text
stringlengths 640
1.02k
|
|---|
ges history in the one nine seven zero s the us department of defense dod was concerned by the number of different programming languages being used for its projects many of which were obsolete or hardware dependent and none of which supported safe modular programming in one nine seven five the higher order language working group holwg was formed with the intent of reducing this number by finding or creating a programming language generally suitable for the department s requirements the result was ada the total number of high level programming languages in use for such projects fell from over four five zero in one nine eight three to three seven by one nine nine six the working group created a series of language requirements documents the strawman woodenman tinman ironman and steelman documents many existing languages were formally reviewed but the team concluded in one nine seven seven that no existing language met the specifications requests for proposals for a new programming language were issued and four c |
ontractors were hired to develop their proposals under the names of red intermetrics led by benjamin brosgol green cii honeywell bull led by jean ichbiah blue softech led by john goodenough and yellow sri international led by jay spitzen in april one nine seven eight after public scrutiny the red and green proposals passed to the next phase in may of one nine seven nine the green proposal designed by jean ichbiah at cii honeywell bull was chosen and given the name ada after augusta ada countess of lovelace this proposal was influenced by the programming language lis that ichbiah and his group had developed in the one nine seven zero s the preliminary ada reference manual was published in acm sigplan notices in june one nine seven nine the military standard reference manual was approved on december one zero one nine eight zero ada lovelace s birthday and given the number mil std one eight one five in honor of ada lovelace s birth year augusta ada king countess of lovelace in one nine eight seven the us departm |
ent of defense began to require the use of ada the ada mandate for every software project where new code was more than three zero of result though exceptions to this rule were often granted this requirement was effectively removed in one nine nine seven as the dod began to embrace cots commercial off the shelf technology similar requirements existed in other north atlantic treaty organisation countries because ada is a strongly typed language it has been used outside the military in commercial aviation projects where a software bug can mean fatalities the fly by wire system in the boeing seven seven seven runs software written in ada the language became an ansi standard in one nine eight three ansi mil std one eight one five a and without any further changes became an iso standard in one nine eight seven iso eight six five two one nine eight seven this version of the language is commonly known as ada eight three from the date of its adoption by ansi but is sometimes referred to also as ada eight seven from th |
e date of its adoption by iso ada nine five the joint iso ansi standard iso eight six five two one nine nine five is the latest standard for ada it was published in february one nine nine five making ada nine five the first iso standard object oriented programming language to help with the standard revision and future acceptance the us air force funded the development of the gnat compiler nowadays the gnat compiler is part of the gnu compiler collection work continues on improving and updating the technical content of the ada programming language a technical corrigendum to ada nine five was published in october two zero zero one presently more work is being done to produce the roughly once a decade major update to ada expected in two zero zero seven see official schedule this new version is commonly known as ada two zero zero five just as ada nine five was commonly known as ada nine four prior to its publication hello world in ada a common example of a language s syntax is the hello world program with ada tex |
t io procedure hello is begin ada text io put line hello world end hello there are shortcuts available for ada text io put line needing less typing however they are not used here for better understanding for a detailed explanation see wikibooks ada programming basic the ariane five failure a commonly encountered myth blames the loss of ariane five flight five zero one a european space agency ariane five rocket on a bug in an ada program or on disabling ada s runtime checks for the ariane four it had been proven that those runtime checks weren t needed although range checks and appropriate exception handlers on all type conversions might have trapped the problem the problem itself was a design decision to reuse a part and its software from the ariane four rocket without adequate analysis of its suitability or tests on ariane five data see also online tutorials ada has always been a very open language and there are many online tutorials available the following sites have link collections to ada tutorials needs |
some additions at adahome not updated very recently however at adaworld this site is very good at computer books us a collection of ada books available for free download organizations ada information clearinghouse sigada acm special interest group on ada ada europe european organization to promote the use of ada compilers gnat free compiler based on gcc jgnat gnat based compiler for the java runtime environment mgnat gnat based compiler for the net framework environment a project objectada tools aunit adagide a free gnat ada integrated development environment for windows gnat programming studio gps gnavi ada visual rad gnatcom ada binding for microsoft com spec gtkada ada binding for gtk polyorb xml ada and xml four ada nine five xia xpath in ada an ada binding to the xpath one zero spec orbriver ada related programming languages spark high integrity language based on an ada subset vhdl see also high integrity systems ravenscar profile references international standards iso iec eight six five two information |
technology programming languages ada iso iec one five two nine one information technology programming languages ada semantic interface specification iso iec one eight zero zero nine information technology programming languages ada conformity assessment of a language processor ieee standard one zero zero three five b one nine nine six the posix ada binding ada language mapping specification the corba idl to ada mapping books jan skansholm ada nine five from the beginning addison wesley isbn zero two zero one four zero three seven six five john barnes programming in ada plus language reference manual addison wesley isbn zero two zero one five six five three nine zero john barnes programming in ada nine five addison wesley isbn zero two zero one three four two nine three six john barnes high integrity ada the spark approach addison wesley isbn zero two zero one one seven five one seven seven john barnes high integrity software the spark approach to safety and security addison wesley isbn zero three two one one t |
hree six one six zero dean w gonzalez ada programmer s handbook benjamin cummings publishing company isbn zero eight zero five three two five two nine eight m ben ari ada for software engineers john wiley nine five real time java and real time posix addison wesley isbn zero two zero one seven two nine eight eight one alan burns andy wellings concurrency in ada cambridge university press isbn zero five two one six two nine one one x colin atkinson object oriented reuse concurrency and distribution an ada based approach addison wesley isbn zero two zero one five six five two seven seven grady booch doug bryan software engineering with ada addison wesley isbn zero eight zero five three zero six zero eight zero daniel stubbs neil w webre data structures with abstract data types and ada brooks cole isbn zero five three four one four four four eight nine pascal ledru distributed programming in ada with protected objects dissertation com isbn one five eight one one two zero three four six fintan culwin ada a develop |
mental approach prentice hall isbn zero one three two six four six eight zero three john english fintan culwin ada nine five the craft of object oriented programming prentice hall isbn zero one three two three zero three five zero seven david a wheeler ada nine five springer verlag isbn zero three eight seven nine four eight zero one five david r musser alexander stepanov the ada generic library linear list processing packages springer verlag isbn zero three eight seven nine seven one three three five michael b feldman software construction and data structures with ada nine five addison wesley isbn zero two zero one eight eight seven nine five nine simon johnston ada nine five for c and c programmers addison wesley isbn zero two zero one four zero three six three three michael b feldman elliot b koffman ada nine five addison wesley isbn zero two zero one three six one two three x nell dale chip weems john mccormick programming and problem solving with ada nine five jones nine five booch components the gnu ada |
compiler asis glade florist wikibook ada programming external links ada world adapower acm sigada ada europe organization ada information clearinghouse iso home of ada standards ada nine five books available online ada rapporteur group evolution of standard ada answers building better software with ada citations from citeseer news comp lang ada forum ada tutorial projects using ada conference announcements for the international ada community gnat free ada compiler ada academic initiative libre ada software the gnu ada project gnu ada homepage gnat adagide the ada gnat integrated development environment for windows gnavi ada visual rad a ada on net net programming languages ada programming language algol programming language family ansi standards concurrent programming languages imperative programming languages iso standards multi paradigm programming languages object oriented programming languages procedural programming languages programming languages statically typed programming languages systems programmin |
g languages alfonso arau born january one one one nine three two is a mexican director of such films as zapata the dream of a hero like water for chocolate mexico one nine nine two the novel of which was somewhat ironically written by his wife laura esquivel and a walk in the clouds which starred keanu reeves and anthony quinn he is also an actor among others he had the antagonic role of el guapo in three amigos usa one nine eight six a comedy with martin short steve martin and chevy chase he also played captain herrera in sam peckinpah s one nine six nine western the wild bunch in one nine seven three he acted and directed calz nzin inspector a movie based on a mexican comic called los supermachos of great mexican cartoonist rius although rius disapproved the movie the movie is about two indigenous mexicans who are confused for government inspectors from the capital by the corrupt mayor of a small town and is an humorous political critique aimed squarely at then ruling party pri and its caciques in a time wh |
en freedom of speech in regard to political matters was highly restricted there are at least two versions of the movie the shorter one having some scenes deleted the most notable one shows the killing of a renegade farmer by a policeman shooting at his back a notable movie was el rinc n de las v rgenes mexico one nine seven two the virgins corner where he plays the helper to a fake mystical doctor travelling town to town remembering their travels when a group of women intend to propose the doctor for sainthood the movie is set in the one nine two zero s in rural mexico in december two zero zero four the santa fe film festival bestowed its luminaria award for lifetime achievement in cinema to alfonso arau as a cornerstone to its five day festival jon bowman executive director of the santa fe film festival said arau is truly a renaissance artist with a deep and innate understanding of all phases of the cinematic medium external links alfonso arau web site alfonso arau tv tome guide santa fe film festival one ni |
ne three two births living people mexican film directors alfonso cuaron alfonso cuar n orozco born november two eight one nine six one in mexico city mexico is a mexican film director alfonso cuar n grew up in the city as well he went on to study both filmmaking and philosophy at the national autonomous university of mexico after graduating cuaron began working in television in mexico first as a technician and then as a director cuaron s television work led to assignments as an assistant director for several latin american film productions including gaby a true story and romero and in one nine nine one he landed his first big screen directorial assignment solo con tu pareja was a dark comedy about a womanizing businessman who learns he s contracted aids the film was a massive hit in mexico and was enthusiastically received around the world director sydney pollack was impressed enough with solo con tu pareja that he hired cuaron to direct an episode of fallen angels a series of neo noir stories produced for th |
e showtime premium cable network in one nine nine three other directors who worked on the series included steven soderbergh jonathan kaplan peter bogdanovich and tom hanks in one nine nine five cuar n released his first feature film produced in the united states a little princess an adaptation of frances hodgson burnett s classic novel cuaron s next feature was also a literary adaptation a modernized version of charles dickens great expectations starring ethan hawke gwyneth paltrow and robert de niro cuar n s next project found him making a severe left turn shot in mexico with a spanish speaking cast y tu mam tambi n was a funny provocative and controversial road comedy about two sexually obsessed teenagers who take an extended road trip with an attractive woman in her thirties the film s open portrayal of sexuality and frequent rude humor as well as the politically and socially relevant asides made the film an international hit and a major success with critics he also directed the third film in the successfu |
l harry potter series harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban cuar n has faced criticism amongst the more puritanical potter fans for ruining the prisoner of azkaban film given that the first two instalments helmed by chris columbus had adhered stringently to the books cuar n s rather more individualistic film which brought with it a far darker tone costume changes omitted subplots and other changes to the accepted continuity came as something of a shock to many fans however author j k rowling has said that this movie is so far her personal favorite from the series and remained the most critically lauded of the blockbuster series his next feature will be the children of men an adaptation of the p d james novel of the same name filmography the children of men two zero zero six harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban two zero zero three y tu mam tambi n two zero zero one great expectations one nine nine eight a little princess one nine nine five solo con tu pareja one nine nine one external link one nine six |
one births living people mexican film directors unam alumni people from mexico city writing original screenplay oscar nominee arthur meighen pc qc ba ll d june one six one eight seven four august five one nine six zero was the ninth prime minister of canada from july one zero one nine two zero to december two nine one nine two one and june two nine to september two five one nine two six he was the first prime minister from western canada and the only so far from the province of manitoba both of his terms were brief and the second was unprecedented and arose partially out of conflicts between the governor general of canada and meighen s rival william lyon mackenzie king background meighen was born in anderson ontario canada he graduated from the university of toronto earning a b a in mathematics in one eight nine six in one nine zero four he married isabel j cox one eight eight two one nine eight five with whom he had two sons and one daughter in one nine nine zero one of his grandsons michael meighen was appo |
inted to the canadian senate on the recommendation of prime minister brian mulroney meighen experimented in several professions including those of teacher lawyer and businessman before becoming involved in politics as a member of the conservatives in public meighen was a top class debater and was known for his sharp wit cabinet he was first elected to the canadian house of commons in one nine zero eight defeating incumbent john crawford in the manitoba riding of portage la prairie he was re elected in one nine zero eight and one nine one one and again in one nine one three after being appointed solicitor general at the time newly appointed ministers had to seek re election meighen served as solicitor general from june two six one nine one three until august two five one nine one seven when he was appointed minister of mines and secretary of state for canada in one nine one seven he was mainly responsible for implementing conscription noteworthy was the government s decision to give votes to conscription suppo |
rters soldiers and their families while denying that right to potential opponents of conscription such as immigrants he was again shifted on october one two one nine one seven this time to the positions of minister of the interior and superintendent of indian affairs as minister of the interior he steered the largest piece of legislation ever enacted in the british commonwealth through parliament creating the canadian national railway company which continues today meighen was re appointed minister of mines on the last day of one nine two zero in one nine one nine as acting minister of justice and senior manitoban in the government of sir robert laird borden meighen helped put down the winnipeg general strike by force first term meighen became leader of the conservative and unionist party and prime minister on july seven one nine two zero when borden resigned he would quickly call an election meighen fought the one nine two one election under the banner of the national liberal and conservative party in an atte |
mpt to keep the allegiance of liberals who had supported the wartime unionist government however his actions in implementing conscription hurt his party s already weak support in quebec while the winnipeg general strike and farm tariffs made him unpopular among labour and farmers alike the party was defeated by the liberals led by william lyon mackenzie king and meighen was personally defeated in portage la prairie falling to third place behind the newly formed progressive party he continued to lead the conservative party which had reverted to its traditional name and returned to parliament in one nine two two for the eastern ontario riding of grenville opposition leader meighen was cast by opponents especially in quebec as beholden to britain s colonial actions meighen s term as opposition leader would be most marked by his response to the crisis at chanak in which colonial secretary winston churchill leaked to the newspapers that the dominions may be called upon to help british forces in the area king refus |
ed to commit to sending troops resenting the way churchill went above the dominion leader s heads king used the rationale that parliament should decide and that the matter was not important enough to recall parliament meighen strongly condemned his action saying in a toronto hotel when britain s messgage came then canada should have said ready aye ready we stand by you when the crisis died down within days meighen was left with a reputation as blindly in favour of britain s interests meighen and king unlike laurier and borden had a very personal distrust and hatred for each other megihen looked down on king whom he called rex king s old university nickname and considered him unprinicpled the liberal government of mackenzie king was soon beset with scandals and corruption much of this was uncovered in a royal commission established to probe wrongdoing in quebec and in particular in connection with building the beauharnois canal the tories won a plurality of seats in the inconclusive election of one nine two fi |
ve but king was able to hold onto to power until one nine two six through an alliance with the progressives meighen denounced king staying in power saying he was holding on to office like a lobster with lockjaw second term a scandal in the customs department was soon found making the progressives wary of supporting king when king was on the verge of losing a vote in the commons in one nine two six he asked the governor general lord byng to call an election despite every effort to cling to power mackenzie king s shaky government was defeated in the house of commons king resigned and meighen was invited to form a government having secured a measure of support from the opposition farm parties this became known as the king byng affair an attack by mackenzie king on the governor general s right to refuse an election where an alternative government is capable of commanding the support of the house of commons because of the possibility of losing a vote in commons while megihen and his ministers were re elected a rel |
ic of british law dating to one seven zero one that was repealed in canada in one nine three eight meighen made his ministers acting ones and did not give them the oath of office king made an uproar about the situation attracting progressive support to take down the government the government would lose confidence by one vote there being no other parliamentary grouping to call upon byng called an election meighan s party was swept from office and meighen was again defeated in portage la prairie he resigned as conservative party leader shortly thereafter afterward meighen in one nine five six meighen was appointed to the senate in one nine three two by r b bennett he served as leader of the government in the senate and minister without portfolio from february three one nine three two to october two two one nine three five in one nine four one meighen was prevailed upon to become leader of the conservative party again he resigned his senate seat on january one six one nine four two and campaigned in a by electio |
n for the toronto riding of york south according to custom the liberals would not run a candidate in the riding but king still harbouring a deep hatred for meighen and thinking that the ardently conscriptionist meighen coming back into commons would further imflame the conscription crisis would send resources to the ccf s joseph noseworthy meighen would go down to defeat and once again withdrew from public life arthur meighen died in toronto ontario aged eight six on august five one nine six zero and was buried in st mary s cemetery st mary s ontario near his birthplace external links biography at the dictionary of canadian biography online arthur meighen statue st mary s ontario one eight seven four births one nine six zero deaths canadian lawyers historical members of the canadian senate leaders of the conservative party of canada manitoba politicians members of the canadian house of commons from manitoba members of the canadian house of commons from ontario members of the queen s privy council for canada p |
eople from manitoba prime ministers of canada university of toronto alumni irish canadians this article is about theological views like those of arius aryan is an unrelated ethnic concept arians may also refer to polish brethren arianism was a christological view held by followers of arius a christian priest who lived and taught in alexandria egypt in the early four th century arius taught that god the father and the son were not co eternal seeing the pre incarnate jesus as a divine being but nonetheless created by and consequently inferior to the father at some point before which the son did not exist in english language works it is sometimes said that arians believe that jesus is or was a creature in this context the word is being used in its original sense of created being the conflict between arianism and the trinitarian beliefs was the first major doctrinal confrontation in the church after the legalization of christianity by emperor constantine i controversy over arianism extended over the greater part |
of the fourth century and involved most church members simple believers and monks as well as bishops and emperors while arianism did dominate for several decades in the family of the emperor the imperial nobility and higher ranking clergy in the end it was trinitarianism which prevailed theologically and politically at the end of the fourth century and which has since been a virtually uncontested doctrine in all major branches of the eastern and western church arianism which had been taught by the arian missionary ulfilas to the germanic tribes did linger for some centuries among several germanic tribes in western europe especially goths and langobards but did not play any significant theological role thereafter beliefs because most contemporary written material on arianism was written by its opponents the nature of arius teachings are difficult to define precisely today the letter of auxentius a four th century arian bishop of milan regarding the missionary ulfilas gives the clearest picture of arian beliefs |
on the nature of the trinity god the father unbegotten always existing was separate from the lesser jesus christ only begotten born before time began and creator of the world the father working through the son created the holy spirit who was subservient to the son as the son was to the father the father was seen as the only true god i corinthians eight five six was cited as proof text indeed even though there may be so called gods in heaven or on earth as in fact there are many gods and many lords yet for us there is one god theos the father from whom are all things and for whom we exist and one lord kyrios jesus christ through whom are all things and through whom we exist nrsv the council of nicea and its aftermath in three two one arius was denounced by a synod at alexandria for teaching a heterodox view of the relationship of jesus to god the father because arius and his followers had great influence in the schools of alexandria counterparts to modern universities or seminaries their theological views spr |
ead especially in the eastern mediterranean by three two five the controversy had become significant enough that emperor constantine called an assembly of bishops the first council of nicaea modern iznik turkey which condemned arius doctrine and formulated the nicene creed which is still recited in catholic orthodox and some protestant services the nicene creed s central term used to describe the relationship between the father and the son is homoousios meaning of the same substance or of one being the athanasian creed is less often used but is a more overtly anti arian statement on the trinity constantine exiled those who refused to accept the nicean creed arius himself the deacon euzoios and the libyan bishops theonas of ptolemais and secundus of mamarica and also the bishops who signed the creed but refused to join in arius condemnation eusebius of nicomedia and theognis of nicea the emperor also ordered all copies of the thalia the book in which arius had expressed his teachings to be burned this ended th |
e open theological dispute for a few years though under the surface opposition to the nicean creed remained though he was committed to maintaining what the church had defined at nicea constantine was also bent on pacifying the situation and eventually became more lenient towards those condemned and exiled at the council first he allowed eusebius of nicomedia who was a prot g of his sister and theognis to return once they had signed an ambiguous statement of faith the two and other friends of arius worked for arius rehabilitation at the synod of tyre in three three five they brought accusations against athanasius bishop of alexandria the primary opponent of arius after this constantine had athanasius banished since he considered him an impediment to reconciliation in the same year the synod of jerusalem readmitted arius to communion and in three three six constantine allowed arius to return to his hometown arius however died on the day he was scheduled to depart from constantinople eusebius and theognis remain |
ed in the emperor s favour and when constantine who had been a catechumen much of his adult life accepted baptism on his deathbed it was from eusebius of nicomedia the theological debates reopen the council of nicea had not ended the controversy as many bishops of the eastern provinces disputed the homoousios the central term of the nicene creed as it had been used by paul of samosata who had advocated a monarchianist christology both the man and his teaching including the term homoousios had been condemned by synods in antioch in two six nine hence after constantine s death in three three seven open dispute resumed again constantine s son constantius ii who had become emperor of the eastern part of the empire actually encouraged the arians and set out to reverse the nicene creed his advisor in these affairs was eusebius of nicomedia who had already at the council of nicea been the head of the arian party who also was made bishop of constantinople constantius used his power to exile bishops adhering to the ni |
cene creed especially athanasius of alexandria who fled to rome in three five five constantius became the sole emperor and extended his pro arian policy towards the western provinces frequently using force to push through his creed even exiling pope liberius as debates raged in an attempt to come up with a new formula three camps evolved among the opponents of the nicene creed the first group mainly opposed the nicene terminology and preferred the term homoiousios alike in substance to the nicene homoousios while they rejected arius and his teaching and accepted the equality and coeternality of the persons of the trinity because of this centrist position and despite their rejection of arius they were called semi arians by their opponents the second group also avoided invoking the name of arius but in large part followed arius teachings and in another attempted compromise wording described the son as being like homoi the father a third group explicitly called upon arius and described the son as unlike anhomoi |
the father constantius wavered in his support between the first and the second party while harshly persecuting the third the debates between these groups resulted in numerous synods among them sardica in three four three the council of sirmium in three five eight and the double council of rimini and selecia in three five nine and no less than fourteen further creed formulas between three four zero and three six zero and the pagan observer ammianus marcellinus commented sarcastically the highways were covered with galloping bishops none of these attempts were acceptable to the defenders of nicene orthodoxy writing about the latter councils saint jerome remarked that the world awoke with a groan to find itself arian after constantius death in three six one his successor julian a devotee of rome s pagan gods declared that he would no longer attempt to favor one church faction over another and allowed all exiled bishops to return this had the objective of further increasing dissension among christians the emperor |
valens however revived constantius policy and supported the homoian party exiling bishops and often using force during this persecution many bishops were exiled to the other ends of the empire e g hilarius of poitiers to the eastern provinces these contacts and the common plight subsequently led to a rapprochement between the western supporters of the nicene creed and the homoousios and the eastern semi arians after valens death in the battle of adrianople in three seven eight the accession of theodosius i who adhered to the nicene creed allowed for settling the dispute in three eight one at the second ecumenical council in constantinople a group of mainly eastern bishops assembled and accepted the nicene creed which was supplemented in regard to the holy spirit this is generally considered the end of the dispute about the trinity and the end of arianism among the roman non germanic peoples nicene christianity becomes the state religion of rome in the four th century the christian church in the roman empire |
was wracked with controversy over the nature of the trinity in three two five ad the council of nicea had condemned the teachings of the theologian arius that jesus was a created being and inferior to god the father and that the father and son were of a similar substance homoiousion in greek but not identical the council of nicea had formulated the nicene creed which declared that jesus and god the father were of the same substance homoousion in greek a term which was condemned at the council of antioch in two six four two six eight the council of nicea did not settle these controversies and by the time of theodosius accession there were still several different church factions that sought to impose their views on christianity as a whole while no mainstream churchmen within the empire explicitly adhered to arius or his teachings there were those who still used the homoiousion formula as well as those who attempted to bypass the debate by merely saying that jesus was like homoi in greek god the father all these |
non nicenes were frequently labeled as arians i e followers of arius by their opponents though they would not have identified themselves as such for a succinct survey of the situation just before theodosius accession see failure of empire noel lenski u of california press two zero zero two isbn zero five two zero two three three three two eight pp two three five two three seven the emperor valens had favored the group who used the homoi formula this theology was prominent in much of the east and had under the sons of constantine the great gained a foothold in the west theodosius on the other hand cleaved closely to the nicene creed this was the line that predominated in the west and was held by the important alexandrian church two days after theodosius arrived in constantinople november two four three eight zero theodosius expelled the non nicene bishop demophilus of constantinople and surrendered the churches of that city to gregory nazianzus the leader of the small nicene community there an act which provo |
ked rioting theodosius had just been baptized by bishop acholius of thessalonica during a severe illness as was common in the early christian world in february he and gratian published an edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the bishops of rome and alexandria i e the nicene faith although much of the church hierarchy in the east had held non nicene positions in the decades leading up to theodosius accession he managed to impose nicene uniformity during his reign later nicene writers took special glee in the ignominious death of valens the arians protector and indeed his defeat probably damaged the standing of the homoian faction for the first part of his rule theodosius seems to have ignored the semi official standing of the christian bishops in fact he had voiced his support for the preservation of temples or pagan statues as useful public buildings then in a series of decrees called the theodosian decrees he progressively declared that those pagan feasts that had not yet been rendered c |
hristian ones were now to be workdays in three eight nine in three nine one he outlawed blood sacrifice and decreed no one is to go to the sanctuaries walk through the temples or raise his eyes to statues created by the labor of man the temples that were thus closed could be declared abandoned as bishop theophilus of alexandria immediately noted in applying for permission to demolish a site and cover it with a christian church an act that must have received general sanction for mithraea forming crypts of churches and temples forming the foundations of five th century churches appear throughout the former roman empire theodosius participated in actions by christians against major cult sites the destruction of the gigantic serapeum of alexandria and its library by a mob in around three nine two authorized by theodosius extirpium malum and described in exultant detail by christian propagandists was only the most spectacular such occasion peter brown the rise of western christendom two zero zero three p seven thr |
ee seven four the destruction of the greatest temple in alexandria gave encouragement to christian vigilantism and mob action in other centers often spurred on by the local bishops as early hagiographies proudly relate by decree in three nine one theodosius ended the subsidies that had still trickled to some remnants of greco roman civic paganism too the eternal fire in the temple of vesta in the roman forum was extinguished and the vestal virgins were disbanded taking the auspices and practicing witchcraft were to be punished pagan members of the senate in rome appealed to him to restore the altar of victory in the senate house he refused after the last olympic games in three nine three theodosius cancelled the much diminished games and the reckoning of dates by olympiads soon came to an end now theodosius portrayed himself on his coins holding the labarum the apparent change of policy that resulted in the theodosian decrees has often been credited to the increased influence of ambrose bishop of milan the pe |
rsonal piety of theodosius cannot be assessed it is worth noting that in three nine zero ambrose had excommunicated theodosius who had recently ordered the massacre of several thousand inhabitants of thessalonica in response to the assassination of his military governor stationed in the city and that theodosius performed several months of public penance the specifics of the decrees were superficially limited in scope specific measures in response to various petitions and accusations from the increasingly militant christians throughout his administration in three nine one or three nine two he officially sanctioned the destruction of the most famous of the temples in the east the serapeum at alexandria bands of monks and christian officials had long been accustomed to take the law into their own hands and destroy various centers of pagan worship but the destruction of the serapeum seemed to confirm that such actions enjoyed the emperor s tacit approval at least and served to encourage such action in the future |
theodosius had been effectively manipulated into sanctioning the destruction of the serapeum by local officials who had essentially engineered the crisis there for this very purpose ambrose preached a panegyric at theodosius funeral arianism in the early medieval germanic kingdoms however during the time of arianism s flowering in constantinople the goth convert ulfilas later the subject of the letter of auxentius cited above was sent as a missionary to the gothic barbarians across the danube a mission favored for political reasons by emperor constantius ulfilas initial success in converting this germanic people to an arian form of christianity was strengthened by later events when the germanic peoples entered the roman empire and founded successor kingdoms in the western part most had been arian christians for more than a century the conflict in the four th century had seen arian and nicene factions struggling for control of the church in contrast in the kingdoms these arian germans established on the wrecka |
ge of the western roman empire in the five th century there were entirely separate arian and nicene churches with parallel hierarchies each serving different sets of believers the germanic elites being arians and the majority population being trinitarian many scholars see the persistence of the germans arian religion as a strategy to differentiate the germanic elite from the local inhabitants and maintain their group identity against the local culture while most germanic tribes in general were tolerant regarding the trinitarian beliefs of their subjects the vandals tried for several decennia to force their arian belief on their north african trinitarian subjects exiling trinitarian clergy dissolving monasteries and exercising heavy pressure on non conforming christians for more information on these arian kingdoms see the articles on the ostrogoths visigoths vandals burgundians and lombards the franks were unique among the germanic peoples in that they entered the empire as pagans and converted to nicene chris |
tianity directly by the beginning of the eight th century these kingdoms had either been conquered by nicene neighbors ostrogoths vandals burgundians or their rulers had accepted nicene christianity visigoths lombards arian as a polemical epithet in many ways the conflict around arian beliefs in the fourth fifth and sixth centuries helped firmly define the centrality of the trinity in mainstream christian theology as the first major intra christian conflict after christianity s legalization the struggle between nicenes and arians left a deep impression on the institutional memory of nicene churches thus over the past one five zero zero years some christians have used the term arian to refer to those groups that see themselves as worshipping jesus christ or respecting his teachings but do not hold to the nicene creed like the arians many groups have embraced the belief that jesus is not the one god but a separate being subordinate to the father and that jesus at one time did not exist some of these profess as |
the arians did that god made all things through the pre existent christ some profess that jesus became divine through exaltation just as the arians believed drawing a parallel between these groups and arians can be useful for distinguishing a type of unbelief in the trinity but despite the frequency with which this name is used as a polemical label there has been no historically continuous survival of arianism into the modern era the groups so labelled do not hold beliefs identical to arianism for this reason they do not use the name as a self description even if they acknowledge that their beliefs are at points in agreement with or in broad terms similar to arianism those whose religious beliefs have been compared to or labeled as arianism include unitarians who believe that god is one as opposed to a trinity and many of whom believe in the moral authority but not the deity of jesus jehovah s witnesses who hold that at one point in time jesus did not exist christadelphians who believe that jesus pre natal ex |
istence was conceptual as the logos rather than literal followers of the various churches of the latter day saint movement who believe in the unity in purpose of the godhead but that jesus is a divine being separate from and subordinate to god the father muslims who believe that jesus generally called isa was a prophet of the one god but not himself divine for more on the theology of these groups see their respective articles see also germanic christianity protestantism semi arianism anomoean extreme sect of pure arians christology bibliography athanasius of alexandria history of the arians part i part ii part iii part iv part v part vi part vii part viii ivor j davidson a public faith volume two of baker history of the church two zero zero five isbn zero eight zero one zero one two seven five nine j n d kelly early christian doctrines one nine seven eight isbn zero zero six zero six four three three four x william c rusch the trinitarian controversy sources of early christian thought one nine eight zero isbn |
zero eight zero zero six one four one zero zero john henry newman arians of the fourth century one eight seven one schaff philip theological controversies and the development of orthodoxy history of the christian church vol iii ch ix external links catholic encyclopedia arianism believe arianism ancient christian denominations ancient roman christianity antitrinitarianism arianism christian theology heresy late antiquity august one is the two one three th day of the year in the gregorian calendar two one four th in leap years with one five two days remaining events three zero bc octavian later known as augustus enters alexandria egypt bringing it under the control of the roman republic five two seven justinian i becomes byzantine emperor six zero seven ono no imoko is dispatched as envoy to the sui court in china traditional japanese date july three six zero seven one two nine one the swiss confederation is formed one four six one edward iv is crowned king of england one four nine two ferdinand and isabella |
drive the jews out of spain one four nine eight christopher columbus becomes the first european to visit venezuela one six one nine first african slaves arrive in jamestown virginia one six six four the ottoman empire is defeated in the battle of saint gotthard by an austrian army led by raimondo montecuccoli resulting in the peace of vasv r one seven seven four the element oxygen is discovered by carl wilhelm and joseph priestley one seven nine eight battle of the nile starts between french and british fleets one eight two zero london s regent s canal opens one eight three one london bridge opens one eight three two the black hawk war ends one eight three four slavery is abolished in the british empire one eight three eight slaves in trinidad and tobago are emancipated one eight six four the elgin watch company is founded in elgin illinois one eight seven six colorado is admitted as the three eight th u s state one eight nine four the first sino japanese war erupts between japan and china over korea one nine |
zero two the united states buys the rights to the panama canal from france one nine zero seven first scout camp opens on brownsea island it was set up on july two nine th and ran until august nine th one nine one four germany declares war on russia at the opening of world war i one nine two seven the nanchang uprising marks the first significant battle in the chinese civil war between the kuomintang and communist party of china this day is commemorated as the anniversary of the founding of the people s liberation army one nine three six the berlin olympic games open one nine three seven tito reads the resolution manifesto of constitutional congress of kph to the constitutive congress of kph croatian communist party in woods near samobor one nine four one the first jeep is produced one nine four four anne frank makes the last entry in her diary one nine four four warsaw uprising against the nazi occupation breaks out in warsaw poland one nine four five mel ott becomes the third member of the five zero zero ho |
me run club with a home run at the polo grounds in new york new york one nine four six the japanese federation of trade unions is formed one nine four eight the u s air force office of special investigations is founded one nine five seven the united states and canada form the north american air defense command norad one nine six zero dahomey later renamed benin declares independence from france communist pai is banned in senegal one nine six one six flags over texas the first six flags park opens one nine six five princess beatrix of the netherlands announces her engagement to claus von amsberg one nine six six charles whitman kills one five people shooting from a tower at the university of texas at austin before being killed by the police one nine six six purges of intellectuals and imperialists becomes official people s republic of china policy at the beginning of the cultural revolution one nine six seven israel annexes east jerusalem one nine seven zero powder ridge rock festival one nine seven one george |
harrison s concert for bangladesh in new york city features among others bob dylan eric clapton ringo starr and leon russell one nine seven five csce final act creates the conference for security and co operation in europe one nine seven seven frank h t rhodes is elected president of cornell university a post he would hold for one eight years one nine eight one first broadcasts by mtv the first video played was video killed the radio star by the buggles one nine nine four michael jackson and lisa marie presley confirm rumors that they had married eleven weeks earlier one nine nine six olympic games michael johnson wins the two zero zero meter dash in one nine three two seconds beating the old world record by over zero three seconds one nine nine six mtv two makes its first broadcasts the first video played was beck s where it s at two zero zero one an agreement is reached on the position of the minority albanian language in the republic of macedonia two zero zero one bulgaria cyprus latvia malta slovenia and |
slovakia join the european environment agency two zero zero one alabama supreme court chief justice roy moore has a two one two ton ten commandments monument installed in the rotunda of the judiciary building leading to a lawsuit to have it removed and his own removal from office two zero zero four a supermarket fire kills two one five people and injures three zero zero in asunci n paraguay two zero zero five german spelling reform of one nine nine six is formally implemented two zero zero five disneyland resort line of the hong kong mtr opens to the public births one zero bc claudius roman emperor d five four one two six pertinax roman emperor d one nine three one three one three emperor kogon of japan d one three six four one three seven seven emperor go komatsu of japan d one four three three one five four five andrew melville scottish theologian and religious reformer b one six two two one five five five edward kelley english spirit medium d one five nine seven one five seven nine lu s v lez de guevara s |
panish writer d one six four four one six three zero thomas clifford one st baron clifford of chudleigh english statesman d one six seven three one seven one three charles i duke of brunswick l neburg d one seven eight zero one seven one four richard wilson welsh painter d one seven eight two one seven four four jean baptiste lamarck french scientist d one eight two nine one seven seven zero william clark american explorer d one eight three eight one seven seven nine francis scott key american lawyer and lyricist d one eight four three one seven seven nine lorenz oken german naturalist d one eight five one one eight one five richard henry dana jr american lawyer politician and author d one eight eight two one eight one eight maria mitchell american astronomer d one eight eight nine one eight one nine herman melville american writer d one eight nine one one eight five eight hans rott austrian composer d one eight eight four one eight eight five george de hevesy hungarian chemist nobel prize laureate d one nine |
six six one eight eight nine walter gerlach german physicist d one nine seven nine one eight nine one karl kobelt swiss politician d one nine six eight one nine two one jack kramer american tennis player one nine two two pat mcdonald australian actress d one nine nine zero one nine two four georges charpak ukrainian born physicist nobel prize laureate one nine two five ernst jandl austrian writer d two zero zero zero one nine two seven raymond leppard english conductor one nine three zero pierre bourdieu french sociologist d two zero zero two one nine three zero lionel bart english song writer d one nine nine nine one nine three two meir kahane american orthodox rabbi and founder of the jewish defense league d one nine nine zero one nine three three dom deluise american actor and comedian one nine three six yves saint laurent french fashion designer one nine three seven al d amato u s senator from new york one nine four two jerry garcia american guitarist lyricist and singer the grateful dead d one nine nine |
five one nine four five douglas d osheroff american physicist nobel prize laureate one nine four six fiona stanley australian epidemiologist one nine four nine kurmanbek bakiyev president of kyrgyzstan one nine five zero jim carroll american poet and actor one nine five two zoran in i prime minister of serbia d two zero zero three one nine five three robert cray american singer one nine five five trevor berbick jamaican boxer one nine five six tom leykis american radio personality one nine five eight adrian dunbar northern irish actor one nine five nine joe elliott english musician def leppard one nine six zero chuck d american rapper public enemy one nine six zero richard roeper american newspaper columnist and film critic one nine six two robert clift british field hockey player one nine six three coolio american rapper one nine six five sam mendes british stage and film director one nine seven zero david james english footballer one nine seven three tempestt bledsoe american actress one nine seven eight e |
dgerrin james american football player deaths three seven one st eusebius of vercelli italian bishop one one three seven king louis vi of france b one zero eight one one two two seven shimazu tadahisa japanese warlord b one one seven nine one four zero two edmund of langley one st duke of york son of edward iii of england b one three four one one four five seven lorenzo valla italian humanist one four six four cosimo de medici ruler of florence b one three eight six one five four one simon grynaeus german theologian b one four nine three one five four six peter faber french jesuit theologian b one five zero six one five five seven olaus magnus swedish writer b one four nine zero one five eight zero albrecht giese iv german politician and diplomat b one five two four one five eight nine jacques cl ment french assassin of henry iii of france b one five six seven one five nine eight abraham ortelius belgian cartographer b one five two seven one seven one four queen anne of great britain b one six six five one se |
ven eight seven alphonsus liguori italian founder of the redemptionist order b one six nine six one seven nine six robert pigot british army officer b one seven two zero one seven nine eight fran ois paul brueys d aigalliers french admiral killed in battle b one eight five three one eight five one william joseph behr german writer b one seven seven five one eight six six john ross cherokee chief principal chief of the cherokee nation b one seven nine zero one nine one seven frank little american labor organizer lynched b one eight seven nine one nine one eight john riley banister american cowboy and texas ranger b one eight five four one nine two zero bal gangadhar tilak indian nationalist leader b one eight five six one nine six four johnny burnette american singer b one nine three four one nine six seven richard kuhn austrian chemist nobel prize laureate b one nine zero zero one nine seven zero frances farmer american actress b one nine one three one nine seven zero otto heinrich warburg german physician an |
d physiologist nobel prize laureate b one eight eight three one nine seven three gian francesco malipiero italian composer b one eight eight two one nine seven seven gary powers american spy plane pilot b one nine two nine one nine eight one paddy chayefsky american writer b one nine two three one nine eight nine john ogdon english pianist b one nine three seven one nine nine zero norbert elias german sociologist b one eight nine seven one nine nine zero graham young british serial killer b one nine four seven one nine nine six frida boccara french singer b one nine four zero one nine nine six tadeus reichstein polish chemist recipient of the nobel prize in physiology or medicine b one eight nine seven one nine nine seven sviatoslav richter ukrainian pianist b one nine one five one nine nine nine nirad c chaudhuri indian born writer b one eight nine seven two zero zero one korey stringer american football player b one nine seven four two zero zero three guy thys belgian football coach b one nine two two two z |
ero zero three marie trintignant french actress b one nine six two two zero zero four philip hauge abelson american physicist nobel prize laureate b one nine one three two zero zero five al aronowitz american music journalist b one nine two eight two zero zero five king fahd of saudi arabia b one nine two three two zero zero five constant nieuwenhuys dutch painter b one nine two zero two zero zero five wibo dutch cartoonist b one nine one eight holidays and observances orthodox christianity procession of the cross angola armed forces day barbados trinidad and tobago emancipation day benin national day people s republic of china anniversary of the founding of the people s liberation army democratic republic of congo parent s day nicaragua fiesta day rastafari movement celebration of the liberation of haile selassie from slavery switzerland national day bah faith feast of kam l perfection first day of the eighth month of the bah calendar lughnasadh l l nasa the traditional first day of autumn in ireland lammas |
neopagan festival of lammas lebanon army s day eid al jaysh yorkshire united kingdom yorkshire day citizenship day in the united states external links bbc on this day the new york times on this day july three one august two july one september one listing of all days emperor antoninus pius sestertius of antoninus pius with the personification of italia on reverse antoninus had been entrusted with the government of this province as proconsul titus aurelius fulvus boionius arrius antoninus pius september one nine eight six march seven one six one was roman emperor from one three eight to one six one he was the fourth of the five good emperors and a member of the aurelii he was the son of titus aurelius fulvus consul in eight nine whose family came from nemausus modern day n mes and was born near lanuvium after the death of his father he was brought up under the care of arrius antoninus his maternal grandfather a man of integrity and culture and a friend of pliny the younger having filled with more than usual suc |
cess the offices of quaestor and praetor he obtained the consulship in one two zero he was next appointed by the emperor hadrian as one of the four proconsuls to administer italia then greatly increased his reputation by his conduct as proconsul of asia he acquired much favour with the emperor hadrian who adopted him as his son and successor on february two five one three eight after the death of his first adopted son aelius verus on the condition that he himself would adopt marcus annius verus the son of his wife s brother and lucius son of aelius verus who afterwards became the emperors marcus aurelius and lucius aelius verus colleague of marcus aurelius antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient romans but also by later scholars of classical history such as edward gibbon or the author of the article on antoninus pius in the ninth edition of the encyclopedia britannica a few months afterwards on hadrian s death he was enthusiastically welcomed to the throne by t |
he roman people who for once were not disappointed in their anticipation of a happy reign for antoninus came to his new office with simple tastes kindly disposition extensive experience a well trained intelligence and the sincerest desire for the welfare of his subjects instead of plundering to support his prodigality he emptied his private treasury to assist distressed provinces and cities and everywhere exercised rigid economy hence the nickname cummin splitter instead of exaggerating into treason whatever was susceptible of unfavorable interpretation he spurned the very conspiracies that were formed against him into opportunities for demonstrating his clemency instead of stirring up persecution against the christians he extended to them the strong hand of his protection throughout the empire rather than give occasion to that oppression which he regarded as inseparable from an emperor s progress through his dominions he was content to spend all the years of his reign in rome or its neighbourhood of the publ |
ic transactions of this period we have scant information but to judge by what we possess those twenty two years were not remarkably eventful in comparison to those before and after his the surviving evidence is not complete enough to determine whether we should interpret with older scholars that he wisely curtailed the activities of the roman empire to a careful minimum or perhaps that he was uninterested in events away from rome and italy and his inaction contributed to the pressing troubles that faced not only marcus aurelius but also the emperors of the third century temple of antoninus and faustina in the roman forum now the church of san lorenzo in miranda the emperor and his augusta were deified after their death by marcus aurelius one of his first acts as emperor was to persuade the senate to grant divine honours to hadrian which they had at first refused his efforts to persuade the senate to grant these honours is one of the reasons given for his title of pius dutiful in affection compare pietas two o |
ther reasons for this title are that he would support his aged father in law with his hand at senate meetings and that he had saved those men that hadrian during his period of ill health had condemned to death he built temples theaters and mausoleums promoted the arts and sciences and bestowed honours and salaries upon the teachers of rhetoric and philosophy his reign was comparatively peaceful there were several military disturbances throughout the empire in his time in mauretania iudaea and amongst the brigantes in britannia but none of them are considered serious the unrest in britannia is believed to have led to the construction of the antonine wall from the firth of forth to the firth of clyde although it was soon abandoned in his domestic relations antoninus was not so fortunate his wife faustina the elder has almost become a byword for her lack of womanly virtue but she seems to have kept her hold on his affections to the last on her death in the third year of his reign he honoured her memory by the fo |
undation of a charity for orphan girls who bore the name of alimentariae faustinianae following the practice of prior emperors in endowing an alimentaria to promote the welfare of children and an increased population he had by her two sons and two daughters but they all died before his elevation to the throne except annia faustina who became the wife of marcus aurelius antoninus died of fever at lorium in etruria about twelve miles from rome on march seven one six one giving the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night watch came to ask the password aequanimitas the only account of his life handed down to us is that of julius capitolinus one of the scriptores historiae augustae contacts with china the hou hanshu history of the later han chinese dynasty recounted the first of several roman embassies to china sent out by emperor antoninus pius the mission came from the south and therefore probably by sea entering china by the frontier of jinan or tonkin bringing present |
s of rhinoceros horns ivory and tortoise shell which had probably been acquired in southern asia the emperor was most likely marcus aurelius who was the reigning emperor antoninus pius died in one six one while the convoy arrived in one six six the confusion arises because marcus aurelius took as additional names those of his predecessor as a mark of respect he is referred to in chinese history as an tun antoninus hence the confusion the mission reached the chinese capital of luoyang in one six six and was met by emperor huan of the han dynasty about the same time and possibly through this embassy the chinese acquired a treatise of astronomy from daqin rome references bossart mueller zur geschichte des kaisers a one eight six eight lacour gayet a le pieux et son temps one eight eight eight bryant the reign of antonine cambridge historical essays one eight nine five p b watson marcus aurelius antoninus london one eight eight four chap ii eight six births one six one deaths roman emperors nerva antonine dynasty |
adoptive parents the antonine wall looking east from barr hill between twechar and croy the antonine wall remains of roman fortlet barr hill near twechar image hadrians wall map png the antonine wall is a stone and turf fortification built by the romans across what is now the central belt of scotland construction of the antonine wall began in one four two ce during the reign of antoninus pius and was completed in one four four the wall stretches six zero kilometres three seven miles from old kirkpatrick in west dunbartonshire on the firth of clyde to bo ness falkirk on the firth of forth the wall was intended to replace hadrian s wall one six zero km one zero zero miles to the south as the frontier of britannia but while the romans did establish temporary forts and camps north of the wall they did not conquer the caledonians and the antonine wall suffered many attacks the romans called the land north of the wall caledonia the antonine wall was inferior to hadrian s wall in terms of scale and construction but |
it was still an impressive achievement considering that it was completed in only two years at the northern edge of the roman empire in what they perceived as a cold and hostile land the wall was typically an earth bank about four metres high with a wide ditch on the north side and a military way or road on the south the romans initially planned to build forts every six miles but this was soon revised to every two miles resulting in a total of one nine forts along the wall the wall was abandoned after only two zero years when the roman legions withdrew to hadrian s wall in ad one six four after a series of attacks in ad one nine seven emperor septimius severus arrived in scotland in ad two zero eight to secure the frontier and repaired parts of the wall although this re occupation only lasted a few years the wall is sometimes referred to by later roman historians as the severan wall although most of the wall has been destroyed over time sections of the wall can still be seen in bearsden kirkintilloch twechar |
croy falkirk and polmont see also history of scotland historic sites in scotland roman britain trimontium list of walls external links http www athenapub com antwall one htm http www athenapub com britsite hillfoot htm http www roman britain org frontiers antonine htm http www almac co uk falkirktcm rome htm http www kilsyth org uk ancient roman architecture archaeological sites in scotland fortification nerva antonine dynasty roman military occupation in southern scotland roman sites in scotland separation barriers walls roman frontiers august three is the two one five th day of the year in the gregorian calendar two one six th in leap years with one five zero days remaining events eight roman general tiberius defeats dalmatians on the river bathinus four three five deposed patriarch of constantinople nestorius considered the originator of the christological heresy at the time known as nestorianism was exiled by byzantine emperor theodosius ii to a monastery in egypt one four nine two christopher columbus se |
ts sail from palos de la frontera spain one four nine two the jews of spain are expelled by the catholic monarchs one five two seven first known letter was sent from north america by john rut while at st john s newfoundland one six three five the third of the tokugawa shoguns iemitsu establishes the system of alternate attendance by which the feudal daimy are required to spend one year at edo castle in tokyo and one year back home at their feudal manor while their families remained in tokyo as virtual political hostages traditional japanese date june two one one six three five one six four five the second battle of n rdlingen is fought between the forces of france and the holy roman empire one six seven eight robert lasalle builds the griffon the first known ship built in america one seven eight three mount asama erupts in japan killing three five zero zero zero people one eight six zero the second maori war begins in new zealand one nine zero zero firestone tire four zero seven six villagers killed two zero |
zero four the pedestal of the statue of liberty reopens after being closed since september one one two zero zero one two zero zero five president maaouya ould sid ahmed taya of mauritania is overthrown in a military coup while attending the funeral of king fahd in saudi arabia births one five zero nine tienne dolet french scholar and printer d one five four six one six zero four john eliot english missionary d one six nine zero one six nine two john henley english clergyman d one seven five nine one seven seven zero king friedrich wilhelm iii of prussia d one eight four zero one eight zero one joseph paxton english gardener and architect d one eight six five one eight zero eight hamilton fish american politician d one eight nine three one eight one one elisha graves otis american inventor d one eight six one one eight one seven archduke albert austrian general d one eight nine five one eight three two ivan zajc croatian composer d one nine one four one eight five six alfred deakin second prime minister of aus |
tralia d one nine one nine one eight six zero w k dickson scottish inventor d one nine three five one eight six seven stanley baldwin prime minister of the united kingdom d one nine four seven one eight seven two king haakon vii of norway d one nine five seven one eight eight seven rupert brooke english poet d one nine one five one eight nine four harry heilmann baseball player d one nine five one one nine zero zero ernie pyle american war correspondent d one nine four five one nine zero zero john t scopes american defendant d one nine seven zero one nine zero one stefan wyszynski polish catholic prelate d one nine eight one one nine zero three habib bourguiba tunisian politician d two zero zero zero one nine zero four clifford d simak american author d one nine eight eight one nine zero five dolores del rio mexican born actress d one nine eight three one nine zero five cardinal franz k nig austrian catholic archbishop d two zero zero four one nine one six jos manuel moreno argentine footballer d one nine sev |
en eight one nine one eight sidney gottlieb american central intelligence agency official d one nine nine nine one nine two zero p d james english novelist one nine two three shenouda iii of alexandria pope of the coptic orthodox church one nine two four leon uris american novelist d two zero zero three one nine two five marv levy american football coach one nine two six tony bennett american singer one nine two six anthony sampson british journalist and biographer d two zero zero four one nine two seven gordon scott american actor tarzan one nine three five georgi shonin cosmonaut d one nine nine seven one nine three six edward petherbridge english actor one nine three seven steven berkoff british actor one nine three seven diane wakoski american poet one nine three eight terry wogan irish radio and television presenter one nine four zero lance alworth american football player one nine four zero martin sheen american actor one nine four one beverly lee american singer shirelles one nine four one martha stewa |
rt american publisher and media personality one nine four six jack straw british politician one nine four eight jean pierre raffarin prime minister of france one nine five zero john landis american film director one nine five one marcel dionne canadian hockey player one nine five one jay north american actor one nine five two osvaldo ardiles argentine footballer and coach one nine five nine martin atkins english drummer one nine five nine koichi tanaka japanese scientist recipient of the nobel prize in chemistry one nine six three james hetfield american singer and guitarist metallica one nine seven zero gina g british singer one nine seven seven tom brady american football player one nine seven nine evangeline lilly canadian actress and fashion model deaths one one eight one pope alexander iii c one one zero five one four six zero king james ii of scotland b one four three zero one five four six antonio da sangallo the younger italian architect b one four eight four one five four six tienne dolet french scho |
lar and printer b one five zero nine one six zero four bernardino de mendoza spanish military commander one six two one guillaume du vair french writer b one five five six one six six seven francesco borromini swiss sculptor and architect b one five nine nine one seven one two joshua barnes english scholar b one six five four one seven two zero anthonie heinsius dutch statesman b one six four one one seven two one grinling gibbons dutch born woodcarver b one six four eight one seven six one johann matthias gesner german classical scholar b one six nine one one seven seven three stanis aw konarski polish writer b one seven zero zero one seven eight zero tienne bonnot de condillac french philosopher b one seven one five one seven nine two richard arkwright english industrialist and inventor b one seven three two one seven nine seven jeffrey amherst british military commander b one seven one seven one eight zero five christopher anstey english writer b one seven two four one eight five seven eug ne sue french no |
velist b one eight zero four one eight six seven philipp august b ckh german scholar and antiquarian b one seven eight five one eight seven seven william butler ogden first mayor of chicago b one eight zero five one eight seven nine joseph severn english painter b one seven nine three one nine one six sir roger casement irish rebel hanged b one eight six four one nine two four joseph conrad polish born writer b one eight five seven one nine two nine emil berliner german born telephone and recording pioneer b one eight five one one nine two nine thorstein veblen american economist b one eight five seven one nine four two richard willst tter german chemist nobel prize laureate b one eight seven two one nine five four colette french writer b one eight seven three one nine six four flannery o connor american writer b one nine two five one nine six six lenny bruce american comedian b one nine two five one nine seven three richard marshall u s army general b one eight nine five one nine seven seven alfred lunt amer |
ican actor b one eight nine two one nine seven seven archbishop makarios of cyprus b one nine one three one nine seven nine bertil ohlin swedish economist nobel prize laureate b one eight nine nine one nine eight three carolyn jones american actress b one nine two nine one nine nine five ida lupino english actress and director b one nine one four one nine nine five edward whittemore american writer b one nine three three one nine nine eight alfred schnittke russian composer b one nine three four two zero zero one christopher hewett british actor b one nine two two two zero zero two carmen silvera british actress b one nine two two two zero zero three roger voudouris american singer and songwriter b one nine five four two zero zero four henri cartier bresson french photographer b one nine zero eight two zero zero five fran oise d eaubonne french feminist b one nine two zero two zero zero five steven vincent american journalist b one nine five five holidays and observances equatorial guinea armed forces day nig |
er independence day external links bbc on this day the new york times on this day august two august four july three september three listing of all days in cryptography the advanced encryption standard aes also known as rijndael is a block cipher adopted as an encryption standard by the us government it is expected to be used worldwide and analysed extensively as was the case with its predecessor the data encryption standard des aes was adopted by national institute of standards and technology nist as us fips pub one nine seven in november two zero zero one after a five year standardisation process see advanced encryption standard process for more details the cipher was developed by two belgian cryptographers joan daemen and vincent rijmen and submitted to the aes selection process under the name rijndael a portmanteau comprising the names of the inventors rijndael can be pronounced rhine dahl a long i and a silent e ipa in the sound file linked below it is pronounced development rijndael was a refinement of a |
n earlier design by daemen and rijmen square square was a development from shark unlike its predecessor des rijndael is a substitution permutation network not a feistel network aes is fast in both software and hardware is relatively easy to implement and requires little memory as a new encryption standard it is currently being deployed on a large scale description of the cipher strictly speaking aes is not precisely rijndael although in practice they are used interchangeably as rijndael supports a larger range of block and key sizes aes has a fixed block size of one two eight bits and a key size of one two eight one nine two or two five six bits whereas rijndael can be specified with key and block sizes in any multiple of three two bits with a minimum of one two eight bits and a maximum of two five six bits the key is expanded using rijndael s key schedule most of aes calculations are done in a special finite field aes operates on a four four array of bytes termed the state versions of rijndael with a larger |
block size have additional columns in the state for encryption each round of aes except the last round consists of four stages addroundkey each byte of the state is combined with the round key each round key is derived from the cipher key using a key schedule subbytes a non linear substitution step where each byte is replaced with another according to a lookup table shiftrows a transposition step where each row of the state is shifted cyclically a certain number of steps mixcolumns a mixing operation which operates on the columns of the state combining the four bytes in each column using a linear transformation the final round replaces the mixcolumns stage with another instance of addroundkey the addroundkey step in the addroundkey step the subkey is combined with the state for each round a subkey is derived from the main key using the key schedule each subkey is the same size as the state the subkey is added by combining each byte of the state with the corresponding byte of the subkey using bitwise xor the s |
ubbytes step in the subbytes step each byte in the array is updated using an eight bit s box this operation provides the non linearity in the cipher the s box used is derived from the inverse function over gf two eight known to have good non linearity properties to avoid attacks based on simple algebraic properties the s box is constructed by combining the inverse function with an invertible affine transformation the s box is also chosen to avoid any fixed points and so is a derangement and also any opposite fixed points the s box is more fully described in the article rijndael s box the shiftrows step the shiftrows step operates on the rows of the state it cyclically shifts the bytes in each row by a certain offset for aes the first row is left unchanged each byte of the second row is shifted one to the left similarly the third and fourth rows are shifted by offsets of two and three respectively in this way each column of the output state of the shiftrows step is composed of bytes from each column of the inp |
ut state rijndael variants with a larger block size have slightly different offsets the mixcolumns step in the mixcolumns step the four bytes of each column of the state are combined using an invertible linear transformation the mixcolumns function takes four bytes as input and outputs four bytes where each input byte affects all four output bytes together with shiftrows mixcolumns provides diffusion in the cipher each column is treated as a polynomial over gf two eight and is then multiplied modulo x four one with a fixed polynomial c x three x three x two x two the mixcolumns step can also be viewed as a matrix multiply in rijndael s finite field this process is described further in the article rijndael mix columns optimization of the cipher on systems with three two bit or larger words it is possible to speed up execution of this cipher by converting the subbytes shiftrows and mixcolumns transformations into tables one then has four two five six entry three two bit tables which utilizes a total of four kil |
obytes four zero nine six bytes of memory a kilobyte for each table a round can now be done with one six table lookups and one two three two bit exclusive or operations followed by four three two bit exclusive or operations in the addroundkey step if the resulting four kilobyte table size is too large for a given target platform the table lookup operation can be performed with a single two five six entry three two bit table by the use of circular rotates security as of two zero zero six the only successful attacks against aes have been side channel attacks the national security agency nsa reviewed all the aes finalists including rijndael and stated that all of them were secure enough for us government non classified data in june two zero zero three the us government announced that aes may be used for classified information the design and strength of all key lengths of the aes algorithm i e one two eight one nine two and two five six are sufficient to protect classified information up to the secret level top s |
ecret information will require use of either the one nine two or two five six key lengths the implementation of aes in products intended to protect national security systems and or information must be reviewed and certified by nsa prior to their acquisition and use this marks the first time that the public has had access to a cipher approved by nsa for top secret information it is interesting to note that many public products use one two eight bit secret keys by default it is possible that nsa suspects a fundamental weakness in keys this short or they may simply prefer a safety margin for top secret documents which may require security decades into the future the most common way to attack block ciphers is to try various attacks on versions of the cipher with a reduced number of rounds aes has one zero rounds for one two eight bit keys one two rounds for one nine two bit keys and one four rounds for two five six bit keys as of two zero zero six the best known attacks are on seven rounds for one two eight bit k |
eys eight rounds for one nine two bit keys and nine rounds for two five six bit keys ferguson et al two zero zero zero some cryptographers worry about the security of aes they feel that the margin between the number of rounds specified in the cipher and the best known attacks is too small for comfort the risk is that some way to improve these attacks might be found and that if so the cipher could be broken in this meaning a cryptographic break is anything faster than an exhaustive search so an attack against one two eight bit key aes requiring only two one two zero operations would be considered a break even though it would be now quite infeasible in practical application any break of aes which is only this good would be irrelevant for the moment such concerns can be ignored the largest publicly known brute force attack has been against a six four bit rc five key by distributed net finishing in two zero zero two moore s law implies that this is roughly equivalent to an attack on a six six bit key today anothe |
r concern is the mathematical structure of aes unlike most other block ciphers aes has a very neat mathematical description this has not yet led to any attacks but some researchers are worried that future attacks may find a way to exploit this structure in two zero zero two a theoretical attack termed the xsl attack was announced by nicolas courtois and josef pieprzyk showing a potential weakness in the aes algorithm several cryptography experts have found problems in the underlying mathematics of the proposed attack suggesting that the authors may have made a mistake in their estimates whether this line of attack can be made to work against aes remains an open question for the moment the xsl attack against aes appears speculative it is unlikely that anyone could carry out the current attack in practice side channel attacks side channel attacks do not attack the underlying cipher but attack implementations of the cipher on systems which inadvertently leak data in april two zero zero five d j bernstein announc |
ed a cache timing attack that he used to break a custom server that used openssl s aes encryption the custom server was designed to give out as much timing information as possible and the attack required over two zero zero million chosen plaintexts some say the attack is not practical against real world implementations bruce schneier called the research a nice timing attack in october two zero zero five adi shamir and two other researchers presented a paper demonstrating several cache timing attacks pdf file against aes one attack was able to obtain an entire aes key after only eight zero zero writes in six five milliseconds these attacks require the attacker to be able to run programs on the same system that is performing aes encryptions see also advanced encryption standard process list of applications that use aes external links the rijndael page forwards automaticaly to the aes lounge use old version link to browse the rijndael page old version literature survey on aes the archive of the old official aes |
website fips pub one nine seven the official aes standard pdf file john savard s description of the aes algorithm implementations a javascript aes calculator showing intermediate values brian gladman s bsd licensed implementations of aes paulo barreto s public domain c implementation of aes d j bernstein s public domain implementation of aes the gpl licensed nettle library also includes an aes implementation notes block sizes of one two eight one six zero one nine two two two four and two five six bits are supported by the rijndael algorithm but only the one two eight bit block size is specified in the aes standard key sizes of one two eight one six zero one nine two two two four and two five six bits are supported by the rijndael algorithm but only the one two eight one nine two and two five six bit key sizes are specified in the aes standard references nicolas courtois josef pieprzyk cryptanalysis of block ciphers with overdefined systems of equations pp two six seven two eight seven asiacrypt two zero zero |
two joan daemen and vincent rijmen the design of rijndael aes the advanced encryption standard springer verlag two zero zero two isbn three five four zero four two five eight zero two niels ferguson john kelsey stefan lucks bruce schneier mike stay david wagner and doug whiting improved cryptanalysis of rijndael fast software encryption two zero zero zero pp two one three two three zero block ciphers type one encryption algorithms free ciphers april two six is the one one six th day of the year in the gregorian calendar one one seven th in leap years there are two four nine days remaining events one four seven eight the pazzi attack lorenzo de medici and kill his brother giuliano during high mass in the florence cathedral one six zero seven english colonists of the jamestown settlement make landfall at cape henry virginia one eight zero two a general amnesty signed by napoleon bonaparte allowed all but about one thousand of the most notorious migr s of the french revolution to return to france as part of a r |
econciliary gesture to make peace with the various factions of the ancien regime that would ultimately consolidate his own rule one eight zero five united states marines captured derne tripoli under the command of first lieutenant presley n o bannon one eight six five american civil war confederate general joseph johnston surrenders his army to general william tecumseh sherman at the bennett place near durham north carolina one eight six five union cavalry troopers corner john wilkes booth president lincoln s assassin in a barn in virginia booth is shot dead by cavalryman boston corbett one nine two five paul von hindenburg defeats wilhelm marx in the second round of the german presidential election to become the first directly elected reichspr sident the head of state of the weimar republic one nine three three the gestapo the official secret police force of nazi germany is established one nine three seven spanish civil war guernica spain is bombed by german luftwaffe one nine four two the worst ever mining |
accident in history kills one five four nine miners in an explosion at the honkeiko colliery manchuria one nine four six father divine a controversial religious leader who claims to be god marries the much younger edna rose ritchings a celebrated anniversary in the international peace mission movement one nine five four the geneva conference an effort to restore peace in indochina and korea begins one nine six two nasa s ranger four spacecraft crashes into the moon one nine six four tanganyika and zanzibar merge to form tanzania one nine eight six in ukraine a nuclear reactor at the chernobyl nuclear plant explodes creating the world s worst nuclear disaster one nine nine one seventy tornadoes break out in the central united states before its end andover kansas would record the year s only f five tornado see andover kansas tornado outbreak one nine nine four south africa holds its first multiracial elections one nine nine four a china airlines airbus a three zero zero six zero zero r crashes at nagoya airport |
japan killing two six four two zero zero two one nine year old robert steinh user shoots and kills one seven people at his school in erfurt germany two zero zero five under international pressure syria withdraws the last of its one four zero zero zero troop military garrison in lebanon ending its two nine year military domination of that country two zero zero five setanta sports launches a us television channel on directv births one two one marcus aurelius roman emperor d one eight zero one five three eight gian paolo lomazzo italian painter d one six zero zero one five seven three marie de medici queen of henry iv of france d one six four two one five six four baptized william shakespeare english writer d one six one six one six four eight king peter ii of portugal d one seven zero six one seven one zero thomas reid scottish philosopher d one seven nine six one seven one one david hume scottish philosopher and historian d one seven seven six one seven one eight esek hopkins american revolutionary war admira |
l d one eight zero two one seven six five emma lady hamilton english mistress of horatio nelson d one eight one five one seven seven four christian leopold von buch german geologist d one eight five three one seven eight five john james audubon french american naturalist and illustrator d one eight five one one seven eight seven ludwig uhland german poet d one eight six two one seven nine eight james beckwourth american explorer d one eight six seven one seven nine eight eug ne delacroix french painter d one eight six three one eight one two alfred krupp german industrialist d one eight eight seven one eight two two frederick law olmsted american landscape architect d one nine zero three one eight two six george hull ward american general d one eight six three one eight two six ambrose r wright american civil war general d one eight seven two one eight seven nine owen willans richardson british physicist nobel prize laureate d one nine five nine one eight eight six ma rainey american singer d one nine three n |
ine one eight eight eight anita loos american writer d one nine eight one one eight eight nine ludwig wittgenstein austrian born philosopher d one nine five one one eight nine four rudolf hess nazi official d one nine eight seven one eight nine six ernst udet german world war ii pilot d one nine four one one eight nine seven eddie eagan american sportsman d one nine six seven one eight nine seven douglas sirk german born film director d one nine eight seven one eight nine eight vicente aleixandre spanish writer nobel prize laureate d one nine eight four one eight nine eight john grierson scottish filmmaker d one nine seven two one nine zero zero charles richter american geophysicist and inventor d one nine eight five one nine one one marianne hoppe german actress d two zero zero two one nine one two a e van vogt canadian writer d two zero zero zero one nine one four bernard malamud american author d one nine eight six one nine one four james w rouse american real estate investor activist and philanthropist d |
one nine nine six one nine one six morris west australian writer d one nine nine nine one nine one seven i m pei chinese born architect one nine one eight fanny blankers koen dutch athlete d two zero zero four one nine one eight stafford repp american actor d one nine seven four one nine two five j rgen ingmann danish musician d one nine nine zero one nine two six michael mathias prechtl german illustrator d two zero zero three one nine three two michael smith english born chemist nobel prize laureate d two zero zero zero one nine three three carol burnett american singer actress and comedian one nine three three arno allan penzias german born physicist nobel prize laureate one nine three four alan arkin american actor one nine three six lane smith american actor one nine three eight duane eddy american musician one nine four zero giorgio moroder german composer one nine four two claudine auger french actress one nine four two michael kergin canadian diplomat one nine four two bobby rydell american singer one |
nine four three gary wright american singer one nine four three peter zumthor swiss architect one nine four six vladimir zhirinovsky russian politician one nine four nine carlos bianchi argetinian football coach and player one nine five six koo stark american actress one nine five eight jeffrey guterman american mental health counselor one nine six zero roger taylor english musician duran duran one nine six one joan chen chinese born actress one nine six three jet li chinese martial artist and actor one nine six five kevin james american comedian and actor one nine six seven glen jacobs american professional wrestler one nine seven zero tionne watkins american singer tlc one nine seven three chris perry english footballer one nine seven five joey jordison american musician slipknot one nine seven six jose pasillas american musician incubus one nine seven seven tom welling american actor one nine eight zero jordana brewster american actress one nine eight two joanne gobure nauruan poet one nine eight three je |
ssica lynch american p o w captured and rescued in iraq in two zero zero three one nine eight four mija martina bosnian singer deaths one one nine two emperor go shirakawa of japan b one one two seven one four four four robert campin flemish painter b one three seven eight one four seven eight giuliano di piero de medici ruler of florence assassinated b one four five three one four eight nine ashikaga yoshihisa japanese shogun b one four six five one seven one six john somers one st baron somers lord chancellor of england b one six five one one seven eight four nano nagle irish convent founder b one seven one eight one seven eight nine count petr ivanovich panin russian soldier b one seven two one one eight six five john wilkes booth american actor and assassin shot b one eight three eight one eight nine two sir provo wallis british admiral and naval hero b one seven nine one one nine one zero bj rnstjerne bj rnson norwegian author nobel prize laureate b one eight three two one nine two zero srinivasa ramanuj |
an indian mathematician b one eight eight seven one nine three two hart crane american poet suicide b one eight nine nine one nine three two william lockwood english cricketer b one eight six eight one nine three eight edmund husserl austrian philosopher b one eight five nine one nine four zero carl bosch german chemist nobel prize laureate b g one eight seven four one nine five one arnold sommerfeld german physicist b one eight six eight one nine five six edward arnold american actor b one eight nine zero one nine six four e j pratt canadian poet born newfoundland b one eight eight two one nine six nine morihei ueshiba japanese martial artist b one eight eight three one nine seven zero gypsy rose lee american actress b one nine one one one nine seven three irene ryan american actress b one nine zero two one nine seven six sid james british comedian b one nine one three one nine eight one jim davis american actor b one nine zero nine one nine eight four count basie american musician and composer b one nine ze |
ro four one nine eight six broderick crawford american actor stroke b one nine one one one nine eight six dechko uzunov bulgarian painter b one eight nine nine one nine eight eight james mccracken american tenor b one nine two six one nine eight nine lucille ball american actress and comedian b one nine one one one nine nine one carmine coppola american composer and conductor b one nine one zero one nine nine one emily mclaughlin american actress b one nine three zero one nine nine six stirling silliphant american writer and producer b one nine one eight one nine nine nine jill dando british television presenter b one nine six one two zero zero two lisa lopes american singer b one nine seven one two zero zero three rosemary brown canadian politician b one nine three zero two zero zero three max nicholson irish environmentalist b one nine zero four two zero zero three peter stone american writer b one nine three zero two zero zero four hubert selby jr american author b one nine two eight two zero zero five mas |
on adams american actor b one nine one nine two zero zero five blade icewood american rapper b one nine seven seven two zero zero five maria schell austrian born actress b one nine two six holidays and observances feast day of the following saints in the roman catholic church saint alda d one three zero nine richarius or riquier d six four three paschasius d eight six five saint cletus pope anacletus and marcellinus popes and martyrs lucidius four th century trudpert irish monk martyred in germany in six zero seven tanzania union day shi a islam mawlid muhammad s birthday two zero zero five florida and georgia usa confederate memorial day intellectual property world intellectual property day since two zero zero one external links bbc on this day other facts this date is reffered to in the alec empire song two six four one nine nine eight two six four one nine nine eight april two five april two seven march two six may two six listing of all days argot is primarily slang used by various groups including but no |
t limited to thieves and other criminals to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations argot is french for slang see also cant language and cryptolect see also barallete bron broun cal cant fala dos arxinas verbo dos arginas gacer a gail klezmer loshn language game langue verte louchebem pig latin polari rotwelsch atrova ki slang variety linguistics verlan x riga cant languages folklore wmap image of the anisotropic background cosmic radiation anisotropy the opposite of isotropy is the property of being directionally dependent in the field of computer graphics an anisotropic surface will change in appearance as it is rotated about its geometric normal as is the case with velvet anisotropic scaling occurs when something is scaled by different amounts in different directions an example is down scaling a six four six four pixel texture to cover a one two three four pixel rectangle this is anisotropic filtering an anisotropic filter on the other hand is a filter with increasingly smaller interstitia |
l spaces in the direction of filtration so that the proximal regions filter out larger particles and distal regions increasingly remove smaller particles resulting in greater flow through and more efficient filtration cosmologists use the term to describe the fluctuations in the background radiation left over after the big bang the term refers to the difference in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation with direction an anisotropic liquid is one which has the fluidity of a normal liquid but unlike water or chloroform which contain no structural ordering of the molecules they have an average structural order relative to each other along their molecular axis liquid crystals are examples of anisotropic liquids some materials conduct heat in a way that is isotropic that is independent of spatial orientation around the heat source it is more common for heat conduction to be anisotropic which implies that detailed geometric modeling of typically diverse materials being thermally managed is req |
uired the materials used to transfer and reject heat from the heat source in electronics are often anisotropic geological formations where distinct layers of sedimentary material are disposited can exhibit electrical anisotropy that is electrical conductivity in one direction e g parallel to a layer is different to that in another e g perpendicular to a layer this property is used in the gas and oil exploration industry to identify hydrocarbon bearing sands in sequences of sand and shale sand bearing hydrocarbon assets have high resistivity relatively low conductivity whereas shales are much more conductive formation evaluation instruments measure this conductivity and resistivity and the results are used to help best site oil and gas wells many crystals are anisotropic to light and exhibit properties such as birefringence crystal optics describes light propagation in these media external links baker atlas formation evaluation baker atlas anisotropy and resistivity measurements anisotropy alpha decay is a for |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.