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just cognitive they re emotional they re affectional you can t run the society on data and computers alone in his book the third wave toffler describes three types of societies based on the concept of waves each wave pushes the older societies and cultures aside first wave is the society after agrarian revolution and replaced the first hunter gatherer cultures the main components of the second wave society are nuclear family factory type education system and the corporation toffler writes the second wave society is industrial and based on mass production mass distribution mass consumption mass education mass media mass recreation mass entertainment and weapons of mass destruction you combine those things with standardization centralization concentration and synchronization and you wind up with a style of organization we call bureaucracy third wave is the post industrial society toffler would also add that since late one nine five zero s most countries are moving away from a second wave society into what he w |
ould call a third wave society he coined lots of words to describe it and mentions names invented by other people like the information age in this post industrial society there is a lot of diversity in lifestyles subcults adhocracies fluid organizations like say the wikipedia community adapt quickly to changes information can substitute most of the material resources see ersatz and becomes the main material for workers cognitarians instead of proletarians who are loosely affiliated mass customization offers the possibility of cheap personalized production catering to small niches see just in time production the gap between producer and consumer is bridged by technology prosumers can fill their own needs see open source assembly kit freelance work since the one nine six zero s people have been trying to make sense of the impact of new technologies and social change toffler s writings have been influential beyond the confines of scientific economic and public policy discussions techno music pioneer juan atkins |
cites toffler s phrase techno rebels in future shock as inspiring him to use the word techno to describe the musical style he helped to create toffler s works and ideas have been subject to various criticism usually with the same argumentation used against futurology that is that foreseeing the future is nigh impossible in the one nine nine zero s his ideas were publicly lauded by newt gingrich his books a few of his well known works are future shock one nine seven zero bantam books isbn zero five five three two seven seven three seven five the eco spasm report one nine seven five bantam books isbn zero five five three one four four seven four x the third wave one nine eight zero bantam books isbn zero five five three two four six nine eight four previews premises one nine eight three powershift knowledge wealth and violence at the edge of the two one st century one nine nine zero bantam books isbn zero five five three two nine two one five three war and anti war one nine nine five warner books isbn zero four |
four six six zero two five nine zero the shockwave rider is a science fiction novel inspired by his future shock see also daniel bell norman swan the national committee for u s china relations the u s committee for unifem the united nations fund for women unifem the rand corporation the progress and freedom foundation the institute for policy studies the united nations the world trade organization the pentagon techno one nine two eight births living people american writers the amazing spider man is a comics series for other uses see the amazing spider man disambiguation cover to the amazing spider man one volume one march one nine six three by steve ditko the amazing spider man is the title of a comic book published by marvel comics a television program and a daily newspaper comic strip all three feature the adventures of the superhero spider man comic book spider man originally appeared in issue one five of the comic book amazing fantasy its final issue the series was cancelled with that issue but response |
to the character was so positive that the new title the amazing spider man was launched issue one appearing in march one nine six three the character was created by writer editor stan lee and artist cowriter steve ditko and the pair produced three eight issues of amazing a disagreement over a story led to ditko leaving the title after that point he was replaced by penciller john romita who illustrated lee s stories for several years although many fans thought that the writing quality almost instantly plummeted the series became still more popular many writers and artists have taken over the monthly comic over the years chronicling the adventures of marvel s most identifiable hero the title was published continuously until one nine nine eight when marvel comics decided to begin anew by renumbering the title with a new issue one published in january one nine nine nine in two zero zero three this new title reverted to using the numbering of the original series at issue five zero zero as of october two zero zero |
five the amazing spider man is participating in the other a one two part crossover which will conclude in january two zero zero six cover to the black issue which is just a black background black issue an issue of amazing spider man vol two called the black issue explores how spider man and other heroes would react to the september one one two zero zero one attacks written by j michael straczynski and penciled by john romita jr it starts with a double page spread of the devastation and of spidey holding his head in pain anguish disbelief his only word god the issue continues as spidey swings down to help in the aftermath joining with other heroes in the rescue efforts spidey explores the wreckage and the broken hearts and his thoughts drive on thinking through it all at some point his thoughts become straczynski s reflections and response the script journeys from horror pain and loss to end on strength see also list of the amazing spider man comics television program spidey got his shot at live action tv star |
dom in april one nine seven seven when he debuted in the amazing spider man tv series nicholas hammond portrayed peter parker spider man in the short lived series which had started out as a slew of tv movies obviously made to capitalize on the the incredible hulk television series the show was canceled a year after its debut newspaper comic strip the daily newspaper comic strip began on january three one nine seven seven it was first written by spider man co creator stan lee and illustrated by john romita the strip was surprisingly successful in an era with few serialized adventure strips the strip slowly grew in circulation and as of two zero zero six is still being published lee s brother larry lieber illustrated and later wrote the strip for much of its run while the strip and the comic book feature the same characters they do not share the same continuity and the strip has had a decreased emphasis on supervillain enemies a rare exception was the one nine eight seven wedding of peter parker and mary jane w |
atson which occurred in both the comic book and the comic strip guest stars in the newspaper strip include wolverine and dr strange villains include dr doom kraven the hunter and the rhino stories from the strip have been reprinted in paperback and in comics revue magazine video and computer games numerous video and computer games have been released whereby the player controlled spider man and had to do battle with various enemies trivia the two zero zero four movie spider man two was at one point tentatively titled the amazing spider man external links spyder two five com ultimate resource for spider man fans spider man crawl space all spidey all the time the amazing spider man comic strip spider man titles comic strips archie may refer to archie andrews puppet ventriloquist s puppet archie bunker a sitcom character from the one nine seven zero s archie comics a comic book publisher specializing in teen humor archie andrews comics main character in archie comics archie search engine a search engine for ftp s |
ites named after the comic series launched in the early one nine nine zero s archie missouri city located in cass county missouri a slang term for anti aircraft fire used by the british royal flying corps and royal air force archie linux a livecd version of arch linux archie leader of team aqua in the pok mon series archie macpherson scottish sports broadcaster am may refer to am broadcasting radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation am fictional computer a fictional evil supercomputer in the short story i have no mouth and i must scream ante meridiem in one two hour clock notation latin for before noon anno mundi a calendar era counting from the creation of the world armenia iso country code am anguilla marc country code am aerom xico iata airline designator air marshal a military rank in the royal air force and many commonwealth air forces air medal a military decoration airmail artium magister alternative abbrevation for a master s degree in arts amazonas state brazil americium a chemical element with |
symbol am amharic language iso six three nine one language code am amran governorate yemen iso three one six six two ye anno martyrum used in the coptic calendar arkansas and missouri railroad a short line railroad headquartered in springdale arkansas arthur merlin protocol an interactive proof system in computational complexity theory asia miles a cathay pacific travel reward programme attometre am a unit of length equal to one zero one eight m automated mathematician an artificial intelligence program minesweeper ship u s navy one nine two one warship classification code order of australia member postnominal a minor am a minor chord in music assembly member of the national assembly for wales or london assembly away message see status message im one nine nine six books alice derived works automated alice is a novel by jeff noon written one nine nine six noon presents it as a trequel to the lewis carroll books alice s adventures in wonderland and through the looking glass this illustrated novella follows alic |
e s journey to a future manchester populated by newmonians civil serpents and a vanishing cat named quark antigua and barbuda is an island nation located in the eastern caribbean sea on the boundary with the atlantic ocean antigua and barbuda are located in the middle of the leeward islands in the eastern caribbean roughly one seven degrees north of the equator antigua and barbuda are part of the lesser antilles archipelago with the archipelago of guadeloupe to the south montserrat to the southwest saint kitts and nevis to the west and saint barth lemy and saint martin to the northwest history main article history of antigua and barbuda pre ceramic amerindians were the first to inhabit the islands of antigua and barbuda in two four zero zero bc later arawak and carib amerindian tribes populated the islands the island of antigua was originally named wadadli by the natives christopher columbus landed on his second voyage in one four nine three and gave the island the name antigua early settlements by the spanis |
h and french were succeeded by the english who formed a colony in one six six seven by transporting irish catholic slaves to antigua slavery established to run the sugar plantations on antigua was abolished in one eight three four the islands became an independent state within the commonwealth of nations on one november one nine eight one and vere bird became the first prime minister politics main article politics of antigua and barbuda antigua and barbuda is a commonwealth realm and the head of state is queen elizabeth ii who is represented in antigua and barbuda by a governor general executive power is in the hands of the prime minister who is also the head of government the prime minister is usually the leader of the winning party of the elections for the house of representatives one seven members held every five years the other chamber of the parliament the senate has one seven members which are appointed by the governor general its current prime minister is baldwin spencer two four march two zero zero fo |
ur administrative divisions main article parishes and dependencies of antigua and barbuda the island of antigua is divided into six parishes the island of barbuda and the uninhabited island of redonda each enjoy dependency status geography main article geography of antigua and barbuda the country consists of a number of islands of which antigua is the largest one and the most populated barbuda just north of antigua is the other main island the islands have a warm tropical climate with fairly constant temperatures year round the un inhabited island of redonda also belongs to the nation of antigua and barbuda the islands are mostly low lying with the highest point being boggy peak at four zero two metres one three one nine ft the small country s main town is the capital saint john s on antigua barbuda s largest town is codrington economy main article economy of antigua and barbuda tourism dominates its economy accounting for more than half of its gdp weak tourist arrival numbers since early two zero zero zero h |
ave slowed the economy however and pressed the government into a tight fiscal corner the dual island nation s agricultural production is focused on the domestic market and constrained by a limited water supply and a labour shortage stemming from the lure of higher wages in tourism and construction work manufacturing comprises enclave type assembly for export with major products being bedding handicrafts and electronic components prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialised world especially in the united states which accounts for about one third of all tourist arrivals demographics main article demographics of antigua and barbuda most of the population are descendants of the slaves that used to work in the sugar plantations but there are also groups of europeans notably irish british and portuguese while the official language is english most of the locals speak patois a form of creole english almost all antiguans are christians with the anglica |
n church about four four being the largest denomination foreign relations main article foreign relations of antigua and barbuda antigua and barbuda is a member of the caribbean community united nations world trade organization commonwealth of nations organization of american states organisation of eastern caribbean states and the eastern caribbean s regional security system miscellaneous topics communications in antigua and barbuda culture of antigua and barbuda music of antigua and barbuda military of antigua and barbuda transportation in antigua and barbuda see also caribbean community lesser antilles list of sovereign states references antigua and barbuda cia world factbook accessed two eight february two zero zero five external links the official website of the government of antigua and barbuda antigua barbuda its department of tourism website antigua and barbuda united states library of congress portals on the world governments on the www antigua and barbuda inside antigua antigua news weather the high c |
ommission of antigua and barbuda tourism business history and culture politics an up to date website antigua carnival with great photo galleries antigua barbuda vacation guide includes articles on accommodations transportation dining and weather antigua and barbuda island nations caricom member states members of the commonwealth of nations former british colonies a man for all seasons is a play by robert bolt first performed in london on july one one nine six zero it has subsequently been made into a feature film and a television movie the plot is based on the true story of sir thomas more the one six th century chancellor of england who refuses to endorse or denounce the king s wish to divorce his aging wife so that he can marry his mistress the king is henry viii of england and his wife is catherine of aragon the first of an eventual six the play portrays more as a man of principle envied by rivals such as thomas cromwell and loved by the common people and by his family thomas more paul scofield is accused |
of high treason by cromwell leo mckern one nine six six film paul scofield who played the leading role in the west end reprised it on broadway in one nine six two winning a tony award and played more again in the first of two film versions one nine six six winning an oscar in the process the film also stars robert shaw as henry viii orson welles as wolsey a young john hurt as more s nemesis richard rich and an older wendy hiller as more s second wife it was directed by fred zinnemann in addition to the best actor oscar won by scofield the film won academy awards for screenplay cinematography costume design best director and best picture the one nine eight eight version stars charlton heston who also directed it as more vanessa redgrave who appeared briefly in the one nine six six version as anne boleyn as more s wife and sir john gielgud as cardinal wolsey more recently the play has been staged in london s west end at the theatre royal haymarket starring martin shaw and produced by bill kenwright it closes on |
one april two zero zero six quotation image man four all jpg alice arrest him more why what has he done margaret he s bad more there is no law against that roper there is god s law more then god can arrest him roper sophistication upon sophistication more no sheer simplicity the law roper the law i know what s legal not what s right and i ll stick to what s legal roper then you set man s law above god s more no far below but let me draw your attention to a fact i m not god the currents and eddies of right and wrong which you find such plain sailing i can t navigate i m no voyager but in the thickets of the law oh there i m a forrester i doubt if there s a man alive who could follow me there thank god alice while you talk he s gone more and go he should if he was the devil himself until he broke the law roper so now you d give the devil benefit of law more yes what would you do cut a great road through the law to get after the devil roper i d cut down every law in england to do that more oh and when the last |
law was down and the devil turned round on you where would you hide roper the laws all being flat this country s planted thick with laws from coast to coast man s laws not god s and if you cut them down and you re just the man to do it do you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then yes i d give the devil benefit of law for my own safety s sake more it profits a man nothing to give his soul for the whole world but for wales richard redirections a man for all seasons play a man for all seasons film external links free study guide for a man for all seasons at thebestnotes com a man for all seasons one nine six six at the arts faith top one zero zero spiritually significant films list current london stage production films based on plays one nine six six films one nine eight eight films film remakes best actor oscar film best picture oscar best supporting actor oscar nominee film best supporting actress oscar nominee film british films british plays films directed by fred zinnemann f |
or other uses of agincourt see agincourt azincourt sometimes agincourt is a village and commune of northern france in the pas de calais d partment one four miles to the north west of saint pol sur ternoise by road famous on account of the victory on october two five one four one five of henry v of england over the french in the battle of agincourt population one nine nine nine two seven six the original museum of the battle featuring model knights fabricated from action man has given way to a more professional space with slide shows audio commentary s and some interactive elements the museum building is itself modelled on the english longbow of the english soldiers communes of pas de calais for the son of albert speer also an architect see albert speer the younger albert speer march one nine one nine zero five september one one nine eight one was born berthold konrad hermann albert speer in mannheim germany the second of three sons he is sometimes called the first architect of the third reich he was hitler s |
chief architect in nazi germany and in one nine four two became hitler s minister of armaments when he had considerable success in reforming and streamlining germany s war production after the war he was tried at nuremberg where he expressed remorse and was sentenced to two zero years in prison after his release he became a successful author writing a number of semi autobiographical works until his death in one nine eight one from a cerebral hemorrhage early years although speer originally wanted to become a mathematician when he was young he ended up following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather and studied architecture he began his architectural studies at the karlsruhe institute of technology his decision to study locally instead of at one of the more prestigious institutes was dictated by the inflation of one nine two three in one nine two four when the inflation had stabilised speer transferred his studies to the more esteemed munich institute of technology in one nine two five he transferred |
again this time to the berlin institute of technology it was there that he was under the tutelage of heinrich tessenow speer had a high regard for tessenow and when he passed his exams in one nine two seven he became tessenow s assistant his duties as assistant involved teaching seminar classes three days a week although tessenow himself never agreed with nazism a number of his students did and it was they who persuaded speer to attend a nazi party rally in a berlin beer hall in december one nine three zero speer claims to have been apolitical as a young man nevertheless he did attend the rally he was surprised to find hitler dressed in a neat blue suit rather than the brown uniform seen on nazi party posters speer claimed to have been quite affected not only with hitler s proposed solutions to the threat of communism and his renunciation of the treaty of versailles but also with the man himself several weeks later he attended another rally though this one was presided over by joseph goebbels speer was distur |
bed by the way he had whipped the crowd into a frenzy playing on their hopes although goebbels performance offended speer he could not shake the impressions hitler made on him the next day he joined the nazi party as member number four seven four four eight one in this same year one nine three one he married margarete weber speer s first major commission as a party member came in one nine three two when karl hanke whose villa speer previously worked on recommended him to goebbels to help renovate the new district headquarters in berlin and later to renovate goebbels propaganda ministry goebbels was impressed with his work and recommended him to hitler who assigned him to help paul troost renovate the chancellery in berlin speer s most notable work on this assignment was the addition of the famous balcony from which hitler often presented himself to crowds that assembled below speer subsequently became a prominent member of hitler s inner circle and a very close friend to him winning a special place with hitle |
r that was unique amongst the nazi leadership hitler according to speer was very contemptuous towards anybody he viewed as part of the bureaucracy and prized fellow artists like speer whom he felt a certain kinship with especially as hitler himself had previously entertained architectural ambitions first architect of the reich when troost died in one nine three four speer was chosen to replace him as the party s chief architect one of his first commissions after promotion was perhaps the most familiar of his designs the zeppelintribune the nuremberg parade grounds seen in leni riefenstahl s propaganda masterpiece triumph of the will in his autobiography speer claimed that upon seeing the original design he made a derogatory remark to the effect that the parade ground would resemble a rifle club meet he was then challenged to create a new design the grounds were based on ancient doric architecture of the pergamon altar in anatolia but magnified to an enormous scale capable of holding two hundred and forty thou |
sand people at the one nine three four party rally on the parade grounds speer surrounded the site with one hundred and thirty anti aircraft searchlights this created the effect of a cathedral of light which referenced columns or as it was called by british ambassador sir neville henderson a cathedral of ice nuremberg was also to be the site of many more official nazi buildings most of which were never built for example the german stadium would have held another four hundred thousand spectators as the site of the aryan games a proposed replacement for the olympic games while planning these buildings speer invented the theory of ruin value according to this theory enthusiastically supported by hitler all new buildings would be constructed in such a way that they would leave aesthetically pleasing ruins thousands of years in the future such ruins would be a testament to the greatness of the third reich just as ancient greek or roman ruins were symbols of the greatness of their civilizations in one nine three se |
ven speer designed the german pavilion for the one nine three seven international exposition in paris speer s work was located directly across from the soviet pavilion and was designed to represent a massive defense against the onslaught of communism both pavilions were awarded gold medals for their designs speer was also directed to make plans to rebuild berlin which was to become the capital of a greater germany welthauptstadt germania the first step in these plans was the olympic stadium for the one nine three six summer olympics designed by werner march speer also designed the new reichs chancellery which included a vast hall designed to be twice as long as the hall of mirrors in the palace of versailles hitler wanted him to build a third even larger chancellery although it was never begun the second chancellery was damaged by the battle of berlin in one nine four five and was eventually demolished by the soviet occupiers after the war speer left with hitler and arno breker in paris june two three one nin |
e four zero almost none of the other buildings planned for berlin were ever built berlin was to be reorganized along a central three mile five km long avenue at the north end speer planned to build the volkshalle an enormous domed building based on st peter s basilica in rome the dome of the building would have been impractically large it would be over seven hundred feet over two hundred meters high and eight hundred feet three hundred meters in diameter sixteen times larger than the dome of st peter s at the southern end of the avenue would be an arch based on the arc de triomphe in paris but again much larger it would be almost four hundred feet one two zero m high and the arc de triomphe would have been able to fit inside its opening the outbreak of world war ii in one nine three nine led to the abandonment of these plans during his involvement in the rebuilding of berlin he was allegedly responsible for the forced evictions of jews from their houses to make room for his grand plans and for re housing germ |
an citizens affected by this work he was also listed as being present at the one nine four three posen conference a charge speer later contested by saying that he had in fact left early speer did have an architectural rival hermann giesler whom hitler also favored there were frequent clashes between the two in regard to architectural matters and in closeness to hitler minister of armaments hitler was always a strong supporter of speer in part because of hitler s own frustrated artistic and architectural visions a strong affinity developed between hitler and the ambitious young architect early in their professional relationship for speer serving as architect for the head of the german state and being given virtual carte blanche as to expenses presented a tremendous opportunity for hitler speer seemed to be capable of translating hitler s grandiose visions into tangible designs which expressed what hitler felt were national socialist principles after minister of armaments and war production fritz todt was kille |
d in an airplane crash in one nine four two hitler appointed speer as his successor in all of his posts hitler s affinity for speer and the architect s efficiency and avoidance of party squabbling are believed to have been considerations in speer s promotion in his autobiography speer recounts that the power hungry but lazy hermann g ring raced to hitler s headquarters upon word of todt s death hoping to claim the office hitler instead presented g ring with the fait accompli of speer s appointment faced with this new responsibility speer tried to put the german economy on a war footing comparable to that of the allied nations but found himself incessantly hindered by party politics and lack of cooperation from the nazi hierarchy nevertheless by slowly centralizing almost all industry control and cutting through the dense bureaucracy he succeeded in multiplying war production four times over the next two and a half years with it actually reaching its peak in one nine four four during the height of the allied s |
trategic bombing campaign another big hurdle in his way was the nazi policy excluding women from factory work a serious hindrance in war production and a problem unknown to germany s enemies who all made full use of the female workforce to fill this gap speer made heavy use of foreign labor a considerable portion of it forced labor speer was considered one of the more rational members of the nazi hierarchy in contrast to the raging hitler grotesque g ring fanatical goebbels and perverse himmler speer s name was found on the list of members of a post hitler government envisioned by the july two zero plot to kill hitler however the list had an annotation if possible by his name which speer credits with helping save his life from the extensive purges that followed the scheme s failure by his own account speer considered assassinating hitler in one nine four five by releasing poison gas into the air intake vent on the f hrerbunker but backed down for a number of reasons independent evidence for this is sparse som |
e credit his revelation of this plan at the nuremberg trials as being pivotal in sparing him the death sentence which the soviets had pushed for hitler continued to consider speer trustworthy though this trust waned near the war s end as speer at considerable risk campaigned clandestinely to prevent the implementation of hitler s scorched earth policy on both german soil and occupied territories speer worked in association with general gotthard heinrici whose troops fighting in the east retreated to the american held lines and surrendered there instead of following hitler s orders to make what would have been a suicidal effort to hold off the soviets from berlin speer even confessed to hitler shortly before the dictator s suicide that he had disobeyed and indeed actively hindered hitler s scorched earth decree according to speer s autobiography speer visited the f hrerbunker towards the end and stated gently but bluntly to hitler that the war was lost and expressed his opposition to the systematic destruction |
of germany while reaffirming his affection and faith in hitler this conversation it is said brought hitler to tears in disfavor speer was excluded from the new cabinet hitler outlined in his final political testament where speer was to be replaced by his subordinate karl otto saur after the war speer at the nuremberg trials nuremberg trials immediately after the war there seemed to be little indication that speer would be charged with war crimes speer traveled unprotected and openly participated in the so called flensburg government for weeks in the presence of allied officers upon request he actually held a series of widely attended lectures for officials of the allied occupying powers on various topics including the mistakes made by the nazi government in industrial and economic affairs although he never during these lectures spoke about slave labor and the effectiveness of the allied strategic bombing campaigns some journalists and spectators even expected that speer would be appointed by the occupying po |
wers to help restore germany s economy however any such speculation ended when after one of these lectures he was arrested and sent to nuremberg for trial at the nuremberg trials after the war speer was one of the few officials to express remorse and plead guilty but was sentenced to two zero years imprisonment in spandau prison west berlin largely for his use of slave labor at the trials the prosecution introduced as evidence a photograph of speer visiting the mauthausen concentration camp where he is clearly shown surrounded by emaciated prisoners the prosecution claimed this proved speer was well aware of the holocaust however speer held that he was only given a v i p tour of the concentration camp meaning he was never shown the more vile side of the camp s purpose according to interviews after his imprisonment as well as his memoirs speer adopted a see no evil attitude towards the nazi atrocities for example through one of his friends karl hanke he learned of auschwitz and the large number of deaths takin |
g place there he then purposely avoided visiting the camp or trying to get more information on what was taking place in his autobiography he claims that he had no direct involvement or knowledge of the holocaust although he faults himself for blinding himself to its existence he certainly was aware at least of harsh conditions for the slave labor and some critics believe that his books understate his role in the atrocities of the era newly released documents suggest that speer knew a lot more about the atrocities than he was telling but hard evidence for that remains very thin one problem with assessments of speer s complicity in the holocaust comes from his status in post war germany he became a symbol for people who were involved with the nazi regime yet did not have or claimed not to have had any part in the regime s atrocities even today german historians such as joachim fest tend to have a high opinion of him while non german historians take a lower view as film director heinrich breloer remarked in the |
above linked article speer created a market for people who said believe me i didn t know anything about the holocaust just look at the f hrer s friend he didn t know about it either imprisonment main article spandau prison his time in prison painstakingly documented in his secret prison diary which was later released as the spandau diaries was described as consisting mainly of a mind numbing and pedantically enforced daily routine incessant petty personal rivalry between the seven prisoners a pervasive and bloated prison bureaucracy and the passing of many false hopes of premature release after some time speer and most of the others had established secret lines of communication to the outside world via sympathetic prison staff speer made full use of this by amongst other things writing innumerable letters to his family which were restricted to one outgoing page per month under official regulation and even having money spent on his behalf from a special bank account for a variety of benign purposes speer as re |
counted in his diary made a deliberate effort to make as productive use of his time as possible in the first decade this took the form of putting on paper the first draft of his tell all memoirs an act speer considered to be his duty to history and his people he being the sole surviving member of hitler s inner circle and in possession of knowledge and a degree of objectivity that no other had as the prison directors both forbade the writing of a memoir and recorded each sheet of paper given to the prisoners he wrote much of his memoir secretly on toilet paper tobacco wrappings and any other material he could get his hands on and then had the pages systematically smuggled out all the while speer devoted much of his energy and time towards reading books from the prison library which was organized by fellow prisoner and ex grand admiral erich raeder speer was more so than the others a voracious reader and he completed well over five zero zero books in the first three years alone his tastes ranged from greek dra |
ma to famous plays to architectural books and journals partly from which he collected information for a book he intended to write on the history and function of windows in architecture later speer took to the prison garden for enjoyment and work heretofore the garden was divided up into small personal plots for each prisoner with the produce of the garden being used in the prison kitchen when regulations began to slacken in this regard speer was allowed to build an ambitious garden complete with a meandering path rock garden and a wide variety of flowers the garden was even humorously centered around a north south axis which was to be the core design element of speer and hitler s new berlin speer then took up a walking tour of the world by ordering geography and travel books from the local library and walking laps in the prison garden visualizing his journey meticulously calculating every metre traveled he began in northern germany went through the balkans persia india and siberia then crossed the bering stra |
it and continued southwards finally ending his sentence in central mexico release his release from prison in one nine six six was a world wide media event he then revised and published the several semi autobiographical books he had begun in prison his books most notably inside the third reich and the spandau diaries which were secretly written during his incarceration and systematically smuggled out provide a unique and personal look into the personalities of the nazi era and have become much valued by historians speer died of a cerebral hemorrhage in london england on september one one nine eight one exactly four two years after world war ii began speer s son also named albert became a successful architect in his own right and was responsible for the design of expo two zero zero zero the world exposition that took place in hanover in the year two zero zero zero design of the shanghai international automobile city and the beijing olympic complex his daughter hilde schramm became a noted left wing parliamentar |
ian see also inside the third reich list of adolf hitler books nazi architecture notes resources works biographies external links bbc bbc four audio interviews albert speer a tribute to speer s architecture testimony of albert speer at us israel org speer und er german docudrama broadcast in may two zero zero five presenting new incriminating evidence of speer s role e g in the construction of auschwitz in german three d animated reich chancellery one nine zero five births one nine eight one deaths german world war ii people nazi leaders german architects nazi architecture fascist nazi era scholars and writers people convicted in the nuremberg trials alliaceae is a family of herbaceous perennial plants they are monocots part of order asparagales genus allium includes several important food plants including onions allium cepa chives a schoenoprasum garlic a sativum and a scordoprasum and leeks a porrum the alliaceae are closely related to two other families in the order asparagales the amaryllis family amaryll |
idaceae and the family agapanthaceae which includes the single genus agapanthus based on the close relationship between the three families the angiosperm phylogeny group recognizes the alternative of including the amaryllidaceae and the agapanthaceae in family alliaceae genera several genera that were historically classified in the alliaceae including androstephium bessera bloomeria brodiaea dandya dichelostemma milla petronymphe triteleia and triteleiopsis are now increasingly thought to represent a separate family themidaceae allium ancrumia caloscordum erinna garaventia gethyum gilliesia ipheion leucocoryne miersia milula muilla nectaroscordum nothoscordum solaria genus speea trichlora tristagma tulbhagia zoelnerallium plant families asparagales the family asteraceae or alternatively family compositae known as the aster daisy or sunflower family is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants the family name is derived from the genus aster and refers to the star shaped flower head of its members typified wel |
l by the daisy the asteraceae is the second largest family in the division magnoliophyta with some one one zero zero genera and over two zero zero zero zero recognized species only the orchid family orchidaceae is larger with about two five zero zero zero described species plants belonging to the asteraceae must share all the following characteristics judd et al one nine nine nine none of these traits taken separately can be considered synapomorphic inflorescence a capitulum or flower head syngenesious anthers i e with the stamens fused together at their edges by the anthers forming a tube ovary with basal arrangement of the ovules ovules one per ovary pappus a tuft of hairs on a fruit the fruit is an achene sesquiterpenes present in the essential oils but iridoids lacking a typical asteraceae flower head here bidens torta showing the individual flowers the most common characteristic of all these plants is that what in common parlance might be called a flower is an inflorescence or flower head a densely packe |
d cluster of many small individual flowers usually called florets meaning small flowers plants in the family asteraceae typically have one or both of two kinds of florets the outer perimeter of a flower head like that of a sunflower is composed of florets possessing a long strap like petal termed a ligule these are the ray florets the inner portion of the flower head or disc is composed of small flowers with tubular corollas these are the disc florets the composition of asteraceous inflorescences varies from all ray flowers like dandelions genus taraxacum to all disc flowers like pineapple weeds the composite nature of the inflorescences of these plants led early taxonomists to call this family the compositae although the rules governing naming conventions for plant families state that the name should come from the type genus in this case aster and thus asteraceae however the long prevailing name compositae is also authorized as an alternative family name icbn art one eight six the numerous genera are divided |
into about one three tribes only one of these lactuceae is considered distinct enough to be a subfamily subfamily cichorioideae the remainer which are mostly overlapping are put in the subfamily asteroideae wagner herbst and sohmer one nine nine zero uses commercially important plants in the asteraceae include the food crops lettuce chicory globe artichoke sunflower and jerusalem artichoke guayule is a source of hypoallergenic latex many members of asteracae are copious nectar producers and are useful for evaluating pollinator populations during their bloom centaurea knapweed helianthus annuus domestic sunflower and some species of solidago goldenrod are major honey plants for beekeepers solidago produces relatively high protein pollen which helps honeybees overwinter many members of the family are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers e g chrysanthemums and some are important ornamental crops for the cut flower industry some asteraceae are economically important in the sense that they are considered |
noxious weeds e g dandelions ray floret a ovary b pappus c theca d ligule e style with stigma disc floret a ovary b tube of corolla with teeth of the corolla c theca d style with stigma references itis report two zero zero two zero nine one zero international code of botanical nomenclature icbn st louis code one nine nine nine website published as regnum vegetabile one three eight koeltz scientific books k nigstein isbn three nine zero four one four four two two seven walters dirk r and david j keil one nine nine six vascular plant taxonomy four th ed kendall hunt publishing company dubuque iowa wagner w l d r herbst and s h sohmer one nine nine zero manual of the flowering plants of hawai i vol i university of hawaii press honolulu nine eight eight pp judd w s c s campbell e a kellogg and p f stevens one nine nine nine plant systematics a phylogenetic approach sinauer associates sunderland ma helichrysum petiolare plant families asteraceae the apiaceae or umbelliferae both names are allowed by the icbn are a |
family of usually aromatic plants with hollow stems including parsley carrot and other relatives it is a large family with about three zero zero genera and more than three zero zero zero species the earlier name umbelliferae derives from the inflorescence being in the form of a compound umbel the small flowers are radially symmetrical with five small sepals five petals and five stamens the family contains some highly toxic plants such as hemlock which was used to execute socrates and also used to poison arrow tips it also contains some highly useful plants such as carrots parsley caraway and fennel many plants in this family such as wild carrot have estrogenic properties and have been used as folk medicine for birth control most notable for this use is the extinct giant fennel silphium notable members include anethum graveolens dill anthriscus cerefolium chervil angelica spp angelica apium graveolens celery carum carvi caraway centella asiatica gotu kola pennywort conium maculatum poison hemlock coriandrum s |
ativum coriander cuminum cyminum cumin daucus carota carrot eryngium spp sea holly foeniculum vulgare fennel myrrhis odorata cicely pastinaca sativa parsnip petroselinum crispum parsley pimpinella anisum anise levisticum officinale lovage genera aciphylla actinotus aegopodium aethusa aletes ammi ammoselinum anethum angelica anthriscus apiastrum apium arracacia astrantia athamantha azorella berula bifora bolax bowlesia bunium bupleurum carum caucalis centella chaerophyllum ciclospermum cicuta cnidium coelopleurum conioselinum conium conopodium coriandrum crithmum anise pimpinella anisum from medical botany by william woodville london james phillips one seven nine three cryptotaenia cuminum cyclospermum cymopterus cynosciadium daucosma daucus carrot dorema erigenia eryngium eurytaenia falcaria ferula foeniculum glehnia harbouria heracleum hydrocotyle is now classified under araliaceae laser laserpitium levisticum ligusticum lilaeopsis limnosciadium lomatium meum monizia musineon myrrhis neoparrya oenanthe oreom |
yrrhis oreonana oreoxis orogenia osmorhiza oxypolis pastinaca perideridia petroselinum peucedanum pimpinella pleurospermum podistera polytaenia prangos pseudocymopterus pteryxia ptilimnium sanicula scandix selinum seseli shoshonea silaum sison sium smyrnium spermolepis sphenosciadium sympholoma synelcosciadium taenidia tauschia thapsia thaspium tilingia tordylium torilis trachymene trachyspermum trepocarpus turgenia yabea zizia external links uvsc herbarium apiaceae umbellifer resource centre plant families apiaceae an axon or nerve fiber is a long slender projection of a nerve cell or neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron s cell body or soma axons are in effect the primary transmission lines of the nervous system and as bundles they help make up nerves individual axons are microscopic in diameter typically about one micrometre across but may extend to macroscopic lengths the longest axons in the human body for example are those of the sciatic nerve which run from the base of the spine |
to the big toe of each foot these single cell fibers may extend a meter or even longer in vertebrates the axons of many neurons are sheathed in myelin which is formed by either of two types of glial cells schwann cells ensheathing peripheral neurons and oligodendrocytes insulating those of the central nervous system along myelinated nerve fibers gaps in the sheath known as nodes of ranvier occur at evenly spaced intervals enabling an especially rapid mode of electrical impulse propagation called saltation the demyelination of axons is what causes the multitude of neurological symptoms found in the disease multiple sclerosis the axons of some neurons branch to form axon collaterals along which the bifurcated impulse travels simultaneously to signal more than one other cell growth sticky surface for axons to grow along examples of cam s specific to neural systems include n cam neuroglial cam or ngcam tag one mag and dcc all of which are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily another set of molecules called ext |
racellular matrix adhesion molecules also provide a sticky substrate for axons to grow along examples of these molecules include laminin fibronectin tenascin and perlecan some of these are surface bound to cells and thus act as short range attractants or repellants others are difusible ligands and thus can have long range effects cells called guidepost cells assist in the guidance of neuronal axon growth these cells are typically other sometimes immature neurons history some of the first intracellular recordings in a nervous system were made in the late one nine three zero s by k cole and h curtis alan hodgkin and andrew huxley also employed the squid giant axon one nine three nine and by one nine five two they had obtained a full quantitative description of the ionic basis of the action potential hodgkin and huxley were awarded jointly the nobel prize for this work in one nine six three see also neuron dendrite synapse axon guidance electrophysiology external links http www sfn org wrensite projects patch cl |
amp index htm neurons neurophysiology the aramaic alphabet is an abjad alphabet designed for writing the aramaic language as with other abjads the letters all represent consonants a few matres lectionis are consonants that also represent long vowels the earliest inscriptions in the aramaic language use the phoenician alphabet in time the alphabet developed into the form shown below the use of aramaic as a lingua franca throughout the middle east from the eight th century bce led to the gradual adoption of the aramaic alphabet for writing hebrew formerly hebrew had been written using an alphabet closer in form to that of phoenician the paleo hebrew alphabet the hebrew and nabataean alphabets are little changed in style from the aramaic alphabet the development of cursive versions of aramaic led to the creation of the syriac palmyrenean and mandaic alphabets these scripts formed the basis of the arabic sogdian orkhon and mongolian alphabets controversially it is claimed that the aramaic alphabet may be the fore |
bear of the indic alphabets today biblical aramaic jewish neo aramaic dialects and the aramaic language of the talmud are written in the hebrew alphabet syriac and christian neo aramaic dialects are written in the syriac alphabet mandaic is written in the mandaic alphabet imperial aramaic alphabet redrawn from a grammar of biblical aramaic franz rosenthal forms are as used in egypt five th century bce names are as in biblical aramaic see also abjad alphabet aramaic language syriac language mandaic language list of writing systems external links comparison of aramaic to related alphabets abjad writing systems aramaic languages awk may refer to awk programming language the national rail code for adwick railway station united kingdom external links vannevar bush s essay as we may think first published in the atlantic monthly in july one nine four five argued that as humans turned from war scientific efforts should shift from increasing physical abilities to making all previous collected human knowledge more acce |
ssible the article was a reworked and expanded version of his one nine three nine mechanization and the record the system which he called memex was described as based on what was thought at the time to be the wave of the future ultra high resolution microfilm reels coupled to multiple screen viewers and cameras by electromechanical controls the atlantic monthly article was followed in november one nine four five by a life magazine article which showed illustrations of the proposed memex desk and automatic typewriter as we may think predicted many kinds of technology invented after its publication including hypertext personal computers the internet the world wide web speech recognition and online encyclopedias such as wikipedia wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified external links as we may think a celebration of vannevar bush s one nine four five vision at brown university online ver |
sions as we may think from the atlantic monthly archives the text of as we may think accessible without subscription and with permission of atlantic monthly another permitted copy of the article essays american shot is a translation of a phrase from french film criticism plan americain and refers to a medium long knee film shot of a group of characters who are arranged so that all are visible to the camera the usual arrangement is for the actors to stand in an irregular line from one side of the screen to the other with the actors at the end coming forward a little and standing more in profile than the others the purpose of the composition is to allow complex dialogue scenes to be played out without changes in camera position in some literature this is simply referred to as a three four shot the french critics thought it was characteristic of american films of the one nine three zero s or one nine four zero s however it was mostly characteristic of cheaper american movies such as charlie chan mysteries where |
people collected in front of a fireplace or at the foot of the stairs in order to explain what happened a few minutes ago film techniques acute disseminated encephalomyelitis adem is an immune mediated disease of brain it usually occurs following a viral infection or vaccination but it may also appear spontaneously there are multiple inflammatory cell deposits in the brain particularly in the section called white matter although it occurs in all ages most reported cases are in children and adolescents it has an abrupt onset and a monophasic course symptoms usually begins one three weeks after infection or vaccination major symptoms are fever headache drowsiness seizures and coma although initially the symptoms are usually mild later in the course of the disease patients may even die if they are not treated properly some patients recover completely while others have permanent neurological impairments the first treatment is usually steroids and intensive care is often required external links acute disseminated |
encephalomyelitis adem autoimmune diseases neurological disorders ataxia from greek ataxi meaning failure to put in order is unsteady and clumsy motion of the limbs or trunk due to a failure of the gross coordination of muscle movements ataxia often occurs when parts of the nervous system that control movement are damaged people with ataxia experience a failure of muscle control in their arms and legs resulting in a lack of balance and coordination or a disturbance of gait while the term ataxia is primarily used to describe this set of symptoms it is sometimes also used to refer to a family of disorders it is not however a specific diagnosis most disorders that result in ataxia cause cells in the part of the brain called the cerebellum to degenerate or atrophy sometimes the spine is also affected the phrases cerebellar degeneration and spinocerebellar degeneration are used to describe changes that have taken place in a person s nervous system neither term constitutes a specific diagnosis cerebellar and spinoc |
erebellar degeneration have many different causes the age of onset of the resulting ataxia varies depending on the underlying cause of the degeneration many ataxias are hereditary and are classified by chromosomal location and pattern of inheritance autosomal dominant in which the affected person inherits a normal gene from one parent and a faulty gene from the other parent and autosomal recessive in which both parents pass on a copy of the faulty gene among the more common inherited ataxias are friedreich s ataxia and machado joseph disease sporadic ataxias can also occur in families with no prior history ataxia can also be acquired conditions that can cause acquired ataxia include stroke multiple sclerosis tumors lesions of the central nervous system or spinal cord alcoholism peripheral neuropathy metabolic disorders and vitamin deficiencies dysdiadochokinesia is a sign of cerebellar ataxia university of minnesota researchers suggested in two zero zero six that abraham lincoln may have suffered from spinoce |
rebellar ataxia type five thus accounting for his clumsy gait see also spinocerebellar ataxia sensory ataxia gait abnormality external links national institute of neurological disorders and stroke ninds national ataxia foundation ataxia uk neurological disorders symptoms abdul alhazred or the mad arab is a fictional character created by the horror writer h p lovecraft the term mad arab in reference to alhazred is always capitalised and used in the manner of an official title such as another person would be called prince or sir and the term can actually be used in lieu of alhazred s name as a synonym abdul alhazred is not a real arabic name and seems to contain the arabic definite article morpheme twice in a row rather anomalous in terms of arabic grammar the more proper arabic form might be abd el hazred or simply abdul hazred with a single definite article although these are still anomalous as hazred is not one of the nine nine names of god in arabic translations his name has appeared as abdullah al a red wh |
ile this arabic alphabet spelling of alhazred has no real meaning in the arabic language it is reminiscent of the verb root meaning to forbid according to lovecraft s history of the necronomicon written one nine two seven first published one nine three eight alhazred was a mad poet of sana in yemen who is said to have flourished during the period of the ommiade caliphs circa seven zero zero a d he visited the ruins of babylon and the subterranean secrets of memphis and spent ten years alone in the great southern desert of arabia the roba el khaliyeh or empty space of the ancients and dahna or crimson desert of the modern arabs which is held to be inhabited by protective evil spirits and monsters of death of this desert many strange and unbelievable marvels are told by those who pretend to have penetrated it in his last years alhazred dwelt in damascus in seven three zero while still living in damascus alhazred supposedly authored in arabic a book of ultimate evil al azif which would later become known as the |
necronomicon those who have any dealings with the necronomicon usually come to an unpleasant end and alhazred was no exception again according to lovecraft of his final death or disappearance seven three eight a d many terrible and conflicting things are told he is said by ibn khallikan one three th century biographer to have been seized by an invisible monster in broad daylight and devoured horribly before a large number of fright frozen witnesses of his madness many things are told he claimed to have seen fabulous irem or city of pillars and to have found beneath the ruins of a certain nameless desert town the shocking annals and secrets of a race older than mankind he was only an indifferent moslem worshipping unknown entities whom he called yog sothoth and cthulhu august derleth later made alterations to the biography of alhazared one change was redating alhazared s death to seven three one derleth further wrote on the final fate of alhazred in his story the keeper of the key first published in may one ni |
ne five one in this story dr laban shrewsbury a recurring derleth character and his assistant at the time naylan colum discovered alhazred s burial site more specifically they were heading a caravan from salalah oman and crossed the border into yemen there they found the unexplored desert area the necronomicon names as roba el ehaliyeh or roba el khaliyeh perhaps a form of rabia al awliya which again is not proper arabic but could be an allusion to the sufi saint rabia pure conjecture more likely it refers the empty quarter or rub al khali at the center of the area they discovered the nameless city a domain of hastur shrewsbury as an old agent of hastur and devoted enemy of his half brother cthulhu crossed its gates in search of alhazred s burial site he indeed found the gate of alhazred s burial chamber and learned of his fate alhazred was kidnapped in damascus and brought to the nameless city where he had earlier studied and learned some of necronomicon s secrets as punishment for his betrayal of their secr |
ets alhazred was tortured then they blinded him and severed his tongue and finally executed him the entrance to the chamber warned against disturbing him but shrewbury proceeded in entering the chamber and opening the sarcophagus though only rugs bones and dust remained of alhazred the sarcophagus also contained an incomplete personal copy of the necronomicon written in the arabic alphabet then shrewsbury used necromancy to recall alhazred s spirit and ordered it to draw a map of the world as he knew it after obtaining the map which revealed the location of r lyeh and other secret places shrewsbury finally let alhazred return to his eternal rest pop culture roberta williams used the name abdul alhazred as the name of the villain in king s quest six marvel comics has also used the name abdul alhazred as a supervillian working for apocalypse see also cthulhu mythos biographies cthulhu mythos fictional arabs fictional writers ada lovelace augusta ada king countess of lovelace december one zero one eight one five |
november two seven one eight five two is mainly known for having written a description of charles babbage s early mechanical general purpose computer the analytical engine life ada was the only legitimate child of the poet lord byron and his wife annabella milbanke ada was named after byron s half sister augusta leigh by whom he was rumoured to have fathered a child it was augusta who encouraged byron to marry to avoid scandal and he reluctantly chose annabella on january one six one eight one six annabella left byron taking one month old ada with her on april two one byron signed the deed of separation and left england for good a few days later he was never allowed to see either again ada lived with her mother as is apparent in her father s correspondence concerning her lady byron was also highly interested in mathematics lord byron once called her the queen of parallelograms which dominated her life even after marriage her obsession with rooting out any of the insanity of which she accused lord byron was o |
ne of the reasons why annabella taught ada mathematics at an early age ada was privately schooled in mathematics and science one of her tutors being augustus de morgan an active member of london society she was a member of the bluestockings in her youth ada lovelace in one eight three five she married william king eight th baron king later one st earl of lovelace they had three children byron born one two may one eight three six annabella lady anne blunt born two two september one eight three seven and ralph gordon born two july one eight three nine the family lived at ockham park at ockham surrey her full name and title for most of her married life was the right honourable augusta ada countess of lovelace she is widely known in modern times simply as ada lovelace she knew mary somerville noted researcher and scientific author of the one nine th century who introduced her in turn to charles babbage on june five one eight three three other acquaintances were sir david brewster charles wheatstone charles dicken |
s and michael faraday during a nine month period in one eight four two one eight four three ada translated for italian mathematician luigi menabrea s memoir on babbage s newest proposed machine the analytical engine with the article she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating bernoulli numbers with the engine recognized by historians as the world s first computer program biographers note however that the programs were written by babbage himself and lovelace simply found a mistake in the program for calculating bernoulli numbers and sent it back for amendment the evidence and correspondence between lovelace and babbage indicate that he wrote all of the programs in the notes appended to the menebrea translation her prose acknowledged some possibilities of the machine which babbage never published such as speculating that the engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent ada lovelace died at three six after being bl |
ed to death by her physicians who were trying to treat her uterine cancer thus she died ironically not only at the same age as her father did but even of the same cause the mistaken custom of bloodletting she left two sons and a daughter lady anne blunt famous in her own right as a traveller in the middle east and a breeder of arabian horses at her own request lovelace was buried next to the father she never knew at the church of st mary magdalene in hucknall nottingham controversy over attribution biographers have noted that lovelace struggled with mathematics and there is some debate as to whether lovelace understood deeply the concepts behind programming babbage s engine or was more of a figurehead used by babbage for public relations purposes as an early woman in computing lovelace occupies a politically sensitive space in the canon of historical figures in computer science and therefore the extent of her contribution versus babbage s remains difficult to assess based on current sources trivia on december |
one zero one nine eight zero ada s birthday the u s defense department approved the reference manual for their new computer programming language called ada the u s department of defense military standard for ada mil std one eight one five was assigned a number to commemorate the year of her birth on the math mystery cartoon cyberchase she appears as the animated character lady ada lovelace voiced by saturday night live comedian jane curtin the episode is hugs and witches two zero one which premiered february one four two zero zero two on pbs kids go she is one of the main characters in the alternate history novel the difference engine by bruce sterling and william gibson which posits a world in which babbage s machines were mass produced and the computer age started a century early lord byron s novel by john crowley is a pastiche of a novel supposedly by byron in real life he did begin writing one but is not known to have completed it discovered after his death by his daughter edited and with commentary by h |
er her image can be seen on the microsoft product authenticity hologram stickers see also ada byron s notes on the analytical engine women in computing ada programming language external links ada lovelace founder of scientific computing sdsc women in science wise project biography archive link was dead a page of mostly broken links to biographies etc ada lovelace s notes and the ladies diary ada the analytical engine ada picture gallery includes freely copyable pictures of ada full text of translation of sketch of the analytical engine by l f menabrea with ada s notes and extensive commentary an article on the ada controversy and was ada really the first programmer jim holt s the ada perplex from the new yorker a brief biography of ada augusta countess of lovelace with links to other resources related to ada hucknall parish church ada s final resting place one eight one five births one eight five two deaths computer pioneers british mathematicians women mathematicians british scientists women computer scienti |
sts british women in computer science the ambient calculus is a process calculus devised by luca cardelli and andrew d gordon in one nine nine eight and used to describe and theorise about concurrent systems that include mobility here mobility means both computation carried out on mobile devices i e networks that have a dynamic topology and mobile computation i e executable code that is able to move around the network the ambient calculus provides a unified framework for modeling both kinds of mobility it is used to model interactions in such concurrent systems as the internet since its inception the ambient calculus has grown into a family of closely related ambient calculi informal description ambients the fundamental primitive of the ambient calculus is the ambient an ambient is informally defined as a bounded place in which computation can occur the notion of boundaries is considered key to representing mobility since a boundary defines a contained computational agent that can be moved in its entirety exa |
mples of ambients include a web page bounded by a file a virtual address space bounded by an addressing range a unix file system bounded within a physical volume a single data object bounded by self a laptop bounded by its case and data ports the key properties of ambients within the ambient calculus are ambients have names which are used to control access to the ambient ambients can be nested inside other ambients representing for example administrative domains ambients can be moved as a whole operations computation is represented as the crossing of boundaries i e the movement of ambients there are three basic operations or capabilities on ambients in m p instructs the surrounding ambient to enter some sibling ambient m and then proceed as p out m p instructs the surrounding ambient to exit its parent ambient m open m p instructs the surrounding ambient to dissolve the boundary of an ambient m located at the same level the ambient calculus provides a reduction semantics that formally defines what the results |
of these operations are communication within i e local to an ambient is anonymous and asynchronous output actions release names or capabilities into the surrounding ambient input actions capture a value from the ambient and bind it to a variable non local i o can be represented in terms of these local communications actions by a variety of means one approach is to use mobile messenger agents that carry a message from one ambient to another using the capabilities described above another approach is to emulate channel based communications by modeling a channel in terms of ambients and operations on those ambients the three basic ambient primitives namely in out and open are expressive enough to simulate name passing channels in the calculus criticisms some people believe that the synchronous nature of the three ambient actions in out and open may make it difficult to adopt the ambient calculus as the programming language core for mobile and distributed computing a counter argument to this criticism is that the |
ambient calculus is not intended to act as a language core but rather to provide general capabilities for formally modelling and analyzing complex concurrent systems that may consist of components written in a variety of languages see also process calculi programming language theoretical computer science lambda calculus type theory external links collection of online resources for ambient calculi mobile computational ambients by luca cardelli references cardelli l and gordon a d one nine nine eight mobile ambients proceedings of the first international conference on foundations of software science and computation structure march two eight april zero four one nine nine eight m nivat ed lecture notes in computer science vol one three seven eight springer verlag london one four zero one five five process calculi august william derleth february two four one nine zero nine july four one nine seven one was an american writer and anthologist the son of william julius derleth and his wife rose louise volk he resided |
in sauk city wisconsin at the age of one six he sold his first story to weird tales magazine derleth wrote all throughout his four years at the university of wisconsin madison and received a b a in one nine three zero during this time he served briefly as editor of mystic magazine in the mid one nine three zero s he organised a ranger s club for young people served as clerk and president of the local board of education served as a parole officer organised a local men s club and a parent teacher association he also lectured in american regional literature at the university of wisconsin derleth was a contemporary and friend of h p lovecraft when lovecraft wrote about le comte d erlette in his fiction it was in homage to derleth after lovecraft s death he took a number of that author s unfinished stories and rewrote or finished them for publication in weird tales and later in book form in the process he invented the term cthulhu mythos to describe the invented mythology that seemed to lie behind much of lovecra |
ft s fiction derleth codified the mythos to bring it more in line with his own christian conception of the battle between good and evil and as other authors had done before him added new gods and creatures to the stories when lovecraft died in one nine three seven derleth and donald wandrei put together a collection of that author s stories and tried to get them published with existing publishers showing little interest they founded arkham house in one nine three nine to do it themselves the name of the company comes from lovecraft s fictional town of arkham massachusetts which featured in many of his stories in one nine three nine arkham house published the outsider and others a huge collection that contained most of lovecraft s short stories then known to exist derleth and wandrei soon decided to expand arkham house and began a regular publishing schedule after its second book someone in the dark in one nine four one a collection of some of derleth s own horror stories in one nine four one he became literar |
y editor of the capital times newspaper in madison a post he held until his resignation in one nine six zero derleth was married april six one nine five three to sandra evelyn winters and they were divorced six years later in one nine five nine he retained custody of their two children april rose and walden william in one nine six zero derleth began editing and publishing a magazine called hawk and whippoorwill dedicated to poems of man and nature he died on july four one nine seven one and is buried in st aloysius cemetery sauk city wisconsin derleth wrote more than one five zero short stories and more than one zero zero books during his lifetime included among that number were several novels about a british detective named solar pons who was quite similar in many respects to sherlock holmes derleth however lacked the knowledge to make the details of those stories authentic as he had never been to england he also wrote under the pseudonyms stephen grendon kenyon holmes and tally mason see also derleth biblio |
graphy external links the august derleth society a more detailed biography a short autobiography the ultimate cthulhu mythos book list listing of all mythos novels anthologies collections comic books and more one nine zero nine births one nine seven one deaths american short story writers american mystery writers american novelists cthulhu mythos horror writers people from wisconsin this article is about the alps in europe for other mountain ranges see alps disambiguation the west face of the petit dru above the chamonix valley near the mer de glace digital relief of the alps the alps alpi in italian is the name for one of the great mountain range systems of europe stretching from austria italy and slovenia in the east through italy switzerland liechtenstein and germany to france in the west the word alps was taken via french from latin alpes meaning the alps which may be influenced by the latin words albus white or altus high or a celtic word the highest mountain in the alps is mont blanc at four eight one z |
ero m on the french italian border all the main peaks of the alps can be found in the list of mountains of the alps and list of alpine peaks by prominence geography main article geography of the alps subdivision the alps with the borders of the countries the italian alps taken from an airplane the alps are generally divided into western alps and eastern alps the division is along the line between lake constance and lake como following the rhine the western alps are located in italy france and switzerland the eastern alps in austria germany italy liechtenstein slovenia and switzerland the highest peak of the western alps is mont blanc four eight one zero m the highest peak in the eastern alps is piz bernina four zero five two meters the eastern alps are commonly subdivided according to the different geological composition of the more central parts of the alps and the groups at its northern and southern fringes northern limestone alps central eastern alps and southern limestone alps the border between the centr |
al eastern alps and the southern limestone alps is the periadriatic seam the northern limestone alps are separated from the central eastern alps by the grauwacken zone the western alps are commonly subdivided into the following ligurian alps maritime alps cottian alps dauphin alps graian alps pennine alps bernese alps lepontine alps glarus alps north eastern swiss alps series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chains of the alps including the french prealps main chains main article main chain of the alps the european alps from space in may two zero zero two the main chain of the alps follows the watershed from the mediterranean sea to the wienerwald passing over many of the highest and most famous peaks in the alps from the colle di cadibona to col de tende it runs westwards before turning to the north west and then near the colle della maddalena to the north upon reaching the swiss border the line of the main chain heads approximately east north east a heading it follows until its end near vie |
nna principal passes main article principal passes of the alps the alps do not form an impassable barrier they have been traversed for war and commerce and later by pilgrims students and tourists crossing places by road train or foot are called passes these are depressions in the mountains to which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre mountainous zones climate main article climate of the alps the climate of the alps is the climate or average weather conditions over a long time of the central alpine region of europe as we rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere the temperature decreases the effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of heat often accompanied by the precipitation of moisture in the form of snow or rain geology main article geology of the alps the alps arose as a result of the pressure exerted on sediments of the tethys ocean basin a |
s its mesozoic and early cenozoic strata were pushed against the stable eurasian landmass by the northward moving african landmass most of this occurred during the oligocene and miocene epochs the pressure formed great recumbent folds or nappes that rose out of what had become the tethys sea and pushed northward often breaking and sliding one over the other to form gigantic thrust faults crystalline rocks which are exposed in the higher central regions are the rocks forming mont blanc the matterhorn and high peaks in the pennine alps and hohe tauern the landscape seen today is mostly formed by glaciation during the past two million years at least five ice ages have done much to remodel the region scooping out the lakes and rounding off the limestone hills along the northern border glaciers have been retreating during the past one zero zero zero zero years leaving large granite boulders scattered in the forests in the region as the last ice age ended it is believed that the climate changed so rapidly that the |
glaciers retreated back into the mountains in a span of about two zero zero to three zero zero years political history main article political history and modern state of the inhabitants of the alps little is known of the early dwellers in the alps save from the scanty accounts preserved by roman and greek historians and geographers a few details have come down to us of the conquest of many of the alpine tribes by augustus the successive emigration and occupation of the alpine region by various teutonic tribes from the five th to the six th centuries are known only in outline because to them as to the frankish kings and emperors the alps offered a route from one place to another rather than a permanent residence it is not until the final breakup of the carolingian empire in the one zero th and one one th centuries that it becomes possible to trace out the local history of the alps exploration main article exploration of the high alps the higher regions of the alps were long left to the exclusive attention of t |
he men of the adjoining valleys even when alpine travellers as distinguished from alpine climbers began to visit these valleys the two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were h b de saussure one seven four zero one seven nine nine in the pennine alps and the benedictine monk of disentis placidus a spescha one seven five two one eight three three most of whose ascents were made before one eight zero six in the valleys at the sources of the rhine flora a natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief deciduous trees oak beech ash and sycamore maple these do not reach exactly to the same elevation nor are they often found growing together but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the wild herbaceous vegetation this limit usually lies about one two zero zero m above the sea on the north side of the alps but on the southern slopes it often rises to one five zero zero m so |
metimes even to one seven zero zero m it must not be supposed that this region is always marked by the presence of the characteristic trees the interference of man has in many districts almost removed them and excepting the beech forests of the austrian alps a considerable wood of deciduous trees is rare in many districts where such woods once existed their place has been occupied by the scots pine and norway spruce which suffer less from the ravages of goats the worst enemies of tree vegetation the mean annual temperature of this region differs little from that of the british islands but the climate conditions are widely different here snow usually lies for several months till it gives place to a spring and summer considerably warmer than the average of british seasons typical plants found in the alps image leontopodium alpinum one jpg edelweiss leontopodium alpinum image gentiana acaulis jpg stemless gentian gentiana acaulis image rostblaettrigealpenrose jpg rusty leaved alpenrose rhododendron ferrugineum i |
mage chamorchis alpina two three zero seven zero five b jpg alpine dwarf orchid chamorchis alpina image ranunculus glacialis jpg glacier buttercup ranunculus glacialis image kosodrzewina sosna g rska pinus mugo mugo jpg mountain pine pinus mugo image pulsatilla alpina schneebergensis jpg alpine pasque flower pulsatilla alpina image androsace alpina zero two jpg alpine rock jasmine androsace alpina fauna these are most numerously found in the one five of the alps protected in parks and reserves image plochacz three zero zero one xx jpg alpine accentor image chamois kleinwalsertal one nine nine seven jpg chamois image alpenkauw two jpg alpine chough image goldie jpg golden eagle image alpine ibex jpg ibex image corvus monedula two jpg jackdaw image marmota marmota alpes two jpg marmot image arctic hare jpg mountain hare image ptarmigan nine jpg ptarmigan image elk four jpg red deer image aegolius funereus zero zero one jpg tengmalm s owl see also paganism in the eastern alps alpinism external links system for o |
bservation of and information on the alps established in one nine nine one by the alpine convention satellite photo of the alps taken on august three one two zero zero five by modis aboard terra convection over the alps a satellite photo taken on may three one nine nine three by meteosat four with analysis snowfactory com the live webcam locate in the swiss alps more than five zero zero zero zero images since summer two zero zero three winter holidays in the european alps hiking and climbing in the alps visit alps and rhone valley alps mountains of europe mountains of austria mountains of france mountains of germany mountains of switzerland mountains of slovenia references albert camus albert camus pronounced kam oo ipa ka m november seven one nine one three january four one nine six zero was a french author and philosopher and one of the principal luminaries with jean paul sartre of absurdism camus was the second youngest ever recipient of the nobel prize for literature after rudyard kipling when he received |
the award in one nine five seven he is also the shortest lived of any literature laureate to date having died in a car crash three years after receiving the award early years albert camus was born in mondovi algeria to a french algerian pied noir settler family his mother was of spanish extraction his father lucien died in the battle of the marne in one nine one four during the first world war while serving as a member of the zouave infantry regiment camus lived in poor conditions during his childhood in the belcourt section of algiers in one nine two three camus was accepted into the lyc e and eventually to the university of algiers however he contracted tuberculosis in one nine three zero which put an end to his football activities he had been a goalkeeper for the university team and forced him to make his studies a part time pursuit he took odd jobs including private tutor car parts clerk and work for the meteorological institute he completed his licence de philosophie ba in one nine three five in may of |
one nine three six he successfully presented his thesis on plotinus n o platonisme et pens e chr tienne for his dipl me d tudes sup rieures roughly equivalent to an m a by thesis camus joined the french communist party in one nine three four apparently for concern over the political situation in spain which eventually resulted in the spanish civil war rather than support for marxist leninist doctrine in one nine three six the independence minded algerian communist party pca was founded camus joined the activities of le parti du peuple alg rien which got him into trouble with his communist party comrades as a result he was denounced as trotskyite which did not endear him to stalinist communism in one nine three four he married simone hie a morphine addict but the marriage ended due to simone s infidelity in one nine three five he founded th tre du travail worker s theatre renamed th tre de l equipe team s theatre in one nine three seven which survived until one nine three nine from one nine three seven to one |
nine three nine he wrote for a socialist paper alger republicain and his work included an account of the peasants who lived in kabylie in poor conditions which apparently cost him his job from one nine three nine to one nine four zero he briefly wrote for a similar paper soir republicain he was rejected from the french army because of his tuberculosis in one nine four zero camus married francine faure a pianist and mathematician francine gave birth to twins catherine and jean camus on september five th one nine four five also in this year camus began to work for paris soir magazine in the first stage of world war ii the so called phony war stage camus was a pacifist however he was in paris to witness how the wehrmacht took over on december one five one nine four one camus witnessed the execution of gabriel peri an event which camus later said crystallized his revolt against the germans afterwards he moved to bordeaux alongside the rest of the staff of paris soir in this year he finished his first books the st |
ranger and the myth of sisyphus he returned briefly to oran algeria in one nine four two literary career during the war camus joined the french resistance cell combat which published an underground newspaper of the same name this group worked against the nazis and in it camus assumed the moniker beauchard camus became the paper s editor in one nine four three and when the allies liberated paris camus reported on the last of the fighting he eventually resigned from combat in one nine four seven when it became a commercial paper it was here that he became acquainted with jean paul sartre albert camus after the war camus became one member of sartre s entourage and frequented caf de flore on the boulevard st germain in paris camus also toured the united states to lecture about french existentialism although he leaned left wing politics politically his strong criticisms of communist doctrine did not win him any friends in the communist parties and eventually also alienated sartre in one nine four nine his tubercul |
osis returned and he lived in seclusion for two years in one nine five one he published the rebel a philosophical analysis of rebellion and revolution which made clear his rejection of communism the book upset many of his colleagues and contemporaries in france and led to the final split with sartre the dour reception depressed him and he began instead to translate plays camus s most significant contribution to philosophy was his idea of the absurd the result of our desire for clarity and meaning within a world and condition that offers neither which he explained in the myth of sisyphus and incorporated into many of his other works such as the plague some would argue that camus is better described not as an existentialist a label he would have rejected but as an absurdist in the one nine five zero s camus devoted his efforts to human rights in one nine five two he resigned from his work for unesco when the un accepted spain as a member under the leadership of general franco in one nine five three he was one o |
f the few leftists who criticized soviet methods to crush a worker s strike in east berlin in one nine five six he protested similar methods in hungary he maintained his pacifism and resistance to capital punishment everywhere in the world one of his most significant contributions was an essay collaboration with koestler the writer intellectual and founder of the league against capital punishment when the algerian war of independence began in one nine five four it presented a moral dilemma for camus he identified with pied noirs and defended the french government on the grounds that revolt of its north african colony was really an integral part of the new arab imperialism led by egypt and an anti western offensive orchestrated by russia to encircle europe and isolate the united states actuelles iii chroniques algeriennes one nine three nine one nine five eight although favouring greater algerian autonomy or even federation though not full scale independence he believed that the pied noirs and arabs could co e |
xist during the war he advocated civil truce that would spare the civilians which was rejected by both sides who regarded it as foolish behind the scenes he began to work clandestinely for imprisoned algerians who faced the death penalty from one nine five five to one nine five six camus wrote for l express in one nine five seven he was awarded the nobel prize in literature officially not for his novel the fall published the previous year but for his writings against capital punishment in the essay r flexions sur la guillotine when he spoke to students at the university of stockholm he defended his apparent inactivity in the algerian question and stated that he was worried what could happen to his mother who still lived in algeria this led to further ostracism by french left wing intellectuals camus died on january four one nine six zero in a car accident near sens in a place named le grand frossard in the small town of villeblevin ironically camus had uttered a remark earlier in his life that the most absurd |
way to die would be in a car accident the monument to the french writer and philosopher albert camus one nine one three one nine six zero built in the small town of villeblevin france where he died in a car crash on january four one nine six zero the bronze plaque on the monument to the french writer and philosopher albert camus one nine one three one nine six zero built in the small town of villeblevin france the plaque says from the yonne area s local council in tribute to the writer albert camus who was watched over in the villeblevin town hall in the night of the four th to the five th of january one nine six zero the driver of the facel vega michel gallimard his publisher and close friend also perished in the accident camus was interred in the lourmarin cemetery lourmarin vaucluse provence alpes c te d azur france he was survived by his twin children catherine and jean who hold the copyrights to his work after his death two of camus s works were published posthumously the first was an earlier version of |
the stranger entitled a happy death and was published in one nine seven zero the second work was an unfinished novel the first man that camus was writing before he died the novel was an autobiographical work about his childhood in algeria and was published in one nine nine five summary of absurdism albert camus gravestone many writers have written on the absurd each with his or her own interpretation of what the absurd actually is and their own ideas on the importance of the absurd for example sartre does little more than acknowledge it while kierkegaard bases the existence of the god on the fact of the absurd camus was not the originator of absurdism and regretted the continued reference to him as a philosopher of the absurd he shows less and less interest in the absurd shortly after publishing le mythe de sisyphe the myth of sisyphus to distinguish camus s ideas of the absurd from those of other philosophers people sometimes refer to the paradox of the absurd when referring to camus s absurd his early thou |
ghts on the absurd appeared in his first collection of essays l envers et l endroit the wrong side and the right side in one nine three seven absurd themes appeared with more sophistication in his second collection of essays noces nuptials in one nine three eight in these essays camus does not offer a philosophical account of the absurd or even a definition rather he reflects on the experience of the absurd in one nine four two he published the story of a man living an absurd life as l tranger the stranger outsider and in the same year releases le mythe de sisyphe the myth of sisyphus a literary essay on the absurd he had also written a play about a roman emperor caligula pursuing an absurd logic however the play was not performed until one nine four five the turning point in camus s attitude to the absurd occurs in a collection of letters to a fictitious german friend published in the newspaper combat camus ideas on the absurd in the essays camus presented us with dualisms happiness and sadness dark and ligh |
t life and death etc he wanted us to face up to the fact that happiness is fleeting and that we will die he did this not to be morbid but so we can love life and enjoy our happiness when it occurs in le myth this dualism became a paradox we value our lives and existence so greatly but at the same time we know we will eventually die and ultimately our endeavours are meaningless whilst we can live with a dualism i can accept periods of unhappiness because i know i will also experience happiness to come we cannot live with the paradox i think my life is of great importance but i also think it is meaningless in le myth camus was interested in how we experience the absurd and how we live with it our life must have meaning for us to value it if we accept that life has no meaning and therefore no value should we kill ourselves meursault the absurdist hero of l tranger is a murderer who is executed for his crimes caligula ends up admitting his absurd logic was wrong and is killed by an assassination he has deliberate |
ly brought about however camus while obviously suggesting that caligula s absurd reasoning is wrong exalts meursault as the only messiah we deserve le mythe de sisyphe raises questions it cannot satisfactorily answer camus work on the absurd was intended to promote a public debate his various offerings entice us to think about the absurd and offer our own contribution concepts such as cooperation joint effort and solidarity are of key importance to camus in the essay enigma camus expressed his frustration at being labeled a philosopher of the absurd none of his previous work was intended to be a definitive account of his thoughts on the absurd although the le mythe de sisyphe is often mistaken as such camus made a significant contribution to our understanding of the absurd but was not himself an absurdist if nothing had any meaning you would be right but there is something that still has a meaning second letter to a german friend december one nine four three famous works novels the stranger l tranger also tra |
nslated as the outsider one nine four two the plague la peste one nine four seven the fall la chute one nine five six a happy death la mort heureuse early version of the stranger published posthumously one nine seven zero the first man le premier homme incomplete published posthumously one nine nine five short stories exile and the kingdom l exil et le royaume one nine five seven the guest one nine five seven la femme adult re one nine five four non fiction betwixt and between l envers et l endroit also translated as the wrong side and the right side collection one nine three seven neither victim nor executioner combat one nine four six the myth of sisyphus le mythe de sisyphe one nine four two the rebel l homme r volt one nine five one notebooks one nine three five one nine four two carnets mai one nine three five fevrier one nine four two one nine six two notebooks one nine four three one nine five one one nine six five nuptials noces plays caligula performed one nine four five written one nine three eight |
the misunderstanding le malentendu one nine four four state of siege l tat de si ge one nine four eight the just assassins les justes one nine four nine collections youthful writings resistance rebellion and death one nine six one collection of essays selected by the author between hell and reason essays from the resistance newspaper combat one nine four four one nine four seven one nine nine one camus at combat writing one nine four four one nine four seven two zero zero five adaptations movies luchino visconti made a movie of the stranger in one nine six seven starring marcello mastroianni luis puenzo and felix monti were responsible for a modern day rendition of the plague in one nine nine one the film starred william hurt further reading bibliography heiner wittmann albert camus kunst und moral dialoghi dialogues literatur und kultur italiens und frankreichs hrsg dirk hoeges peter lang frankfurt m u a two zero zero two external links nobel prize in literature one nine five seven link existentialism and al |
bert camus the rebel at salon com the absurd hero accidental friends the story of the camus sartre friendship and very public breakup http www romanistik info camus html in german camus s choice an existential humanist antiplot interview with daughter catherine three am another interview with daughter catherine spike the myth of sysiphus biography and quotes of albert camus albert camus society uk one nine one three births one nine six zero deaths two zero th century philosophers algerian writers atheist philosophers existentialists french dramatists and playwrights french journalists french novelists french resistance members nobel prize in literature winners pied noirs polymaths road accident victims agatha christie agatha mary clarissa christie dbe september one five one eight nine zero january one two one nine seven six was a british crime fiction writer she also wrote romances under the name mary westmacott agatha christie is the world s best known mystery writer and apart from william shakespeare is the |
all time best selling author of any genre her books have sold over two billion copies in the english language and another billion in over four five foreign languages as of two zero zero three as an example of her broad appeal she is the all time best selling author in france with over four zero million copies sold in french as of two zero zero three versus two two million for mile zola the nearest contender she is famously known as the queen of crime and is arguably the most important and innovative writer in the development of the english mystery novel her stage play the mousetrap holds the record for the longest run ever in london opening at the ambassadors theatre on november two five one nine five two and as of two zero zero six is still running after more than two zero zero zero zero performances christie published over eighty novels and stageplays mainly whodunnits and locked room mysteries many of these featuring one of her main series characters hercule poirot or miss marple although she delighted in |
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