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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 널리 νΌμ§€κ±°λ‚˜ 집단 이주민을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° λ›°μ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜ν†  정볡에 κ΄€ν•œ 곡룑의 κΈ°λ‘κΉŒμ§€λ„ κΉ¨κ°€λ©΄μ„œ 지ꡬ 전체에 퍼져 λ‚˜κ°”κ³  κ·ΈλŸ¬λ©΄μ„œ λ§Œλ‚œ λͺ¨λ“  μƒνƒœκ³„λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 문화와 κΈˆμ†κ°€κ³΅, 미술 μΆ€κ³Ό μŒμ•… κ³Όν•™ 그리고 ν›—λ‚  12λͺ…μ˜ 특히 λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ μœ μΈμ›λ“€μ„ λ‹¬μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μœΌλ‘œ 보낼 λ‘œμΌ“μ„ λ„ 발λͺ…ν•˜μ˜€μ£ .
But they excelled at covering ground, and in a remarkable diaspora surpassing even the dinosaurs' record of territorial conquest, they dispersed across the planet, ravishing every ecosystem they encountered, along the way, inventing culture and metalworking and painting and dance and music and science and rocket ships that would eventually take 12 particularly excellent apes to the surface of the Moon.
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지ꡬ상에 70μ–΅μ˜ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 호λͺ¨μ‚¬ν”Όμ—”μŠ€λ“€μ΄ μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ κ·Έ 쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ λ©‹μ§„ κ±°λŒ€κ³΅λ£‘μ˜ 무덀에 λ°œκΈΈμ„ λ‚΄λ”›κ²Œ 된 것이 필연일지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ κ·Έ μœ μΈμ›μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
With seven billion peripatetic Homo sapiens on the planet, it was perhaps inevitable that one of them would eventually trod on the grave of the magnificent titan I was that ape.
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κ·Έ 사막에 혼자 μ„œμžˆλŠ” μ œκ°€ 화석을 λ°œκ²¬ν•  개인의 ν™•λ₯ μ€ 맀우 μž‘λ‹€λŠ” 것을 이해λ₯Ό λͺ»ν•œ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And standing there, alone in the desert, it was not lost on me that the chance of any one individual entering the fossil record is vanishingly small.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κ΅¬λŠ” 맀우 맀우 μ˜€λž˜λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But the Earth is very, very old.
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그리고 κΈ΄ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μ μ—ˆλ˜ 것이 κ°€λŠ₯해지기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And over vast tracts of time, the improbable becomes the probable.
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μ§€μ§ˆν•™μ  기둝의 λ§ˆλ²•μ΄μ£ .
That's the magic of the geological record.
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였래된 ν–‰μ„±μ—μ„œ μ‚΄κ³  μ£½μ—ˆλ˜ 무수히 λ§Žμ€ 생물듀은 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜ 화석을 λ‚¨κ²ΌλŠ”λ° 각각은 μž‘μ€ κΈ°μ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 필연적인 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
Thus, multitudinous creatures living and dying on an old planet leave behind immense numbers of fossils, each one a small miracle, but collectively, inevitable.
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6천6λ°±λ§Œλ…„ 전에 μ†Œν–‰μ„±μ΄ 지ꡬ와 μΆ©λŒν•΄μ„œ 곡룑듀을 μ „λ©Έμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Sixty-six million years ago, an asteroid hits the Earth and wipes out the dinosaurs.
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μ΄λŠ” μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This easily might not have been.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°€μ§„ 역사 ν•˜λ‚˜ λ°–μ—λŠ” μ†Œμœ ν•  수 μ—†μ£ .
But we only get one history, and it's the one that we have.
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이 νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€μ€ κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν”Όν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
But this particular reality was not inevitable.
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지ꡬ 멀리 있던 μ†Œν–‰μ„±μ΄ μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ λ™μš”λ§Œ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄λ„ 큰 차이둜 지ꡬλ₯Ό λΉ—κ²¨λ‚˜κ°ˆ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The tiniest perturbation of that asteroid far from Earth would have caused it to miss our planet by a wide margin.
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곡룑듀이 λ©Έμ’…ν•œ 이 μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ μž¬μ•™μ˜ λ‚  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” ν˜„λŒ€ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λ¬΄λŒ€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  이 날이 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ κ·Έλž˜μ•Ό ν–ˆλ˜ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The pivotal, calamitous day during which the dinosaurs were wiped out, setting the stage for the modern world as we know it didn't have to be.
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κ·Έμ € λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚ λ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ . μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ λͺ©μš”μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ΅¬μš”. 곡룑듀이 이미 λˆ„λ¦° 630얡일듀 쀑 ν•˜λ£¨μ˜€μ„ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
It could've just been another day -- a Thursday, perhaps -- among the 63 billion days already enjoyed by the dinosaurs.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€μ§ˆν•™μ  μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μ μ—ˆλ˜, 거의 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλ˜ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But over geological time, improbable, nearly impossible events do occur.
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우리의 기생좩이 있던 μΊ„λΈŒλ¦¬μ•„κΈ° μ‘°μƒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 양볡을 μž…μ€ 영μž₯λ₯˜κΉŒμ§€ κΈΈ μœ„μ˜ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 이듀이 우리λ₯Ό 이 νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€λ‘œ μΈλ„ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Along the path from our wormy, Cambrian ancestors to primates dressed in suits, innumerable forks in the road led us to this very particular reality.
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λ“œλ ˆλ“œλ…Ένˆ¬μŠ€μ˜ λΌˆλŠ” 7천7λ°±λ§Œλ…„ μ „ 땅에 λ¬»ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The bones of Dreadnoughtus lay underground for 77 million years.
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κ·Έ λˆ„κ°€ 상상할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”. μ₯μ™€ 같은 포유λ₯˜μ˜ 일쒅이 곡룑 μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 일뢀뢄에 μ‚΄λ‹€κ°€ 지각λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” 쑴재둜 μ§„ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ 그듀이 λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜λ˜ λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ κ³΅λ£‘λ“€μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ μ •μ˜ν•˜κ³  이해할 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‘΄μž¬κ°€ λ˜λ¦¬λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
Who could have imagined that a single species of shrew-like mammal living in the cracks of the dinosaur world would evolve into sentient beings capable of characterizing and understanding the very dinosaurs they must have dreaded?
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μ €λŠ” 미주리 κ°•μ˜ 상λ₯˜μ— μ„œλ³Έ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 두 닀리λ₯Ό 벌리고 μ„œμžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
I once stood at the head of the Missouri River and bestraddled it.
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강은 μ½Έμ½Έ κ±°λ¦¬λŠ” 물이 λΉ„ν„°λ£¨νŠΈ μ‚° 높은 μ΄ˆμ›μ˜ λ°”μœ„ 암석 λ°‘μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 것에 λΆˆκ³Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
There, it's nothing more than a gurgle of water that issues forth from beneath a rock in a boulder in a pasture, high in the Bitterroot Mountains.
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κ·Έ μ˜†μ— μžˆλŠ” μ‹œλƒ‡λ¬Όμ€ μˆ˜λ°±μ•Όλ“œλ₯Ό ν˜λŸ¬μ„œ μž‘μ€ μ—°λͺ»μ—μ„œ λλ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The stream next to it runs a few hundred yards and ends in a small pond.
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이 두 μ‹œλƒ‡λ¬Όμ€ 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”λ°
Those two streams -- they look identical.
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 무λͺ…μ˜ 물쀄기이고 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 미주리 강이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But one is an anonymous trickle of water, and the other is the Missouri River.
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μ„ΈμΈνŠΈλ£¨μ΄μŠ€ 근처 미주리 κ°• 어귀에 λ‚΄λ €κ°€ 보면 강이 맀우 큰 μ‘΄μž¬λΌλŠ” 것이 λΆ„λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Now go down to the mouth of the Missouri, near St. Louis, and it's pretty obvious that that river is a big deal.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΉ„ν„°λ£¨νŠΈ 산에 μ˜¬λΌκ°€ 미주리 강을 쳐닀보면 μΈκ°„μ˜ νƒκ΄‘μœΌλ‘œλŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 점을 λŠλ‚„ 수 μ—†μ£ .
But go up into the Bitterroots and look at the Missouri, and human prospection does not allow us to see it as anything special.
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이제 λ°±μ•…κΈ°λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ„œ 우리의 μž‘μ€ ν„Έλ³΅μˆ­μ΄ 쑰상듀을 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
Now go back to the Cretaceous Period and look at our tiny, fuzzball ancestors.
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그듀이 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬κ°€ 되리라고 μ˜ˆμƒν•  수 μ—†μœΌμ‹€ 것이고 κ·Έ μ„±κ°€μ‹  μ†Œν–‰μ„±μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬κ°€ λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
You would never guess that they would amount to anything special, and they probably wouldn't have, were it not for that pesky asteroid.
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천 개의 세계λ₯Ό 더 λ§Œλ“€κ³  νƒœμ–‘κ³„λ„ 천개 더 μƒμ„±ν•΄μ„œ μš΄μ˜ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
Now, make a thousand more worlds and a thousand more solar systems and let them run.
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μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ‹€ κΊΌμ—μš”.
You will never get the same result.
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μ˜μ‹¬ν•  ν•„μš” 없이 κ·Έ 세계듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ λ©‹μ§€κ³  ꡉμž₯히 ν¬κ·€ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ 그것은 우리의 세계가 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  우리의 역사가 아닐 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
No doubt, those worlds would be both amazing and amazingly improbable, but they would not be our world and they would not have our history.
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우리의 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ„ 수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬΄ν•œν•œ 역사듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
There are an infinite number of histories that we could've had.
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ν•œ 개만 κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ”λ° μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 쒋은 것을 κ°€μ§€λ‹€λ‹ˆμš”.
We only get one, and wow, did we ever get a good one.
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λ“œλ ˆλ“œλ…Ένˆ¬μŠ€μ™€ 같은 곡룑듀은 μ‹€μž¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Dinosaurs like Dreadnoughtus were real.
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λͺ¨μ‚¬μ‚¬μš°λ₯΄μŠ€μ™€ 같은 해룑듀도 μ‹€μž¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Sea monsters like the mosasaur were real.
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λ…μˆ˜λ¦¬λ§Œν•œ λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό κ°€μ§„ μž μžλ¦¬λ“€κ³Ό μžλ™μ°¨λ§Œν•œ 크기의 μ₯λ©°λŠλ¦¬λ„ μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆκ΅¬μš”.
Dragonflies with the wingspan of an eagle and pill bugs the length of a car really existed.
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μ™œ κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λŠλƒκ΅¬μš”?
Why study the ancient past?
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κ³Όκ±°κ°€ μ•ˆλͺ©κ³Ό 겸손을 길러주기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Because it gives us perspective and humility.
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곡룑은 세계 5번째 λŒ€λ©Έμ’… λ•Œ μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜μ™€λŠ” 아무 상관 μ—†λŠ” 우주 μ‚¬κ³ λ‘œ 인해 λ©Έμ’…λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
The dinosaurs died in the world's fifth mass extinction, snuffed out in a cosmic accident through no fault of their own.
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그런 일이 λ‹₯μΉ  μ§€ λͺ°λžκ³  μ„ νƒκΆŒλ„ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
They didn't see it coming, and they didn't have a choice.
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반면 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ„ νƒκΆŒμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We, on the other hand, do have a choice.
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화석 기둝의 νŠΉμ„±μ΄ 이 ν–‰μ„±μ—μ„œμ˜ 우리의 μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•˜κ³  덧없을 κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And the nature of the fossil record tells us that our place on this planet is both precarious and potentially fleeting.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€μ§ˆν•™μ  뢀뢄을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ ν™˜κ²½ μž¬μ•™μ„ μ „νŒŒν•˜κ³  있고 μ΄λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ²”μœ„κ°€ λ„“κ³  μ‹¬κ°ν•΄μ„œ μ—¬μ„―λ²ˆμ§Έ λŒ€λ©Έμ’…μ΄λΌκ³  λΆˆλ €λ„ μ˜³μ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Right now, our species is propagating an environmental disaster of geological proportions that is so broad and so severe, it can rightly be called the sixth extinction.
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λ‹€λ§Œ κ³΅λ£‘λ“€κ³ΌλŠ” 달리 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Only unlike the dinosaurs, we can see it coming.
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그리고 κ³΅λ£‘λ“€κ³ΌλŠ” 달리 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 무언가 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And unlike the dinosaurs, we can do something about it.
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κ·Έ 선택은 우리의 λͺ«μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
That choice is ours.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Thank you.
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λˆμ„ λΉŒλ €μ£ΌκΈ°μ— μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μƒλŒ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ•Œ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
How much do you need to know about a person before you'd feel comfortable making a loan?
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 1000λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ λˆμ„ λΉŒλ €μ€€λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ©΄ 2쀄 뒀에 앉은 μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ 빌렀 μ€€λ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
Suppose you wanted to lend 1,000 dollars to the person sitting two rows behind you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 무엇을 μ•Œμ•„μ•Όλ§Œ 마음이 νŽΈν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
What would you need to know about that person before you'd feel comfortable?
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저희 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” 30λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜μ— μΈλ„μ—μ„œ 미ꡭ으둜 μ˜€μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
My mom came to the US from India in her late thirties.
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μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” λΈŒλ£¨ν΄λ¦°μ—μ„œ μ˜μ‚¬μ΄μ‹œλ©° μΉœκ΅¬λΆ„λ“€κ³Ό μ§€μ—­μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ˜λ£Œμ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ°Ύμ•„μ˜€λ©΄ λ°”λ‘œ μ§„λ£ŒλΉ„λ₯Ό μ§€λΆˆ ν•  수 μžˆλ“  μ—†λ“  μ§„λ£Œλ₯Ό ν•΄μ£Όμ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
She's a doctor in Brooklyn, and she often lets friends and neighbors come to see her for health services, whether they can pay right away or not.
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가끔 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μžˆμ„ λ•Œ ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ λ§ˆνŠΈλ‚˜ κΈΈκ°€μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ‚  λ•Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 가끔 그듀은 κ·Έ μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ μ΄μ „μ˜ μ§„λ£ŒλΉ„λ₯Ό μ§€λΆˆν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I remember running into her patients with her at the grocery store or on the sidewalk, and sometimes they would come and pay her right on the spot for previous appointments.
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μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°μ‚¬ν•΄ν•˜μ‹œλ©° κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ±΄κ°•μ΄λ‚˜ κ°€μ‘±λ“€μ˜ 건강을 λ¬ΌμœΌμ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
She would thank them, and ask them about their families and their health.
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μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” 그듀을 λ―ΏμœΌμ…¨κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ‹ μš©μ„ μ£Όμ‹  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
She gave them credit because she trusted them.
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 제 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ™€ 같을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Most of us are like my mom.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‚˜ μ˜†μ§‘μ— μ‚¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ‹ μš©ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We would give credit to someone we know or that we live next to.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μƒλŒ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 아무 것도 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” μƒν™©μ—μ„œ λ‚―μ„ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ λˆμ„ 빌렀주렀고 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But most of us are probably not going to lend to a stranger unless we know a little something about them.
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은행, μ‹ μš©μΉ΄λ“œ νšŒμ‚¬ λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈˆμœ΅κΈ°κ΄€λ“€μ„ 우리의 사적인 μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은, κ·Έλ“€λ§Œμ˜ μ‹ λ’°μ˜ 기쀀이 있고 그것은 λ°”λ‘œ μ‹ μš©λ“±κΈ‰μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Banks, credit card companies and other financial institutions don't know us on a personal level, but they do have a way of trusting us, and that's through our credit scores.
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우리의 μ‹ μš©λ“±κΈ‰μ€ 우리의 λͺ¨λ“  μ†ŒλΉ„κ°€ λͺ¨μ΄κ³ , λΆ„μ„λ˜μ–΄μ„œ νŒλ‹¨λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Our credit scores have been created through an aggregation and analysis of our public consumer credit data.
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그것 덕뢄에, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‰½κ²Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€μ™€ λ¬Όν’ˆμ„ 얻을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ „κΈ°μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° 집을 κ΅¬λ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것 λ˜λŠ” 투자λ₯Ό ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 사업을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒκΉŒμ§€ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And because of them, we have pretty much easy access to all of the goods and services that we need, from getting electricity to buying a home, or taking a risk and starting a business.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
But ...
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μ„Έμƒμ—λŠ” 25μ–΅λͺ… μ •λ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹ μš©λ“±κΈ‰μ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
there are 2.5 billion people around the world that don't have a credit score.
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그것은 μ„Έκ³„μΈκ΅¬μ˜ 3λΆ„μ˜ 1에 λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
That's a third of the world's population.
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그듀이 μ‹ μš©λ“±κΈ‰μ΄ μ—†λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” 그듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 곡식적인 기둝이 μ—†κ³  μ€ν–‰κ³„μ’Œ μ‹ μš©κ±°λž˜ μ‚¬νšŒλ³΄μž₯ λ²ˆν˜Έκ°€ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
They don't have a score because there are no formal public records on them -- no bank accounts, no credit histories and no social security numbers.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 그듀은 등급이 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 삢을 λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚€κΈ°μ— ν•„μš”ν•œ μ‹ μš©κ±°λž˜λ₯Ό ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κΈˆμœ΅μƒν’ˆμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  κΆŒλ¦¬κ°€ μ£Όμ–΄μ§€μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And because they don't have a score, they don't have access to the credit or financial products that can improve their lives.
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그듀은 μ‹ λ’°λ₯Ό μ–»μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
They are not trusted.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹ λ’°λ₯Ό μŒ“κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 방법을 μ°Ύκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆκ³  κ·Έ 25μ–΅λͺ…μ—κ²Œ 금육적 μ ‘κ·Όμ˜ κΆŒν•œμ„ μ£Όκ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So we wanted to find a way to build trust and to open up financial access for these 2.5 billion.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ°”일 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜μ—¬ 그듀이 λͺ¨λ°”일 데이터 μ‚¬μš©μ„ 톡해 μ‹ μš©λ“±κΈ‰μ„ μŒ“μ„ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So we created a mobile application that builds credit scores for them using mobile data.
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이 μ‹ ν₯μ‹œμž₯μ—λŠ” ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ 10μ–΅κ°œ μ΄μƒμ˜ 슀마트폰이 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄μžˆκ³ 
There are currently over one billion smartphones in emerging markets.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈν°μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And people are using them the same way that we do.
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μΉœκ΅¬λ“€κ³Ό 문자λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³ , 길을 찾기도 ν•˜κ³  인터넷 검색을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ κΈˆμ „μ  κ±°λž˜λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
They're texting their friends, they're looking up directions, they're browsing the Internet and they're even making financial transactions.
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μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ, 데이터듀은 νœ΄λŒ€ν° μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λͺ¨μ—¬ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 인생이 풍뢀해 보이게 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Over time, this data is getting captured on our phones, and it provides a really rich picture of a person's life.
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μ†ŒλΉ„μžλ“€μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 데이터에 μ ‘κ·Όν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν—ˆμš©ν•˜κ³  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것을 λͺ¨λ°”일 앱을 톡해 μž‘μ•„λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Our customers give us access to this data and we capture it through our mobile application.
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ œλ‹ˆνΌκ°™μ€ 케냐 λ‚˜μ΄λ‘œλΉ„μ˜ μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨ μ‚¬μ—…μžλ“€μ˜ μ‹ μš©μ„ 확인할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ„μ™€μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
It helps us understand the creditworthiness of people like Jenipher, a small-business owner in Nairobi, Kenya.
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μ œλ‹ˆνΌλŠ” 65세이며, μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μƒμ μ˜ μ€‘μ‹¬κ°€μ—μ„œ μŒμ‹ 노점을 μš΄μ˜ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Jenipher is 65 years old, and for decades has been running a food stall in the central business district.
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κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ „λ¬Έ 학ꡐλ₯Ό λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 3λͺ…μ˜ 아듀이 있고 μ§€μ—­ μ£Όνƒλ“€μ΄λ‚˜ μ €μΆ• λͺ¨μž„μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
She has three sons who she put through vocational school, and she's also the leader of her local chama, or savings group.
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μ œλ‹ˆνΌμ˜ μŒμ‹ 노점은 잘 운영되고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Jenipher's food stall does well.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 맀일의 μ†ŒλΉ„λ₯Ό μΆ©λ‹Ήμ‹œν‚€κΈ°μ— μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 만큼의 μˆ˜μž…μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
She makes just enough every day to cover her expenses.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μž¬μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But she's not financially secure.
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μ–΄λ–€ μœ„κΈ°μƒν™©μ΄ κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²Œ λΉšμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 쀄지 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Any emergency could force her into debt.
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λ˜ν•œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ—¬μœ λˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 쀄 μˆ˜μž…μ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°€μ‘±λ“€μ˜ μƒν™œλ°©μ‹μ„ ν’μ‘±ν•˜κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λ“ μ§€ 긴급상황에 λŒ€λΉ„ν•œλ‹€λ“ μ§€ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄, 사업을 μ„±μž₯μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 투자λ₯Ό ν•  μžκΈˆμ€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And she has no discretionary income to improve her family's way of living, for emergencies, or for investing into growing her business.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ‹ μš©κ±°λž˜μ—λŠ” ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
If Jenipher wants credit, her options are limited.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ†Œμ•‘μ˜ μœ΅μžκΈˆμ„ 받을 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 그러기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ‹ μš©μ„±μ„ 보증해 쀄 λͺ‡λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
She could get a microloan, but she'd have to form a group that could help vouch for her credibility.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”λΌλ„, 빌릴 수 μžˆλŠ” 돈의 μ•‘μˆ˜λŠ” 맀우 μž‘μ•„ 사업에 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ 도움을 μ£Όμ§„ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•‘μˆ˜λŠ” ν‰κ· μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•½ 150λ‹¬λŸ¬ 정도 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And even then, the loan sizes would be way too small to really have an impact on her business, averaging around 150 dollars.
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κ³ λ¦¬λŒ€κΈˆ μ—…μžλ“€ λ˜ν•œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜΅μ…˜μ΄μ§€λ§Œ 300%κ°€ 훨씬 λ„˜λŠ” 이자율 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κΈˆμ „μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ„ν—˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Loan sharks are always an option, but with interest rates that are well above 300 percent, they're financially risky.
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그리고, μ œλ‹ˆνΌλŠ” λ‹΄λ³΄λ‚˜ μ‹ μš©κ±°λž˜ λ‚΄μš©μ΄ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 은행에 μ‚¬μ—…μžκΈˆ λŒ€μΆœμ„ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And because Jenipher doesn't have collateral or a credit history, she can't walk into a bank and ask for a business loan.
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μ–΄λŠ λ‚  μ œλ‹ˆνΌμ˜ 아듀은 κ·Έλ…€κ°€ 우리의 μ–΄ν”Œλ¦¬μΌ€μ΄μ…˜μ„ λ‹€μš΄λ°›κ³  λŒ€μΆœμ„ 받을 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μ„€λ“ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But one day, Jenipher's son convinced her to download our application and apply for a loan.
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μ œλ‹ˆνΌλŠ” ν•Έλ“œν°μ„ 톡해 λͺ‡ 개의 문항에 λ‹΅ν•˜μ˜€κ³  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ‡ λͺ‡μ˜ 메인 데이터에 μ ‘κ·Όν•˜λŠ” 것을 μˆ˜λ½ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Jenipher answered a few questions on her phone and she gave us access to a few key data points on her device.
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그리고 이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And here's what we saw.
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λ‚˜μœμ†Œμ‹μ„ λ¨Όμ € μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄
So, bad news first.
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μ œλ‹ˆνΌλŠ” μ €μΆ•λœ 돈이 μ•„μ£Ό μ μ—ˆκ³ , 이전에 λˆμ„ 빌린 기둝이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Jenipher had a low savings balance and no previous loan history.
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이런 μ΄μœ λ“€λ‘œ 기쑴의 은행듀은, μ œλ‹ˆνΌλ₯Ό μ‹ λ’°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
These are factors that would have thrown up a red flag to a traditional bank.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 과거기둝듀 쀑 λͺ‡ λͺ‡μ—μ„œ μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 잠재된 κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But there were other points in her history that showed us a much richer picture of her potential.
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ν•˜λ‚˜ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 주기적으둜 μš°κ°„λ‹€μ— μžˆλŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ˜ κ°€μ‘±λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ „ν™”λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So for one, we saw that she made regular phone calls to her family in Uganda.
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λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ 톡계λ₯Ό 톡해 λ³΄μ—¬μ§€λŠ” 것은 평균보닀 4% λ§Žμ€ μƒν™˜κΈˆμ΄ λͺ‡ 개의 번호둜 계속적인 μ „ν™”λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚©λΆ€λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Well, it turns out that the data shows a four percent increase in repayment among people who consistently communicate with a few close contacts.
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또, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것은 κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ν•˜λ£¨ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μ΄λ™λŸ‰μ΄ λ§Žμ§€λ§Œ κ½€ κ·œμΉ™μ μΈ 이동 νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ 있고 주둜 μ§‘κ³Ό μŒμ‹λ…Έμ μ„ μ˜€κ°€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We could also see that though she traveled around a lot throughout the day, she actually had pretty regular travel patterns, and she was either at home or at her food stall.
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그리고, 톡계상 μƒν™˜λ˜λŠ” κΈˆμ•‘μ΄ 6%κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ μ†ŒλΉ„μžλ“€μ΄ κ·œμΉ™μ μΈ μ΄λ™νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And the data shows a six percent increase in repayment among customers who are consistent with where they spend most of their time.
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λ˜ν•œ, μ œλ‹ˆνΌλŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Όμ˜ ν•˜λ£¨ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μ†Œν†΅μ΄ λ§Žλ‹€λŠ” 것을 톡해 κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό 뒷바침해쀄 관계가 νƒ„νƒ„ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We could also see that she communicated a lot with many different people throughout the day and that she had a strong support network.
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우리의 기쀀은 58개 μ΄μƒμ˜ μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό 연락을 μ£Όκ³ λ°›λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ”μš± λ‚˜μ€ 차용자라고 νŒλ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Our data shows that people who communicate with more than 58 different contacts tend to be more likely to be good borrowers.
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μ œλ‹ˆνΌμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 89λͺ…μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν–ˆκ³  κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μƒν™©κΈˆμ•‘μ€ 9%κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•œ 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
In Jenipher's case, she communicated with 89 different individuals, which showed a nine percent increase in her repayment.
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