inferior vena cava runs over separates these two lobes from the right lobe functional anatomy for purposes such as advanced liver surgery it is crucial to understand the organization of |
liver based on blood supply and biliary drainage the central area where the common bile duct portal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver is the hilum or porta hepatis the duct vein and artery divide into left and right branches and the portions of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left and right lobes the functional lobes are separated by a plane joining the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava in the widely used couinaud or french system the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight segments based on secondary and tertiary branching of the blood supply the segments corresponding to the surface anatomical lobes are as follows physiology the various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes the liver produces and excretes bile required for food digestion some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum and some is stored in the gallbladder the liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism gluconeogenesis the form |
ation of glucose from certain amino acids lactate or glycerol glycogenolysis the formation of glucose from glycogen glycogenesis the formation of glycogen from glucose the breakdown of insulin and other hormones the liver also performs several roles in lipid metabolism cholesterol synthesis the production of triglycerides fats the liver produces coagulation factors i fibrinogen ii prothrombin v vii ix and xi as well as protein c protein s and antithrombin the liver breaks down hemoglobin bile pigments are its metabolites toxic substances and most medicinal products this sometimes results in toxication when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor the liver converts ammonia to urea the liver stores a multitude of substances including glucose in the form of glycogen vitamin b one two iron and copper in the first trimester fetus the liver is the main site of red blood cell production by the four two nd week of gestation the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task producing an artificial org |
an or device capable of emulating all functions of the liver is outside the reach of science in the foreseeable future some functions can be emulated by liver dialysis an experimental treatment for liver failure diseases of the liver many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the system the bilirubin results from the breakup of the hemoglobin of dead red blood cells normally the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and excretes it through bile hepatitis inflammation of the liver caused mainly by various viruses but also by some poisons autoimmunity or hereditary conditions cirrhosis is the formation of fibrous tissue in the liver replacing dead liver cells the death of the liver cells can for example be caused by viral hepatitis alcoholism or contact with other liver toxic chemicals hemochromatosis a hereditary disease causing the accumulation of iron in the body eventually leading to liver damage cancer of the liver primary hepatocellular carcinoma or |
cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic cancers usually from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract wilson s disease a hereditary disease which causes the body to retain copper primary sclerosing cholangitis an inflammatory disease of the bile duct autoimmune in nature primary biliary cirrhosis autoimmune disease of small bile ducts budd chiari syndrome obstruction of the hepatic vein gilbert s syndrome a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism found in about five of the population a number of liver function tests are available to test the proper function of the liver these are enzymes that are most abundant in liver tissue metabolites or products liver transplantation liver transplantation is an option for those with irreversible liver failure most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis such as chronic hepatitis c alcoholism autoimmune hepatitis and many others less commonly liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure in which liver failure occurs over days to week |
s liver allografts for transplant usually come from non living donors who have died from fatal brain injury living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person s liver is removed and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient this was first performed in one nine eight nine for pediatric liver transplantation only two zero of an adult s liver couinaud segments two and three is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child more recently adult to adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor s right hepatic lobe which amounts to six zero of the liver due to the ability of the liver to regenerate both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well this procedure is more controversial as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases development the liver develops as an endodermal outpocketing of the foregut ca |
lled the hepatic diverticulum its initial blood supply is primarily from the vitelline veins that drain blood from the yolk sac the superior part of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the hepatocytes and bile ducts while the inferior part becomes the gallbladder and its associated cystic duct fetal blood supply in the growing fetus a major source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein which supplies nutrients to the growing fetus the umbilical vein enters the abdomen at the umbilicus and passes upward along the free margin of the falciform ligament of the liver to the inferior surface of the liver there it joins with the left branch of the portal vein the ductus venosus carries blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and thence to the inferior vena cava allowing placental blood to bypass the liver after birth the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are completely obliterated two to five days postpartum the former becomes the ligamentum teres and the latter becomes the ligamentum venosu |
m in the disease state of cirrhosis and portal hypertension the umbilical vein can open up again analogous organs arthropods have a digestive gland that functions like a combination of the liver and the pancreas in insects this organ is known as the fat body liver as food mammal and bird livers are commonly eaten as food products include liver pat leberwurst braunschweiger foie gras chopped liver and liver sashimi both animal and fish livers are rich in vitamin a cod liver oil being commonly used as a supplement vitamin a levels can be toxic particularly in polar animals the antarctic explorers douglas mawson and xavier mertz were both poisoned the latter fatally from eating husky liver cultural allusions in greek mythology prometheus was punished by the gods for revealing fire to humans by being chained to a rock where a vulture or an eagle ethon would peck out his liver which would grow again overnight curiously the liver is the only human internal organ that actually can regenerate itself to a certain exte |
nt a characteristic which may have already been known to the greeks the talmud tractate berakhot six one b refers to the liver as the seat of anger with the gallbladder counteracting this references the following are standard medical textbooks eugene r schiff michael f sorrell willis c maddrey eds schiff s diseases of the liver nine th ed philadelphia lippincott williams malden ma blackwell science two zero zero two isbn zero six three two zero five five eight two zero david zakim thomas d boyer eds hepatology a textbook of liver disease four th ed philadelphia saunders two zero zero three isbn zero seven two one six nine zero five one three sanjiv chopra the liver book a comprehensive guide to diagnosis treatment and recovery atria two zero zero two isbn zero seven four three four zero five eight five four melissa palmer dr melissa palmer s guide to hepatitis and liver disease what you need to know avery publishing group revised edition may two four two zero zero four isbn one five eight three three three on |
e eight eight three her webpage howard j worman the liver disorders sourcebook mcgraw hill one nine nine nine isbn zero seven three seven three zero zero nine zero six his columbia u web site diseases of the liver see also liver function tests external links american association for the study of liver diseases aasld american liver society als wikiliver a wiki dedicated to the liver organs abdomen digestive system in law laches is an equitable defense accusing an opposing party of having sat on its rights as a result of this delay the delaying party is undeserving of equitable relief it is a form of estoppel for delay in latin vigilantibus non dormientibus quitas subvenit equity aids the vigilant not the negligent that is those who sleep on their rights laches is not entirely analogous to the expiry of the period allowed under a statute of limitations it essentially alleges prejudicial delay and unfairness in the context of a particular situation whereas statutes of limitation tend to define a specific legally |
prescribed period of time after the cause of action has accrued within which a lawsuit for a particular type of cause of action may be commenced or after which the right to recovery is barred moreover while a lawsuit started within a period covered by a limitation period is valid no matter how long it takes to get to trial laches can be applied even in a situation where a lawsuit has been started and the delays would otherwise be reasonable it is generally allowed by a court when a defendant could reasonably have believed that the plaintiff was not going to exercise his or her legal rights and acted on that belief to his or her detriment a defense lawyer raising the defense of laches against a motion for injunctive relief a form of equitable relief might argue that the plaintiff comes waltzing in at the eleventh hour when it is now too late to grant the relief sought at least not without causing great harm that the plaintiff could have avoided in certain types of cases for example cases involving time sensit |
ive matters such as elections a delay of even a few days is likely to be met with a defense of laches even where the applicable statute of limitations might allow the class of action to be commenced within a much longer time period a successful defense of laches will find the court denying the request for equitable relief however even if equitable relief is not available the party may still have an action at law if the statute of limitations has not run out under the federal rules of civil procedure laches is an affirmative defense i e the burden of proving laches is on the defendant a case that arguably could have been defended using laches is british telecom s attempt to collect fees for the use of hypertext over a patent originally applied for in one nine eight zero but which bt did not attempt to enforce until two zero zero one however this defense proved unnecessary the u s court ruled on august two two two zero zero two that the bt patent was not applicable to web technology however in other similar cas |
es such as unisys enforcing its gif patent a laches defence was either not tried or did not stop the enforcement of the submarine patent see also estoppel by acquiescence equity equitable defenses legion can refer to several encyclopedic topics including in military history an organization or military unit a roman legion a polish legion a foreign legion the american legion the czech legion in naval warfare hms legion one of several royal navy ships of the name in bible studies legion demon a demon mentioned in the gospel of mark in literature legion book a novel by william peter blatty in computer science legion model a computer programming model legion software a software package in comic books legion an x men villain the legion of super heroes a dc comics superhero team l e g i o n a dc comics title legion a green lantern villain in video games the legion guild are one of the most respected gaming guilds around originally established in planetarion which is a real time web text game now boast some of the be |
st players in world of warcraft star wars galaxies and anarchy online their moto is vituri te salutant the summonable demons in chaos legion are called legions legion is the name of a prominent recurring enemy in the castlevania series it refers to an enormous mass of dead bodies surrounding an inner core that has beam shooting tentacles and was originally referred to as granfalloon lyman abbott lyman abbott december one eight one eight three five october two two one nine two two was an american divine and author abbott was born at roxbury massachusetts the son of the prolific author educator and historian jacob abbott he graduated at the university of new york in one eight five three studied law and was admitted to the bar in one eight five six but soon abandoned the legal profession and after studying theology with his uncle john stevens cabot abbott was ordained a minister of the congregational church in one eight six zero he was pastor of a church in terre haute indiana in one eight six zero one eight six |
five and of the new england church in new york city in one eight six five one eight six nine from one eight six five to one eight six eight he was secretary of the american union commission later called the american freedmen s bureau in one eight six nine he resigned his pastorate to devote himself to literature he was an associate editor of harper s magazine was editor of the illustrated christian weekly and was co editor one eight seven six one eight eight one of the christian union with henry ward beecher whom he succeeded in one eight eight eight as pastor of plymouth church brooklyn from this pastorate he resigned ten years later from one eight eight one he was editor in chief of the christian union renamed the outlook in one eight nine three this periodical reflected his efforts toward social reform and in theology a liberality humanitarian and nearly unitarian the latter characteristics marked his published works also his works include jesus of nazareth one eight six nine illustrated commentary on the |
new testament four vols one eight seven five a study in human nature one eight eight five life of christ one eight nine four evolution of christianity lowell lectures one eight nine six the theology of an evolutionist one eight nine seven christianity and social problems one eight nine seven life and letters of paul one eight nine eight the life that really is one eight nine nine problems of life one nine zero zero the rights of man one nine zero one henry ward beecher one nine zero three the christian ministry one nine zero five the personality of god one nine zero five industrial problems one nine zero five and christ s secret of happiness one nine zero seven he edited sermons of henry ward beecher two vols one eight six eight external links one eight three five births one nine two two deaths a leap second is an intercalary one second adjustment that keeps broadcast standards for time of day close to mean solar time leap seconds are used to keep time standards synchronized with civil calendars the basis of |
which is astronomical broadcast standards for civil time are based on coordinated universal time utc a time standard which is maintained using extremely precise atomic clocks in order to keep the utc broadcast standard close to mean solar time utc is occasionally corrected by an intercalary adjustment or leap of one one second over long time periods leap seconds must be added at an ever increasing rate which corresponds to a parabola near three one s century see t reason for leap seconds leap seconds are necessary because time is measured utilizing stable atomic clocks tai or international atomic time whereas the rotation of the earth has been slowing down traditionally the second has been defined as one eight six four zero zero of a mean solar day see solar time this is determined by the rotation of the earth around its axis and its orbit around the sun time was measured by astronomical observations however the solar day has gradually become one seven ms longer every century due mainly to the tidal accelera |
tion of the moon the si second that is counted by atomic time standards has been defined in such a way that its length matched the nominal second of one eight six four zero zero of a mean solar day between one seven five zero and one eight nine two since that time the length of the solar day has been slowly increasing therefore the time as measured by the rotation of the earth has been accumulating a delay with respect to atomic time standards from one nine six one to one nine seven one the rate of atomic clocks was constantly slowed down in order to stay in sync with the rotation of the earth before one nine six one broadcast time was synchronized to astronomically determined greenwich mean time from one nine seven two onwards broadcast seconds have been exactly equal to the length of the si second chosen in one nine six seven as a certain number of atomic vibrations utc is counted by atomic clocks but is kept approximately in sync with ut one mean solar time by introducing a leap second whenever necessary t |
his happens when the difference ut one utc is approaching zero nine seconds and is scheduled either between three zero june and one july of a year or between three one december of the current and one january of the next year on january one one nine seven two the initial offset of utc from tai was chosen to be one zero seconds which approximated the total difference which had accumulated between ut one and tai since one nine five eight when tai was defined equal to ut one gmt the table above shows the number of leap seconds added since then the total difference between tai and utc is one zero seconds more than the total number of leap seconds graph showing the difference between ut one and utc vertical segments correspond to leap seconds take care not to confuse the difference between the length of the mean solar day and the si day with the leap second adjustment which is approximately zero seven seconds per year this erroneous line of reasoning confuses velocity with travelled distance in time the correct rea |
son for leap seconds is not the difference but rather the sum of the difference between the length of the si day and the mean solar day currently about zero zero zero two seconds over a given period of time note that the actual rotational period varies on unpredictable factors such as tectonic motion and has to be observed rather than computed for example assume you start counting the seconds from the unix epoch of one two zero zero zero zero am on january one one nine seven zero with an atomic clock at midnight on that day as measured on utc your counter registers zero seconds after earth has made one full rotation with respect to the mean sun your counter will register eight six four zero zero zero zero two once again the precise value will vary seconds based on your counter you can calculate that the date is one two zero zero zero zero am on january two one nine seven zero ut one after exactly five zero zero rotations your counter will register four three two zero zero zero zero one seconds since eight six |
four zero zero five zero zero is four three two zero zero zero zero zero seconds you will calculate that the date is one two zero zero zero one am on may one six one nine seven one exactly five zero zero days after january one one nine seven zero as measured in atomic time utc while it is only one two zero zero zero zero am on may one six one nine seven one in solar time ut one if you had added a leap second on december three one one nine seven zero to your counter then the counter would have a value of four three two zero zero zero zero zero seconds at midnight on may one six one nine seven one and allow you to calculate the correct date the actual system involving leap seconds was set up to allow tai and ut one to have an offset of zero seconds on january one one nine five eight while tidal braking will slow down earth s rotation this will cause the amount of si seconds in a mean solar day to increase from approximately eight six four zero zero zero zero two to eight six four zero zero zero zero five over |
the course of one zero zero years announcement of leap seconds the announcement to insert a leap second is usually issued whenever the difference between utc and ut one approaches zero seven s to keep the difference between utc and ut one from exceeding zero nine s after utc two three five nine five nine a positive leap second at two three five nine six zero would be counted before the clock indicates zero zero zero zero zero zero of the next day negative leap seconds are also possible should the earth s rotation become slightly faster in that case two three five nine five eight would be followed by zero zero zero zero zero zero leap seconds occur only at the end of a utc month and have only ever been inserted at the end of june three zero or december three one unlike leap days they occur simultaneously worldwide for example the leap second on three one december was observed as six five nine six zero pm u s eastern standard time it is the responsibility of the international earth rotation and reference system |
s service iers to measure the earth s rotation and determine whether a leap second is necessary their determination is announced in bulletin c typically published every six months historically leap seconds have been inserted about every one eight months however the earth s rotation rate is unpredictable in the long term so it is not possible to predict the need for them more than six months in advance between january one nine seven two and december two zero zero five the iers gave instructions to insert a leap second on two three occasions the interval between one nine nine nine zero one zero one and two zero zero five one two three one was the longest period without a leap second since the system was introduced leap seconds are also not included directly in gps time although a regularly broadcast message notes how far gpst and utc are apart some time signal broadcasts give of the impending leap second proposal to redefine utc and abolish leap seconds on july five two zero zero five the head of the earth orie |
ntation center of the iers sent a notice to iers bulletins c and d subscribers soliciting comments on a proposal before the itu r study group seven s wp seven a to eliminate leap seconds from the utc broadcast standard before two zero zero eight the itu r is responsible for the definition of utc the wall street journal noted that the proposal was considered by a us official to be a private matter internal to the itu as of july two zero zero five it was expected to be considered in november two zero zero five but the discussion has since been postponed under the proposal leap seconds would be technically replaced by leap hours as an attempt to satisfy the legal requirements of several itu r member nations that civil time be astronomically tied to the sun many commentators consider the proposal to be flawed in many ways little justification for changing utc has been presented no serious analysis of the costs of the change or not making a change has been attempted the meaning of the term utc in existing document |
s technical and legal and existing software will become ambiguous all references to utc will have to be reviewed to ascertain whether the original intent was to be mean solar time or to be atomic time or simply to be the conventional civil time scale which happens to be in current use all reported surveys inquiring about a change to utc produced results which did not indicate that any change was desired two timescales that do not follow leap seconds are already available international atomic time tai and gps time gps time is easily obtained with inexpensive receivers the time indicated by sundials would no longer bear a fixed relation to civil time but united states federal law indicates that the legal time of the us is based on mean solar time the cgpm general congress of weights and measures the international force behind the si recommendation to use utc is predicated on the fact that the leaps keep it reasonably close to mean solar time when the proponents convened an international colloquium in two zero z |
ero three they were told not to change utc because that would confuse everyone about its meaning but to define a new time scale whose purpose was to serve their needs they were also told that leap hours were not acceptable the process of discussing the proposals has been mostly shrouded in secrecy for years relevant itu documents and meetings are not publicly available on the other pro side of the discussion are several arguments some of these have only become relevant with the recent wide spread proliferation of computers using utc as their internal time representation for example as things presently stand it is not possible to correctly compute the elapsed interval between two stated instants of utc without consulting manually updated and maintained tables of when leap seconds have occurred moreover it is not possible even in theory to compute such time intervals for instants more than about six months in the future this is not a matter of computer programmers being lazy rather the uncertainty of leap secon |
ds introduces to those applications needing accurate notions of elapsed time intervals either fundamentally new and often untenable operational burdens for computer systems the need to be online and do lookups or unsurmountable theoretical concerns the inability in a utc based computer to accurately schedule any event more than six months in the future a counter to this argument is that computers need not use utc they could use either tai or gps time and convert to utc or local civil time as necessary for output gps time is an especially convenient choice as inexpensive gps timing receivers are readily available and the satellite broadcasts include the necessary information to convert gps time to utc it is also easy to convert gps time to tai as tai is always exactly one nine seconds ahead of gps time examples of systems based on gps time include the cdma digital cellular systems is nine five and cdma two zero zero zero see also unix time for a common way to overlook leap seconds in computer systems reference |
s ahuja anjana three zero october two zero zero five savouring the last leap second in history new straits times p f one zero grossman wendy m november two zero zero five wait a second scientific american p one two one three external links utc vs ut one one nine seven two two zero zero five iers bulletin c where leap seconds are announced iers information about bulletin c and when leap seconds may occur iers archive to view old announcements usno article on leap seconds leap seconds in ntp gps dcf seven seven dynamic differences between utc and tai how to watch a leap second the year two zero zero five to have leap second added npr audio segment by joe palca nist faq about leap year and leap second should utc be redefined and or should leap seconds go away the leap second its history and possible future r a nelson et al metrologia two zero zero one utc might be redefined without leap seconds extensive references by steve allen at lick observatory summary of the us working group proposal and brief responses op |
position to the change from kenneth seidelmann a member of the us working party seven a uswp seven a efforts to abolish leap seconds from markus kuhn the leapsecs mailing list archive and joining info timekeeping painting of luca pacioli attributed to jacopo de barbari one four nine five controversial attribution see the hereinafter external links table is filled with geometrical tools slate chalk compass a dodecahedron model and a rhombicuboctahedron half filed with water is hanging in the air pacioli is demonstrating a theorem by euclid fra luca bartolomeo de pacioli sometimes paciolo one four four five one five one four was an italian mathematician and franciscan friar he was also called luca di borgo after his birthplace borgo san sepolcro tuscany luca pacioli studied in venice and rome and became a franciscan friar in the one four seven zero s he was a travelling mathematics teacher until one four nine seven when he accepted an invitation by lodovico sforza to work in milan there he collaborated with leo |
nardo da vinci pacioli published several works on mathematics including summa de arithmetica geometrica proportioni et proportionalita venice one four nine four a synthesis of the mathematical knowledge of his time geometry one five zero nine a latin translation of euclid divina proportione venice one five zero nine a work on mathematical and artistic proportion summa de arithmetica included the first published description of the venetian method of keeping accounts known as double entry book keeping for this accomplishment luca pacioli is widely regarded as the father of accounting leonardo da vinci drew the illustrations of the regular solids published in divina proportione while he lived with and took mathematics lessons from pacioli the work discusses the mathematics of the golden ratio and its application in architecture da vinci s drawings are probably the first illustrations of skeletonic solids which allowed an easy distinction between front and back the work also discusses the use of perspective by pa |
inters such as piero della francesca melozzo da forl and marco palmezzano quote the first ever printed version of the rhombicuboctahedron by leonardo da vinci as appeared in the divina proportione woodcut from the divina proportione depicting the golden proportion as it applies to the human face references pacioli luca divina proportione luca paganinem de paganinus de brescia antonio capella one five zero nine venice taylor emmet r no royal road luca pacioli and his times one nine four two external links luca pacioli the father of accounting full biography of pacioli st andrews luca pacioli s portrait attributive question one four four five births one five one seven deaths italian mathematicians one five th century mathematicians one six th century mathematicians leonardo da vinci accounting the lower mainland is the name that residents of british columbia apply to the region surrounding the city of vancouver as of two zero zero five over two five million people live in the region while the term has been reco |
rded from the earliest period of european settlement in british columbia it has never been officially defined in legal terms however it is the name of an ecoregion a geoclimatic region that comprises the eastern part of the georgia depression and extends from powell river british columbia on the sunshine coast to hope at the eastern end of the fraser valley the lower mainland ecoregion is a part of the pacific maritime ecozone regional districts and first nations territories today the term lower mainland includes four legally defined regional districts the greater vancouver regional district gvrd the fraser valley regional district fvrd the powell river regional district and the sunshine coast regional district it also includes a number of reserves and traditional territories of the shishalh sechelt the sto lo and several other coast salish first nations the greater vancouver regional district is made up of two one municipalities anmore belcarra bowen island burnaby coquitlam delta langley city langley townsh |
ip lions bay maple ridge new westminster north vancouver city north vancouver district pitt meadows port coquitlam port moody richmond surrey vancouver west vancouver and white rock the greater vancouver regional district is bordered on the west by the strait of georgia to the north by the squamish lillooet regional district on the east by the fraser valley regional district and to the south by whatcom county washington in the united states the traditional territories of the musqueam and tsleil wauthuth lie within the gvrd the fraser valley regional district is comprised of the municipalities of abbotsford agassiz chilliwack hope and mission the traditional territory of the sto lo first nation is mostly within this regional district the sunshine coast regional district extends from jervis inlet to howe sound and includes the communities of gibsons and sechelt the regional district of powell river is bounded by jervis inlet in the south and toba inlet in the north the area encompasses several rural communities |
the sliammon first nation a small section of the sechelt indian government district lands the municipality of powell river and lasqueti texada savary and hernando islands ecoregion described the lower mainland ecoregion is bounded by the coast and cascade mountains and traversed by the fraser river it has a unique climate flora and fauna geology and land use the following description is adapted from the narrative descriptions of terrestrial ecozones and ecoregions of canada boundaries the ecoregion extends west from the skagit range of the cascade mountains at chilliwack to the fraser river delta at richmond and north to include a portion of the georgia lowland along the sunshine coast climate the mean annual temperature in the lower mainland is nine c with a summer mean of one five c and a winter mean of three five c annual precipitation ranges from an annual mean of eight five zero mm in the west end to two zero zero zero mm in the eastern end of the fraser valley and at higher elevations maximum precipita |
tion occurs as rain in winter less than ten percent falls as snow at sea level but the amount of snowfall increases significantly with elevation flora and fauna coast douglas fir forests with an understory of salal oregon grape and moss are typical of the mature native vegetation found throughout the ecoregion mixed stands of coast douglas fir grand fir and western hemlock are common with some dogwood and arbutus occurring on drier sites red alder is a common pioneer species where sites have been disturbed wet sites support coast douglas fir western hemlock and western redcedar wildlife includes black tailed deer coyote raccoon shorebirds and waterfowl geology the ecoregion is underlain by unconsolidated glaciofluvial deposits silty alluvium silty and clayey marine sediments and glacial till bedrock outcrops of mesozoic and palaeozoic origin form rolling hills up to about three one zero metres above sea level the fraser river dominates this lowland gleysols mesisols and humisols are the dominant wetland soils |
in the region while eutric and dystric brunisols and some podzols have developed on sandy to loamy outwash and glacial till in the uplands land use the region includes a mix of urban settlement and agricultural land comprising both the largest population centre and some of the most fertile farmland in british columbia intensive agriculture occurs on the rich bottomland of the fraser valley where it competes with urban development forestry takes place on the slopes of the mountains there are about eight seven zero square kilometres of productive farmland in the ecoregion coastal salt marshes provide important wildlife habitat in the fraser delta and boundary bay there is rapid urban and suburban growth in the vancouver area and communities in the fraser valley and sunshine coast the main population centre in this ecoregion is greater vancouver other centres include north vancouver chilliwack abbotsford and mission narrative descriptions of terrestrial ecozones and ecoregions of canada environment canada popul |
ation according to the two zero zero one canada census there were two two five five eight four five people living in the communities of the lower mainland this is comprised of two two two one one five in the fraser valley regional district one nine eight six nine six five in the greater vancouver regional district one nine seven six five in the powell river regional district and two seven zero zero zero in the sunshine coast regional district the population in the greater vancouver regional district is up eight five from the one nine nine six census figures for the population of the cities within the gvrd see greater vancouver regional district municipalities government websites for the lower mainland fraser valley regional district http www fvrd com index php abbotsford http www city abbotsford bc ca chilliwack http www gov chilliwack bc ca main mission http www city mission bc ca welcome htm greater vancouver regional district http www gvrd bc ca anmore http www anmore com belcarra http www belcarra ca bowe |
n island http www bowen island bc com burnaby http www city burnaby bc ca coquitlam http www coquitlam ca delta http www corp delta bc ca langley city http www city langley bc ca langley township http www township langley bc ca lions bay http www lionsbay citymax com maple ridge http district maple ridge bc ca new westminster http www city new westminster bc ca north vancouver city http www cnv org north vancouver district http www district north van bc ca pitt meadows http www pittmeadows bc ca port coquitlam http www city port coquitlam bc ca port moody http www city port moody bc ca richmond http www richmond ca surrey http www city surrey bc ca vancouver http vancouver ca west vancouver http www westvancouver net white rock http www city whiterock bc ca powell river regional district http www powellriverrd bc ca sunshine coast regional district http www scrd bc ca index html see also coquitlam now geography of british columbia metropolitan areas of canada lucius afranius was also the name of a consul of s |
ix zero bc lucius afranius a roman comic poet flourished about nine four bc his comedies chiefly dealt with everyday subjects from roman middle class life and he himself tells us that he borrowed freely from menander and others he had a vigorous and correct style and expressed the moral tone of his period horace epp ii one five seven cicero brutus four five de fin i three quintilian x one one zero zero fragments about four zero zero lines in ribbeck scaenicae romanorum poesis fragmenta ii one eight nine eight references roman era poets the post office railway also known as mail rail is a narrow gauge driverless private underground railway in london built by the post office to move mail between sorting offices inspired by the chicago tunnel company it was in operation from one nine two seven until two zero zero three it ran east west from paddington head district sorting office in the west to the eastern head district sorting office at whitechapel in the east a distance of six five miles one zero five km it ha |
d eight stations but by two zero zero three only three stations remained in use because the sorting offices above the other stations had been relocated a memo leaked in april two zero zero three revealed that the system would be closed and mothballed i e removed from active service at the end of may that year royal mail had earlier stated that using the post office railway was five times more expensive than using road transport for the same task the communication workers union claimed the actual figure was closer to three times more expensive but argued that this was the result of a deliberate policy of running the system down and using it at only one third of its capacity despite a report by the greater london authority in support of the continued use of mail rail the system was taken out of use in the early hours of three one may two zero zero three some of the former mail rail trains have now taken up residence at the launceston steam railway see also london post office railway rolling stock subterranean l |
ondon list of british heritage and private railways chicago tunnel company external links enthusiast website unofficial mailrail web page alternative link london post office railway detailed information on construction and operation postal heritage trust page on mail rail guardian article on proposed mothballing gla report on the closure in pdf format this is local london news report on the closure a times online article on the railway being for sale london post office railway london s railways subterranea lulach lulach mac gillai comgain c one zero two nine march one seven one zero five eight was king of scots between august one five one zero five seven and march one seven one zero five eight he was the last king of the house of alpin he appears to have been a weak king and was indeed known as lulach the simple or lulach the fool he does however have the distinction of being the first king of scotland of whom there are coronation details available he was crowned in august one zero five seven at scone abbey i |
n perth and kinross lulach was said to be the son of princess gruoch of scotland lady macbeth from her first marriage to gilla coemg in mormaer of moray and thus the stepson of mac bethad following the death in battle of macbeth in one zero five seven the king s followers placed lulach in the throne despite strong resistance from the of faction of m el coluim iii lulach ruled only for a few months before being assassinated and succeeded by m el coluim width three zero align center rowspan two preceded by mac bethad width four zero align center king of scots one zero five seven one zero five eight width three zero align center succeeded by m el coluim iii width four zero align center mormaer of moray one zero five seven one zero five eight width three zero align center m el snechtai one zero two nine births one zero five eight deaths scottish monarchs medieval gaels laparoscopic surgery also called keyhole surgery when natural body openings are not used bandaid surgery or minimally invasive surgery mis is a su |
rgical technique medically laparoscopic surgery refers only to operations within the abdomen or pelvic cavity laparoscopic surgery belongs to the field of endoscopy cholecystectomy as seen through a laparoscope a laparoscope consists of a hopkins rod lens system that is usually connected to a videocamera single chip or three chip a fibre optic cable system connected to a cold light source halogen or xenon to illuminate the operative field inserted through a five mm or one zero mm canula to view the operative field additional five one zero mm thin instruments can be introduced by the surgeon through side ports rather than a two zero cm cut as in traditional cholecystectomy two to five cuts of five one five mm will be sufficient to perform a laparoscopic removal of a gallbladder the abdomen is usually insufflated with carbon dioxide gas to create a working and viewing space this approach is intended to minimise operative blood loss and post operative pain and speeds up recovery times however in some cases the p |
ain caused by the carbon dioxide leaving the body is severe and painkillers have little or no effect the restricted vision difficult handling of the instruments hand eye coordination lack of tactile perception and the limited working area can increase the possibility of damage to surrounding organs and vessels either accidentally or through the difficulty of procedures the first transatlantic surgery ever performed was a laparoscopic gallbladder removal surgery medical treatments lexicography is either of two things practical lexicography is the art or craft of writing dictionaries theoretical lexicography is the scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the semantic relationships within the lexicon vocabulary of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries this is sometimes referred to as metalexicography a person devoted to lexicography is called a lexicographer famously defined in samuel johnson s dictionary of the english language one s |
even five five as a writer of dictionaries a harmless drudge that busies himself in tracing the original and detailing the signification of words general lexicography focuses on the design compilation use and evaluation of general dictionaries i e dictionaries that provide a description of the language in general use such a dictionary is usually called a general dictionary or lgp dictionary specialized lexicography focuses on the design compilation use and evaluation of specialized dictionaries i e dictionaries that are devoted to a relatively restricted set of linguistic and factual elements of one or more specialist subject fields e g legal lexicography such a dictionary is usually called a specialized dictionary or lsp dictionary there is some disagreement on the definition of lexicology as distinct from lexicography some use lexicology as a synonym for theoretical lexicography others use it to mean a branch of linguistics pertaining to the inventory of words in a particular language it is now widely accep |
ted that lexicography is a scholarly discipline in its own right and not a sub branch of linguistics aspects of lexicography organizing the components of the dictionary choose the appropriate structures for presenting the data in the dictionary selecting words choosing lemma forms for each word defining words organizing definitions specifying pronunciations of words labeling definitions and pronunciations for register and dialect where appropriate recommended reading introductory books on lexicography landau sidney dictionaries the art and craft of lexicography two nd ed two zero zero one bergenholtz henning tarp sven eds manual of specialised lexicography one nine nine five bejoint henri modern lexicography an introduction two zero zero zero hartmann r r k teaching and researching lexicography two zero zero one hartmann r r k james gregory comps dictionary of lexicography one nine nine eight two zero zero one nielsen sandro the bilingual lsp dictionary one nine nine four ooi vincent computer corpus lexicogra |
phy one nine nine eight http www fas nus edu sg ell vincent jonathon green chasing the sun dictionary makers and the dictionaries they made pimlico isbn zero seven one two six six two one six two see also monolingual learner s dictionary lexigraf external links centre for lexicography international journal of lexicography dictionary society of north america euralex european association for lexicography afrilex african association for lexicography australex australasian association for lexicography nordic federation for lexicography lexicography the la style lindy is a dance a style of the lindy hop it is similar to the hollywood style lindy hop with a few technical changes in the foot work and not as many steps it is a described lindy basic steps are shortened or cheated to create this look the style is geared towards performance and is heavily based on short choreographies originating in los angeles california la style is a favorite on the west coast of the united states lindy hop for the peruvian rock group |
see l bido for the cushitic language see libido language libido in its common usage means sexual desire however more technical definitions such as found in the work of carl jung are more general referring to libido as the free creative or psychic energy an individual has to put toward personal development or individuation psychology sigmund freud introduced the term and pointed out that libido is the instinctual energy or force that can come into conflict with the conventions of civilized behavior it is the need to conform to society and control the libido contained in what freud defined as the id that leads to tension and disturbance in both society and the individual this disturbance freud labelled neurosis thus libido has to be transformed into social useful energy according to freud through the process of sublimation libido is generally considered synonymous with such concepts as lan vital and psychophysiological energy related concepts from eastern philosophy include kundalini and tantra libido can also |
be classified as the urge to create life for humanity the natural way in which this occurs is through sex however at a deep subconscious level the two can be merged as one given the reason in evolutionary terms for sexual attraction and sex drive using this term the antonym of libido is destrudo see also eros freud physiology physicians and psychiatrists consider reductions in libido to be a type of sexual dysfunction and treat it as a medical problem for example decreases in libido are linked to decreases in naturally produced estrogen in women or testosterone in both men and women hormone deficiencies that cause libido decrease are treated by hormone replacement therapy many medical conditions or treatments also cause decrease of libido surgery fatigue psychiatric conditions such as depression or anxiety and pain can lead to lower libido some medications also produce drops in libido such as ssris sometimes the libido decrease from ssris can be permanent see pssd article libido decrease is also associated w |
ith aging and pregnancy see also cathexis lust sexual attraction destrudo thanatos mortido motivation freudian psychology jungian psychology this article is about a city in greece for other meanings see larissa disambiguation larissa greek l risa is the capital city of the thessaly periphery of greece and capital of the larissa prefecture it is a main agricultural centre and a transportation hub linked by rail with the port of volos and with thessaloniki salonika and athens the population oft the greater area is one six five zero zero zero people the dominance of agriculture has made larissa one of the main bulwarks of the greek communist party geography the elevation of larissa airport is seven three m the skiing resort of pilio is to the east and is the closest resort which is five nine km e history traces of paleolithic human settlement have been recovered from the area but it was peripheral to areas of advanced culture the area around larissa was extremely fruitful it was agriculturally important and in a |
ntiquity was known for its horses the city finally moved closer to the rest of greece the name larissa which pre dates indo european languages was common to many pelasgian towns thus in greek mythology larissa or larisa was vaguely personified as a daughter of pelasgus though no specific myth was connected with her larissa written larisa on ancient coins and inscriptions is near the site of the homeric argissa it appears in early times when thessaly was mainly governed by a few aristocratic families as an important city under the rule of the aleuadae whose authority extended over the whole district of pelasgiotis this powerful family possessed for many generations before three six nine bc the privilege of furnishing the tagus or generalissimo of the combined thessalian forces the principal rivals of the aleuadae were the scopadac of crannon the remains of which called by the turks old larissa are about one four miles south west the inhabitants sided with athens during the peloponnesian war and during the roma |
n invasion their city was of considerable importance since the five th century it has been the seat of an archbishop larissa was the headquarters of ali pasha during the greek war of independence and of the crown prince constantine during the greco turkish war of one eight nine seven the flight of the greek army from this place to pharsala took place on the two three april one eight nine seven until one eight eight one it was the seat of a pasha in the wilaya of iannina in turkish it was known as yeni ehr i fenar new town in greece its long subjection to ottoman rule has left little trace of antiquity it was formerly a turkish military centre and most of the people were of turkish origin in the one nine th century there was a small village in the outskirts of town inhabited by africans from the sudan a curious remnant of the forces collected by ali pasha in the one nine th century the town produced leather cotton silk and tobacco fevers and agues were prevalent owing to bad drainage and the overflowing of the |
river and the death rate was higher than the birth rate it was also renowned for the minarets of its mosques four of which were still in use in the early part of the two zero th century and the muslim burial grounds a considerable portion of the turkish population emigrated in one eight eight one during the greco turkish war of one eight nine seven turkish troops entered the city once again after a treaty for peace was signed they withdrew and larissa remained permanently in greece this was followed by a further exodus of turks in one eight nine eight historical population larissa from space november two zero zero four one eight eight nine one three six one zero city one nine zero seven one eight zero zero one city one nine zero seven nine five zero six six prefecture one nine nine one two seven seven nine seven three prefecture two zero zero one one two six zero seven six city two zero zero one two seven nine three zero five prefecture sporting teams ael one nine six four first division a ethniki greek cham |
pions one nine eight eight cup winners one nine eight five apollonas larissas olympia larissas basketball team gs larisas basketball team geological features named after larissa larissa chasma on dione an important location in roman history when greece was part of the roman empire during ancient times persons konstantinos chalkias yannis goumas may two four one nine seven five a panathinaikos football soccer player kostas gousgounis fani halkia thanassis papakonstantinou one nine five nine in tyrnavos george seremetis one eight seven nine in skamnia elassonas one nine five zero lakis lazopoulos actor comedian script author one nine one one encyclopedia article tei larissa forecast in larissa larissa city council website only in greek larissacity com a website on the city of larissa greek prefectural capitals cities and towns in greece larissa in partner dancing the two partners are labelled as the leader and the follower or lead and follow traditionally the male partner leads and the female partner follows a |
leader controls the way the dance will go he decides which moves or figures will be danced and how to move the follow the follower does what the name implies and follows the lead for the leader and follower to interact with each other a connection must be established more advanced dancers will take many cues from each other and communicating feedback to the leader to incorporate into leader s own styling and leads beginning leaders try to control nine nine of the dance advanced leaders try to control five one of the dance the follower styles her own moves as she likes within the parameters communicated by the lead the leader has different steps to do than the follower in face to face positions of the couple the follower generally mirrors the leader s footwork i e if the leader begins on the left foot the follower will begin on the right foot in choreographed pieces tandem charleston and other situations where the follower is in a tandem position or shadow position the leader and follower will use the same foo |
twork in general the lead starts by transferring his weight i e moves his body which moves his arms and the rest of him in general the follower starts by being pushed or pulled which leads her body which directs her feet and the rest of her leaders must initiate every move slightly before the beat for the energy and motion to ripple through and affect the follow on time one goal of partner dancing is to move in ways that one dancer alone cannot hijacking sometimes the follower steals the lead and they reverse roles for some time this is called hijacking or of course lead stealing hijacking requires experience and good connection since without proper timing it may look like sloppy dancing a signal for hijacking is typically an unusually changed mostly increased stress in the connection from the follower s side unusually means more than typically required for the execution of the current step by these partners for a follower to hijack they must be sure that the leader will understand or at least guess the follo |
wer s intentions advanced swing dance dancers do this to enhance their dance connection and to add more fun into the dance another way of breaking the routine of the dance is syncopation the second meaning making more steps than required by the standard description of the dance pattern syncopations are easier for the leader to cope with since the leader does not have to change the intended dance figure although experienced dancers try and match the fancy footwork of the partner at least in rhythm so in a sense syncopation may be perceived as mild hijacking this is not as difficult as it might seem since good dancers match their footwork to musical accents backleading the term means that the follower executes steps without waiting for or contrary to or interfering with the lead of the leader this is also called anticipation and usually considered bad dancing habit the above sounds similar to hijacking and indeed it is often used in place of hijacking however the two terms have significant differences stemming |
from intentions the first superficial difference hijacking is usually an occasional outburst of the follower who otherwise diligently follows the lead while a backleader may do this almost on every other step the second a more significant one hijacking is an actual lead i e a hijacker does their stuff and watches for the leader to follow reversed roles while backleading is taking care only about one s own dancing in some cases backleading may be ok e g doing a double turn instead of a single turn unless it endangers the leader backleading is often used intentionally by an instructor when dancing with a student leader in order to help him learn the desired technique and of course a backlead is extremely welcome and advised if it is intended to prevent an accident on the dance floor body lead vs arm lead a body lead occurs where the leader initiates a lead by moving his body which moves his arm s and thus transmits a lead to the follower an arm lead occurs where the leader moves his arm s without moving his bod |
y or moves his body in a different direction to his arm in most dances body leads are preferred to arm leads it is possible for the leader to move his arm faster than the follower can move her body so she cannot faithfully follow the lead this is not possible with a body lead techniques of leading the leader has to communicate the direction of the movement to the follower as traditionally the right hand of the man is on the natural bra line of the woman s back this is the strongest part of her back and is the safest place for the man s hand to be and he can easily pull her body towards him to communicate a step forward backward for the girl the woman has to constantly put a little weight against the right hand of the man when the man goes forward and so does the hand on her shoulder she is already going backwards before she notices the cue the second important leading mechanism is the male left hand which holds the female right hand at no point it should be necessary for any partner to firmly grab the other s |
hand it is sufficient to press the hand or even only finger tips slightly against each other the following hand harmonically following the leading hand the third important leading mechanism is the hip contact though not possible in traditional latin dances because of partner separation like rumba cha cha tango argentino hip contact is a harmonic and sensual way of communicating movement to the partner used primarily in standard or ballroom dances english slow waltz european tango quickstep etc sometimes it is highly necessary to get the figures done correctly and with more ease in caribbean dances the hip contact is more for the sensual touch and quickly gets into the way of the more advanced figures recovery recovery from miscommunication sometimes a miscommunication is possible between the leader an follower a general rule here is do not wrestle but do not stop dancing techniques of the recovery of connection and syhchronization vary from dance to dance but there are some common tricks in dances without ob |
ligatory body contact latin swing hustle american smooth free spin recovers from anything in dances danced in body contact waltz tango it is very important to recover the feet match beginners are tempted to look down on their feet please don t to recover leaders may initiate a well known e g basic step with slightly exaggerated sideways shift of weight to force the follower to free the required foot for example in waltz or foxtrot a good suggestion would be to manage to end a measure in the open promenade position there would be no doubt as to the direction of the movement and which foot to use at the beginning of the next measure obstruction avoidance a general rule is that both leader and follower watch each other s back collision avoidance is one of the cases when the follower is actually required to backlead or at least to communicate about the danger to the leader and the leaders have to expect this normal floor traffic in travelling dances such as waltz common follower s signals of danger are an unusual |
resistance to the lead or a slight tap by the shoulder crying timber is usually too late especially with the loud music of a dance hall in open position dances such as swing or latin dances maintaining eye contact with the partner besides being a generic rule of good dancing is an important safety communication link many dances have simple moves dedicated to changing the direction of travel to be used e g at the corners of the floor or to avoid an obstacle examples are change of direction in foxtrot and hover telemark waltz foxtrot crowded floor a common sense would be to make smaller steps especially backwards to maintain shorter arm connection in open positions and to avoid long patterns with several changes of directions slots unless you can smoothly break them at any moment in travelling dances absolutely avoid patterns that have steps against the line of dance see also dance swing lindy hop connection musicality external links while most of the basic rules of lead follow are universal some advices may b |
e of different applicability for different styles of dance and levels of dance skill one frequently asked questions about lead and follow two notes for leaders advice on how to be a better leader three notes for followers advice on how to be a better follower partner dance technique a lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are different forms of the same word for example english run runs ran and running are forms of the same lexeme a related concept is the lemma or citation form which is a particular form of a lexeme that is chosen by convention to represent a canonical form of a lexeme lemmas are used in dictionaries as the headwords and other forms of a lexeme are often listed later in the entry if they are unusual in some way a lexeme belongs to a particular syntactic category has a particular meaning semantic value and in inflecting languages has a corresponding inflectional paradigm that is a lexeme in many languages will have m |
any different forms for example the lexeme for run has a present third person singular form runs a present non third singular form run a past form ran and a present participle running the use of the forms of a lexeme is governed by rules of grammar in the case of english verbs such as run these include subject verb agreement and compound tense rules which determine which form of a verb can be used in a given sentence a lexicon consists of lexemes in many formal theories of language lexemes have subcategorization frames to account for the number and types of complements they occur within sentences and other syntactic structures the notion of a lexeme is very central to morphology and thus many other notions can be defined in terms of it for example the difference between inflection and derivation can be stated in terms of lexemes inflectional rules relate a lexeme to its forms derivational rules relate a lexeme to another lexeme see also morphology linguistics lexicography lexical word vs grammatical word ling |
uistic morphology lightworks formerly ole limited was founded at the end of the one nine eight nine by paul bamborough nick pollock and neil harris using a control interface similar to the industry standard steenbeck controller they produced a film editing video editing computer based non linear editing system it had a number of for its time unique features such as sync slip synchronized varispeed playback with audio scrubbing synchronized multi channel playback and an object oriented user interface with a dedicated hardware console some of these features are still unmatched by other competing systems the system went on to win scientific and technical academy awards and emmy awards the development team contained former members of the computer games company magnetic scrolls and the computer film company some of whom went on to join the sohonet media network development team sold to tektronix in one nine nine four who were not successful at developing the company s products and then on sold to the newly formed |
lightworks inc in one nine nine nine then owned by fairlight japan and then purchased by gee broadcast in two zero zero four under new ownership new product releases have resumed with the release of the new lightworks touch range and the alacrity range for hd editing the system has been used to edit many television programs and feature films external links lightworks magnetic scrolls gee broadcast video and movie technology alternate meaning the love parade a one nine two nine film siegess ule love parade two zero zero one dancer love parade two zero zero one the love parade is a popular festival and parade that originated in berlin one nine eight nine and has now spread throughout the world past love parades have occurred in tel aviv mexico city acapulco vienna cape town san francisco and santiago only the acapulco san francisco tel aviv and santiago love parades continue to operate history the love parade has its roots back to one nine eight nine in the spirit of a changing europe it was first celebrated fo |
ur months before the demolition of the berlin wall it was started by the fresh berlin underground under the initiative of matthias roeingh aka dr motte it was held as a political demonstration for peace and international understanding through music even though its true intention was probably just to have a party until one nine nine six the parade was held on the famous berlin ku damm since by then not only the ku damm was overcrowded but the streets and even railway tracks near the ku damm too the parade moved to the stra e des one seven juni which is near the tiergarten park in the center of berlin by the brandenburg gate and provided plenty of space the center of the parade is the siegess ule victory column in the middle of the park and the golden angel atop the column has become a symbol of the parade many people from germany poland and other countries travel to berlin to take part in the parade over a million attended in the years one nine nine seven through two zero zero zero and eight zero zero zero zer |
o zero in two zero zero one attendance at the two zero zero one festival was significantly lower because the date of the parade was changed with little advance notice two zero zero two and two zero zero three also saw lower figures and in two zero zero four and two zero zero five the parade was canceled due to funding difficulties techno means in this case mainly progressive house techno and schranz music attempts to introduce other music styles such as hip hop have failed hardcore and gabber music were part of the parade in early years but were later removed they are now celebrated separately on a counter demonstration called fuckparade anyone who wants to experience love parade at the middle weekend of july should be aware of the fact that it is louder and more crowded than most concerts with its water cooled sound systems on every truck the parade produces a sound floor of many megawatts the parade basically lives through those trucks the trucks usually feature local or important clubs and their djs it has |
become a rule that only trucks which have sponsors from a techno related field such as clubs labels or stores are allowed it costs a lot of money to equip a truck they are usually open on top and feature dancers their box systems are mounted on the side or the rear there are two tactics to choose from follow a truck that features a style that you like or have them all pass you so you can see more love parade is a place to exhibit and enjoy other people s exhibitionist tendencies some people enjoy carrying around back in the days toys such as pacifiers or facing masks but usually the crowd is quite imaginative in terms of clothing or the lack thereof and appearance one famous picture from the love parade is people sitting and dancing on street lanterns trees commercial signs telephone booths and other which gave the nickname the greatest amateur circus on earth to this event although it is not allowed there is probably no better way to see and be seen however some people used this for special jokes like hangi |
ng up things such as bicycle locks on trees and poles but such actions are very rare the police of berlin are usually quite tolerant when it comes to people enjoying themselves there haven t been any major incidents in over twelve years of parade history except the high drug use and people passing out due to dehydration or overheating the number of injuries as well as the number of crimes is extraordinarily low the finale of the demonstration is every year the so called abschlusskundgebung which are half hour sets of the world s leading top djs such as dj rush dj hell westbam miss djax or chris liebing during this time all trucks usually about four zero are connected to each other and set online to the statue of victory where the turntables are this is one of the few chances a dj can ever have to play for a crowd of about one million people with the end of the parade the fun is far from over love parade weekend in berlin is probably the only time and place worldwide where a whole city is practically turned in |
to a club many djs are booked for one of the huge number of parties that are held before and after the parade parties range from clubs with some hundred mostly exclusive guests to almost raves with several floors and some ten thousand folks many people today come to berlin only for the parties and miss the parade in order to sleep or they enjoy it with other ravers in the park right next to the parade route the love parade may be a dinosaur and together with mayday nature one and few others the remainder of a rave culture that marked the beginning of the era of modern techno music there are similar festivals in other cities like z rich s street parade and love parades in vienna in two zero zero one the official parade in newcastle upon tyne was cancelled after the police refused a licence bbc radio one still hosted a more contained event however in the fall of two zero zero four the love parade was held in san francisco marking its first expansion into north america with the success of two zero zero four s ev |
ent it was held again in san francisco in two zero zero five with great success and will be held again in two zero zero six and forever indefinitely as a permanent event there legal issues the love parade is a very special case by german law the state has to pay for security during political demonstrations as well as cleaning up the streets after the demonstration in case of a commercial event however the organizer has to pay for all this for a large event like the love parade the costs are quite high an estimated three zero zero zero zero zero to four zero zero zero zero zero euro the love parade was initially held as a political demonstration to save costs however it is organized by two companies set up just for the love parade the name of the demonstration love parade is a registered trademark and the organizing companies have been busy getting license fees for the use of their name this not only included merchandise and cds but also fees for participating clubs vendors of soft drinks and the like along th |
e streets and even broadcasting fees for the tv stations mtv and germany s counterpart viva due to this there have been arguments between the organizers and the city of berlin every year about the status of the love parade and who pays for it finally in two zero zero one the courts ruled that the love parade had to be held as commercial event in two zero zero four the organizers claimed they do not have the necessary funds anymore to host it again since there are numerous other love parade like but commercial events in germany there are speculations that the funding is not or at least only one reason for the cancellation the other being the fast dropping number of participants list of love parades in berlin cyborg love parade two zero zero one note the participants figure is the estimate given by the organizers police estimates have usually been as much as three zero lower accurate counts are not available since entry is free and uncontrolled future of love parade the love parade will return to berlin in two |
zero zero six after being canceled in two zero zero four and two zero zero five due to a lack of funds the two zero zero six version will be celebrated on july one five two zero zero six after a gym chain offered a million euros to host the event the date is a week after the end of the football world cup held in that country an alternative parade in berlin is the techno demonstration fuckparade every year since one nine nine seven in july or august different versions of the love parade have been popping up around the world in places like santiago chile tel aviv and mexico city the love parade officially continues on in the city of san francisco as they had held their inaugural parade in september two zero zero four with three seven zero zero zero attending the parade was held again in san francisco in september two zero zero five as a rousing success drawing over five zero six zero zero zero zero people it is scheduled to continue in two zero zero six the first love parade in santiago was held in two zero zer |
o five and gathered over one zero zero zero zero zero people the two zero zero six version gathered over two zero zero zero zero zero people external links link to a german language website love parade berlin link to a spanish language website love parade mexico city love parade san francisco link to a spanish language website love parade santiago love parade tel aviv electronic music festivals parades the term lost generation was coined by gertrude stein to refer to a group of american literary notables who lived in paris in the one nine two zero s and one nine three zero s significant members included ernest hemingway f scott fitzgerald ezra pound sherwood anderson waldo peirce sylvia beach and gertrude stein herself hemingway likely popularized the term quoting stein you are all a lost generation as epigraph to his novel the sun also rises stein herself attributed the expression to a french mechanic lamenting what the war had done to the country s youth more generally the term is being used for the generat |
ion of young people coming of age in the united states during and shortly after world war i for this reason the generation is sometimes known as the world war i generation or the roaring two zero s generation in europe they are most often known as the generation of one nine one four named after the year world war i began in france the country in which many expatriates settled they are called the g n ration au feu the generation of fire broadly the term is often used to refer to the younger literary modernists william strauss and neil howe in their book generations list this generation s birth years as one eight eight three to one nine zero zero their typical grandparents were the gilded generation their parents were the progressive generation and missionary generation their children were the g i generation and silent generation their typical grandchildren were baby boomers this generation is not yet fully ancestral with the current youngest members being age one zero six in two zero zero six the lost generati |
on can be expected to last another one zero years or so traits the lost generation were said to be disillusioned by the large number of casualties of the first world war cynical disdainful of the victorian notions of morality and propriety of their elders like most attempts to pigeon hole entire generations this over generalization is true for some individuals of the generation and not true of others it was somewhat common among members of this group to complain that american artistic culture lacked the breadth of european work leading many members to spend large amounts of time in europe and or that all topics worth treating in a literary work had already been covered nevertheless this selfsame period saw an explosion in american literature and in art which is now often considered to include some of the greatest literary classics produced by american writers this generation also produced the first flowering of jazz music arguably the first distinctly american artform celebrities sample members of the lost ge |
neration include the following one eight eight three elsa maxwell died one nine six three one eight eight four damon runyon died one nine four six one eight eight five sinclair lewis died one nine five one one eight eight five ezra pound died one nine seven two one eight eight five george patton died one nine four five one eight eight six al jolson immigrant died one nine five zero one eight eight seven fatty arbuckle died one nine three three one eight eight eight irving berlin immigrant died one nine eight nine one eight eight nine igor sikorsky immigrant died one nine seven two one eight eight nine walter lippmann died one nine seven four one eight nine zero aimee semple mcpherson died one nine four four one eight nine zero dwight d eisenhower died one nine six nine one eight nine one david curtis stephenson died one nine six six one eight nine one earl warren died one nine seven four one eight nine one nicola sacco immigrant died one nine two seven one eight nine two reinhold niebuhr died one nine seven o |
ne one eight nine two mae west died one nine eight zero one eight nine three lilian gish died one nine nine three one eight nine three dorothy parker died one nine six seven one eight nine three huey long died one nine three five one eight nine four norman rockwell died one nine seven eight one eight nine four alfred kinsey died one nine five six one eight nine five buckminster fuller died one nine eight three one eight nine five j edgar hoover died one nine seven two one eight nine five babe ruth died one nine four eight one eight nine five joseph banks rhine died one nine eight zero one eight nine six george burns died one nine nine six one eight nine six f scott fitzgerald died one nine four zero one eight nine seven hal haig prieste immigrant died two zero zero one one eight nine seven dorothy day died one nine eight zero one eight nine seven elijah muhammad died one nine seven five one eight nine eight paul robeson died one nine seven six one eight nine eight golda meir emigrant died one nine seven eight |
one eight nine eight herbert marcuse immigrant died one nine seven nine one eight nine nine vladimir nabokov immigrant died one nine seven seven one eight nine nine humphrey bogart died one nine five seven one eight nine nine al capone immigrant and famous mob boss died one nine four seven one eight nine nine jimmie davis died two zero zero zero one eight nine nine ernest hemingway died one nine six one one eight nine nine alfred hitchcock immigrant died one nine eight zero one eight nine nine robert w welch jr died one nine eight five one nine zero zero aaron copland died one nine nine zero one nine zero zero adlai stevenson died one nine six five one nine zero zero louise nevelson immigrant died one nine eight eight cultural endowments of the lost generation include the following the great gatsby f scott fitzgerald the waste land t s eliot the sun also rises ernest hemingway babbitt sinclair lewis the sound and the fury william faulkner monkey business film the marx brothers creed of an advertising man bru |
ce barton an american in paris george gershwin who s on first comedy routine abbott and costello the music box short film stan laurel and oliver hardy ain t misbehavin duke ellington the maltese falcon dashiell hammett later a movie the big sleep raymond chandler the old man and the sea ernest hemingway the view from eighty malcolm cowley safety last and the freshman silent comic films by harold lloyd all quiet on the western front erich maria remarque the lost generation produced two presidents one eight eight four harry s truman one nine four five one nine five three one nine seven two one eight nine zero dwight eisenhower one nine five three one nine six one one nine six nine they held a plurality in the house of representatives from one nine three seven to one nine five three a plurality in the senate from one nine four three to one nine five nine and a majority of the supreme court from one nine four one to one nine six seven foreign peers kahlil gibran one eight eight three one nine three one franz kafk |
a one eight eight three one nine two four benito mussolini one eight eight three one nine four five carl goerdeler one eight eight four one nine four five hideki tojo one eight eight four one nine four eight isoroku yamamoto one eight eight four one nine four three georg luk cs one eight eight five one nine seven one jan masaryk one eight eight six one nine four eight diego rivera one eight eight six one nine five seven padre pio one eight eight seven one nine six seven marc chagall one eight eight seven one nine eight five bernard montgomery one eight eight seven one nine seven six vidkun quisling one eight eight seven one nine four five nikolai bukharin one eight eight eight one nine three eight charles chaplin one eight eight nine one nine seven seven adolf hitler one eight eight nine one nine four five ant nio de oliveira salazar one eight eight nine one nine seven zero boris pasternak one eight nine zero one nine six zero ho chi minh one eight nine zero one nine six nine fritz lang one eight nine zero on |
e nine seven six charles de gaulle one eight nine zero one nine seven zero antonio gramsci one eight nine one one nine three seven sergei prokofiev one eight nine one one nine five three edith stein one eight nine one one nine four four karl d nitz one eight nine one one nine eight zero erwin rommel one eight nine one one nine four four j r r tolkien one eight nine two one nine seven three josip broz tito one eight nine two one nine eight zero haile selassie one eight nine two one nine seven five jomo kenyatta one eight nine two one nine seven eight francisco franco one eight nine two one nine seven five joan mir one eight nine three one nine eight three hermann goering one eight nine three one nine four six mao zedong one eight nine three one nine seven six nikita khrushchev one eight nine four one nine seven one aldous huxley one eight nine four one nine six three robert menzies one eight nine four one nine seven eight paul hindemith one eight nine five one nine six three max horkheimer one eight nine five |
one nine seven three robert graves one eight nine five one nine eight five george vi of the united kingdom one eight nine five one nine five two imre nagy one eight nine six one nine five eight georgi zhukov one eight nine six one nine seven four pope paul vi one eight nine seven one nine seven eight trofim lysenko one eight nine eight one nine seven six erich maria remarque one eight nine eight one nine seven zero viktor ullmann one eight nine eight one nine four four ayatollah ruhollah khomeini one nine zero zero one nine eight nine louis mountbatten one nine zero zero one nine seven nine heinrich himmler one nine zero zero one nine four five legacy at the turn of the two one st century a fresh cadre of expatriate writers led by such emerging authors as d a blyler steffi s club and arthur phillips prague asserted a new lost generation among readers paying homage to their literary peers of one nine two zero s paris see external links external links prague by arthur phillips steffi s club by d a blyler see al |
so demographics demography sub generation literary movements american generations aftermath of world war i one eight eight zero s births one eight nine zero s births year of death missing one nine two zero s left wing is also a term used in several sports see winger sport leftism redirects here for the album of the band leftfield see leftism album in politics left wing the political left or simply the left are terms that refer to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism or social democracy social liberalism and defined in contradistinction to its polar opposite the right wing the term originates from the french revolution when liberal deputies from the third estate generally sat to the left of the president s chair a habit which began in the estates general of one seven eight nine the nobility members of the second estate generally sat to the right as this original reference became obsolete the meaning of the term has changed and is now used to denote |
a broad variety of political philosophies and principles in contemporary western political discourse the term is most often used to describe forms of socialism social democracy or in the sense in which the term is understood in the united states liberalism the left wing attribution is very broadly employed as a political descriptor and a single definition is elusive the use of the phrase in the democratic west is quite distinct from the usage in most communist states where the term has connotations associated with bukharin and the democratization of all human activities see also deviationism communism as well as the marxist philosophy that many base it on and most currents of traditional anarchism are often considered to be radical forms of left wing politics many left wingers reject any association with communism or anarchism others say that those who don t follow strict socialist or communist philosophies can t possibly be leftists the left is often seen to include secularism that is separation between sta |
te and religion as in the united states india the middle east and in many catholic countries although religion and left wing politics have at times been allied historically such as in the u s civil rights movement or in the cases of liberation theology and christian socialism peter singer princeton university professor of philosophy defines the left as being those who place minimizing suffering above other moral imperatives such as tradition or rights see political spectrum and left right politics right politics for further discussion of this kind of classification history of the term see the left right politics article for more detailed discussion of the history and development of the term although it may seem counter to present day usage those originally on the left during the french revolution were the largely bourgeois supporters of laissez faire capitalism and free markets as the electorate expanded beyond property holders these relatively wealthy elites found themselves clearly victorious over the old a |
ristocracy and the remnants of feudalism but newly opposed by the growing and increasingly organized and politicized workers and wage earners the left of one seven eight nine would in some ways be part of the present day right liberal with regard to the rights of property and intellect but not embracing notions of distributive justice rights for organized labour etc in some countries such as the netherlands the left had for a long time meant the non religious side of politics this gradually changed into the more general european meaning of the word the european left has traditionally shown a smooth continuum between non communist and communist parties including such hybrids as eurocommunism which have sometimes allied with more moderate leftists to present a united front in the united states however no avowedly socialist or communist party ever became a major player in national politics although the social democratic party of eugene v debs and its successor socialist party of america in the late one nine th a |
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