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W1998219597 | Excitability of the infraspinatus, but not the middle deltoid, is affected by shoulder elevation angle | Although both the rotator cuff and deltoid muscle serve as shoulder abductors, they play different roles in shoulder movement. While the deltoid is a primary abductor, the rotator cuff is a stabilizer. They have different anatomic structures for force production and demonstrate different neuromuscular control at different shoulder angles, as measured by electromyographic activity. Corticospinal excitability may be associated with different neuromuscular control of the deltoid and rotator cuff at different angles. The purpose of this study was to investigate how shoulder joint position influences the corticospinal excitability of the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to measure the corticospinal excitability of the middle deltoid and infraspinatus at 0° and 90° of arm elevation. Three parameters, a plateau value, exponential parameter, and threshold, were calculated from the input-output curve of the corticospinal pathway. The plateau value of the infraspinatus was significantly higher at 90° of arm elevation, while there is no difference in the excitability in the middle deltoid between elevation angles. The plateau value of the middle deltoid at 90° was 5 % lower than that at 0°, but the plateau value of infraspinatus at 90° was 55 % higher than that at 0°. This suggests that the modulation of excitability varies with shoulder angle and reveals different neurological mechanism for the roles of the deltoid and rotator cuff. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing"
]
|
10.1038/nsmb.3370 | Novel players in X inactivation: Insights into Xist-mediated gene silencing and chromosome conformation | The nuclear long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Xist ensures X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female placental mammals. Although Xist is one of the most intensively studied lncRNAs, the mechanisms associated with its capacity to trigger chromosome-wide gene silencing, the formation of facultative heterochromatin and an unusual 3D conformation of the inactive X chromosome (Xi) have remained elusive. Now researchers have identified novel functional partners of Xist in a series of breakthrough studies, using unbiased techniques to isolate Xist-bound proteins, as well as forward genetic screens. In addition, important insights into the 3D organization of Xi and its relation to gene expression have been obtained. In this Review, we discuss how this new information is providing a recipe for deciphering XCI mechanisms by which a multitasking RNA can structurally and functionally transform an active chromosome into uniquely organized facultative heterochromatin. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems"
]
|
10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/35 | Candels The Cosmic Assembly Near Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey | The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) is designed to document the first third of galactic evolution, over the approximate redshift (z) range 8--1. 5. It will image >250,000 distant galaxies using three separate cameras on the Hubble Space Telescope, from the mid-ultraviolet to the near-infrared, and will find and measure Type Ia supernovae at z>1. 5 to test their accuracy as standardizable candles for cosmology. Five premier multi-wavelength sky regions are selected, each with extensive ancillary data. The use of five widely separated fields mitigates cosmic variance and yields statistically robust and complete samples of galaxies down to a stellar mass of 10^9 M_\odot to z \approx 2, reaching the knee of the ultraviolet luminosity function (UVLF) of galaxies to z \approx 8. The survey covers approximately 800 arcmin^2 and is divided into two parts. The CANDELS/Deep survey (5\sigma\ point-source limit H=27. 7 mag) covers \sim 125 arcmin^2 within GOODS-N and GOODS-S. The CANDELS/Wide survey includes GOODS and three additional fields (EGS, COSMOS, and UDS) and covers the full area to a 5\sigma\ point-source limit of H \gtrsim 27. 0 mag. Together with the Hubble Ultra Deep Fields, the strategy creates a three-tiered "wedding cake" approach that has proven efficient for extragalactic surveys. Data from the survey are nonproprietary and are useful for a wide variety of science investigations. In this paper, we describe the basic motivations for the survey, the CANDELS team science goals and the resulting observational requirements, the field selection and geometry, and the observing design. The Hubble data processing and products are described in a companion paper. | [
"Universe Sciences"
]
|
10.1063/1.3549744 | Generation Of Correlated Photon Pairs In A Chalcogenide As2S3 Waveguide | We demonstrate the first 1550 nm correlated photon-pair source in an integrated glass platform-a chalcogenide As2S3 waveguide. A measured pair coincidence rate of 80 per second was achieved using 57 mW of continuous-wave pump. The coincidence to accidental ratio was shown to be limited by spontaneous Raman scattering effects that are expected to be mitigated by using a pulsed pump source. | [
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter",
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
10.1103/PhysRevB.84.180502 | Coulomb stability of the 4π-periodic Josephson effect of Majorana fermions | The Josephson energy of two superconducting islands containing Majorana fermions is a 4π-periodic function of the superconducting phase difference. If the islands have a small capacitance, their ground state energy is governed by the competition of Josephson and charging energies. We calculate this ground-state energy in a ring geometry, as a function of the flux Φ enclosed by the ring, and show that the dependence on the Aharonov-Bohm phase 2eΦ/ remains 4π periodic regardless of the ratio of charging and Josephson energies-provided that the entire ring is in a topologically nontrivial state. If part of the ring is topologically trivial, then the charging energy induces quantum phase slips that restore the usual 2π periodicity. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter"
]
|
W1565507424 | AUTO-FIR - Automobile's first information record | Today, technology has been repetitively subjected to changes. So with the inception of technology and improvisation of the same, developments in embedded systems have sky rocketed and are fast approaching the zenith. As an effect of such change over the past several years NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) has been actively involved in using Event Data Recorders (EDR) in high end automobiles like flights, cars and some two wheelers like Kawasaki's Ninja. EDR's collect crash information which assists in real world data collection and also helps in understanding specific aspects of the crash. India ranks first in road accidents, for every 3.7 minutes road mishap snuffs out a life. What are the root causes for so many accidents to happen? Where are the details stored after the accident? Was there any fault with the motorcycle? How about false insurance claims? The proposed work addresses the above questions and aims to collect the information which aids investigations of causes of accident and helps in improvement of motorcycle standards. Information from this device can be collected to determine the condition of motorcycle before the time of accident. An embedded system is mounted on two wheelers which records the events like brake, gear, speed, stand and congestion. The results of analysis show that the recorders can report real world crash data and therefore be a powerful tool by providing useful information to crash reconstruction experts. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1016/j.elspec.2014.03.014 | Characterising ultrathin ceria films at the nanoscale: Combining spectroscopy and microscopy | CeO2-x(1 1 1) ultrathin films consisting of small, discrete islands decorating a Pt(1 1 1) substrate have been studied using a combination of Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy, Low-Energy Electron Microscopy, and Low-Energy Electron Diffraction. Significantly, the chemical nature of the ceria film has also been probed using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) combined with X-ray PhotoEmission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM) in the same ultrahigh vacuum system. XAS spectra over the Ce M5 absorption edge demonstrated that the ceria islands contained ∼50% Ce4+and ∼50% Ce3+, leading to an overall stoichiometry of CeO 1. 75, which was uniform across the film. The unique advantage of this experimental setup is the application of multiple techniques on the same sample: high-resolution STM to monitor the morphology, XPEEM to probe the stoichiometry, and LEEM to act as a bridge between the two. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Condensed Matter Physics"
]
|
884598 | Roof top wind turbine for urban areas | High electricity prices and the lowering costs of renewable technologies and energy storage are leading European energy consumers towards a distributed generation and self-consumption model. Electricity consumers are progressively turning into prosumers (producers & consumers) who decide at a given moment whether to buy electricity from the grid, to self-consume or even to export it to the grid. Moreover, European energy regulations require EU consumers to commit to clean and energy efficient objectives. For instance, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requires all new buildings to be nearly zero-energy (NZEB) by the end of 2020 by reducing energy consumption and using renewable sources and all new public buildings to be NZEB by 2018. The most extended renewable energy in the world is wind power. However, wind power is not very common in urban areas where high speed laminar wind turns into a low speed turbulent one due to the existence of obstacles (buildings, houses, trees, structures, etc.). Traditional wind power turbines are not designed to work with low speed wind (2 m/s – 6m/s) and turbulent wind flows. Besides, traditional SWTs entail other serious problems such as the hazard of rotating machinery, vibrations, noise, the possibility of collapse atop buildings, blade shedding and visual impact. EOLI FPS is a patented rooftop vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) specifically designed to work under low speed and turbulent wind profiles such as the existing in urban environments. EOLIS FPS works perfectly with horizontal laminar wind but also take advantage of turbulent flows that adversely affect traditional wind turbines. Its internal rotor design facilitates the creation of vortexes out of the wind turbulence that drastically increases the driving force of the laminar wind. Besides EOLI FPS is safe, noiseless, does not vibrate and integrates aesthetically in the urban landscape. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Materials Engineering",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
W1134284335 | Effect of Hyp delivery system on PKCα activity: What will happen afterpkcα gene silencing and Hyp photo-activation? | Low density lipoproteins (LDL) are considered as suitable natural in vivo delivery system for hydrophobic photosensitizers (pts) such as hypericin (Hyp) and it was shown that over expression of LDL-receptors in tumor cells can be used for specific targeting. Activation of pts by irradiation results in a formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the place of light application and starts destructive mechanism. PKCα plays a key role in the cell survival and its overexpression was observed in glioma cell lines. In the present study we aim to present the effectivity of the pts delivery in the glioma cells and consequences of silencing pkcα gene on cell death/survival after Hyp photo-activation. Pts can be delivered through two pathways: endocytosis - when cells are incubated with LDL/Hyp complex and Hyp transport through cellular membrane without any carrier. Preliminary results show that incubation of cells with or without LDL leads to PKCα activation. Photo-activated Hyp seems to be more effective in terms of apoptosis induction when compared to photo-activated LDL/Hyp complex. We have evaluated the influence of photo-activated Hyp on cell death in non-transfected and transfected (PKCα-) human glioma cells (U87-MG). Level of ROS production and type of cell death was notably affected by silencing pkca gene resulting in significant increase of necrosis after Hyp photo-activation. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
interreg_112 | Adrion Cultural Heritage Collections Network | The Project aims at promoting, valorizing and protecting cultural heritage in the Adriatic-Ionian area. Its specific aim is to contribute to the enhancement and conservation of specific cultural properties, in particular books, and to make the digitized heritage accessible to a wider public in the project area of Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Albania, Greece and Serbia, through the creation of a network between operators of the cultural and tourism sectors and their training, through the digitization of selected collections, performed with common standards and methodologies and integrated on a common platform, and through the tourism promotion of the CH sites, by means of an Adrion tour.
In this way, the projects will deal with the following common challenges: the need for cooperation between public and private sectors and between all sectors of cultural heritage, the lack of trained specialists in the field of sustainable CH tourism model, the necessity of a common strategy for digitization of cultural properties, statistical indicators shared in a systematic way, the lack of funds for training and professional travels, a serious aggregation of metadata, the absence of a recognizable tourism brand for Adrion CH collection; the necessity of knowledge of Europeana among the general public and the professionals and the need of knowledge among operators of opportunities offered by the agglomeration of digital CH resources.
Therefore, outputs of the project will be the networking structure between operators of cultural and tourism sectors, digitization pilot actions and the increase in visitors of CH sites. As a consequence, the project will contribute to raising awareness on common heritage in the Adriatic-Ionian area as an orientation framework for individual actions, to the valorization of cultural heritage within an Adrion brand name as well as the enhancement of the “body of knowledge” through the digitization pilot actions. | [
"The Study of the Human Past",
"Studies of Cultures and Arts",
"Human Mobility, Environment, and Space",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
681577 | Cellular substrate of abnormal network maturation in neuropsychiatric disorders | The long-lasting burden of major neuropsychiatric disorders results from disruption of cognitive performance in daily life. Impairment of long-range coupling between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus represents the substrate of disease-specific mnemonic and executive deficits. While it has been hypothesized that this impairment emerges long before the first clinical symptoms, technical and ethical limitations of non-invasive investigations in high-risk infants precluded the elucidation of ontogenetic mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of disease. In previous studies, I pioneered the investigation of long-range coupling in the immature brain by developing a multidisciplinary approach that combines electro- and optophysiology in vivo with behavior, anatomy and analysis of network dynamics. Using mouse models of disease’s etiology, we recently identified the de-coupling of prefrontal-hippocampal networks during early development as potential mechanism underlying adult circuit dysfunction. These findings represent the basis for the current proposal, which aims at understanding the cellular mechanisms accounting for abnormal network maturation in neuropsychiatric disorders. First, the role of excitation/inhibition imbalance in the neonatal prefrontal cortex for disease-specific network impairment will be assessed. Second, the synaptic organization and wiring deficits within neonatal prefrontal-hippocampal networks will be monitored. Third, the cellular substrate of abnormal hippocampal activity causing weaker prefrontal-hippocampal interactions will be ascertained. Finally, the identified cellular elements underlying early network dysfunction will be selectively manipulated to rescue the juvenile circuit function and behavioral performance. Understanding the mechanisms of network dysfunction during early development may open new therapeutic perspectives that, when initiated before the onset of clinical symptoms, may improve the devastating outcome of disease. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration"
]
|
US 2018/0046015 W | SCANNING DISPLAY WITH INCREASED UNIFORMITY | A light assembly can have an array of light sources forming rows and columns, where the array comprises a plurality of chips, and each chip comprises a subarray of light sources forming the rows and columns. A boundary between chips in the array can be configured to extend diagonally across rows and columns of the array such that, for each column across which the boundary extends, the first row of the plurality rows may not have a light source disposed in the respective column, but a second row of the plurality of rows has a light source disposed in the respective column. | [
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
170069 | Extralytics: big data analytics for real estate | Data is becoming the key to effective decision making in more and more aspects of modern society. Big data analytics provide insight into complex processes considering a breadth of factors. This promises to increase the efficiency of decision making in areas such as policy making, research, product development, or financial and retail markets. Currently, big data analytics is employed only by technologically savvy organisations with control over the relevant data. This further exacerbates the information asymmetry that has been plaguing many of these areas: real estate where buyers have long suffered from limited information, often controlled by the seller; or retail markets where sellers are now employing sophisticated competitive price intelligence solutions unaffordable to buyers. Who can tell you if it is better to buy a house with a garden or with a garage; or where renovations will yield more rent over time? ExtraLytics answers these questions through a combination of big data extraction and analytics. ExtraLytics introduces analytics and prediction models into DIADEM’s platform for accurate big data extraction from the web, which is able to extract required data at massive scale from the web. For the proof-of-concept, ExtraLytics initially focuses on residential real estate in the UK, a £4,135bn market (UBS), where buyers and renters are required to make fast decision with limited information—time on market is often below a week or even below a day as for desirable rentals in Oxford. “In an age when ‘big data’ is shaping our every move, how come an industry that takes so much profit can’t keep pace with technology and use it to actually deliver a service worth the money they take in commission?” (The Telegraph). ExtraLytics addresses this lack of data-driven analytics by giving consumers and investors alike a tool for better understanding properties, their location, their neighborhood, and their investment potential compared to other properties. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
10.1051/0004-6361/201323058 | Correlations Between The Stellar Planetary And Debris Components Of Exoplanet Systems Observed By Herschel | Context. Stars form surrounded by gas- and dust-rich protoplanetary discs. Generally, these discs dissipate over a few (3–10) Myr, leaving a faint tenuous debris disc composed of second-generation dust produced by the attrition of larger bodies formed in the protoplanetary disc. Giant planets detected in radial velocity and transit surveys of main-sequence stars also form within the protoplanetary disc, whilst super-Earths now detectable may form once the gas has dissipated. Our own solar system, with its eight planets and two debris belts, is a prime example of an end state of this process. Aims. TheHerschel DEBRIS, DUNES, and GT programmes observed 37 exoplanet host stars within 25 pc at 70, 100, and 160 μm with the sensitivity to detect far-infrared excess emission at flux density levels only an order of magnitude greater than that of the solar system’s Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. Here we present an analysis of that sample, using it to more accurately determine the (possible) level of dust emission from these exoplanet host stars and thereafter determine the links between the various components of these exoplanetary systems through statistical analysis. Methods. We have fitted the flux densities measured from recent Herschel observations with a simple two parameter (Td, LIR/L� ) black-body model (or to the 3σ upper limits at 100 μm). From this uniform approach we calculated the fractional luminosity, radial extent and dust temperature. We then plotted the calculated dust luminosity or upper limits against the stellar properties, e. g. effective temperature, metallicity, and age, and identified correlations between these parameters. Results. A total of eleven debris discs are identified around the 37 stars in the sample. An incidence of ten cool debris discs around the Sun-like exoplanet host stars (29 ± 9%) is consistent with the detection rate found by DUNES (20. 2 ± 2. 0%). For the debris disc systems, the dust temperatures range from 20 to 80 K, and fractional luminosities (LIR/L� ) between 2. 4 ×10 −6 and 4. 1 ×10 −4 . In the case of non-detections, we calculated typical 3σ upper limits to the dust fractional luminosities of a few ×10 −6 . Conclusions. We recover the previously identified correlation between stellar metallicity and hot-Jupiter planets in our data set. We find a correlation between the increased presence of dust, lower planet masses, and lower stellar metallicities. This confirms the recently identified correlation between cold debris discs and low-mass planets in the context of planet formation by core accretion. | [
"Universe Sciences"
]
|
10.1007/978-3-642-29843-1_41 | Towards Distributed Heterogenous High Performance Computing With Viennacl | One of the major drawbacks of computing with graphics adapters is the limited available memory for relevant problem sizes. To overcome this limitation for the ViennaCL library, we investigate a partitioning approach for one of the standard benchmark problems in High-Performance Computing (HPC), namely the dense matrix-matrix product. We apply this partitioning approach to problems exceeding the available memory on graphics adapters. Moreover, we investigate the applicability on distributed memory systems by facilitating the Message Passing Interface (MPI). Our approach is presented in detail and benchmark results are given. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
10.1093/mnras/staa1480 | Investigating surface correction relations for RGB stars | ABSTRACT
State-of-the-art stellar structure and evolution codes fail to adequately describe turbulent convection. For stars with convective envelopes such as red giants, this leads to an incomplete depiction of the surface layers. As a result, the predicted stellar oscillation frequencies are haunted by systematic errors, the so-called surface effect. Different empirically and theoretically motivated correction relations have been proposed to deal with this issue. In this paper, we compare the performance of these surface correction relations for red giant branch stars. For this purpose, we apply the different surface correction relations in asteroseismic analyses of eclipsing binaries and open clusters. In accordance with previous studies of main-sequence stars, we find that the use of different surface correction relations biases the derived global stellar properties, including stellar age, mass, and distance estimates. We, furthermore, demonstrate that the different relations lead to the same systematic errors for two different open clusters. Our results overall discourage from the use of surface correction relations that rely on reference stars to calibrate free parameters. Due to the demonstrated systematic biasing of the results, the use of appropriate surface correction relations is imperative to any asteroseismic analysis of red giants. Accurate mass, age, and distance estimates for red giants are fundamental when addressing questions that deal with the chemo-dynamical evolution of the Milky Way galaxy. In this way, our results also have implications for fields such as galactic archaeology that draw on findings from stellar physics. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
10.3389/fnsys.2016.00074 | Biophysical properties of optogenetic tools and their application for vision restoration approaches | Optogenetics is the use of genetically encoded light-activated proteins to manipulate cells in a minimally invasive way using light. The most prominent example is channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), which allows the activation of electrically excitable cells via light-dependent depolarization. The combination of ChR2 with hyperpolarizing-light- driven ion pumps such as the Cl− pump halorhodopsin (NpHR) enables multimodal remote control of neuronal cells in culture, tissue, and living animals. Very soon, it became obvious that this method offers a chance of gene therapy for many diseases affecting vision. Here, we will give a brief introduction to retinal function and retinal diseases; optogenetic vision restoration strategies will be highlighted. We will discuss the functional and structural properties of rhodopsin-based optogenetic tools and analyze the potential for the application of vision restoration. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
805222 | Integrated high-resolution on-chip structured illumination microscopy | Fluorescent microscopy is an indispensable tool in biology and medicine that has fueled many breakthroughs in a wide set of sub-domains.
Recently the world of microscopy has witnessed a true revolution in terms of increased resolution of fluorescent imaging techniques. To break the intrinsic diffraction limit of the conventional microscope, several advanced super-resolution techniques were developed, some of which have even been awarded with the Nobel Prize in 2014. High resolution microscopy is also responsible for the spectacular cost reduction of DNA sequencing during the last decade.
Yet, these techniques remain largely locked-up in specialized laboratories as they require bulky, expensive instrumentation and highly skilled operators.
The next big push in microscopy with a large societal impact will come from extremely compact and robust optical systems that will make high-resolution (fluorescence) microscopy highly accessible, enabling both cellular diagnostics at the point of care and the development of compact, cost-effective DNA sequencing instruments, facilitating early diagnosis of cancer and other genomic disorders.
IROCSIM will facilitate this next breakthrough by introducing a novel high-resolution imaging platform based entirely on an intimate marriage of active on-chip photonics and CMOS image sensors.
This concept will completely eliminate the necessity of standard free-space optical components by integrating specially designed structured optical illumination, illumination modulation, an excitation filter and an image sensor in a single chip.
The resulting platform will enable high resolution, fast, robust, zero-maintenance, and inexpensive microscopy with applications reaching from cellomics to DNA sequencing, proteomics, and highly parallelized optical biosensors. | [
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1002/jae.2613 | Policy uncertainty and aggregate fluctuations | This paper estimates the impact on the US economy of four types of uncertainty about (i) government spending, (ii) tax changes, (iii) public debt, and (iv) monetary policy. Uncertainty about government debt has a large and persistent effect on output, consumption, investment, consumer confidence, and business confidence. Uncertainty about tax changes also has detrimental consequences for real activity but the effect of spending and monetary policy uncertainty appears to be small. About 25% of output fluctuations are accounted for by policy uncertainty, with government debt making the largest contribution at longer horizons. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
W1943049539 | XCone: N-jettiness as an exclusive cone jet algorithm | We introduce a new jet algorithm called XCone, for eXclusive Cone, which is based on minimizing the event shape N-jettiness. Because N-jettiness partitions every event into N jet regions and a beam region, XCone is an exclusive jet algorithm that always returns a fixed number of jets. We use a new "conical geometric" measure for which well-separated jets are bounded by circles of radius R in the rapidity-azimuth plane, while overlapping jet regions automatically form nearest-neighbor "clover jets". This avoids the split/merge criteria needed in inclusive cone algorithms. A key feature of XCone is that it smoothly transitions between the resolved regime where the N signal jets of interest are well separated and the boosted regime where they overlap. The returned value of N-jettiness also provides a quality criterion of how N-jet-like the event looks. We also discuss the N-jettiness factorization theorems that occur for various jet measures, which can be used to compute the associated exclusive N-jet cross sections. In a companion paper, the physics potential of XCone is demonstrated using the examples of dijet resonances, Higgs decays to bottom quarks, and all-hadronic top pairs. | [
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
W1560073854 | Origen, evolución y caída del régimen de Mubarak | This paper describes in political, sociological and economic terms the origin and evolution of Mubarak’s regime till its fall, including Mohamed Mursi’s election as president of Egypt. First, it places Mubarak’s period in power in its historical context, following Naser and Sadat’s regimes. Then it describes the interaction between the new regime’s economic and political proposals and the political and parapolitical responses on the part of Egyptian society. Finally it shows how the relative stability of the regime, lasting over twenty years and built on a combination of coercion and selective permissiveness, began to collapse, partly as a result of the effects of the economic liberalisation started in the 1990s on | [
"The Social World and Its Interactions",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems"
]
|
10.1007/978-3-319-08864-8_6 | Modelling Reaction Times In Non Linear Classification Tasks | We investigate reaction times for classification of visual stimuli composed of combinations of shapes, to distinguish between parallel and serial processing of stimuli. Reaction times in a visual XOR task are slower than in AND/OR tasks in which pairs of shapes are categorised. This behaviour is explained by the time needed to perceive shapes in the various tasks, using a parallel drift diffusion model. The parallel model explains reaction times in an extension of the XOR task, up to 7 shapes. Subsequently, the behaviour is explained by a combined model that assumes perceptual chunking, processing shapes within chunks in parallel, and chunks themselves in serial. The pure parallel model also explains reaction times for ALL and EXISTS tasks. An extension to the perceptual chunking model adds time taken to apply a logical rule. We are able to improve the fit to the data by including this extra parameter, but using model selection the extra parameter is not supported. We further simulate the behaviour exhibited using an echo state network, successfully recreating the behaviour seen in humans. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"The Human Mind and Its Complexity"
]
|
W2613935405 | A polarized fast radio burst at low Galactic latitude | We report on the discovery of a new fast radio burst, FRB 150215, with the Parkes radio telescope on 2015 February 15. The burst was detected in real time with a dispersion measure (DM) of 1105.6$\pm$0.8 pc cm^{-3}, a pulse duration of 2.8^{+1.2}_{-0.5} ms, and a measured peak flux density assuming the burst was at beam center of 0.7^{+0.2}_{-0.1} Jy. The FRB originated at a Galactic longitude and latitude of 24.66^{\circ}, 5.28^{\circ}, 25 degrees away from the Galactic Center. The burst was found to be 43$\pm$5% linearly polarized with a rotation measure (RM) in the range -9 < RM < 12 rad m^{-2} (95% confidence level), consistent with zero. The burst was followed-up with 11 telescopes to search for radio, optical, X-ray, gamma-ray and neutrino emission. Neither transient nor variable emission was found to be associated with the burst and no repeat pulses have been observed in 17.25 hours of observing. The sightline to the burst is close to the Galactic plane and the observed physical properties of FRB 150215 demonstrate the existence of sight lines of anomalously low RM for a given electron column density. The Galactic RM foreground may approach a null value due to magnetic field reversals along the line of sight, a decreased total electron column density from the Milky Way, or some combination of these effects. A lower Galactic DM contribution might explain why this burst was detectable whereas previous searches at low latitude have had lower detection rates than those out of the plane. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
interreg_3059 | ROMAN ITINERARIES | The travelling public's growing interest in archaeology is a typical example of what is often referred to as "motivation tourism", a set of new market segments opposed to "generic tourism". The main challenge of the ROMIT project is to find new ways of preservation and management for Roman archaeological complexes to integrate them into local development policies. The aim is to protect the heritage in an area embracing cities of Roman origin situated in Emilia-Romagna, Bavaria and Western Greece, and also to create employment and foster regional development through an intelligent enhancement of the cultural resources, with special benefits for the institutions, local actors and populations of the involved territories. The ROMIT project covers two major lines of action: a thorough research action aimed at comparing the management systems of the involved sites, identifying their weaknesses, successes and potentials, and drafting and testing transnational public/public and public/private co-operation models for the development planning of archaeological sites which facilitate their integration into the regional and local policies. | [
"The Study of the Human Past",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
323126 | Thymopoiesis: From Evolutionary Origins to Future Therapies | The role of the thymus in cell-mediated immunity was discovered about 50 years ago and it has since become apparent that the thymus is the site of T cell development in all extant vertebrates. Although it has been recognized that thymopoiesis can only be fully understood by the analysis of both the thymic epithelial microenvironment and the intrathymic haematopoietic compartment, significant gaps in our knowledge of thymopoiesis remain.
The proposal addresses major biological questions of thymopoiesis in a novel way. It is based on an evolutionarily informed approach that makes iterative use of distinct animal models (fish and mouse), and additionally considers information obtained from the analysis of human patients with thymopoietic deficiencies. The proposal aims to develop an animal model conducive to transplantation of xenogeneic haematopoietic progenitor cells. This system will be used for subsequent analysis of haematopoietic and immunological properties of genetically intractable fish species. The proposal also aims to determine the structure of genetic networks underlying the development and function of thymic epithelial cells and intrathymic T cell differentiation. This information will be used to explore the possibility of alleviating the phenotypic consequences of disease genes by interfering with the function of genes situated elsewhere in the respective genetic networks rather than by restoring faulty gene function. Evolutionarily constrained inventories of such genetic networks will be additionally used for the design of synthetic thymopoietic environments in non-cognate tissues, either using combinations of thymopoietic factors or by exploiting the thymopoietic capacity of Foxn1, a master regulator of thymic epithelial cell differentiation. Overall, the proposal aims at the development of evolutionarily informed genetic and cell-based strategies to reverse failing thymus function. | [
"Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00439.x | Atypical prion protein conformation in familial prion disease with PRNP P105T mutation | Protease-resistant prion protein (PrPSc) is diagnostic of prion disease, yet its detection is frequently difficult. Here, we describe a patient with a PRNP P105T mutation and typical familial prion disease. Brain PrP Sc was undetectable by conventional Western blotting and barely detectable after phosphotungstate precipitation, where it displayed an atypical pattern suggestive of noncanonical conformation. Therefore, we used a novel misfolded protein assay (MPA) that detects PrP aggregates independently of their protease resistance. The MPA revealed the presence of aggregated PrP in similar amounts as in typical sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. These findings suggest that measurements of PrP aggregation with the MPA may be potentially more sensitive than protease-based methodologies. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1093/mnras/staa1174 | Hypercompact stellar clusters: morphological renditions and spectrophotometric models | ABSTRACT
Numerical relativity predicts that the coalescence of a black hole (BH) binary causes the newly formed BH to recoil, and evidence for such recoils has been found in the gravitational waves observed during the merger of stellar-mass BHs. Recoiling (super)massive BHs are expected to reside in hypercompact stellar clusters (HCSCs). Simulations of galaxy assembly predict that hundreds of HCSCs should be present in the halo of a Milky Way (MW)-type galaxy, and a fraction of those around the MW should have magnitudes within the sensitivity limit of existing surveys. However, recoiling BHs and their HCSCs are still waiting to be securely identified. With the goal of enabling searches through recent and forthcoming data bases, we improve over existing literature to produce realistic renditions of HCSCs bound to BHs with a mass of 105 M⊙. Including the effects of a population of blue stragglers, we simulate their appearance in Pan-STARRS and in forthcoming Euclid images. We also derive broad-band spectra and the corresponding multiwavelength colours, finding that the great majority of the simulated HCSCs fall on the colour–colour loci defined by stars and galaxies, with their spectra resembling those of giant K-type stars. We discuss the clusters properties, search strategies, and possible interlopers. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1016/j.mcn.2013.05.002 | Odorant receptor gene choice and axonal wiring in mice with deletion mutations in the odorant receptor gene SR1 | In the mouse, a mature olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) of the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) expresses one allele of one of the 1200 odorant receptor (OR) genes in the genome. The mechanisms that underlie the one receptor-one neuron rule remain poorly understood. A popular experimental paradigm for OR gene choice is to delete an OR coding region by gene targeting or in a transgene. Here we have applied this incrementOR paradigm to SR1, also known as MOR256-3 or Olfr124. This gene is expressed in OSNs of the MOE, and in ~. 50% of the OSNs of the septal organ. In heterozygous incrementSR1 mice, we observe an unprecedented biallelic expression rate of 30% at the SR1 locus. In homozygous incrementSR1 mice, we find a significant increase in the number of septal organ OSNs that undergo apoptosis. As a population, incrementSR1 OSNs project their axons to 81-85 glomeruli in each half of the OB, and coexpress at least 77 OR genes as evaluated by single-cell molecular analysis. There are no obvious or simple rules for the set of OR genes that are coexpressed with the incrementSR1 allele. The frequencies of coexpression are different for incrementSR1 OSNs in the septal organ compared to those in the MOE. We propose that there are as many as five scenarios for the fate of individual incrementSR1 OSNs. | [
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1088/1361-6544/aa6e5f | Optimal distributed control of a diffuse interface model of tumor growth | In this paper, a distributed optimal control problem is studied for a diffuse interface model of tumor growth which was proposed by Hawkins-Daruud et al in Hawkins-Daruud et al (2011 Int. J. Numer. Math. Biomed. Eng. 28 3-24). The model consists of a Cahn-Hilliard equation for the tumor cell fraction coupled to a reaction-diffusion equation for a function σ representing the nutrient-rich extracellular water volume fraction. The distributed control u monitors as a right-hand side of the equation for σ and can be interpreted as a nutrient supply or a medication, while the cost function, which is of standard tracking type, is meant to keep the tumor cell fraction under control during the evolution. We show that the control-to-state operator is Fréchet differentiable between appropriate Banach spaces and derive the first-order necessary optimality conditions in terms of a variational inequality involving the adjoint state variables. | [
"Mathematics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/171 | The Youngest Known X Ray Binary Circinus X 1 And Its Natal Supernova Remnant | Because supernova remnants are short lived, studies of neutron star X-ray binaries within supernova remnants probe the earliest stages in the life of accreting neutron stars. However, such objects are exceedingly rare: none were known to exist in our Galaxy. We report the discovery of the natal supernova remnant of the accreting neutron star Circinus X-1, which places an upper limit of t < 4, 600 years on its age, making it the youngest known X-ray binary and a unique tool to study accretion, neutron star evolution, and core collapse supernovae. This discovery is based on a deep 2009 Chandra X-ray observation and new radio observations of Circinus X-1. Circinus X-1 produces type I X-ray bursts on the surface of the neutron star, indicating that the magnetic field of the neutron star is small. Thus, the young age implies either that neutron stars can be born with low magnetic fields or that they can rapidly become de-magnetized by accretion. Circinus X-1 is a microquasar, creating relativistic jets which were thought to power the arcminute scale radio nebula surrounding the source. Instead, this nebula can now be attributed to non-thermal synchrotron emission from the forward shock of the supernova remnant. The young age is consistent with the observed rapid orbital evolution and the highly eccentric orbit of the system and offers the chance to test the physics of post-supernova orbital evolution in X-ray binaries in detail for the first time. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter"
]
|
W2012941564 | Potential Hazard Map for Disaster Prevention Using GIS-Based Linear Combination Approach and Analytic Hierarchy Method | In recent years, global warming has gradually become obvious, thus created the climate change. Typhoon Morakot attacked Taiwan and brought heavy rainfall in August, 2009. In mountainous areas including Central and South Taiwan, the flood and debris flow disasters were induced by the typhoon. In this study, Changhua City is selected as the research region and the Delphi method is employed to interview experts and establish comprehensive evaluation criteria for assessing the evacuation plan on disaster areas. The concept is to combine the landslide potential analysis by geographic information systems with the flood or debris flow maps into the potential hazard map. Meanwhile, analytic hierarchy method (AHP) is comprehensively carried on the expert questionnaire survey for the potential hazard map of the compound disaster states. It should be useful for the local government and native people in the future. | [
"Earth System Science",
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Products and Processes Engineering"
]
|
10.1364/BOE.5.003036 | Compact Optical Integration Instrument To Measure Intraocular Straylight | Optical measurement of straylight in the human eye is a challenging task. Issues such as illumination geometry, detector sensitivity and dynamic range as well as various inherent artifacts must be addressed. We developed a novel instrument based on the principle of double-pass optical integration adapted for fast measurements in a clinical setting. The experimental setup was validated using four different diffusers introduced in front of the eyes of ten subjects. Measurement limitations and future implications of rapid optical measurement of straylight in ophthalmic diagnosis are discussed. | [
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
802450 | Antibiotic Resistance: Socio-Economic Determinants and the Role of Information and Salience in Treatment Choice | Antibiotics have contributed to a tremendous increase in human well-being, saving many millions of lives. However, antibiotics become obsolete the more they are used as selection pressure promotes the development of resistant bacteria. The World Health Organization has proclaimed antibiotic resistance as a major global threat to public health. Today, 700,000 deaths per year are due to untreatable infections. To win the battle against antibiotic resistance, new policies affecting the supply and demand of existing and new drugs must be designed. I propose new research to identify and evaluate feasible and effective demand-side policy interventions targeting the relevant decision makers: physicians and patients. ABRSEIST will make use of a broad econometric toolset to identify mechanisms linking antibiotic resistance and consumption exploiting a unique combination of physician-patient-level antibiotic resistance, treatment, and socio-economic data. Using machine learning methods adapted for causal inference, theory-driven structural econometric analysis, and randomization in the field it will provide rigorous evidence on effective intervention designs. This research will improve our understanding of how prescribing, resistance, and the effect of antibiotic use on resistance, are distributed in the general population which has important implications for the design of targeted interventions. It will then estimate a structural model of general practitioners’ acquisition and use of information under uncertainty about resistance in prescription choice, allowing counterfactual analysis of information-improving policies such as mandatory diagnostic testing. The large-scale and structural econometric analyses allow flexible identification of physician heterogeneity, which ABRSEIST will exploit to design and evaluate targeted, randomized information nudges in the field. The result will be improved rational use and a toolset applicable in contexts of antibiotic prescribing. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1 | Observing Convective Aggregation | Convective self-aggregation, the spontaneous organization of initially scattered convection into isolated convective clusters despite spatially homogeneous boundary conditions and forcing, was first recognized and studied in idealized numerical simulations. While there is a rich history of observational work on convective clustering and organization, there have been only a few studies that have analyzed observations to look specifically for processes related to self-aggregation in models. Here we review observational work in both of these categories and motivate the need for more of this work. We acknowledge that self-aggregation may appear to be far-removed from observed convective organization in terms of time scales, initial conditions, initiation processes, and mean state extremes, but we argue that these differences vary greatly across the diverse range of model simulations in the literature and that these comparisons are already offering important insights into real tropical phenomena. Some preliminary new findings are presented, including results showing that a self-aggregation simulation with square geometry has too broad distribution of humidity and is too dry in the driest regions when compared with radiosonde records from Nauru, while an elongated channel simulation has realistic representations of atmospheric humidity and its variability. We discuss recent work increasing our understanding of how organized convection and climate change may interact, and how model discrepancies related to this question are prompting interest in observational comparisons. We also propose possible future directions for observational work related to convective aggregation, including novel satellite approaches and a ground-based observational network. | [
"Earth System Science"
]
|
174291 | Disrupting the energy market with the innovation in solar heating | Can the renewable energy be attractive without subventions? Currently it’s not, since the existing solutions do not provide energy at a competitive price level. PolarSol has developed the first solar heating system capable of operating around the year even in cold-climate conditions. Moreover, it provides energy that is cheaper than district heating! The innovation is based on the patented heat exchanger made from thin stainless steel sheet. This unique element serves as a core for all processes within a full-cycle hybrid system, including heating, cooling, waste heat recuperation, and energy storage. Using same element for multiple purposes allows customers significantly reduce investments, shorten payback time and increase ROI. For most of objects the payback time is 3-5 years, which is by far the industry record.
The system has already been piloted in Finland, Estonia, Czech Republiс, Poland, Malta, Ukraine and Russia for a variety of objects including private houses, industrial plants, spas and multi-story buildings. The system is easily scalable and can be supplied both to B2C and B2B markets. However, so far PolarSol has paid little attention on focusing marketing and sales effort in order to attract as diverse customer base as possible. The diversity has provided us better opportunity to test different system modifications. One of the main goals of the project is to identify customer segments with the highest market potential with special emphasis on B2B market. This goal will be pursued in Phase 1 by means of market surveys and thorough analysis of available options.
The whole delivery chain is so far mainly handled by PolarSol itself. The goal of Phase 2 is to develop the international network of partners and local representatives and build up effective sales and distribution channels. This will allow PolarSol better respond to the constantly growing demand for heat exchangers and concentrate on developing new clean energy solutions for global challenges. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Materials Engineering",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
10.1093/jxb/erw108 | The holistic rhizosphere: Integrating zones, processes, and semantics in the soil influenced by roots | Despite often being conceptualized as a thin layer of soil around roots, the rhizosphere is actually a dynamic system of interacting processes. Hiltner originally defined the rhizosphere as the soil influenced by plant roots. However, soil physicists, chemists, microbiologists, and plant physiologists have studied the rhizosphere independently, and therefore conceptualized the rhizosphere in different ways and using contrasting terminology. Rather than research-specific conceptions of the rhizosphere, the authors propose a holistic rhizosphere encapsulating the following components: microbial community gradients, macroorganisms, mucigel, volumes of soil structure modification, and depletion or accumulation zones of nutrients, water, root exudates, volatiles, and gases. These rhizosphere components are the result of dynamic processes and understanding the integration of these processes will be necessary for future contributions to rhizosphere science based upon interdisciplinary collaborations. In this review, current knowledge of the rhizosphere is synthesized using this holistic perspective with a focus on integrating traditionally separated rhizosphere studies. The temporal dynamics of rhizosphere activities will also be considered, from annual fine root turnover to diurnal fluctuations of water and nutrient uptake. The latest empirical and computational methods are discussed in the context of rhizosphere integration. Clarification of rhizosphere semantics, a holistic model of the rhizosphere, examples of integration of rhizosphere studies across disciplines, and review of the latest rhizosphere methods will empower rhizosphere scientists from different disciplines to engage in the interdisciplinary collaborations needed to break new ground in truly understanding the rhizosphere and to apply this knowledge for practical guidance. | [
"Earth System Science",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution"
]
|
268926 | The ecological significance of telomere dynamics: environments, individuals and inheritance | The current pace of change is such that many organisms face ever more rapid and severe fluctuations in their physical and biotic environments. A major challenge for ecologists and evolutionary biologists is in understanding how this will influence individuals, populations and ecosystems, and over what time scale such effects will occur. There is now great interest in so called 'maternal effects', which can generate rapid phenotypic responses, with both positive and negative fitness consequences in an ecological timeframe. In this project, I propose to examine a hitherto unconsidered route whereby the state of the mother alters the DNA that her offspring inherit, with profound effects on offspring reproductive performance and potential lifespan. This route is the effect of maternal state on telomeres, the DNA sequences that cap chromosomes ends; changes in the length and loss rate of telomeres could affect the longevity and reproductive output of individuals, their offspring and even grand-offspring. We still know very little about what telomere loss measurable at the cellular level actually means for organismal level performance, how it is influenced by environmental factors and intergenerational maternal effects, and how telomere dynamics relate to Darwinian fitness parameters. We lack experimental studies that track telomere loss within individuals subjected to varying environmental circumstances and relate this to organismal level outcomes for parents and offspring. I plan to address this gap in our understanding in a novel and innovative experimental programme that tests the idea that the effects of environmental stressors on senescence rates and lifespan are linked to accelerated telomere loss and that, through this route, can affect more than one generation. | [
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing"
]
|
10.1364/OE.21.001374 | Schmidt Decompositions Of Parametric Processes I Basic Theory And Simple Examples | Parametric devices based on four-wave mixing in fibers perform many signal-processing functions required by optical communication systems. In these devices, strong pumps drive weak signal and idler sidebands, which can have one or two polarization components, and one or many frequency components. The evolution of these components (modes) is governed by a system of coupled-mode equations. Schmidt decompositions of the associated transfer matrices determine the natural input and output mode vectors of such systems, and facilitate the optimization of device performance. In this paper, the basic properties of Schmidt decompositions are derived from first principles and are illustrated by two simple examples (one- and two-mode parametric amplification). In a forthcoming paper, several nontrivial examples relevant to current research (including four-mode parametric amplification) will be discussed. | [
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Mathematics",
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter"
]
|
10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.009 | New perspectives on central amygdala function | The central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is a striatum-like structure orchestrating a diverse set of adaptive behaviors, including defensive and appetitive responses [1–3]. Studies using anatomical, electrophysiological, imaging and optogenetic approaches revealed that the CEA network consists of recurrent inhibitory circuits comprised of precisely connected functionally and genetically defined cell types that can select and control specific behavioral outputs [3,4,5•,6•,7–9,11,12]. While bivalent functionality of the CEA in adaptive behavior has been clearly demonstrated, we are just beginning to understand to which degree individual CEA circuit elements are functionally segregated or overlapping. Importantly, recent studies seem to suggest that optogenetic manipulations of the same, or overlapping cell populations can give rise to distinct, or sometimes even opposite, behavioral phenotypes [5•,6•,9–12]. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of how defined CEA circuits can control defensive and appetitive behaviors, and how seemingly contradictory results could point to an integrated concept of CEA function. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration"
]
|
EP 05006825 A | Pattern forming method, graft polymer-based pattern material, conductive pattern forming method and conductive pattern material | The present invention provides a pattern forming method characterized in that energy is applied to a surface of a base material including a polyimide having a polymerization initiating moiety in a skeleton thereof to thereby generate an active site on the surface of the base material, and a polymer directly bonded to the base material surface and having at least a group selected from a group consisting of: a polar group; a functional group whose hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity changes, whose structure is changed into a structure that interacts with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof, or which ceases to interact with an electroless plating catalyst or a precursor thereof in response to heat, acid or radiation; and a polymerizable functional group, is generated in a pattern shape using the active site as a starting point so that a pattern is formed on the surface of the base material. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
10.1002/2017JD027657 | Constraints on Meteoric Smoke Composition and Meteoric Influx Using SOFIE Observations With Models | The composition of meteoric smoke particles in the mesosphere is constrained using measurements from the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) in conjunction with models. Comparing the multiwavelength observations with models suggests smoke compositions of magnetite, wüstite, magnesiowüstite, or iron-rich olivine. Smoke compositions of pure pyroxene, hematite, iron-poor olivine, magnesium silicate, and silica are excluded, although this may be because these materials have weak signatures at the SOFIE wavelengths. Information concerning smoke composition allows the SOFIE extinction measurements to be converted to smoke volume density. Comparing the observed volume density with model results for varying meteoric influx (MI) provides constraints on the ablated fraction of incoming meteoric material. The results indicate a global ablated MI of 3. 3 ± 1. 9 t d−1, which represents only iron, magnesium, and possibly silica, given the smoke compositions indicated here. Considering the optics and iron content of individual smoke compositions gives an ablated Fe influx of 1. 8 ± 0. 9 t d−1. Finally, the global total meteoric influx (ablated plus surviving) is estimated to be 30 ± 18 t d−1, when considering the present results and a recent description of the speciation of meteoric material. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Earth System Science"
]
|
10.1063/1.3477192 | Insight On The Su 8 Resist As Passivation Layer For Transparent Ga2O3 In2O3 Zno Thin Film Transistors | A nonvacuum and low temperature process for passivating transparent metal oxides based thin-film transistors is presented. This process uses the epoxy-based SU-8 resist which prevents device degradation against environmental conditions, vacuum or sputtering surface damage. The incorporation of SU-8 as a passivation layer is based on the ability of this polymer to provide features with high mechanical and chemical stability. With this approach, lithography is performed to pattern the resist over the active area of the device in order to form the passivation layer. The resulting transistors demonstrate very good electrical characteristics, such as μFE=61 cm2/V s, VON=−3 V, ON/OFF=4. 4×109, and S=0. 28 V/dec. Electrical behavior due to the SU-8/metal oxide interface characteristics is also reported on the basis of Fourier transform infrared analysis. In contrast, we demonstrate how sputtering of SiO2 as a passivation layer results in severely degraded devices that cannot be switched-off. In order to obtain pro. . . | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
637995 | Probabilistic and Dynamical Study of Nonlinear Dispersive Equations | Nonlinear dispersive partial differential equations (PDEs) appear ubiquitously as models describing wave phenomena in various branches of physics and engineering. Over the last few decades, multilinear harmonic analysis has played a crucial role in the development of the theoretical understanding of the subject. Furthermore, in recent years, a non-deterministic point of view has been incorporated into the study of nonlinear dispersive PDEs, enabling us to study typical behaviour of solutions in a probabilistic manner and go beyond the limit of deterministic analysis.
The main objective of this proposal is to develop novel mathematical ideas and techniques, and make significant progress on some of the central problems related to the nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLS) and the Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) from both the deterministic and probabilistic points of view. In particular, we consider the following long term projects:
1. We will study properties of invariant Gibbs measures for nonlinear Hamiltonian PDEs. One project involves establishing a new connection between the limiting behaviour of the Gibbs measures and the concentration phenomena of finite time blowup solutions. The other project aims to understand the space-time covariance of the Gibbs measures in the weakly nonlinear regime.
2. We will first construct the invariant white noise for the cubic NLS on the circle. Then, we will provide a statistical description of the global-in-time dynamics for the stochastic KdV and stochastic cubic NLS on the circle with additive space-time white noise.
3. We will develop novel analytical techniques and construct the local-in-time dynamics for the cubic NLS on the circle in a low regularity.
4. We will advance the understanding of traveling waves and prove scattering for some energy-critical NLS with non-vanishing boundary conditions. | [
"Mathematics"
]
|
W2524528667 | A comprehensive review of reviews of school-based interventions to improve sexual-health | To systematically review systematic reviews of school-based sexual-health and relationship Education (SHRE) programmes and, thereby, identify interventions and intervention components that promote reductions in risky sexual behaviour among young people.Electronic bibliographies were searched systematically to identify systematic reviews of school-based interventions targeting sexual-health. Results were summarised using a narrative synthesis.Thirty-seven systematic reviews (summarising 224 primary randomised controlled trials) met our inclusion and quality assessment criteria. In general, these reviews analysed distinct sets of primary studies, and no comprehensive review of available primary studies was identified. Interventions were categorised into five types that segment this review literature. Unfortunately, many reviews reported weak and inconsistent evidence of behaviour change. Nonetheless, integration of review findings generated a list of 32 design, content and implementation characteristics that may enhance effectiveness of school-based, sexual-health interventions. Abstinence-only interventions were found to be ineffective in promoting positive changes in sexual behaviour. By contrast, comprehensive interventions, those specifically targeting HIV prevention, and school-based clinics were found to be effective in improving knowledge and changing attitudes, behaviours and health-relevant outcomes.School-based interventions targeting risky sexual behaviour can be effective. Particular design, content and implementation characteristics appear to be associated with greater effectiveness. We recommend consideration of these characteristics by designers of school-based sexual-health interventions. | [
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases",
"The Social World and Its Interactions"
]
|
AT 2011000519 W | DEVICE FOR DISPENSING BULK MATERIAL ON A WATER SURFACE | The invention relates to a device (1) for removing oil and oil-like substances from a water surface, comprising a reservoir (2) for bulk material, in particular sand, the reservoir having at least one outlet opening (4) that can be closed by means of a closing apparatus (5), wherein the closing apparatus (5) has at least one closing part (6), which is tapered in the form of a wedge in the direction of the outlet opening (4) and which can be moved between a closed position, in which the closing part is inserted into the outlet opening (4) and the outlet opening (4) is completely closed, and an open position, in which the outlet opening (4) is at least partially released, and vice versa, wherein several, in particular at least three, closing parts (6) are provided in order to close a corresponding number of outlet openings (4), the closing parts being connected to each other by means of a coupling apparatus (8). | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
10.5194/cp-13-217-2017 | An improved north–south synchronization of ice core records around the 41 kyr <sup>10</sup>Be peak | Abstract. Using new high-resolution 10Be measurements in the NGRIP, EDML and Vostok ice cores, together with previously published data from EDC, we present an improved synchronization between Greenland and Antarctic ice cores during the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion ∼ 41 kyr ago. We estimate the precision of this synchronization to be ±20 years, an order of magnitude better than previous work. We discuss the implications of this new synchronization for making improved estimates of the depth difference between ice and enclosed gas of the same age (Δdepth), difference between age of ice and enclosed gas at the same depth (Δage) in the EDC and EDML ice cores, spectral properties of the 10Be profiles and phasing between Dansgaard–Oeschger-10 (in NGRIP) and AIM-10 (in EDML and EDC). | [
"Earth System Science",
"Universe Sciences"
]
|
225439 | Impact of magnetic field on emergent solar spectra | Solar brightness varies at all measured timescales and wavelengths, and can
affect terrestrial atmosphere and climate. Variations on timescales longer than a day
are driven by the solar surface magnetic activity. Solar magnetic field modifies the
structure of the solar atmosphere and its radiative properties, appearing at the surface
as dark spots and bright faculae. These features continuously evolve with time and
modulate solar brightness. Although significant progress has been made in modeling
solar brightness variations, their amplitude in the ultraviolet (UV) range remains
controversial. IMagE aims at resolving this controversy.
A crucial ingredient of the irradiance models are brightness spectra of the various
magnetic components. Spectra that have been used until now relied on a number of
simplifications that are not valid in the UV. To properly account for the physical
mechanisms which influence the solar variability in the UV, including the
line blanketing and departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE),
non-LTE computations of spectra from realistic 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
atmospheres are needed. This is
computationally extremely challenging. IMagE will exploit state-of-the-art MHD
and radiative transfer simulations to device a method for efficient, yet accurate,
synthesis of the non-LTE
brightness spectra of the different magnetic components. This method will be validated
against high spatial resolution observations of the Sun. Incorporation of the spectra
computed with this method in the physics-based irradiance models
will lead to a breakthrough in our understanding of the solar UV irradiance variability.
The grid of non-LTE spectra for different magnetic field strengths and solar
disc positions produced within IMagE can also be used to analyze the data from
future missions, for instance SUNRISE III and the maiden Indian solar mission Aditya-L1. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Earth System Science"
]
|
10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.166 | Stainless steel surface structure and initial oxidation at nanometric and atomic scales | The durability of passivable metals and alloys is often limited by the stability of the surface oxide film, the passive film, providing self-protection against corrosion in aggressive environments. Improving this stability requires to develop a deeper understanding of the surface structure and initial surface reactivity at the nanometric or atomic scale. In this work we applied scanning tunneling microscopy to unravel the surface structure of a model stainless steel surface in the metallic state and its local modifications induced by initial reaction in dioxygen gas. The results show a rich and complex structure of the oxide-free surface with reconstructed atomic lattice and self-organized lines of surface vacancies at equilibrium. New insight is brought into the mechanisms of initial oxidation at steps and vacancy injection on terraces leading to Cr-rich oxide nuclei and locally Cr-depleted terraces, impacting the subsequent mechanism of chromium enrichment essential to the stability of the surface oxide. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Condensed Matter Physics"
]
|
W2122216132 | Universal Wave-Function Overlap and Universal Topological Data from Generic Gapped Ground States | We propose a way-universal wave-function overlap-to extract universal topological data from generic ground states of gapped systems in any dimensions. Those extracted topological data might fully characterize the topological orders with a gapped or gapless boundary. For nonchiral topological orders in (2+1)D, these universal topological data consist of two matrices S and T, which generate a projective representation of SL(2,Z) on the degenerate ground state Hilbert space on a torus. For topological orders with a gapped boundary in higher dimensions, these data constitute a projective representation of the mapping class group MCG(M^{d}) of closed spatial manifold M^{d}. For a set of simple models and perturbations in two dimensions, we show that these quantities are protected to all orders in perturbation theory. These overlaps provide a much more powerful alternative to the topological entanglement entropy and allow for more efficient numerical implementations. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Mathematics"
]
|
10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.026 | Intraspinal Sensory Neurons Provide Powerful Inhibition to Motor Circuits Ensuring Postural Control during Locomotion | In the vertebrate spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are GABAergic neurons whose functions are only beginning to unfold. Recent evidence indicates that CSF-cNs detect local spinal bending and relay this mechanosensory feedback information to motor circuits, yet many CSF-cN targets remain unknown. Using optogenetics, patterned illumination, and in vivo electrophysiology, we show here that CSF-cNs provide somatic inhibition to fast motor neurons and excitatory sensory interneurons involved in the escape circuit. Ventral CSF-cNs respond to longitudinal spinal contractions and induce large inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) sufficient to silence spiking of their targets. Upon repetitive stimulation, these IPSCs promptly depress, enabling the mechanosensory response to the first bend to be the most effective. When CSF-cNs are silenced, postural control is compromised, resulting in rollovers during escapes. Altogether, our data demonstrate how GABAergic sensory neurons provide powerful inhibitory feedback to the escape circuit to maintain balance during active locomotion. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing"
]
|
10.1007/JHEP01(2017)140 | Thermodynamical String Fragmentation | The observation of heavy-ion-like behaviour in pp collisions at the LHC suggests that more physics mechanisms are at play than traditionally assumed. The introduction e. g. of quark-gluon plasma or colour rope formation can describe several of the observations, but as of yet there is no established paradigm. In this article we study a few possible modifications to the Pythia event generator, which describes a wealth of data but fails for a number of recent observations. Firstly, we present a new model for generating the transverse momentum of hadrons during the string fragmentation process, inspired by thermodynamics, where heavier hadrons naturally are suppressed in rate but obtain a higher average transverse momentum. Secondly, close-packing of strings is taken into account by making the temperature or string tension environment-dependent. Thirdly, a simple model for hadron rescattering is added. The effect of these modifications is studied, individually and taken together, and compared with data mainly from the LHC. While some improvements can be noted, it turns out to be nontrivial to obtain effects as big as required, and further work is called for. | [
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1103/PhysRevB.95.205121 | Ising antiferromagnet in the two-dimensional Hubbard model with mismatched Fermi surfaces | We study the phase diagram of the two-dimensional repulsive Hubbard model with spin-dependent anisotropic hopping at half filling. The system develops Ising antiferromagnetic long-range order already at infinitesimal repulsive interaction strength in the ground state. Outside the perturbative regime, unbiased predictions for the critical temperatures of the Ising antiferromagnet are made for representative interaction values by a variety of state-of-the-art quantum Monte Carlo methods, including the diagrammatic Monte Carlo, continuous-time determinantal Monte Carlo, and path-integral Monte Carlo methods. Our findings are relevant to ultracold atom experiments in the p orbital or with spin-dependent optical lattices. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics"
]
|
W2014678139 | “Search-and-Replace” | Artists are prototypical over-conscious individuals. For the exploration of the methodological issues of the study of the language used in life stories as expressions of modern worldviews, artists' cases are very useful. Their search for unique authenticity includes their worldview. They do not simply reproduce worldview repertoires, but select items that are subsequently given new meaning, producing a new and exclusive pattern. As a consequence, the grey area between religious and secular convictions is over-represented in artists' autobiographies. Thus the modern processes of individualization and secularization become visible in their life stories. In an interdisciplinary study of thirty life narratives of Dutch artists, the author has combined methodological insights from literary studies and the cultural anthropology of religion. The difficulty of generalizing about what is presented as unique and authentic is discussed, including the author's quest for a plausible typology. Special attention is given to the models that artists use for their life stories, and to the striking role of inconsistency in their accounts. | [
"Studies of Cultures and Arts",
"Texts and Concepts",
"The Study of the Human Past"
]
|
US 202016751828 A | Alignment of standard-definition and High-Definition maps | Aspects of the disclosed invention relate to alignment of standard definition (SD) maps and high definition (HD maps) which may come from different sources. Responsive to input of a destination, a route to that destination may be defined, and SD map waypoints generated from that defined route. A graph may be generated from the HD map. The waypoints may be matched with nodes and edges in the graph. One or more edges may constitute a segment in the HD map. A plurality of segments are identified to match the route. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
10.1080/02723638.2016.1142152 | New perspectives on ethnic segregation over time and space. A domains approach | Ethnic segregation has most often been studied at the place of residence, segregation being defined on the basis of the relative presence of different groups within city neighbourhoods. It is increasingly recognized, however, that segregation occurs in different ways in different domains (such as the workplace, leisure, social media, etc. ), the residential domain being just one of many in which segregation can occur. In this research note we present the domains approach to segregation and outline some its conceptual, methodological and empirical underpinnings and challenges. | [
"Human Mobility, Environment, and Space",
"The Social World and Its Interactions"
]
|
3737663 | Samarium-Catalyzed asymmetric radical transformations | Complex biologically-active molecules, containing linked rings of atoms and possessing elaborate 3D forms, represent the ultimate challenge for synthetic chemists. As many of society’s established and future drugs, agrochemicals, and biological probes, boast intricate architectures, the ability to efficiently generate molecular complexity from simple starting materials is vital. Radical cyclization cascade reactions could well provide the solution; they have the potential to deliver complex architectures, with control of three dimensional shape, in one-step. Unfortunately, carrying out reactions with radicals in an enantiocontrolled fashion remains challenging due to their high reactivity. This is particularly the case for radicals generated using the classical reagent, samarium(II) diiodide (SmI2). SmI2 is one of the global community’s most important and widely used reagents for radical chemistry, as evidenced by its commercial availability and its pivotal use in numerous scientific studies around the world. Despite over 40 years of widespread use, and 1000s of publications describing its chemistry, two well-known disadvantages shadow SmI2: 1. An inability to control the enantioselectivity of radical reactions using SmI2, and; 2. The requirement for the use of a significant stoichiometric excess of SmI2 thus raising issues of cost and waste. Bringing together the Procter group’s recent breakthroughs in chiral ligand control and catalysis using SmI2, Dr Agasti’s ‘SmART’ project will develop the first catalytic enantioselective reactions using SmI2. Furthermore, the new catalytic processes will be used to convert simple feedstocks into high-value, complex, cyclic molecules bearing multiple stereocenters with high enantio- and diastereocontrol. Previously, such molecules could only be prepared by laborious multi-step synthesis. Dr Agasti’s approach will therefore streamline complex molecule synthesis, saving time and money, and minimizing chemical waste. | [
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
10.1007/978-3-319-63537-8_43 | Consciousness As An Evolutionary Game Theoretic Strategy | The aim of this article is to highlight the role of consciousness as a survival strategy in a complex multi-agent social environment. Clinical approaches to investigating consciousness usually center around cognitive awareness and arousal. An evolutionary approach to the problem offers a complimentary perspective demonstrating how social games trigger a cognitive arms-race among interacting goal-oriented agents possibly leading to consciousness. We begin our discussion declaring the functions that consciousness serves for goal-oriented agents. From a functional standpoint, consciousness can be interpreted as an evolutionary game-theoretic strategy. To illustrate this, we formalize the Lotka-Volterra population dynamics to a multi-agent system with cooperation and competition. We argue that for small population sizes, supervised learning strategies using behavioral feedback enable individuals to increase their fitness. In larger populations, learning using adaptive schemes are more efficient. However, when the network of social interactions becomes sufficiently complex, including the prevalence of hidden states of other agents that cannot be accessed, then all aforementioned optimization schemes are rendered computationally infeasible. We propose that that is when the mechanisms of consciousness become relevant as an alternative strategy to make predictions about the world by decoding psychological states of other agents. We suggest one specific realization of this strategy: projecting self onto others. | [
"The Human Mind and Its Complexity",
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System"
]
|
W2380920799 | Correlation analysis of RMB exchange rate against Yen,Dollar and Euro respectively based on Copula function | The Gumbel Copula functions and Clayton Copula function of the Archimedean-Copula Functions were selected for the Kendall correlation analysis based on the data of Central parity rate of RMB exchange rate against yen,dollar and euro respectively from July 25,2005 to April 15,2010.And the log-daily returns of the U.S.dollar,the euro and the Japanese yen against the RMB were contrasted by the index of tail dependence.The results show that the U.S.dollar against the RMB exchange rate has a negative correlation with the euro and the yen,while the euro positive correlation with the yen.Therefore,if the exchange rate policy of the U.S.dollar against the RMB turns to the direction of RMB appreciation in the environment that U.S.government puts pressure on the RMB exchange rate,the interests of European Union and Japan will decrease. | [
"Mathematics",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
10.1007/978-3-642-39965-7_1 | Airborne Wind Energy Basic Concepts And Physical Foundations | Tethered wings that fly fast in a crosswind direction have the ability to highly concentrate the abundant wind power resource in medium and high altitudes, and promise to make this resource available to human needs with low material investment. This chapter introduces the main ideas behind airborne wind energy, attempts a classification of the basic concepts that are currently pursued, and discusses its physical foundations and fundamental limitations. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
10.1051/0004-6361/201832576 | Asymptotic Theory Of Gravity Modes In Rotating Stars Ii Impact Of General Differential Rotation | Context. Differential rotation has a strong influence on stellar internal dynamics and evolution, notably by triggering hydrodynamical instabilities, by interacting with the magnetic field, and more generally by inducing transport of angular momentum and chemical elements. Moreover, it modifies the way waves propagate in stellar interiors and thus the frequency spectrum of these waves, the regions they probe, and the transport they generate. Aims. We investigate the impact of a general differential rotation (both in radius and latitude) on the propagation of axisymmetric gravito-inertial waves. Methods. We use a small-wavelength approximation to obtain a local dispersion relation for these waves. We then describe the propagation of waves thanks to a ray model that follows a Hamiltonian formalism. Finally, we numerically probe the properties of these gravito-inertial rays for different regimes of radial and latitudinal differential rotation. Results. We derive a local dispersion relation that includes the effect of a general differential rotation. Subsequently, considering a polytropic stellar model, we observe that differential rotation allows for a large variety of resonant cavities that can be probed by gravito-inertial waves. We identify that for some regimes of frequency and differential rotation, the properties of gravito-inertial rays are similar to those found in the uniformly rotating case. Furthermore, we also find new regimes specific to differential rotation, where the dynamics of rays is chaotic. Conclusions. As a consequence, we expect modes to follow the same trend. Some parts of oscillation spectra corresponding to regimes similar to those of the uniformly rotating case would exhibit regular patterns, while parts corresponding to the new regimes would be mostly constituted of chaotic modes with a spectrum rather characterised by a generic statistical distribution. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Mathematics"
]
|
10.1038/s41598-018-33336-8 | A change of perspective in network centrality | Typing “Yesterday” into the search-bar of your browser provides a long list of websites with, in top places, a link to a video by The Beatles. The order your browser shows its search results is a notable example of the use of network centrality. Centrality measures the importance of the nodes in a network and it plays a crucial role in several fields, ranging from sociology to engineering, and from biology to economics. Many centrality metrics are available. However, these measures are generally based on ad hoc assumptions, and there is no commonly accepted way to compare the effectiveness and reliability of different metrics. Here we propose a new perspective where centrality definition arises naturally from the most basic feature of a network, its adjacency matrix. Following this perspective, different centrality measures naturally emerge, including degree, eigenvector, and hub-authority centrality. Within this theoretical framework, the effectiveness of different metrics is evaluated and compared. Tests on a large set of networks show that the standard centrality metrics perform unsatisfactorily, highlighting intrinsic limitations for describing the centrality of nodes in complex networks. More informative multi-component centrality metrics are proposed as the natural extension of standard metrics. | [
"Mathematics",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
313671 | Rethinking sources and consequences of business cycles | Up until 2006 most macro-economists held the view that combination of technology and monetary factors could explain the bulk of business cycles, and that overall business cycle fluctuations were not a major source of concern for policy (at least in developed economies and in the post-war). The 2007-2009 crisis and its aftermath has radically shaken this view. First, most industrialized countries have experienced the largest and more synchronized downturn since the great depression and neither productivity nor monetary factors seem to have played a major role in it. Second the downturn has left profound scars on developed economies, in particular it has left a combination of high unemployment, large fiscal deficits, sluggish and unbalanced growth which are causing serious social discomfort together with political and international instability. The goal of this proposal is to better understand causes and consequences of the crisis. I intend to work on the 6 specific projects outlined below. All 6 projects are empirically motivated by the great depression and surrounding events, and all projects try to draw relevant policy implications from the analysis.
On the causes of the 2007-2009 crisis:
i) Wealth and volatility. The project explores the role of self-fulfilling demand crises as a drivers of business cycles. Main finding is that situation in which asset prices (in particular housing prices) are low makes the economy more vulnerable to these crises.
ii) Spatial Business Cycles. Project shows that increase in unemployment did not hit all US counties at the same time but rather started in few counties and over time spread to neighbouring areas. We draw lessons for the importance of housing prices and other local factors in causing, transmitting and amplifying fluctuations.
iii) Dealing with International Financial Distress. Early work has shown that financial shocks can cause global decline and that they can emerge endogenously as confidence crisis in the global market for asset of defaulting firms. This project asks whether and how policies can avoid these confidence crises, keeping into account that policies of liquidity provision might increase risk taking.
iv) The international China Syndrome. The project explores the role of new emerging manufacturing powerhouses such as India or China on macroeconomic performance of developed economies both from an empirical and a theoretical point of view.
On the consequences of the 2007-2009 crisis
i) Inequality and the Great Recession. Project analyzes the distributional impact of the crisis and of the persistent unemployment in the US, using data on inequality in income, hours, wealth and consumption over the period 2005-2011.
ii) Understanding the Euro debt crisis of 2011. This project uses a standard model of international limited risk sharing to assess whether the recent surge in sovereign spread paid by many European countries can be explained by macro fundamentals. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems",
"The Social World and Its Interactions"
]
|
10.1002/aenm.201801258 | Carbon-Tailored Semimetal MoP as an Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalyst in Both Alkaline and Acid Media | The electrolysis processes such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) require high efficient catalysts with robust surface stability. A high conductivity is also necessary to speed up the charge transport between the catalyst and the electrolyte. Recently, the observation of exceedingly high conductivity in the topological semimetal MoP, has provided a model catalyst to investigate the correlation between the electrical transport and the electrocatalytic activity for the HER. Thus, MoP is encapsulated in a Mo, P codoped carbon layer (MoP@C). This composite material exhibits outstanding HER performance, with an extremely low overpotential of 49 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 54 mV dec−1 in an alkaline medium. In addition, electron transport analysis indicates that MoP exhibits high conductivity and mobility due to the existence of triple-point fermions and a complex Fermi surface. Furthermore, the presence of PC and MoC bonds at the interface between the carbon layer and the MoP particles modulates the band structure of MoP@C and facilitates fast electron transfer, accumulation, and subsequent delocalization, which are in turn responsible for the excellent HER activity. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.056 | Supergenes and complex phenotypes | Understanding the molecular underpinnings of evolutionary adaptations is a central focus of modern evolutionary biology. Recent studies have uncovered a panoply of complex phenotypes, including locally adapted ecotypes and cryptic morphs, divergent social behaviours in birds and insects, as well as alternative metabolic pathways in plants and fungi, that are regulated by clusters of tightly linked loci. These 'supergenes' segregate as stable polymorphisms within or between natural populations and influence ecologically relevant traits. Some supergenes may span entire chromosomes, because selection for reduced recombination between a supergene and a nearby locus providing additional benefits can lead to locus expansions with dynamics similar to those known for sex chromosomes. In addition to allowing for the co-segregation of adaptive variation within species, supergenes may facilitate the spread of complex phenotypes across species boundaries. Application of new genomic methods is likely to lead to the discovery of many additional supergenes in a broad range of organisms and reveal similar genetic architectures for convergently evolved phenotypes. | [
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1021/acsnano.7b07220 | Medical Imaging for the Tracking of Micromotors | Micro/nanomotors are useful tools for several biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive microsurgeries. However, major challenges such as in vivo imaging need to be addressed before they can be safely applied on a living body. Here, we show that positron emission tomography (PET), a molecular imaging technique widely used in medical imaging, can also be used to track a large population of tubular Au/PEDOT/Pt micromotors. Chemisorption of an iodine isotope onto the micromotor's Au surface rendered them detectable by PET, and we could track their movements in a tubular phantom over time frames of up to 15 min. In a second set of experiments, micromotors and the bubbles released during self-propulsion were optically tracked by video imaging and bright-field microscopy. The results from direct optical tracking agreed with those from PET tracking, demonstrating that PET is a suitable technique for the imaging of large populations of active micromotors in opaque environments, thus opening opportunities for the use of this mature imaging technology for the in vivo localization of artificial swimmers. | [
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials"
]
|
US 2008/0054613 W | METHODS AND COMPOUNDS FOR LYMPHOMA CELL DETECTION AND ISOLATION | Compositions comprising a purified and/or isolated antibody, humanized antibodies, precipitates and anti-sera that specifically bind to or are otherwise directed against ROR-1 protein. The compositions may be used for detecting ROR-1 in a sample from a subject that is suspected or known to contain cancer cells. The ROR-1 antibodies are especially useful in identifying and treating lymphomas and ademocarcinomas. Vaccines and related methods for protecting a subject against diseases that involve expression of ROR-1 are also provided, as are human anti-sera effective in abrogating interactions between Wnt5a protein and ROR-1 that contribute to the survival of certain cancer cells, such as CLL cells. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
10.1007/s00213-013-3273-8 | Effects of the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 on coping behavior under challenging conditions in mice | Rationale: Recent evidence suggests that in addition to controlling emotional behavior in general, endocannabinoid signaling is engaged in shaping behavioral responses to challenges. This important function of endocannabinoids is still poorly understood. Objectives: Here we investigated the impact of blockade of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the degrading enzyme of anandamide on behavioral responses induced by challenges of different intensity. Methods: Mice treated with FAAH inhibitor URB597 were either manually restrained on their backs (back test) or received foot-shocks. Results: The behavior of mice showed bimodal distribution in the back test: they either predominantly showed escape attempts or equally distributed time between passivity and escape. URB597 increased escapes in animals with low escape scores. No effects were noticed in mice showing high escape scores, which is likely due to a ceiling effect. We hypothesized that stronger stressors would wash out individual differences in coping; therefore, we exposed mice to foot-shocks that decreased locomotion and increased freezing in all mice. URB597 ameliorated both responses. The re-exposure of mice to the shock cage 14 days later without delivering shocks or treatment was followed by reduced and fragmented sleep as shown by electrophysiological recordings. Surprisingly, sleep was more disturbed after the reminder than after shocks in rats receiving vehicle before foot-shocks. These reminder-induced disturbances were abolished by URB597 administered before shocks. Conclusions: These findings suggest that FAAH blockade has an important role in the selection of behavioral responses under challenging conditions and - judging from its long-term effects - that it influences the cognitive appraisal of the challenge. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
221472 | High speed and high torque electric transaxle enabling unprecedented use in agricultural applications | The world of agricultural equipment continues to evolve in order to adapt to the needs of the sector, shifting to the use of small and efficient electric vehicles (EVs), which are more suited for compact dimensions and high performance. Such is the requirement in farms, nurseries, greenhouses and vineyards, where movement space for vehicles is confined, the crop sensitive to green-house emissions and high towing capacity is necessary. The most important component to contribute to torque and speed is the transmission system (transaxle). Current transaxles fitted on electric vehicles are less efficient, have a cumbersome design, consume more electrical energy, have reduced battery operational time and are more expensive, thereby costing farmers up to 50% more in operational expenses.
TX3 aims at realizing an efficient ""Third Generation Transmission Axle"" presenting flexibility in torque and speed and a compact design to suit the needs of the sector. We will combine the best technologies in mechanical gear ratios, mechanical differential locking and transaxle modularisation, to produce a novel design that will completely revolutionise transaxles for the agricultural electric vehicle sector. The high efficiency of the transmission will allow for enhanced vehicle autonomy with higher load capacity and longer battery life expectancy on a single charge. The application of TX3 is expected to have ripple benefits across Europe and globally, maximising the productive running time, thereby increasing productivity for farmers.
We will utilize our well established commercialization channels, which include our presence in 40 countries across 5 continents, to break onto the international markets, starting with Italy, Germany and France. In 2014, the agricultural machinery industry posted a total turnover of €27 billion out of an estimated total global market value of €160 billion in 2016. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
223252 | Energetics of natural turbulent flows: the impact of waves and radiation. | Turbulence in natural flows is an outstanding challenge with key implications for the energetics of planets, stars, oceans, and the Earth’s climate system. Such natural flows interact with waves, radiation or a combination thereof: surface waves and solar radiation on oceans and lakes, bulk waves and radiation inside the rapidly rotating and electrically conducting solar interior, etc. Standard simplified models often discard waves, radiation, or both, with dramatic consequences for the energy budget of natural flows: geostrophic models neglect waves, and Rayleigh-Bénard thermal convection considers heat diffusively injected through a solid boundary, in strong contrast with radiative heating. The purpose of the present multidisciplinary project is to develop a consistent and coupled description of natural flows interacting with waves and radiation, to properly assess their energy budget:
• Because resolving surface waves in global ocean models will remain out-of-reach for decades, I will derive and investigate reduced equations describing their two-way coupling to the ocean currents, with timely implications for the upwelling of nutrients, the strength of the global ocean circulation and ultimately CO2 sequestration and the climate system.
• Building on my recent advances in the field of rotating and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, I will derive a set of reduced equations to simulate such turbulent flows in the vicinity of the transition where bulk 3D waves appear on a 2D turbulent flow. This approach will allow me to reach unprecedented parameter regimes, orders of magnitude beyond state-of-the-art 3D direct numerical simulations (DNS).
• Finally, I will combine state-of-the-art DNS with a versatile experimental platform to determine the structure, kinetic energy and heat transport of turbulent radiative convection in various geometries. I will extrapolate the resulting scaling-laws to the ocean circulation, the mixing in lakes and the solar tachocline. | [
"Earth System Science",
"Universe Sciences",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
10.1287/trsc.2014.0561 | Dynamic speed optimization in supply chains with stochastic demand | In this paper, we analyze how to continuously adjust the speed in a supply chain with stochastic demand. For each unit (e. g. , truckload, shipping container) in the chain, one must decide at which speed it should be moved downstream, given the state of the system, to minimize total supply chain costs. We decompose the problem into a set of one-dimensional subproblems that can be easily solved and characterize the optimal variable speed policy: under some assumptions, we show that it is optimal to set a speed that is first increasing in the distance to the market, and then decreasing. As a result, at optimality a given unit will experience an accelerating speed and then it will be slowed down, unless a demand occurs, in which case, the speed will be adjusted upward. We finally provide a transportation case study where we estimate the benefits of a variable-speed compared to a fixed-speed policy and show them to be significant both financially and from a CO2-emissions perspective. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.15173/jhap.v6i3.3436 | Articulating Space in Terms of Transformation Groups: Helmholtz and Cassirer | Hermann von Helmholtz’s geometrical papers (1868–1878) have been typically deemed to provide an implicitly group-theoretical analysis of space, as articulated later by Felix Klein, Sophus Lie, and Henri Poincaré. However, there is less agreement as to what properties exactly in such a view would pertain to space, as opposed to abstract mathematical structures, on the one hand, and empirical contents, on the other. According to Moritz Schlick, the puzzle can be resolved only by clearly distinguishing the empirical qualities of spatial perception from those describable in terms of axiomatic geometry. This paper offers a partial defense of the group-theoretical reading of Helmholtz along the lines of Ernst Cassirer in the fourth volume of The Problem of Knowledge of 1940. In order to avoid the problem raised by Schlick, Cassirer relied on a Kantian view of space not so much as an object of geometry, but as a precondition for the possibility of measurement. Although the concept of group does not provide a description of space, the modern way to articulate the concept of space in terms of transformation groups reveals something about the structure and the transformation of spatial concepts in mathematical and natural sciences. | [
"Mathematics",
"Texts and Concepts"
]
|
10.1063/1.4934946 | Increasing Photon Absorption And Stability Of Pbs Quantum Dot Solar Cells Using A Zno Interlayer | We compared PbS quantum dot (QD) solar cells with different cathode interlayer materials, namely, LiF and ZnO nanoparticles, using the same device structure. Solar cells fabricated with the ZnO interlayer gave a power conversion efficiency of 4. 8%, which is higher (above the experimental variation) than the 4. 1% efficiency obtained with a LiF interlayer. We found that the ZnO interlayer alters the spatial distribution of the optical field, leading to an increase in external quantum efficiency in the visible range. Furthermore, devices with ZnO as interlayer showed more stable performance than the ones using LiF, with practically no power conversion efficiency degradation after 1 month inside a N2 glovebox. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
620830 | Soft artificial muscles | The development of bioinspired materials that mimic animal muscles is a key step in the advancement of several scientific fields, including robotics and medicine. Muscles exhibit a unique combination of softness, mechanical resistance, adaptability and the ability to undergo large anisotropic deformations, which is so far unmatched in artificial materials. This action will develop a novel class of nanocomposite materials that mimic natural muscles by combining stimuli-responsive hydrogels (SRH) and colloidal liquid crystals (CLC).
SRHs consist of a network of stimuli-responsive polymer chains and a high fraction of water. By changing the solubility of the polymer with stimuli such as temperature and light it is possible to control the amount of water in the network, thereby producing large volumetric variations. SRHs are soft and shape-compliant actuating materials like muscles, but they generally exhibit poor mechanical resistance and the volumetric expansion has no preferential direction. These limitations will be overcome by attaching the stimuli-responsive polymer chains to anisotropic colloidal particles and assembling these building blocks in a uniaxially oriented manner like CLCs. The resulting nanocomposites will be soft, yet strong, capable of actuation-like conventional SRHs, and their expansion/contraction will be directional, thanks to the preferred orientation of the colloidal particles.
The proposed platform will rely on rod-like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that will be decorated with cross-linkable poly-N-isopropylacrylamide chains bearing photoresponsive spiropyran units (poly-spiropyrans, PSPs). CNCs are inexpensive, biocompatible and can be easily extracted from renewable resources, while PSPs are known to form photoresponsive hydrogels. The combination of these elements and integration into uniaxially oriented structures will afford a novel class of soft actuators that will bring significant advancement to fields like robotics and medicine. | [
"Materials Engineering",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Condensed Matter Physics"
]
|
10.1080/01621459.2012.737740 | Selection Adjusted Confidence Intervals With More Power To Determine The Sign | In many current large-scale problems, confidence intervals (CIs) are constructed only for the parameters that are large, as indicated by their estimators, ignoring the smaller parameters. Such selective inference poses a problem to the usual marginal CIs that no longer offer the right level of coverage, not even on the average over the selected parameters. We address this problem by developing three methods to construct short and valid CIs for the location parameter of a symmetric unimodal distribution, while conditioning on its estimator being larger than some constant threshold. In two of these methods, the CI is further required to offer early sign determination, that is, to avoid including parameters of both signs for relatively small values of the estimator. One of the two, the Conditional Quasi-Conventional CI, offers a good balance between length and sign determination while protecting from the effect of selection. The CI is not symmetric, extending more toward 0 than away from it, nor is it of con. . . | [
"Mathematics"
]
|
10.1080/02757206.2017.1359587 | Islamic Cosmopolitanism Out Of Muslim Asia Hindu Muslim Business Co Operation Between Odessa And Yiwu | This article explores the forms of cosmopolitanism that form an important element of the identities and activities of long-distance Muslim merchants involved in the global trade in Chinese commodities. It focuses on two nodes that are central for this type of trade: Odessa on Ukraine’s Black Sea coast, and Yiwu in China’s Zhejiang Province. Ethnographically, the paper focuses on the commercial and social ties that exist between Muslim traders from Afghanistan and those who identify with the country’s dispersed Hindu ethno-religious minority. It argues that the ability to manage heterogeneous social and religious relationships is of critical significance to the activities and identities of these commodity traders. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"The Social World and Its Interactions",
"Studies of Cultures and Arts"
]
|
W4200042237 | Safety and efficacy of once-daily risdiplam in type 2 and non-ambulant type 3 spinal muscular atrophy (SUNFISH part 2): a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial | Risdiplam is an oral small molecule approved for the treatment of patients with spinal muscular atrophy, with approval for use in patients with type 2 and type 3 spinal muscular atrophy granted on the basis of unpublished data. The drug modifies pre-mRNA splicing of the SMN2 gene to increase production of functional SMN. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of risdiplam in patients with type 2 or non-ambulant type 3 spinal muscular atrophy.In this phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients aged 2-25 years with confirmed 5q autosomal recessive type 2 or type 3 spinal muscular atrophy were recruited from 42 hospitals in 14 countries across Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Participants were eligible if they were non-ambulant, could sit independently, and had a score of at least 2 in entry item A of the Revised Upper Limb Module. Patients were stratified by age and randomly assigned (2:1) to receive either daily oral risdiplam, at a dose of 5·00 mg (for individuals weighing ≥20 kg) or 0·25 mg/kg (for individuals weighing <20 kg), or daily oral placebo (matched to risdiplam in colour and taste). Randomisation was conducted by permutated block randomisation with a computerised system run by an external party. Patients, investigators, and all individuals in direct contact with patients were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in the 32-item Motor Function Measure total score at month 12. All individuals who were randomly assigned to risdiplam or placebo, and who did not meet the prespecified missing item criteria for exclusion, were included in the primary efficacy analysis. Individuals who received at least one dose of risdiplam or placebo were included in the safety analysis. SUNFISH is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02908685. Recruitment is closed; the study is ongoing.Between Oct 9, 2017, and Sept 4, 2018, 180 patients were randomly assigned to receive risdiplam (n=120) or placebo (n=60). For analysis of the primary endpoint, 115 patients from the risdiplam group and 59 patients from the placebo group were included. At month 12, the least squares mean change from baseline in 32-item Motor Function Measure was 1·36 (95% CI 0·61 to 2·11) in the risdiplam group and -0·19 (-1·22 to 0·84) in the placebo group, with a treatment difference of 1·55 (0·30 to 2·81, p=0·016) in favour of risdiplam. 120 patients who received risdiplam and 60 who received placebo were included in safety analyses. Adverse events that were reported in at least 5% more patients who received risdiplam than those who received placebo were pyrexia (25 [21%] of 120 patients who received risdiplam vs ten [17%] of 60 patients who received placebo), diarrhoea (20 [17%] vs five [8%]), rash (20 [17%] vs one [2%]), mouth and aphthous ulcers (eight [7%] vs 0), urinary tract infection (eight [7%] vs 0), and arthralgias (six [5%] vs 0). The incidence of serious adverse events was similar between treatment groups (24 [20%] of 120 patients in the risdiplam group; 11 [18%] of 60 patients in the placebo group), with the exception of pneumonia (nine [8%] in the risdiplam group; one [2%] in the placebo group).Risdiplam resulted in a significant improvement in motor function compared with placebo in patients aged 2-25 years with type 2 or non-ambulant type 3 spinal muscular atrophy. Our exploratory subgroup analyses showed that motor function was generally improved in younger individuals and stabilised in older individuals, which requires confirmation in further studies. SUNFISH part 2 is ongoing and will provide additional evidence regarding the long-term safety and efficacy of risdiplam.F Hoffmann-La Roche. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases",
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System"
]
|
W4225150565 | Intervenção online com professores para prevenção e enfrentamento do bullying escolar | No Brasil, os estudos sobre o bullyng têm aumentado na última década, mas poucos são direcionados ao preparo do professor para a prevenção e enfrentamento ao bullying. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de uma intervenção online com professores na prevenção e enfrentamento do bullying escolar, com seis sessões semanais grupais, formato multicomponente e metodologia experiencial com as temáticas: concepções de bullying, gerenciamento de conflitos, empatia, comunicação assertiva, autocontrole emocional e autocuidado. Participaram do estudo doze professores (11 sexo feminino e 01 masculino) de escolas públicas da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, com idades entre 39 e 62 anos. Trata-se de um estudo de viabilidade, com avaliação de processo e avaliação pós-intervenção. Os resultados demonstram a importância de intervenções para professores sobre o tema bullying que promovam a sensibilização quanto à necessidade de prevenção e de estabelecimento de relações positivas no ambiente escolar. | [
"The Social World and Its Interactions"
]
|
10.1080/19490976.2019.1678996 | Bile Salt Metabolism Is Not The Only Factor Contributing To Clostridioides Clostridium Difficile Disease Severity In The Murine Model Of Disease | Susceptibility of patients to antibiotic-associated C. difficile disease is intimately associated with specific changes to gut microbiome composition. In particular, loss of microbes that modify bile salt acids (BSA) play a central role; primary bile acids stimulate spore germination whilst secondary bile acids limit C. difficile vegetative growth. To determine the relative contribution of bile salt (BS) metabolism on C. difficile disease severity, we treated mice with three combinations of antibiotics prior to infection. Mice given clindamycin alone became colonized but displayed no tissue pathology while severe disease, exemplified by weight loss and inflammatory tissue damage occurred in animals given a combination of five antibiotics and clindamycin. Animals given only the five antibiotic cocktails showed only transient colonization and no disease. C. difficile colonization was associated with a reduction in bacterial diversity, an inability to amplify bile salt hydrolase (BSH) sequences from fecal DNA and a relative increase in primary bile acids (pBA) in cecal lavages from infected mice. Further, the link between BSA modification and the microbiome was confirmed by the isolation of strains of Lactobacillus murinus that modified primary bile acids in vitro, thus preventing C. difficile germination. Interestingly, BSH activity did not correlate with disease severity which appeared linked to alternations in mucin, which may indirectly lead to increased exposure of the epithelial surface to inflammatory signals. These data confirm the role of microbial metabolic activity in protection of the gut and highlights the need for greater understanding the function of bacterial communities in disease prevention. | [
"Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution"
]
|
10.1113/JP273648 | General Features Of Inhibition In The Inner Retina | Visual processing starts in the retina. Within only two synaptic layers, a large number of parallel information channels emerge, each encoding a highly processed feature like edges or the direction of motion. Much of this functional diversity arises in the inner plexiform layer, where inhibitory amacrine cells modulate the excitatory signal of bipolar and ganglion cells. Studies investigating individual amacrine cell circuits like the starburst or A17 circuit have demonstrated that single types can possess specific morphological and functional adaptations to convey a particular function in one or a small number of inner retinal circuits. However, the
interconnected and often stereotypical network formed by different types of amacrine cells across the inner plexiform layer prompts that they should be also involved in more general computations. In line with this notion, different recent studies systematically analysing inner retinal signalling at a population level provide evidence that general functions of the ensemble of amacrine cells
across types are critical for establishing universal principles of retinal computation like parallel processing or motion anticipation. Combining recent advances in the development of indicators for imaging inhibition with large-scale morphological and genetic classifications will help to further our understanding of how single amacrine cell circuits act together to help decompose the visual scene into parallel information channels. In this review, we aim to summarise the current
state-of-the-art in our understanding of how general features of amacrine cell inhibition lead to general features of computation. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02039 | Ion channels made from a single membrane-spanning DNA duplex | Because of their hollow interior, transmembrane channels are capable of opening up pathways for ions across lipid membranes of living cells. Here, we demonstrate ion conduction induced by a single DNA duplex that lacks a hollow central channel. Decorated with six porpyrin-tags, our duplex is designed to span lipid membranes. Combining electrophysiology measurements with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidate the microscopic conductance pathway. Ions flow at the DNA-lipid interface as the lipid head groups tilt toward the amphiphilic duplex forming a toroidal pore filled with water and ions. Ionic current traces produced by the DNA-lipid channel show well-defined insertion steps, closures, and gating similar to those observed for traditional protein channels or synthetic pores. Ionic conductances obtained through simulations and experiments are in excellent quantitative agreement. The conductance mechanism realized here with the smallest possible DNA-based ion channel offers a route to design a new class of synthetic ion channels with maximum simplicity. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials"
]
|
10.1098/rsif.2012.0471 | Variation in carotenoid–protein interaction in bird feathers produces novel plumage coloration | Light absorption by carotenoids is known to vary substantially with the shape or conformation of the pigment molecule induced by the molecular environment, but the role of interactions between carotenoid pigments and the proteins to which they are bound, and the resulting impact on organismal coloration, remain unclear. Here, we present a spectroscopic investigation of feathers from the brilliant red scarlet ibis ( Eudocimus ruber, Threskiornithidae), the orange-red summer tanager ( Piranga rubra, Cardinalidae) and the violet-purple feathers of the white-browed purpletuft ( Iodopleura isabellae, Tityridae). Despite their striking differences in colour, all three of these feathers contain canthaxanthin (β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione) as their primary pigment. Reflectance and resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy were used to investigate the induced molecular structural changes and carotenoid–protein interactions responsible for the different coloration in these plumage samples. The results demonstrate a significant variation between species in the peak frequency of the strong ethylenic vibration ( ν 1 ) peak in the rR spectra, the most significant of which is found in I. isabellae feathers and is correlated with a red-shift in canthaxanthin absorption that results in violet reflectance. Neither polarizability of the protein environment nor planarization of the molecule upon binding can entirely account for the full extent of the colour shift. Therefore, we suggest that head-to-tail molecular alignment (i. e. J-aggregation) of the protein-bound carotenoid molecules is an additional factor. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.013 | Deep Learning Reveals Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Antibody Targeting in the Entire Body | Deep learning-based automated detection and quantification of micrometastases and therapeutic antibody targeting down to the level of single disseminated cancer cells provides unbiased analysis of multiple metastatic cancer models at the full-body scale. | [
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
10.1145/2631172.2631181 | Automatically Deriving Schematic Theorems For Dynamic Contexts | Hypothetical judgments go hand-in-hand with higher-order abstract syntax for meta-theoretic reasoning. The dynamic assumptions of these judgments often have a simple regular structure of repetitions of related assumptions; reflecting on this regular structure can let us derive a number of structural properties about the elements of the context automatically. We present an extension of the Abella theorem prover with a new mechanism for defining particular kinds of regular context relations, called schemas, and tacticals to derive theorems from these schemas as needed. Importantly, our extension leaves the trusted kernel of Abella unchanged. We show that these tacticals can eliminate many commonly encountered kinds of administrative lemmas that would otherwise have to be proven manually, which is a common source of complaints from Abella users. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1145/1555228.1555246 | Overlay Self Organization For Traffic Reduction In Multi Broker Publish Subscribe Systems | In this work we propose a heuristic-based strategy to modify the broker overlay of a multi-broker publish-subscribe system for optimizing the message flow. The approach we adopt is inspired by self-organization in biology and makes the broker overlay behave as an autonomic distributed system. We define our approach in the case of a topic-based publish-subscribe system, and show experimentally that it is able to reduce the overall network traffic in a faster way when compared to similar approaches. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
10.1214/17-AIHP872 | A Temporal Central Limit Theorem For Real Valued Cocycles Over Rotations | We consider deterministic random walks on the real line driven by irrational rotations, or equivalently, skew product extensions of a rotation by $\alpha$ where the skewing cocycle is a piecewise constant mean zero function with a jump by one at a point $\beta$. When $\alpha$ is badly approximable and $\beta$ is badly approximable with respect to $\alpha$, we prove a Temporal Central Limit theorem (in the terminology recently introduced by D. Dolgopyat and O. Sarig), namely we show that for any fixed initial point, the occupancy random variables, suitably rescaled, converge to a Gaussian random variable. This result generalizes and extends a theorem by J. Beck for the special case when $\alpha$ is quadratic irrational, $\beta$ is rational and the initial point is the origin, recently reproved and then generalized to cover any initial point using geometric renormalization arguments by Avila–Dolgopyat–Duryev–Sarig (Israel J. Math. 207 (2015) 653–717) and Dolgopyat–Sarig (J. Stat. Phys. 166 (2017) 680–713). We also use renormalization, but in order to treat irrational values of $\beta$, instead of geometric arguments, we use the renormalization associated to the continued fraction algorithm and dynamical Ostrowski expansions. This yields a suitable symbolic coding framework which allows us to reduce the main result to a CLT for non homogeneous Markov chains. | [
"Mathematics"
]
|
W2000639480 | Past terrestrial water storage (1980–2008) in the Amazon Basin reconstructed from GRACE and in situ river gauging data | Abstract. Terrestrial water storage (TWS) composed of surface waters, soil moisture, groundwater and snow where appropriate, is a key element of global and continental water cycle. Since 2002, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) space gravimetry mission provides a new tool to measure large-scale TWS variations. However, for the past few decades, direct estimate of TWS variability is accessible from hydrological modeling only. Here we propose a novel approach that combines GRACE-based TWS spatial patterns with multi-decadal-long in situ river level records, to reconstruct past 2-D TWS over a river basin. Results are presented for the Amazon Basin for the period 1980–2008, focusing on the interannual time scale. Results are compared with past TWS estimated by the global hydrological model ISBA-TRIP. Correlations between reconstructed past interannual TWS variability and known climate forcing modes over the region (e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation) are also estimated. This method offers new perspective for improving our knowledge of past interannual TWS in world river basins where natural climate variability (as opposed to direct anthropogenic forcing) drives TWS variations. | [
"Earth System Science",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
W2055632657 | Grenvillian age magmatism in the Southern Espinhaço Range (Minas Gerais): evidence from U-Pb zircon ages | This paper describes the first in situ occurrence of a volcanic rock with maximum deposition age of ca. 1.16 Ga suggesting a Grenvillian (~ 1.4 - 1.0 Ga) magmatic event in the Southern Espinhaco Range. Sample Vul-1A is intrusive within the Archean Basement Complex, and is characterized by a brecciated structure, with clasts of schists, banded iron formations (BIFs), volcanic and granitic rocks, in a very fine to medium-grained matrix. Petrographically, it has a basic nature with alkaline tendency, defined as a basaltic trachyandesite to trachybasalt, with volcaniclastic aspects. Zircons recovered from the matrix of this rock showed three types of ages: Archean ages (mainly between 2.9 - 2.7 Ga), Paleoproterozoic ages (2.2 - 1.8 Ga), and the most important, Grenvillian ages (1.20 - 1.16). Geochemical data showed that this unit is not similar of the post-Espinhaco meta-basic rocks (Pedro Lessa Suite), dated at 1.0 - 0.9 Ga. If the occurrence of an igneous rock of that age is confirmed, with such facies aspect, it reinforces the idea that similar magmatic processes possibly of explosive type occurred during the last syn-rift phase of the Espinhaco basin evolution. Our geochronological data may have identified the possible source of the Grenvillian detrital zircons from the Sopa-Brumadinho Formation, and suggest that these volcanic processes were coeval and recurrent during the sedimentation of this unit. | [
"Earth System Science"
]
|
DE 2012000634 W | APPARATUS FOR THE OPTICAL TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL DATA | The invention relates to an apparatus for the optical transmission of digital data having a signal source (1) which is designed to output optical signals at a level which is modulated on the basis of the digital data to be transmitted. The invention provides a fluorescing optical fibre (3) which is arranged such that the optical signals from the signal source (1) are received via a peripheral area which is entered by fluorescing optical fibres (3) which are converted therein into a fluorescent light signal by means of fluorescence, said fluorescent light signal being routed to a fibre end (5) via the optical fibre (3). | [
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
10.1242/dmm.032557 | Daunorubicin reduces MBNL1 sequestration caused by CUG-repeat expansion and rescues cardiac dysfunctions in a Drosophila model of myotonic dystrophy | Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a dominantly inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by expression of mutant myotonin-protein kinase (DMPK) transcripts containing expanded CUG repeats. Pathogenic DMPK RNA sequesters the muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins, causing alterations in metabolism of various RNAs. Cardiac dysfunction represents the second most common cause of death in DM type 1 (DM1) patients. However, the contribution of MBNL sequestration in DM1 cardiac dysfunction is unclear. We overexpressed Muscleblind (Mbl), the Drosophila MBNL orthologue, in cardiomyocytes of DM1 model flies and observed a rescue of heart dysfunctions, which are characteristic of these model flies and resemble cardiac defects observed in patients. We also identified a drug-daunorubicin hydrochloride-that directly binds to CUG repeats and alleviates Mbl sequestration in Drosophila DM1 cardiomyocytes, resulting in missplicing rescue and cardiac function recovery. These results demonstrate the relevance of Mbl sequestration caused by expanded-CUG-repeat RNA in cardiac dysfunctions in DM1, and highlight the potential of strategies aimed at inhibiting this protein-RNA interaction to recover normal cardiac function. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
10.1016/j.nano.2018.10.014 | Improved cellular uptake of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for in vivo murine cardiac <sup>19</sup>F MRS/MRI and temporal tracking of progenitor cells | Herein, we maximize the labeling efficiency of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) using perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFCE-NP) and 19F MRI detectability, determine the temporal dynamics of single-cell label uptake, quantify the temporal viability/fluorescence persistence of labeled CPCs in vitro, and implement in vivo, murine cardiac CPC MRI/tracking that could be translatable to humans. FuGENEHD-mediated CPC PFCE-NP uptake is confirmed with flow cytometry/confocal microscopy. Epifluorescence imaging assessed temporal viability/fluorescence (up to 7 days [D]). Nonlocalized murine 19F MRS and cardiac MRI studied label localization in terminal/longitudinal tracking studies at 9. 4 T (D1-D8). A 4-8 fold 19F concentration increase is evidenced in CPCs for FuGENE vs. directly labeled cells. Cardiac 19F signals post-CPC injections diminished in vivo to ~31% of their values on D1 by D7/D8. Histology confirmed CPC retention, dispersion, and macrophage-induced infiltration. Intra-cardiac injections of PFCE-NP-labeled CPCs with FuGENE can be visualized/tracked in vivo for the first time with 19F MRI. | [
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
852787 | Interrupting the intergenerational transmission of violence: a mixed-methods longitudinal study in South Africa | Violence Violence is an important societal challenge and associated with poor health outcomes across the life-course. Studies find consistent associations between childhood violence exposure and risk for victimisation and perpetration in adulthood, particularly across generations. Thus far, we lack an evidence-base to understand the underlying mechanisms of intergenerational violence transmission as well as potential for prevention in regions with high rates of interpersonal violence such as sub-Saharan Africa. This marks a major evidence gap and a compelling need.
This study will use a mixed methods approach to develop the first-known empirically-generated theoretical framework on intergenerational violence transmission. It will do so using three approaches never utilised in the region: 1) using data from a 1-year longitudinal study of 1800 adolescents in South Africa (interviewed in 2010/11 and 2011/2012) it will re-trace original participants, re-interview them as young adults aged 20-27, recruit their children (n~211) and previous primary caregivers (n~540) and conduct in-depth qualitative work on a sub-sample of families to identify mechanisms of violence transmission across generations and genders, 2) it will investigate the effect of the prevalent structural risk factors poverty, poor service access and delivery and the HIV epidemic on violence transmission, and 3) it will examine the effect of protective interventions and policies using quasi-experimental methods.
This study will transform our understanding of the causes, effects and potential prevention mechanisms of intergenerational violence transmission through cutting-edge social science research. This is an ambitious research agenda of a complex behaviour and is characterised by methodological and theoretical innovation never used in the region before. The methodology presents high risks balanced by the potential for ground-breaking scientific and social impact for violence research and prevention. | [
"The Social World and Its Interactions",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
US 49540483 A | Exhaust gas cleaning device | An exhaust gas cleaning device provided with a filter member for collecting carbon particulates in exhaust gases discharged from a diesel engine and an electric heater for burning off the particulates collected by the filter member, is disclosed. The filter member is composed of a large number of intersecting porous walls which define a large number of inlet gas passages and outlet gas passages which are adjacent to each other. The electric heater is composed of at least one film-shaped heating resistor which is directly formed on the upstream end surface of the filter member so as to be integral therewith. When the amount of carbon particulates collected by the filter member reaches a predetermined level, electric current is supplied to the electric heater. The carbon particulates adhered to the upstream end surface of the filter member are ignited and burnt off. Then, the combustion of carbon particulates spreads to the other carbon particulates collected in the other portion of the filter member. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
W1996156587 | Hydrolysis modification of PVC/PAN/SiO2 composite hollow fiber membrane | Abstract A novel method was proposed to improve the hydrophilicity and permeation of poly (vinyl chloride)/polyacrylonitrile/SiO 2 (PVC/PAN/SiO 2 ) composite hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) by the interfacial hydrolysis of PAN between PVC and SiO 2 . PVC/PAN/SiO 2 composite HFMs were prepared by phase inversion method, using water as inner and outer coagulation. Sodium hydroxide solution was fed to the composite HFMs to introduce hydrolysis reaction. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), bubble point pore diameter and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical, pore size and morphological changes of the membranes. The changes of permeation performance and mechanical properties were also investigated. Water contact angle (WCA) and protein filtration were employed to evaluate the hydrophilicity and the anti-fouling performance of the membranes. The alkaline hydrolysis occurred in the composite HFMs, both water permeation and the anti-fouling performance were improved while mechanical strength was still kept at a high level. | [
"Materials Engineering",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials"
]
|
10.3324/haematol.2018.191569 | In vitro and in vivo evaluation of possible pro-survival activities of PGE2, EGF, TPO and FLT3L on human hematopoiesis | Myelosuppression is a major and frequently dose-limiting side effect of anticancer therapy and is responsible for most treat-ment-related morbidity and mortality. In addition, repeated cycles of DNA damage and cell death of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, followed by compensatory proliferation and selection pressure, lead to genomic instability and pave the way for therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Protection of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from chemo-and radiotherapy in patients with solid tumors would reduce both immediate complications and long-term sequelae. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were reported to prevent chemo-or radiotherapy-induced myelosuppression in mice. We tested both molecules for potentially protective effects on human CD34+ cells in vitro and established a xenograft mouse model to analyze stress resistance and regeneration of human hematopoiesis in vivo. EGF was neither able to protect human stem and progenitor cells in vitro nor to promote hematopoietic regeneration following sublethal irradiation in vivo. PGE2 significantly reduced in vitro apoptotic susceptibility of human CD34+ cells to taxol and etoposide. This could, however, be ascribed to reduced proliferation rather than to a change in apoptosis signaling and BCL-2 protein regulation. Accordingly, 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 (dmPGE2) did not accelerate regeneration of the human hematopoietic system in vivo. Repeated treatment of sublethally irradiated xenograft mice with known antiapoptotic substances, such as human FLT3L and thrombopoietin (TPO), which suppress transcription of the proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins BIM and BMF, also only marginally promoted human hematopoietic regeneration in vivo. | [
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing"
]
|
W3008882574 | Perspectivas de la educación universitaria: análisis de la agenda 2030 y desafíos de la formación de los docentes en carreras administrativas y técnicas de ejecución en automotriz | El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar los distintos desafíos que presentan las carreras administrativas y técnicas de ejecución automotriz en la agenda 2030 con las estrategias y metodologías de enseñanza aplicadas por las nuevas tendencias de la educación superior a nivel de América Latina y el Caribe, las diferentes reformas académicas y normativas, y los planes de desarrollo que se centran en la búsqueda de mejorar las capacidades cognitivas para la reconstrucción del conocimiento de contextos en investigación e innovación en el desarrollo sostenible de los distintos ambientes de aprendizaje. La metodología que se utilizó es cualitativa y cuantitativa de tipo descriptiva, documental, analítica, de campo y correlacional. Los resultados evidenciados en el análisis reflejan que los institutos de educación superior (IES), en el país se vienen desarrollando estrategias de aprendizaje que coadyuvan al desarrollo de la formación de sus docentes y beneficio de los estudiantes, y se concluye indicando la importancia de lograr la convergencia que estimule la cooperación y coordinación de políticas de las IES ante los retos de la globalización y poder contar con los recursos necesarios y cumplir con la planificación nacional la misma que busca satisfacer las necesidades humanas a partir del conocimiento, ciencia y la tecnología en el marco del respeto a la naturaleza. | [
"The Social World and Its Interactions",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
W2070133290 | Preferences for Employment Protection and the Insider–Outsider Divide: Evidence from France | Insider-outsider theory argues that in dual labour markets there are two groups with opposing preferences regarding protection against dismissals: i) insiders with permanent work contracts who defend employment protection, because it increases their rents, and ii) outsiders (temporary workers and the unemployed) who see protection barriers to mobility and demand deregulation. Although this argument is influential in the political economy literature, there is little empirical research on outsiders' preferences regarding employment protection. We test the argument using French data on support for a proposed reform of employment protection. Our results show that permanent and temporary workers do not differ significantly in their support for employment protection, while some evidence indicates that the unemployed do show greater support for deregulation. We conclude that insider-outsider theory overemphasises the relevance of employment protection for temporary workers and that care should be taken not to place these workers in a composite outsider group with the unemployed. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems"
]
|
ES 97922518 T | DERIVADOS CARBOXAMIDA DE PIRROLIDINA, PIPERIDINA Y HEXAHIDROAZEPINA UTILIZADOS EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE TRASTORNOS DE TROMBOSIS. | LA INVENCION SE REFIERE A DERIVADOS CARBOXAMIDA DE PIRROLIDINA, PIPERIDINA Y HEXAHIDROAZEPINA, DE FORMULA (I), QUE SON UTILES PARA TRATAR ALTERACIONES TROMBOTICAS MEDIADAS POR PLAQUETAS. | [
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
W2593294313 | Effects of atrazine and chlorothalonil on the reproductive success, development, and growth of early life stage sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i> ) | The effects of 2 currently used commercial pesticide formulations on Pacific sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), from fertilization to emergence, were evaluated in a gravel-bed flume incubator that simulated a natural streambed. Embryos were exposed to atrazine at 25 µg/L (low atrazine) or atrazine at 250 µg/L (high atrazine) active ingredient (a.i.), and chlorothalonil at 0.5 µg/L (low chlorothalonil) or chlorothalonil at 5 µg/L a.i. (high chlorothalonil) and examined for effects on developmental success and timing, as well as physical and biochemical growth parameters. Survival to hatch was reduced in the high chlorothalonil group (55% compared with 83% in controls), accompanied by a 24% increase in finfold deformity incidence. Reduced alevin condition factor (2.9-5.4%) at emergence and elevated triglyceride levels were seen in chlorothalonil-exposed fish. Atrazine exposure caused premature hatch (average high atrazine time to 50% hatch [H50] = 100 d postfertilization [dpf]), and chlorothalonil exposure caused delayed hatch (high chlorothalonil H50 = 108 dpf; controls H50 = 102 dpf). All treatments caused premature emergence (average time to 50% emergence [E50]: control E50 = 181 dpf, low chlorothalonil E50 = 175 dpf, high chlorothalonil E50 = 174 dpf, high atrazine E50 = 175 dpf, low atrazine E50 = 174 dpf), highlighting the importance of using a gravel-bed incubator to examine this subtle, but critical endpoint. These alterations indicate that atrazine and chlorothalonil could affect survival of early life stages of sockeye salmon in the wild. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1354-1364. © 2017 SETAC. | [
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing"
]
|
682317 | Finance/Security practice after 9/11: Following the Money from Transaction to Trial | The aim of FOLLOW is to understand and analyse the security practices that render financial transactions into security intelligence, into court evidence. The novel approach is to map the path of the suspicious financial transaction as a ‘chain of translation.’ I ask what gets lost and added in the process of translating financial records from banks to courts. I deliver fine-grained empirical analysis of four key elements – privacy challenges, knowledge practices, situated judgement, and effects – at each link in the chain: banks, Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) and courts. I focus on four European Union member states that are most different cases: UK, Netherlands, Spain and Poland.
Since 11 September 2001, banks and financial institutions have been positioned in the frontline of security and fighting terrorism. They have become arbiters of the normal and the suspicious. They report to Financial Intelligence Units, which cooperate with police and prosecutors. Terrorism financing cases are increasingly reaching the courts, which have to judge terrorist facilitation and intent. The security practices of ‘financial warfare’ have important implications for citizens, yet remain largely invisible.
There is a striking gap between policy and practice in this field. Sub-projects analyse: practices within banks (PhD1); within FIUs (PhDs 2 + 3); and within courts (Post-docs 1 + 2). The PI focuses on the chain of translation as a whole, including data-exchange with the US. The approach is ground-breaking because it uses participant observation to analyse practices of security knowledge and judgement. FOLLOW opens significant new research horizons at the intersection between security studies and the sociology of knowledge practices. It introduces security studies to the chain of translation, across public/private domains and across jurisdictions. It introduces the literature on knowledge practices to the study of security, which entails its own unchartered kind of knowledge | [
"The Social World and Its Interactions",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
724460 | Discretion and the child´s best interests in child protection | DISCRETION aims to unlock the black box of discretionary decision-making in child protection cases by a comparative-empirical study of how discretionary decisions are made and justified in the best interests of the child. There are huge research gaps in this important area of the welfare state, with a great deal of uncertainty concerning how, when and why discretionary decisions about the child´s best interests are different between decision-makers within and between child protection systems.
The main objectives for this project are to reveal the mechanisms for exercising discretion, and improve the understanding of the principle of the child´s best interests.
These objectives will be reached by systematically examining the role of institutional, organisational and individual factors including regulations of best interest principles; professions involved; type of courts; type of child protection system; demographic factors and individual values; and the populations’ view on children and paternalism. DISCRETION employs an innovative methodological approach, with multilevel and cross-country studies.
DISCRETION will, by conducting the largest cross-national study on decision-making in child protection to date, lift our understanding of international differences in child protection to a new level. By conducting randomized survey experiments with both decision-makers in the system and the general population, DISCRETION generates unique data on the causal mechanisms explaining differences in discretionary decisions.
The outcomes of DISCRETION are important because societies are at a crossroad when it comes to how children are treated and how their rights are respected, which creates tensions in the traditional relationship between the family and the state. DISCRETION will move beyond the field of child protection and provide important insights into the exercise of discretion in all areas where the public interest as well as national interest must be interpreted. | [
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems",
"The Social World and Its Interactions"
]
|
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