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jet fuel piston engines normally become less efficient above seven zero zero zero eight zero zero zero ft two one zero zero two four zero zero m above sea level because there is less oxygen available for combustion to solve that problem some piston engines have mechanically powered compressors blowers or turbine powered turbochargers or turbonormalizers that compress the air before feeding it into the engine these piston engines can often operate efficiently at two zero zero zero zero ft six one zero zero m above sea level or higher altitudes that require the use of supplemental oxygen or cabin pressurisation during the forties and especially following the one nine seven three energy crisis development work was done on propellers with swept tips or even scimitar shaped blades for use in high speed commercial and military transports pressurised aircraft however are more likely to use the turbine engine since it is naturally efficient at higher altitudes and can operate above four zero zero zero zero ft helico |
pters also typically use turbine engines in addition to turbine engines like the turboprop and turbojet other types of high altitude high performance engines have included the ramjet and the pulse jet rocket aircraft have occasionally been experimented with they are restricted to rather specialised niches such as spaceflight where no oxygen is available for combustion rockets carry their own oxygen by usage the major distinction in aircraft usage is between military aviation which includes all uses of aircraft for military purposes such as combat patrolling search and rescue reconnaissance transport and training and civil aviation which includes all uses of aircraft for non military purposes military aircraft a prototype of hindustan aeronautics light combat aircraft combat aircraft like fighters or bombers represent only a minority of the category many civil aircraft have been produced in separate models for military use such as the civil douglas dc three airliner which became the military c four seven c fiv |
e three r four d transport in the u s military and the dakota in the u k and the commonwealth even the small fabric covered two seater piper j three cub had a military version the l four liaison observation and trainer aircraft in the past gliders and balloons have also been used as military aircraft for example balloons were used for observation during the american civil war and world war i and cargo gliders were used during world war ii to land intruding german troops in a few european countries in the one nine four zero four two period while allied troops used them in landings on sicily and italy one nine four three and in western europe france and holland on d day the normandy six june one nine four four operation overlord invasion and in operation anvil dragoon one nine four four and in operation market garden one nine four four combat aircraft themselves though used a handful of times for reconnaissance and surveillance during the italo turkish war did not come into widespread use until the balkan war w |
hen first air dropped bomb was invented and widely used by bulgarian air force against turkey during world war i many types of aircraft were adapted for attacking the ground or enemy vehicles ships guns aircraft and the first aircraft designed as bombers were born in order to prevent the enemy from bombing fighter aircraft were developed to intercept and shoot down enemy aircraft tankers were developed after world war ii to refuel other aircraft in mid air thus increasing their operational range by the time of the vietnam war helicopters had come into widespread military use especially for transporting supplying and supporting ground troops civil aviation bell two zero six b jetranger iii helicopter civil aviation includes both scheduled airline flights and general aviation a catch all covering other kinds of private and commercial use the vast majority of flights flown around the world each day belong to the general aviation category ranging from recreational balloon flying to civilian flight training to bus |
iness trips to firefighting to medevac flights to cargo transportation on freight aircraft within general aviation the major distinction is between private flights where the pilot is not paid for time or expenses and commercial flights where the pilot is paid by a customer or employer private pilots use aircraft primarily for personal travel business travel or recreation usually these private pilots own their own aircraft and take out loans from banks or specialized lenders to purchase them commercial general aviation pilots use aircraft for a wide range of tasks such as flight training pipeline surveying passenger and freight transport policing crop dusting and medical transport medevac piston powered propeller aircraft single engine or twin engine are especially common for both private and commercial general aviation but even private pilots occasionally own and operate helicopters like the bell jetranger or turboprops like the beechcraft king air business jets are typically flown by commercial pilots althou |
gh there is a new generation of small jets arriving soon for private pilots see also list of aircraft by category list of aircraft by date and usage category list of civil aircraft list of helicopter models list of military aircraft list of notable aircraft list of world war ii jet aircraft list of aircraft engines list of aircraft engine manufacturers alphabetical aerial refuelling aeronautics aircraft carrier aircraft spotting airline call signs airliner air safety aviation contrail first flying machine flight controls flight instruments gliding lifting body list of early flying machines model aircraft notable aircraft richard pearse spacecraft propulsion spacecraft steam aircraft successful aircraft types undercarriage wright brothers list of aviation aerospace and aeronautical terms external links history smithsonian air and space museum excellent online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft virtual museum prehistory of powered flight the evolution of modern aircraft nas |
a on aircraft never built flight global aircraft community information flight international aircraft info net airliners net homebuiltaircraft com information portal about homebuilt aircraft airforces series of photo essays on british aviation pictures of aircraft published on usenet paf procedures and information wallpapers picture gallery updated news patents us eight two one three nine three flying machine o w wright aircraft aviation notable aircraft aphex twin born richard david james august one eight one nine seven one ireland is a uk based electronic music artist credited with pushing forward the genres of techno ambient acid and drum and bass he has been described as the most inventive and influential figure in contemporary electronic music biography richard david james was born to welsh parents lorna and derek james in one nine seven one in limerick ireland james spent his childhood in cornwall united kingdom as a teenager he became a dj and musician on the local rave scene taking on the moniker aphex |
twin james formed the rephlex records label in one nine nine one with his friend grant wilson claridge and released his first records on this label as well as mighty force and r come to daddy and windowlicker which were shown on mtv and the covers of music magazines including nme the aphex twin logo present on most aphex twin afx releases in two zero zero one aphex twin released his most personal album yet drukqs a two cd album which featured prepared piano songs under the influence of erik satie and john cage also included were abrasive fast and meticulously programmed computer made songs the level of detail and artistry was so high that reviewers and fans complained that the music was less in the style of innovative pop music and more about detailed beautiful and personal musical art drukqs is perhaps richard s most controversial album to date the album lacked the novelty found in his other albums so reviewers guessed this album was released as a contract breaker with warp records a credible guess as james |
next big release came out on his own rephlex label it is also rumored that the album drukqs was released as it was because he had almost all of these songs on a creative jukebox that he forgot and left on a plane and in fear of all of the tracks being leaked to the internet its release was rushed as to avoid this in late two zero zero four rumours of james return to a more acid techno based sound were realised with the analord series for these records james used his extensive collection of roland drum machines which he bought when they were still at bargain prices also he used one of the rarest and most desirable synthesizers of his generation the synton fenix and the notoriously difficult to program roland mc four sequencer a sequencer with a reputation for excellent timing as well as the infamous roland tb three zero three for his trademark acid melodies apart from music richard d james is a talented photographer having done his own artwork direction for many of his albums on the windowlicker single james |
hid a picture of his face created most likely with metasynth in the second track commonly referred to as formula symbol or equation which can be seen in a spectral analysis of the track the picture illustrates his famous toothy evil grin aphex twin s influences james has stated in numerous interviews that he has no musical influences other than himself he claims to have listened rarely to songs on the radio as a child and that he is unable to read sheet music conversely james has said that he has listened to many bands and artists for inspiration and sampling notably pink floyd and led zeppelin for their breaks used as break beats but he has also expressed appreciation for the fall he signed fellow musicans and personal friends tom squarepusher jenkinson and mike paradinas ziq to his rephlex record label as well as luke vibert other debated influences include eight zero eight state for whom he has done remix work john cage and his prepared piano technique itself inspired by henry cowell and erik satie indepen |
dently in the piano pieces on drukqs coil tod dockstader an electronic musician who worked with tape mangling sounds into music of the frequency and dynamics spectrum mike dred acid techno pioneer and techno electroacoustic hybrid pioneer together with peter green on dred s machine codes label james is quoted as saying that he listened to dred amnesia kraftwerk and their electropop styles kevin master reese saunderson derrick may techno pioneer joe meek especially i heard a new world album of this pioneering one nine six zero s uk producer erik satie whose melodic style was borrowed on drukqs squarepusher and luke vibert for their extreme versions of drum and bass influence of aphex twin on others fans and journalists coined the genre names idm and drill and bass to describe aphex twin s novel approach to dance music richard s own rephlex records label which he co owns with grant wilson claridge prefers the term braindance these labels have proven useful for upcoming artists looking to find a genre name for t |
heir own music influenced by aphex twin and warp records in aphex twin s words on the intelligent dance music label i just think it s really funny to have terms like that it s basically saying this is intelligent and everything else is stupid it s really nasty to everyone else s music laughs it makes me laugh things like that i don t use names i just say that i like something or i don t aphex twin tends to distance himself from rock pop music yet he has still had an influence on the rock bands like radiohead nine inch nails and peace burial at sea aphex twin dismissed going on tour with radiohead i wouldn t play with them since i don t like them aphex twin s press aphex twin press interviews are generally entertaining eccentric and confusing aphex twin has a reputation for lying in interviews which he has admitted to the guardian newspaper it is now been confirmed that richard does own a tank actually a one nine five zero s armoured scout car the daimler ferret mark three a submarine bought from russia compos |
ing ambient techno at age one three contradicting most music history having over one zero zero hours of unreleased music including songs on his answering machine that could be wiped away by leaving a message being able to incorporate lucid dreaming into the process of making music he lives in a converted bank in se one six london which was formerly the bank of cyprus and then hsbc it has now been confirmed by richard s close friends that he has built his own synthesizers and samplers from scratch in his early years richard once built a sampler box for his degree in microelectronics and a photograph and article of it was taken for a uk electronic music magazine future music richard is experienced in electronics and electricity and has modified and circuit bent his equipment from a young age he has made his own software to compose with including algorithmic processes which automatically generate beats and melodies the cover to the richard d james album discography under aphex twin albums selected ambient works |
eight five nine two one nine nine two selected ambient works volume ii one nine nine four i care because you do one nine nine five richard d james album one nine nine six drukqs two zero zero one chosen lords two zero zero six eps and singles digeridoo one nine nine two xylem tube ep one nine nine two on on remixes one nine nine three ventolin ventolin remixes ep one nine nine five donkey rhubarb one nine nine five girl boy ep one nine nine six come to daddy ep one nine nine seven windowlicker one nine nine nine analord one zero in the analord series two zero zero four promos and compilations words remixed for other artists plus four original tracks two mixes on a one two for cash two zero zero three a two six mixes promo falling free curve remix two zero zero five a two six mixes lp discography under various aliases afx analogue bubblebath one nine nine one analogue bubblebath two one nine nine two analogue bubblebath three one nine nine three analogue bubblebath four one nine nine four analogue bubblebath f |
ive one nine nine five unreleased analogue bubblebath three one one nine nine seven hangable auto bulb one nine nine five ep two zero zero five cd hangable auto bulb two one nine nine five ep two zero zero five cd two remixes by afx two zero zero one smojphace ep two zero zero three mangle one one circuit bent v i p mix appears on rephlexions compilation album two zero zero three analord ep series mostly as afx two zero zero five afx lfo split one two between afx lfo two zero zero five bradley strider bradley s beat one nine nine one one nine nine five re issue bradley s robot one nine nine three caustic window joyrex j four one nine nine two joyrex j five one nine nine two joyrex j nine one nine nine three cat zero two three unreleased only four copies pressed compilation one nine nine eight gak gak one nine nine four universal indicator series with mike dred universal indicator red one nine nine two universal indicator green one nine nine three universal indicator blue one nine nine two yellow one nine nine |
two are by mike dred polygon window surfing on sine waves one nine nine three re released two zero zero one quoth one nine nine three power pill pac man one nine nine two q chastic q chastic ep one nine nine two unreleased various others melodies from mars one nine nine five this is an unreleased rdj album that was given to friends at rephlex and warp records on c nine zero cassettes this release supposedly includes selections from over two zero zero tracks james offered video game companies to use as soundtracks with squarepusher contributed freeman hardy to the warp compilation wap one zero zero as rich of mike and rich on the album mike mike being mike paradinas also known as ziq a remixed version of afx two three seven v seven from the album drukqs was used as the soundtrack to the short film rubber johnny directed by chris cunningham the afx logo was featured in the video games worms armageddon and worms world party the diceman polygon window track one artificial intelligence warp six compilation releas |
ed by warp records in one nine nine two acoustica alarm will sound performs aphex twin two zero zero five performed by alarm will sound see also snare rush rephlex records warp records external links complete aphex twin discography at xltronic com the aphex twin community at xltronic com aphex twin discography at discogs complete aphex twin lyrics at cl four org aphex twin links at open directory project the aphex face spectrogram screenshots of spectral analyses including that of windowlicker electronic musicians idm musicians remixers cornish people one nine seven one births living people alfred nobel october two one one eight three three stockholm sweden december one zero one eight nine six san remo italy was a swedish chemist engineer pacifist innovator armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite he owned bofors a major armaments manufacturer that he had redirected from its previous role as an iron and steel mill in his last will he used his enormous fortune to institute the nobel prizes the synth |
etic element nobelium was named after him personal background alfred nobel a descendant of the one seven th century scientist olaus rudbeck one six three zero one seven zero two was the third son of immanuel nobel one eight zero one one eight seven two born in stockholm he went with his family at an early age to st petersburg where his father who had invented modern plywood started a torpedo works in one eight five nine this was left to the care of the second son ludvig emmanuel one eight three one one eight eight eight by whom it was greatly enlarged and alfred returning to sweden with his father after the bankruptcy of their family business devoted himself to the study of explosives and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerine discovered in one eight four seven by ascanio sobrero one of his fellow students under th ophile jules pelouze at the university of torino several explosions were reported at their family owned factory in heleneborg and a disastrous one in one eight six four killed |
alfred s younger brother emil and several other workers less well known is that alfred nobel was also a playwright his only play nemesis a prose tragedy in four acts about beatrice cenci partly inspired by percy bysshe shelley s blank verse tragedy in five acts the cenci was printed when he was dying and the whole stock except for three copies was destroyed immediately after his death being regarded as scandalous and blasphemous the first surviving edition bilingual swedish esperanto was published in sweden in two zero zero three the play has not yet may two zero zero three been translated into any language other than esperanto alfred nobel is buried in the norra begravningsplatsen in stockholm dynamite nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr diatomaceous earth it became safer and more convenient to manipulate and this mixture he patented in one eight six seven as dynamite he next combined nitroglycerin with another high explosive gun cotton and ob |
tained a transparent jelly like substance which was a still more powerful explosive than dynamite blasting gelatin as it was called was patented in one eight seven six and was followed by a host of similar combinations modified by the addition of potassium nitrate wood pulp and various other substances some years later nobel produced ballistite one of the earliest of the nitroglycerin smokeless gunpowders containing in its latest forms about equal parts of gun cotton and nitroglycerin this powder was a precursor of cordite and nobel s claim that his patent covered the latter was the occasion of vigorously contested law suits between him and the british government in one eight nine four and one eight nine five cordite also consists of nitroglycerin and gun cotton but the form of the latter which its inventors wished to use was the most highly nitrated variety which is not soluble in mixtures of ether and alcohol whereas nobel contemplated using a less nitrated form which is soluble in such mixtures the questio |
n was complicated by the fact that it is in practice impossible to prepare either of these two forms without admixture of the other eventually the courts decided against nobel cordite became a mainstay munition of the british empire throughout the late one nine th and early two zero th century from the manufacture of dynamite and other explosives and from the exploitation of the baku oil fields in the development of which he and his brothers ludvig and robert hjalmar one eight two nine one eight nine six took a leading part he amassed an immense fortune armaments manufacturer a less well remembered aspect of his life was his role in setting up a major armaments manufacturer bofors defence ab he was bofors most famous owner and owned the company from one eight nine four until his death in december of one eight nine six he had the key role in reshaping this iron manufacturer to a modern cannon manufacturer and chemical industry bofors went on to become a major supplier of howitzers cannons and field guns to arm |
ies around the world including the usa and many third world dictatorships the prizes the erroneous publication in one eight eight eight of a premature obituary of nobel by a french newspaper condemning his invention of dynamite is said to have made him decide to leave a better legacy to the world after his death on november two seven one eight nine five at the swedish norwegian club in paris nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the nobel prizes to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality he died of a stroke on december one zero one eight nine six at san remo italy the amount set aside for the nobel prize foundation was three one million kronor the first three of these prizes are for eminence in physical science in chemistry and in medical science or physiology the fourth is for the most remarkable literary work in an ideal direction and the fifth is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of interna |
tional brother sisterhood in the suppression or reduction of standing armies or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses the formulation about the literary prize in an ideal direction swedish i idealisk riktning is cryptic and has caused much consternation for many years the swedish academy interpreted ideal as idealistic in swedish idealistisk and used it as a pretext to not give the prize to important but less romantic authors such as henrik ibsen august strindberg and leo tolstoy this interpretation has been revised and the prize given to for example dario fo and jos saramago who definitely do not belong to the camp of literary idealism when reading nemesis in its original swedish and looking at his own philosophical and literary standpoint it seems possible that his intention might have been rather the opposite of that first believed that the prize should be given to authors who fight for their ideals against such authorities as god church and state there was also quite a lot of room for in |
terpretation by the bodies he had named for deciding on the physical sciences and chemistry prizes given that he had not consulted them before making the will in his one page testament he stipulated that the money should go to discoveries or inventions in the physical sciences and to discoveries or improvements in chemistry he had opened the door to technological awards but he had not left instructions on how to do the split between science and technology since the deciding bodies he had chosen in these domains were more concerned with science than technology it is not surprising that the prizes went to scientists and not to engineers technicians or other inventors in a sense the technological prizes announced recently by the world technology network are an indirect and thus not funded by the nobel foundation continuation of the wishes of nobel as he set them out in his testament in two zero zero one his great grandnephew peter asked the bank of sweden to differentiate its award to economists given in alfred |
nobel s memory from the five other awards this has caused much controversy whether the prize for economics is actually a nobel prize see bank of sweden prize in economic sciences in memory of alfred nobel nobel prize rumors there is no nobel prize for mathematics a common legend states that nobel decided against a prize in mathematics because a woman he proposed to or his wife or his mistress rejected him or cheated on him with a famous mathematician often claimed to be g sta mittag leffler there is no historical evidence to support the story and nobel was never married references one nine one one encyclop dia britannica sch ck h and sohlman r one nine two nine the life of alfred nobel london william heineman ltd alfred nobel us patent no seven eight three one seven dated may two six one eight six eight external links alfred nobel man behind the prizes biography at the norwegian nobel institute nobelprize org the man who changed his life after reading his obituary one eight three three births one eight nine s |
ix deaths swedish inventors swedish businesspeople nobel prize stockholmians premature obituaries alexander graham bell march three one eight four seven august two one nine two two was a canadian and scottish american scientist and inventor today he is still widely considered to be the inventor of the telephone although this matter has become controversial with a number of people claiming that antonio meucci was the real inventor and others holding out for elisha gray the founder of the western electric manufacturing company in addition to his work in telecommunications technology he was responsible for important advances in aviation and hydrofoil technology biography born alexander bell in edinburgh he later adopted the middle name graham out of admiration for alexander graham a family friend many called him the father of the deaf this title is somewhat ironic due to his belief in the practice of eugenics he hoped to one day eradicate deafness from the population his family was associated with the teaching o |
f elocution his grandfather in london his uncle in dublin and his father alexander melville bell in edinburgh were all professed elocutionists the latter has published a variety of works on the subject several of which are well known especially his treatise on visible speech which appeared in edinburgh in one eight six eight in this he explains his method of instructing deaf mutes by means of their eyesight how to articulate words and also how to read what other persons are saying by the motions of their lips alexander graham bell was educated at the royal high school of edinburgh from which he graduated at the age of one three at the age of one six he secured a position as a pupil teacher of elocution and music in weston house academy at elgin moray scotland the next year he spent at the university of edinburgh he was graduated from university college london from one eight six six to one eight six seven he was an instructor at somersetshire college at bath somerset england while still in scotland he is said |
to have turned his attention to the science of acoustics with a view to ameliorate the deafness of his mother in one eight seven zero at the age of two three he emigrated with his family to canada where they settled at brantford before he left scotland bell had turned his attention to telephony and in canada he continued an interest in communication machines he designed a piano which could transmit its music to a distance by means of electricity in one eight seven three he accompanied his father to montreal canada where he was employed in teaching the system of visible speech the elder bell was invited to introduce the system into a large day school for mutes at boston but he declined the post in favor of his son who became professor of vocal physiology and elocution at boston university s school of oratory bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone at boston university he continued his research in the same field and endeavored to produce a telephone which would not only send musical notes but articu |
late speech with financing from his american father in law on march seven one eight seven six the u s patent office granted him patent number one seven four four six five covering the method of and apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically by causing electrical undulations similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound the telephone after obtaining the patent for the telephone bell continued his many experiments in communication which culminated in the invention of the photophone transmission of sound on a beam of light a precursor of today s optical fiber systems he also worked in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf the range of bell s inventive genius is represented only in part by the eighteen patents granted in his name alone and the twelve he shared with his collaborators these included fourteen for the telephone and telegraph four for the photophone one for the phonograph five for aerial vehicles four fo |
r hydroairplanes and two for a selenium cell bell had many great ideas that are now real inventions during his volta laboratory period bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound although the trio briefly experimented with the concept they were unable to develop a workable prototype they abandoned the idea never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder the computer and the cd rom bell s own home used a primitive form of air conditioning in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice he also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution methane gas he reasoned could be produced from the waste of farms and factories at his canadian estate in beinn bhreagh nova scotia he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere in a magazine interview published shortly before his death he reflected on the possibilit |
y of using solar panels to heat houses in one eight eight two he became a naturalized citizen of the united states in one eight eight eight he was one of the founding members of the national geographic society and became its second president he was the recipient of many honors the french government conferred on him the decoration of the l gion d honneur legion of honor the acad mie fran aise bestowed on him the volta prize of five zero zero zero zero francs the royal society of arts in london awarded him the albert medal in one nine zero two and the university of w rzburg bavaria granted him a ph d he was awarded the aiee s edison medal in one nine one four for for meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone bell married mabel hubbard who was one of his pupils at boston university as well as a deaf mute on july one one one eight seven seven his invention of the telephone was actually a device he was trying to create that would allow him to communicate with his wife and his deaf mother he died at |
beinn bhreagh located on nova scotia s cape breton island near the village of baddeck in one nine two two and is buried alongside his wife atop beinn bhreagh mountain overlooking bras d or lake he was survived by two of their four children bell was listed among the one zero zero greatest britons the one zero zero greatest americans and in the top ten greatest canadians the only person to be on more than one list bell and decibel the bel b is a unit of measurement invented by bell labs and named after bell the bel was too large for everyday use so the decibel db equal to zero one b became more commonly used the db is commonly used as a unit for measuring sound intensity the photophone another of bell s inventions was the photophone a device enabling the transmission of sound over a beam of light which he developed together with charles sumner tainter the device employed light sensitive cells of crystalline selenium which has the property that its electrical resistance varies inversely with the illumination i |
e the resistance is higher when the material is in the dark and lower when it is lighted the basic principle was to modulate a beam of light directed at a receiver made of crystalline selenium to which a telephone was attached the modulation was done either by means of a vibrating mirror or a rotating disk periodically obscuring the light beam this idea was by no means new selenium had been discovered by j ns jakob berzelius in one eight one seven and the peculiar properties of crystalline or granulate selenium were discovered by willoughby smith in one eight seven three in one eight seven eight one writer with the initials j f w from kew described such an arrangement in nature in a column appearing on june one three asking the readers whether any experiments in that direction had already been done in his paper on the photophone bell credited one a c browne of london with the independent discovery in one eight seven eight the same year bell became aware of the idea bell and tainter however were apparently the |
first to perform a successful experiment by no means any easy task as they even had to produce the selenium cells with the desired resistance characteristics themselves in one experiment in washington d c the sender and the receiver were placed on different buildings some seven zero zero feet two one three metres apart the sender consisted of a mirror directing sunlight onto the mouthpiece where the light beam was modulated by a vibrating mirror focused by a lens and directed at the receiver which was simply a parabolic reflector with the selenium cells in the focus and the telephone attached with this setup bell and tainter succeeded to communicate clearly the photophone was patented on december one eight one eight eight zero but the quality of communication remained poor and the research was not pursued by bell metal detector bell is also credited with the invention of the metal detector in one eight eight one the device was hurriedly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of u s preside |
nt james garfield the metal detector worked but didn t find the bullet because the metal bedframe the president was lying on confused the instrument bell gave a full account of his experiments in a paper read before the american association for the advancement of science in august one eight eight two though unsuccessful in its first incarnation this achievement would eventually change the nature of physical security experimental aircraft bell was also interested in aircraft and was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the aerial experiment association the association was officially formed at baddeck nova scotia in october one nine zero seven at the suggestion of mrs mabel bell and with her financial support it was headed by the inventor himself the founding members were four young men american glenn h curtiss a motorcycle manufacturer who would later be awarded the scientific american trophy for the first official one kilometre flight in the western hemisphere and later be world renowned as a |
n airplane manufacturer frederick w casey baldwin the first canadian and first british subject to pilot a public flight in hammondsport new york j a d mccurdy and lieutenant thomas selfridge an official observer of the u s government one of the project s inventions the aileron is a standard component of aircraft today note that the aileron was also invented independently by robert esnault pelterie in one nine zero nine bell s silver dart made the first controlled powered flight in canada however a series of canadian flights failed to interest the canadian military in developing the airplane the hydrofoil the march one nine zero six scientific american article by american hydrofoil pioneer william e meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat bell and casey baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer |
of one nine zero eight as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water baldwin studied the work of the italian inventor enrico forlanini and began testing models this led him and bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft during his world tour of one nine one zero one nine one one bell and baldwin met with forlanini in italy they had rides in the forlanini hydrofoil boat over lake maggiore baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying on returning to baddeck a number of designs were tried culminating in the hd four using renault engines a top speed of five four miles per hour was achieved with rapid acceleration good stability and steering and the ability to take waves without difficulty bell s report to the navy permitted him to obtain two three five zero horsepower two six zero kw engines in july one nine one nine on september nine one nine one nine the hd four set a world s marine speed record of seven zero eight six miles per hour this record stood for ten years eugenics along with man |
y very prominent thinkers and scientists of the time bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the united states from one nine one two until one nine one eight he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisors to the eugenics record office associated with cold spring harbor laboratory in new york and regularly attended meetings in one nine two one he was the honorary president of the second international congress of eugenics held under the auspices of the american museum of natural history in new york organizations such as these advocated passing laws with success in some states that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be as bell called them a defective variety of the human race much of his thoughts about people he considered defective centered on the deaf because of his long contact with them in relation to his work in deaf education in addition to advocating sterilization of the deaf bell wished to prohibit deaf teachers from being allowed to teach in schools for the de |
af he worked to outlaw the marriage of deaf individuals to one another and he was an ardent supporter of oralism over manualism his avowed goal was to eradicate the language and culture of the deaf so as to force them to integrate into the hearing culture for their own long term benefit and for the benefit of society at large although this attitude is widely seen as paternalistic and arrogant today it was accepted in that era although he supported what many would consider harsh and inhumane policies today he was not unkind to deaf individuals who proved his theories of oralism he was a personal and longtime friend of helen keller and his wife mabel was deaf though none of their children were bell was well known as a kindly father and loving family man who took great pleasure playing with his many grandchildren tribute in the early one nine seven zero s uk rock group the sweet recorded a tribute to bell and the telephone suitably titled alexander graham bell the song tells a fictional account of the invention |
in which bell devises the telephone so he can talk to his girlfriend who lives on the other side of the united states from him the song reached the top four zero in the uk and went on to sell over one million recordings world wide external links biography at the dictionary of canadian biography online alexander graham bell institute bell homestead national historic site alexander bell com telecom pioneers by phonebook of the world com bell s speech before the american association for the advancement of science in boston on august two seven one eight eight zero presenting the photophone very clear description published as on the production and reproduction of sound by light in the american journal of sciences third series vol xx one one eight october one eight eight zero pp three zero five three two four and as selenium and the photophone in nature september one eight eight zero united states patent and trademark office patent us one seven four four six five for the telephone alexander graham bell family paper |
s online version at the library of congress comprises a selection of four six nine five items totaling about five one five zero zero images containing correspondence scientific notebooks journals blueprints articles and photographs documenting bell invention of the telephone and his involvement in the first telephone company his family life his interest in the education of the deaf and his aeronautical and other scientific research one eight four seven births one nine two two deaths american eugenicists american entrepreneurs american inventors american physicists autodidacts british eugenicists canadian inventors canadian physicists canadian eugenicists canadian businesspeople edinburghers history of scotland legion of honor recipients moray naturalized citizens of the united states people from massachusetts people from victoria county nova scotia scottish americans scottish business people scottish physicists scottish inventors bath and north east somerset telecommunications history unitarians ucl alumni un |
iversity of edinburgh alumni amhr n na bhfiann one is the national anthem of the republic of ireland although usually sung in the irish language a translation of the original it is also known by the english language title a soldier s song as well as the national anthem of ireland amhr n n isi nta na h ireann the lyrics of the song are by peadar kearney and the music by both kearney and patrick heeney it was composed in one nine zero seven and was first published in irish freedom in one nine one two the irish language version of the original was the work of bulmer hobson the song is regarded by many nationalists as the national anthem of the whole of ireland and it is therefore sung for example at gaelic athletic association matches held anywhere on the island unionists however reject this use of amhr n na bhfiann and at international games played by the all ireland irish rugby football union team the song ireland s call is sung instead of or in the republic of ireland as well as amhr n na bhfiann history amhr |
n na bhfiann was relatively unknown until it was sung by rebels in the general post office gpo during the easter rising of one nine one six and afterwards in british internment camps the song became the official state anthem in one nine two six when it replaced the unofficial anthem god save ireland god save the king was the official anthem of the united kingdom of great britain and ireland until the independent irish free state was established in one nine two two the continued use of god save the king by some irish people caused embarrassment to the new irish state and on one famous occasion governor general james mcneill refused to attend a public function in trinity college when he discovered that the university intended playing the anthem during his visit even after the adoption of amhr n na bhfiann as the official anthem of the irish free state in july one nine two six a minority continued to sing the british anthem and to pray for the king and queen in religious ceremonies for a number of years in one |
nine three four the irish state acquired the copyright of the song for the sum of one two zero zero controversy also surrounds the change in the wording of amhr n na bhfiann over the years in the original translation the first line read as sinne laochra gaedheal literally we the heroes of ireland this has since been replaced by sinne fianna f il which to some people is evidence that the anthem has been hijacked by the fianna f il party in recent years a number of irish newspapers and columnists have proposed replacing amhr n na bhfiann with a new national anthem arguing that the current wording is excessively militant and anti british others have argued that the melody is difficult for bands to play problems have sometimes been witnessed at international sporting events where either the entire song not just the chorus that constitutes the anthem has been played as occurred for example at the los angeles olympics or the right part has been played but at the wrong speed as occurred at the sydney olympics in two |
zero zero zero some have proposed that the anthem be replaced with the irish rugby football union s song ireland s call the suggestion has also been made that as occurred in germany after world war ii the government might change the words of the anthem while keeping the original melody lyrics the irish national anthem consists of the chorus only of amhr n na bhfiann and is almost always sung in irish the first two lines of the anthem and the last two played together form the irish presidential salute which is played when the president of ireland attends official events the chorus of amhr n na bhfiann as used for the anthem is given below irish version sinne fianna f il at faoi gheall ag irinn bu on d r slua thar toinn do r inig chughainn faoi mh id bheith saor sean t r r sinsear feasta n fh gfar faoin tior n n faoin tr ill anocht a th am sa bhearna baoil le gean ar ghaeil chun b is n saoil le gunna scr ach faoi l mhach na bpil ar seo libh canaig amhr n na bhfiann phonetic version shin na fee in na fall a tha |
w fay yeol egg erin bween dar slew harr thin the raw ne gooin fway vawid veh sair shawn tier awr shinshir fasta nee owg fur fay teer awn naw feign trawl an nocht a hame saw varna vwail lay gown owr gwale cunn boss no sale le gunna sh rake fay law buck naw bell air shull liv con ig arawn naveen english version soldiers are we whose lives are pledged to ireland some have come from a land beyond the wave sworn to be free no more our ancient sireland shall shelter the despot or the slave tonight we man the bearna baoil two in erin s cause come woe or weal mid cannon s roar and rifles peal we ll chant a soldier s song complete lyrics the following is the full lyrics of amhr n na bhfiann in irish and english irish lyrics seo dhibh a ch irde duan glaigh cathr imeach briomhar ceolmhar r dtinte cn mh go buacach t id s an sp ir go min r altogach is fonnmhar faobhrach sinn chun gleo s go ti nmhar gl roimh th ocht do n l f chi nas chaomh na hoiche ar seol seo libh cana dh amhr n na bhfiann curf sinne fianna f il a t f gh |
eall ag irinn buion d r slua thar toinn do r inig chugainn f mh id bheith saor sean t r r sinsir feasta n fhagfar f n tior n n f n tr il anocht a th am sa bhearna bhaoil le gean ar ghaeil chun b is n saoil le guna screach f l mhach na bpil ar seo libh cana dh amhr n na bhfiann cois b nta r idhe ar rdaibh sl ibhe ba bhuachach r sinsir romhainn ag l mhach go tr an f n s r bhrat s in t thuas sa ghaoith go seolta ba dh chas riamh d r gcine ch idh gan iomp il siar imirt ir s ag si l mar iad i gcoinne n mhad seo libh cana dh amhr n na bhfiann curf a bhu on n ch fann d fhuil ghaeil is gall sin breacadh lae na saoirse ta sc imhle s scanradh i gcro the namhad roimh ranna laochra r dtire r dtinte is tr ith gan spr ach anois sin luisne ghl san sp ir anoir s an b obha i raon na bpil ar agaibh seo libh cana dh amhr n na bhfiann curf english lyrics we ll sing a song a soldier s song with cheering rousing chorus as round our blazing fires we throng the starry heavens o er us impatient for the coming fight and as we wait the |
morning s light here in the silence of the night we ll chant a soldier s song chorus soldiers are we whose lives are pledged to ireland some have come from a land beyond the wave sworn to be free no more our ancient sire land shall shelter the despot or the slave tonight we man the gap of danger in erin s cause come woe or weal mid cannons roar and rifles peal we ll chant a soldier s song in valley green on towering crag our fathers fought before us and conquered neath the same old flag that s proudly floating o er us we re children of a fighting race that never yet has known disgrace and as we march the foe to face we ll chant a soldier s song chorus sons of the gael men of the pale the long watched day is breaking the serried ranks of inisfail shall set the tyrant quaking our camp fires now are burning low see in the east a silv ry glow out yonder waits the saxon foe so chant a soldier s song chorus footnote amhr n na bhfiann is pronounced ow rawn na veean meaning gap of danger and pronounced vair na vwail |
see article on battle of new ross for explanation of origin external links text of national anthem published on department of taoiseach website complete lyrics media files midi file seven six kb simple sequence mp three file one mb anthem played by the army band realmedia file three nine mb audio visual as used on rte television in the one nine eight zero s nine zero s national anthems republic of ireland irish songs asia minor lies east of the bosporus between the black sea and the mediterranean anatolia turkish anadolu greek a natol or anatol a is a region of southwest asia which corresponds today to the asian portion of turkey as opposed to the european portion rumelia it means rising of the sun or east the turkish word anadolu derives from the original greek version it also often called by the latin name of asia minor because of its strategic location at the intersection of asia and europe anatolia has been a cradle for several civilizations since prehistoric ages with neolithic settlements such as atalh |
y k pottery neolithic ay n pre pottery neolithic a to pottery neolithic nevali cori pre pottery neolithic b hacilar pottery neolithic g bekli tepe pre pottery neolithic a and mersin the settlement of troy starts in the neolithic and continues forward into the iron age major civilizations and peoples that have settled in or conquered anatolia include the colchians hattians luwians hittites phrygians cimmerians lydians persians celts tabals meshechs greeks pelasgians armenians romans goths kurds byzantines seljuk turks and ottomans these peoples belonged to many varied ethnic and linguistic traditions through recorded history anatolians have spoken both indo european and semitic languages as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation in fact given the antiquity of the indo european hittite and luwian languages some scholars have proposed anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the indo european languages have radiated other authors have proposed an anatolian origin for the etruscans of ancient ital |
y today the inhabitants of anatolia are mostly native speakers of the turkish language which was introduced with the conquest of anatolia by turkic peoples and the rise of the seljuk empire in the one one th century however anatolia remained multi ethnic until the early two zero th century see rise of nationalism under the ottoman empire the turks in thrace were forced to leave their homes and settle in anatolia during the balkan wars the last population exchange as result of the treaty of lausanne between turkey and greece eliminated the majority of turks in greece and greeks in turkey a significant kurdish ethnic and linguistic minority exists in the south eastern regions while armenians have a waning presence in the northeast and in cities states of anatolia anatolia has been the center of many great states throughout history the first known state was built by hittites ottoman rule of asia minor after one eight eight five after one eight eight five with the governing reforms of tanzimat the control of the |
ottoman land in asia minor divided into one five vilayets one sanjak and one mutersaflik of the vilayet of constantinople both being on the asiatic side of the bosporus every vilayet was further divided in a number of sanjaks more specifically the political division of asia minor in one nine one five was as follows vilayet of izmir divided in the sanjaks of manisa izmir aydin denizli mentese independent vilayet of the dardanelles vilayet of bursa divided in the sanjaks of balikesir bursa erdogrul kutahya afyon vilayet of konya divided in the sanjaks of burdur hamid abad atalya konya nigde vilayet of kastamonu divided in the sanjaks of bolu cankiri kastamonu sinop vilayet of ankara divided in the sanjaks of ankara kirsehir yozgat kayseri vilayet of adana divided in the sanjaks of icel mersin adana hozan jebel i bereket vilayet of sivas divided in the sanjaks of sivas tokat amasya karahisar sarki vilayet of trabzon divided in the sanjaks of samsun trabzon argiropolis lazistan vilayet of erzurum vilayet of bitli |
s divided in the sanjaks of mus ghen siirt vilayet of van divided in the sanjaks of van hakkari vilayet of mosul divided in the sanjaks of mosul sehrizan suleymanih vilayet of mamure ul azil divided in the sanjak of diyarbakir and the mutersaflik of zor vilayet of halep divided in the sanjaks of halep urfa maras also the independent mutersaflik of izmit and the sanjak of uskudar ethnic distribution in asia minor in the early two zero th century before the treaty of lausanne based on french census files of one nine one five the total population of asia minor not including eastern thrace the vilayets of the orient see also hayastan greater armenia cilicia lesser armenia western armenia ottoman armenia kurdistan lazistan pontus ajaria list of ethnic groups levant ancient near east middle east history of ottoman armenia anatolia middle east near east apple computer inc and is an american computer technology company its headquarters are located at one infinite loop cupertino california part of silicon valley apple |
was a major player in the personal computer revolution in the one nine seven zero s the apple ii microcomputer introduced in one nine seven seven was a hit with home users in one nine eight three apple introduced the first commercial personal computer to use a graphical user interface gui the lisa in one nine eight four apple introduced the revolutionary macintosh the macintosh commonly called the mac was the first successful commercial implementation of a gui which is now used in all major computers apple is known for its innovative well designed hardware and software such as the ipod and the imac as well as the well known itunes application part of the ilife suite and mac os x its current operating system history one nine seven six to one nine eight zero the founding of apple apple computer was founded in los gatos california on april one one nine seven six by steve jobs steve wozniak and ronald wayne to sell the apple i personal computer kit at six six six six six they were hand built in jobs parents gara |
ge and the apple i was first shown to the public at the homebrew computer club jobs and wozniak the two steves had been friends since one nine seven one jobs managed to interest wozniak in assembling a personal computer and selling it jobs approached a local computer store the byte shop who after jobs famous persuasion ordered fifty units and paid five zero zero for each unit jobs then ordered components from cramer electronics a national electronic parts distributor using a variety of methods including borrowing space from friends and family and selling various items including a volkswagen type two bus jobs managed to secure the parts needed while wozniak and another friend ronald wayne assembled the apple i they were delivered in june and paid for on delivery eventually two zero zero apple i computers were built note that the original apple i was actually a motherboard it was not a full computer as we know it today the apple ii was introduced on april one six one nine seven seven at the first west coast com |
puter faire it was popular with home users and was occasionally sold to business users particularly after the release of the first spreadsheet for any computer called visicalc see the timeline for dates of apple ii family model releases the one nine seven seven apple ii and its younger siblings the ii plus iie iic and iigs but it was a mild success for the small computer company by now jobs and his partners had a staff of computer designers and a production line the apple ii was succeeded by the apple iii in may one nine eight zero as the company struggled to compete against ibm and microsoft in the lucrative business and corporate computing market the designers of the apple iii were forced to comply with jobs request to omit the cooling fan and this ultimately resulted in thousands of recalled units due to overheating an updated version was introduced in one nine eight three but it was also a failure due to bad press and discouraged buyers nevertheless the principals of the company persevered with further in |
novations and marketing jobs and several other apple employees including jef raskin visited xerox parc in december one nine seven nine to see the alto computer xerox granted apple engineers three days of access to the parc facilities in return for selling them one million dollars in pre ipo apple stock approximately one eight million net one nine eight one to one nine eight nine lisa and macintosh the protagonist of apple s well known one nine eight four ad set in a dystopian future modeled after the orwellian novel nineteen eighty four in the early one nine eight zero s ibm and microsoft continued to gain market share at apple s expense in the personal computer industry using a fundamentally different business model ibm marketed an open hardware standard created with the ibm pc which was bundled with microsoft s ms dos microsoft disk operating system in one nine eight three apple introduced the first personal computer to be sold to the public with a graphical user interface gui named the lisa using a gui the |
user communicates with the computer by interacting with icons onscreen that resemble real world items folders documents images however the lisa was a commercial failure as a result of its high price tag nine nine nine five and limited software titles after the lisa apple began work on a similar but less expensive computer to be called the macintosh it was launched in one nine eight four with the now famous super bowl advertisement based on george orwell s novel one nine eight four it was an immediate success particularly in the world of graphic and communications design where its gui which was to become the industry standard and ability to handle large graphic files surpassed anything else on the market the macintosh also spawned the concept of mac evangelism among users which was pioneered by apple employee and later apple fellow guy kawasaki in anticipation of the macintosh launch bill gates co founder and chairman of microsoft was given several macintosh prototypes in one nine eight three to develop softw |
are for the mac in one nine eight five microsoft launched microsoft windows with its own gui for ibm pcs using many of the elements of the macintosh os an internal power struggle developed between jobs and new ceo john sculley in one nine eight five apple s board of directors sided with sculley and jobs was asked to resign from the company jobs then founded next inc a computer company that built machines with futuristic designs and ran the unix derived nextstep operating system although powerful next computers never caught on with buyers due in part to their high purchase price one nine nine zero to one nine nine three powerbook and decline having learned several painful lessons after introducing the bulky macintosh portable in one nine eight nine apple turned to industrial designers and adopted a product strategy based in three portable devices one portable was built by sony which had a strong reputation for designing small durable and functional electronics devices sony took the specs of the mac portable pu |
t in a smaller two hour battery a much smaller physically twenty megabyte hard drive and a smaller nine inch passive matrix screen called the powerbook one zero zero this landmark product was introduced in one nine nine one and established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop computer this solidified apple s reputation as a quality manufacturer both of desktop and now portable machines the success of the powerbook and several other apple products during this period led to increasing revenue the magazine macaddict named the period between one nine eight nine to one nine nine one the first golden age of the macintosh this golden age was not to last the introduction of microsoft windows presented an interface that many people thought was close enough to the macintosh in terms of ease of use and overall look and feel apple thought that windows was too close and sued microsoft for theft of intellectual property at about the same time apple branched out into consumer electronics one example of this pr |
oduct diversification was the apple quicktake digital camera which never caught on a more famous example was the newton an early pda that was introduced in one nine nine three though it failed commercially it defined and launched the new category of computing and was a forerunner and inspiration of devices such as blackberry palm pilot and its descendants pocketpcs during the one nine nine zero s apple greatly expanded its computer lineup as well it offered a multitude of different models yet it failed to adequately explain to the public why it should choose one model over another the costs involved in making such a wide variety of products coupled with some highly publicized product recalls and the growing popularity of microsoft windows all lead to the near bankruptcy of apple in the mid to late one nine nine zero s one nine nine four to one nine nine seven attempts at reinvention by the mid one nine nine zero s apple realized that it had to reinvent the macintosh in order to stay competitive in the compute |
r world the needs of both computer users and computer programs were becoming for a variety of technical reasons harder for the existing hardware and operating system to address in one nine nine four apple surprised its loyalists by allying with its long time competitor ibm and motorola in the so called aim alliance this was a bid to create a new computing platform the powerpc reference platform or prep which would use ibm and motorola hardware coupled with apple s software the aim alliance hoped that prep s performance and apple s software would leave the pc far behind thus countering microsoft which had become apple s chief competitor towards this end apple tried to recruit other companies that would build prep compliant computers apple hoped to expand the mac os market share by licensing the operating system to these other companies like microsoft had promoted dos and windows by licensing them to external manufacturers only a few companies notably power computing and umax agreed to produce these computers b |
ut eventually the licensing program was suspended as the first step toward launching the prep platform apple started the power macintosh line in one nine nine four using ibm s powerpc processor this processor utilized a risc architecture which differed substantially from the motorola six eight k series that had been used by all previous macs apple s os s were rewritten so that most software for the older macs could run on the powerpc series in emulation also throughout the mid to late one nine nine zero s apple tried to improve its operating system s multitasking and memory management after first attempting to modify its existing code apple realized that it would be better to start with an entirely new operating system and then modify it to fit the macintosh interface apple did some preliminary work with ibm towards this goal with the taligent project but that project never produced a replacement operating system they then investigated using be s beos next s nextstep os and also microsoft s windows nt os next |
step was chosen and this supplied the platform for the modern os x on february four one nine nine seven apple completed its purchase of next and its nextstep operating system thus bringing steve jobs back into apple on july nine one nine nine seven gil amelio was ousted as ceo of apple by the board of directors after overseeing a one two year record low stock price and crippling financial losses despite an outstanding decade of innovation jobs stepped in as the interim ceo and began a critical restructuring of the company s product line one nine nine eight to two zero zero five new beginnings steve jobs introducing the original imac computer in one nine nine eight in one nine nine eight a year after jobs had returned to the company apple introduced a new all in one macintosh echoing the original macintosh one two eight k the imac a new design that eliminated most apple standard connections like scsi and adb in favor of two usb ports while technically not impressive it was aimed at a general market it featured |
an innovative new design its translucent plastic case originally bondi blue and white and later many other colors is considered an industrial design hallmark of the late nine zero s the imac design team was led by jonathan ive who later also designed the ipod the imac proved to be phenomenally successful with eight zero zero zero zero zero units sold in one nine nine eight making the company a profit that year of three zero nine million apple s first profitable year since michael spindler took the position of ceo of the company in one nine nine three the power macintosh was redesigned along similar lines and continues to evolve to this day at the national association of broadcasters apple purchased the final cut software from macromedia beginning their entry into the digital video editing market imovie was released in one nine nine nine for consumers and final cut pro was released for professionals in the same year final cut pro has gone on to be a significant video editing program similarly in two zero zero |
zero apple bought astarte s dvdirector software which morphed into idvd for consumers and dvd studio pro for professionals at the macworld conference and expo of two zero zero one in two zero zero one apple introduced mac os x the operating system based on next s nextstep and bsd unix aimed at consumers and professionals alike apple claims that os x marries stability reliability and security of the unix operating system with the ease of a completely overhauled user interface to aid users in moving their applications from os nine the new operating system allowed the use of mac os nine applications through os x s classic environment apple s carbon api also allowed developers to adapt their os nine software to use mac os x s features with a claimed simple re compile company headquarters on infinite loop in cupertino california in may two zero zero one after much speculation apple announced the opening of the apple retail stores to be located in major u s consumer locations these stores were designed for two pur |
poses to stem the tide of apple s declining share of the computer market and to counter a poor record of marketing apple products by third party retail outlets in late two zero zero one apple introduced its first ipod portable digital audio player a move that has proven to be phenomenally successful with over four two million units sold even though it was not originally perceived to be a successful product combined with a scheme to offer downloadable songs at us nine nine cents per song through apple s itunes music store there had been over one zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero zero downloads for ipod players by february two zero zero six in two zero zero two apple purchased nothing real and their advanced digital compositing application shake raising apple s professional commitment even higher in the same year they also acquired emagic and with it obtained their professional quality music productivity application logic which led to the development of their consumer level garageband application with iph |
oto s release in two zero zero two as well this completed apple s collection of consumer and professional level creativity software with the consumer level applications being collected together into the ilife suite on march one zero two zero zero five apple computer announced its support for sony s blu ray technology and joined the blu ray disc association or bda in a keynote address on june six two zero zero five steve jobs officially announced that apple would begin producing intel based macintosh computers beginning in two zero zero six jobs confirmed rumors that the company had secretly been producing versions of its current operating system mac os x for both powerpc and intel processors for the previous five years and that the transition to intel processor systems would last until the end of two zero zero seven jobs surprised the industry at macworld two zero zero six however by announcing the first intel based apple computers would begin selling january two zero zero six and that the transition would be |
complete by the end of that same year mac os x is based on openstep an operating system originally available for many platforms apple s own darwin the open source underpinnings of os x is also compiled for intel s x eight six architecture with the introduction of the power mac g five in june two zero zero three apple abandoned flashy colors in favor of white polycarbonate for consumer lines such as the imac and ibook as well as the educational emac and anodized aluminum or titanium for professional products like the power mac g five powerbook g four and macbook pro as well as the low cost mac mini the new macbook pro is apple s first consumer laptop with an intel microprocessor two zero zero six to present start of the intel era on january one zero two zero zero six apple released its first intel chip computers a new notebook computer known as the macbook pro a one five four inch laptop which replaced the powerbook g four line and offers a four x speed improvement and a new though identical imac with a two t |
hree times faster performance increase both used intel s core duo chip technology the current operating system os x tiger one zero four five runs natively on the new intel machines as do many applications such as ilife zero six other applications such as microsoft office and adobe photoshop compiled for the powerpc run in emulation mode using a technology known as rosetta see apple intel transition for more information regarding the transition the intel based machines do not support classic as it has not been translated to x eight six binaries so applications that run only in mac os nine and earlier will not run on these machines all macintosh product lines are expected to transition to intel processors by the end of two zero zero six the apple online store sold out of one seven inch imac g five computers in february two zero zero six and apple ended the life of its one five inch powerbook g four on wednesday the two two nd of february two zero zero six the apple intel partnership has coined a new catch phras |
e among computer users mactel in response to the phrase wintel an informal moniker that describes all intel powered systems running the microsoft windows operating system this moniker has never been used seriously by apple s pr or exceutives mainly in use only in apple fanatic circles current products the ipod shown here is one of apple s most successful products the latest ipod with a six zero gigabyte sized hard drive is capable of playing video hardware power mac g five macbook pro powerbook g four imac intel imac g five mac mini intel ibook g four xserve ipod five g ipod nano various ipod acessories software mac os x ilife iphoto imovie idvd iweb garageband iwork pages keynote final cut pro final cut express aperture logic pro logic express shake motion etc hardware apple introduced the apple macintosh family in one nine eight four and today makes consumer professional and educational computers the mac mini is the company s consumer sub desktop computer introduced in january two zero zero five and designe |
d to motivate windows users to switch to the macintosh platform the imac is a consumer desktop computer that was first introduced by apple in one nine nine eight and its popularity helped save the company from bankruptcy now in its third design iteration the imac is similar in concept to the original macintosh in that the monitor and computer are housed in a single unit the power mac g five apple s desktop computer for the professional and creative market is a member of the power macintosh series first introduced in one nine nine four the emac is apple s cheaper alternative to the imac for the education market apple s server range includes the xserve a single processor dual processor and cluster node server range and the xserve raid for server storage options apple introduced the ibook consumer portable computer as a companion to the imac it is apple s lowest cost portable computer the macbook pro is the professional portable computer alternative to the ibook intended for the professional and creative market |
and replaced the powerbook range powerbooks are still being manufactured and sold but is expected that apple will phase out both the powerbook and ibook lines upon arrival of the heavily rumoured macbook the low end version of the macbook pro and intel based version of the ibook the powerbook range was first introduced in one nine nine one and helped apple s profits increase during the one nine nine zero s in two zero zero one apple introduced the ipod digital music player and currently sells the ipod with video available in three zero and six zero gb models the ipod nano available in one gb two gb and four gb models and the ipod shuffle available in five one two mb and one gb models the mac mini is apple s lowest cost desktop computer apple sells a variety of computer accessories for macintosh computers including the isight video conferencing camera the airport wirelss networking products apple cinema hd display and apple displays computer displays mighty mouse and apple wireless mouse computer mice the appl |
e wireless keyboard computer keyboard and the apple usb modem software apple independently develops computer software titles for its mac os x operating system much of the software apple develops is bundled with its computers an example of this is the consumer oriented ilife software package which bundles idvd imovie hd iphoto itunes garageband and iweb both itunes and a feature limited version of the quicktime media player are available as free downloads for both mac os x and windows for presentation and page layout iwork is available apple also offers a range of professional software titles their range of server software includes the mac os x server operating system apple remote desktop a remote desktop control application webobjects java web application server and xsan a storage area network file system for the professional creatives market there is aperture for professional raw format photo processing final cut studio a video software package as well as final cut express hd a cut down version for sd and hd |
video editors logic pro a comprehensive music toolkit and logic express its prosumer cousin and shake an advanced effects composition program apple also offers online services with mac which bundles mac homepage mac mail mac groups social network service mac idisk mac backup mac sync and learning center online tutorials see also list of macintosh models grouped by cpu list of macintosh software list of products discontinued by apple computer corporate affairs logo the original apple logo featuring isaac newton under the fabled apple tree the rainbow apple logo used from late one nine seven six to early one nine nine eight the current apple logo on products a simple gray version of the apple is used without embellishing it as has been done to computerized images the original apple logo was designed by steve jobs and ron wayne and depicts isaac newton sitting under an apple tree however this design was soon to be replaced by the now famous rainbow apple with a bite taken out of it it was one of a set of design |
s rob janoff presented jobs in one nine seven six in the book zeroes and ones author sadie plant speculates that the rainbow apple logo was a homage to alan turing the homosexual father of modern computer science who committed suicide by eating a cyanide laced apple in imitation of the movie snow white and the seven dwarfs this seems to be an urban legend as the apple logo was designed two years before gilbert baker s rainbow pride flag and did not follow the same color pattern in one nine nine eight the logo became single colored though no specific color is prescribed for example it is grey on the power mac g five and apple imac blue by default in mac os x chrome on the about this mac panel and the boot screen in os x one zero three and one zero four red on many software packages and white on the ibook powerbook g four and macbook pro the logo s shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world and is featured quite prominently on all apple products and retail stores criticism apple was criticiz |
ed for its vertically integrated business model which runs against the received wisdom of some economists particularly those who study the computer industry however the company is profitable others criticize the company by suggesting it has been personality driven especially during the two eras of steve jobs tenure some even regard the company as a cult or at least having cult like features jobs charisma infamously referred to as his reality distortion field has drawn criticism from a technical standpoint apple was also criticized for having a closed and proprietary architecture with the original macintosh and refusing to adopt open standards for many years a not invented here nih culture seemed to prevail the itunes music store continues this trend utilizing a proprietary digital rights management system called fairplay that requires burning and re ripping a cd to place purchased songs on any digital audio player besides the ipod that trend was largely reversed with mac os x and the company now has an offici |
al policy of adopting relevant open industry standards mac os x is based on a free software open source software kernel and core operating system called darwin apple also uses an open source framework called webkit in its safari web browser apple has used industry standard hardware technologies for many years many apple technologies have also become industry standards where no former standard existed for example bonjour zero configuration networking and firewire some non apple technologies only gained wide industry acceptance after apple adopted them including three five inch floppy disks scsi the universal serial bus usb wi fi and of course graphical user interfaces guis apple has recently adopted an intel based architecture apple s industry standard software implementations include icalendar as well as a host of other networking protocols open source software advocates are often critical of apple s attempt to appeal to their particular movements such advocates claim that such a marketing scheme is not taken |
seriously enough by apple because mac os x has many proprietary technologies in essential areas other open source advocates make a counter argument that apple has done much more for open source software than many other major commercial software developers by releasing large portions of source code to the public through the apple public source license apsl some third party developers are also critical of the competing factions within apple itself noting an apparent rivalry between the developers of cocoa which came from next and those of carbon which came from apple this rivalry is seen as counterproductive and unnecessary by many developers apple s retail initiative has had a mixed reception despite its success promoting the apple brand retailers have suggested that apple owned retail stores receive preference when receiving apple hardware obtaining limited stock product earlier and at lower prices this accusation is denied by apple apple ceos one nine seven seven present one nine seven seven one nine eight |
one michael scotty scott one nine eight one one nine eight three mike markkula one nine eight three one nine nine three john sculley one nine nine three one nine nine six michael spindler one nine nine six one nine nine seven gil amelio one nine nine seven present steve jobs current apple board of directors fred d anderson managing director of elevation partners bill campbell chairman of intuit inc millard drexler chairman and ceo of j crew al gore former vice president of the united states steve jobs ceo of apple and pixar arthur d levinson chairman and ceo of genentech jerry york chairman president and ceo of harwinton capital current apple executives steve jobs ceo timothy d cook chief operating officer jon rubinstein senior vice president of ipod division philip w schiller senior vice president of worldwide product marketing bertrand serlet senior vice president of software engineering nancy r heinen senior vice president and general counsel ron johnson senior vice president of retail sina tamaddon senior |
vice president of applications peter oppenheimer senior vice president and cfo avie tevanian chief software technology officer user culture see also cult of mac some apple customers are devoted to their brand some refuse to buy from competitors and stridently uphold their belief in the perceived superiority of apple products according to surveys by j d power apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer while this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it at one time apple evangelists were actively engaged by the company but this was after the phenomenon was already firmly established as guy kawasaki has said the brand fanaticism was something that was stumbled upon macintosh users meet at the apple expo and macworld expo trade shows where apple introduces new products each year to the industry and public many users show their loyalty and devotion by wearing apple t shirts another example of apple s user cu |
lture is the apple store openings where many wait and sleep outside of stores for days prior to their openings john sculley former apple ceo told the guardian newspaper in one nine nine seven people talk about technology but apple was a marketing company it was the marketing company of the decade notable litigation apple s earliest court action dates to one nine seven eight when apple corps the beatles founded record label filed suit against apple computer for trademark infringement the suit settled in one nine eight one with an amount of eight zero zero zero zero being paid to apple corps as a condition of the settlement apple computer agreed to stay out of the music business the case arose in one nine eight nine again when apple corps sued claiming violation of the one nine eight one settlement agreement in one nine nine one another settlement of around two six five million was reached in september two zero zero three apple computer was sued by apple corps again this time for introducing itunes and the ipod |
which apple corps believed was a violation of the previous agreement by apple not to distribute music the date for this trial has been set for march two seven two zero zero six in the uk at the present time the beatles songs are not available for download from any legal music download sites including the itunes music store in one nine eight two apple filed a lawsuit against franklin computer corp alleging that franklin s ace one zero zero personal computer used illegal copies of apple s operating system and rom apple v franklin established the fundamental basis of copyright of computer software as a result apple began embedding an encrypted image in rom this icon displays stolen from apple computer in one nine eight eight apple sued microsoft and hewlett packard on the grounds that they infringed apple s copyright on a gui the apple computer inc v microsoft corp trial lasted for four years the ruling was decided against apple and the concept of a gui was no longer the domain of apple alone in july one nine n |
ine eight abdul traya registered the domain name appleimac com two months after apple announced the imac in an attempt to draw attention to a web hosting business after a legal dispute that lasted until april one nine nine nine traya and apple settled out of court with apple paying legal fees and giving traya a token payment in exchange for the domain name in one nine nine four apple was sued by the astronomer and science popularizer carl sagan for using his name as the internal code name for the power macintosh seven one zero zero sagan lost the suit twice see the carl sagan article for details in november two zero zero zero benjamin cohen of cyberbritain registered the domain name itunes co uk for an mp three search engine apple was granted a uk restricted non music trademark for itunes on march two three two zero zero one and launched its popular itunes music store service in the uk in two zero zero four in two zero zero five apple took the matter to the dispute resolution service operated by uk domain nam |
e registry nominet uk stating that they had rights in the name itunes an expert decided in apple s favor in the dispute cohen launched a media offensive stating that the drs was biased towards large businesses and made frequent threats of lawsuits against nominet in november two zero zero four two popular weblog sites that feature apple rumors publicly revealed information about an unreleased apple product code named asteroid also known as project q nine seven the sites appleinsider and powerpage were subpoenaed for information about their sources in the apple v does case in february two zero zero five it was decided by a court official in california that the bloggers do not have the same shield law protection as do journalists in a related case the websites went on to fight the journalistic status decision in a separate matter apple filed a lawsuit against website think secret in january two zero zero five claiming that the site s reports about forthcoming apple products violated trade secret law in may two |
zero zero five apple entered into a class action settlement upheld on december two zero two zero zero five following an appeal regarding the battery life of ipod music players sold prior to may two zero zero four eligible members of the class are entitled to extended warranties store credit cash compensation or battery replacement see also apple computer financial history apple developer connection developer relations program apple intel transition apple typography apple s type related endeavors technological and artistic inside macintosh list of apple computer slogans macintosh clones discussion of apple s licensing of the macintosh platform mac rumors community in recent years a subculture has developed around rumored products pirates of silicon valley a movie based on the rise of apple and microsoft references further reading gil amelio william l simon one nine nine nine in the firing line my five zero zero days at apple isbn zero eight eight seven three zero nine one nine four jim carlton apple the inside |
story of intrigue egomania and business blunders isbn zero eight eight seven three zero nine six five eight owen linzmayer two zero zero four apple confidential two zero no starch press isbn one five nine three two seven zero one zero zero michael malone one nine nine nine infinite loop isbn zero three eight five four eight six eight four seven steven levy insanely great the life and times of macintosh the computer that changed everything isbn zero one four zero two nine one seven seven six andy hertzfeld two zero zero four revolution in the valley o reilly books isbn zero five nine six zero zero seven one nine one folklore org macintosh stories retrieved november two five two zero zero five external links apple computer official website apple matters apple news and opinion site macnn apple news site macfixit mac troubleshooting site slashdot apple macuser s apple news site macworld s apple news site macintouch apple and mac news site macdailynews apple and mac news site insanely great mac apple news site th |
e apple museum apple history com mac os x hints tips and troubleshooting applepedia com an apple centric wiki the branding of apple apple computer inc profile at buyblue org mac guides macrumors com guide pages wiki spymac the world s largest mac community one nine seven six establishments apple computer brands companies based in california electronics companies home computer hardware companies human computer interaction notables for other uses see aberdeenshire disambiguation aberdeenshire siorrachd obar dheathain in gaelic is one of the three two unitary council areas in scotland present day aberdeenshire does not include the city of aberdeen which is a unitary authority in its own right however aberdeenshire council has its headquarters at woodhill house westburn road in aberdeen the only scottish council whose headquarters are based outside of the council area it also borders angus perth and kinross highland and moray history the present council area is named after the historic county of aberdeenshire whi |
ch had different boundaries and was abolished in one nine seven five between one nine seven five and one nine nine six the area became part of the region of grampian when the scottish regions were abolished a new unitary council area of aberdeenshire was created which revived the name of the former county but with different boundaries aberdeenshire council aberdeenshire council was established in april one nine nine six replacing three district councils banff and buchan gordon and kincardine and deeside and part of the area of grampian regional council there are six eight councillors in two zero zero four they were two eight liberal democrat one five snp one four independent and one one conservative the council s net expenditure is three nine nine one m a year two zero zero three zero four education takes the largest share of expenditure five five followed by social work and housing one nine transportation and infrastructure one one and joint services such as fire and police one zero two two of revenue is rai |
sed locally through the council tax average band d council tax is the eighth lowest in mainland scotland at nine six six two zero zero three zero four the council area has a population of two two six eight seven one representing four five of scotland s total and a two zero increase since one nine eight one five zero since one nine seven one major towns are peterhead one seven nine four seven fraserburgh one two four five four inverurie one zero eight eight two stonehaven nine five seven seven westhill nine four nine eight and ellon eight seven five four the population has a higher proportion of younger age groups than the rest of scotland reflecting employment driven in migration in recent decades the council has devolved power to six area committees banff banff buchan population three nine one six zero two zero zero one census peterhead is the largest town in aberdeenshire the principal white fish landing port in europe and a major oil industry service centre equally important is the nearby gas terminal at s |
t fergus attempts are being made to counter the negative effects of several recent key company closures and economic threats inland the area is dependent upon agriculture and many villages have seen a decline in population and services issues affecting banff and buchan also apply here as does the future of the oil and gas industry part of buchan benefits from eu aid coverage opportunities exist through the buchan local action plan to safeguard and enhance the economic future of peterhead and buchan formartine population three six four seven eight two zero zero one census formartine has experienced rapid population growth particularly around ellon and oldmeldrum and in the south east where development has spread outwith the city of aberdeen by contrast the area around turriff retains strong dependency on the traditional agricultural economy the area s coastline and rural environment offer recreation potential garioch population four two nine four seven two zero zero one census centred on inverurie a traditiona |
l rural market town garioch has also experienced rapid growth due to its proximity to the city of aberdeen significant growth in population services and employment is anticipated in the a nine six corridor and in westhill the area is largely agricultural but is strongly affected by the city s economy and the oil and gas sector garioch holds growing potential for tourism in its environment and archaeological heritage marr population three four zero three eight two zero zero one census to the west the mountain environment of the cairngorms national park sustains a well developed tourist industry based on heritage and outdoor pursuits forestry and livestock farming are key industries particularly in remoter areas part of the area has qualified for eu financial assistance to the east marr has experienced population growth due to its strong commuter links with the city of aberdeen kincardine and mearns population three eight five zero six two zero zero one census transport links with aberdeen have encouraged very |
rapid population growth especially to the north of the area existing settlements such as portlethen and stonehaven have greatly expanded along with industrial activity the southern part is more self contained with the fertile mearns area sustaining a strong agricultural economy small scale tourism activity exists along its attractive coastline and former fishing villages unitary authorities of scotland aberdeenshire aztlan underground is a fusion band from los angeles since the early one nine nine zero s aztlan underground has played rapcore indigenous drums flutes and rattles are commonplace in its musical compositions this unique sound is the backdrop for the band s message of dignity for indigenous people all of humanity and earth aztlan underground has been cultivating a grass roots audience across the country which has become a large and loyal underground following their music includes spoken word pieces and elements of punk hip hop rock funk jazz and indigenous music among others the artists are chenek |
dj bean turntables samples and percussion yaotl vocals indigenous percussion joe peps bass rattles zo rock guitars ace drums indigenous percussion and bulldog vocals flute aztlan underground appeared on television on culture clash on fox in one nine nine three was part of breaking out a concert on pay per view in one nine nine eight and was featured in the independent films algun dia and frontierlandia the band has been mentioned or featured in various newspapers and magazines the vancouver sun northshore news vancouver canada newspaper new times los angeles weekly entertainment newspaper blu magazine underground hip hop magazine bam magazine southern california la banda elastica magazine and the los angeles times calendar section it is also the subject of a chapter in it s not about a salary by brian cross it was nominated in the new times one nine nine eight best latin influenced category the bam magazine one nine nine nine best rock en espa ol category and the la weekly one nine nine nine best hip hop cate |
gory mailing address aztlan underground p o box nine two one seven seven six san fernando ca nine one three nine two american musical groups german troops march into austria on one two march one nine three eight the anschluss german connection or political union also known as the anschluss sterreichs was the one nine three eight inclusion of austria into greater germany by the nazi regime the events of march one two one nine three eight were the first major steps in adolf hitler s long desired expansion of germany the anschluss followed the return to germany of the saar region which had been under the control of the league of nations for one five years by the terms of the treaty of versailles it was followed by the inclusion of the sudetenland later in one nine three eight the invasion of the remainder of czechoslovakia in one nine three nine and the invasion of poland the anschluss was preceded by a period of growing political pressure on austria exerted by germany demanding recognition of the outlawed austr |
ian national socialist party and later their share of government in one nine three eight austrian chancellor kurt schuschnigg in a last bid to retain austrian independence announced a referendum to determine independence or union with germany germany then pressured schuschnigg into handing over power to the nazi party this well planned internal overthrow by the austrian nazi party of austria s state institutions in vienna on march one one meant that when wehrmacht troops entered into austria to enforce the anschluss no fighting ever took place the international response to the anschluss was mild the world war i allies only lodged diplomatic protests and no concrete action was taken to reverse the anschluss even though the allies were on paper committed to upholding the terms of the treaty of versailles which specifically prohibited the union of austria and germany austria ceased to exist as an independent nation until a preliminary austrian government was finally reinstated on april two seven one nine four fi |
ve and was legally recognized by the allies in the following months situation before the anschluss the dissolution of austria hungary main articles german empire and austrofascism the idea of grouping all german people into one state had been the subject of inconclusive debate since the end of the holy roman empire in one eight zero six prior to one eight six six it was generally thought that the unification of the german peoples could only succeed under austrian leadership grossdeutschland but the loss of the austro prussian war by austria allowed otto von bismarck to establish the prussian dominated german empire in one eight seven one without the german speaking parts of austria hungary kleindeutschland when the latter broke up in one nine one eight many german speaking austrians hoped to join with germany in the realignment of europe but the treaty of versailles and the treaty of saint germain of one nine one nine explicitly vetoed the inclusion of austria within a german state because france and britain |
feared the power of a larger germany in the early one nine three zero s popular support for union with germany remained overwhelming and the austrian government looked to a possible customs union with germany in one nine three one however hitler s and the nazis rise to power in germany left the austrian government with little enthusiasm for such formal ties hitler born in austria had promoted an all german reich from the early beginnings of his leadership in the nsdap and had publicly stated as early as one nine two four in mein kampf that he would attempt a union by force if necessary austria shared the economic turbulence of post one nine two nine europe with a high unemployment rate and unstable commerce and industry similar to its northern and southern neighbours these uncertain conditions made the young democracy very vulnerable the first republic dominated from the late one nine two zero s by the catholic nationalist christian social party cs gradually disintegrated from one nine three three dissolution |
of parliament and ban of the austrian national socialists to one nine three four austrian civil war in february and ban of all remaining parties except the cs and evolved into a pseudo fascist corporatist model of one party government which combined the cs and the paramilitary heimwehr with absolute state domination of labour relations and no freedom of the press see austrofascism and patriotic front power was centralized in the office of the chancellor who was empowered to rule by decree the predominance of the christian social party whose economic policies were based on the papal encyclical rerum novarum was an austrian phenomenon in that austria s national identity had strong catholic elements which were incorporated into the movement by way of clerical authoritarian tendencies which are certainly not to be found in nazism both engelbert dollfuss and his successor kurt schuschnigg turned to austria s other fascist neighbour italy for inspiration and support indeed the statist corporatism often referred to |
as austrofascism bore more resemblance to italian fascism than german national socialism benito mussolini was able to support the independent aspirations of the austrian dictatorship until his need for german support in ethiopia forced him into a client relationship with berlin that began with the one nine three seven berlin rome axis when chancellor dollfuss was assassinated by the illegal austrian nazi party on two five july one nine three four in a failed coup the second civil war within only one year followed lasting until august one nine three four after the failed nazi coup many leading austrian nazis fled to germany and continued to coordinate their steps from there while the remaining austrian nazis started to make use of terrorist attacks against the austrian governmental institutions causing a death toll of more than eight zero zero between one nine three four and one nine three eight dollfuss successor schuschnigg who followed the political course of dollfuss took drastic actions against the nazis |
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