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et some cannot afford to update them a demand of extremely high availability is commonly the case in computer reservation systems air traffic control energy distribution power grids nuclear power plants military defense installations and other systems critical to safety security traffic throughput and or economic profits for example see the tops database system the change being undertaken in some organizations is to switch to automated business process abp software which generates complete systems these systems can then interface to the organizations legacy systems and use them as data repositories this approach can provide a number of significant benefits the users are insulated from the inefficiencies of their legacy systems and the changes can be incorporated quickly and easily in the abp software at least that s the intention note that legacy has little to do with the size or even age of the system mainframes run six four bit linux and java after all right alongside one nine six zero s vintage code in fac |
t some of the thorniest legacy problems organizations now face is in trying to leverage or replace existing fat client visual basic code as customers demand reliable web access alternative view there s an alternate point of view growing since the dot com bubble burst in one nine nine nine that legacy systems are simply and only computer systems that are both installed and working in other words the term is not at all pejorative quite the opposite perhaps the term legacy is only an effort by computer industry salesmen to generate artificial churn in order to encourage purchase of unneeded technology it analysts estimate that the cost to replace business logic is about five times that of reuse and that s not counting the risks involved in wholesale replacement shareholders and managers are increasingly asking why are we spending so much money on new technology with so little to show for it ideally businesses would never have to rewrite most core business logic after all debits must equal credits they always hav |
e and they always will businesses and governments are also recoiling at well publicized system failures and security breaches that all too commonly arrive with new software failures which are utterly catastrophic in many cases a regional airline fired its ceo due to the failure of a relatively new crew scheduling system during christmas two zero zero four for example there s also a growing backlash against large packaged software products sap siebel peoplesoft and others which were oversold and in some cases have proven too costly inflexible and poorly matched to business needs increasingly the it industry is responding to these understandable business concerns legacy modernization and legacy transformation are now popular terms and they mean reusing and refactoring existing core business logic by providing new user interfaces typically web interfaces and service enabled access e g through web services these techniques allow organizations to understand their existing code assets using discovery tools provide |
new user and application interfaces to existing code improve workflow contain costs minimize risk and enjoy classic qualities of service near one zero zero uptime security scalability etc technology companies involved in enterprise transformation including ibm are growing and profiting by what many people feel is a more rational approach toward legacy systems the reexamination of attitudes toward legacy systems is also inviting more reflection on what makes legacy systems as durable as they are technologists are relearning the fact that sound architecture practiced up front helps businesses avoid costly and risky rewrites in the first place the most common legacy systems tend to be those which embraced well known it architectural principles with careful planning and strict methodology during implementation poorly designed systems often don t last see above re visual basic which encouraged violation of the age old it architectural principle of separating business logic from presentation logic and data access t |
hus many organizations are rediscovering not only the value in the legacy systems themselves but also their philosophical underpinnings reference bisbal j lawless d wu b grimson j one nine nine nine legacy information system migration a brief review of problems solutions and research issues ieee software one six one zero three one one one see also legacy code stovepipe system software brittleness legacy systems an eclipse refers to the phenomenon of one body passing into the shadow cast by another body in astronomy the best known type of eclipse occurs whenever the sun earth and moon line up exactly if this occurrence is at the time of a full moon where the moon passes through the earth s shadow it is called a lunar eclipse the type and length of a lunar eclipse depends upon the moon s location relative to its orbital node if the lining up of the sun moon and earth occurs at new moon the event is usually referred to as a solar eclipse although the term is a misnomer and can more accurately be referred to as a |
n occultation of the sun by the moon image lunareclipsediagram one gif lunar eclipse types of lunar eclipses descending node lunar eclipse paths a penumbral eclipse occurs when the moon only passes through the earth s penumbra the outer portion of the earth s shadow the penumbra does not cause a noticeable darkening of the moon s surface a special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral eclipse at a total penumbral eclipse the moon is completely in the penumbra of the earth but not in the umbra at a total penumbral eclipse the parts of the moon closest to the umbra are a bit darker than the rest of the moon total penumbral eclipses are a rare type of lunar eclipse a total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon travels completely into the earth s umbra the dark inner portion of the shadow the moon s speed through the shadow is about one kilometer per second and the totality may last up to nearly one zero seven minutes however the time between the moon s first contact with the shadow and last contact when it |
has completely exited the shadow may be up to six h one four min or so if only part of the moon enters the umbra it is called a partial lunar eclipse usually the moon does not completely disappear as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by the earth s atmosphere into the shadow cone the amount of refracted light depends on the amount of clouds or dust in the atmosphere blocking the light refracted sunlight causes the moon to glow with a coppery red hue that varies from one eclipse to the next the following scale was devised by andr danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses zero very dark eclipse moon almost invisible especially in midtonality one dark eclipse gray or brownish coloration details distinguishable only with difficulty two deep red or rust colored eclipse with a very dark central part in the umbra and the outer rim of the umbra relatively bright three brick red eclipse usually with a bright or yellow rim to the umbra four very bright copper red or orang |
e eclipse with a bluish very bright umbral rim because the moon s orbit around the earth is inclined five with respect to the orbit of the earth around the sun lunar eclipses do not occur at every full moon for an eclipse to occur the moon must be near its orbital node the intersection of the orbital planes passing through the shadow at or very close to the node results in a total or partial eclipse the relative distance of the moon from the earth at the time of the eclipse can affect the eclipse s intensity specifically a totally eclipsed moon being concomitantly at or near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality for two reasons first the moon will appear to move more slowly across the umbra and second the moon will appear smaller as seen from earth and therefore remain inside the umbra longer lunar nodes every year there are at least two lunar eclipses if you know the date and time of an eclipse you can predict the occurrence of other eclipses using eclipse cycles unlike a solar eclipse which can only |
be viewed in a certain relatively small area of the world a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of the earth if you were on the moon s surface during a lunar eclipse you would witness a solar eclipse with the earth passing in front of the sun as is explained above the term solar eclipse although used frequently is actually a misnomer the event is an occultation of the sun lunar eclipses in two zero zero three two total lunar eclipses occurred in two zero zero three the eclipse on may one five grazed the northern edge of the earth s shadow and the eclipse on november eight grazed the southern edge these images show the eclipse in november was much brighter as the bottom rim of the moon did not darken as much after completely entering the umbra the color and brightness of the moon during an eclipse varies according to the amount of light refracted by the earth s atmosphere lunar eclipse predictions two zero zero five two zero zero six lunar eclipses time data in utc longest total lunar |
eclipse between one nine zero zero and two one zero zero the longest total lunar eclipse between one zero zero zero bc and three zero zero zero ad took place on may three one three one eight its total phase had a duration of one h four seven m one four s history ancient greek astronomers noticed that during lunar eclipses the edge of the shadow was always circular they thus concluded that the earth was spherical in four nine nine indian mathematician aryabhata gave accurate calculations for both the solar eclipse and lunar eclipse in one five zero four while stranded on jamaica christopher columbus predicted a lunar eclipse actually he knew from celestial tables that he had brought with him that a lunar eclipse was to occur on february two nine of that year thereby intimidating the island s natives into continuing to provision him and his men and thus saving them from death by starvation references alan macrobert october s ideal lunar eclipse sky and telescope october two zero zero four p seven four danjon nu |
mbers see also eclipse solar eclipse pharaoh historical novel by boles aw prus incorporating a solar eclipse scene likely inspired by christopher columbus use of a lunar eclipse prediction external links prediction u s navy lunar eclipse computer nasa eclipse home page lunar eclipses for beginners eclipse photos apod one zero three zero zero four total lunar eclipse on one zero two eight zero four apod one one two one zero three total lunar eclipse on five one six zero three apod five two two zero three composite lunar eclipse images from one one nine zero three apod one one eight zero one total lunar eclipse on one nine zero one apod seven two six zero zero total lunar eclipse photo from seven one six zero zero fiction lunar eclipse two one zero five nasa fictional story of eclipse observed from the moon eclipses solar system the liber pontificalis or book of the popes is a major source for early medieval history but has also met with intense critical scrutiny the simplest view of the book is as a series of |
brief biographical entries on the popes up to the late nine th century arranged in chronological order each consisting of the number of years of service from which the regnal dates can be deduced place of birth parentage the corresponding emperors building campaigns especially of roman churches ordinations major pronouncements place of burial and the time of vacancy before the next elected pope was consecrated however the process of composition precludes na ve reliance on the book for historical information because the liber pontificalis was produced by minor officials of the papal court the evidence has been sifted for signs of bias suppression and falsification all of which are found in quantity without invalidating the material as a historical source the entries for the first three centuries are probably most useful to historians as examples of what was known in the five th century about the early church from the four th century forward the compilers are on more secure ground though there are still obvious |
discrepancies and mistakes textual examination suggests that there were two early versions before the siege of rome in five four six after which the liber pontificalis was untouched from the early seven th century roughly the time of the pontificate of honorius i forward until the pontificate of adrian ii the entries are contemporary added shortly after the death of each pope and although reflecting biases of the authors are at least reasonably accurate continuations of the liber pontificalis by later chroniclers from about one one zero zero onwards extend it to the mid one five th century these are of very variable quality the work of many compilers and authors over a long period complicated the process of creating usable scholarly editions louis duchesne and theodor mommsen each produced editions mommsen s is incomplete at the end of the one nine th century translations and further commentaries appeared throughout the two zero th century devoted to discovering the levels of historicity in the entries bibli |
ography raymond davis the book of pontiffs liber pontificalis liverpool university of liverpool press one nine eight nine isbn zero eight five three two three two one six four an english translation for elementary student use history of the papacy the latin alphabet also called the roman alphabet is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today it comprises two six letters and is used with some modification for most of the languages of the european union the americas subsaharan africa and the islands of the pacific ocean english spanish portuguese indonesian french turkish german javanese vietnamese italian polish hausa swahili filipino etc in modern usage the term latin alphabet is used for any straightforward derivation of the alphabet used by the romans these variants may drop letters e g hawaiian or add letters e g czech to or from the classical roman script and of course many letter shapes have changed over the centuries such as the lower case letters which the romans would not have r |
ecognized overview the default latin alphabet is the roman supplemented with j w z u and lower case variants a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z additional letters may be formed as ligatures as w was from vv for example ash from ae oethel from oe eszett from long s and s engma from ng ou from ou from nn from ae see s tterlin or from cz by diacritics such as as digraphs such as and ll by modification as j was from i such as eth yogh from g and schwa from either a or e or may even be borrowed from another alphabet entirely as thorn and wynn were from futhark however these glyphs are not always considered independent letters of the alphabet for instance in modern english is considered a graphic variant of ae rather than a separate letter while in danish and norwegian it is a true letter and is placed at the end of the alphabet along with and aa letters of the alphabet as used in modern english the latin alphabet consists of the following characters cf english alphabet extensions in the course of |
its history the latin alphabet was adapted for use for new languages some of which had phonemes which were not used in languages previously written with this alphabet and therefore extensions were created as needed these take the form of modified symbols by changing the shape or adding diacritics by joining several letters together as ligatures or by completely new forms these new forms are given a place in the alphabet by defining a collating sequence this is language dependent as shown in the pertinent section below other letters in old english eth and the runic letters thorn and wynn were added eth and thorn were replaced with th and wynn with the new letter w in modern icelandic thorn and eth are still used the letters thorn eth and wynn are no longer a part of the latin alphabet as used in english for a short time in roman history the three claudian letters were added to the alphabet but they were not widely received and were eventually removed the african language hausa uses three additional consonant l |
etters and which are variants of b d and g employed by linguists to represent certain sounds similar to them ligatures a ligature is a fusion of two or more ordinary letters into a new glyph examples are from ae from oe from s dutch from i and j the s pair is simply an archaic double s the first glyph is the archaic medial form and the second the final form note that is capitalised as never ij diacritics diacritics are marks that are added to specific letters to modify their pronunciation the effect is language dependent the cedilla in originally a small z written below the c once symbolized in romance languages now gives c a soft sound before a o and u for example in french fa ade portuguese ca ar and in catalan bar a while in albanian and turkish the changes the quality of the sound c and is pronounced as the ch in the word check in english the caron in used in baltic and slavic languages to mark post alveolar versions of the base phoneme the tilde in portuguese and estonian in portuguese it was originally |
a small n written above the letter once used to mark the elision of a former n now marks nasalization of the base letter in estonian is considered a separate letter of the alphabet in spanish is considered a different letter from n and has the sound value of the acute accent in in french irish italian portuguese spanish and other languages in addition is also used in faroese though not icelandic czech and slovak in hungarian and czech are not used for accent but they represent long vowels as opposed to short a e i o u the grave accent in in french italian portuguese and other languages the circumflex in the vowels in french portuguese romanian in romanian however it functions as completely distinct letters and appear in the alphabet and other languages the semi vowels in welsh and in the consonants in esperanto the umlaut in in german and other languages and in albanian which changes the quality sound of the vowel in german this mark was formerly written as a small e over the affected vowel modern german spel |
ling accepts ae oe and ue as variants when the umlaut is unavailable the diaeresis same visual appearance as the umlaut above in in several languages indicates that the vowel is pronounced separately from the preceding one when it would otherwise be interpreted as a diphthong the dot above in in maltese in polish in lithuanian and in traditional irish typography to denote lenition the dot below in in vietnamese the ogonek in in polish and lithuanian the macron in in latvian m ori hawaiian lithuanian romanized japanese and latin when indicating vowel length the double acute accent in in hungarian representing long versions of the umlauted vowels and the breve in in romanian in turkish and in in esperanto and belarusian acinka the comma underneath as used in and in romanian often rendered less than optimally in fonts as a cedilla also used for in latvian the dotless i a negative diacritic in as used in turkish the hook as used in in vietnamese there are other diacritics and other uses for the ones described her |
e please see alphabets derived from the latin for a more complete list evolution see history of the alphabet for the history of alphabets leading up to the roman alphabet it is generally held that the latins adopted the western variant of the greek alphabet in the seven th century bc from cumae a greek colony in southern italy from the cumae alphabet the etruscan alphabet was derived and the latins finally adopted two one of the original two six etruscan letters the original latin alphabet was image older latin glyphs png c stood for both g and k i stood for both i and j v stood for both u and v later the z was dropped and a new letter g was placed in its position an attempt by the emperor claudius to introduce three additional letters was short lived but after the conquest of greece in the first century bc the letters y and z were respectively adopted and readopted from the greek alphabet and placed at the end now the new latin alphabet contained two three letters the duenos inscription dated to the six th c |
entury bc shows the earliest known forms of the old latin alphabet w is a letter made up from two v s or u s it was added in late roman times to represent a germanic sound the letters u and j similarly were originally not distinguished from v and i respectively the latin names of some of the letters are disputed in general however the romans did not use the traditional semitic derived names as in greek the names of the stop consonant letters were formed by adding to the sound except for c k and q which needed different vowels to distinguish them and the names of the continuants consisted either of the bare sound or the sound preceded by the letter y when introduced was probably called hy as in greek the name upsilon being not yet in use but was changed to i graeca greek i as the and sounds merged in latin z was given its greek name zeta for the latin sounds represented by the various letters see latin spelling and pronunciation for the names of the letters in english see english alphabet medieval and later de |
velopments it was not until the middle ages that the letter j representing non syllabic i and the letters u and w to distinguish them from v were added the alphabet used by the romans consisted only of capital upper case or majuscule letters the lower case minuscule letters developed in the middle ages from cursive writing first as the uncial script and later as minuscule script the old roman letters were retained for formal inscriptions and for emphasis in written documents the languages that use the latin alphabet generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and for proper nouns the rules for capitalization have changed over time and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization old english for example was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalised whereas modern english of the one eight th century had frequently all nouns capitalised in the same way that modern german is today e g all the sisters of the old town had seen the birds spread of the latin alphabet t |
he latin alphabet spread from italy along with the latin language to the lands surrounding the mediterranean sea with the expansion of the roman empire the eastern half of the roman empire including greece asia minor the levant and egypt continued to use greek as a lingua franca but latin was widely spoken in the western half of the empire and as the western romance languages including spanish french catalan portuguese and italian evolved out of latin they continued to use and adapt the latin alphabet with the spread of western christianity the latin alphabet spread to the peoples of northern europe who spoke germanic languages displacing their earlier runic alphabets as well as to the speakers of baltic languages such as lithuanian and latvian and several non indo european finno ugric languages most notably hungarian finnish and estonian during the middle ages the latin alphabet also came into use among the peoples speaking west slavic languages including the ancestors of modern poles czechs croats slovenes |
and slovaks as these peoples adopted roman catholicism the speakers of east slavic languages generally adopted both orthodox christianity and the cyrillic alphabet as late as one four nine two the latin alphabet was limited primarily to the languages spoken in western northern and central europe the orthodox christian slavs of eastern and southern europe mostly used the cyrillic alphabet and the greek alphabet was still in use by greek speakers around the eastern mediterranean the arabic alphabet was widespread within islam both among arabs and non arab nations like the iranians indonesians malays and turkic peoples most of the rest of asia used a variety of brahmic alphabets or the chinese script over the past five zero zero years the latin alphabet has spread around the world it spread to the americas australia and parts of asia africa and the pacific with european colonization along with the spanish portuguese english french and dutch languages in the late eighteenth century the romanians adopted the latin |
alphabet although romanian is a romance language the romanians were predominantly orthodox christians and until the nineteenth century the church used the cyrillic alphabet vietnam under french rule adapted the latin alphabet for use with the vietnamese language which had previously used chinese characters the latin alphabet is also used for many austronesian languages including tagalog and the other languages of the philippines and the official malaysian and indonesian languages replacing earlier arabic and indigenous brahmic alphabets in one nine two eight as part of kemal atat rk s reforms turkey adopted the latin alphabet for the turkish language replacing the arabic alphabet most of turkic speaking peoples of the former ussr including tatars bashkirs azeri kazakh kyrgyz etc used the uniform turkic alphabet in the one nine three zero s in the one nine four zero s all those alphabets were replaced by cyrillic after the collapse of the soviet union in one nine nine one several of the newly independent turk |
ic speaking republics adopted the latin alphabet replacing cyrillic azerbaijan uzbekistan and turkmenistan have officially adopted the latin alphabet for azeri uzbek and turkmen respectively in the one nine seven zero s the people s republic of china developed an official transliteration of mandarin chinese into the latin alphabet called pinyin although use of chinese characters is still predominant west slavic and most south slavic languages use the latin alphabet rather than the cyrillic a reflection of the dominant religion practiced among those peoples among these polish uses a variety of diacritics and digraphs to represent special phonetic values as well as the l with stroke for a sound similar to w czech uses diacritics as in dvo k the term h ek caron originates from czech croatian and the latin version of serbian use carons in an acute in and a bar in the languages of eastern orthodox slavs generally use cyrillic instead which is much closer to the greek alphabet the serbian language uses two alphabet |
s collating sequence with extensions alphabets derived from the latin have varying collating rules in breton there is no c but there are the ligatures ch and c h which are collated between b and d for example buzhugenn chug c hoar daeraouenn earthworm juice sister teardrop in croatian and serbian and related south slavic languages the five accented characters and three conjoined characters are sorted after the originals c d d e l lj m n nj o s t z in czech and slovak accented vowels have secondary collating weight compared to other letters they are treated as their unaccented forms a e i o u y but then they are sorted after the unaccented letters for example the correct lexicographic order is baa ba b a bab b b bac b c ba b accented consonants the ones with caron have primary collating weight and are collocated immediately after their unaccented counterparts with exception of and which have again secondary weight ch is considered to be a separate letter and goes between h and i in slovak dz and d are also con |
sidered separate letters and are positioned between and e a b c d dz d e in the danish and norwegian alphabets the same extra vowels as in swedish see below are also present but in a different order and with different glyphs x y z also aa collates as an equivalent to the danish alphabet has traditionally seen w as a variant of v but nowadays w is considered a separate letter in dutch the combination ij representing letter ij was formerly to be collated as y or sometimes as a separate letter y ij z but is currently mostly collated as two letters ii ij ik exceptions are phone directories ij is always collated as y here because in many dutch family names y is used where modern spelling would require ij note that a word starting with ij that is written with a capital i is also written with a capital j for example the town ijmuiden mun velsen and the river ijssel in esperanto consonants with circumflex accents as well as u with breve are counted as separate letters and collated separately c d e f g h i j s t u v z |
in estonian and are considered separate letters and collate after w letters z and appear in loanwords and foreign proper names only and follow the letter s in the estonian alphabet which otherwise does not differ from the basic latin alphabet the faroese alphabet also has some of the danish norwegian and swedish extra letters namely and furthermore the faroese alphabet uses the icelandic eth which follows the d five of the six vowels a i o u and y can get accents and are after that considered separate letters the consonants c q x w and z are not found therefore the first five letters are a b d and and the last five are v y in filipino and other philippine languages the letter ng is treated as a separate letter also letter derivatives such as immediately follow the base letter filipino also is written with accents and other marks but the marks are not in very wide use except the tilde it is pronounced as in sing ping pong etc by itself it is pronounced nang but in general philippine orthography it is spelled |
as if it were two separate letters n and g philippine orthography also includes spelling the finnish alphabet and collating rules are the same as in swedish except for the addition of the letters and which are considered variants of s and z in french and english characters with diaeresis are usually treated just like their un accented versions if two words differ only by an accent in french the one with the accent is greater however the unicode three zero book specifies a more complex traditional french sorting rule for accented letters in german letters with umlaut are treated generally just like their non umlauted versions is always sorted as ss this makes the alphabetic order arg rgerlich arm assistant a lar assoziation for phone directories and similar lists of names the umlauts are to be collated like the letter combinations ae oe ue this makes the alphabetic order udet belacker uell lle ueve xk ll uffenbach the hungarian vowels have accents umlauts and double accents while consonants are written with si |
ngle or with double characters digraphs in collating accented vowels always follow their non accented counterparts and double characters follow their single originals hungarian alphabetic order is a b c cs d e f g gy h i j k l ly m n ny o p q r s sz t ty u v w x y z zs for example the correct lexicographic order is baa ba bab bac bacs baz bazs b a b b b b c b cs in icelandic is added and d is followed by each vowel a e i o u y is followed by its correspondent with acute there is no z and after it goes like this both letters were also used by anglo saxon scribes who also used the runic letter wynn to represent w called thorn lowercase is also a runic letter called eth lowercase is the letter d with an added stroke in polish specifically polish letters derived from the latin alphabet are collated after their originals a b c d e l m n o p s t z in romanian special characters derived from the latin alphabet are collated after their originals a i s t z in the swedish alphabet w is seen as a variant of v and not a |
separate letter it is however recognised and maintained in names like in william the alphabet also has three extra vowels placed at its end x y z some languages have more complex rules for example spanish treated until one nine nine seven ch and ll as single letters giving an ordering of cinco credo chispa and lomo luz llama this is not true anymore since in one nine nine seven rae adopted the more conventional usage and now ll is collated between lk and lm and ch between cg and ci the only spanish specific collating question is e e as a different letter collated after n in tatar and turkish there are nine additional letters five of them are vowels paired with main alphabet vowels as hard smooth a o u i e the four remaining are consonants is sh is ch is ng and is gh welsh also has complex rules the combinations ch dd ff ng ll ph rh and th are all considered single letters and each is listed after the letter which is the first character in the combination with the exception of ng which is listed after g howeve |
r the situation is further complicated by these combinations not always being single letters an example ordering is lawr lwcus llong llom llongyfarch the last of these words is a juxtaposition of llon and gyfarch and unlike llong does not contain the letter ng the unicode collation algorithm can be used to get any of the collation sequences described above by tailoring its default collation table several such tailorings are collected in common locale data repository see also collation roman square capitals roman cursive alphabets derived from the latin roman letters used in mathematics beghilos references transl of as revised by the author peter lang external links who runs the alphabet by michal zalewski diacritics project all you need to design a font with correct accents latin alphabet for other subjects with similar names see lug lugh earlier lug modern irish l pronounced loo is an irish deity represented in mythological texts as a hero and high king of the distant past he is known by the epithets l mfhad |
a long hand for his skill with a spear or sling samild nach multi talented skilled in many arts lonnbeimnech fierce striker and macnia boy hero and by the matronymic mac ethlenn or mac ethnenn son of ethliu or ethniu he is a reflex of the pan celtic god lugus and his welsh counterpart is lleu llaw gyffes lugh in irish tradition birth lugh s father was cian of the tuatha d danann and his mother was ethniu daughter of balor of the fomorians their union is presented as a dynastic marriage between the two peoples in the book of invasions but later folklore tells a more elaborate story reminiscent of the birth of perseus from greek mythology according to a prophecy balor was to be killed by his grandson so he locked his daughter ethniu in a tower of crystal usually located on tory island to keep her from becoming pregnant however cian with the help of the druidess birog managed to enter the tower and seduce her she gave birth to triplets but balor threw them into the ocean two of the babies either drowned or turne |
d into seals compare the birth of dylan and his twin llew llaw gyffes in welsh mythology but birog saved one lugh and gave him to manannan mac lir who became his foster father he was nursed by tailtiu there may be further triplism associated with his birth his father cian is usually mentioned together with his brothers c hound and cethen who nonetheless have no stories of their own and two characters called lugaid a popular medieval irish name thought to derive from lugh have three fathers lugaid riab nderg was the son of the three findemna or fair triplets and lugaid mac con ro was also known as mac tr con son of three hounds notably in ireland s other great sequestered maiden story the tragedy of deirdre the king s intended is carried off by three brothers who are hunters with hounds the canine imagery continues with another lugaid lugaid mac con and of course lugh s son c chulainn culann s hound in some stories cian was able to transform into a dog perhaps in a lost version of the myth ethniu was impregnat |
ed by three brothers with canine associations lugh joins the tuatha d danann as a young man lugh travelled to tara to join the court of king nuada of the tuatha d danann the doorkeeper would not let him in unless he had a skill with which to serve the king he offered his services as a wright a smith a champion a swordsman a harpist a hero a poet and historian a sorceror and a craftsman but each time was rejected as the tuatha d already had someone with that skill but when lugh asked if they had anyone with all those skills simultaneously the doorkeeper had to admit defeat and lugh joined the court he won a flagstone throwing contest against ogma the champion and entertained the court with his harp the tuatha d were at that time oppressed by the fomorians and lugh was amazed how meekly they accepted this nuada began to wonder if this young man could lead them to freedom lugh was given command over the tuatha d and he began making preparations for war the sons of tuireann when the sons of tuireann brian iuchar |
and iucharba killed his father cian who was in the form of a pig at the time lugh set them a series of seemingly impossible quests as recompense they achieved them all but were fatally wounded in completing the last one despite tuireann s pleas lugh denied them the use of one of the items they had retrieved a magic pigskin which healed all wounds they died of their wounds and tuireann died of grief over their bodies the battle of magh tuireadh using the magic artifacts the sons of tuireann had gathered lugh led the tuatha d danann in the second battle of mag tuireadh against the fomorians nuada was killed in the battle by balor lugh faced balor who opened his terrible poisonous eye that killed all it looked upon but lugh shot a sling stone or in some versions threw a spear that drove his eye out the back of his head wreaking havoc on the fomorian army behind after the victory lugh found bres the half fomorian former king of the tuatha d alone and unprotected on the battlefield and bres begged for his life if |
he was spared he promised he would ensure that the cows of ireland always gave milk the tuatha d refused the offer he then promised four harvests a year but the tuatha d said one harvest a year suited them but lugh spared his life on the condition that he teach the tuatha d how and when to plough sow and reap later life lugh instituted the harvest festival of lughnasadh in memory of his foster mother tailtiu held on one august at the town that bears her name now teltown county meath and to have led horse races and displays of martial arts it is a celebration of lugh s triumph over the spirits of the other world who had tried to keep the harvest for themselves it survived long into christian times and is still celebrated under a variety of names l nasa is now the irish name for the month of august lug is said to have invented the board game fidchell he had a dog called failinis lugh in other cycles and traditions in the ulster cycle he fathered c chulainn on the mortal maiden deichtine when c chulainn lay woun |
ded after a gruelling series of combats during the t in b cuailnge cattle raid of cooley lugh appeared and healed his wounds over a period of three days in baile in sc il the phantom s trance a story of the historical cycle lugh appeared in a vision to conn of the hundred battles enthroned on a da s he directed a beautiful woman called the sovereignty of ireland to serve conn a portion of meat and a cup of red ale ritually confirming his right to rule and the dynasty that would follow him in the fenian cycle the dwarf harper cn deire il claimed to be lugh s son the luigne a people who inhabited counties meath and sligo claimed descent from him lugh s name and nature lugh s name was formerly interpreted as deriving from the indo european root leuk flashing light and he is often surrounded by solar imagery so from victorian times he has often been considered a sun god similar to the greco roman apollo he appears in folklore as a trickster and in county mayo thunderstorms were referred to as battles between lug |
and balor so he is sometimes considered a storm god alexei kondratiev notes his epithet lonnbeimnech fierce striker and concludes that if his name has any relation to light it more properly means lightning flash as in breton luc h and cornish lughes however breton and cornish are brythonic languages in which proto celtic k did undergo systematic sound changes into gh and ch this change did not occur in irish so it is unlikely that lugh derives from the root leuk nor is it related to any other proto indo european root connoting luminosity lugh s mastery of all arts has lead many to link him with the un named gaulish god julius caesar identifies with mercury whom he describes as the inventor of all the arts caesar describes the gaulish mercury as the most reverenced deity in gaul and as overseeing journeys and business transactions juliette wood interprets lugh s name as deriving from the celtic root lugios oath and the irish word lugh connotes ideas of blasphemy cussing lies bond joint binding oath which stren |
gthens the identification with mercury who was among other attributes a god of contracts in irish tradition lug is associated with youth kingship and healing and his mastery of all arts suggests he transcends all divine functions like his gaulish counterpart lugus he was compared with the archangel michael references notes alexei kondratiev one nine nine seven lugus the many gifted lord accessed seven january two zero zero six julius caesar commentarii de bello gallico six one seven alexander mcbain one nine eight two an etymological dictionary of the irish language section two five accessed seven january two zero zero six irish texts lebor gab la renn the book of invasions cath maige tuireadh the second battle of magh tuireadh oidheadh chlainne tuireann the death of the children of tuireann compert con culainn the conception of c chulainn t in b cuailnge the cattle raid of cooley baile in sc il the phantom s trance metrical dindshenchas secondary sources cross tom peete and clark harris slover ancient irish |
tales henry holt dictionary of celtic mythology oxford oxford university press one nine nine four isbn zero one nine five zero eight nine six one eight kinsella thomas the t in oxford oxford university press one nine six nine isbn one nine two eight one zero nine zero one mackillop james dictionary of celtic mythology oxford oxford university press one nine nine eight isbn zero one nine two eight zero one two zero one ovist krista l the integration of mercury and lugus myth and history in late iron age and early roman gaul chicago university of chicago divinity school dissertation pp seven zero three two zero zero four link wood juliette the celts life myth and art thorsons publishers two zero zero two isbn zero zero zero seven six four zero five nine five irish godssolar godsulster cycle mythological cycle tuatha d danann high kings of ireland mythological kings the lanthanide series comprises the one five elements from lanthanum to lutetium on the periodic table with atomic numbers five seven through seven |
one all lanthanides except lutetium are f block elements corresponding to the filling of the four f electron shell the lanthanide series is named after lanthanum there are also alternative arrangements which do not include either lanthanum or lutetium in the lanthanide series terminology the lanthanides are also sometimes referred to by the trivial name rare earths although this name is deprecated by iupac as they are neither rare in abundance even the least abundant lutetium is more abundant in the earth s crust than gold nor are they earths an obsolete term for oxides note that the international union of pure and applied chemistry iupac are currently recommending the name lanthanoid rather than lanthanide as the suffix ide is generally used to indicate anions chemistry lanthanides are chemically similar to each other to scandium and yttrium useful comparison can also be made with the actinides where the five f shell is filled the lanthanides are typically placed below the main body of the periodic table in |
the manner of a footnote the full width version of the periodic table shows the position of the lanthanides more clearly the ionic radii of lanthanides decrease through the period the so called lanthanide contraction most lanthanides are widely used in lasers mnemonics to remember the sequence of the lanthanide elements various mnemonic phrases have been used this is the most common one l adies c an t p ut n ickels p roperly into s lot machines e very g irl t ries d aily h owever e very t ime y ou l ook in this phrase each word s initial letter corresponds to a lanthanide element from lanthanum to lutetium external links usgs rare earths statistics and information see also ungrouped elements rare earth element periodic table lanthanides this article is about lucifer the star or fallen angel for other meanings see lucifer disambiguation lucifer as depicted in collin de plancy s dictionnaire infernal one eight six three lucifer is a latin word made up of two words lux light genitive lucis and fero latin for to |
bear to bring meaning light bearer lucifer appears in greek mythology as heosphoros the dawn bringer it is used by poets to represent the morning star at moments when venus would introduce distracting imagery of the goddess lucifer does not appear in most modern translations of the christian bible the name is considered to have been a mistranslation that gave rise to an erroneous and non biblical five th century tradition in order to explain it lucifer is jerome s direct translation in his vulgate four th century of the septuagint s greek translation as heosphoros morning star or day star literally bringer of the dawn of a phrase in isaiah one four one two where it is used to refer to the babylonian king by one of his popular honorific titles from the viewpoint of the five th century christian tradition lucifer is seen as having been second in command to god himself he was the highest archangel in heaven but he was motivated by pride and greed to rebel against god and was cast out of heaven followed by a thir |
d of the host of heaven in later christian tradition and folklore lucifer was identified explicitly with satan such beliefs are thought by some to be contrary to jesus teachings and to exalt satan and lucifer to positions and powers not supported in the bible see below modern concepts of lucifer and satan come from embelishments in the fictional works of dante s the divine comedy and milton s paradise lost rather than biblical sources modern astrologers identify the planet venus as having been known by the name lucifer in roman astrology before being given its current name see poetical instances below lucifer and the hebrew bible lucifer is used by jerome in the vulgate four th century to translate into latin isaiah one four one two one four where the hebrew text refers to heilel ben shachar in hebrew heilel signifies the planet venus and ben shachar means the brilliant one son of the morning to whose mythical fate that of the king of babylon is compared in the prophetic vision the jewish encyclopedia reports |
that it is obvious that the prophet in attributing to the babylonian king boastful pride followed by a fall borrowed the idea from a popular legend connected with the morning star isaiah one four starts out discussing the king of babylon and the reference morning star son of the dawn was originally a poetic title similar to louis xiv being called the sun king isaiah applied the word specifically to that king s pride one four four and you shall bear this parable against the king of babylon and you shall say how has the dominator ceased has ceased the haughty one one four one zero all of them shall speak up and say to you have you too become weak like us have you become like us one four one one your pride has been lowered into gehinnom the stirring of your psalteries maggots are spread under you and worms cover you one four one two how have you fallen from heaven lucifer the morning star you have been cut down to earth you who cast lots on nations isaiah judaica press tanakh later jewish tradition influenced b |
y babylonian mythology picked up during the babylonian captivity elaborates on the fall of the angels under the leadership of samhazai the heaven seizer and azael enoch book vi six f another legend in the midrash represents the repentant samhazai suspended star like between heaven and earth instead of being hurled down to sheol the helel lucifer myth was transferred to satan in the one st century bc as may be learned from vita ad et ev one two where the adversary gives adam an account of his early career and the slavonic book of enoch xxix four xxxi four where satan sataniel samael is also described as a former archangel because he contrived to make his throne higher than the clouds over the earth and resemble my power on high satan sataniel was hurled down with his hosts of angels and since then he has been flying in the air continually above the abyss lucifer in roman poetry lucifer is a poetic name for the morning star a close translation of the greek heosphoros the dawn bringer which appears in the odysse |
y and in hesiod s theogony a classic roman use of lucifer appears in virgil s georgics iii three two four five luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura carpamus dum mane novum dum gramina canent let us hasten when first the morning star appears to the cool pastures while the day is new while the grass is dewy and similarly in ovid aurora watchful in the reddening dawn threw wide her crimson doors and rose filled halls the stars took flight in marshalled order set by lucifer who left his station last metamorphoses a more effusive poet like statius can expand this trope into a brief but profuse allegory though still this is a poetical personification of the light bearer not a mythology and now aurora rising from her mygdonian resting place had scattered the cold shadows from the high heaven and shaking the dew drops from her hair blushed deep in the sun s pursuing beams toward her through the clouds rosy lucifer turns his late fires and with slow steed leaves an alien world until the fiery father s orb be full re |
plenished and he forbid his sister to usurp his rays statius thebaid two one three four lucifer in the christian tradition jerome with the septuagint close at hand and a general familiarity with the pagan poetic traditions translated heylel as lucifer this may also have been done as a pointed jab at a bishop named lucifer a contemporary of jerome who argued to forgive those condemned of the arian heresy much of christian tradition also draws on interpretations of revelation one two nine he was thrown down that ancient serpent see also one two four and one two seven in equating the ancient serpent with the serpent in the garden of eden and the fallen star lucifer with satan accordingly tertullian contra marrionem v one one one seven origen ezekiel opera iii three five six and others identify lucifer with satan homer s description of the supernatural fall the whole day long i was carried headlong and at sunset i fell in lemnos and but little life was in me relates the fall of hephaestus from olympus in the ilia |
d i five nine one ff and the fall of the titans was similarly described by hesiod through popular epitomes these traditions were drawn upon by christian authors embellishing the fall of lucifer in the fully developed christian interpretation jerome s vulgate translation of isaiah one four one two has made lucifer the name of the principal fallen angel who must lament the loss of his original glory as the morning star this image at last defines the character of satan where the church fathers had maintained that lucifer was not the proper name of the devil and that it referred rather to the state from which he had fallen st jerome gave it biblical authority when he transformed it into satan s proper name it is noteworthy that the old testament itself does not at any point actually mention the rebellion and fall of satan this non scriptural belief assembled from interpretations of different passages would fall under the heading christian mythology that is christian traditions that are derived from outside of chu |
rch teachings and scripture the term christian mythology is seen as offensive to some christians who would prefer the term christian traditions for detailed discussion of the war in heaven theme see fallen angel in the vulgate the word lucifer is used elsewhere it describes the morning star the planet venus the light of the morning job one one one seven the signs of the zodiac job three eight three two and the aurora psalms one zero nine three in the new testament jesus christ in ii peter one one nine is associated with the morning star phosphoros not all references in the new testament to the morning star refer to phosphoros however in revelation rev two two eight and i will give him the morning star aster proinos rev two two one six i jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches i am the root and the offspring of david and the bright and morning star aster orthrinos in the eastern empire where greek was the language morning star heosphorus retained these earlier connotations w |
hen liutprand bishop of cremona attended the byzantine emperor nicephorus ii in nine six eight he reported to his master otto i the greeting sung to the emperor arriving in hagia sophia behold the morning star approaches eos rises he reflects in his glances the rays of the sun he the pale death of the saracens nicephorus the ruler lucifer features in the modern the urantia book lucifer in astronomy because the planet venus lucifer is an inferior planet meaning that its orbit lies between the orbit of the earth and the sun it can never rise high in the sky at night as seen from earth it can be seen in the eastern morning sky for an hour or so before the sun rises and in the western evening sky for an hour or so after the sun sets but never during the dark of midnight venus lucifer is the brightest object in the sky after the sun and the moon as bright and as brilliant as it is ancient people couldn t understand why they couldn t see it at midnight like the outer planets or during midday like the sun and moon s |
ome believe they invented myths about lucifer being cast out from heaven to explain this lucifer was supposed to shine so bright because it wanted to take over the thrones or status of saturn and jupiter both of which were considered most important by the worshippers of planetary deities at the time lucifer in literature better to reign in hell than serve in heav n paradise lost book i two six three lucifer is a key protagonist in john milton s one six six seven protestant epic paradise lost milton presents lucifer almost sympathetically an ambitious and prideful angel who defies god and wages war on heaven only to be defeated and cast down lucifer must then employ his rhetorical ability to organize hell he is aided by mammon and beelzebub later lucifer enters the garden of eden where he successfully tempts eve wife of adam to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil lucifer naturally makes appearances in fiction offering a suggestion of esoterica lucifer appears in joost van den vondel s lucifer |
one six five four in miguel serrano s nos one nine eight zero lucifer is identified as the king of the white gods in arthur c clarke s space odyssey series one nine six eight one nine nine seven jupiter was renamed lucifer after its transformation into earth s second sun lucifer is a character in the view from the other side fantasy novel to reign in hell one nine eight four by steven brust lucifer is the protagonist of the graphic novel series lucifer one nine nine nine present by mike carey lucifer is the main character in catherine webb s novels waywalkers two zero zero three and timekeepers two zero zero four under the name of sam linnifer lucifer in film music and games lucifer is the first person narrator in the rolling stones song sympathy for the devil one nine six eight lucifer was played by viggo mortensen to christopher walken s archangel gabriel in the one nine nine five film the prophecy lucifer is a vital character in the roleplaying series shin megami tensei and its related spin offs in the se |
ries lucifer is portrayed as a multi faceted almost noble enemy of yhwh god his human alias is louis cypher lucifer is mentioned in the movie the exorcism of emily rose lucifer is played by peter stormare in the movie constantine with keanu reeves lucifer is mentioned as being the former ruler of the netherealm before he was overthrown by quan chi and shinnok in the mortal kombat series see also luciferians the anti arian followers of four th century lucifer calaritanus lucifer the bishop of cagliari luciferianism the worship of lucifer in a gnostic form morning star satanism lucifer magazine lucifer dc comics external links jewish encyclopedia lucifer also fall of angels vita adae et evae text from r h charles the apocrypha and pseudepigrapha of the old testament lucifer and venus lucifer in relation to ancient kings venus and idolatry lucifer s entry in a gallery of demons lucifer s entry in occultopedia demons and devils angels christian demons luciferianism satanism wisdom gods enterobacteria phage lambda |
phage is a temperate phage that lives in e coli once the phage is inside its host it may integrate itself into the host s dna in this state is called a prophage and stays resident within the host s genome without causing it much harm this way the prophage gets duplicated with every cell division of the host the dna of the prophage that is expressed in that state codes for proteins that look out for signs of stress in the host cell stress can be a large result of starvation poisons like antibiotics and other factors that can damage or destroy the host at that point the prophage becomes active again excises itself from the dna of the host cell and enters its lytic cycle the reactivated phage takes apart the host s dna and reprograms its protein factory to produce new phages in multiple copies when all resources of the host are depleted from building new phages the cell is lysed the cell membrane is broken down and the new phages are released the integration of phage takes place at a special attachment site in |
the bacterial genome called att the sequence of the att site is called attb and consists of the parts b o b whereas the complementary sequence in the circular phage genome is called attp and consists of the parts p o p the integration itself is a sequential exchange see genetic recombination via a holliday structure and requires both the phage protein int and the bacterial protein ihf integration host factor both int and ihf bind to attp and built an intrasome a dna protein complex designed for site specific recombination of the phage and host dna the original bob secuanes is changed by the integration to b o p phage dna p o b the phage dna is now part of the host s genome repressor the repressor found in the phage lambda is a notable example of the level of control possible over gene expression by a very simple system it forms a binary switch with two genes under mutually exclusive expression in the following the convention that genes are italicized while protein products are not is followed i e ci refers to |
the gene whilst ci is the resulting protein encoded by that gene the lambda repressor gene system consists of from left to right on the chromosome ci gene or three or two or one cro gene the lambda repressor is a dimer also known as the ci protein it regulates the transcription of the ci protein and the cro protein the life cycle of lambda phages is controlled by ci and cro proteins the lambda phage will remain in the lysogenic state if ci proteins predominate but will be transformed into the lytic cycle if cro proteins predominate the ci dimer may bind to any of three operators or one or two and or three in the order or one or two or three binding of a ci dimer to or one enhances binding of a second ci dimer to or two an effect called cooperativity thus or one and or two are almost always simultaneously occupied by ci however this does not increase the affinity between ci and or three which will be occupied only when the ci concentration is high in the absence of ci proteins the cro gene may be transcribed |
in the presence of ci proteins only the ci gene may be transcribed at high concentration of ci transcriptions of both genes are repressed caudoviralesmodel organisms lifecycle schematic representation of the genome of the bacteriophage lambda bacteriophage lambda binds to the target e coli cell the tail fibres binding to maltose receptors the linear phage genome is injected into the cell and immediately circularises transcription starts from the l r and r promoters producing the immediate early transcripts initially these produce n cro and a short inactive protein cro binds to or three preventing access to the rm promoter preventing transcription and production of ci n binds to the two nut sites on in the n gene and one in the cro gene the n bound in the l and r open reading frames extends the reading frames the early translation products of these transcripts the late early transcripts are more n and cro along with cii and ciii ciii binds to cii partially preventing protease vulnerability the stability of cii |
determines the lifestyle of the phage in unstressed cells with abundant nutrients protease activity is high and cii unstable this leads to the lytic lifestyle in stressed cells with limited nutrients protease activity is low and cii stable this leads to the lysogenic lifestyle lytic lifestyle the late early transcripts continue being written including xis int q and genes for replication of the lambda genome the lambda genome is replicated in preparation for daughter phage production q binds to qut sites replication from the r promoter can now extend to produce mrna for the lysis and the structural proteins structural proteins and phage genomes self assemble into new phage particles lytic proteins build sufficiently far in concentration to cause cell lysis and the mature phage particles escape xis and int regulation of insertion and excision xis and int are found on the same piece of mrna so approximately equal concentrations of xis and int proteins are produced this results initially in the excision of any i |
nserted genomes from the host genome the mrna from the l promoter forms a stable secondary structure with a hairpin loop in the sib section of the mrna this targets the three end of the mrna for rnaaseiii degradation so a lower effective concentration of xis mrna than int mrna is found so higher concentrations of xis than int higher concentrations of xis than int result in no insertion or excision of phage genomes the evolutionarily favoured action leaving any pre insterted phage genomes inserted so reducing competition and preventing the insertion of the phage genome into the genome of a doomed host lysenogenic or lysogenic lifestyle the late early transcripts continue being written including xis int q and genes for replication of the lambda genome although the stable cii also acts to promote transcription from the re i and antiq promoters the antiq promoter produces antisense mrna to the q section of the r promoter transcript switching off q production the re promoter produces antisense mrna to the cro sect |
ion of the r promoter transcript turning off cro production along with sense mrna for ci turning on ci production the i promoter produces mrna for int resulting in high concentrations of integrase no q results in no extension of the r promoter s reading frame so no lytic or structural genes are made elevated levels of integrase to much higher than that of xis result in the insertion of the lambda genome into the hosts genome see diagram production of ci leads to the binding of ci to the or one site in the r promoter turning off cro production ci also binds to the l promoter turning off transcription there too lack of cro leaves the or one site is left unbound so transcription from the rm promoter may occur maintaining levels of ci lack of transcription from the l and r promoters leads to no further production of cii and ciii as cii and ciii concentrations decrease transcription from the antiq re and i stop being promoted only the rm and r promoters are left active producing a short inactive transcript and ci |
the genome is inserted in the host and is in a dormant state induction the host cell containing a dormant phage genome experiences dna damage due to a high stress environment and starts to undergo the sos response reca a cellular protein detects dna damage and becomes activated reca a highly specific protease normally reca cleaves lexa a transcription repressor inactivating it and allowing production of dna repair proteins in infected cells this response is hijacked and reca cleaves ci cleaved ci can no longer dimerise and looses its affinity for dna binding the r and l promoters are no longer repressed and switch on and the cell returns to the lytic sequence of expression events note that cii is not stable in cells undergoing the sos response there is however one notable difference control of phage genome excision in induction schematic representation of the insertion of the bacteriophage lambda note how sib is lost from the n extended l promoter open reading frame the phage genome is still inserted in the h |
ost genome and needs excision for dna replication to occur the sib section of the normal l promoter transcript is however no longer included in this reading frame see diagram no sib domain on the l promoter mrna results in no hairpin loop on the three end so no longer targeted for rnaaseiii degradation the fully intact transcript has one intact copy of both xis and int so approximately equal concentrations of xis and int proteins are produced equal concentrations of xis and int result in the excision of the inserted genome from the host genome for replication and later phage production protein function overview cro transcription inhibitor binds or three or two and or one affinity or three or two or one ie prefferentially binds or three at low concentrations blocks the rm promoter preventing ci production at high concentrations downregulates its own production through or two and or one binding ci transcription inhibitor binds or one or two and or three affinity or one or two or three ie prefferentially binds o |
r one at low concentrations blocks the r promoter preventing cro production at high concentrations downregulates its own production through or two and or three binding also inhibits transcription from the l promoter succeptable to cleavage by reca in cells undergoing the sos response cii transcription activator binds ciii activates transcription from the antiq re and i promoters low stability due to succeptability to cellular proteases especially in healthy cells and cells undergoing the sos response slightly stabilised by binding to ciii ciii cii binding protein protects cii from degradation by cellular proteases n dna binding protein and rnapol cofactor binds dna at nut sites and transfers onto any oncoming rnapol alters the recognition of stop codons so normal stop codons are ignored and special n stop codons are effective instead q dna binding protein and rnapol cofactor binds dna at qut sites and transfers onto any oncoming rnapol alters the recognition of stop codons so normal stop codons are ignored an |
d special q stop codons are effective instead xis excisionase and integrase regulator manages excision and insertion of phage genome into the host s genome int integrase manages insertion of phage genome into the host s genome in conditions of low int concentration there is no effect if xis is low in concentration and int high the n this leads to the insertion of the phage genome if xis and int have high and approximately equal concentrations this leads to the excision of phage genomes from the host s genome a b c d e f z u v g t h m l k i j shown on diagram as head and tail a f code for phage head genes z j code for phage tail genes the order shown here is as found on the genome reading in a clockwise direction structural proteins self assemble with the phage genome into daughter phage particles s r shown on diagram as lysis the order shown here is as found on the genome reading in a clockwise direction lysis promoters cause the host cell to undergo lysis at high enough concentrations op shown on diagram as |
o replication p dna replication promoter promotes the specific replication of only the phage genome sib not a protein but a vital conserved dna sequence forms a stable hairpin loop structure in transcribed mrna attracts degradation of mrna by rnaaseiii attp not a protein but a vital conserved dna sequence point of action of int and xis in insertion and excision of the phage genome into the host s genome corresponding attb found in the host s genome at the point of insertion louis armstrong s stage personality matched his flashy trumpet as captured in this photo by william p gottlieb armstrong is also known for his gravelly singing voice louis daniel armstrong usually pronounced louee in the french pronunciation with a silent s august four one nine zero one july six one nine seven one also known by the nicknames satchmo and pops was an american jazz musician armstrong was a charismatic innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a pop |
ular art form probably the most famous jazz musician of the two zero th century he first achieved fame as a trumpeter but towards the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers early life armstrong was born to a poor family in new orleans louisiana the date of his birth is august four one nine zero one his youth was spent in poverty in a rough neighborhood of uptown new orleans as his father william armstrong abandoned the family when louis was an infant he first learned to play the cornet his first of which was bought with money loaned to him by the karnofskys a russia jewish immigrant family in the band of the new orleans home for colored waifs where he had been sent multiple times for general delinquency most notably for a long term after as police records show firing a pistol into the air at a new year s eve celebration he followed the city s frequent brass band parades and listened to older musicians every chance he got learning from bunk johnson bu |
ddy petit and above all joe king oliver who acted as a mentor and almost a father figure to the young armstrong armstrong later played in the brass bands and riverboats of new orleans and first started traveling with the well regarded band of fate marable which toured on a steamboat up and down the mississippi river he described his time with marable as going to the university since it gave him a much wider experience working with written arrangements when joe oliver left town in one nine one nine armstrong took oliver s place in kid ory s band regarded as the top hot jazz band in the city early career in one nine two two armstrong joined the exodus to chicago where he had been invited by joe king oliver to join his creole jazz band oliver s band was the best and most influential hot jazz band in chicago in the early one nine two zero s at a time when chicago was the center of jazz armstrong made his first recordings including taking some solos and breaks while playing second cornet in oliver s band in one ni |
ne two three armstrong was happy working with oliver but his wife pianist lil hardin armstrong urged him to seek more prominent billing he and oliver parted amicably in one nine two four and armstrong moved to new york city to play with the fletcher henderson orchestra the top african american band of the day armstrong switched to the trumpet to blend in better with the other musicians in his section during this time he also made many recordings on the side arranged by an old friend from new orleans pianist clarence williams these included small jazz band sides some of the best pairing armstrong with one of armstrong s few rivals in fiery technique and ideas sidney bechet and a series of accompaniments for blues singers he returned to chicago in one nine two five and began recording under his own name with his famous hot five and hot seven with such hits as potato head blues muggles a reference to marijuana for which armstrong had a lifelong fondness and west end blues the music of which set the standard and |
the agenda for jazz for many years to come armstrong s trumpet introduction to west end blues remains one of the most famous and celebrated improvisations in jazz history armstrong returned to new york in one nine two nine then moved to los angeles in one nine three zero then toured europe after spending many years on the road he settled permanently in queens new york in one nine four three although subject to the vicissitudes of tin pan alley and the gangster ridden music business he continued to develop his playing during the subsequent thirty years armstrong played more than three hundred gigs a year bookings for big bands tapered off during the one nine four zero s due to changes in public tastes ballrooms closed and there was competition from television and from other types of music becoming more popular than big band music it became impossible to support and finance a one six piece touring band the all stars around one nine five zero armstrong cut his band down to six pieces going back to the dixieland |
style that made him famous in the first place this group was called the all stars and included at various times barney bigard jack teagarden trummy young arvell shaw marty napoleon big sid catlett and barrett deems during this period he made many recordings and appeared in over thirty films in one nine six four armstrong recorded his biggest selling record hello dolly armstrong kept up his busy tour schedule until a few years before his death while in his later years he would sometimes play some of his numerous gigs by rote but other times would enliven the most mundane gig with his vigorous playing often to the astonishment of his band he also toured africa europe and asia under sponsorship of the us state department with great success and become known as ambassador satch while failing health restricted his schedule in his last years within those limitations he continued playing until the day he died armstrong died of a heart attack in one nine seven one at age six nine the night after playing a famous show |
at the waldorf astoria s empire room he was interred in the flushing cemetery flushing new york personality the nickname satchmo or satch is short for satchelmouth describing his embouchure in one nine three two then melody maker magazine editor percy brooks greeted armstrong in london with hello satchmo shortening satchelmouth some say unintentionally and it stuck early on he was also known as dippermouth these are all references to they way he held his trumpet when he played his trumpet was situated on his lips in such a way that after so many long hours of playing it made a dip in his upper lip thus the term dippermouth this dip is actually visible in many pictures of louis from the time period and it also led to his emphasizing his singing career because at one point he was unable to play this did not stop louis though because after setting his trumpet aside for a while he amended his playing style and continued his trumpet career friends and fellow musicians usually called him pops which is also how arms |
trong usually addressed his friends and fellow musicians except for pops foster whom armstrong always called george satchmo s autograph from the one nine six zero s the satchmo nickname and armstrong s warm southern personality combined with his natural love of entertaining and evoking a response from the audience resulted in a public persona the grin the sweat the handkerchief that came to seem affected and even something of a racist caricature late in his career he was also criticized for accepting the title of king of the zulus in the new orleans african american community an honored role as head of leading black carnival krewe but bewildering or offensive to outsiders with their traditional costume of grass skirts and blackface makeup satirizing southern white attitudes for mardi gras one nine four nine the seeming racial insensitivity of armstrong s king of the zulus performance has sometimes been seen as part of a larger failing on armstrong s part where some saw a gregarious and outgoing personality ot |
hers saw someone trying too hard to appeal to white audiences and essentially becoming a minstrel caricature some musicians criticized armstrong for playing in front of segregated audiences and for not taking a strong enough stand in the civil rights movement suggesting that he was an uncle tom billie holiday countered however of course pops toms but he toms from the heart armstrong in fact was a major financial supporter of dr martin luther king jr and other civil rights activists but mostly preferred to work quietly behind the scenes not mixing his politics with his work as an entertainer the few exceptions made it more effective when he did speak out armstrong s criticism of president eisenhower calling him two faced and gutless due to his inaction during the conflict over school desegregation in little rock arkansas in one nine five seven made national news as a protest armstrong cancelled a planned tour of the soviet union on behalf of the state department saying the way they re treating my people in the |
south the government can go to hell and that he could not represent his government abroad when it was in conflict with its own people he was an extremely generous man who was said to have given away almost as much money as he kept for himself armstrong was also greatly concerned with his health and bodily functions he made frequent use of laxatives as a means of controlling his weight a practice he advocated both to personal acquaintances and in the diet plans he published under the title lose weight the satchmo way armstrong s laxative of preference in his younger days was pluto water but then became an enthusiastic convert when he discovered the herbal remedy swiss kriss he would extol its virtues to anyone who would listen music in his early years armstrong was best known for his virtuosity with the cornet and trumpet the greatest trumpet playing of his early years can be heard on his hot five and hot seven records the improvisations which he made on these records of new orleans jazz standards and popular |
songs of the day to the present time stack up brilliantly alongside those of any other later jazz performer the older generation of new orleans jazz musicians often referred to their improvisations as variating the melody armstrong s improvisations were daring and sophisticated for the time while often subtle and melodic he often essentially re composed pop tunes he played making them more interesting armstrong s playing is filled with joyous inspired original melodies creative leaps and subtle relaxed or driving rhythms the genius of these creative passages is matched by armstrong s playing technique honed by constant practice which extended the range tone and capabilities of the trumpet in these records armstrong almost single handedly created the role of the jazz soloist taking what was essentially a collective folk music and turning it into an art form with tremendous possibilities for individual expression louis armstrong armstrong s work in the one nine two zero s shows him playing at the outer limits |
of his abilities the hot five records especially often have minor flubs and missed notes which do little to detract from listening enjoyment since the energy of the spontaneous performance comes through by the mid one nine three zero s armstrong achieved a smooth assurance knowing exactly what he could do and carrying out his ideas with perfectionism as his music progressed and popularity grew his singing also became important armstrong was not the first to record scat singing but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it he had a hit with his playing and scat singing on heebie jeebies and sang out i done forgot the words in the middle of recording i m a ding dong daddy from dumas such records were hits and scat singing became a major part of his performances long before this however armstrong was playing around with his vocals shortening and lengthening phrases interjecting improvisations using his voice as creatively as his trumpet during his long career he played and sang with the most important inst |
rumentalists and vocalists among the many singing brakeman jimmie rodgers bing crosby duke ellington fletcher henderson bessie smith and notably with ella fitzgerald his influence upon bing crosby is particularly important with regard to the subsequent development of popular music crosby admired and copied armstrong as is evident on many of his early recordings notably just one more chance one nine three one the new grove dictionary of jazz describes crosby s debt to armstrong in perfect detail although it does not acknowledge armstrong by name crosby was important in introducing into the mainstream of popular singing an afro american concept of song as a lyrical extension of speech his techniques easing the weight of the breath on the vocal chords passing into a head voice at a low register using forward production to aid distinct enunciation singing on consonants a practice of black singers and making discreet use of appoggiaturas mordents and slurs to emphasise the text were emulated by nearly all later po |
pular singers armstrong recorded three albums with ella fitzgerald ella and louis ella and louis again and porgy and bess for verve records his recordings satch plays fats all fats waller tunes and louis armstrong plays w c handy in the one nine five zero s were perhaps the last of his great creative recordings but even oddities like disney songs the satchmo way have their musical moments for the most part however his later output was criticized as being overly simplistic or repetitive armstrong had many hit records including stardust what a wonderful world when the saints go marching in dream a little dream of me ain t misbehavin and stompin at the savoy we have all the time in the world featured on the soundtrack of the james bond film on her majesty s secret service and enjoyed renewed popularity in the uk in one nine nine four when it featured on a guinness advert it reached number three in the charts on being re released in one nine six four armstrong knocked the beatles off the top of the billboard top |
one zero zero chart with hello dolly which gave the six three year old performer a u s record as the oldest artist to have a one song in one nine six eight armstrong scored one last popular hit in the united kingdom with the highly sentimental pop song what a wonderful world which topped the british charts for a month however the single did not chart at all in america the song gained greater currency in the popular consciousness when it was used in the one nine eight seven movie good morning vietnam its subsequent rerelease topping many charts around the world armstrong enjoyed many types of music from the most earthy blues to the syrupy sweet arrangements of guy lombardo to latin american folksongs to classical symphonies and opera armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted armstrong to stay in convenient narrow categories armstrong was inducted into rock and roll hall of fame as an early influence some of his solos from the |
one nine five zero s such as the hard rocking version of saint louis blues from the wc handy album show that the influence went in both directions death and legacy louis armstrong died of a heart attack on july six one nine seven one at age six nine he was residing in corona queens new york city at the time of his passing the influence of armstrong on the development of jazz is virtually immeasurable yet his irrepressible personality both as a performer and as a public figure later in his career was so strong that to some it sometimes overshadowed his contributions as a musician and singer as a virtuoso trumpet player armstrong had a unique tone and an extraordinary talent for melodic improvisation through his playing the trumpet emerged as a solo instrument in jazz he was a masterful accompanist and ensemble player in addition to his extraordinary skills as a soloist with his innovations he raised the bar musically for all who came after him armstrong is considered to have essentially invented jazz singing |
he had an extremely distinctive gravelly voice which he deployed with great dexterity as an improviser bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes he was also greatly skilled at scat singing or wordless vocalizing and according to some legends he invented it during his recording heebie jeebies where the sheet music fell on the floor and he simply started singing nonsense syllables billie holiday and frank sinatra are just two singers who were indebted to him armstrong appeared in more than a dozen hollywood films though few of particular note usually playing a band leader or musician he was the first african american to host a nationally broadcast radio show in the one nine three zero s he also made assorted television appearances especially in the one nine five zero s and one nine six zero s including appearances on the tonight show starring johnny carson louis armstrong has a record star on the hollywood walk of fame on seven six zero one hollywood boulevard many of armstrong s recording |
s remain popular more than three decades since his passing a larger number of his recordings from all periods of his career are more widely available than at any time during his lifetime his songs are broadcast and listened to everyday throughout the world and are honored in various movies tv series commercials and even anime and computer games a kiss to build a dream on was included in the computer game fallout two accompanying the intro cinematic his one nine two three recordings with joe oliver and his creole jazz band continue to be listened to as documents of ensemble style new orleans jazz all too often however armstrong recorded with stiff standard orchestras leaving only his sublime trumpet playing as of interest melancholy blues performed by armstrong and his hot seven was included on the voyager golden record sent into outer space to represent one of the greatest achievements of humanity armstrong set up a non profit foundation for educating disadvantaged children in music and bequeathed his house a |
nd substantial archives of writings books recordings and memorabilia to the city university of new york s queens college to take effect after his and his wife lucille s death the louis armstrong archives have been available to music researchers and his home at three four five six one zero seven th street between three four th and three five th avenues corona ny one one three six eight telephone seven one eight four seven eight eight two seven four was opened to the public as a museum on october one five two zero zero three argentine writer julio cort zar a self described armstrong admirer asserted that a one nine five two louis armstrong concert at the th tre des champs lys es in paris played a significant role in inspiring him to create the fictional creatures called cronopios that are the subject of a number of cort zar s short stories cort zar onced called louis armstrong himself grand simo cronopio most enormous cronopio the main airport in new orleans louis armstrong new orleans international airport is |
named for armstrong samples download sample of armstrong singing ain t misbehavin a song from the one nine two nine broadway revue hot chocolate one three six kb two zero seconds download sample of april in paris by ella fitzgerald with armstrong notes armstrong said he was not sure exactly when he was born but celebrated his birthday on july four he usually gave the year as one nine zero zero when speaking in public although he used one nine zero one on his social security and other papers filed with the government using roman catholic church documents from when his grandmother took him to be baptized new orleans music researcher tad jones established his birthday was august four one nine zero one with various other collaborative evidence this date is now accepted by armstrong scholars see also age fabrication references armstrong louis satchmo my life in new orleans isbn zero three zero six eight zero two seven six seven armstrong louis and thomas brothers armstrong in his own words selected writings isbn z |
ero one nine five one four zero four six x bergreen laurence louis armstrong an extravagant life isbn zero five five three zero six seven six eight zero cogswell michael armstrong the offstage story isbn one eight eight eight zero five four eight one six meckna michael satchmo the louis armstrong encyclopedia isbn zero three one three three zero one three seven nine external links louis armstrong at the soundtrackinfo project quotes and tributes discography seeing black jazz critic on the uncle tom question satchmo net the official website of the louis armstrong house laughin louis armstrong the trickster popmatters column one zero two zero zero five louis armstrong one nine zero one births one nine seven one deaths african american musicians american jazz musicians american jazz singers american trumpet players hollywood walk of fame jazz bandleaders jazz trumpet players jazz cornetists louisiana musicians new orleanians rock and roll hall of fame inductees this article is about long island in new york state |
for other uses see long island disambiguation the four counties of long island long island is an island in new york at one three seven seven square miles three five six seven km the largest island in the continental united states and with seven four million residents the one seven th most populous island in the world true to its name the island is much longer jutting out some one one eight miles one nine zero km from new york harbor than it is wide with only from one two to two zero miles three two km between the southern atlantic coast and long island sound the native american name for long island is paumonauk meaning fish shaped island on the western part of long island are the new york city boroughs of brooklyn kings county and queens queens county east of these are nassau and suffolk counties however common usage of the term long island or the island usually refers to nassau and suffolk counties only brooklyn and queens are considered already part of new york city or just the city geography image of long |
island taken by nasa to the north of the island is long island sound which separates it from the coast of connecticut and rhode island to the south are the great south bay south oyster bay and jamaica bay which are actually lagoons protected from the atlantic ocean by a string of narrow barrier islands most notably fire island the island splits into two forks at the eastern end known as the north fork and south fork which are separated by the great peconic bay long island is interesting because it is geographically part of the mid atlantic however many towns and hamlets along the island s north shore and in eastern suffolk county such as oyster bay port jefferson and sag harbor seem to resemble new england towns while many of the towns and hamlets along the south shore such as long beach valley stream and babylon village seem to resemble mid atlantic coastal communities especially those on the shore between new jersey and virginia long island can be considered the geographical border between the mid atlantic |
and new england climate long island has a climate that is very similar to other coastal areas of the northeastern united states it has warm humid summers and cold winters but the atlantic ocean helps bring afternoon sea breezes that temper the heat in the warmer months and limit the frequency and severity of thunderstorms in the wintertime temperatures are warmer than areas further inland especially in the night and early morning hours sometimes causing a snowstorm further inland to fall as rain on the island however measurable snow falls every winter and in many winters one or more intense storms called nor easters produce blizzard conditions with snowfalls of one two feet and near hurricane force winds long island temperatures also vary from west to east with the western part of the island warmer on most occasions than the east this is due to two factors one because the western part is closer to the mainland and the other is the western part is more developed causing what is known as the urban heat island |
effect the eastern part is cooler on most occasions due to the ocean and sound and it is less developed on dry nights with no clouds or wind the pine barrens in eastern suffolk county can be almost two zero fahrenheit degrees cooler due to radiational cooling long island is somewhat vulnerable to hurricanes its northern location and relatively cool waters tend to weaken storms to below hurricane strength by the time they reach long island despite this some storms had made landfall at category one or greater strength including two unnamed category three storms in one nine three eight new england hurricane of one nine three eight and one nine four four hurricane donna in one nine six zero hurricane belle in one nine seven six hurricane gloria in one nine eight five hurricane bob in one nine nine one brushed the eastern tip and hurricane floyd in one nine nine nine geology long island is formed largely of two spines of glacial moraine with a large sandy outwash plane beyond these moraines consist of gravel and l |
oose rock left behind during the two most recent pulses of wisconsinan glaciation the northern moraine which directly abuts the north shore of long island at points is known as the harbor hill moraine the more southerly moraine known as the ronkonkoma moraine forms the backbone of long island it runs primarily through the very center of long island roughly coinciding with the length of the long island expressway most of the more level land south of this moraine to the south shore is the outwash plain the island s tallest natural point is jayne s hill near melville with an elevation of four zero zero nine feet one two two two m above sea level the island is separated from the mainland by the east river actually not a river but a tidal strait long island is made up of a series of sand and gravel aquifers geologic formations which can hold transmit and yield water in usable quantities all of long island s water supply comes from underground water held in aquifers stacked one on top of the other like layers in a |
cake three major and one minor aquifer make up the long island aquifer system in sequence from shallowest to deepest the long island aquifers are the upper glacial the magothy and the lloyd aquifers all long island aquifers receive their fresh water from precipitation which takes from two five to one zero zero zero years to migrate through the layers to the aquifers which hold roughly seven zero trillion gallons enough to flood the entire surface of long island with more than three zero zero feet of water and can withstand long droughts that dry up surface water reservoirs like the ones that supply new york city almost four million gallons each day are taken from beneath nassau and suffolk counties providing the primary source of water for the resident population while most homes are on a municipal water system there are still many areas where homes have their own wells to provide them with water due to contamination associated with development the concern over preserving the quality of long island s groundwa |
ter has become the single most important factor limiting the region s growth economy the counties of nassau and suffolk have long been renowned for their affluence with median home prices rising in excess of four zero zero zero zero zero usd long island has a very high standard of living rate with residents paying some of the highest property taxes in the country such affluence is especially pervasive among the towns on the north shore of long island also known as the gold coast long island is home to some of the most expensive houses in the country in fact the most expensive residence in the country is three ponds in bridgehampton long island is home to the luxury communities of the hamptons as well as cold spring harbor and lloyd harbor in suffolk county and garden city laurel hollow and manhasset in nassau county the economy of long island has long benefitted from its proximity to new york city although after world war ii long island began developing industry of its own from one nine five zero one nine eig |
ht zero long island was considered one of the aviation centers of the united states with companies such as grumman making its headquarters in the area in recent decades companies such as computer associates headquartered in islandia have made long island a center for the computer industry nevertheless the eastern end of the island is still partly agricultural now including many vineyards as well as traditional truck farming fishing also continues to be an important industry especially at northport and montauk a long island fisherman cleans his nets since world war ii long island has become increasingly suburban and in some areas fully urbanized levittown was only the first of many new suburbs and businesses followed residential development eastward long island is home to the east coast s largest industrial park the hauppauge industrial park the park has over one three zero zero companies and employs over five five zero zero zero long islanders companies in the park and abroad are represented by the hauppauge |
industrial association politics brooklyn and queens do not have independent county governments as they are boroughs of new york city both boroughs do have subsidiary offices headed by borough presidents but this largely a ceremonial title that holds little political power nassau county and suffolk county have their own separate governments with a county executive leading both each also has a county legislature as well as other countywide elected officials such as district attorney county clerk and county comptroller the towns in both counties have their own governments as well with town supervisors and a town council politically long island was long controlled by the republican party republican presidential candidates won both nassau and suffolk counties from one nine zero zero until one nine eight eight with the exception of the one nine one two victory of woodrow wilson and the lyndon johnson landslide of one nine six four in one nine seven two richard nixon won nassau suffolk and queens and came within one |
four zero zero zero votes of winning heavily democratic brooklyn in one nine nine two the suburban counties split with nassau voting democratic and suffolk voting republican however since one nine nine six both counties along with brooklyn and queens have been democratic although sometimes by fairly close margins in two zero zero four john kerry won suffolk county by just under one four zero zero zero votes the close two zero zero four margins followed a large gore win in nassau and suffolk in two zero zero zero and many observers think the two zero zero four results were more of a reflection from a nine one one bump bush received through portions of the ny metro area as his s jumped quite a bit from two zero zero zero in staten island rockland county and parts of new jersey as well rather than a reversal of the democratic trend in two zero zero zero senator hillary clinton lost both nassau and suffolk to republican rick lazio who had previously served as a congressman from suffolk county while the two zero |
zero four results did show a much stronger showing for bush across nassau and suffolk county it did not hurt democrat charles schumer and his re election bid in the area schumer won both nassau and suffolk in a landslide receiving close to seven zero of the vote in both counties republican governor george pataki won both nassau and suffolk in all three of his victories in two zero zero one nassau county elected democrat thomas suozzi as county executive and democrats took control of the county legislature marking the first time democrats had full control over county governments republicans still held on to the district attorney s office and hempstead town government which has not had a democratic majority on the town coucil or held the town supervisor position in close to one zero zero years in two zero zero three suffolk county followed suit elected democrat steve levy as county executive the two zero zero five election saw nassau move further into democratic hands denis dillon the republican district attorn |
ey of nassau county for over thirty years lost his re election bid to the democrat kathleen rice the republicans also lost the town of brookhaven long known as a bastion of the republican party on the island this has been attributed in part to what was perceived as widespread republican corruption in the town some critics had begun to refer to brookhaven as crookhaven because of this the suffolk county sheriff s race also resulted in a democratic win for the first time in years democrats once again control the suffolk county legislature in two zero zero six for the first time ever democrats will control a majority of government offices in both counties including both county executives legislatures and district attorneys on the western side both brooklyn and queens are reliably democratic although queens became that way fairly recently having still been politically volatile through the one nine eight zero s this is mainly a consequence of the recent changes in queens demographics that used to be a white middle |
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