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documentation project tldp howto generator technical communication the software revolution inc design level linux documentation vaz two one one two two vaz two one zero nine three vaz two one zero seven three vaz two one zero three avtovaz is a russian automobile manufacturer also known as vaz volzhsky automobilny zavod and better known to the world as lada was set up in the late one nine six zero s in collaboration with fiat it produces nearly one million cars a year including the samara lada one one zero and the niva a four x four vehicle the variations of their first car the model vaz two one zero one based on the one nine six six fiat one two four and introduced in one nine seven zero are still the cars most associated with its lada brand the vaz factory is one of the biggest in the world has over nine zero miles one four four km of production lines and is unique in that most of the components for the cars are made in house origins the plant was set up as a collaboration between italy and the soviet union |
and built on the banks of the volga river a new part of town togliatti named after an italian communist was built around the factory the lada was envisaged as a people s car like the citro n two cv or the vw beetle the lightweight italian fiat one two four was adapted into something intended to survive treacherous russian driving conditions among many changes aluminium brake drums were added to the rear and the original fiat engine was dropped in favour of a newer design purchased from fiat this new engine had a modern overhead camshaft design but was never used in fiat cars the suspension was raised to clear rough russian roads and the bodyshell was made from thicker heavier steel the first lada models were equipped with a starting handle in case the battery went flat in siberian conditions though this was later dropped another feature specifically intended to help out in cold conditions was a manual auxiliary fuel pump engines fitted to the original ladas start with the one two l carburettor in the origina |
l and go up to the one seven l export model set up with a general motors single point fuel injection system diesel engines were later fitted for the russian market only the drivetrain is a simple rear wheel drive setup with a stiff rear axle the engine is an inline four with two valves per cylinder and a single overhead camshaft the fiat based ladas feature various headlight trim and body styles the original fiat style models included vaz two one zero one sedan and vaz two one zero two station wagon one nine seven two saw introduction of deluxe version of the sedan vaz two one zero three which was based on fiat one two four speciale and featured new one five l engine and twin headlights in one nine seven four the original vaz two one zero one was updated with new engines and interiors vaz two one zero two underwent the same improvements in one nine seven six the body style with two round headlights was manufactured until one nine eight eight all others remain in production in slightly updated form the vaz two |
one zero six introduced in one nine seven six was an updated verion of vaz two one zero three featuring different interiors and new one six l engine two one zero six is the oldest and the most popular rear drive model of avtovaz its production continued until two zero zero one and still carried on by licensees vaz two one zero five still based on the two one zero one but updated to eight zero s styling was introduced in one nine eight zero square headlights and new body panels distinguish this style from the old models a deluxe version vaz two one zero seven was out in one nine eight two it featured a better engine refined interiors and mercedes like radiator grille in one nine eight four the vaz two one zero four station wagon completed the line up in the domestic market these classic models were called zhiguli the lada name was used for exports only but a large share of ladas was reexported from eastern block countries so the brand was well known in the domestic market as well non fiat models avtovaz desig |
ners proved that they had some original ideas when the vaz two one two one niva was introduced in one nine seven eight this highly popular car was made with off road use in mind featuring full time all wheel drive an original body style and the most powerful one seven l engine in the vaz range the niva has also been available with one nine l peugeot sourced diesel engine the niva is still in production based on the success of the niva the design department prepared the new family of front wheel drive models by one nine eight four a completely domestic design the body is not unsimilar to fiat regata though production started with vaz two one zero eight three sputnik three door hatchback the series were later renamed samara the samara engine was mostly designed and produced in house had a new single overhead cam design and was driven by a more modern rubber belt the combustion chambers were developed in collaboration with porsche the line up features completely new body and interiors front mcpherson suspension |
and rear torsion bar rack and pinion steering and updated five speed gearshift five door vaz two one zero nine three hatchback followed in one nine eight seven and four door one five l sedan vaz two one zero nine nine was introduced in one nine nine zero the same year the front sides and radiator grille were restyled on the whole samara range the two one zero eight two one zero nine models were in production until two zero zero one when they were restyled with new side panels interiors and one five l fuel injection engines though fuel injection was available as early as one nine nine five the lada two one zero nine hatchback was rebadged as lada two one one four and lada two one zero nine nine sedan was rebadged as the lada two one one five the two one zero four two one zero nine nine model range was transferred to izhmash and zaz and is still being manufactured in two zero zero four vaz also introduced lada two one one three a restyled version of lada two one zero eight vaz one one one one oka micro car whic |
h resembles the fiat panda though has no relation to it was introduced in one nine eight eight and in one nine nine one the production was transferred to kamaz and seaz factories the vaz two one two zero nadezhda minivan is based on original niva and is in low volume production since one nine nine eight a five door version of the niva the vaz two one three one has been in production since one nine nine five the break up of the ussr delayed the production of new one one zero series by a couple of years the vaz two one one zero sedan was introduced in one nine nine six the two one one one station wagon followed in one nine nine eight and the two one one two hatchback completed the range in two zero zero one these models are basically based on samara technology with a new body and fuel injection engines as standard though carburated versions have also been available up until two zero zero one the one one zero series remains in production and has been continually updated over the years for example engines used to |
be one five liter units with either eight or one six valves but these have now been upgraded to one six liter units that meet stricter emissions rules market share changes to emissions and safety legislation meant that autovaz withdrew from most western markets by the late one nine nine zero s often there were also problems with spare parts in the usa they were never sold due to the cold war but they were available in canada where the niva was quite popular however canadians travelling in the usa in a lada found out that some gas stations refused to sell fuel to them due to anti soviet sentiment the rise in popularity of far eastern imports from newly established manufacturers such as daewoo proton kia and hyundai contributed to lada s demise in the west these korean and malaysian manufactured vehicles offered modern japanese developed technology and high equipment levels which lada could not hope to compete with though the original lada and as of the early part of the new millennium the samara have now been |
withdrawn from europe the lada one one zero and the niva are still sold on the european market as are the more modern models the lada is widely available in many central and south american countries as well as africa the middle east and in all of the former soviet union in early post communist russia a bizarre export market for unwanted lada vehicles began to emerge a shortage of both cars and spare parts led to armies of russian speculators coming to the west where the cars were considered unfashionable to the point of ridicule and therefore worthless to buy thousands of lada cars for export back to their home country most of export lada samara cars were reexported back in one nine nine four one nine nine six and they sold very well due to popular belief that export ladas are produced with better care than domestic versions for this reason ladas are a relatively rare sight nowadays in western european countries although avtovaz has since developed a new generation of lada cars and is bidding to return to th |
ese markets although current lada cars miss many features standard on a modern car such as power steering anti lock brakes air conditioning and automatic transmission they have been popular in russian because of their low price that is beginning to change in spite of persistent build quality problems and the sales of domestic models are showing a steady decline over the last few years there are lot of garage firms that offer customization in the form of different head and tail lamps front fascia spoilers seats and steering wheels some authorized services can even retrofit many kinds of modern equipment using imported parts with no loss of producer warranty recent developments as avtovaz was allowed to sell cars to private dealers in late one nine eight zero s mathematician boris berezovsky arranged to resell the cars to the public through his logovaz dealerships in one nine nine three he started a campaign to collect funds for the people s automobile and created the avva venture which stands for all russian a |
utomobile alliance the avtovaz held a major share in the venture the plans were to build a completely new plant for production of opel corsa class car vaz one one one six however the financial crisis of one nine nine eight put these plans to an end the development concepts of one one one six made a foundation of the lada kalina range gm avtovaz a joint venture with general motors adopted updated version of niva vaz two one two three that was considered for production since the one nine nine zero s named chevrolet niva it s being built on the venture s plant since two zero zero one and is exported to europe and latin america in two zero zero four the chevrolet viva a four door version of the opel astra g was introduced vaz has also tried to get into the sportier markets several ladas were factory tuned and given a momo steering wheel a convertible was also produced in two zero zero three vaz presented the concept car lada revolution an open single seater sports car powered by a one six l engine producing two o |
ne five hp there are other experimental cars like vaz two one zero eight three four tarzan suv concept vaz two one one two two three one one zero series coupe vaz one nine two two monster truck and vaz two three five nine pick up both based on niva etc two zero zero five will see the introduction of the new b class kalina lineup to the market avtovaz has built a new modern plant for this model and hoping to sell some two zero zero zero zero zero cars annually test production of lada one one one eight sedan started in november two zero zero four and full scale assembly was launched in may two zero zero five the lada one one one nine hatchback and lada one one one seven station wagon with updated dohc one six l engines are to follow in two zero zero five six the restyled one one zero series model lada two one seven zero priora is set for production in q three two zero zero six avtovaz was considering the local production of ecotec family one fam one engines using the equipment transferrend from szentgotthard hu |
ngary plant a transmissions plant was to be bought from dawoo moto india a former daewoo motors subsidiary that was not sold to gm the engines and transmissions were to be used in both gm avtovaz and lada cars as of summer two zero zero five these plans are cancelled and vaz is seeking another way to acquire some modern powerplant technology the object of jokes the original lada is often thought of as a rugged car lacking in most modern luxuries expected in modern cars while sanctions banned their export to the united states ladas were available in several western countries during the one nine eight zero s including canada and britain where due to a perception of poor quality and their low price they became the subject of jokes such as these which were also frequently used for yugo and skoda q how do you double the resale value of a lada a fill it up with petrol q why do ladas come with rear window defrosters as standard a so your hands stay warm while you re pushing it q what do you call a convertible lada a |
a skip q what do you call a lada with twin exhausts a a wheelbarrow q have you heard about the new lada one six valve a yes eight in the engine and eight in the radio in one nine eight two lada became the sponsors of the classic snooker tournament and offered any player who made a one four seven break a lada steve davis who achieved it later commented that the players had joked that the prize for nearly doing so but missing the final black was two ladas models each model has internal index that reflects modifications level based on the engine and other options installed for example the vaz two one one zero three variant has the one five l one six v engine while the vaz two one one zero four uses the latest one six l one six v fuel injection engine since two zero zero one trim levels are also indicated by including a number after the main index zero zero means base trim level zero one means standard trim and zero two designates deluxe version for example vaz two one one two one zero two means lada one one two |
hatchback with one six l sohc engine in deluxe trim level the car s name was formed from vaz index model name the classic fiat derived models were known on the domestic market as zhiguli until late one nine nine zero s when the name was dropped thus the two one zero four two one zero seven range as well as one one zero series actually lack a model name the restyled sputnik range was renamed samara but the niva and the oka retained their names by two zero zero zero s the vaz designation was dropped from market names in favour of lada and simplified export naming conventions were adopted so vaz two one zero four effectively became lada two one zero four vaz two one one zero became lada one one zero vaz two one one four became lada samara hatchback or lada one one four and so on the model names varied from market to market and as such should not be used except to indicate a certain export market instead it is advisable to refer solely to the model number as these are the same for all markets classic zhiguli ori |
ginal oka the oka is a russian minicar designed by avtovaz and sometimes branded as a lada this model is built in russia by severstalavto and seaz the serpuhov car factory as well as in azerbaijan by the gyandzha auto plant see also list of automobile manufacturers external links lada official site in russian lada category at odp official history of lada line up in russian technical specs of various lada cars in russian lada spare parts in slovak russian automobile manufacturers automobile manufacturers of the soviet union lada the old light lundy lundy is an island in the bristol channel of great britain administered as part of torridge district of the english county of devon it lies about a third of the way from the coast of devon to that of south wales it is about four five km long from north to south by one km wide and is the largest island in the bristol channel its co rdinates are five one one eight n four six seven w lundy gives its name to one of the british sea areas and is england s only statutory m |
arine nature reserve in a two zero zero five opinion poll of radio times readers lundy was named as the one zero th greatest natural wonder in britain history and ownership lundy has evidence of visitation or occupation from the neolithic period onward with mesolithic flintwork bronze age burial mounds inscribed celtic gravestones and an early medieval monastery possibly dedicated to st elen or st helen map of lundy with inset maps of great britain and bristol channel evidence that the knights templar were given the island of lundy is sparse but clearly documented exactly when the templars were first given the island is uncertain but it would seem that as they were a major maritime force in the reign of henry ii one one five four one one eight nine he gave them lundy as an english port of refuge whether they actually took possession of the island then is questionable though the order did have economic interests in north devon and may well have been given the island as an alternative to the taw river landings |
leading to barnstaple it has been speculated that one of the reasons for the king s generosity was that the norsemen were troubling scotland and may have posed a threat to more southern waters it is known that william de marisco was fined circa one one nine five for retaining the island of lundy against the wishes of king henry and against the rights of the knights templar in one two three five william de marisco implicated in the plot to murder henry ii fled to the island where he lived as a virtual king he fortified the only real landing place on its coastline and defended it against all comers other than pirates and outlaws who flocked there for his protection he built marisco castle with nine foot two seven four m thick walls that safeguarded him and his subjects for seventeen years eventually he and one six of his close followers were captured and tried lundy was seized by the royal forces and marisco was hanged drawn and quartered there followed a period of relative anarchy on the island with english an |
d foreign pirates and privateers including more members of the marisco family taking control of the island for short periods causing shipping traffic to avoid the bristol channel whenever possible further evidence of the templars weak hold on the island comes ten years after the death of henry ii in the year of the death of king richard i henry s eldest son who had succeeded him king john richard s youngest brother began his reign in one one nine nine ignoring the claims of his young nephew prince arthur in an effort to ensure the templars rights on lundy john confirmed the earlier grant made by king henry ii in the following form carts regis johannis de insula londeue johannis dei gratia deed concerning king john and the island of lundy i john by the grace of god at this time john also recompensated the templars for the past lack of income from lundy by granting them the revenues of the marisco family in somerset it is uncertain whether the templars used the island at all because in one two one three the eng |
lish treasury paid the order one zero in respect of the island whether this was recompense for not being able to use it or a fee agreed for the templars to nominally hold it in the name of the order is unclear what is certain is that by the time of king henry iii the son of king john ruled one two one six one two seven two they were given one zero zero shillings by the king in lieu of and in full recompense for the island the order s connection with lundy seems to have been severed at this time historically lundy was the home of french and other pirates it passed from aristocratic ownership to private ownership in the one nine th century martin coles harman bought the island of lundy the mail contract as well as the mv lerina in october of one nine two five after which he proclaimed himself a king harman also issued two coins of half puffin and one puffin value in one nine two nine it was this coinage that landed him in trouble the house of lords in one nine three one found him in violation of the united king |
dom s one eight seven zero coinage act he was fined ten pounds the coins were withdrawn and became collectors items residents did not pay taxes to the united kingdom and had to pass through customs when they travelled to and from lundy island following the death of harmon s son in one nine six eight lundy was sold in one nine six nine to the national trust although the island was ruled as a virtual fiefdom its owner never claimed to be independent of the united kingdom so this differed from later territorial micronations lundy is now run by a charity called landmark trust which maintains properties on the island that are rented to tourists the income is used to maintain the properties and the island transport to lundy except in winter there is a regular ferry service from bideford or ilfracombe depending on the state of the tides using the island s own ship the ms oldenburg there is also a year round helicopter service economy tourism and postage stamps are the main parts of lundy s economy the marisco tavern |
which used to brew its own beer is in lundy village lundy is also used as a site for scientific research and the south end of the island is operated as a farm there are two working lighthouses on the island and one historic disused one so trinity house staff also work on the island from time to time lundy stamps owing to a decline in population and lack of interest in the mail contract the gpo ended its presence at the end of one nine two seven following this king harman handled the mail to and from the island for free eventually he decided to offset the expense by issuing postage stamps on november one one nine two nine with a value expressed in puffins one of the local birds these stamps had to be put on the back of the envelope to be accepted by the british postal authorities various issues of stamps of increasing values were issued over the years including air mail wildlife birds lundy s name is derived from the norse lunde for the puffins that nest on the island however the number has decreased dramatic |
ally in recent years the two zero zero five breeding population is estimated to be only two or three pairs as a consequence of depredations by rats recently eliminated and possibly also as a result of commercial fishing for sand eels the puffins principal prey as a fairly isolated island on major migration routes lundy has a rich bird life and is a popular site for birding the list of species breeding on the island is long and the list of those that have been seen on the island much longer among the commonest or more visible breeding species are herring gull lesser black backed gull kittiwake fulmar shag razorbill guillemot puffin oystercatcher skylark meadow pipit blackbird robin linnet st helena s church on lundy island mammals lundy is home to an unusual range of mammals almost all introduced they include grey seal sika deer soay sheep feral goat rabbit there are an unusual number of melanistic rabbits pygmy shrew the usual farm animals can be added to this list there is a distinct lundy breed of wild pony |
plant life there is one endemic plant species the lundy cabbage the east side of the island has become overgrown by rhododendrons constant but unavailing attempts are made to remove them they are used as a daytime shelter by the sika deer geology the island is primarily composed of granite which is palaeocene in age amongst the igneous dykes cutting the granite are a small number composed of a rock which has been named lundyite this name was first used in one nine one four but never precisely defined so it has since fallen into disuse archaeology there are archaeological sites on the island including some ancient graves external links official website lundy field society lundy birds lundy stamps lundy dmoz org satellite view of lundy devon visitor attractions in devon islands of england national trust properties in england lindow man is the name given to the body of a iron age man discovered in a bog near manchester in one nine eight three by peat cutters lindow man is kept freeze dried for preservation and |
is now on display in the british museum the findings the body known as a bog body was so well preserved that its finders in one nine eight three first called the police thinking it was a recent burial further investigation at the site in one nine eight four revealed that the body s legs and pelvis were missing but that the upper torso and arms remained initially the body was informally called pete marsh before his offical name was decided upon scientific analysis forensic analysis has revealed many interesting details about his body and how he may have died in life scanning electron microscopy revealed his beard and moustache hairs had stepped ends the indication of a trimming with fine shears rather than with a single knife or razor blade his well muscled symmetrical body revealed that he had not been hardened by manual labor and his nails were groomed suggesting that he was of elite standing ross and robins one nine eight nine he wore a foxfur armband archeaological interpretation lindow man is believed to |
have died sometime between two bc and one one nine ad and is most notable for the manner in which he died his killing is supposed to have begun with three blows to the head followed by one incision into his throat lastly a knotted cord fitted tightly to the neck and twisted was found around his neck he was found face down into an already mature bog at lindow moss all of the foregoing may be suggestive of ritual slaying opinion is divided as to whether this was a human sacrifice an execution or both in general there are doubts over how common the practice of human sacrifice was among the celts as almost all available accounts were written by their enemies however this is still regarded as the most likely reason for his killing the bog s acidity had preserved the contents of his stomach his last meal consisted largely of burnt cereal grains wheat bran and barley implying a sacrificial offering rather than an ordinary supper the presence of mistletoe pollen in the victim s stomach is highly suggestive given the |
many druidical associations with mistletoe mistletoe is a poisonous plant known to cause convulsions and is unlikely to have been ingested accidentally the manner of death is also well documented in later celtic commentaries other finds the finding of lindow man was not the only instance of human remains being discovered within lindow moss the previous year in one nine eight three the same peat workers uncovered a partially decomposed skull following the preliminary forensic report the police concluded that the skull was that of a european female between the ages of three zero and five zero prompting a local man to confess to the murder of his wife some two zero years earlier peter reyn bardt confessed that he had indeed killed his wife dismembered her and buried her in the lindow moss bog subsequently the oxford university research laboratory for archaeology carbon dated the skull and determined that the skull was not that of a woman but of a man who had died almost two zero zero zero years earlier based on |
the strength of his confession however mr reyn bardt was convicted of murder see also celts and human sacrifice tollund man tzi the iceman references ross anne and don robins one nine eight nine the life and death of a druid prince new york simon schuster isbn zero six seven one seven four one two two five an excellent document for the historical reasoning and some archaeological reasoning for the ideas of lindow man s social status and suspected reasons for death while not an exhaustive overview of the archaeological procedures used in the uncovering of the peat bog body ross and robins attempt to provide insights to the celtic and druidic worlds of lindow man s age external links lindow man lynn sibley murders in a bog archaeology of death bog bodies british archaeology linspire previously known as lindowsos also lin s pronounced as lindash is a gnu linux distribution based on debian linspire s focus is on ease of use for home school and business users linspire strives to make a gnu linux distribution that |
is easy for the average person to use and not one that will necessarily pander to the demands of a power user history michael robertson the founder and former ceo of mp three com functions as the chairman of linspire inc kevin carmony serves as president lindows constituted a trademark infringement on windows in february two zero zero four a judge rejected two of microsoft s central claims at this point microsoft offered to settle the case as part of an estimated two four million cash and licensing settlement from microsoft for a case that microsoft itself brought lindows agreed to change their name to linspire and transfer the lindows trademark to microsoft see microsoft vs lindows for more information linspire inc had the initial goal of developing a gnu linux based operating system capable of running major windows applications as well it based its windows compatibility on wine linspire inc later abandoned its initial approach in favor of making linux applications easy to download install and use they achie |
ved this using an application called cnr click and run a program based on debian s advanced packaging tool providing an easy to use interface and a slightly modified package system for an annual fee apt get costs no money but has less user friendliness cnr click and run has roughly two five zero zero pieces of software for download now however cnr is no longer based on apt get you can browse a sample listing of all of these programs here linspire inc sponsors many open source projects and events including the gaim and kopete instant messaging clients lsongs lphoto irma the kde apps org and kde look org websites and sponsors nvu which is at one x or in the one zero series and is an open source wysiwyg website editor based on the mozilla composer code intended to rival and supplant the internal use of frontpage in the past linspire contributed over five zero zero zero zero zero to the wine project and also hosted several linux and open source events such as the annual desktop linux summit debconf and kde develo |
pers conference editions several varieties of linspire known as editions target different markets four main editions exist standard developer oem and live standard the standard edition is intended for most consumer desktops and laptops developer a version designed for developers this version comes with many development tools such as text editors compilers and libaries for developing software oem the oem edition of linspire is for use by pc makers system builders who want to offer their customers an easy to use linux based laptop or desktop personal computer with linspire preinstalled and ready to use live potential users can download a no cost livecd version of linspire in iso image format from p two p networks or directly from linspire and run it on their computer without installing this is legally sanctioned and encouraged thrillseekers the thrillseekers editions are special beta releases available only to members of the linspire insiders community a linspire insiders membership costs nine nine nine five it |
is used mainly for testing purposes cnr image clicknrun two jpg linspire s cnr service short for c lick a n d r un but is often joked about as collect new revenue allows users unrestricted access to software stored in the cnr warehouse the service allows users to install applications using a single click for about usd two zero cnr also includes c lick n b uy or cnb which contains many commercial or proprietary linux applications available to members at a discounted rate currently cnr has over two two zero zero different products ranging from very simple applications to major commercial works like win four lin and staroffice linspire offers two different pricing options for their annual subscription based cnr service cnr service basic the basic cnr service available for about two zero per year allows users to install applications using a single click cnr gold service like the basic service the gold service available for about five zero per year allows users to install applications using a single click additio |
nal extras come with the cnr gold service such as discounts on commercial linux software like staroffice win four lin cedega and mybookspro as well as other services and features proponents of the service claim that one software discount practically pays for the cost of cnr gold service language support and international editions linspire sponsors the irma project which allows people from all over the world to assist in the translation of open source software irma supports over five zero languages with over one five zero zero translators irma allows linspire to be available fully translated in many languages such as english uk english german spanish japanese portuguese italian and others given the orientation of linspire towards ease of use and the consumer desktop the creation of fully translated international editions is crucial for its successful adoption the international editions complement the kde interface in the local language with translated multimedia tutorials documentation packaging installation p |
rocedures support for local isps etc and are available in the form of boxed packages to be sold at retail stores or oem licenses for system builders open source support linspire has contributed millions of dollars in direct funds and contributed code to several open source projects for a company of linspire s size their contributions have been quite admirable with very few exceptions all code that is developed by linspire is contributed back to the open source community linspire is also the lead maintainer for important projects such as nvu lsongs lphoto and an important contributor to other projects such as mozilla firefox gaim reiser fs and many others see http www linspire com opensource community forums the discussion forums on linspire s website are very lively with over four zero zero zero zero zero registered users although no where near that amount is active and a high level of daily postings the online communities are important in all linux distributions and the one around linspire is characterized b |
y a high level of users new to linux who find that their often rightly naive questions are answered in a friendly and usually constructive manner on the other hand deeper technical discussions are often absent from this forum criticisms some advanced linux and unix users complain that linspire allows users to run as root without more forcefully notifying them of the dangers reducing the system s security also charging for what some view as simply a modified version of debian have attracted criticisms others disagree and argue that the linspire os is considerably different from debian and most other linux distributions because it includes dozens of non open source software programs on its installation cd such as support for mp three dvd quick time java flash real windows media adobe pdf propriatary drivers and so on some of these licensed three rd party products include fees to the license holder which are paid for and legally licensed by linspire linspire employs the controversial practice of allowing users t |
o always run programs as root which can potentially nullify the traditional unix security system during the installation users are encouraged not to run as root but to set up user accounts however unlike most distributions it is not mandated with the choice being left up to the user michael robertson the founder of linspire has argued that the separation of root from normal users is essentially not relevant given that linspire pcs are single user systems and not multiuser servers he also claims that once an intruder has gained access to your machine under any account your data has been compromised and the point is moot linspire also claims that this should be the user s choice not linspire s opponents maintain that an intruder managing to gain control of a linspire system can do anything he or she wants to the computer such as installing spyware and loading kernel modules to mask the intrusion and therefore believe that the default should be to force the creation of user accounts moreover with linspire being |
a distribution aimed for generally less advanced home and business users they may not be able to make informed choices about their system security proponents of linux use also put a high value on the education of users and find that it is important for everybody to learn about the traditional and reliable security models based on limited users and feel that a weakening of this knowledge in the general linux user community could lead to exploitation by specifically targeted malware however it should also be noted that the default linspire installation does not include network services there is also a strict firewall installed and enabled by default which blocks everything except for port two two i e ssh on the other hand without the security barriers of separate user accounts even network connected client programs pose highly increased risks especially with the increased popularity of peer to peer type networking applications linspire does however find favor with many reviewers largely for its ease of use revi |
ews may be found at http linspire com reviews freespire in august two zero zero five a distribution livecd called freespire hit the web by accident freespire was a gnu linux distribution based on the source pools from linspire this distribution was created by andrew betts http www jaspuk co uk and was not produced or released by linspire inc freespire was confused by some users to be an actual product from linspire and its creator voluntarily changed the name to avoid the confusion as of the name change the former freespire adopted a development codename squiggle http www squiggleos org http www squiggleos org nodrmpleaselinspire php and began contemplation of a new distro name linspire then on the back of the generated publicity offered users a free linspire purchase price discounted to zero by using the coupon code freespire until september nine th two zero zero five thereby greatly increasing its userbase squiggle os however is no longer in development see also list of linux distributions comparison of lin |
ux distributions external links linspire website dutch linspire website nederlandstalige linspire website open source projects which linspire sponsors free linspire live peer to peer linspire live bittorrent version five zero six nine linspireguide a wiki about the linspire operating system squiggleos built from free packages of linspire with proprietary components removed unaffiliated with linspire inc no longer being developed debian based distributions color infrared view of lombok island with rinjani volcano from space may one nine nine two lombok one nine nine zero pop two four zero three zero two five is an island in west nusa tenggara province indonesia it is part of the chain of the lesser sunda islands with the lombok strait separating it from bali to the west and the alas strait between it and sumbawa to the east it is roughly circular with a tail to the southwest about seven zero km across and a total area of about four seven two five km one eight two five sq mi the administrative capital and large |
st city on the island is mataram the lombok strait marks the passage of the biogeographical division between the fauna of the indomalayan ecozone and the distinctly different fauna of australasia that is known as the wallace line for alfred russel wallace who first remarked upon the distinction between these two major biomes the island s topography is dominated by the centrally located stratovolcano mount rinjani which rises to three seven two six m one two two two four ft making it the third largest in indonesia the most recent eruption of rinjani was in june july one nine nine four the volcano and its sacred crater lake are protected by a national park established in one nine nine seven the southern part of the island is a fertile plain where corn rice coffee tobacco and cotton are grown the island s inhabitants are eight five sasak a people closely related to the balinese but mostly practising islam one zero one five balinese with the small remainder being chinese arab javanese and sumbawanese the dutch fi |
rst visited lombok in one six seven four and settled the eastern part of the island leaving the western half to be ruled by a hindu dynasty from bali the sasaks chafed under balinese rule and a revolt in one eight nine one ended in one eight nine four with the annexation of the entire island to the netherlands east indies lombok has much in common with nearby bali but less well known and less visited by foreigners it has been working to increase its visibility to tourists in recent years promoting itself as an unspoiled bali the most developed center of tourism is senggigi spread in a one zero kilometer strip along the coastal road north of mataram while backpackers congregate in the gili islands off the west coast however in early two zero zero zero thousands fled from religious and ethnic violence that swept over the island and tensions remain some travel websites warn that tourists sometimes provoke anger in this economically depressed region external links lombok history with detailed map space shuttle im |
ages of volcanic lombok lombok network islands of indonesia lego group logo the classic red two x four lego brick lego is a line of toys featuring colourful plastic bricks gears minifigures also called minifigs or mini figs and other pieces which can be assembled to create models of almost anything imaginable cars planes trains buildings castles sculptures ships spaceships and even working robots are just a few of the many things that can be made with lego bricks high production quality and careful attention to detail ensures that lego pieces can fit together in myriad ways which is one of the main reasons for the toy s success the sets are produced by the lego group a privately held company based in denmark brief history main article history of lego also see lego timeline the lego group had humble beginnings in the workshop of ole kirk christiansen a poor carpenter from billund denmark ole kirk started creating wooden toys in one nine three two but it wasn t until one nine four nine that the famous plastic l |
ego brick was created the company name lego was coined by christiansen from the danish phrase leg godt meaning play well in one nine four seven ole kirk and his son godtfred obtained samples of interlocking plastic bricks produced by the company kiddicraft these kiddicraft self locking building bricks were designed and patented in the uk by mr hilary harry fisher page a child psychologist a few years later in one nine four nine lego began producing similar bricks calling them automatic binding bricks these bricks manufactured from cellulose acetate were developed in the spirit of traditional wooden blocks that could be stacked upon one another however these plastic bricks could be locked together they had several round studs on top and a hollow rectangular bottom the blocks snapped together but not so tightly that they couldn t be pulled apart a chrysler building replica made entirely of lego blocks on display at the times square location of toys r us in new york city the use of plastic for toy manufacture wa |
s not highly regarded by retailers and consumers of the time many of the lego group s shipments were returned following poor sales it was thought that plastic toys could never replace wooden ones by one nine five four christiansen s son godtfred had become the junior managing director of the lego group it was his conversation with an overseas buyer that struck the idea of a toy system godtfred saw the immense potential in lego bricks to become a system for creative play but the bricks still had some problems from a technical standpoint their locking ability was limited and they were not very versatile it wasn t until one nine five eight that the modern day brick design was developed and it took another five years to find exactly the right material for it over the years many more lego sets series and pieces were created with many innovative improvements and additions culminating in the colourful versatile building toys that we know today the lego trademark the lego group s name has become so synonymous with it |
s flagship toy that many use the words lego collectively or legos to refer to the bricks themselves and even to any plastic bricks resembling lego bricks although the lego group discourages this as dilution of their trademark lego catalogues in the one nine seven zero s and one nine eight zero s contained a note that read the word lego is a brand name and is very special to all of us in the lego group companies we would sincerely like your help in keeping it special please always refer to our bricks as lego bricks or toys and not legos by doing so you will be helping to protect and preserve a brand of which we are very proud and that stands for quality the world over thank you susan williams consumer services lego is officially written in all uppercase letters the company asserts that to protect its brand name the word lego must always be used as an adjective as in lego set lego products lego universe and so forth nevertheless such corporate admonitions are frequently ignored and the word lego is commonly use |
d not only as a noun to refer to lego bricks but also as a generic term referring to any kind of interlocking toy brick design and manufacture there are many types of lego bricks and pieces since their introduction in one nine four nine lego pieces of all varieties have been first and foremost part of a system lego pieces from one nine six three still interlock with pieces made in two zero zero six despite radical changes in shape and design over the years retail lego sets for young children are compatible with those made for teenagers bricks beams axles minifigures and all other elements in the lego system are manufactured to an exacting degree of tolerance when snapped together pieces must have just the right amount of clutch power they must stay together until pulled apart they cannot be too easy to pull apart or the result will be lego creations that are unstable they cannot be too difficult to pull apart since the disassembly of one creation in order to build another is part of the lego appeal in order f |
or pieces to have just the right clutch power lego elements are manufactured within a tolerance of two micrometres zero zero zero zero zero eight in lego sets feature a large variety of themed people called minifigures including the space castle and city figures above since one nine six three lego pieces are manufactured from a strong resilient plastic known as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or abs precision machined small capacity moulds are used and human inspectors meticulously check the output of the moulds to eliminate significant variations in colour or thickness worn out moulds are encased in the foundations of buildings to prevent their falling into competitors hands according to the lego group its moulding processes are so accurate that only one eight bricks out of every million fail to meet its stringent standards it is thanks to this care in manufacturing that the lego group has maintained such a high degree of quality over the decades this is one of the main reasons that pieces manufactured over |
four zero years ago still interlock neatly with pieces manufactured today manufacturing of lego bricks occurs at a number of locations around the world moulding is done at one of two plants in denmark and switzerland brick decorations and packaging is done at plants in denmark switzerland united states south korea and the czech republic annual production of lego bricks averages approximately two zero billion two one zero one zero per year or about six zero zero pieces per second lego today since it began producing plastic bricks the lego group has released thousands of play sets themed around space robots pirates vikings medieval castles dinosaurs cities suburbia holiday locations wild west the arctic boats racing cars trains spider man star wars harry potter bionicle and more sets containing new pieces are released frequently lego recently announced the procurement of worldwide toy rights with the cable tv channel nickelodeon for building sets with themes from two hit tv shows such as spongebob squarepants a |
nd avatar the last airbender which will be available summer of two zero zero six there are also motors gears lights sensors and cameras available to be used with lego components there are even special bricks like the lego rcx that can be programmed with a pc to perform very complicated and useful tasks these programmable bricks are sold under the name lego mindstorms there are several which use lego bricks and the rcx among other microcontrollers for robotics the earliest and likely the largest is botball a national us middle and high school competition stemming from the mit six two seven zero lego robotics tournament a related competition is first lego league for elementary and middle schools the international robocup junior autonomous soccer competition involves extensive use of lego mindstorms equipment which is often pushed to its limits lego mindstorms provides primary and secondary school aged participants of robocup junior an easy and intuitive introduction to robotics it also allows advanced participa |
nts an opportunity to modify the lego mindstorms platform adding their own sensors and actuators as well as other mechanical electrical electronic and software related systems a model of trafalgar square in london can be found in legoland windsor lego group operates several legoland amusement parks in europe and california there are also several lego retail stores including at downtown disney in both the disneyland and walt disney world resorts and in the mall of america in bloomington minnesota as of year end two zero zero five there are two five lego brand retail stores in the usa a number of stores in europe and a franchised lego store in abu dhabi novel applications of lego a lego city lego bricks today are used for purposes beyond children s play the lego group itself has developed a form of business consultancy fostering creative thinking called lego serious play in which team members build metaphors of their organisational experiences using lego bricks and work through imaginary scenarios using the vis |
ual device of the lego constructions and by exploring possibilities in a serious form of play a cult following of people who have used lego pieces to make sculptures very large mosaics and complex machines has developed some sculptures use hundreds of thousands of pieces and weigh tens of kilograms large mosaics fully functional padlocks and pendulum clocks a harpsichord and an inkjet printer built by google co founder larry page while at the university of michigan have been constructed from lego pieces one such masterpiece solves a rubik s cube through the use of lego motors and cameras a task that many humans cannot accomplish photos of many fan creations like these can be seen at brickshelf and at mocpages a group which calls itself afols for adult fans of lego is an important demographic for the lego group which has recently begun reintroducing popular sets from previous years to appeal to this group lego toys have been used in a number of unexpected ways for example at the brick testament the reverend br |
endan powell smith has built the bible in lego pieces the site features over two zero zero zero photographs of biblical scenes legowars the generic term for a number of wargames most notably brikwars involving lego bricks enjoys a cult like popularity the website theory org uk by academic david gauntlett features lego versions of social theorists a set of software tools called ldraw or lego digital designer can be used to model possible lego creations in three d because of the high degree of uniformity in lego bricks they have also been used in fields such as computer vision in which knowing the exact dimensions and relative positions of objects is useful for creating test data another novel application of lego bricks is the combination of bricks and electronic components to obtain a lego electronic lab kit the lego system in art the walt disney world resort features a sculpture of the loch ness monster made of lego bricks one hobby among enthusiasts is to re create popular scenes from famous movies using leg |
o bricks for the scenery and lego play sets as characters such movies are called lego movies brickfilms or cinema lego they usually use stop motion animation for example the monty python and the holy grail special edition dvd contained a version of the camelot musical sequence redone with lego minifigures and accessories artists have also used lego sets with one of the more notorious examples being polish artist zbigniew libera s lego concentration camp a collection of mocked up concentration camp themed lego sets the little artists have created an entire modern art collection in a lego gallery art craziest nation was shown at the walker art gallery in liverpool uk another notable example is the award winning music video for the song fell in love with a girl by the white stripes director michel gondry filmed a live version of the video digitized the result and then recreated it entirely with lego bricks several webcomics are illustrated with lego notably irregular webcomic lego itself sells a line of sets nam |
ed lego studios which contains a lego web cam repackaged logitech usb quickcam software to record video on a computer clear plastic rods which can be used to manipulate minifigures from off camera and a minifigure resembling steven spielberg trivia legot or leegot plural form of lego or leego is also used as a finnish slang term for human teeth because of the rectangular shape of the teeth six eight stud lego bricks of the same colour can be put together in nine one five one zero three seven six five ways and just three bricks of the same colour offer one five six zero combinations the figure of one zero two nine eight one five zero zero is often given for six pieces but it is incorrect the number one zero two nine eight one five zero four four more than that figure is the number of six piece towers of a height of six references the entropy of lego a lego counting problem and oeis sequence a one one two three eight nine in external links the lego group claims that the word lego which is from danish coincident |
ally means i put together or i assemble in latin though this would be a somewhat forced application of the general sense i collect i gather the word is most used in the derived sense i read the cognate greek verb also means gather pick up but this can include constructing a stone wall odyssey one eight three five nine see also history of lego legoland legoland windsor list of lego computer and video games brickfest brickfilm brikwars duplo primo now called lego baby first lego league lego mindstorms lego technic lego timeline lego themes lugnet mega bloks a competitive compatible system external links official lego official website lego shop at home the world s largest lego shop first lego league lego robotics competition news and community legofan a lego portal web site run by fans for fans lugnet lego users group network bricks in my pocket bimp podcast devoted to the lego community the brickish association british lego fan association eurobricks european lego fansite discussion board iltco international le |
go train club organization brickfilms a brick filming enthusiast site lowlug lego user group of the lowlands dutch lug site malug hungarian lego user group hungarian lug site database reference and stores brickset guide to lego sets past and present peeron lego set and part inventory database brickwiki open content lego encyclopedia wiki brick links open directory of links to lego sites lego building instructions official building instructions website minitalia reference a guide to lego minitalia sets with a brief history promobricks lego promotional and commemorative brick database creations brickshelf website to post pictures of lego creations moc pages classic castle com castle themed lego creations classic space com space themed lego creations from bricks to bothans star wars themed lego creations saber scorpion com movie and video game themed lego creations town and train creations the brick apple new york inspired creations lego mosaics in just how many ways can six lego bricks be combined the entropy o |
f lego oeis sequence a zero zero seven five seven five a zero zero seven five seven six a zero eight two six seven nine a one one two three eight nine a one one two three nine zero references and further reading two zero zero five bedford allan the unofficial lego builder s guide two zero zero five isbn one five nine three two seven zero five four two two zero zero three clague kevin miguel agullo and lars c hassing lego software power tools with ldraw mlcad and lpub two zero zero three isbn one nine three one eight three six seven six zero courtney tim virtual lego the official ldraw org guide to ldraw tools for windows two zero zero three isbn one eight eight six four one one nine four eight mckee jacob h getting started with lego trains no starch press two zero zero three isbn one five nine three two seven zero zero six two two zero zero one ferrari mario giulio ferrari and ralph hempel building robots with lego mindstorms the ultimate tool for mindstorms maniacs two zero zero one isbn one nine two eight n |
ine nine four six seven nine one nine nine nine kristiansen kjeld kirk foreword the ultimate lego book new york dk publishing book one nine nine nine isbn zero seven eight nine four four six nine one x one nine eight seven wiencek henry the world of lego toys new york harry n abrams inc publishers one nine eight seven isbn zero eight one zero nine two three six two nine amusement parks brands of denmark companies of denmark construction toys lego toys lego national toy hall of fame tourism in california li pinyin l or hlai is a minority chinese ethnic group they form one of the five six ethnic groups officially recognized by the people s republic of china the majority of the li live off the southern coast of mainland china on hainan where they are the largest minority ethnic group during the sui dynasty they were known by the name liliao and presently they refer to themselves as the hlai or sai people they are held in high esteem by the beijing government because they fought on the side of the cpc against chi |
nese nationalist rule during the revolutionary chinese civil war the li suffered heavily under the japanese occupation the li have their own language known as hlai which is classified as one of the tai kadai languages previously sino tibetan the hlai language did not have a writing system prior to the one nine five zero s when the latin alphabet was adopted the li people can generally understand or speak mandarin external links ethnic cultures and languages of hainan has links to many sites concerning the li this article is about the photometric quantity for analog tv signals see luminance video luminance also called luminosity is a photometric measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction it describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area and falls within a given solid angle the si unit for luminosity is candela per square metre cd m two luminance is often used to characterize emission or reflection from flat diffuse surfaces the luminance indicates |
how much luminous power will be perceived by an eye looking at the surface from a particular angle of view luminance is thus an indicator of how bright the surface will appear in this case the solid angle of interest is the solid angle subtended by the eye s pupil luminance is used in the video industry to characterize the brightness of displays in this industry one candela per square metre is commonly called a nit a typical computer display emits between five zero and three zero zero nits luminance is invariant in geometric optics this means that for an ideal optical system the luminance at the output is the same as the input luminance for real passive optical systems the output luminance is at most equal to the input as an example if you form a demagnified image with a lens the luminous power is concentrated into a smaller area meaning that the illuminance is higher at the image the light at the image plane however fills a larger solid angle so the luminance comes out to be the same assuming there is no los |
s at the lens the image can never be brighter than the source definition luminance is defined by l frac cos theta where l is the luminance cd m two f is the luminous flux or luminous power lm is the angle between the surface normal and the specified direction a is the area of the source m two and is the solid angle sr see also radiance lambertian reflectance diffuse reflection photometry physical quantity lycos lycos is an internet search engine and web directory it was born from a research project by dr michael mauldin of pittsburgh s carnegie mellon university in one nine nine four the original lycos search engine went on to be used in carnegie mellon s informedia digital library project the name lycos is short for the lycosidae the wolf spiders which actively hunt for their prey shortly after the development of the lycos search engine the lycos company was formed using venture capital from cmgi and initial internal support from carnegie mellon the ceo of the lycos company was bob davis a native of boston w |
ho moved the headquarters of lycos to massachusetts from pittsburgh and concentrated on building it into an advertising supported web portal arguably at the expense of the information retrieval research on which the company was founded in one nine nine six the company had a successful ipo despite a near total lack of revenue in one nine nine eight it acquired both tripod a popular site for people building their own amateur websites and wired digital lycos europe was a joint venture between bertelsmann and lycos but has always been a distinct corporate entity although lycos europe is the largest of the overseas ventures several other companies also entered into joint venture agreements including lycos canada lycos korea and lycos asia the lycos company was purchased by terra networks a subsidiary of the spanish telephone company telef nica in october two zero zero zero and the merged company was renamed terra lycos yet the lycos brand was the us franchise overseas the company continued to be known as terra net |
works s a the selling price was one two five billion dollars lycos business withered after the dotcom crash of two zero zero one when it faded out in the face of google s domination of the search market and yahoo s domination of the portal market lycos which had impressed wall street with optimistic numbers had failed to deeply impress users on august two two zero zero four terra announced that it was selling lycos to seoul south korea based daum communications corporation for nine five four million in cash less than one of the purchase price in october two zero zero four the transaction closed and the company name was changed back to lycos inc the remaining terra half of the business was subsequently acquired by telef nica lycos remained in business with a new management team in early two zero zero six lycos network sites angelfire a lycos property providing free webhosting gamesville a lycos site for online gaming getrelevant a lycos online advertising site hotbot a lycos owned search engine htmlgear a lyco |
s property providing web page addons guestbooks etc tripod com a lycos property providing free webhosting webmonkey web building help and tutorials wired com the online arm of wired magazine lycos branded sites lycos domains internet domain name purchasing lycos mail free email provider formerly known as mailcity com lycos planet lycos social networking and light web building site it is the successor to lycos circles which was shut down in september two zero zero five external links lycos search home hotbot another search engine run by lycos angelfire a lycos property tripod a lycos property quote com a lycos financial site wired news a lycos property cf wired magazine gamesville the lycos online game site sonique the lycos audio player daum communications corporation lycos europe internet search engines companies based in massachusetts luton town f c are an english football team based in the town of luton they are nicknamed the hatters due to the historical association of the town with the hat making trade t |
hey currently play in the football league championship after winning football league one on april two three two zero zero five history created by the merger of luton wanderers and luton excelsior in one eight eight five they were one of the founder members of the southern league in one eight nine four and were the first professional football club in the south of england they applied for membership of the football league in one eight nine six joining in one eight nine seven but resigned from the league in one nine zero zero to re join the southern league they moved to their kenilworth road grounds in one nine zero five the southern league became division three after ww i and luton remained in that division for seventeen seasons the team won promotion from the second division in one nine five four five five luton made their only appearance in the fa cup final in one nine five nine losing to nottingham forest they were relegated in the one nine five nine six zero season falling rapidly to the fourth division in |
the next few years recovery began in the one nine six seven six eight season with the fourth division championship and was followed by a long spell mostly in the second division before winning that championship in one nine eight one eight two under david pleat the ray harford era ray harford one nine four five two zero zero three is the most successful manager in the history of luton town football club he took over in may one nine eight seven from john moore having being assistant manager during the one nine eight six eight seven season in which the club had secured a seventh place finish in the first division final table in harford s first season in charge an impressive luton squad including les sealey brian stein danny wilson and mick harford achieved a famous three two victory over arsenal in the league cup final at wembley it is the only major trophy ever won by luton town but harford was sacked less than two years later in january one nine nine zero with luton battling relegation the last one five years |
jim ryan took over from ray harford as luton s manager and was sacked after one six months in charge despite securing first division survival again at the end of the one nine nine zero nine one season david pleat was then appointed manager for the second time but luton were relegated on the last day of the one nine nine one nine two season and have been outside the top flight of english football ever since pleat remained in charge at luton until the summer of one nine nine five when he moved to sheffield wednesday his successor terry westley was sacked in december one nine nine five after just six months in charge and westley s successor lennie lawrence was unable to prevent luton from finishing bottom of division one and suffering relegation to division two lawrence was sacked at the end of the one nine nine nine two zero zero zero after four unsuccessful seasons which had seen luton miss out on the chance to gain promotion he was briefly replaced by ricky hill who was in charge until january two zero zero o |
ne when luton s terrible performances in division two cost him his job he was in turn replaced by another luton legend lil fuccillo who was also sacked within months former wimbledon manager joe kinnear took over but was unable to prevent luton from sliding into the bottom division of the league for the first time in over three zero years kinnear got luton promoted at the first attempt as division three runners up in two zero zero one zero two and they finished ninth in the two zero zero two zero three division two campaign following a takeover that summer kinnear was sacked by the club s new owners who appointed former player mike newell as their new manager claiming that he had been elected by a phone vote which subsequent bbc documentary trouble at the top proved to be incorrect kinnear and steve cotterill got more votes than newell but neither was willing to work under the new board the new owners were removed from power when supporters group trust in luton acquired shares in the club s major creditors ha |
tters holdings and put an administrative receiver in charge when a local consortium took control in mid two zero zero four trust in luton were gifted a one zero shareholding and a seat on the board luton town were among the pre season favourites for relegation from division two in the two zero zero three zero four season but newell surprised all the observers by taking the club close to a playoff place this achievement was then surpassed in the two zero zero four two zero zero five season when luton were champions of football league one and thus promoted to the championship stadium their stadium is the one zero one zero two seater kenilworth road stadium maple road luton since the one nine eight zero s the club have been constantly reporting a move to a new stadium close to the m one however recently it has been revealed that the stadium proposal near the m one will not be viable if luton airport is granted permission to build a new runway a new site is currently being looked at by the board near junction one |
two of the m one to build a two zero zero zero zero seater stadium to be ready for the two zero zero eight zero nine season but as yet it is not known if permission is likely to be granted manager mike newell was frustrated that the board had not considered this problem sooner and did not inform him of the problem until it was reported in the press however he still has the desire to stay with luton and lead the team to the premiership current season the two zero zero five zero six season saw luton starting as they finished the previous season by beating two of the relegated premier division teams crystal palace and southampton in the first two games they continued their excellent start with further victories but recent form has not been good although they are still six th in the championship they begun two zero zero six in the top of half of the championship three points off the playoff positions but in their first game of the new year they lost to local rivals watford two one at kenilworth road fa cup three |
rd round two zero zero five two zero zero six on january seven luton town faced then european champions liverpool this game will go down as an fa cup classic things weren t looking to good for luton early on and after just one five liverpool deservedly took the lead thanks to a superb steven gerrard strike the first two five minutes belonged to liverpool but then luton amazed liverpool and went on a relentless attack luton town were rewarded with an equalizer in the three one st minute thanks to howard then just one two minutes later luton shocked liverpool and probably shocked themselves when robinson put them two one up luton town were in dreamland they were beating the champions of europe two one at half time the second half started well for liverpool when steven gerrard got liverpool a shocking penalty however the right result came out of it as beresford saved djibril cisse s penalty kick then about five minuted later luton town got a penalty and then made it count as nicholls calmly converted from the s |
pot liverpool players coaches and fans were in shock they were trailing three one to championship side luton changes had to be made and liverpool manager rafael benitez made a much needed attacking change when he took off defensive midfielder momo sissoko and brought on the exciting french striker florent sinama pongolle who made an immediate impact by scoring a low driven shot to bring it back to three two liverpool were playing for that one more goal to force a replay one zero days later at anfield and then got just seven minutes after pongolle scored alonso scored a looping swirling goal from four zero yards out so with seven zero minutes gone it was luton town three liverpool three liverpool continued to attack and amazingly took the lead just five minutes after equalizing thanks to a sinama pongolle header luton were shocked but didn t give up and won a corner in the last three zero seconds of the game unfortunately for them the ball was cleared and alonso got the ball six zero yards from goal the luton |
keeper however had come up to try and score from the corner which left alonson with open goal so alonso took the chance and shot from inside his own half which resulted in an amazing finish to an amazing game liverpool had performed an amazing comeback and broke the hearts of luton fans in the process so the game finished luton town three five liverpool current first team squad as of august three one two zero zero five manager mike newell coach brian stein coach marvin johnson club officials chairman bill tomlins life president mike watson challis secretary cherry newberry former players of note joe payne most goals in a season five five scored one zero in one game john hartson highest transfer fee at the time sold to arsenal for two five million pounds curtis davies broke hartson record for highest fee sold to west brom for three million pounds bob morton most league appearances four nine four between one nine four eight and one nine six four frank soo first non white person to play for england one nine four |
five don givens former record breaking striker for eire billy bingham played for and managed northern ireland alan slough home grown talent and one of the leading players in luton s resurgence in the late six zero s john aston outstanding winger and won a european cup winners medal with man utd before joining luton ricky hill former england international once rated by phil thompson as one of the most gifted players in england ronny rosenthal paul walsh arguably luton s most naturally gifted forward ever another luton player who played for england in the eight zero s he and brian stein both played up front for england against france in eight four joined the all conquering liverpool side a luton town fan site had a vote for the best team ever with the following results les sealey two zero seven appearances voted best keeper in luton history ron baynham three eight eight appearances in goal voted second andy dibble saved a penalty in the league cup final ian feuer giant fan favourite kirk stephens two seven sev |
en league appearances voted best right back tim breaker runner up steve foster voted best central defender mal donaghy most international caps five eight for northern ireland syd owen three eight eight league appearances matthew taylor voted best left back graham french voted into the midfield bruce rioch was the star of luton s div four championship winning team of one nine six eight went onto greater heights with derby and scotland and managed arsenal david moss superb crosser free kick specialist and goalscoring winger mick harford got the most votes of any player and one of the best english centre forwards of his generation malcolm macdonald nicknamed supermac by the oak road end and probably the most famous player ever to play for the club scored five goals in one game for england equalling a national record brian stein four two seven appearances one three zero goals gordon turner most goals two four three in four five zero appearances between one nine four nine and one nine six four see also managers ch |
arlie green one nine zero one one nine two eight george thomson one nine two five eight days john mccartney one nine two seven one nine two nine george kay one nine two nine one nine three one harold wightman one nine three one one nine three five ned liddel one nine three six one nine three eight neil mcbain one nine three eight one nine three nine george martin one nine three nine one nine four seven dally duncan one nine four seven one nine five eight syd owen one nine five nine one nine six zero sam bartram one nine six zero one nine six two bill harvey one nine six two one nine six four george martin one nine six five one nine six six allan brown one nine six six one nine six eight alec stock one nine six eight one nine seven two harry haslam one nine seven two one nine seven eight david pleat one nine seven eight one nine eight six john moore one nine eight six one nine eight seven ray harford one nine eight seven one nine nine zero terry mancini one nine nine zero jim ryan one nine nine zero one nine n |
ine one david pleat one nine nine one one nine nine five terry westley one nine nine five lennie lawrence one nine nine five two zero zero zero ricky hill two zero zero zero lil fuccillo two zero zero zero two zero zero one joe kinnear two zero zero one two zero zero three mike newell two zero zero three date supporters groups loyal luton supporters club trust in luton flag whosh external links official site unofficial site english football clubs luton town f c sport in bedfordshire luton a lunar calendar is a calendar whose date indicates the moon phase this is normally done by having a month which corresponds to a lunation so that the day of month indicates the moon phase if a calendar tracks the seasons it is also a lunisolar calendar examples most lunar calendars are also lunisolar such as the hebrew chinese and hindu calendar and most calendar systems used in antiquity the reason for this is that a year is not evenly divisible by an exact number of lunations so without any correction the seasons will dri |
ft with respect to the calendar year the only widely used purely lunar calendar is the islamic calendar which always consists of one two lunations as a result of this it is mostly used for religious purposes alongside a secular solar calendar and islamic feasts perform a full circle with respect to the seasons every three three years determining the start of the month for some lunar calendars such as the chinese calendar the first day of the month is determined by determining the day during which the moment of new moon arrives according to a particular time zone many other lunar calendars are based on first sighting of the lunar crescent thus different lunar calendars differ in which day is considered the first day of the month the length of a month is difficult to predict and varies from its average value because observations are subject to uncertainty and weather conditions and astronomical methods are highly complex there have been attempts to create fixed arithmetical rules the average length of the synod |
ic month is two nine five three zero five eight nine days this means the length of a month is alternately two nine and three zero days termed respectively hollow and full the distribution of hollow and full months can be determined using continued fractions and examining successive approximations for the length of the month in terms of fractions of a day in the list below after the number of days listed in the numerator an integer number of months as listed in the denominator have been completed two nine one three zero one five nine two error one day after about three three months four four three one five error one day after about three zero years five zero two one seven error one day after about seven zero years one four four seven four nine error one day after about three millennia two five one zero one eight five zero error dependent on change of synodic month value these fractions can be used in the construction of lunar calendars or in combination with a solar calendar to produce a lunisolar calendar the |
four nine month cycle was proposed as the basis of an alternative easter computation by isaac newton around one seven zero zero the tabular islamic calendar s three six zero month cycle is equivalent to two four one five months minus a correction of one day the recently invented yerm calendar makes use of all of the above approximations see also month lunisolar calendar solar calendar external links reform of the julian calendar as envisioned by isaac newton by ari belenkiy and eduardo vila echag e pdf moon phases online finder algorithm a web based implimentation of mathmatical algorithm lunar calendar one nine seven one to two zero three seven this merely displays a solar gregorian calendar with certain dates marked with new half and full moon phases calendars in folklore lycanthropy is the ability or power of a human being to undergo transformation into a wolf the term comes from ancient greek lyk nthropos l kos wolf nthr pos man the word lycanthropy is often used generically for any transformation of a h |
uman into animal form though the precise term for that is technically therianthropy folk etymology also links the word to lycaon a king of arcadia who according to ovid s metamorphoses was turned into a ravenous wolf in retribution for attempting to serve human flesh his own son to a visiting zeus in an attempt to disprove the god s divinity there is also a mental illness called lycanthropy in which a patient believes he or she is or has transformed into an animal and behaves accordingly this is sometimes referred to as clinical lycanthropy to distinguish it from its use in legends spiritual and supernatural implications of lycanthropy lycanthropy is often confused with transmigration but the essential feature of the were animal is that it is the alternative form or the double of a living human being while the soul animal is the vehicle temporary or permanent of the spirit of a dead human being the vampire is sometimes regarded as an example of lycanthropy but it is in human form sometimes only a head sometim |
es a whole body sometimes that of a living person at others of a dead man who issues nightly from the grave to prey upon the living even if the denotation of lycanthropy is limited to the wolf metamorphosis of living human beings the beliefs classed together under this head are far from uniform and the term is somewhat capriciously applied the transformation may be voluntary or involuntary temporary or permanent the were animal may be the man himself metamorphosed it may be his double whose activity leaves the real man to all appearance unchanged it may be his soul which goes forth seeking whom it may devour and leaving its body in a state of trance or it may be no more than the messenger of the human being a real animal or a familiar spirit whose intimate connection with its owner is shown by the fact that any injury to it is believed by a phenomenon known as repercussion to cause a corresponding injury to the human being the phenomenon of repercussion the power of animal metamorphosis or of sending out a fa |
miliar real or spiritual as a messenger and the supernormal powers conferred by association with such a familiar are also attributed to the magician male and female all the world over and witch superstitions are closely parallel to if not identical with lycanthropic beliefs the occasional involuntary character of lycanthropy being almost the sole distinguishing feature in another direction the phenomenon of repercussion is asserted to manifest itself in connection with the bush soul of the west african and the nagual of central america but though there is no line of demarcation to be drawn on logical grounds the assumed power of the magician and the intimate association of the bush soul or the nagual with a human being are not termed lycanthropy nevertheless it will be well to touch on both these beliefs here in north and central america and to some extent in west africa australia and other parts of the world every male acquires at puberty a tutelary spirit see demonology in some tribes of indians the youth k |
ills the animal of which he dreams in his initiation fast its claw skin or feathers are put into a little bag and become his medicine and must be carefully retained for a medicine once lost can never be replaced in west africa this relation is said to be entered into by means of the blood bond and it is so close that the death of the animal causes the man to die and vice versa elsewhere the possession of a tutelary spirit in animal form is the privilege of the magician in alaska the candidate for magical powers has to leave the abodes of men the chief of the gods sends an otter to meet him which he kills by saying o four times he then cuts out its tongue and thereby secures the powers which he seeks the malays believe that the office of pawang priest is only hereditary if the soul of the dead priest in the form of a tiger passes into the body of his son while the familiar is often regarded as the alternative form of the magician the nagual or bush soul is commonly regarded as wholly distinct from the human be |
ing transitional beliefs however are found especially in africa in which the power of transformation is attributed to the whole of the population of certain areas the people of banana are said to change themselves by magical means composed of human embryos and other ingredients but in their leopard form they may do no hurt to mankind under pain of retaining forever the beast shape in other cases the change is supposed to be made for the purposes of evil magic and human victims are not prohibited we can therefore draw no line of demarcation and this makes it probable that lycanthropy is connected with nagualism and the belief in familiar spirits rather than with metempsychosis as dr tylor argues or with totemism as suggested by j f m lennan a further link is supplied by the zulu belief that the magician s familiar is really a transformed human being when he finds a dead body on which he can work his spells without fear of discovery the wizard breathes a sort of life into it which enables it to move and speak i |
t being thought that some dead wizard has taken possession of it he then burns a hole in the head and through the aperture extracts the tongue further spells have the effect of changing the revivified body into the form of some animal hyena owl or wild cat the latter being most in favour this creature then becomes the wizard s servant and obeys him in all things its chief use is however to inflict sickness and death upon persons who are disliked by its master local animal forms found in lycanthropy although the term lycanthropy properly speaking refers to metamorphosis into a wolf see werewolf it is in popular practice used of transformation into any animal the greeks also spoke of kynanthropy kynior dog in india and the asian islands the tiger is the commonest form in north europe the bear see berserker in japan the fox in africa the leopard or hyena sometimes also the lion in south america the jaguar but though there is a tendency for the most important carnivorous animal of the area to take the first place |
in stories and beliefs as to transformation the less important beasts of prey and even harmless animals like the deer also figure among the were animals another unusual case is the were shark of polynesia lycanthropy in north america many native cultures feature skinwalkers or a similar concept wherein a shaman or warrior may according to cultural tradition take on an animal form animal forms vary accordingly with cultures and local species for example a coyote is more likely to be found as a skinwalker s alternate form in the great plains region skinwalkers tend to be totemic in modern folklore and fiction the wendigo of the algonquin people is sometimes considered to be similar to lycanthropes in that humans could transform into them the original legends varied significantly however and the fit may not be very close lycanthropy in south america according to k f p v martius the kanaima is a human being who employs poison to carry out his function of blood avenger other authorities represent the kanaima as a |
jaguar which is either an avenger of blood or the familiar of a cannibalistic sorcerer the europeans of brazil hold that the seventh child of the same sex in unbroken succession becomes a were man or woman and takes the form of a horse goat jaguar or pig lycanthropy in europe the wolf is the most common form of the were animal though in the north the bear disputes its pre eminence in ancient greece the dog was also associated with the belief marcellus of sida who wrote under the antonines gives an account of a disease which befell people in february but a pathological state seems to be meant see vilkacis berserker lycanthropy in africa in abyssinia the power of transformation is attributed to the boudas and at the same time we have records of pathological lycanthropy see below blacksmiths are credited with magical powers in many parts of the world and it is significant that the boudas are workers in iron and clay in the life of n pearce i two eight seven a european observer tells a story of a supposed transf |
ormation which took place in his presence and almost before his eyes but it does not appear how far hallucination rather than coincidence must be invoked to explain the experience the were tiger of the east indies the poso alfures of central celebes believe that man has three souls the inosa the angga and the tanoana the inosa is the vital principle it can be detected in the veins and arteries it is given to man by one of the great natural phenomena more especially the wind the angga is the intellectual part of man its seat is unknown after death it goes to the under world and unlike the inosa which is believed to be dissolved into its original elements takes possession of an immaterial body the tanoana is the divine in man and after death returns to its lord poewempala boeroe it goes forth during sleep and all that it sees it whispers into the sleeper s ear and then he dreams according to another account the tanoana is the substance by which man lives thinks and acts the tanoana of man plants and animals is |
of the same nature a man s tanoana can be strengthened by those of others when the tanoana is long away or destroyed the man dies the tanoana seems to be the soul of which lycanthropic feats are asserted among the toradjas of central celebes it is believed that a man s inside can take the form of a cat wild pig ape deer or other animal and afterwards resume human form it is termed lamboyo the exact relation of the lamboyo to the tanoana does not seem to be settled it will be seen below that the view seems to vary according to some the power of transformation is a gift of the gods but others hold that werewolfism is contagious and may be acquired by eating food left by a werewolf or even by leaning one s head against the same pillar the todjoers hold that any one who touches blood becomes a werewolf in accordance with this view is the belief that werewolfism can be cured the breast and stomach of the wereman must be rubbed and pinched just as when any other witch object has to be extracted the patient drinks m |
edicine and the contagion leaves the body in the form of snakes and worms there are certain marks by which a wereman can be recognized his eyes are unsteady and sometimes green with dark shadows underneath he does not sleep soundly and fireflies come out of his mouth his lips remain red in spite of betel chewing and he has a long tongue the todjoers add that his hair stands on end some of the forms of the lamboyo are distinguishable from ordinary animals by the fact that they run about among the houses the were buffalo has only one horn and the were pig transforms itself into an ants nest such as hangs from trees some say that the wereman does not really take the form of an animal himself but like the sorcerer only sends out a messenger the lamboyo attacks by preference solitary individuals for he does not like to be observed the victim feels sleepy and loses consciousness the lamboyo then assumes human form his body being however still at home and cuts up his victim scattering the fragments all about he then |
takes the liver and eats it puts the body together again licks it with his long tongue and joins it together when the victim comes to himself again he has no idea that anything unusual has happened to him he goes home but soon begins to feel unwell in a few days he dies but before his death he is able sometimes to name the wereman to whom he has fallen a victim from this account it might be inferred that the lamboyo was identical with the tanoana the absence of the lamboyo seems to entail a condition of unconsciousness and it can assume human form in other cases however the lamboyo seems to be analogous to the familiar of the sorcerer the toradjas tell a story of how a man once came to a house and asked the woman to give him a rendezvous it was night and she was asleep the question was put three times before the answer was given in the tobacco plantation the husband was awake and next day followed his wife who was irresistibly drawn thither the wereman came to meet her in human form although his body was eng |
aged in building a new house and caused the woman to faint by stamping three times on the ground thereupon the husband attacked the wereman with a piece of wood and the latter to escape transformed himself into a leaf this the husband put into a piece of bamboo and fastened the ends so that he could not escape he then went back to the village and put the bamboo in the fire the wereman said don t and as soon as it was burnt he fell dead in another case a woman died and as her death was believed to be due to the malevolence of a werewolf her husband watched by her body for like indian witches the werewolf for some reason wishes to revive his victim and comes in human form to carry off the coffin as soon as the woman was brought to life the husband attacked the werewolf who transformed himself into a piece of wood and was burnt the woman remained alive but her murderer died the same night according to a third form of the belief the body of the wereman is itself transformed one evening a man left the hut in which |
a party were preparing to pass the night one of his companions heard a deer and fired into the darkness soon after the man came back and said he had been shot although no marks were to be seen he died a few days later in central java we meet with another kind of were tiger the power of transformation is regarded as due to inheritance to the use of spells to fasting and will power to the use of charms etc save when it is hungry or has just cause for revenge it is not hostile to man in fact it is said to take its animal form only at night and to guard the plantations from wild pigs exactly as the balams magicians of yucat n were said to guard the maize fields in animal form variants of this belief assert that the wereman does not recognize his friends unless they call him by name or that he goes out as a mendicant and transforms himself to take vengeance on those who refuse him alms somewhat similar is the belief of the khonds for them the tiger is friendly and he reserves his wrath for their enemies and a man |
is said to take the form of a tiger in order to wreak a just vengeance references werewolves anthropomorphism lycaeus mons lycaeus mod diaphorti is a mountain in arcadia sacred to zeus lycaeus who was said to have been born and brought up on it and the home of pelasgus and his son lycaon who is said to have founded the ritual of zeus practiced on its summit this seems to have involved a human sacrifice and a feast in which the man who received the portion of a human victim was changed to a wolf as lycaon had been after sacrificing a child the altar of zeus consists of a great mound of ashes with a retaining wall it was said that no shadows fell within the precincts and that any who entered it died within the year mountains of greece see african hunting dog for lycaon pictus lycaon in greek mythology was a son of priam and laothoe during the trojan war lycaon was captured by achilles while cutting branches in priam s orchard achilles sold him as a slave to euneus of lemnos but eetion of imbros bought him and |
took him back to troy only twelve days later he faced achilles in battle during achilles terrible wrath after the death of patroclus lycaon grasped achilles knees and begged for mercy either in exchange for a ransom or in memory of patroclus gentle nature however neither argument swayed achilles who slew him without pity iliad xxi three five one five five lycaon had two sons pandarus and iapyx a second lycaon also in greek mythology was the son of pelasgus and meliboea father of oenotrus and the mythical first king of arcadia he was the father of callisto and according to some he raised her son arcas he or his fifty impious sons entertained zeus and set before him a dish of human flesh the god pushed away the dish in disgust and either killed the king and his sons by lightning or turned them into wolves apollodorus iii eight ovid metamorphoses i one nine eight some say that lycaon slew and dished up his own son nyctimus clem alex protrept ii three six nonnus dionys xviii two zero arnobius iv two four pausania |
s viii two says that lycaon sacrificed a child to zeus on the altar on mount lycaeus and immediately after the sacrifice was turned into a wolf this gave rise to the story that a man was turned into a wolf at each annual sacrifice to zeus lycaeus but recovered his human form if he abstained from human flesh for ten years the oldest city the oldest cult that of zeus lycaeus and the first civilization of arcadia are attributed to lycaon his story has been variously interpreted according to weizs cker he was an old pelasgian or pre hellenic god to whom human sacrifice was offered bearing a non hellenic name similar to avkos whence the story originated of his metamorphosis into a wolf his cult was driven out by that of the hellenic zeus and lycaon himself was afterwards represented as an evil spirit who had insulted the new deity by setting human flesh before him robertson smith considers the sacrifices offered to the wolf zeus in arcadia to have been originally cannibal feasts of a wolf tribe who recognized the |
wolf as their totem usener and others identify lycaon with zeus lycaeus the god of light who slays his son nyctimus the dark or is succeeded by him in allusion to the perpetual succession of night and day according to ed meyer the belief that zeus lycaeus accepted human sacrifice in the form of a wolf was the origin of the myth that lycaon the founder of his cult became a wolf i e participated in the nature of the god by the act of sacrifice as did all who afterwards duly performed it ovid i one six three people who fought in the trojan war greek mythological people shapeshifting composite satellite image of lake eyre using shortwave infrared near infrared and blue wavelengths lake eyre is on the rare occasions that it fills the largest lake in australia and is the lowest point in australia at approximately one five m five zero ft below sea level it is the focal point of the vast lake eyre basin the lake is located in the deserts of central australia in northern south australia the eyre basin is a large endor |
heic system surrounding the lakebed the lowest part of which is filled with the characteristic playa salt pan caused by the seasonal expansion and subsequent evaporation of the trapped waters even in the dry season there is usually some water remaining in lake eyre usually collecting in a number of smaller sub lakes on the playa during the rainy season the rivers from the northeast in outback queensland flow towards the lake the amount of water from the monsoon determines whether water will reach the lake and if it does how deep the lake will get the lake can also experience minor and moderate floods due to rain falling in the surrounding area typically a one five m five ft flood occurs every three years a four m one three ft flood every decade and a fill or near fill four times a century the water in the lake soon evaporates with a minor and medium flood drying by the end of the following summer the lake eyre yacht club is a dedicated group of eccentrics who sail on the lake s minor floods including trips in |
one nine nine seven two zero zero zero two zero zero one and two zero zero four see also lake eyre national park pluvial lake list of lakes external links nasa earth observatory pages on lake eyre lake eyre yacht club website google maps lake eyre pelican mystery lakes of south australia endorheic lakes locksmithing began as the science and art of making and defeating locks a lock is a mechanism that secures buildings rooms cabinets or other storage facilities a key is often used to open a lock means of opening a lock often include what you know a combination what you have a key or keycard or what you are biometrics locksmiths practitioners in the lock trade are called locksmiths although fitting of keys to replace lost keys to automobiles and homes and the changing of keys for homes and businesses to maintain security are still an important part of locksmithing locksmiths today are primarily involved in the recommendation and installation of higher quality locksets and the design implementation and manageme |
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