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d two zero zero three young mr lincoln one nine three nine inducted two zero zero three z zapruder film one nine six three home movie of the john f kennedy assassination inducted one nine nine four one nine eight nine casablanca one nine four two citizen kane one nine four one dr strangelove or how i learned to stop worrying and love the bomb one nine six four gone with the wind one nine three nine high noon one nine five two intolerance one nine one six modern times one nine three six mr smith goes to washington one nine three nine nanook of the north one nine two two on the waterfront one nine five four singin in the rain one nine five two snow white and the seven dwarfs one nine three seven some like it hot one nine five nine star wars episode iv a new hope one nine seven seven sunrise one nine two seven sunset boulevard one nine five zero best years of our lives the one nine four six crowd the one nine two eight general the one nine two seven grapes of wrath the one nine four zero learning tree the one ni |
ne six nine maltese falcon the one nine four one searchers the one nine five six wizard of oz the one nine three nine vertigo one nine five eight one nine nine zero a woman under the influence one nine seven four all about eve one nine five zero all quiet on the western front one nine three zero bringing up baby one nine three eight dodsworth one nine three six duck soup one nine three three fantasia one nine four zero harlan county usa one nine seven six how green was my valley one nine four one it s a wonderful life one nine four six killer of sheep one nine seven seven love me tonight one nine three two meshes of the afternoon one nine four three ninotchka one nine three nine primary one nine six zero raging bull one nine eight zero rebel without a cause one nine five five red river one nine four eight sullivan s travels one nine four one freshman the one nine two five godfather the part ii one nine seven four great train robbery the one nine zero three river the one nine three seven treasure of the sierra |
madre the one nine four eight top hat one nine three five one nine nine one two zero zero one a space odyssey one nine six eight a place in the sun one nine five one chinatown one nine seven four city lights one nine three one david holzman s diary one nine six eight frankenstein one nine three one gertie the dinosaur one nine one four gigi one nine five eight greed one nine two four high school one nine six nine i am a fugitive from a chain gang one nine three two king kong one nine three three lawrence of arabia one nine six two my darling clementine one nine four six out of the past one nine four seven shadow of a doubt one nine four three sherlock jr one nine two four tevye one nine three nine battle of san pietro the one nine four five blood of jesus the one nine four one italian the one nine one five magnificent ambersons the one nine four two poor little rich girl the one nine one seven prisoner of zenda the one nine three seven trouble in paradise one nine three two one nine nine two adam s rib one n |
ine four nine annie hall one nine seven seven big business one nine two nine bonnie and clyde one nine six seven carmen jones one nine five four castro street one nine six six detour one nine four five dog star man one nine six four double indemnity one nine four four footlight parade one nine three three letter from an unknown woman one nine four eight morocco one nine three zero nashville one nine seven five paths of glory one nine five seven psycho one nine six zero ride the high country one nine six two salesman one nine six nine salt of the earth one nine five four bank dick the one nine four zero big parade the one nine two five birth of a nation the one nine one five gold rush the one nine two five night of the hunter the one nine five five what s opera doc one nine five seven within our gates one nine two zero one nine nine three a night at the opera one nine three five an american in paris one nine five one badlands one nine seven three blade runner one nine eight two cat people one nine four two chu |
las fronteras one nine seven six eaux d artifice one nine five three his girl friday one nine four zero it happened one night one nine three four lassie come home one nine four three magical maestro one nine five two march of time inside nazi germany one nine three eight one nine three eight nothing but a man one nine six four one flew over the cuckoo s nest one nine seven five point of order one nine six four shadows one nine five nine shane one nine five three sweet smell of success one nine five seven black pirate the one nine two six cheat the one nine one five godfather the one nine seven two wind the one nine two eight touch of evil one nine five eight where are my children one nine one six yankee doodle dandy one nine four two one nine nine four a corner in wheat one nine zero nine a movie one nine five eight e t the extra terrestrial one nine eight two force of evil one nine four eight freaks one nine three two hell s hinges one nine one six hospital one nine seven zero invasion of the body snatchers |
one nine five six louisiana story one nine four eight marty one nine five five meet me in st louis one nine four four midnight cowboy one nine six nine pinocchio one nine four zero safety last one nine two three scarface one nine three two snow white one nine three three tabu one nine three one taxi driver one nine seven six african queen the one nine five one apartment the one nine six zero cool world the one nine six three exploits of elaine the one nine one four lady eve the one nine four one manchurian candidate the one nine six two zapruder film one nine six three home movie of the john f kennedy assassination one nine nine five all that heaven allows one nine five five american graffiti one nine seven three blacksmith scene one eight nine three cabaret one nine seven two chan is missing one nine eight two el norte one nine eight three fatty s tintype tangle one nine one five fury one nine three six gerald mcboing boing one nine five one jammin the blues one nine four four manhatta one nine two one north |
by northwest one nine five nine rip van winkle one eight nine six seventh heaven one nine two seven stagecoach one nine three nine adventures of robin hood the one nine three eight band wagon the one nine five three conversation the one nine seven four day the earth stood still the one nine five one four horsemen of the apocalypse the one nine two one hospital the one nine seven one last of the mohicans the one nine two zero philadelphia story the one nine four zero to fly one nine seven six to kill a mockingbird one nine six two one nine nine six broken blossoms one nine one nine destry rides again one nine three nine flash gordon serial one nine three six frank film one nine seven three m a s h one nine seven zero mildred pierce one nine four five pull my daisy one nine five nine road to morocco one nine four two she done him wrong one nine three three shock corridor one nine six three show boat one nine three six awful truth the one nine three seven deer hunter the one nine seven eight forgotten frontier |
the one nine three one graduate the one nine six seven heiress the one nine four nine jazz singer the one nine two seven life and times of rosie the riveter the one nine eight zero outlaw josey wales the one nine seven six producers the one nine six eight thief of bagdad the one nine two four to be or not to be one nine four two topaz one nine four three four five home movie footage taken at japanese american internment camp the topaz war relocation authority center verbena tragica one nine three nine woodstock one nine seven zero one nine nine seven ben hur one nine two six cops one nine two two czechoslovakia one nine six eight one nine six nine grass one nine two five harold and maude one nine seven two hindenburg disaster newsreel footage one nine three seven how the west was won one nine six two knute rockne all american one nine four zero little fugitive one nine five three mean streets one nine seven three motion painting no one one nine four seven rear window one nine five four republic steel strike r |
iot newsreel footage one nine three seven return of the secaucus seven one nine eight zero big sleep the one nine four six bridge on the river kwai the one nine five seven great dictator the one nine four zero hustler the one nine six one life and death of nine four one three a hollywood extra the one nine two seven music box the one nine three two naked spur the one nine five three thin man the one nine three four tulips shall grow one nine four two west side story one nine six one wings one nine two seven one nine nine eight four two nd street one nine three three bride of frankenstein one nine three five dead birds one nine six four dont look back one nine six seven easy rider one nine six nine from the manger to the cross one nine one two gun crazy one nine four nine little miss marker one nine three four modesta one nine five six pass the gravy one nine two eight phantom of the opera one nine two five powers of ten one nine seven eight sky high one nine two two steamboat willie one nine two eight tacoma |
narrows bridge collapse one nine four zero city the one nine three nine hitch hiker the one nine five three immigrant the one nine one seven last picture show the one nine seven one lost world the one nine two five ox bow incident the one nine four three public enemy the one nine three one tootsie one nine eight two twelve o clock high one nine four nine westinghouse works one nine zero four one nine zero four one nine nine nine a streetcar named desire one nine five one civilization one nine one six do the right thing one nine eight nine duck amuck one nine five three gunga din one nine three nine in the land of the head hunters one nine one four a k a in the land of the war canoes jazz on a summer s day one nine five nine king a filmed record montgomery to memphis one nine seven zero kiss me deadly one nine five five lambchops one nine two nine laura one nine four four master hands one nine three six my man godfrey one nine three six night of the living dead one nine six eight raiders of the lost ark one ni |
ne eight one roman holiday one nine five three docks of new york the one nine two eight emperor jones the one nine three three kiss the one eight nine six plow that broke the plains the one nine three six shop around the corner the one nine four zero ten commandments the one nine five six wild bunch the one nine six nine trance and dance in bali one nine three six three nine woman of the year one nine four two two zero zero zero a star is born one nine five four apocalypse now one nine seven nine dracula one nine three one five easy pieces one nine seven zero goodfellas one nine nine zero koyaanisqatsi one nine eight three land beyond the sunset one nine one two let s all go to the lobby one nine five seven little caesar one nine three zero love finds andy hardy one nine three eight multiple sidosis one nine seven zero network one nine seven six peter pan one nine two four porky in wackyland one nine three eight president mckinley inauguration footage one nine zero one regeneration one nine one five salom one |
nine two three shaft one nine seven one sherman s march one nine eight six fall of the house of usher the one nine two eight life of emile zola the one nine three seven living desert the one nine five three tall t the one nine five seven why we fight series one nine four three four five will success spoil rock hunter one nine five seven two zero zero one abbott and costello meet frankenstein one nine four eight all that jazz one nine seven nine all the king s men one nine four nine america america one nine six three cologne from the diary of ray and esther one nine three nine evidence of the film one nine one three hoosiers one nine eight six it one nine two seven jam session one nine four two jaws one nine seven five manhattan one nine seven nine marian anderson the lincoln memorial concert one nine three nine memphis belle one nine four four miss lulu bett one nine two two national lampoon s animal house one nine seven eight planet of the apes one nine six eight rose hobart one nine three six serene veloci |
ty one nine seven zero stormy weather one nine four three house in the middle the one nine five four miracle of morgan s creek the one nine four four sound of music the one nine six five tell tale heart the one nine five three thin blue line the one nine eight eight thing from another world the one nine five one two zero zero two alien one nine seven nine all my babies one nine five three beauty and the beast one nine nine one boyz n the hood one nine nine one from here to eternity one nine five three from stump to ship one nine three zero fuji one nine seven four in the heat of the night one nine six seven lady windermere s fan one nine two five melody ranch one nine four zero punch drunks one nine three four sabrina one nine five four star theatre one nine zero one stranger than paradise one nine eight four bad and the beautiful the one nine five two black stallion the one nine seven nine endless summer the one nine six six pearl the one nine four eight theodore case sound test gus visser and his singing du |
ck one nine two five this is cinerama one nine five two this is spinal tap one nine eight four through navajo eyes series one nine six six why man creates one nine six eight wild and woolly one nine one seven wild river one nine six zero two zero zero three antonia a portrait of the woman one nine seven four atlantic city one nine eight zero butch cassidy and the sundance kid one nine six nine dickson experimental sound film one eight nine four five film portrait one nine seven zero fox movietone news jenkins orphanage band one nine two eight gold diggers of one nine three three one nine three three matrimony s speed limit one nine one three medium cool one nine six nine national velvet one nine four four naughty marietta one nine three five nostalgia one nine seven one one froggy evening one nine five six patton one nine seven zero princess nicotine or the smoke fairy one nine zero nine show people one nine two eight tarzan and his mate one nine three four chechahcos the one nine two four hunters the one nin |
e five seven kalahari desert tribe anthropological film son of the sheik the one nine two six wedding march the one nine two eight tin toy one nine eight eight white heat one nine four nine young frankenstein one nine seven four young mr lincoln one nine three nine two zero zero four ben hur one nine five nine the blue bird one nine one eight a bronx morning one nine three one clash of the wolves one nine two five the court jester one nine five six d o a one nine five zero daughters of the dust one nine nine one duck and cover one nine five one empire one nine six four enter the dragon one nine seven three eraserhead one nine seven eight garlic is as good as ten mothers one nine eight zero going my way one nine four four jailhouse rock one nine five seven kannapolis nc one nine four one lady helen s escapade one nine zero nine the nutty professor one nine six three offon one nine six eight popeye the sailor meets sinbad the sailor one nine three six pups is pups one nine three zero schindler s list one nine n |
ine three seven brides for seven brothers one nine five four swing time one nine three six there it is one nine two eight unforgiven one nine nine two two zero zero five baby face one nine three three the buffalo creek flood an act of man one nine seven five the cameraman one nine two eight commandment keeper church beaufort south carolina may one nine four zero cool hand luke one nine six seven fast times at ridgemont high one nine eight two the french connection one nine seven one giant one nine five six h two o one nine two nine hands up one nine two six hoop dreams one nine nine four house of usher one nine six zero imitation of life one nine three four jeffries johnson world championship fight one nine one zero making of an american one nine two zero miracle on three four th street one nine four seven mom and dad one nine four four the music man one nine six two power of the press one nine two eight a raisin in the sun one nine six one the rocky horror picture show one nine seven five san francisco earth |
quake and fire april one eight one nine zero six one nine zero six the sting one nine seven three a time for burning one nine six six toy story one nine nine five by year of creation blacksmith scene one eight nine three dickson experimental sound film one eight nine four five kiss the one eight nine six rip van winkle one eight nine six president mckinley inauguration footage one nine zero one star theatre one nine zero one great train robbery the one nine zero three westinghouse works one nine zero four one nine zero four san francisco earthquake and fire april one eight one nine zero six one nine zero six a corner in wheat one nine zero nine lady helen s escapade one nine zero nine princess nicotine or the smoke fairy one nine zero nine jeffries johnson world championship fight one nine one zero from the manger to the cross one nine one two land beyond the sunset one nine one two evidence of the film one nine one three matrimony s speed limit one nine one three exploits of elaine the one nine one four gert |
ie the dinosaur one nine one four in the land of the head hunters one nine one four a k a in the land of the war canoes birth of a nation the one nine one five cheat the one nine one five fatty s tintype tangle one nine one five italian the one nine one five regeneration one nine one five civilization one nine one six hell s hinges one nine one six intolerance one nine one six where are my children one nine one six immigrant the one nine one seven poor little rich girl the one nine one seven wild and woolly one nine one seven the blue bird one nine one eight broken blossoms one nine one nine last of the mohicans the one nine two zero making of an american one nine two zero within our gates one nine two zero four horsemen of the apocalypse the one nine two one manhatta one nine two one cops one nine two two miss lulu bett one nine two two nanook of the north one nine two two sky high one nine two two safety last one nine two three salom one nine two three chechahcos the one nine two four peter pan one nine two |
four sherlock jr one nine two four thief of bagdad the one nine two four ben hur one nine two five big parade the one nine two five clash of the wolves one nine two five freshman the one nine two five gold rush the one nine two five grass one nine two five greed one nine two four lady windermere s fan one nine two five lost world the one nine two five phantom of the opera one nine two five theodore case sound test gus visser and his singing duck one nine two five black pirate the one nine two six hands up one nine two six son of the sheik the one nine two six general the one nine two seven it one nine two seven jazz singer the one nine two seven life and death of nine four one three a hollywood extra the one nine two seven seventh heaven one nine two seven sunrise one nine two seven wings one nine two seven the cameraman one nine two eight crowd the one nine two eight docks of new york the one nine two eight fall of the house of usher the one nine two eight fox movietone news jenkins orphanage band one nine |
two eight pass the gravy one nine two eight power of the press one nine two eight show people one nine two eight steamboat willie one nine two eight there it is one nine two eight wedding march the one nine two eight wind the one nine two eight big business one nine two nine h two o one nine two nine lambchops one nine two nine all quiet on the western front one nine three zero from stump to ship one nine three zero little caesar one nine three zero morocco one nine three zero pups is pups one nine three zero a bronx morning one nine three one city lights one nine three one dracula one nine three one forgotten frontier the one nine three one frankenstein one nine three one public enemy the one nine three one tabu one nine three one freaks one nine three two i am a fugitive from a chain gang one nine three two love me tonight one nine three two music box the one nine three two scarface one nine three two trouble in paradise one nine three two four two nd street one nine three three baby face one nine three thr |
ee duck soup one nine three three emperor jones the one nine three three footlight parade one nine three three gold diggers of one nine three three one nine three three king kong one nine three three she done him wrong one nine three three snow white one nine three three imitation of life one nine three four it happened one night one nine three four little miss marker one nine three four punch drunks one nine three four tarzan and his mate one nine three four thin man the one nine three four bride of frankenstein one nine three five naughty marietta one nine three five a night at the opera one nine three five top hat one nine three five dodsworth one nine three six flash gordon serial one nine three six fury one nine three six master hands one nine three six modern times one nine three six my man godfrey one nine three six plow that broke the plains the one nine three six popeye the sailor meets sinbad the sailor one nine three six rose hobart one nine three six show boat one nine three six swing time one nin |
e three six trance and dance in bali one nine three six three nine awful truth the one nine three seven hindenburg disaster newsreel footage one nine three seven life of emile zola the one nine three seven prisoner of zenda the one nine three seven republic steel strike riot newsreel footage one nine three seven river the one nine three seven snow white and the seven dwarfs one nine three seven adventures of robin hood the one nine three eight bringing up baby one nine three eight love finds andy hardy one nine three eight march of time inside nazi germany one nine three eight porky in wackyland one nine three eight city the one nine three nine cologne from the diary of ray and esther one nine three nine destry rides again one nine three nine gone with the wind one nine three nine gunga din one nine three nine marian anderson the lincoln memorial concert one nine three nine mr smith goes to washington one nine three nine ninotchka one nine three nine stagecoach one nine three nine tevye one nine three nine ve |
rbena tragica one nine three nine wizard of oz the one nine three nine young mr lincoln one nine three nine bank dick the one nine four zero commandment keeper church beaufort south carolina may one nine four zero fantasia one nine four zero grapes of wrath the one nine four zero great dictator the one nine four zero his girl friday one nine four zero knute rockne all american one nine four zero melody ranch one nine four zero philadelphia story the one nine four zero pinocchio one nine four zero shop around the corner the one nine four zero tacoma narrows bridge collapse one nine four zero blood of jesus the one nine four one citizen kane one nine four one how green was my valley one nine four one kannapolis nc one nine four one lady eve the one nine four one maltese falcon the one nine four one sullivan s travels one nine four one casablanca one nine four two cat people one nine four two jam session one nine four two magnificent ambersons the one nine four two road to morocco one nine four two to be or not |
to be one nine four two tulips shall grow one nine four two woman of the year one nine four two yankee doodle dandy one nine four two lassie come home one nine four three meshes of the afternoon one nine four three ox bow incident the one nine four three shadow of a doubt one nine four three stormy weather one nine four three why we fight series one nine four three four five topaz one nine four three four five home movie footage taken at japanese american internment camp the topaz war relocation authority center inducted one nine nine six double indemnity one nine four four going my way one nine four four jammin the blues one nine four four laura one nine four four meet me in st louis one nine four four memphis belle one nine four four miracle of morgan s creek the one nine four four mom and dad one nine four four national velvet one nine four four battle of san pietro the one nine four five detour one nine four five mildred pierce one nine four five best years of our lives the one nine four six big sleep the |
one nine four six it s a wonderful life one nine four six my darling clementine one nine four six miracle on three four th street one nine four seven motion painting no one one nine four seven out of the past one nine four seven abbott and costello meet frankenstein one nine four eight force of evil one nine four eight letter from an unknown woman one nine four eight louisiana story one nine four eight pearl the one nine four eight red river one nine four eight treasure of the sierra madre the one nine four eight adam s rib one nine four nine all the king s men one nine four nine gun crazy one nine four nine heiress the one nine four nine twelve o clock high one nine four nine white heat one nine four nine all about eve one nine five zero d o a one nine five zero sunset boulevard one nine five zero african queen the one nine five one an american in paris one nine five one day the earth stood still the one nine five one duck and cover one nine five one gerald mcboing boing one nine five one a place in the sun |
one nine five one a streetcar named desire one nine five one thing from another world the one nine five one bad and the beautiful the one nine five two high noon one nine five two magical maestro one nine five two singin in the rain one nine five two this is cinerama one nine five two all my babies one nine five three band wagon the one nine five three duck amuck one nine five three eaux d artifice one nine five three from here to eternity one nine five three hitch hiker the one nine five three little fugitive one nine five three living desert the one nine five three naked spur the one nine five three roman holiday one nine five three shane one nine five three tell tale heart the one nine five three carmen jones one nine five four house in the middle the one nine five four on the waterfront one nine five four rear window one nine five four sabrina one nine five four salt of the earth one nine five four seven brides for seven brothers one nine five four a star is born one nine five four all that heaven allows |
one nine five five kiss me deadly one nine five five marty one nine five five night of the hunter the one nine five five rebel without a cause one nine five five the court jester one nine five six giant one nine five six invasion of the body snatchers one nine five six modesta one nine five six one froggy evening one nine five six searchers the one nine five six ten commandments the one nine five six bridge on the river kwai the one nine five seven hunters the one nine five seven kalahari desert tribe anthropological film jailhouse rock one nine five seven let s all go to the lobby one nine five seven paths of glory one nine five seven sweet smell of success one nine five seven tall t the one nine five seven what s opera doc one nine five seven will success spoil rock hunter one nine five seven gigi one nine five eight a movie one nine five eight touch of evil one nine five eight vertigo one nine five eight ben hur one nine five nine jazz on a summer s day one nine five nine north by northwest one nine five |
nine pull my daisy one nine five nine shadows one nine five nine some like it hot one nine five nine apartment the one nine six zero house of usher one nine six zero primary one nine six zero psycho one nine six zero wild river one nine six zero hustler the one nine six one a raisin in the sun one nine six one west side story one nine six one how the west was won one nine six two lawrence of arabia one nine six two manchurian candidate the one nine six two the music man one nine six two ride the high country one nine six two to kill a mockingbird one nine six two america america one nine six three cool world the one nine six three the nutty professor one nine six three shock corridor one nine six three zapruder film one nine six three home movie of the john f kennedy assassination one nine nine four dead birds one nine six four dog star man one nine six four dr strangelove or how i learned to stop worrying and love the bomb one nine six four empire one nine six four nothing but a man one nine six four point o |
f order one nine six four sound of music the one nine six five castro street one nine six six endless summer one nine six six through navajo eyes series one nine six six a time for burning one nine six six bonnie and clyde one nine six seven cool hand luke one nine six seven dont look back one nine six seven graduate the one nine six seven in the heat of the night one nine six seven two zero zero one a space odyssey one nine six eight david holzman s diary one nine six eight night of the living dead one nine six eight offon one nine six eight planet of the apes one nine six eight producers the one nine six eight why man creates one nine six eight butch cassidy and the sundance kid one nine six nine czechoslovakia one nine six eight one nine six nine easy rider one nine six nine high school one nine six nine learning tree the one nine six nine medium cool one nine six nine midnight cowboy one nine six nine salesman one nine six nine wild bunch the one nine six nine film portrait one nine seven zero five easy p |
ieces one nine seven zero hospital one nine seven zero king a filmed record montgomery to memphis one nine seven zero m a s h one nine seven zero multiple sidosis one nine seven zero patton one nine seven zero serene velocity one nine seven zero woodstock one nine seven zero the french connection one nine seven one hospital the one nine seven one the last picture show one nine seven one nostalgia one nine seven one shaft one nine seven one cabaret one nine seven two godfather the one nine seven two harold and maude one nine seven two american graffiti one nine seven three badlands one nine seven three enter the dragon one nine seven three frank film one nine seven three mean streets one nine seven three the sting one nine seven three antonia a portrait of the woman one nine seven four chinatown one nine seven four conversation the one nine seven four fuji one nine seven four godfather the part ii one nine seven four a woman under the influence one nine seven four young frankenstein one nine seven four the buf |
falo creek flood an act of man one nine seven five jaws one nine seven five nashville one nine seven five one flew over the cuckoo s nest one nine seven five the rocky horror picture show one nine seven five chulas fronteras one nine seven six harlan county usa one nine seven six network one nine seven six outlaw josey wales the one nine seven six taxi driver one nine seven six to fly one nine seven six annie hall one nine seven seven killer of sheep one nine seven seven star wars one nine seven seven deer hunter the one nine seven eight eraserhead one nine seven eight national lampoon s animal house one nine seven eight powers of ten one nine seven eight alien one nine seven nine all that jazz one nine seven nine apocalypse now one nine seven nine black stallion the one nine seven nine manhattan one nine seven nine atlantic city one nine eight zero garlic is as good as ten mothers one nine eight zero life and times of rosie the riveter the one nine eight zero raging bull one nine eight zero return of the sec |
aucus seven one nine eight zero raiders of the lost ark one nine eight one blade runner one nine eight two chan is missing one nine eight two e t the extra terrestrial one nine eight two fast times at ridgemont high one nine eight two tootsie one nine eight two el norte one nine eight three koyaanisqatsi one nine eight three stranger than paradise one nine eight four this is spinal tap one nine eight four hoosiers one nine eight six sherman s march one nine eight six thin blue line the one nine eight eight tin toy one nine eight eight do the right thing one nine eight nine goodfellas one nine nine zero beauty and the beast one nine nine one boyz n the hood one nine nine one daughters of the dust one nine nine one unforgiven one nine nine two schindler s list one nine nine three hoop dreams one nine nine four toy story one nine nine five external links the list is maintained by the library of congress at the national film registry web site lists of films united states national film registry land may refer to l |
and the part of the earth that is not covered by water landform a feature of the land landscape the layout appearance and character of a land area land bridge a feature exposed during periods of low sea level a landing the end point of a flight or ocean voyage a synonym for a region belonging to a people a country a geographical area that connotes an independent political entity a nation particularly in the absence of a state or government motherland fatherland and homeland a person s country of affiliation birth or ancestral origin specific regions l nder states of germany bundesl nder states of austria sometimes used for states of germany as well lands of sweden lands of denmark land norway a region in norway land borders a list of the borders of various nations in law real property real estate and ownership interests estate in land law regarding land ownership and titles see torrens title for modern land ownership and titles in australia landlord the owner of real estate which is leased land claims dispute |
d lands land rights land administrative an administrative type of division in economics land economics a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources land economy the study of land usage and development land grant a gift of land made by the government for public projects land reform the redistribution of land other land camera the first instant camera land institute a non profit agricultural study center kansas usa see also holy land no man s land promised land for the film see labyrinth film this article is about the mazelike labyrinth for other uses see labyrinth disambiguation a roman mosaic showing theseus and the minotaur from rhaetia switzerland classical labyrinth medieval labyrinth walking the famous labyrinth within the chartres cathedral in greek mythology the labyrinth was an elaborate maze like structure constructed for king minos of crete and designed by the legendary artificer daedalus to hold the minotaur a creature that was half man and half bull and was eventually killed |
by the athenian hero theseus theseus was aided by ariadne who provided him with a fateful thread to wind his way back again the term labyrinth is often used interchangeably with maze but a maze is a tour puzzle in the form of a complex branching passage with choices of path and direction while a single path unicursal labyrinth has only a single eulerian path to the centre a labyrinth has an unambiguous through route to the centre and back and is not designed to be difficult to navigate ancient labyrinths pliny the elder mentions four ancient labyrinths cretan labyrinth egyptian labyrinth lemnian labyrinth and italian labyrinth labyrinth is a word of pre greek pelasgian origin absorbed by classical greek and is apparently related to labrys a word for the archaic iconic double axe with inthos connoting place as in corinth the complex palace of knossos in crete is usually implicated though the actual dancing ground depicted in frescoed patterns at knossos has not been found something was being shown to visitors |
as a labyrinth at knossos in the one st century ad philostratos de vita apollonii tyanei iv three four noted in kerenyi p one zero one n one seven one the oldest known examples of the labyrinth design are small simple petroglyphs incised stones perhaps dating back three zero zero zero years these spiralling labyrinth pattern petroglyphs are found in numerous places across the world from syria to ireland greek mythology did not recall however that in crete there was a lady who presided over the labyrinth a tablet inscribed in linear b found at knossos records a gift to all the gods honey to the mistress of the labyrinth honey all the gods together receive as much honey as the mistress of the labyrinth alone she must have been a great goddess kerenyi observes kerenyi one nine seven six p nine one that the cretan labyrinth had been a dancing ground and was made for ariadne rather than for minos was remembered by homer in iliad xviii five nine zero five nine three where in the pattern that hephaestus inscribed on |
achilles shield one incident pictured was a dancing ground like the one that daedalus designed in the spacious town of knossos for ariadne of the lovely locks even the labyrinth dance was depicted on the shield where youths and marriageable maidens were dancing on it with their hands on one another s wrists circling as smoothly on their accomplished feet as the wheel of a potter and there they ran in lines to meet each other the labyrinth is the referent in the familiar greek patterns of the endlessly running meander to give the greek key its common modern name in the three rd century bc coins from knossos are still struck with the labyrinth symbol the predominant labyrinth form during this period is the simple seven circuit style known as the classical labyrinth illustration the term labyrinth came to be applied to any unicursal maze whether of a particular circular shape illustration or rendered as square at the center a decisive turn brought one out again in the socratic dialogue that plato produced as eu |
thydemus socrates describes the labyrinthine line of a logical argument then it seemed like falling into a labyrinth we thought we were at the finish but our way bent round and we found ourselves as it were back at the beginning and just as far from that which we were seeking at first thus the present day notion of a labyrinth as a place where one can lose his way must be set aside it is a confusing path hard to follow without a thread but provided the traverser is not devoured at the midpoint it leads surely despite twists and turns back to the beginning kerenyi p nine one even more generally labyrinth might be applied to any extremely complicated maze like structure herodotus in book ii of his histories describes as a labyrinth a building complex in egypt near the place called the city of crocodiles that he considered to surpass the pyramids in its astonishing ambition it has twelve covered courts six in a row facing north six south the gates of the one range exactly fronting the gates of the other inside t |
he building is of two storeys and contains three thousand rooms of which half are underground and the other half directly above them i was taken through the rooms in the upper storey so what i shall say of them is from my own observation but the underground ones i can speak of only from report because the egyptians in charge refused to let me see them as they contain the tombs of the kings who built the labyrinth and also the tombs of the sacred crocodiles the upper rooms on the contrary i did actually see and it is hard to believe that they are the work of men the baffling and intricate passages from room to room and from court to court were an endless wonder to me as we passed from a courtyard into rooms from rooms into galleries from galleries into more rooms and thence into yet more courtyards the roof of every chamber courtyard and gallery is like the walls of stone the walls are covered with carved figures and each court is exquisitely built of white marble and surrounded by a colonnade labyrinth as pat |
tern in antiquity the more complicated labyrinth pattern familiar from medieval examples was already developed in roman floor mosaics the simple classical labyrinth is framed in the meander border pattern squared off as the medium requires but still recognisable often an image of a bull man a minotaur appears in the centre of these mosaic labyrinths roman meander patterns gradually developed in complexity towards the four fold shape that is now familiarly known as the medieval form the labyrinth retains its connection with death and a triumphant return at hadrumentum in north africa a roman family tomb has a fourfold labyrinth mosaic floor with a dying minotaur in the center and a mosaic inscription hicinclusus vitamperdit enclosed here he loses life kerenyi fig three one image con mbriga minotauro jpg minotaur in the labyrinth a roman mosaic at con mbriga portugal image labyrinth lucca jpg wall maze in lucca cathedral italy probably medieval image rocky valley labyrinth tintagel jpg finger labyrinth of unkno |
wn age in rocky valley near tintagel cornwall uk image trojaburg scandinavian stone labyrinth jpg a scandinavian trojaburg troy town labyrinth outlined with stones image dalby city of troy turf maze jpg a small turf maze near dalby north yorkshire image wing maze jpg the turf maze at wing in rutland the full flowering of the medieval labyrinth design came about during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries with the grand pavement labyrinths of the gothic cathedrals most notably chartres and amiens in northern france and siena in tuscany it is this version of the design that is thought to be the inspiration for the many secular turf mazes in the uk such as survive at wing rutland hilton cambridgeshire alkborough north lincolnshire and at saffron walden in essex over the same period some five zero zero or more non ecclesiastical labyrinths were constructed in scandinavia these labyrinths generally in coastal areas are marked out with stones most often in the simple classical form they often have names which trans |
late as troy town they are thought to have been constructed by early fishing communities to trap malevolent trolls winds in the labyrinth s coils in order to ensure a safe fishing expedition there are also stone labyrinths on the isles of scilly although none of them is known to date back as far as the scandinavian ones there are remarkable examples of the labyrinth shape from a whole range of ancient and disparate cultures the symbol has appeared in all its forms and media petroglyphs classic form medieval form pavement turf and basketry at some time throughout most parts of the world from java native north and south america australia india and nepal modern labyrinths in recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in the labyrinth symbol which has inspired a revival in labyrinth building notably at willen park milton keynes grace cathedral san francisco tapton park chesterfield and the labyrinthe de harbor one six in montreal countless computer games depict mazes and labyrinths modern interpretation |
s of the greek labyrinth in modern imagery the labyrinth is often confused with the maze in which one may become lost the myth of the labyrinth has in recent times transformed into a stage play by ilinka crvenkovska in which exploring notions of a man s ability to control his own fate theseus in an act of suicide is killed by the minotaur only to be killed himself by the horrified towns people the argentinian writer jorge luis borges was entranced with the idea of the labyrinth and used it extensively throughout his short stories his modern literary use of the labyrinth has inspired a great many other authors in their own works e g umberto eco s the name of the rose mark z danielewski s house of leaves cultural meanings cultural meaning and interpretation of the labyrinth as a symbol is quite interesting shortly put prehistoric labyrinths serve either as traps for malevolent spirits or as defined paths for ritual dances during medieval times the labyrinth symbolized a hard path to the god with a clearly defin |
ed center god and one entrance birth usually labyrinths can be thought as symbolic forms of pilgrimage people can walk the path ascending themselves towards salvation or enlightenment many people could not afford to simply travel to holy sites and lands so the use of labyrinths and prayer substituted that need starting from the renaissance labyrinths lose their central point the person in the labyrinth is its center a reflection of humanistic teachings at last nowadays the labyrinths moved into higher layers of reality the internet with its hypertext feature being a good example the symbol of labyrinth merges with a symbol of book but many labyrinths exist today in churches and parks to provide people with a meditative way to relieve stresses and regrets the labyrinth society is a modern locator to labyrinths in north america mazes often play a major role in modern computer games e g the lara croft series see also caerdroia turf maze troy town julian s bower pharaoh novel by boles aw prus incorporating an egy |
ptian labyrinth inspired by that described in book ii of the histories of herodotus further reading kereny karl one nine seven six dionysos archetypal image of indestructible life princeton university press adrian fisher georg gerster the art of the maze weidenfeld nicolson one nine nine zero isbn zero two nine seven eight three zero two seven nine jeff saward magical paths mitchell beazley two zero zero two isbn one eight four zero zero zero five seven three four w h matthews mazes and labyrinths their history and development one nine two seven includes bibliography dover publications one nine seven zero isbn zero four eight six two two six one four x external links jeff saward s labyrinthos site the international labyrinth society modern patterns articles stories puzzles mazes greek mythology crete cactus labyrinth of soekershof walkabout http soekershof com with links to other labyrinth sited in south africa lyon and healy founded in one eight eight nine is one of the two major harp manufacturers in the wo |
rld with its headquarters in chicago illinois lyon and healy merged with salvi harps a few years ago a long time ago it made violins pianos mandolins guitars organs and other instruments lyon and healy harps were originally an improvement on sebastian erard s harps but now include many different styles and sizes their harps are named by numbers including the widely used and recognizable style two three gold external links official website for lyon and healy before editing this page please read the following this list is primarily an editing tool for a better reference guide see philosophy basic topics for a pared down list this page aims to list every article on wikipedia that is related to philosophy beginning with the letters a through c uses of the list the primary use of this list is for policing that is one can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on related changes in the sidebar another use of this list is for monitoring redirects if there is a link on this page to a redirect that is intentional we |
want to be able to prevent vandalism to those pages as well furthermore we want to ensure that these redirects are being redirected to the right places often there will be a red link on this page that is merely a redirect that needs to be created because we already have a page on the topic one may also use this list to learn what topics lack an article any red link may potentially need an article it is recommended that you search for a similar article before creating a new one finally one may use this as a reference list any topic that is likely to be of interest should be found on this page if one is aiming for a comprehensive knowledge of philosophy each of the following topics may be of interest note if you see an article that should be here but isn t or one that shouldn t be here but is please do update the page accordingly at times a disambiguation page is intentionally linked because there is more than one philosophical use for a term if there is a disambiguation page linked for which there is only one |
use for the term you are encouraged to fix the appropriate link list of philosophical topics a c d h i q r z notoc a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z one one zero th century philosophy one one th century philosophy one two th century philosophy one three th century philosophy one four th century philosophy one five th century philosophy one six th century philosophy one seven th century philosophy one eight th century philosophy one nine th century philosophy two two zero th century philosophy a a conflict of visions a fortiori a fortiori argument a grief observed a guide for the perplexed a posteriori a priori a priori argument a priori assumption a priori justification a proposition a round a se a series and b series a theory of time ab ab ovo abacus logic pierre abailard abandonment nicola abbagnano abderites abductive reasoning abductive validation muhammad abduh peter abelard pierre ab lard john abercrombie aberdeen philosophical society abhidharma abhidhamma pitaka abhinavagupta abhini |
vesha abilene paradox the abolition of work abortion abraham ibn ezra isaac abravanel judah ben isaac abravanel absent qualia the absolute absolute idealism absolute infinite absolute idealism absolute naturalism absolute right absolute space absolute spirit absolute theory absolute theory of space absolute threshold absolute time absolute truth including absolutism abstract abstract art abstract entities abstract entity abstract ideas abstract objects abstract particulars abstract versus concrete abstracta abstraction philosophy abstraction absurdism abunaser ac ac academic freedom academic philosophy academic skepticism academy of athens academy of florence accent acceptance access accessibility accessibility between two worlds accessibility relation accident accident fallacy accidental generalization accidental properties accidental property accidentalism accidie accomplishment verb accountability achievement verb achilles paradox acosmism acquaintance acquaintance and description acrasia act act and omiss |
ion doctrine act content object psychology act object ambiguity action philosophy action at a distance action theory action token action type action verb active and passive intellects active euthanasia active power activity verb act object distinction act object psychology act of commission act of ommission act utilitarianism acts acts and omissions actual actual idealism actual infinite actual infinity actual occasion actual reality actualism actualist actuality actuality and potentiality actualization act utilitarianism ad ad captandum ad hoc ad hoc hypothesis ad hoc theory ad hominem ad hominem argument ad nauseam adam de wodeham adam of wodeham marilyn mccord adams robert m adams adams thesis adaptation adaptive system addiction addition logic adelard of bath adequacy adequation dhy tman adiaphora adicity adjunction mortimer adler admissible rule theodor adorno advaita advaita vedanta adventitous ideas adverbial theory adverbs adversarial process ae aenesidemus of cnossos aesop aesthetic attitude aestheti |
c concepts aesthetic detachment aesthetic distance aesthetic form aesthetic formalism aesthetic imagination aesthetic judgement aesthetic objectivity aesthetic property aesthetic value aestheticism aestheticization as propaganda aestheticization of violence aesthetics aesthetics and ethics aesthetics in islamic philosophy aesthetics of architecture aesthetics of music aeterni patris aether af affection affective affine logic affirmative action affirmative and negative propositions affirmative conclusion from a negative premise affirming a disjunct affirming the antecedent affirming the consequent jamal al din al afghani african aesthetics african philosophy african philosophy anglophone african philosophy francophone african traditional religions ag gama agama hindu dharma agap agathology agathon age of reason the age of reason agent agent based ethics agent causation agent morality agent neutral reasons agent relative moralities agent relative reasons aggadah agglomeration aggression agniology agnostic agoni |
stic pluralism agnosticism rudolph agricola agriculture school agricultural ethics agrippa the skeptic agrippa von nettesheim ah ahamk ra ahant ahims ahimsa ahura mazda ai pierre d ailly aisthesis aj kazimierz ajdukiewicz ajivika ak akan philosophical psychology k a akrasia al alabama paradox alan sokal laya vij na albert of saxony albert the great albertus magnus albinus joseph albo alchemy alcibiades alcibiades dialogues alcinous alcmaeon henry aldrich virgil aldrich algebraic normal form yohanan ben isaac alemanno jean le rond d alembert alethic concepts alethic modalities samuel alexander alexander of aphrodisias alexander of hales alexandrian school al farabi al f r b abu jasar al farabi algazel algebra al ghazali abu hamid muhammad al ghazali algorithm algorithmic function alhazen alienation dante alighieri alienation archibald alison aliorelative al khidr yaqub ibn ishaq al kindi all all and everything all things considered reason allais s paradox allan bloom allegory of the cave william alnwick alphon |
so lingis abu bakr al razi also sprach zarathustra william alston alterity alterity and identity alternative denial louis pierre althusser altruism robert alyngton am ama gi ambiguity ambiguous middle saint ambrose american philosophy abu l hasan muhammad ibn yusuf al amiri ammonius hermeae ammonius saccas anton wilhelm amo amoral decision amoralist amorality amphibology amphiboly ampliatio ampliative argument ampliative inference ampliative judgment an ana ans an enquiry concerning human understanding an sich anacharsis analects analects of confucius analogical argument analogical predication analogies of experience analogy analogy of proportion analysandum analysans analysis analytic analytic adequacy analytic and synthetic knowledge analytic and synthetic statements analytic ethics analytic hierarchy analytic jurisprudence analytic knowledge analytic marxism analytic philosophy analytic proposition analytic synthetic distinction analytical definition analytical functionalism analytical hierarchy analytical |
jurisprudence analytical philosophy analytical philosophy in latin america analytical psychology analytical thomism analyticity anamnesis nanda ananke anaphor anaphora anarchism anarcho capitalism anarcho primitivism anarchy state and utopia anatta anatt v da anaxagoras anaxarchus anaximander anaximenes ancestral ancestral relation ancient atomism ancient philosophy ancient skepticism and john anderson andronicus of rhodes anesidemus angst anhomoeomorous anima mundi animal consciousness animal faith animal language animal rights animal souls animal spirits animals and ethics animals in philosophy animistic fallacy anniceraioi anniceris anomalism of the mental anomalous monism anomaly anomie anotic ansatz anschauung g e m anscombe saint anselm ant ante rem realism antecedent logic antecedentalism anthropic principle anthropocentrism anthropology anthroposophy the antichrist book anti communism anti foundationalism anti individualism antilogism anti modernism antinomianism antinomies antinomy antiochus antioch |
us of ascalon antipater antiphon antiperistasis antiphon person anti positivist thought in latin america anti psychiatry anti psychologism anti razor anti realism anti realism in the philosophy of mathematics anti semitism antisthenes antisymmetrical antithesis antiochus of ascalon ap apagoge apatheia karl otto apel apellatio aperion aphorism apocatastasis apodeitic apodictic apodosis apollonian apollonian and dionysian apologism apology plato apology xenophon apophantic apophasis apopogetics apophatic philosophy apophatic theology aporetic aporia aposteriori appeal to authority appeal to belief appeal to consequences appeal to emotion appeal to fear appeal to flattery appeal to motive appeal to novelty appeal to pity appeal to probability appeal to ridicule appeal to spite appeal to tradition appearance and reality appearing appellation apperception application applied ethics applied philosophy apportionment paradox apriori aptitude apuleius apuleius of madaura aq saint thomas aquinas ar ara arg arabic philo |
sophy r dhya isaac ben moses arama arbitration arcesilaus arcesilaus of pitane archaeology arch arche archelaus of athens archetype archimedian ordering architectonic archytas hannah arendt areopagitica aretaic aretaic turn aret argentinian philosophy argument argument form argument from analogy argument from authority argument from design argument from evil argument from fallacy argument from hallucination argument from ignorance argument from illusion argument from morality argument from silence argumentation theory arguments for eternity arguments for the existence of god argumentum ad baculum argumentum ad crumenam argumentum ad hominum argumentum ad ignorantium argumentum ad lazarum argumentum ad misericordiam argumentum ad numerum argumentum ad populum argumentum ad verecundiam argumentum consensus arhat ari arianism aristippus of cyrene aristippus the elder aristocracy ariston of chios aristotelian biology aristotelian ethics aristotelian logic aristotelian mathematics aristotelian metaphysics aristote |
lian physics aristotelian poetics aristotelian political philosophy aristotelian rhetoric aristotelian theory of gravity aristotelian view of god aristotelianism aristotelianism in the ancient world aristotelianism in islamic philosophy aristotelianism in the medieval europe aristotelianism in the renaissance aristotle aristotle commentators aristotle s theory of universals aristuppus the younger arithmetic arithmetic hierarchy arity arius ark art arkh arminianism jacobus arminius david armstrong antoine arnauld raymond aron fran ois marie arouet kenneth joseph arrow arrow of time arrow paradox arrow s impossibility theorem arrow s paradox arrow s theorem art art and morality art and truth art criticism art for art s sake art of murder the art of war the art of worldly wisdom art science and religion arthritis in the thigh artifact artifactuality artificial consciousness artificial intelligence artificial intelligence and multi valued logic artificial language artificial life artistic expression artistic forg |
ery artistic freedom artistic interpretation artistic style artistic taste artist s intention artworld arya samaj as as i was going to st ives as if asceticism asclepiades ascriptivism aseity ash ariyya and mu tazila asian values valentin ferdinandovich asmus aspasius aspectual action paradox assent assertability assertability conditions assertion assertion sign assertoric assisted suicide association of ideas associationism associative law mary astell astrology asymmetrical at ataraxia athanasius atheism atheism and agnosticism atheismusstreit athenian academy athenian democracy athenian school athens atlantis tman atman buddhism atman hinduism atomic fact atomic sentence atomism atonement atrocity story atticus attitude attitude psychology attitude utilitarianism attorney client privilege attribute attribution theory attributive pluralism attributive use of descriptions au augustine of hippo augustine and neo platonism augustine and free will augustinianism marcus aurelius peter aureol aurobindo ghose john |
austin john langshaw austin australian materialism australian philosophy autarkia authenticity authenticity authenticity philosophy authoritarianism authority autocracy autological automata theory automated reasoning automatism automaton autonomy autonomy and heteronomy autonomy in applied ethics autonomy in moral philosophy autonomy in political philosophy autonomy of biology autonomy of ethics autonomy of psychology av avant garde avatar avecebrol avempace richard avenarius averroes averro s averroism aversion therapy avicebrol avicebron avicenna avidya avowal aw the awakening of faith in mah y na awareness ax axiological ethics axiology axiom axiom of abstraction axiom of choice axiom of comprehension axiom of consistency axiom of extensionality axiom of infinity axiom of projective determinacy axiom of reducibility axiom of replacement axiom of separation axiom s five axiom schema axiomatic method axiomatic set theory axiomatic system axiomatization axioms of intuition ay a j ayer alfred jules ayer ayurve |
da b b series b theory of time ba franz von baader franz xaver von baader charles babbage graccus baboeuf gaston bachelard backgammon background backward causation backwards causation francis bacon roger bacon bad faith baden school abu l barakat al baghdadi annette baier kurt baier alexander bain mikhail mikhailovich bakhtin mikhail bakunin mikhail aleksandrovich bakunin mikhail alexandrovich bakunin bald man paradox john balguy ball of wax example domingo banez domingo ba ez domingo b ez abraham bar hayya abraham bar hiyya barbara barber paradox barcan formula bare particular bargaining theory jonathan barnes brian barry karl barth roland barthes bartolus of sassoferrato bartolus of saxoferrato base base and superstructure base clause basic action basic belief basic norm basic particular basic proposition basic sentence basic statement basic statements basiides basing relation basis clause basis relation sebastiano basso georges bataille jean baudrillard bruno bauer david baumgardt alexander gottlieb baumga |
rten bruno bayer thomas bayes bayesian bayesian confirmation theory bayesian epistemology bayesian probability bayesian rationality bayesianism bayes theorem bayes s rule bayes s theorem pierre bayle bayle s trilema be bi be beatitude s kiss james beattie writer beauty beauty above beauty simone de beauvoir cesare beccaria jacob sigismund beck becoming bedeutung begging the question begriff behavior therapy behavioral equivalence behavioralism behaviorism behaviourism being being and becoming being in itself being for itself belief belief and knowledge belief desire model belief in belief in belief revision believe vissarion grigorievich belinskii bell s inequality bell s theorem nuel belnap beneficence friedrich eduard beneke benevolence walter benjamin jonathan f bennett bent stick in water jeremy bentham richard bentley nikolai aleksandrovich berdiaev nikolai alexandrovich berdyaev nicolas berdyaev gustav bergmann henri louis bergson henri louis bergson george berkeley isaiah berlin sir isaiah berlin berna |
rd of chartres bernard of clairvaux bernard of tours bernardus silvestris francois bernier fran ois bernier bernoulli s theorem bernoulli s principle eduard bernstein berry s paradox bertrand s box paradox bertrand s paradox best of all possible worlds beth s definability theorem beth s theorem bhagavad gita bhagavadgita bhagavadg t bhakti bhartrhari bhavanga bible biconditional gabriel biel bilateral reduction sentence binary opposition binary quantifier hugh binning bioethics biological naturalism biology birkhoff von neumann logic bivalence bl bo max black black box black box theory black philosophy simon blackburn william blackstone bladders of philosophy hugh blair blaise of parma blame maurice blanchot brand blanshard blasius of parma bleen blindsight ernst bloch ernst simon bloch ned block block time maurice blondel norberto bobbio bodily continuity bodily sensations jean bodin body and mind jakob boehme anicius manlius severinus boethius boetius of dacia aleksandr aleksandrovich bogdanov alexandr alex |
androvich bogdanov bohm interpretation niels bohr bohr einstein debate samuel bold ludwig boltzmann bernard bolzano bonaventure st bonaventure st bonaventure saint bonaventure dietrich bonhoeffer charles bonnet boo hoorah theory book of causes book of changes book of life george boole boolean algebra bootstrapping borderline case born interpretation bernard bosanquet roger joseph boscovich rudjer josip bo kovi rudjer josip boskovic bottum up bottum up bound variable pierre bourdieu bourgeois bourgeoisie bourgeoisie and proletariat emile boutroux mile boutroux borden parker bowne robert boyle br bracketing f h bradley f h bradley francis herbert bradley thomas bradwardine brahma brahman brahman brahmanism brahmo samaj brain brain event brain in a vat brain in a vat theory richard bevan braithwaite richard b brandt luitzen egbertus jan brauwer brazilian philosophy franz brentano franz clemens brentano brentano s thesis bridge law percy william bridgman edgar sheffield brightman jean anthelme brillat savarin ric |
hard brinkley british empiricists british idealism radulphus brito c d broad c d broad charles dunbar broad charlie dunbar broad l e j brouwer l e j brouwer luitzgen egbertus jan brouwer thomas brown philosopher peter browne orestes augustus brownson emil brunner giordano bruno leon brunschvicg l on brunschvicg brute fact james bryce bu martin buber justus buchler buchmanism louis buchner ludwig b chner ludwig buchner friedrich karl christian ludwig b chner friedrich karl christian ludwig buchner malcolm budd buddha buddhaghosa buddhism buddhist concept of emptiness buddhist philosophy buddhist philosophy in tibet buddhist schools claude buffier georges louis leclerc comte de buffon sergei nikolaevich bulgakov rudolf bultmann bundle theory bundle theory of mind bundle theory of the self burali forte paradox burali forti s paradox jakob christoph burckhardt tyler burge jean buridan john buridan buridan s ass edmund burke walter burleigh walter burley james burnet james burnett myles frederic burnyeat richard b |
urthogge bushi philosophy business ethics joseph butler samuel butler byzantine philosophy c ca cabala pierre jean cabanis cabbala amilcar cabral am lcar cabral edward caird cajetan cardinal thomas de vio cajetan calcidius calculi of relations calculus calculus of classes calculus of individuals calculus ratiocinator callicles jean calvin john calvin calvinism callicles and thrasymachus cambridge change cambridge philosophy cambridge platonism cambridge platonists cambridge property cambridge school camera obscura tommaso campanella george campbell norman robert campbell albert camus canadian philosophy georges canguilhem georg cantor cantor s paradox cantor s theorem capacity capacity responsibility capital punishment capitalism johannes capreolus girolamo cardano hieronymus cardanus cardinal utility cardinal virtues cardinality care thomas carlyle gershom carmichael rudolf carnap carneades carolingian renaissance lewis carroll cartesian circle cartesian demon cartesian dualism cartesian interactionism carte |
sian product cartesianism nancy cartwright carvaka c rv ka ernst cassirer hector neri castaneda hector neri casta eda casuistry categorematic categorematica categorical categorical grammar categorical imperative categorical in power categorical judgement categorical proposition categorical theory categoricity categories categories of the understanding category category mistake category of being category preserving category theory catharsis carlo cattaneo causa sui causal chain causal closure causal decision theory causal dependence causal determinism causal historical theory of reference causal immediacy causal law causal overdetermination causal processes causal relation causal responsibility causal statement causal theories of mental content causal theory of knowledge causal theory of mental content causal theory of mind causal theory of perception causal theory of proper names causal theory of reference causality causallity and necessity in islamic thought causation causation and manipulability causative v |
erb cause causes and reasons stanley cavell stanley louis cavell margaret cavendish margaret lucas cavendish ce cellular automaton celsus cement of the universe central concepts of christianity central state materialism central state materialism certainty michel de certeau ceteris paribus clause ch ch p tr chaadaev petr chaadaev p tr iakovlevich chaadaev petr iakovlevich chaadaev chalcidius chaldean oracles chance chang hsueh ch eng chang hs eh ch eng chang tsai change chaos chaos argument chaos theory chatoic system character structure character traits characteristic characteristica universalis charismatic authority charity walter charleton pierre charron walter chatton cheapest cost avoider chemistry ch en hsien chang ch eng cheng ch eng hao cheng hao cheng hsuan cheng hs an ch eng i cheng ming ch eng ming tao cheng shih hs an hs eh cheng shih hsuan hsueh ch eng yi cheng yi ch eng yi ch uan nikolai chernyshevskii nikolai gavrilovich chernyshevskii ch i chi chia i chia yi chiao hung ch ien chien ai ch ien an |
d k un ch ien fu lun ch ien mu chih chih hsing ho i chih i chih tun richard chillington william chillingworth chinese classics chinese legalism chinese philosophy chinese room chinese room argument chinese world ching ch ing chinul roderick chisholm roderick milton chisholm chit choice choice sequence noam chomsky chomsky hierarchy of languages chong yagyong ch ng yagyong choosing choosing and deciding chora chou tun yi christine de pizan christology chrysippus chrysorrhoas chu hsi ch uan ch an chun tzu ch n tzu chung chung and shu chung yung chung yung alonzo church church fathers church turing thesis pat churchland patricia smith churchland paul churchland paul m churchland church s theorem church s theorem and the decision problem church s thesis ci cicero marcus tullius cicero august von cieszkowski circular reasoning circularity citizenship citta matra citta m tra civic humanism civil disobedience civil liberties civil rights civil society helene cixous h l ne cixous cl claim right clairvoyance clandesti |
ne literature clarembald of arras samuel clarke class class paradox class struggle classical conditioning classical liberalism classical logic classical mechanics classical republicanism cleanthes clear and distinct idea clement of alexandria cleomedes w k clifford w k clifford william kingdom clifford william kingdon clifford clip an angel s wings clocks closed formula closed loop closed sentence closure co coa com coase theorem catherine cockburn catherine trotter cockburn coercion cogency cogito argument cogito ergo sum cognition cognitive architecture cognitive development cognitive dissonance cognitive meaning cognitive neuroscience cognitive pluralism cognitive psychology cognitive psychotherapy cognitive science cognitive science of mathematics cognitive value cognitivism g a cohen g a cohen hermann cohen l jonathan cohen coherence philosophical gambling strategy coherence theory of justification coherence theory of knowledge coherence theory of truth coherentism coimbra commentaries coimbra group coll |
apse theories quantum mechanics samuel taylor coleridge collegium conimbricense collective responsibility collective unconscious collectivity college logic lucio colletti arthur collier colligation r g collingwood r g collingwood robin george collingwood anthony collins color color realism color theories colors colour colour and qualia colour theories colours combinatory completeness combinatory logic comedy comenius john amos comenius command theory of law commensurability commentaries on aristotle commentaries on plato comments of a recluse commensurability ethics commission commisive common consent arguments for the existence of god common effects common good common knowledge common law common notions common sense common sense and the diallelus common sense ethics common sense philosophy common sense reasoning common sense school common sensibles common sensism commonsensism communication communication and intention communication theory communicative rationality communism communitarianism community commuta |
tive justice compactness compactness theorem comparative philosophy chinese and western compatibilism compatibilism and incompatibilism competence complement complementarity complementary class complementary term complementation complete negation complete symbol completeness completeness theorem comple complex idea complexe significabile complexity complexum significabile composite idea composition compositional intention compositionality compossible comprehension comprehension schema computability computability theory computable computational computational complexity computational theories of mind computational theory of mind computer ethics computer modeling computer program computer science computer theory computers auguste comte isidore auguste marie fran ois xavier comte isidore auguste marie fran ois xavier comte con conation conative conceivability concept concepts concepts of probability conceptual analysis conceptual immediacy conceptual polarity conceptual priority conceptual role semantics conceptu |
al role theory of meaning conceptual scheme conceptual truth conceptualism conciliarism concilience conclusive evidence conclusive justification concomitant variation concomitant variations concrescence concrete universal concretion concretism concupiscence concurrent cause concursus dei tienne bonnot de condillac etienne bonnot de condillac condition conditional conditional probability conditional proof conditional proposition conditionals conditioning conditio sine qua non condorcet marquis de condorcet marie jean antoine nicolas cartitat de condorcet condorcet winner conduct confectionary fallacy confederalism confirmation confirmation holism confirmation theory confirmation confirmational holism confucian analects confucian philosophy confucianism confucius congruence conimbricenses conjecture conjunction conjunction elimination conjunction introduction conjunctive normal form connected connectionism connective connectives connotation conscience consciousness consciousness and intentionality consensus rea |
lity consent consequence consequence argument consequence relation consequent consequentia mirabilis consequential property consequentialism conservation conservation principle conservation principles conservatism conservatism and romanticism consilience consistency consistency proofs constant benjamin constant henri benjamin constant de rebecque henri benjamin constant de rebecque constant conjunction constant sum game constative constatives constitution constitutionalism constitutive principle construct constructible universe constructionism constructive dilemma constructive empiricism constructivism constructivism in ethics constructivism in mathematics consubstantiation containment content content externalism content of consciousness context context principle contextual definition contextualism contiguity continence continental philosophy continental philosophy of law continental rationalism contingency contingent contingent and necessary existence contingent and necessary statements contingent being cont |
ingent liar continuant continuants continuity continuum hypothesis continuum problem contract theory contractarianism contradiction contradictions contradictories contraposition contrapositive contraries contrary to duty imperative contrary to fact conditional contravalid contributive value contributory value control convention convention t conventional implicature conventional sign conventionality of simultaneity conventionalism convergence conversational implicature converse converse domain converse relation conversion anne conway anne conway n e finch anne finch conway lady anne finch conway coo cov john cook wilson coordination problem coordinative definition copernican revolution nicolaus copernicus frederick copleston copula copulatio geraud de cordemoy g raud de cordemoy corner quotes corners corollary corrective justice correlativity correspondence theory of truth corresponding conditional corrigibility corroboration corruption cosmogony cosmological argument cosmology cosmology and religious belief c |
osmology and theology cosmopolitanism cost benefit analysis could have done otherwise count noun countable counterdomain counterexample counterfactual counterfactual analysis of causation counterfactual conditionals counterfactual theories of causal processes counterfactuals counteridenticals counterinstance counterpart theory counting courage antoine augustin cournot antoine augustin cournot victor cousin louis couturat covering law model covering law model cr cz craig reduct craig s theorem crates of thebes crates the cynic william crathorn cratylus cratylus of athens cratylus zeyl creation creation and conservation creation ex nihilo creationism credibility credo quia absurdum est credo ut intelligam hasdai crescas hasdai ibn crescas crime and punishment criminal law theory criteria see criterion criteriological connection criteriology criterion critical idealism critical legal studies critical philosophy critical realism critical theory critical thinking croatian philosophy benedetto croce crucial experim |
ent crucial experiments christian august crusius damaris cudworth ralph cudworth cultural evolution cultural identity cultural relativism culture nathaniel culverwel cum hoc ergo propter hoc richard cumberland haskell curry curry s paradox cursus coninbricensis curve fitting problem curve fitting problem cusa cusanus custom cut elimination theorem cybernetics cynics cyrenaics czech philosophy heinrich czolbe list of philosophical topics a c d h i q r z see also philosophy lists topic lists the official automobili lamborghini logo lamborghini logo symbol two zero zero four lamborghini gallardo lamborghini gallardo operated by the italian motorway police two zero zero four lamborghini murci lago roadster automobili lamborghini s p a commonly known as lamborghini is a manufacturer of high performance sports cars based in the small italian village of sant agata bolognese near bologna the company was founded in one nine six three by ferruccio lamborghini one nine one six one nine nine three as a spin off from his |
very successful tractor factory lamborghini trattori s p a ferruccio lamborghini was an enthusiastic owner of sports cars including a ferrari there are several versions of why lamborghini started his own company all of them involving a conflict between himself and enzo ferrari the most likely version one that has been corroborated several times is that ferruccio lamborghini met enzo ferrari at a party and naturally the talk drifted to sports cars lamborghini pointed out a few things in ferrari s designs which he did not agree with ferrari a notorious hothead got apoplectic if you don t like the way i build my cars why don t you go build one in that tractor factory of yours featuring bodies designed by franco scaglione touring of milan zagato mario marazzi bertone italdesign marcello gandini and luc donckerwolke lamborghini s cars are not only amongst the most expensive and powerful road going vehicles made but are also considered by many to be amongst the most stunning and impressive in appearance contrary to |
a frequent misunderstanding ferruccio himself never was a bullfighting supporter but loved bulls and was a taurus which explains why most models have a name somehow related to bulls models lamborghini s products include the three five zero gtv one nine six three three five zero gt one nine six four four zero zero gt one nine six five miura one nine six six flying star ii one nine six six marzal one nine six six espada one nine six eight islero one nine six eight jarama one nine seven zero countach one nine seven four bravo one nine seven four silhouette one nine seven six jalpa one nine eight two lm zero zero two one nine eight six diablo one nine nine zero cala one nine nine five murci lago two zero zero one and the gallardo two zero zero three although lamborghini has continuously shown engineering expertise with the more civil models such as three five zero gt four zero zero gt espada jarama jalpa and gallardo it is the outrageous supercars that have established the lamborghini name and look with the publ |
ic the miura the countach the diablo and the murci lago continue to be the most desired sportscars of all of their peers the current two zero zero six range consists of the murci lago the murci lago roadster and the smaller less expensive gallardo and gallardo spyder all are very fast mid engined two seaters with four wheel drive as standard the styling is largely the work of belgian designer luc donckerwolke future models may include a revived miura supercar to rival the ferrari enzo a rear wheel drive version of the gallardo and possibly an suv in the spirit of the lm zero zero two future lamborghini models will be penned by walter de silva who designed the two zero zero six miura concept car and who replaced luc donckerwolke as head of centro stile lamborghini lamborghini s in house design department model list ownership lamborghini has had a number of owners as shown in this simplified list ferruccio lamborghini one nine six three one nine seven two georges henri rossetti one nine seven seven bankrupt one |
nine seven seven one nine eight four patrick mimram managed one nine eight zero one nine eight four one nine eight four one nine eight seven chrysler one nine eight seven one nine nine four megatech one nine nine four one nine nine eight volkswagen group audi since one nine nine eight foreign operations automovil lamborghini de latin america www e lamborghini com was set up by a jorge antonio fernandez garcia in buenos aires argentina in one nine nine four it is officially licensed to produce two handbuilt variants of the diablo called the eros and the coatl they were first produced in two zero zero one and are available only in latin america since two zero zero three see also list of italian companies ferrari concept s external links automobili lamborghini spa lamborghini english lamborghini italian lambocars the enthusiast site lamborghini by kld concept the international lamborghini registry lamborghini car database lamborghini of latin america lamborghini worldwide events calendar forum for owners and en |
thusiasts forum for owners and enthusiasts forum for owners and enthusiasts vintage lamborghini owners forum a website dedicated to automobili lamborghini karl lagrand image karl lagrand jpg walter lagrand the lagrand case was a contentious case in the international court of justice germany vs united states of america one nine nine nine two zero zero one the case revolved around the brothers karl and walter lagrand who committed a bungled armed robbery in arizona in one nine eight two which resulted in a death they were hence charged and convicted of murder and sentenced to death the lagrands were german nationals having been born in germany and having moved with their mother to the united states at age three at no time did they become citizens of the united states under the vienna convention on consular relations the united states authorities the state of arizona were required to inform them of their right to receive consular assistance from the german government at the time of their arrest the u s authoriti |
es failed to do so even after they became aware that the lagrands were german nationals the lagrand brothers later contacted the german consulate of their own accord having learned of their right to consular assistance from other sources they appealed their sentences and convictions on the grounds that they were not informed of their right to consular assistance and that with consular assistance they might have been able to mount a better defence the appeal was rejected by u s federal courts based on the u s municipal law doctrine of procedural default which provides that issues cannot be raised in federal court appeals unless they have first been raised in state courts karl lagrand was subsequently executed by the state of arizona on february two four one nine nine nine germany then initiated legal action in the international court of justice against the united states regarding walter lagrand hours before walter lagrand was due to be executed germany applied for the court to grant provisional measures propri |
o motu i e without a hearing and without giving the united states the opportunity to be heard requiring the united states to prevent the execution of walter lagrand the court granted germany s request germany then initiated action in the u s supreme court for enforcement of the provisional measures in its judgment the u s supreme court federal republic of germany et al vs united states et al five two six u s one one one per curiam held that it lacked jurisdiction with respect to germany s complaint against arizona due to the eleventh amendment of the u s constitution which prohibits federal courts from hearing lawsuits of foreign states against a u s state with respect to germany s case against the united states it held that the doctrine of procedural default was not incompatible with the vienna convention and that even if procedural default did conflict with the vienna convention it had been pre empted by later federal law the anti terrorism and effective death penalty act of one nine nine six which explicit |
ly legislated the doctrine of procedural default for purposes of u s municipal law later congressional legislation overrides earlier conflicting treaties the u s solicitor general sent a letter to the supreme court as part of these proceedings arguing that provisional measures of the international court of justice are not legally binding the united states department of state also conveyed the icj s provisional measure to the governor of arizona without comment the arizona clemency board recommended a stay to the governor on the basis of the pending icj case but the governor of arizona ignored the recommendation and walter lagrand was executed on march three one nine nine nine as of two zero zero six this was last use of gas chamber in the u s germany then modified its complaint in the case before the international court of justice alleging furthermore that the u s violated international law by failing to implement the provisional measures it also was forced to modify its request for remedies previously it had |
sought the u s to grant a new trial to walter lagrand but now he had been executed this was no longer possible in opposition to the german submissions the united states argued that the vienna convention did not grant rights to individuals only to states the court rejected this argument on the grounds that the u s interpretation contradicted the plain meaning of the convention the united states argued that the vienna convention was meant to be exercised subject to the laws of each state party which in the case of the united states meant subject to the doctrine of procedural default but the court found that domestic laws could not limit the rights of the accused under the convention but only specify the means by which those rights were to be exercised the united states argued that germany was seeking to turn the court into an international court of criminal appeal the court rejected this argument also on june two seven two zero zero one the international court of justice handed down its judgement finding in fa |
vour of germany that provisional measures were legally binding the binding nature of provisional measures has been a subject of great dispute in international law the english text of the statute of the international court of justice implies they are not binding while the french text implies that they are faced with a contradiction between two equally authentic texts of the statute the court considered which interpretation better served the objects and purposes of the statute and hence found that they are binding this was the first time in the court s history it had ruled as such the court also found that the united states violated the vienna convention through its application of procedural default the court was at pains to point out that it was not passing judgement on the doctrine itself but only its application to cases involving the vienna convention external links judgement of the international court of justice judgement of u s supreme court federal republic of germany vs united states asil insight articl |
e on lagrand case landmark cases united states rights of the accused case law international court of justice cases image lotus killerapp gif lotus one two three is a spreadsheet program from lotus software now part of ibm it was the ibm pc s first killer application its huge popularity in the mid one nine eight zero s contributed significantly to the success of ibm pc in the corporate environment the lotus development corporation was founded by mitchell kapor a friend of the developers of visicalc one two three was originally written by jonathan sachs who had written two spreadsheet programs before while working at concentric data systems inc one two three was released on january two six one nine eight three started outselling then most popular visicalc the very same year and for a number of years it was the leading spreadsheet for the dos operating system unlike microsoft multiplan it stayed very close to the model of visicalc including the a one letter and number cell notation and slash menu structure it wa |
s also free of notable bugs and being written entirely in assembly language was very fast lotus one two three came with a separate program to print graphs and charts which produced high resolution output data features included sorting data in a column justifying text in a range into paragraphs allowed it to be used as a primitive word processor it had keyboard driven pop up menus as well as one key commands making it fast to operate it was also user friendly introducing what might have been the first ever context sensitive help on the f one key macros and add ins introduced in version two zero attributed much to one two three s popularity allowing dozens of outside vendors to sell macro packages and add ins ranging from dedicated financial worksheets to full fledged word processors in the single tasking ms dos one two three was sometimes used as a complete environment lotus one two three supported ega and later vga graphics early versions used the filename extension wks which was changed for version two zero |
to wk one mitch kapor of lotus development version two introduced macros with syntax and commands similar in complexity to an advanced basic interpreter as well as string variable expressions later versions supported multiple worksheets and were written in c the author of the twin a one two three work alike implemented in c discovered that some of the more interesting innovations were natural recalculation order which reserved a location in each cell for storing the return addess for an interative tree walk of formulas a book published its file format which showed how files and formulas were encoded and how they were evaluated on a stack by contrast decoding the full extent of the excel file format remains an open source project today strings were encoded as a special case of ieee floating point numbers sorting had the interesting behavior of sorting time taking n times as long for n many items which was consistent with a shell sort the fast display of decimal numbers without floating point hardware was proba |
bly accomplished by multiplying the mantissa by one zero with shift operations x one zero x four one two so x one zero x two x one one two three was written in assembler which permitted passing numbers in registers and short pointers c compilers required long segment and offset pointers and passed numbers on the stack the twin was about twice as large and half as fast by comparison one two three also bypassed the bios directly updating screen memory one two three along with microsoft flight simulator became the standard of pc compatibility the speed of one two three made it possible to give more responsive performance than much larger minicomputers or even web based applications today lotus one two three inspired imitators the first of which was mosaic software s the twin written largely by arthur hu in the fall of one nine eight five followed by vp planner which was backed by adam osborne copyright law had first been understood to only cover the source code of a program after the success of suits which claim |
ed that the very look and feel of a program were protected led lotus to seek to ban any program which had a compatible command and menu structure computer languages had never been considered to be protected before but the language of one two three were imbedded in the words of the menu displayed on the screen they won in a weakly defended case against mosaic software however when their sights were set on quattro pro from borland the courts finally ruled that it was not a copyright violation to merely have a compatible command menu or language in one nine nine five the first circuit found that command menus are an uncopyrightable method of operation under section one zero two b of the copyright act the one two three menu structure example slash file erase was itself an advanced version of single letter menus introduced in visicalc letter accelerators which are still present in dos and windows and some web applications today and are still often absent in apple and unix based applications the rise of microsoft w |
indows in the personal computer market was accompanied by the rise in microsoft s competing spreadsheet excel and it gradually usurped the position of one two three being loyal to os two lotus was slow to embrace windows at first a complete rewrite was planned to overtake excel but this project failed to produce a finished product one two three for windows is still simply a graphical wrapper around the original interface additionally several versions of one two three were available concurrently each with different set of functionality and slightly different interface one two three s intended successor lotus symphony was lotus s entry into the anticipated integrated software market it intended to expand the rudimentary all in one one two three support into full fledged of spreadsheet graph database and word processor windows but none of the integrated packages ever really succeeded one two three migrated to the windows platform where it remains available as part of lotus smartsuite since then microsoft office |
including excel powerpoint access and word has become the all in one software most commonly found on desktops external links lotus website one nine eight three the pc era lotus one two three dos software spreadsheets domain specific programming languages numerical programming languages labuan bajo indonesia mutiara airport iata location identifier lyndon baines johnson liberation day dutch bevrijdingsdag is celebrated each year on may five in the netherlands to mark the end of the german occupation during the second world war the nation was liberated largely by canadian troops and to thank them each year thousands of tulip bulbs are sent to ottawa where the annual may tulip festival is held on may four th the dutch remember the people who have fought for and died during world war ii and wars in general there is a remembrance gathering in the nieuwe kerk in amsterdam and at the national monument on the dam square in amsterdam throughout the country two minutes of silence are held at two zero zero zero on may f |
ive th the liberation is celebrated and festivals are held in most places see also liberation day remembrance of the dead the netherlands public holidays in the netherlands external links official site of remembrance and liberation day dutch english summary on official site holidays dutch society this photo of new york city shows excessive sky glow one form of light pollution partly caused by many unshielded lights this composite satellite photograph of the earth at night demonstrates how much of the world s light escapes through the atmosphere into space photo credit nasa full moon rising over te papa light pollution is excess or obtrusive light created by humans among other effects it causes adverse health effects obscures most stars to city dwellers interferes with astronomical observatories wastes energy and disrupts ecosystems light pollution can be construed to have two main branches a annoying light that intrudes on an otherwise natural or low light setting and b excessive light generally indoors that |
leads to worker discomfort and adverse health effects since the early one nine eight zero s a global dark sky movement has emerged with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization it comes from sources such as building exterior and interior lighting advertising commercial properties offices factories streetlights and lit sporting venues it is most severe in the highly industrialised densely populated areas of the united states europe and japan but even relatively small amounts of light can be noticed and create problems with recent advances in private spaceflight the prospect of space based orbiting billboards appearing in the near future has provoked concern that such objects may become another form of light pollution with this in mind the united states federal aviation administration sought permission in may two zero zero five to enforce a law prohibiting obtrusive advertising in earth orbit federal aviation administration |
two zero zero five similar intentions are yet to be expressed by authorities in most other countries however light pollution as a problem times square at night light pollution also known as photopollution luminous pollution refers to light that people find annoying or harmful some skeptics claim that light pollution cannot be compared with real pollution they argue stray or excess light has no long term effect because unlike traditional forms of pollution light pollution is not persistent and would cease if all artificial lights were immediately switched off campaigners wishing to reduce light pollution however reason that it is unrealistic to expect populations to ever switch off light en masse due to industrial society s economic reliance on artificial light they posit therefore that it is a problem synonymous with traditional forms of pollution where established trends in society have long term negative effects these arguments mesh with energy conservation advocates who contend that light pollution must be |
addressed by changing the habits of society so that lighting is used more efficiently with less wastage and less creation of unwanted or unneeded illumination the case against light pollution is strengthened by an array of health effects studies showing impacts of excess light to induce loss in visual acuity hypertension headaches and in one study cancer several industry groups also recognise light pollution as an important issue for example the institution of lighting engineers in the united kingdom provides information for its members about light pollution the problems it causes and how to reduce the pollution since not everyone is irritated by the same lighting sources light pollution has a measure of subjectivity it is common for one person s light pollution to be light that is desirable for another this is often the case with advertising material such as when an advertiser wishes for particular lights to be brightly visible even though others find them annoying other types of light pollution are more ce |
rtain for instance light that accidentally crosses a property boundary and annoys a neighbour is generally wasted and pollutive light disputes are still common however when deciding if it is necessary to do anything about it differences in opinion over what light is considered reasonable and who should be responsible means that negotiation must sometimes take place between parties authorities have also taken a variety of measures for dealing with light pollution depending on the interests beliefs and understandings of the society involved measures range from doing nothing at all to implementing strict laws and regulations about how lights may be installed and used types of light pollution light pollution is a broad term that refers to multiple problems all of which are caused by inefficient annoying or arguably unnecessary use of artificial light specific categories of light pollution include light trespass glare clutter overillumination and sky glow it is common however for annoying or wasteful light to fit |
several of these categories light trespass light trespass occurs when unwanted light enters one s property for instance by shining over a neighbour s fence a common light trespass problem occurs when a strong light enters the window of one s home from outside causing problems such as sleep deprivation or the blocking of an evening view light trespass is particularly annoying for amateur astronomers whose ability to observe the night sky from their property is likely to be inhibited by any stray light from nearby most major optical astronomical observatories are surrounded by zones of severely restricted light emissions a large number of cities in the u s have developed stringent standards for outdoor lighting to protect such observatories glare glare is the result of excessive contrast between bright and dark areas in the field of view for example glare can be associated with directly seeing the filament of an unshielded or badly shielded light light shining into the eyes of pedestrians and drivers can obscur |
e night vision for up to an hour after exposure caused by high contrast between light and dark areas glare can also make it difficult for the human eye to adjust to the differences in brightness glare is particularly an issue in road safety as bright and or badly shielded lights around roads may partially blind drivers or pedestrians unexpectedly and contribute to accidents according to bob mizon coordinator for the british astronomical association s campaign for dark skies there are three types of glare blinding glare describes effects such as that caused by staring into the sun it is completely blinding and leaves temporary vision deficiencies disability glare describes effects such as being blinded by an oncoming cars brights significant reduction in sight capabilities discomfort glare does not typically cause a dangerous situation in itself and is annoying and irritating at best it can potentially cause fatigue if experienced over extended periods clutter clutter refers to excessive groupings of lights gr |
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